Question: How do cam girls/girls getting money off snapchat report their earnings? Or rather, how are they able to transfer all that money to the bank?

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 How do cam girls/girls getting money off snapchat report their earnings? Or rather, how are they able to transfer all that money to the bank?

They are typically self-employed, and if they work through another company, they do so as independent contractors. In the US, the self-employed still have to pay taxes, they just don't have that money withheld from their paycheck, it is up to them to report their income and pay the appropriate tax. It is not uncommon for the people in that situation to underreport or fail to report their income and evade taxes, and it is pretty unlikely they will get caught.


Question: How does a Lead-Acid Battery work?

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 How does a Lead-Acid Battery work?

Alternating lead plates are arranged in the battery case with spacers to keep them apart.half on the positive post(lead dioxide) and the negative plates are lead.with the electrolyte of concentrated sulfuric acid.A 12 volt battery is split up into 6 cells of around 2.1 volts each.the green ball you see on some batteries on the charge eye is a simple specific gravity float that measures the chemical condition of the electrolyte in ONE URL_0 the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead sulfate and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily water. The discharge process is driven by the conduction of electrons from the negative plate back into the cell at the positive plate in the external circuit. As the battery is charged back up the lead sulfate is pushed off the plates back into the "water" turning it back into sulfuric acid.This is why a discharged battery freezes at a way higher temp than a fully charged battery.A dead battery is water and sulfated plates where a full one is sulfuric acid and lead or lead oxide plates.The current comes from the ionization of the lead and acid giving off electrons as the acid is converted on the lead plates.If you do too many cycles or deep discharge it the plates will become sulfated and some of the potential of the battery will be lost.I hope I kept it simple enough for clarity.


Question: Why do batteries seem to "recharge" ever so slightly when not in use?

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 Why do batteries seem to "recharge" ever so slightly when not in use?

A battery is in simple terms, some metal that is involved in a chemical reaction which frees up electrons. This process causes the metal to corrode, serving as the chemical energy source of the battery. The specific vary by battery chemistry and layout, but the corrosion can flake off to reveal fresh metal or some other reaction can occur that clears up the electrolyte enough to work a little more. In short, batteries are chemicals reactions that cause physical change, so various things can happen. Be careful playing with them. [Electrochemistry: Crash Course Chemistry #36]( URL_0 ) 9 minutes


Question: what are the differences between an sheriff, cop, detective and city guard ?

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 what are the differences between an sheriff, cop, detective and city guard ?

In the US, the sheriff is an elected official. The sheriff's office has jurisdiction over the entire county and typically also runs a jail. He/she has deputy sheriffs or deputies as employees with law enforcement powers also for the entire county. A cop typically refers to a police officer who is employed by a specific city. Police officers have jurisdiction within the city boundaries where they are employed. Police officers work under a police chief, who is hired by city government. A detective is a police officer or deputy that usually doesn't answer calls for service (alarms, traffic accidents, 911 calls, fights, shootings, etc) but investigates crimes after the fact. They've been trained in crime scenes, evidence collection, interrogation techniques. They write search warrants and affidavits and testify in court more than a regular police officer. City guard was an antiquated law enforcement-esque group that doubled as military in times of need. Not really around anymore, at least in the US.


Question: How come our brain can create auditory and visual hallucinations from schizophrenia for example, but we cannot do it willingly?

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 How come our brain can create auditory and visual hallucinations from schizophrenia for example, but we cannot do it willingly?

We associate only parts of our brain with "doing things willingly". For example, we cannot (generally) willingly feel less or more anxiety, hunger, desire, and so on. Similarly, we cannot (generally) willingly experience blackouts, goosebumps, hallucinations, and so on. In short, we are much more than a concious being, and we exist in/as a body with all kinds of functions that we have (generally) no conscious control over.


Question: how exactly is pi calculated?

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 how exactly is pi calculated?

The old method that Archimedes used was to find upper and lower bounds based on polygons. You can inscribe, say, a decagon in a circle and calculate its perimeter. Then you can circumscribe a decagon outside a circle and calculate its perimeter. The circle’s circumference falls somewhere in between. You can increase the number of sides of the polygon and still calculate the perimeter but have it be closer to the circle.


Question: How are mountains (or mountain ranges) formed far away from plate boundaries - is it a sort of crumpling effect?

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 How are mountains (or mountain ranges) formed far away from plate boundaries - is it a sort of crumpling effect?

There are a number of ways mountains can form but the biggest mountain ranges are formed near plate boundries. However a geologists definition of what is near might differ from what you consider near. For example while it is obvious that the Sierra Nevada is forming due to the Pacific Ocean plates colliding with the North American plate due to its proximity the plates interacted differently tens of millions of years ago and the same process took place much further inland creating the Rocky Mountains. Other mountain ranges such as the Appalachians are currently far from active plate boundries but were formed during previous collisions, in this case between North America and Africa. But of course there are exceptions such as Hawaii which is not near any plate boundries but still have a cute little mountain range going.


Question: Why are smartphones incapable of setting two timers to run concurrently?

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 Why are smartphones incapable of setting two timers to run concurrently?

> for some reason the iPhone just can't seem to handle that colossal computing task. The technology exists my friend, and the iPhone... from a required computing power standpoint - is more than capable of it. But Apple has decided that _normal_ users clearly wouldn't need such a feature. Therefore you don't get it. By default I should add. There's tons of timer apps in the app store that do this. It all comes back to Apple's iOS design aesthetic - you can only do one thing at a time; by default few apps are allowed to even run in the background. To switch you have to go "home"... you don't even have a button choice. You have one button. DO as we say and do it how we say you should do it! Typical Apple. ** In any android's clock/timer app, its right there: "Add Timer" and you can have a bunch all going at once. So... TL;DR - why? _Because Apple hates you_ and only pretends to like you because of your money. ** while Im not an iOS developer (so what do I know), my honest software developer suspicion is that iOS is just a garbage operating system - they could totally do this... and have lots of background stuff going on, but I iOS is just not designed to do multitasking very well. So adding lots of background tasks would expose this and shatter the utopian user facade that Apple so polished. If iPhones (or their apps) crashed as much as some androids or Windows ones can, no one would pay $1000 for an iPhone.


Question: How does buying US Treasury Bills help in keeping Chinese Yuan low?

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 How does buying US Treasury Bills help in keeping Chinese Yuan low?

If China spends yuan to buy dollars (which you have to do because T-Bills are sold in dollars), this increases the supply of available yuan and decreases the supply of available dollars. Due to the free market, this drives down the price of yuan and drives up the price of dollars.


Question: Why do we represent molecular structures as beautiful alveolus-like schemas and do they actually look like that ?

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 Why do we represent molecular structures as beautiful alveolus-like schemas and do they actually look like that ?

On that scale, to say that something "looks" like anything is incorrect. We're dealing with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light, so they don't have color the way we think of it. Furthermore, they don't really have a shape either, as objects behave like fuzzy clouds of here's-where-it-might-be rather than solid "things" at that scale. Chemical bonds definitely don't take the form of sticks connecting spheres either, they're just electron clouds getting comfortable with each other. However, the electron clouds are, roughly, spherical, when all is said and done, and these spheres do appear to be sticking together when we manage to image them individually. Any image of something that small is going to be a metaphor at best, but the metaphor isn't a bad one.


Question: How does my ear make ear wax ?

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 How does my ear make ear wax ?

It’s called wax, but it’s not a wax at all. The name comes from the waxy texture. Earwax is made partially of skin cells from the auditory, or ear, the canal. This area contains skin that is always renewing itself. As dead cells drop off, they are pulled in to produce earwax. Earwax also consists of secretions from two glands — specifically, the ceruminous and the sebaceous glands. The ceruminous gland is a sweat gland that rests just outside the auditory canal. The sebaceous glands excrete oil that helps lubricate the skin. When you break it down, earwax is made of: Fatty acids Squalene Alcohols Cholesterol They mix with the dead skin cells to create this very important substance.


Question: How come the file size of my camera's photo are always different even though the same amount of pixels are being recorded?

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 How come the file size of my camera's photo are always different even though the same amount of pixels are being recorded?

not an expert but this is what i would think. your camera captures and stores images using file compression. it is not storing raw data straight from the image sensor. if there are many pixels that contain similar data (same color/exposure/etc), the group of pixels can be compressed by storing the color/exposure data as a single pixel, then the remaining pixels which are identical are stored as references to the first pixel, the "reference data" in the following pixels is of lower size than the original color data. files with a wider range of color and exposure should have less compression than those with many similar pixels. this is one method of file compression, there are many. someone confirm this please


Question: what is the significance of the closure property in math?

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 what is the significance of the closure property in math?

It matters because with a closed operation you never have to worry about "handling" any numbers outside the set. Several mathematical operations do weird things under certain conditions: some things go screwy with negative values, divide by zero, infinity, looping around 360 degrees for trig function, logarithm of zero, etc. Several physical functions do something similar...trying to address memory addresses larger than the computer has memory or numbers larger than the computer can store causes all kinds of programming issues With a closed operation, you're mathematically assured that your results will always land inside the set (assuming your input came from inside it). That means, properly implemented, you can't accidentally get a value outside the set that will break your operation or something downstream that's using the output. Error handling is a \*huge\* deal for many practical engineering systems, having closed outputs helps a lot with cutting down how much and what kinds of errors you need to handle.


Question: How do companies not turn a profit for years yet not go under?

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 How do companies not turn a profit for years yet not go under?

1. **Burning venture capital** - This is what Uber is doing. Torching massive piles of VC money in an attempt to corner the market before jacking up prices and trying to actually become profitable. 2. **Reinvesting in the company** - Amazon spent a lot of time doing this. Taking every extra dollar and throwing it right back into the company. The earnings were plenty to cover costs, but all the extra was used for company projects so there was no profit. 3. **Tax dodging!** - The official books say there is no money, but the owner has a suspiciously large yacht.


Question: What's the difference between "rap" and "hip-hop"?

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 What's the difference between "rap" and "hip-hop"?

Think of hip hop as an umbrella that rap falls under. Rap is hip hop music, but not all hip hop music is rap. Hip Hop refers to the style of music, which includes the music, the beats, the MC's, rapping and singing, among other things. Rap refers to the style of speaking poetry to the music that the artist is using.


Question: Why does it sometimes take a few listens to start liking a song?

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 Why does it sometimes take a few listens to start liking a song?

This is totally just a personal theory because it seems like a lot of how we experience music enjoyment is still being understood. Music has lots of patterns in it and we enjoy songs when the patterns are familiar enough for us to follow while still being unexpected so we can't fully predict every pattern. Listening to a new song that is extremely different from your usual type will be unexpected without being familiar enough for it to be enjoyable. Just like a story, if you can predict everything that happens, you get bored. But if you can't predict anything because it is random, that isn't good either. A good story has just enough predictable framework to support the twists it throws at you. If you haven't experienced enough of those stories to know the framework, the twists aren't satisfying because you were already confused. Re-reading a hard story or listening to a new genre multiple times let's you start to see the framework and appreciate the unexpected parts more. Then it makes appreciation of similar new songs or stories easier since you already know what to look for.


Question: Why can we see faraway light source (e.g. cars, lamps, stars) clearly when it doesn't seem to illuminate my position?

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 Why can we see faraway light source (e.g. cars, lamps, stars) clearly when it doesn't seem to illuminate my position?

The difference is this: For you to see light, the light has to be strong enough to reach your eye and produce a reaction there. For it to illuminate you, it would have to reach you, scatter off you, reach someone else's eye, and produce a reaction there. During the scattering, the light is spread out more, so it becomes fainter. Let's look at the case of a laser pointer. Point the laser at the wall, and the scattered light is comfortably visible. Point it at your eye, and you're looking at serious eye damage.


Question: What is "geo-redundancy" when it comes to cloud back up?

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</answer>
 What is "geo-redundancy" when it comes to cloud back up?

Normal redundancy would be two or more computers that are capable of performing the task. Redundancy protects you against hardware failures in the computer that would take them offline Geo-redundancy is computers in two or more far apart locations that are capable of performing the task. Geo-redundancy protects you against natural disasters which might take an entire data center offline. It doesn't matter if a hurricane floods the data center in Florida because there are identical ones in Idaho and California which aren't going to be taken out by the same event so its unlikely your system will go down Not all cloud providers offer geo-redundancy, if they only have one main data center then a single disaster can take out all of their equipment and knock your systems offline


Question: How does a pyramid scheme work?

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 How does a pyramid scheme work?

Let's start a pyramid scheme. You are Level One. You start by finding two people who are willing to buy into it. Say each person pays you ten dollars, with the provision that they recieve 50% of the entrance fees from each person who they recruit into it. You now have gained twenty dollars, and have two people in Level Two. Those two people each recruit another two people each, and collect twenty dollars each in income. They keep half, and pass the rest onto you. You gain another twenty dollars in income, Level Two has made their money back, and you have four people in Level Three. Those four people each then recruit two people each. Eighty dollars comes in, half two paying back what the Level Threes paid, a quarter goes to the Level Twos, who now have gained ten dollars each, and twenty dollars more goes to you. Repeat until the whole thing collapses because you can't find enough people to keep feeding it, and walk away rich.


Question: How does an octopus camouflage itself so well?

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 How does an octopus camouflage itself so well?

They have color changing cells called chromatophores. They're triggered through normal cell signaling processes (hormones), but they are attributed to an animal's brain response to a stimulus (such as flight response). Octopuses are fairly intelligent learners, so it isn't unreasonable for them to have learned to develop a degree of control over this response by identifying features in their environment.


Question: why ropes, cables and string tangle so easily, yet are so hard to untangle.?

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 why ropes, cables and string tangle so easily, yet are so hard to untangle.?

Because most people don't coil them correctly. About 1400 years ago, sailors noticed that when they coiled ropes in circles on deck after lifting sails, they tangled very easily. Each loop was parallel, and tiny movements caused complex, multi-loop knots. These sailors identified a figure-8 coiling technique, called flaking for a reason I couldn't find in Google, which makes tight coils that don't tangle. You can coil up your earphones this way and stick them in your pocket. When you pull them out, they will drop into a straight line without tangles. Alas, most people don't get much exposure to these square-rigger sailing techniques, so they just never heard of this.


Question: How do kettles know when to turn off?

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 How do kettles know when to turn off?

They have a switch made of 2 different metals which expand at different rates. They're designed to move away from each other at boiling temperature. When they push away it opens the electrical circuit and it turns off. As they cool, they return to the original position and you can turn it back on.


Question: Is maple syrup equivalent to blood?

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 Is maple syrup equivalent to blood?

Sort of. It transports water and nutrients in the same way your blood does, although it isn't actively "pumped" in quite the same way (it's just drawn slowly upward as leaves lose water). Unlike blood, it doesn't carry oxygen, which is why it tastes very different (the taste of blood is mostly the taste of iron, which is used in red blood cells to carry oxygen). ED: As a below poster correctly notes, syrup is a very reduced form of sap. This post is about sap, not syrup *per se*.


Question: What is the difference between House bills and Senete bills with the same name?

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 What is the difference between House bills and Senete bills with the same name?

The American legislative process is pretty complicated, but basically what happens is that the House and Senate each debate and pass their own version (usually with different wording and amendments) of the same Bill. The two different Bills then go through a process called Reconciliation, where a joint committee formed from members of both Chambers hash out the details and come to agreement on a single combined version they can both live with.


Question: On a molecular level, what is energy?

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 On a molecular level, what is energy?

You can think of temperature as a measure of the "moving" energy of the molecules. Let's say we have water in a test tube at room temperature. There is no heat being exchanged with its surroundings because it's in "thermodynamic equilibrium" (baiscally, heat/energy flows from the hotter objects to colder objects, but if there is no difference in temperature, no heat flows). But its molecules, while loosely linked, are still moving in random motion, colliding among each other, and with the walls of the test tube. Now let's say we heat it using a flame. The molecules are still linked together but move faster and collide harder. Thus, its temperature rises. On the other hand, if we cool it by putting it in the fridge, the molecules move slower. Thus, its temperature falls. I hope that isn't too basic and answers your question.


Question: Is the nothingness surrounding our universe a different type of nothingness compared to the empty space (nothingness) between two atoms?

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 Is the nothingness surrounding our universe a different type of nothingness compared to the empty space (nothingness) between two atoms?

**tl;dr** - There's no such thing as empty space, the Vacuum is actually full of disappearing and reappearing particles and anti-matter particles. It's a sea of quantum vacuum fluctuations. Here's a [visual representation]( URL_0 ) of the Vacuum, or "empty space". While you present a good question, intuitively, it breaks down once you understand that there is no such thing as "nothingness", or "empty space". Also, there is no consensus for what's outside of our Universe. That can't be answered at the moment and only exists in theory. Now I'll explain the [Vacuum state]( URL_3 ), or Quantum Vacuum. "Empty space", as many tend to think about it, isn't empty at all. The Vacuum is governed by Werner Heisenberg's [uncertainty principle]( URL_2 ); which states that it's impossible to both measure the momentum and position of a particle. You will have a degree of uncertainty for one or the other. This means that no particle can be truly at rest. This uncertainty can be interpreted as the residual energy of the Vacuum state. When there seems to be nothing, there is something. The energy of the Vacuum is defined by zero-point fluctuations, or quantum vacuum fluctuations. The Vacuum consists of continuously appearing and disappearing particles. These particles are "virtual particles" as opposed to real particles. They cannot be directly observed, but their effects are measured in experiment. For example; a hydrogen atom in the Vacuum of space will see a change in it's lowest energy level due to these virtual particles. The particles are created in pairs of matter and anti-matter particles of opposite charge, and they annihilate continuously. In the instant that the Vacuum is full of these pairs, the particles leave their signature behind by effecting the energy levels of atoms. Virtual particles borrow energy from the Vacuum, but then must immediately give it back. Check out the [Casimir Effect]( URL_1 ) which also explains the effects of virtual particles. **Edit**: Sorry, I didn't really explain this like you're 5. /s


Question: If some countries have no mosquitoes/ or any common insect, why is there a saying that killing all mosquitoes (an example) will bring major imbalance to the ecosystem and food chain?

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 If some countries have no mosquitoes/ or any common insect, why is there a saying that killing all mosquitoes (an example) will bring major imbalance to the ecosystem and food chain?

There are only two places in the world that are completely and utterly mosquito-free: Antarctica and Iceland. Most are vegetarian. They drink flower nectar, plant sap, and fruit juices, and never drink blood. Killing these species is not necessary, in fact, it’s counterproductive. Without mosquitoes, thousands of plant species would lose a group of pollinators. Adults depend on nectar for energy (only females of some species need a meal of blood to get the proteins necessary to lay eggs).


Question: Why humans are relatively Hairless?

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 Why humans are relatively Hairless?

Hairlessness allows us to regulate our body heat more easily. One of the main advantages humans have over other animals is our ability to run long distances, and hunt animals by tiring them out. If we were covered in fur, we would simply heat up too quickly and not be able to run for long.


Question: How come when you do nothing all day you're more tired than when you're productive?

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 How come when you do nothing all day you're more tired than when you're productive?

Hormones, or signals for your body, require a stimulus to be activated. The stimulus could be stress, fear, arousal, pain, motion, etc. When you sit around and do nothing, your body senses that it does not need to be alert, so nothing is stimulated and you stay tired. When you are actively engaged in doing something, your body becomes aware that you may need to be alert or ready for action, and it prompts you accordingly.


Question: How can the police or the fire departement tell what the cause of a fire was? For example by arson, by accident or just by nature itself?

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 How can the police or the fire departement tell what the cause of a fire was? For example by arson, by accident or just by nature itself?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How do technicians determine the cause of a fire? Eg. to a cigarette stub when everything is burned out. ]( URL_4 ) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do people determine how fires start? Wouldn't all the evidence of the cause of the fire be destroyed in the fire? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do fire detectives discover the cause of a fire when everything is burnt and destroyed ]( URL_3 ) ^(_38 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How can investigators tell if a fire was caused by arson? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How can fire inspectors determine the cause of a fire from the rubble? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How the heck do authorities determine who started a massive fire in the middle of the woods somewhere? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_ > 100 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do fire investigators find someone who started a forest fire? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_ > 100 comments_)


Question: Salt water oceans, but fresh water ice caps?

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 Salt water oceans, but fresh water ice caps?

Greenland in the north, and Antarctica in the south, are composed of solid land underneath the glaciers. The ice caps are not in the salty sea, they are on land, although they do border on the sea, and icebergs break off into the salty sea and float away. Glaciers are formed by an accumulation of snow. If you have a cold, snowy climate where there is snow every year and the snow never melts, then you get an increasingly thick layer of snow, and then the weight of all this snow will compress the snow into ice, and when you have enough ice it constitutes a glacier. Snow does not contain salt because the water has effectively been distilled. When water evaporates, it leaves the salt behind. This would happen just the same way if you put a pot of salty water on your stove and boiled it. The steam would not contain salt, and when all the water boiled away, you would have all the salt left behind as a residue in the bottom of your pot. Sea water is salty because the sea has been around, here on planet Earth, for billions of years, and during that time various soluble salts have washed out of the continents and into the sea. It is a slow process but it builds up over time.


Question: how does eating less meat help saving the environment?

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 how does eating less meat help saving the environment?

Others have mentioned that it takes many times more plant material to feed a cow to get meat for you than it would take just to feed you with the plant material. I often see 10x thrown out there. Another key is that getting the food to the cows requires transportation, which emits greenhouse gas. So it's 10x the plant material, and around 11x the transportation since instead of just transporting the plants to the processing facility and then your grocery store, they transport plants to the cows, then the cows to the processing facility and grocery store. This increase in transportation cost applies to all non-hunted meat, unlike the methane that comes up for cows.


Question: - Why are Americans destroying Christopher Columbus statues?

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 - Why are Americans destroying Christopher Columbus statues?

Somebody else asked the same question. Here was my response there: He was the first imperial European to discover America. Once there, he proceded to colonise. His methods included enslaving the locals, kidnapping the locals and shipping them back to Europe for the slave trade there, dismembering them as punishment for failing to mine enough gold, and one or two casual genocides. All of this he proudly documented in his own journals. He is celebrated because he is considered the founder of modern America and that must be a great thing. However, since growing as a culture and coming to globally accept that slavery, dismembering, and murder are wrong, he's been seen more and more as the monster he was. The trouble is that his monstrous deeds cast America's origins in a bad light, so they don't appear too often in 4th grade texbooks. People are becoming more aware of their history and less accepting of the "America is the beacon of freedom and goodness" narrative so they're taking action against the celebration of monsters.


Question: Why are our ears so sensitive?

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 Why are our ears so sensitive?

They are sensitive because way back when we were hunter/ gatherers the loudest noise we had to worry about was a lion comming for us. Most sounds in nature are really quiet by comparison, makeing sensitive hearing a benifit when living in the wild. Hearing protection simply prevents the sound waves from getting to your inner ear as effectively by putting an obstacle in the way. Generally you'll know its working if it sounds quieter, simple as that really.


Question: if gravity is the warping of spacetime then why would gravitons be needed?

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 if gravity is the warping of spacetime then why would gravitons be needed?

The warping of space time is a "classical" theory. The equations used to describe it are "smooth" and deterministic. They work very well across long distances ("long" here means anything not at the atomic/subatomic level). However in the study and behavior of the small, the most established theories with huge amounts of experimental evidence, is that the fundamental building blocks of the universe is "quantized" both particles and forces. It isn't smooth or deterministic. One of the bigger problems is how to reconcile the "classical" nature of gravity (also with its correspondingly huge amount of experimental and observational data) with the "quantum" nature of the building blocks of nature. They must meet somewhere and be reconciled. Gravitons are just one of the ideas that attempt to do this - not yet successful, AFAIK.


Question: does a baby smell like s mix of its parents or a new smell to an animal with a more sensitive ability to detect odor?

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 does a baby smell like s mix of its parents or a new smell to an animal with a more sensitive ability to detect odor?

While extensive studies have been done examining the ability for parents and newborns to identify each other VERY quickly after birth, I don't think there's yet been investigation into the similarities of babies to their parents. But given that dog trainers encourage new parents with dogs to first bring a blanket the baby has been wrapped in home for the dog to acclimate to the new smell, the baby's scent is likely to be different *enough* from its parents for dogs to treat it as a new smell. This also makes sense with what we know about the differences in smell that humans undergo as part of puberty: even if babies smelled similar to their parents in some identifiable ways, they wouldn't smell the same because the parents are adults and the baby is not.


Question: How are individual elements identified ?.... given we cannot see the electronic configuration with a microscope. There can be a different elements with very similar properties and can be mistaken for thr other in a chemistry lab.

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 How are individual elements identified ?.... given we cannot see the electronic configuration with a microscope. There can be a different elements with very similar properties and can be mistaken for thr other in a chemistry lab.

There are *many* properties that can be measured, and typically chemists identify things by: * Reacting them with various substances to see what reacts. * [Spectroscopy]( URL_0 ) - looking at how light interacts with the electron configurations of the substance in question. In both cases, we can't see the electron configurations, but we CAN see the electron - electron interactions (that's what Chemistry is all about - ion bonds, covalent bonds, etc.), and spectroscopy is sensitive enough to detect either the specific atoms, or things like C-C bonds, C-H bonds, C=C bonds, etc.


Question: How does the concept of Universal Basic Income work?

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 How does the concept of Universal Basic Income work?

The idea is that instead of need based aid, which requires a huge, inefficient bureaucracy to administer, you just give everyone a set amount of money. Welfare, education, health care, retirement, all of those, at least in part, are provider for with a basic stipend everyone gets. Those who don't need it will still get it, but typically they will be on the ones bearing the tax burden to pay for it. If all goes well, having a healthier, more educated, and happy society will pay the costs of basic income over the long run.


Question: How come that in WW2 the soviet union was able to produce so many tanks, but lacked guns to equip their soldiers with?

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 How come that in WW2 the soviet union was able to produce so many tanks, but lacked guns to equip their soldiers with?

You are making a common mistake and conflating WWI and WWII. In WWI the Imperial Russian army was woefully under equipped and using weapons that were decades out of date (at least at the start of the war). This is the war where it was common for soldiers to be paired up and share equipment, including weapons. But WWII Soviets were generally well equipped, at least when it came to their weapons. Some of the sieges had weapons shortages, and non-weapon equipment often had logistical issues due to the culture of never asking questions or voicing complaints to superiors for fear of reprisal, and much of the trained leadership being execution during the power transition when the Soviets took over.


Question: why do we cringe when we look at old vids & pics of ourselves?

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 why do we cringe when we look at old vids & pics of ourselves?

Because we’re our own harshest critics, we can spot how much we’ve changed or what embarrassing things are hidden in the picture or what embarrassing stories are hidden behind the picture. Someone looking at someone else’s random picture can’t see anything but the picture, when we see our own picture we know what more information.


Question: Why the US imports oil from far away places when it is a net oil exporter?

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 Why the US imports oil from far away places when it is a net oil exporter?

Different kinds of oil used for different things and processed in different ways. It is tempting to think of oil as one homogeneous and interchangeable thing but actually oil can have different properties, most notably its viscosity. "Light" oil has a low viscosity, flowing easily and being easy to refine. Because of this there is high demand for this type of oil in the less developed areas of the world which may have little to no refining capacity. The US on the other hand has advanced refining capacity and both the skill and the technology to effectively deal with heavy oils. The result of this is that the US can benefit by exporting light oil and refined products while importing primarily heavy oil to refine. In your example India is one of those less advanced countries which doesn't have the infrastructure or personnel to deal as effectively with heavy oil so importing it directly from the Gulf isn't as good as from the US.


Question: 1x, 3G, 4G, 4G LTE; what do these designations mean and what do they do?

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 1x, 3G, 4G, 4G LTE; what do these designations mean and what do they do?

They refer to mobile network transmission protocols. 1x will likely refer to all technologies prior to 3G - so GPRS, WAP, etc 3G is the 'Third Generation' of mobile network data transmission protocols. This covers HSPA, HSDPA, and HSDPA+ (High Speed Packet Access, High Speed Downlink Packet Access). HSPA has a maximum theoretical speed of ~14Mb, and HSDPA+ about 166Mb. 4G and 4G LTE are very similar. The full 4G standard expresses a speed when stationary of 1Gb, and a speed when moving as 100Mb. Any network that does not meet this standard cannot be called 4G, but networks that use the protocol at slower speeds are referred to as LTE - Long Term Evolution -- with the aim of reaching these speeds eventually.


Question: Why is virginity something you “lose”, or else “take” from someone else? Where did this idea originate?

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 Why is virginity something you “lose”, or else “take” from someone else? Where did this idea originate?

Because historically female virginity was something quite valuable and losing it or having it taken from you was a major thing with all sorts of implication beyond just sex. People put a lot of worth into virginity because the physical aspect of it was something that could be actually verified. It being the first time you had sex with your husband was something that could be noticed and if you kept the bloody sheets the couple could even prove it to others. This was important because paternity was important, because family was important. Being a virgin on your wedding night was seen as a pretty good indicator that any child born 9 month or a bit less down the road would be the husbands. That is important for questions of inheritance. Of course nowadays paternity and faithfulness are important too, but in those days there was no way to test paternity with DNA or even by comparing blood groups. Also in those days there was no real social welfare net. No unemployment benefits or anything like that you either had a family take care of you when you couldn't take care of yourself or you were mostly fucked. Family was important because without the modern state taking care of people it was all they had. A girl's virginity was a bargaining chip that could be exchanged for a lifetime of benefits. It was worth quite a lot and carelessly giving it away or having it cruelly taken from you is a catastrophe that could destroy a lot. It is why rape was seen as such a big crime in many cultures. Not because of the suffering of the woman, but because of the damage done to her family, especially her father if she was a virgin. It is why in old stories women who have done the deed will talk about being ruined or no longer being fit for marriage. Or why even today people talk about "taking responsibility". It is the general idea of "you broke it - you bought it". No one would want a bride who was not a virgin and thus the one who caused her to loose her virginity was expected to take care of her. It is why you get parts in the bible (and in older religious influenced law books), that have marriage as an out for rape or sex with a minor. Even worse in societies were there is no strong central authority to keep the peace people and families survived based on their reputation. Reputation or honour was a life or death thing in many societies. A girl who got a reputation for having lost her virginity, would not just reflect badly on her, but also on her family. Which is why extreme measure were often taken to avoid harm to ones honour and repair ones reputation. It is how you get honour killings. So virginity was a matter of life and death in some cultures (and evens still is in some today) and even if you weren't in danger of being killed by your own family over losing it, you might still get cast out or at miss out on finding a good husband who (together with his family) would provide for you for the rest of your life. For quite a lot of girls their virginity was the greatest treasure they ever had and giving it away was a very big thing. Nowadays we have a culture of law instead of honour and we have forms of social security and employment opportunities for single women and paternity tests and a lot of other things that make the worth of ones virginity much less of a life or death thing, the language that has built up around it however survives.


Question: Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?

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 Why the dollar sign comes in front of the amount?

It's an accounting artifact from when accounting ledgers were done by hand with a pen. $104.35 some ledgers had 1 square for a number kind of like graphing paper. The $ in the square made it difficult to tamper with the number. Like this; URL_0 Same with using red ink or < $124.74 > or (126.24) for negative numbers instead of using the - sign


Question: How is California simultaneously doing very well financially while also drowning in debt?

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 How is California simultaneously doing very well financially while also drowning in debt?

California has been running a surplus for better part of a decade and only 14th in per capita debt. It makes it's debt payments on time and still has money left over to save which puts it in a good spot financially. Someone probably has an agenda if they're trying to tell you that California is drowning in debt.


Question: Why do fruits have different colours?

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 Why do fruits have different colours?

One key benefit of having a different color from another fruit is being more easily noticed by different kinds of animals. Birds, for example, easily notice red things, so peppers, which spread their seeds in bird feces, are commonly red. That's a 2-for-one, since most mammals can't see the difference between red and green, so they're standing out to their buddies, and hiding from their enemies (mammal digestive systems destroy pepper seeds).


Question: Why do rockets launch straight up into space instead of just taking off at an angle like airplanes do?

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 Why do rockets launch straight up into space instead of just taking off at an angle like airplanes do?

The faster they get above the atmosphere, the less fuel it takes to reach orbit. Also, compared to airplanes, rockets have a long way to go UP on the way to orbit. Planes are designed to be fuel efficient in thick air; rockets are designed to get past the air as quick as possible.


Question: Why are humans the only organism that need to wipe after shitting?

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 Why are humans the only organism that need to wipe after shitting?

Because we are the only animal that cares that we still have poop stuck to our butts. Other animals could really do with wiping their butts but they don't have hands or the hygienic sensibilities to do so, so sucks to be them. Some animals have dangle berries (poop stuck to hair) which usually fall off eventually.