Question: Why does water taste fine for 4 billion years, but terrible after spending one night in a glass beside my bed?

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 Why does water taste fine for 4 billion years, but terrible after spending one night in a glass beside my bed?

It doesn’t taste fine for 4 billion years, it goes through a pretty rigorous filtration/treatment program from either your municiple water plant or where ever your bottled water company gets it from. To stop water from getting stagnant you need to keep it moving, keep it away from air, keep filtering it, and or keep evaporating it and condensing it. Rivers do all of those things. Thats why people get up in arms about wasting water, because you didn’t actually just scoop it up from nature, you’d get dysentery or cholera, your town/city spent a lot of time money and energy (a lot of energy) to treat it for you.


Question: Why do mail-in rebates exist?

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 Why do mail-in rebates exist?

The point of rebates for smaller ticket items (i.e., not things like cars) isn't really to sell more of the product the rebate is being offered for. Rebates are data collection and customer targeting tools designed to identify the type of people who respond well to small discounts and are willing to put in effort to get them. A mail in rebate accomplishes this extremely well. When you send in your rebate form, you include significant data - address, phone, email, etc. that they may have a harder time collecting otherwise. Plus if you're the type of person that is willing to go through the steps required to collect a mail in rebate, now they know you'll be attracted to other targeted offers that might save you a few bucks. So your name is now on a list, and that list can be sold again and again and again - or you can simply be targeted again and again (or for bigger ticket items at some point) by the same company or its related companies. Of course, there's no guarantees that these efforts will bear fruit all the time, but they do so enough to justify the cost and trouble of running rebates. And there's the "most people won't even bother to claim the rebate" factor, which makes the overall cost to offer a rebate even less. But the prospect of a rebate may just be enough to convince people to buy a product over a lower priced competitors, even if they ultimately fail to collect the rebate later.


Question: What is the difference between Actively thinking and Reactively thinking in terms of how the brain works?

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 What is the difference between Actively thinking and Reactively thinking in terms of how the brain works?

Thinking fast and slow is a book that can explain this very well. You have two modes, one is quick snap decision making, system 1, and long form thinking, system 2. A great example of these systems conflicting is the following question: A bat and ball cost $1.10 - the bat costs one more dollar than the ball, how much does the ball cost? System 1 wants to serve up "ten cents" but system 2, if engaged, will determine that the actual price of the ball is "five cents"


Question: What exactly are ETFs and are they a good thing to invest into ?

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 What exactly are ETFs and are they a good thing to invest into ?

A stock is a tiny ownership share of a company. It's value is related to the expected future profits of that company. It's hard to know exactly which companies will do well and which will do poorly, so a good strategy is to diversify into stocks of many companies in many lines of business. That way, the risk is spread out and you're less likely to be wiped out by bad news for one company. As the entire economy grows, so does your investment. It's a lot of work to manage a diversified portfolio of hundreds or thousands of companies, so you can pay someone else to do it by investing in a mutual fund. The managers if the fund do all the stock picking and make sure the investments are in line with the goals of the fund. In return, they charge a small fee, which eats some of the gains. In the last decades, more evidence has shown that on average it isn't possible for experts to do much better picking stocks than the average of the market as a whole, so there's no justification for higher fees for "better" mutual funds. Some funds get lucky and look really good, most don't. So, the ideal fund buys the whole stock market, has average returns, and very low fees. Those are called "index funds", where which the diverse stocks the fund holds are based on an index of the whole stock market, like the S & P 500 or Russell 2000. An ETF is a kind of mutual fund that trades more like a stock than a traditional mutual fund. It's value tracks some pool of stocks which back it, it's listed on exchanges, has a share price, etc. They are generally lower fee and more convenient to buy/sell than mutual funds. Because of their particular mechanics, ETFs can have slightly lower taxes than traditional mutual funds (in non-retitement accounts). Note that an "ETF" can be a fund made up of anything. There are ETFs for certain industries, other countries, bonds instead of stocks, real estate funds, etc. What your friend hopefully meant was low-fee ETFs that track the whole market or a broad stock market index. Those ETFs are a very good thing to invest in for long-term growth (10 years or more), where you can ride out market ups and downs, which you can set and forget. Like retirement. They are not a good choice for short-term savings, when you need an exact dollar amount in a couple of years, because they will rise and fall with the stock market.


Question: Ultraviolet radiation falls inbetween x-ray and visible light in terms of wave length. How is it that we can see ”artifical” UV in e.g lamps?

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 Ultraviolet radiation falls inbetween x-ray and visible light in terms of wave length. How is it that we can see ”artifical” UV in e.g lamps?

UV lights usually don’t *only* produce UV - there’s also a lot of light near the higher energy end of the visible spectrum. This tends to make them appear blueish. Sources that only produce UV do exist, but they’re often more expensive. They can also be dangerous because it’s not always clear that they’re on.


Question: Why were dinosaurs discovered so late? Really no one before the 19th century came across with one fossil?

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 Why were dinosaurs discovered so late? Really no one before the 19th century came across with one fossil?

They found fossils before that, they just didn't think that what they were finding was dinosaur bones. Very large bones would be considered the bones of dragons and giants. Smaller bones would just be bones, maybe bones of something we hadn't seen before, but that's different from knowing exactly what. Herodotus wrote of the remains of marine animals found far inland and considered this to be evidence that the land they were found in was once underwater.


Question: Why is it that retail jobs seem to expect the most out of their employees for seemingly the least pay?

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 Why is it that retail jobs seem to expect the most out of their employees for seemingly the least pay?

The reason is that in retail, almost every employee nearly all the time is facing a customer. If you're not "excited" about the company, constantly cheerful, etc., customers could pick up on that and have a less enjoyable shopping experience, and therefore might choose elsewhere to shop in the future. Professional settings, you're in front of clients a little bit, but then most of it is working on a report, product, whatever "behind the scenes," where there's not as much of a need to be so rah-rah all the time.


Question: why the speed of the light is the maximum possible speed in the universe?

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 why the speed of the light is the maximum possible speed in the universe?

"why" questions are often incredibly difficult to answer with physics. All we have done when we say that "the speed of light is the maximum possible speed" is take observations that we have, characterize these observations with equations, and then make predictions based on what those equations say about other possible situations. As for how we got the equations for the speed of light. It comes from the fact that the speed of light through a vacuum is constant in all reference frames. There's a bunch of experiments you can do, but they will all show that the speed of light is always the same, whether you're moving one way the other, up or down, anyway you want, the speed of light is always the same. From that observation, we can deduce things like the fact that all speeds are some fraction of the speed of light.


Question: With there being millions of patents out there that cover every little detail imaginable, how is it possible for small businesses who can’t afford lawyers to know whether or not their products are violating an existing patent?

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 With there being millions of patents out there that cover every little detail imaginable, how is it possible for small businesses who can’t afford lawyers to know whether or not their products are violating an existing patent?

Last week tonight did a whole thing on this. You don't know if you're doing anything wrong until you're sued. Apparently there is a whole world where people sue when they have no grounds to sue and either you pay tons of money fighting it or they try to get you just to settle for a ton of money because they have lawyers. It's extortion.


Question: With 60 frames per second being my gaming default; Why do movies running at 24 frames per second look smooth to me but I'm easily able to classify games running at 30 frames per second as stuttering and slow?

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 With 60 frames per second being my gaming default; Why do movies running at 24 frames per second look smooth to me but I'm easily able to classify games running at 30 frames per second as stuttering and slow?

1. Cameras in movies are stationary most of the time. Movies start feeling stuttery when there are rapid camera movements. This is sometimes nauseating for me. 2. Movies have accurate motion blur, which makes it harder to notice the individual frames. 3. The intervals between frames are consistent (~40ms). When you get 30 fps in-game, the frametimes fluctuate, making it look jittery. 4. You are in control of your camera in-game, so your brain knows what to expect when you move your mouse. When the image is stuttery, your brain doesn't get what it wants, so it feels unpleasant. This is not the case for movies.


Question: How do we know the what the large scale structures of the universe look like?

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 How do we know the what the large scale structures of the universe look like?

I once read this article about [galactic supercluster Laniakea]( URL_0 ) in Scientific American, and it made me feel so small I had to stop and hang on to the table. The sheer scale of these observations is mind blowing, but they cover some of the methodology in that article. Large scale observations and massive computational modeling are a big part of it.


Question: If our planet is rotating and shooting through space, why do we see stars as dots of light instead of blurred lines across the sky?

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 If our planet is rotating and shooting through space, why do we see stars as dots of light instead of blurred lines across the sky?

Because we are very slow compared how far away they are. Imgagine you drive a whooping 150 Miles per hour with your car. Far away objects like mountains still don't blurr because in relation to their size and distance you're still slow. Bushes on the roadside are a different story though.


Question: why do you have to raise the blinds at take off and landing in a plane?

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 why do you have to raise the blinds at take off and landing in a plane?

If something goes wrong and the aircraft crashes upon takeoff then not only may interior lights go out, but there are likely to be dangerous things outside such as raging fires or debris that renders the area impassible. Having the windows open means light from outside can enter and make the interior visible, as well as provide vision to those hazards so they can be avoided. That way people won't be struggling to reach an exit which has a massive jet fuel fire on the other side for example.


Question: Considering the recent discovery of water vapors on a far away exo-planet, how the heck do scientists actually manage to 'detect' things like water vapor and other substances on far away planets?

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 Considering the recent discovery of water vapors on a far away exo-planet, how the heck do scientists actually manage to 'detect' things like water vapor and other substances on far away planets?

Each atom have a specific set of wavelengths of light they absorb. So you can use a spectrometer which splits the light into its different frequencies to look for these specific wavelengths in the light from the planet. This allows you to determine how much of each atom there is on the surface or at least on top of the clouds. In the case of K2-18b they discovered large quantities of hydrogen and helium but also some minor quantities of oxygen. And as we know mixing hydrogen and oxygen creates a very unstable mixture which will react to form water. So we know there is trace amounts of water in the upper atmosphere of K2-18b.


Question: Where does transferred money go while its processing?

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 Where does transferred money go while its processing?

It goes nowhere. Digital money doesn't exist. Transferring money is nothing more than subtracting a number on one database and adding a number on another one. However, because a lot can go wrong if you get those numbers mixed up, they have all sorts of additional checks to do before adding the number to another database to make absolutely certain that the addition isn't a mistake. Those checks take time. Physical cash may be transferred between banks at a later date, but until then, the banks essentially hold accounts with each other. When someone at Bank A sends you at Bank B £300, Bank A's account with Bank B becomes £300 in debt, which is added to all of the debt Bank A and Bank B have with each other.


Question: How can car insurance providers charge more simply for being male?

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 How can car insurance providers charge more simply for being male?

Because they can point to decades of statistics that a 17 year old male is extremely likely to be a doofus and wreck his car. I'm not sure there's any reason they can't charge you more for being black, too, if there's genuine statistical evidence that you are thus more likely to get in a crash. The whole idea of insurance only works because of correct assessment of risk.


Question: Why does running in place take SO much less energy than running for real?

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 Why does running in place take SO much less energy than running for real?

Inertia, drag, and range of motion. Inertia: You have to accelerate your whole body, keep it moving, and compensate for every little bump in the road while running. You also have to accelerate each leg to double your running speed every step. This is a lot of energy you have to spend to simply fight your own mass, energy that you don't spend when you're basically bouncing in place. Drag: The wind and the ground both suck a lot of energy out of your motion as you run. Again, this doesn't affect you while you're running in place. Worse, air drag is proportional to the square of your speed, so going from a slow walk (2 mph) to a brisk walk (4 mph) to a run (8 mph) gives you 16x the drag force you have to constantly fight every second of the way. Range of motion: When you're running in place, your arms are generally not moving, your back and abdominals aren't nearly as involved in maintaining balance, and your legs are moving a much smaller distance. Ignoring drag and inertia, you're simply moving less while running in place.


Question: Why is a number divided by 0 "undefined"? Why can't it be represented and manipulated just like other numbers that don't exist on the number line, such as i?

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 Why is a number divided by 0 "undefined"? Why can't it be represented and manipulated just like other numbers that don't exist on the number line, such as i?

ELI5ing without calculus: Division in math is identical to division of a physical object, like a pie. You can divide a pie into any positive number of pieces 3,6,27, whatever. You can even "divide" a pie into 1 piece: it's the whole pie. How would you divide a pie into 0 pieces? It's not possible; the question doesn't even make sense. So in math, division by zero is undefined.


Question: How do thrusters or flames move spacecraft in space when there is no air to push against?

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 How do thrusters or flames move spacecraft in space when there is no air to push against?

Thrusters don't really work because they're pushing *against* the air behind you. Once your exhaust is mixing with the air behind you, it's not in direct contact with you anymore and can't affect your movement. What's really going on is that you're being pushed forward by the act of propelling the exhaust backward in the first place, because the force doesn't just push the exhaust away, it pushes you and the exhaust away from each other. If you stand in the middle of a skating rink and start shooting a machine gun in one direction, then here's what happens: the bullet leaves the gun with a certain amount of momentum (mass times velocity) flying west, and *you* absorb an equal momentum sliding east, so the *combined* momentum of you and the bullet, remains zero. That's what "equal and opposite reaction" means. When you fire another bullet, you gain another bullet's worth of momentum travelling in the opposite direction. Basically the same thing is going on with the exhaust molecules in a rocket thruster.


Question: Why does the space shuttle have to exit earths trajectory on an angle as opposed to just shooting straight up and away?

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 Why does the space shuttle have to exit earths trajectory on an angle as opposed to just shooting straight up and away?

Orbit is just the concept of falling back to Earth while moving quickly enough that you miss the planet on your way down. If you go straight up, you come straight down. If you go up and roll onto your back and leave at an angle, you fall back down, but miss and just keep falling and falling and falling all the way around the planet. [Here's a diagram I drew]( URL_0 ).


Question: What makes someone a visual or audio or other type of learner?

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 What makes someone a visual or audio or other type of learner?

Hmm, it depends on a few things, 1. Let's say from your childhood you were always taught by listening and never did a lot of visual learning, so you unconsciously favour and developed this type of learning. You feel confident in it and you prefer it, thus you rely more on it and you develop it overtime. 2. If you show me some hard core mathematics or anything where I need to use my analytical (left side of the brain which is the analytical, logical sequencing), I would say visual is much better. You can preach to me as much as you want but on the third sentence I would have forgotten the first bit. Regardless of what learner I am. 3. It is a well known fact that everyone learns best by doing, anything that you produce (read, write) rather than only intake you learn and it sticks. I saw a video from Leo from URL_0 and he talks about that. So if you write or sing a song rather than just listening to it or watching the lyrics, you will learn it much faster regardless of your learning style. Hope that gives you some food for thought!


Question: How do painkillers know where the pain is coming from?

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 How do painkillers know where the pain is coming from?

When something painful happens (for example cutting your finger) there are a series of chemicals in your body involved in either transmitting or blocking the “pain” message travelling from your finger to your spinal cord to your brain. The drugs don’t know where pain came from, they just block part of that transmission. Like cutting a telephone wire to disrupt a phone call. Different types of pain have different messengers, which is why they respond to different types of pain medication. Research “pain pathways” if you want to know more. Reference: I’m an anaesthetist, this is what I do.


Question: Fossil fuels formed by the decomposition of dead organisms. How does burning them produce electricity?

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 Fossil fuels formed by the decomposition of dead organisms. How does burning them produce electricity?

It's pretty simple really. * Burning the fuel creates heat * The heat is used to boil water into steam * The pressure from the steam is sent down pipes and used to spin a turbine * The turbine will move a magnet past a coil of wire Whenever you move a magnet past a coil of wire electricity is generated.


Question: what's the difference between a primary and secondary psychopath?

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 what's the difference between a primary and secondary psychopath?

primary = born that way secondary = raised that way that's typically how those words are used with regard to most health /medical conditions btw inherited, or primary, psychopathy is really (really) rare, but it happens and so you see the 'symptoms' - like an utter lack of empathy, inability to know right from wrong, narcissism extraordinaire - but because there's literally a physiological and congenital glitch. environmentally derived, or secondary, psychopathy means we may see similar symptoms or behaviours, but there wasn't the pre-existing born-with-it problem. instead, through very poor environments, abuse, starvation (food and nurturing) and/or some other twisted stuff, the personality goes off the rails. interestingly, those glitches can *also* impact things like brain development so - on, say, a brain scan - you might see physiological anomalies, but they'd be "secondary" to the development of the psychological disorder. there's really a huuuge spectrum and variations to psychopathy. I think we know "psychopath" and "sociopath" from murder porn on TV... but technically those aren't specific diagnoses. you'd more specifically diagnose someone as, say, anti-social personality disorder. edit: i am not a psychiatrist nor therapeutic psychologist, just the daughter of one & with more an organizational psych profession myself


Question: How did Brazil tackle hyperinflation?

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 How did Brazil tackle hyperinflation?

By installing a new, non-valued currency (later named the real) that was attached to the dollar, which would balance it out instead of shed value and continue the cycle. Every payment was made in the old currency that kept losing value until the real was ready to be introduced, which would be after the interest rates were raised to attract foreign investment and enable the real to momentarily overtake the dollar in nominal value, which would fuel imports and block demand-induced inflation.


Question: Why are intelligence agencies notoriously scandalous?

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 Why are intelligence agencies notoriously scandalous?

> Is there literally no way to be a "nice intelligence agency." The "nice" intelligence agency is called the embassy / ambassadors / diplomatic services. They gather and communicate information that countries are willing to provide, and they handle transferring people / deportations etc. that are "legal" (according to the rules agreed upon by countries). Otherwise, the actual intelligence agencies, CIA, KGB, etc., are responsible for getting information and implementing programs that benefit their countries, but other countries would definitely NOT agree to. Espionage, covert ops missions, etc. The shady, "illegal" stuff.


Question: How do smaller online flight travel agents work?

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 How do smaller online flight travel agents work?

They act as a reseller for tickets via a centralised database for them. Since they can determine their own profit, higher volume (relative to them) allows them to discount. This makes filling planes a surer thing, and many people (rightfully so), still drift direct carrier to buy. They never work with all the airlines, and I had a long haul flight that was a bit lower than the standard price but I had near 50% luggage allowance and a couple of additional minor benefits.


Question: why do our brains randomly create stories that we believe actually happened to us?

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 why do our brains randomly create stories that we believe actually happened to us?

Because our brains aren't meant to create perfect recreations of events in a narrative sense; they're meant to match patterns to allow us to more accurately predict when something good or bad would happen to us. It's more efficient, to that end, to reconstruct memories from learned experience rather than to hold all that information forever.


Question: Why does the fbi announce who they're investigating?

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 Why does the fbi announce who they're investigating?

By the time an investigation is announced it's already been underway for quite some time. The Announcement phase is typically after the court prosecutor has decided there is sufficient evidence that wrongdoing occurred. Past that point Legal Holds are issued to the concerned parties and destroying evidence (like Hillary did) is further considered by the court as part of the case. So you may not get nailed on the original charges but you most certainly will get nailed for tampering with the case.


Question: How does a car's windows work the illusion of one side be faded while the other side be transparent ?

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 How does a car's windows work the illusion of one side be faded while the other side be transparent ?

nah its just glass where it is brighter on the outside then on the inside. Glass does reflect some light, so when the difference in intensity is great you see far more reflected light than light passing through (on the bright side). It is also how 1 way mirrors work, its just glass with one bright room and one dark room.


Question: When naming streets, what determines St. vs Rd. vs Ln and so on?

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 When naming streets, what determines St. vs Rd. vs Ln and so on?

Well, the way it is supposed to work is: - A road is a place that connects two points that is not typically lined with buildings on either side (like the connection between two towns). - A street is a place that is inside a town lined with buildings (like the streets in a neighborhood) - An avenue is traditionally a straight road with a line of trees or shrubs running along each side, which emphasize arrival at a landscape or architectural feature. - A boulevard is usually a widened, multi-lane arterial street with a median and landscaping between the curbs and sidewalks on either side. - A court is a short street that ends as a cul de sac. - A drive can be short for driveway, a private road for local access to one, or a small group of structures. Other times it refers to meandering, rather than straight, roads and highways. - An expressway is a divided highway meant for high-speed traffic. - A freeway is a road designed for safe high-speed traffic through the elimination of intersections at the same grade or level. - A highway is a main road intended for travel between destinations like cities and towns. - A lane is a narrow road or street usually lacking a shoulder or a median. - A way is a minor street off a road in a town [Taken from here]( URL_0 )


Question: when shrinking a picture on the computer, how does the computer know which pixels are important in keeping the thumbnail looking like the original picture?

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 when shrinking a picture on the computer, how does the computer know which pixels are important in keeping the thumbnail looking like the original picture?

In general, downsampling an image doesn't keep pixels from the original image. It averages out multiple pixels to generate a new replacement. This is why hard edges can end up looking soft and worse defined after a downscale has occurred. If you want to turn a 100x100 image to 50x50, a simple thing to do would be to take every 2x2 square across the entire image and, for those four colours, try and find the closest colour to all four provided pixels. In a general image there won't be much colour variance and it'll be easy (for example, taking 4px of my red shirt will likely return a red pixel, even if there's slight shadow on bits of it). Of course, you'll get terrible results if you try to do this on an image of alternating black and white pixels, as the result of my simple method above will just entirely be a single shade of grey. Some things can be done about this in terms of sampling and edge detection, with the intent of preserving features, but these are more advanced.


Question: What are Octonions, and how are they useful?

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 What are Octonions, and how are they useful?

To understand Octonions you need to start with the complex numbers. A complex number is a real part plus an imaginary part: a + b\*i, where i is defined as sqrt(-1) and i\*i = -1. Multiplication of complex numbers represents rotation in 2d, and has relationships with two dimensional vectors. Step up the dimensional ladder and you reach the 4d analog of the complex numbers: the quaternions. A quaternion is a real part plus 3 imaginary parts: a + b\*i + c\*j + d\*k (each of i, j and k are called bases). Each of i, j, k, when multiplied by itself, is equal to -1, and the rest follow the equation `i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = -1.` Each time you go up the dimensional ladder for these analogs of complex numbers (so called normed divisional algebras) you lose an algebraic property: the complex numbers are commutative, meaning **c1\*c2** = **c2\*c1**. For the quaternions, this is no longer true. Unit quaternion multiplication represent 3d rotations, and the imaginary part of the quaternion relates to the 3d-cross product. Step up the dimensional ladder again and you reach the 8d analog of complex numbers: the octonions. From now you probably can infer the pattern: octonions are defined as a real part plus 7 imaginary parts: `x1 + x2*e2 + x3*e3 + x4*e4 + x5*e5 + x6*e6 + x7*e7 + x8*e8`. I changed the notation here to a bit to match how octonions are usually written, but it's mostly just because after a few consecutive letters it's easier to just identify things by their index instead of remembering "is that one m or n". Any `en^2` = -1, with a defined table for multiplying between different basis. As we saw with quaternions, we lose another algebraic property. This time we lose associativity, so **O1**\***O2**\***O3** does not necessarily equal **O1\*(O2\*O3).** Unit octonions correspond to 7-dimensional rotations and the imaginary part relates to the 7 dimensional cross-product. If you are versed on the cross product, you'll know they only are defined in 3 and 7 dimensions, this is not a coincidence but has a relation to the quaternions and octonions. As it turns out, that's as high as you can go on the dimensional ladder for the traditional extensions to the complex numbers in this way: the normed divisional algebras. You can go further by specific constructions, giving the 16-dimensional sedonians and so on, but they have fewer nice properties and are generally not often used. & #x200B; So that's a lot of words on what they are mathematically, when are the used? Largely group theory and abstract algebra. That's not my expertise so I can't give the super specifics, however I can talk about where they are being explored in science: particle Physics. There are attempts to reformulate the standard model in the language of octonians instead of tensors, and they seem to have some relation to supersymmetric theories. None of this is widely used now, however. Additionally, they are useful in a 7-dimensional space, analogous to how quaternions are useful to a 3-dimensional space. & #x200B; Here's an article on the quest for octonion descriptions of the standard model: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ). & #x200B; That's the best simplification I can do. They are an abstract concept by nature, and higher dimensional than we can visualize.


Question: Why airline prices fluctuate so much within a matter of a day?

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 Why airline prices fluctuate so much within a matter of a day?

Simple answer , Dynamic Demand Pricing systems are used by major airlines to update all fare prices in real+time based on a variety of factors that maximize the airlines bottom line. High seat costs for booking the day of or a day before have been common practice in the airlines even before these systems we used. Gone are the days of static prices for a particular route or season. Because airlines have a wealth of data at their disposal they use sophisticated models (or have a 3rd party companies that specialize in this business) give them the best rates (sometimes down to the seat on a given Flight) that will maximize their bottom line. Here's a simplified example. A common flight from EWR to LAS (Las Vegas) is run through the model that looks at what time of year (is this peak convention time in Vegas?) historical passenger utilization for this flight last year,last month, etc. How many seats sold how many left, how many days before the flight, if it's not selling fast enough fares get reduced to a break-even amount, and so on... This sets the seat rate,then every , passing minute or so the model updates based on any changes. . These.systems are slowing being applied to all sorts of Pricing.


Question: How do products like Icy Hot and similar products help with sore muscles? Why does it feel hot yet cold at the same time?

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 How do products like Icy Hot and similar products help with sore muscles? Why does it feel hot yet cold at the same time?

Icy Hot typically contains menthol and camphor. [Menthol]( URL_0 ) is an oil extracted from mint plants that triggers the sensors in your skin that detect "cold", so it creates the sensation of cold without the temperature actually being cold. [Camphor]( URL_1 ) is also an extract from a plant, or can also be produced chemically. It's absorbed by the skin and produces a warm and cold sensation, as well as a little bit of numbing of pain. The basic idea is that the hold and cold sensations keep your brain distracted from noticing the soreness of the muscles, and the camphor also numbs the soreness / pain a little bit.


Question: why is math (statistics, calculus, etc) so important for a strong programmer?

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 why is math (statistics, calculus, etc) so important for a strong programmer?

There are lots of areas of programming that require only basic math. If you're doing development for a moderate-sized web site or app, it's quite possible you'll almost never use any math, and never anything beyond things taught in high-school algebra. More generally, some programmers use a lot of math all the time, some hardly use math at all. There are many more specialized areas of programming that require a lot of math. Computer graphics uses a lot of trigonometry and calculus, so pretty much any game that requires physics or 3-d rendering uses a lot of math. Video and audio compression uses Fourier analysis. Cryptography uses number theory. Those are just a few examples - there are lots of specialties. Good programmers often need to have at least some familiarity with those areas, even if that isn't their area of expertise. Quite often large-scale software engineering requires more math - for example web sites that need to scale to millions of users. It's hard to properly optimize sites to handle a lot of traffic without a good foundation in probability and statistics. A degree in Computer Science typically covers many of those things, which is why there's a math requirement. In addition, Computer Science involves a lot of mathematical analysis of programs, including determining what's possible to compute, determining asymptotic runtime and memory usage, and mathematical proofs of bounds and of correctness.


Question: How do you make an operating system?

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 How do you make an operating system?

With great difficulty. You have to start with the hardware, will it run on regular modern computer hardware or its own custom thing? You write code that will communicate with the hardware in a structured predictable way (usually assembly/machine code). You write it in a way that it can store and manipulate data. On top of that, you create a layer of abstraction, a way to communicate this information to the user... could be as basic as a couple of LEDs, by telling the hardware: "hey give 5v to this pin". It can be more advanced, like draw this on the screen (but that's it's own topic). Once you have that layer you have a basic OS, the first ones that use modern monitors simply had a text interface that would ignore commands it did not understand.


Question: How do places like Home Depot or Lowe’s color match paint colors from a paint chip sanple?

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 How do places like Home Depot or Lowe’s color match paint colors from a paint chip sanple?

Basically, computers. There is a computer scanner that scans in the object you are trying to duplicate. That scanner feeds into the computer and the computer calculates the exact color recipe that has to be made. Then the tech goes and gets the colors and measures them into the right volumes and it gets mixed together, and poof. Matched colors. Not all colors can be matched exactly though. Sometimes the colors and amounts needed to match really aren't available in small batches like 1 gallon. Gotta remember, all colors are essentially made of the basic colors.


Question: How do scientists discover the specific functions of tiny structures such as cytokines or neurotransmitters?

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 How do scientists discover the specific functions of tiny structures such as cytokines or neurotransmitters?

I think the current answer is pretty whack. The answer has historically gone like this: Some biologist crushes up some organ, usually brain or kidney, and through various extraction procedures, comes up with something with some powder that they reckon is a single compound, though because it's the 1920-40s, they aren't sure. The put it on some piece of tissue (like a loop of gut, or a blood vessel), and see if it does anything. And if it does something unusual, or if it isn't blocked by drugs which other people have shown blocks other extracts from that same organ, then the biologist says they have extracted a new compound. It's the 1950s and Chemistry gets better, and then people find out which of these extracts are single compounds, and what there structure is. They often give them new names at this point, when they realize that compounds that they thought were unrelated are actually related, or even the same thing. People also develop a technology called "immunohistochemistry". It used the ability of antibodies to bind to very specific things. For instance, if you inject rabbits with small amounts of a foreign protein, after a while, you can find antibodies to that protein in their blood. You can separate out those proteins, and bind a chemical to them: maybe one that glows, or maybe one that makes visible chemicals. If you treat tissue with these antibodies, you can find where that protein you started with is. This allowed us to see where receptors, and some neurotransmitters lived within a cell, and continues to be an incredibly important technique to this day. In the 1960s people start making really good drugs which allow you to figure out exactly what receptors exist, e.g. they might think a neurotransmitter binds to a single receptor, but they found out that with a new drug they could block some of the effects of the neurotransmitter, but not others. This made them conclude that there were in fact more than one receptor. This goes on, and something like serotonin goes from binding to two receptors, to something like 16. During this time, basic pharmacologists keep injecting cells, tissues and animals with lots of drugs, figuring out how individual receptors had an effect. In the 1990s, people got good at messing with genes. They found lots of new receptors this way, because they gene of one receptor usually looks a lot like the gene for another. (These dates are approximate, but give you some idea).


Question: - Hydrogen is composed of 1 proton and 1 electron. 2 atoms of Hydrogen fused inside a star, makes 1 atom of Helium that is composed of 2 protons, 2 NEUTRONS and 2 electrons. Where these neutrons come from? How can 2 protons be fused and give birth to 2 protons and 2 neutrons?

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 - Hydrogen is composed of 1 proton and 1 electron. 2 atoms of Hydrogen fused inside a star, makes 1 atom of Helium that is composed of 2 protons, 2 NEUTRONS and 2 electrons. Where these neutrons come from? How can 2 protons be fused and give birth to 2 protons and 2 neutrons?

The wikipedia pages explains it but here we go: Ingredients: 4 hydrogen atoms (4 protons, 4 electrons) Instructions: 1. Mash 2 hydrogen atoms together, this causes one of the protons to turn into a neutron (releasing a neutrino and gamma radiation in the process), you end up with deutereum (1 proton, 1 neutron) 2. Mash the other 2 hydrogen atoms together, so you have another deutereum atom 3. Mash the 2 deutereum atoms together, you get helium (2 protons, 2 neutrons) I don't mention what happens to the electrons, but they a couple are lost during step 1. For the full process check back to the wikipedia page, the above explanation is just for ELI5 purposes. URL_0


Question: Can one buy another, specific individual's debt (e.g., mortgage, student loans, credit card, auto)?

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 Can one buy another, specific individual's debt (e.g., mortgage, student loans, credit card, auto)?

I don't know how it works in the real world or with indviduals. When you buy debt you don't pay for all of it but get all of it. For example, if I have a customer who owes 1000$ but I need cash now I can sell it to a company for 900$ now. They follow up with the customer and take responsibility for it. In other words as if they lent the money.


Question: How does eating lots of calorie-dense foods make you gain so many pounds when the food itself doesn’t weigh very much?

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 How does eating lots of calorie-dense foods make you gain so many pounds when the food itself doesn’t weigh very much?

Calories are not a measure of mass; they're a measure of how much usable energy you're able to extract from the food. Rocks have lots of mass but would have no calories because...well...you can't eat rocks. I mean, you *can* swallow a bunch of rocks (**don't**), but your body has no way to break them down and get energy from them. Anything that your body is able to break down and use gets either used, or stored. Anything that gets stored, is stored as fat. Eating lots of calorie-dense foods and not using that many calories means that a lot of them get stored, and you gain weight.


Question: why do snow storms not produce lighting like traditional thunderstorms?

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 why do snow storms not produce lighting like traditional thunderstorms?

It can thunder and lighting during a snow storm. It's called Thundersnow. The Science Also known as thunder snowstorms or winter thunderstorms, a thundersnow only happens when a rare set of conditions occur. In fact, people only witness about 6.3 thundersnow events each year. Typically between late winter and early spring when the air beneath the clouds is warmer near the ground than the air in the upper cloud layers. The cumulonimbus cloud (towering mass with a flat base at fairly low altitude and often a flat top, as in thunderstorms) must be lower than a typical thunderstorm, and the warmer air temperature must still be cold enough to form snow. Thunder snowstorms usually create snowflakes, soft snow pellets, hail and strong “gravity wave” currents of air similar to ocean waves. The lightning produced appears in purplish-blue flashes.


Question: Why would an asthma medicine increase risk for death due to asthma?

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 Why would an asthma medicine increase risk for death due to asthma?

Drug companies are required by law (at least in the US) to report everything that occurred during their clinical trials, even if it isn't clear that the drug caused that side effect. For some drugs there are literally tens of thousands of people participating in trials; if conceivably one of them died of an asthma-related cause, they would have to report that as a possible side effect.


Question: What's happening when I'm using a straw?

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 What's happening when I'm using a straw?

The air on Earth is pulled down towards the ground by gravity, creating "atmospheric pressure". It pushes down on everything. You, your car, and the surface of the water you have in your cup. The water doesn't go anywhere, because the atmospheric pressure is pushing down equally on the whole surface, and the sides are held in place by the sides of the glass. When you set a straw in the water, but don't put it in your mouth, the atmospheric pressure is pushing down on the surface of the water, but it's also pushing into the straw, and pressing down on the column of water inside the straw, so the forces are equal, and the water line in the straw stays level with the water line outside of the straw. When you put the straw in your mouth, and suck, you are using your tongue to lower the air pressure inside your mouth, which lowers the air pressure inside the tube of the straw. The atmospheric pressure pushing down on the surface of the water is now stronger than the pressure inside the straw holding the water down, so the water presses up through the straw and into your mouth to try to equalize the low pressure area caused by your sucking.


Question: How do news crews record all the people at rallies / out in public without their permission when Google Maps/Earth has to censor faces?

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 How do news crews record all the people at rallies / out in public without their permission when Google Maps/Earth has to censor faces?

Google doesn't *have* to censor faces. There's no legal requirement. They just to it to save themselves the headache of people suing them to have their image removed because it shows them at a strip club, or at their mistress's house, or something else like that. They might not even *win* such a lawsuit, but it would be a drain on Google's resources. So they just preemptively blur all faces (and license plates) to skip the hassle altogether.