Question: How do we learn non expressible words as a child?

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 How do we learn non expressible words as a child?

We learn very few words by having their definitions given to us. We learn most words by example or by ostension (pointing). So our parents say, "Look at the firetruck!" *and* "There is a firetruck!"; but then they say "Look at the water!" but *not* "There is a water!"; they say "You are a sweetheart" but *not* "You are the sweetheart"; and they say, "You are the cutest kid!" but *not* "You are a cutest kid!" ...and eventually, after lots of examples, we get the hang of the very complicated ways words like these are used in our language without ever having had it spelled out.


Question: How are fish able to withstand the tremendous pressure in the deep sea?

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 How are fish able to withstand the tremendous pressure in the deep sea?

> So, how in the hell are some little fish and crustaceans able to survive this depth when we need ridiculously strong deep sea exploration vehicles?! Fish don't have big open areas of air inside them that need to be at 1 atmosphere. They are full of water inside and that can easily withstand the pressure of the water outside.


Question: How is dental health so vlosely related to heart health?

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 How is dental health so vlosely related to heart health?

I just skimmed a few articles but it looks like the gum disease and other oral diseases that come about from lack of hygiene lead to higher numbers of bacteria that cause swelling. These bacteria start in your gums but can spread to the rest of your body through your bloodstream causing swelling and inflammation throughout your vascular system thus heart disease.


Question: Why do we have to pasteurize cow milk but not breast milk?

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 Why do we have to pasteurize cow milk but not breast milk?

Milk is sterile when it comes out of the cow or human. But as soon as it touches anything it becomes contaminated with bacteria. Milk is also an amazing growth medium for bacteria, its impossible to keep the milk totally sterile and even a small amount of bacteria will very rapidly multiply. What matters for the consumer of the milk is how long it will take those initial bacteria to multiply until the milk is no longer safe to drink, which is itself a matter of the type and quantity of bacteria that get into the milk. If you're talking about a woman pumping breast milk and storing it in the fridge for a day or two, its fairly safe to assume that the equipment she's using is relatively clean and that the woman wasn't rolling around in her own feces moments before milking herself. Because of that, the initial quantity of bacteria in the milk is going to be low and there isn't going to be anything too bad in there. As long as the milk isn't being stored for more than a few days the risk it poses is negligible. But neither of those things is safe to assume with a cow. And in your worst case scenario where the cow was rolling around in feces and milked using dirty equipment, the milk you get is going to be filled with large amounts of listeria and other pathogens. Which is ultimately why we pasteurize cow milk - its a simple, low cost method of completely mitigating against a serious health risk. That being said, its entirely possible that you could find a dairy that follows extremely high standards of cleanliness selling unpasteurized milk and that milk will last just as long as your average woman's breast milk (and there are certainly small dairies out there that try to do just that). The problem you have in drinking milk like that is you're relying on everything with the dairy being perfect - which is something that you have absolutely no control over. And all it takes is no one noticing a cow shitting all over itself a few hours before getting milked for anyone drinking that milk to develop a serious illness.


Question: What is happening in Gaza and what is all this commotion?

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 What is happening in Gaza and what is all this commotion?

The immediate reason for the current violence? A land dispute that dated back to the late 1800s was recently decided in favour of extremist Jewish settlers by the Israeli supreme court, which would have lead to some 20 Palestinian families in East Jerusalem being thrown out of their house. This lead to mass protests. The mass protests were brutally suppressed by Israeli police, including the use of flashbang in the Al Aksa mosque. This then escalated to the usual Hamas launching rockets at Israeli cities and the Israeli air force bombing Gaza in revenge.


Question: Why do humans not have a "mating season"?

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 Why do humans not have a "mating season"?

This is essentially the question of why human females have _concealed ovulation_. They are only fertile at certain times, but unlike many other animals they don't overtly advertise those fertile times. We don't know for _sure_ why this is so. The hypothesis I think has the most weight is that it developed as a way for females to maintain persistent male investment. In species that advertise when they are fertile, males can seek mating opportunities at that time, and otherwise ignore the female. Assuring paternity in a female's offspring requires little to no investment by the males. In a species like us, with concealed ovulation, males can only be assured of their paternity by constant vigilance. They don't know when a sexual encounter could lead to pregnancy, and therefore have "hang around", and court the female to maintain her interest. This courting would have involved primarily offers of food. This may have even been the precursor to male parental investment. After females developed concealed ovulation to maintain male investment in _them_, it probably became evolutionarily advantageous to simply extend that investment to the resulting offspring. In most of the animal kingdom, fathers don't care about their children. Feelings of paternal love may have ultimately developed because of this change in parental investment in males.


Question: Is there any aspect of reality in action movies where the characters can find out someone’s personal information/record with only said person’s name?

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 Is there any aspect of reality in action movies where the characters can find out someone’s personal information/record with only said person’s name?

Yes. Especially in the US. Edit: I’m making this as simplistic as possible because I’m on mobile. Sorry for grammar/spelling, as well. If the name is slightly uncommon, a few searches can reveal a person’s name and address. Phone numbers can also be found. You take the new details and search using those details. Then you go down the rabbit hole of the internet and try to find social media nicknames/aliases. Searching those and narrowing down photos and interests can get you a ton of information. Note: This can be done with common names as well, but take a lot longer. Age matters. It is easier to find someone between the ages of 25 and 45 as those individuals have built up larger online presences. The older of that age range tend to also have more social media connections tied directly to their legal name. Younger than 25 tend to be stricter in using aliases. Those older than that range tend to be less involved in social media but if they are active, they, like the older of the 25 to 45 group, tend to tie things directly to their name. Associations also matter. Say you target a name and you’re fairly certain you narrowed it down to your top 5 candidates. You can then research friends/relatives and familial last names in common. Searches for the the friends and relatives may lead to a better hit on even more aliases in social media, narrowing you down to the specific person you seek.


Question: Why do British people not sound British when they sing?

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 Why do British people not sound British when they sing?

A person's accent is easily detectable when they are speaking at normal speed. When singing, the pace is often slower. ... As a result, regional accents can disappear because syllables are stretched out and stresses fall differently than in normal speech. There are several reasons we notice accents ‘disappearing’ in song, and why those singing accents seem to default to “American”. In a nutshell, it has a lot to do with phonetics, the pace at which they sing and speak, and the air pressure from one’s vocal chords. As far as why “American” and not some other accent, it’s simply because the generic “American” accent is fairly neutral. Even American singers, if they have, for instance, a strong “New Yorker” or perhaps a “Hillbilly” accent, will also tend to lose their specific accent, gravitating more towards neutral English, unless they are actively trying not to, as many Country singers might.


Question: Why does MSG have such a bad reputation?

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 Why does MSG have such a bad reputation?

In late 60's, a doctor wrote to a respected Journal of Medicine that eating at Chinese restaurants gave him nausea and numbness and attributed to the MSG, a common seasoning used by the establishments back then. He coined this term Chinese restaurant syndrome. After vetting his claims in the lab on animals with enormous doses, research did show negative effects, racial bias towards using MSG in Asian cuisines took off. Allegedly, there was a claim the original letter was supposed to be a joke and Ho Man Kwok was a pen name of Dr. Howard Steel. But later this was debunked by the real Dr. Ho Man Kwok's children.


Question: How do scientists know what the global temperature was millions of years ago?

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 How do scientists know what the global temperature was millions of years ago?

Basically they use a bunch of methods to estimate what the temps must have been like. They measure ocean sediment composition, ice core samples, pollen samples, tree rings, fossilized leaves etc. Ocean sediments contain different levels of oxygen and different isotopes of oxygen (for example when there is more of a heavier oxygen isotope present it generally means a warmer climate). Different layers of ice cores have different chemical compositions (including oxygen isotopes), which helps piece together what gases were in the atmospshere, and ultimately the temperatures. The pollen, tree rings, and leaves contain indicators on how the plants did (how well they survived) at certain times/years which would be due to the different climates/weather conditions, including temperature. EDIT: Wording


Question: How do observational studies "control for" certain variables?

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 How do observational studies "control for" certain variables?

In such studies you often try to build a statistical model to show the relationship between variables. You have one depended variable and one or more independent, so-called explanatory variables that you think somehow affect the depended one. Imagine you would like to predict how much money people spend on beer (this example is completely arbitrary and in fact not very good as you won't find such a simple relationship in reality). Money spent on beer is your depended variable. You suspect that people who have more disposable income spend more on beer. Income in this case is your explanatory variable. To do such an analysis, you need data on beer consumption and income of people, the more the better. Now, you might also suspect that gender plays a role here. Men might earn more on average, but they also consume more beer than women, so a simple analysis will overstate the impact of income as income is correlated with both variables. However, if you know the gender, you can simply add it as another explanatory variable. That should make the estimate for income more accurate as remove the effect of gender on income. In principle this is very simple, all you need to do to control for a variable is to add this variable to your model. What's more difficult is that you may not have the data available or that you arrive at certain odd, i.e. even more wrong results if you do add another variable you would like to control for. But that's not for ELI5 I guess.


Question: Would wearing multiple hazmat suits protect you from more radiation?

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 Would wearing multiple hazmat suits protect you from more radiation?

Not really. The suits don't keep out ionizing radiation, which is the major problem. It does stop radioactive particles getting in, so you don't get any radioactive materials on your skin or in your lungs, which does help a lot. One suit will keep them out completely, so you don't need more than that. But the radiation itself still goes right through.


Question: How does a 4 day work week not result in 4/5ths the productivity of a company?

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 How does a 4 day work week not result in 4/5ths the productivity of a company?

Hours worked don't reflect productivity, the more hours a week people work the less productive each hour becomes as they become tired, bored or even just try to find things to do to make them look busy. So by shortening the working week you have a happier more enthused workforce who get more done per hour that they are working - URL_0


Question: Why is sleep symbolized by “zzzz” ? Is there a reason for this ?

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 Why is sleep symbolized by “zzzz” ? Is there a reason for this ?

Because it sounds a bit like snoring? I mean, cows don't *actually* go moo and dogs don't actually go *woof woof* and cars don't really go vrooom but it sounds close enough in the way english is written - or at least, how it was written at a certain point in time when such usage became common. It's called onomatopoeia and lots of common proper words are actually onomatopoeic - whack! splash! bang! crash! clap! crunch! slap! gulp! snort! scoff!


Question: Why does slowing down audio sometimes deepen voices, but sometimes not?

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 Why does slowing down audio sometimes deepen voices, but sometimes not?

Sound being deep or high pitched is based on the frequency of the sound. When you slow down a recording it basically also slows down the frequency of the waves that make the sound and so it gets deeper. I have never experienced a situation where slowing down a recording didn't deepen the sound so I can't speak to what is going on there.


Question: when using alcohol beverages in soups and sauces why is the product not alcoholic?

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 when using alcohol beverages in soups and sauces why is the product not alcoholic?

For many recipies that i have seen, either or both apply 1.) Heat is applied to the mixture after the alcoholic beverage is added. Ethanol is more volatile than water, so some loss of ethanol is expected when heating such mixutes. 2.) The amount of ethanol added to the mixture is small enough compared to the volume of the mixture that the concentration in the finished product is nearly inconsequential.


Question: Why do wine bottles usually use corks instead of lids or caps?

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 Why do wine bottles usually use corks instead of lids or caps?

Yes, it is to do with the fermentation process and allowing oxygen to enter the bottle as it ages. Fermentation is what we call it when the yeast (living organisms) change the grape juice by eating the sugar and creating the alcohol and flavors of the finished wine. *Many wines develop undesirable aromas under anaerobic –no oxygen– conditions; a small amount of oxygen will eliminate those trace* [*thiol compounds*]( URL_1 ) *responsible for the aroma of rotten eggs* [*or burnt rubber*]( URL_5 )*. Oxidation products also react with the* [*red anthocyanin molecules*]( URL_4 ) *from the grapes to create stable pigments in red wine.* *The way a bottle is sealed will directly affect how much* [*oxygen passes into the wine*]( URL_2 ) *each year. That will directly affect the aging trajectory and determine when that wine will be at its “best.”* [* URL_0 *]( URL_0 )


Question: What is a Fourier Transform and why was it necessary to render the image of the total solar eclipse?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is a Fourier Transform and why was it necessary to render the image of the total solar eclipse?

Lots of correct answers about Fourier transforms, but no one has directly addressed the second part of the question: why it was needed to render that image. The answer is that when you take an image of an eclipse, the photo has a mixture of fuzzy/cloudy features, sharp edges, and everything in between. Using the Fourier transform you can break down the original image into all the constituent parts (fuzzy stuff, sharp stuff, edges, noise, etc) and then you can selectively pick just the one you want to recreate the image. More technically, you will generally omit the features that have lower frequencies, and retain certain higher frequencies for an image like this. You can also recreate the original image using multiples of a certain frequency. So, say there's a sharp feature that shows up well in a certain frequency, you might add multiples of that specific feature into the final image. It takes a surprising amount of experience to get really good at processing images like this, but the outcomes can be amazing.


Question: How can the universe be 93 billion light years in diameter but only 13.8 billion years old?

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 How can the universe be 93 billion light years in diameter but only 13.8 billion years old?

Everything is moving away from everything else. Imagine if you and another person stood back to back. You both walk five feet away from each other. There's now ten feet between you, even though you only moved five feet. The universe is doing this but on a much larger scale and much faster. So the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light as a result. This is fine because the speed of light is only a restriction for things that have information. Things without information can go much faster. And the increase in size from two things moving away from each other has no information.


Question: Why is crude oil, coal, and natural gas found so deep within the earth?

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 Why is crude oil, coal, and natural gas found so deep within the earth?

Seams of coal are essentially ancient forests. When the first trees evolved there was no bacteria or insects that could decompose them yet so the plant material just piled up higher and higher creating thick soil saturated with wood. Over the eons dirt, sand, volcanic activity, rivers, tectonic movements, etc piled up layers of rock over the ancient forests and the combination of compression and fossilization result in them become coal seams. For oil it's a similar story, but with single celled micro organisms like plankton that piled up on the ancient sea floor


Question: Why does starch boil over?

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 Why does starch boil over?

Starches are polymers. That is, they are molecules consisting of large chains of repeated smaller molecules that have been chemically bonded together. In starches the basic subunit is glucose sugar. Starch is a bit of an umbrella term for a range of natural polymers in foods that can have different sizes and structures. They can be long single chains, or may have some branched ends. They can also have other kinds of sugars attached at the ends like fructose or galactose. It is not a pure substance however they are all based upon long chains of glucose. In starches their solubility in water varies based on the length of the glucose chains. In general starches are insoluble or nearly insoluble in cold or room temperature water. Those with short chains that are soluble in cold water are usually called "maltose." However they become increasingly more soluble as the temperature of water increases. This does two things to a mixture of starch and water when it's heated. Individual starch molecules are surface active agents or "surfactants." This means such molecules can reduce the surface tension of water or other liquids by interfering with the attraction forces between individual water molecules. This makes bubbles more stable and much less likely to pop. Soap is another surfactant, which explains why soaps cause foamy lather to form. The second effect is increasing the viscosity of the solution, meaning it's resistance to flowing. Because starch chains are much larger than water molecules they cannot flow as easily and cause the liquid to resist *shearing* forces. (This is why a Small amount of some food that contains starch like flour or corn starch is often used to thicken soups.) This slows down the flow of bubbles in the mixture from the bottom of the pan to the surface. This can causes the to pile up like a traffic jam. This also slows the formation of a thin film between individual bubbles and with the air above the mixture. Bubbles can't break or merge together until the film between them reaches a certain critical thinness.


Question: How does the U.S. treasury/federal reserve know how much money to print each year?

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</answer>
 How does the U.S. treasury/federal reserve know how much money to print each year?

Not sure if the question is about actual paper money in circulation or about Liquidity in the economy but I'll do my best to answer both. Paper money: They print about 38 million notes a day, worth about $500 million and replace the existing supply at a 95% rate. So old dollars actually get recycled into new dollars. Liquidity: They do their best to measure the economy by several factors in an effort to keep as many people employed as possible while striving to have the price of everything increase by 2 cents on the dollar every year. Sometimes prices increase by 3 cents, and this is when they raise interest rates, to collect more money from people. Sometimes a lot of people lose their job, and then they would lower interest rates to put more money into the economy. The issue with both of those actions is they don't directly effect the situations they are trying to change and there is a delay of when they do them to when they work so this is really a lot like taking a best guess. Hope this helps!


Question: If we are what we eat, does that mean your diet can have an impact on your chemical composition?

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 If we are what we eat, does that mean your diet can have an impact on your chemical composition?

Well, yes - for example, if you don't get enough calcium, your bone development will suffer. Your chemical composition as an adult largely consists of elements that you ate while growing up, and continue to eat to maintain your body. One of the concerns about nuclear fallout has to do with radioactive isotopes that mimic calcium, such as [Strontium-90] ( URL_0 ): if it gets in to your food, it can be absorbed in to bones like calcium, where it will sit emitting radiation and eventually causing bone cancer.


Question: Why was the electron planetary model incorrect, and what is the currently accepted model?

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 Why was the electron planetary model incorrect, and what is the currently accepted model?

Almost as soon as the planetary model was created, scientists recognized a problem with it. If the model was correct, why don't electrons gradually lose energy as they revolve around the nucleus? But initially, no one had a solution to this puzzle. It wasn't until quantum mechanics that it was recognized that electrons (and other subatomic particles) aren't just tiny little spheres. They are more like "matter waves" with poorly defined positions in space. Electron positions inside of an atom are described as [orbitals]( URL_0 ), and take on a variety of shapes, depending on the atom in question. If we try to pin down the position of an electron, it will *mostly* be found inside of that volume. One of the weird things is that electron positions are described using probabilities, and (in most cases) the probability never quite goes to zero, even for locations far away from the nucleus. So in theory, an electron from a given atom could be found anywhere in our universe.


Question: Do scientists really know what the core of planets and stars are made of?

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 Do scientists really know what the core of planets and stars are made of?

We have a pretty good idea. Our knowledge of the Earth's core is based on a few pieces of information: - It must have a certain density, because Earth's mass and volume are known. - It must be made of relatively common elements, or there wouldn't be enough to form such a large object (the core is approximately as heavy as the Moon) - It must be highly electrically conductive, because Earth has a magnetic field. - It must be a pretty exact amount of "springy" because we can observe earthquake waves bouncing off of it. - It must be made of heavier stuff than the other components of Earth (in particular, the silicates that make up Earth's surface), because it sank to the bottom of the once-molten planet. The combination of these constraints makes us pretty confident that the Earth's core is mostly iron, with some nickel. Iron is common, heavy, conductive, and rigid enough to produce the properties we observe. ----- Stars, on the other hand, are constrained by our understanding of particle physics and the observed frequencies of the elements they produce in the cosmos. We know that stars are made almost entirely of hydrogen early in their lives, and produce other elements through fusion. This means that only elements producible through fusion should be common in stars, with heavier and hotter stars producing heavier elements (because it takes progressively more energy to cause fusion the higher up you go). This means that light and young stars, like our Sun, must have cores primarily of hydrogen with some helium produced by fusion. Heavier stars fuse heavier elements, up to carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon, sulfur, and ultimately iron (all of which are common elements in the Universe). And because heavier elements exist, we know that some process must produce them, and stars are the only plausible mechanism based on our current understanding of the universe. In fact, there are *two* processes: the s-process in the core of very large stars and the r-process that occurs during supernovas. Knowing how much of these elements are produced tells us a lot about the inner conditions inside stars, because we know how long they live and how fast elements are produced at certain temperatures and pressures. Actually, in one case, we discovered a new particle physics phenomenon because we knew it *had* to exist for stars to work the way we know that they do (and it turned out that [it does indeed exist]( URL_0 )). More recently, we've been able to observe supernovas directly, which has given us more information about these rarer and less-well-understood processes.


Question: A student asked me today: "If cars keep shooting out bad stuff into the atmosphere, won't the atmosphere pop eventually like a balloon?"

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 A student asked me today: "If cars keep shooting out bad stuff into the atmosphere, won't the atmosphere pop eventually like a balloon?"

Nothing could cause the atmosphere to "pop like a balloon", because there's nothing to pop. There's no barrier holding the atmosphere in. The reason it doesn't escape into space is because of gravity holding it down. Adding gas to the atmosphere would cause it to get denser, increasing atmospheric pressure, but that wouldn't have any catastrophic effects. Specifically regarding cars, carbon dioxide only consistutes 0.04% of the atmosphere, so it's unlikely they would cause any significant change. Also, as you noted, cars consume oxygen from the atmosphere. I don't know exactly how the amount of gas the produce compares to the amount of gas they consume though.


Question: The difference between sexual harrassment, sexual battery, sexual assault and rape?

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 The difference between sexual harrassment, sexual battery, sexual assault and rape?

Sexual harassment is any unwanted act of sexual advance or comment toward another person, as well as threats or retaliation for rejected sexual propositions. Sexual assault is any attempt to coerce or force another person into a sexual situation physically. Sexual battery is sexual assault plus physical battery, e.g. striking or harming the victim. Rape is sexual assault that involves actually engaging in sexual activity with any non-consenting individual, including inebriated or otherwise mentally altered individuals.


Question: Are probiotics the opposite of antibiotics and if so would taking a probiotic while sick hurt you more?

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 Are probiotics the opposite of antibiotics and if so would taking a probiotic while sick hurt you more?

Probiotics and Antibiotics are different things. Probiotics are actual bacteria that are helpful and beneficial. Essentially they are symbiotic parasites in your stomach that assist in your daily operation and help you do things like break down foods and digest materials for your body to use. Antibiotics are drugs used to fight off bacterial infections. While this is happening in a good fashion if you're sick, the antibiotics do have a noticable affect on the probiotics in your system and do at times wipe out entire colonies of good stomach bacteria that keeps you functioning properly. This is why doctors will recommend taking probiotic yogurts or supplimenting your bacterial insides while on strong antibiotics, to avert a secondary infection elsewhere in your body.


Question: How is it that the flu can develop multiple strains, and how does it change every year and stay “unique” to all prior years?

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 How is it that the flu can develop multiple strains, and how does it change every year and stay “unique” to all prior years?

I am an influenza researcher. I'll offer some answers in non-wall-of-text form * Influenza A virus (IAV) is what you're thinking of, really. There's also IBV, ICV, and the bleeding-edge-newly-coined IDV. IAV is the most dangerous of them, every major outbreak in history has been IAV. * IAV, like other viruses, is very little more than a small piece of genetic material with a tiny number of proteins and the singular mission of replicating itself. IAV's genetic material consists of RNA, not DNA. RNA is less stable than DNA, the viral replication process is *very* error-prone with no proofreading system, and the virus life cycle is rapid. So, IAV can attain mutations very quickly. * The virus has two unique proteins that make up its surface. These can change as the virus mutates. If they are different, the body's immune system cannot recognize them. That's what a different strain is. They are hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), the H and N in, say, H1N1. N1 and N2 are similar enough to serve the same purpose, but different enough that the body can't recognize N2 even if it recognizes N1. * The virus has a wide range of hosts, not just humans. Birds, dogs, deer, cows, swine, bats... tons of mammals and non-mammals can carry IAV, and when those things get in close proximity to each other and/or humans, our viruses can basically mix-and-match to form a new strain that neither population is immune to. I guess that did turn out to be a wall of text, didn't it


Question: How do smart phones not over heat?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How do smart phones not over heat?

It's the same method how anything else doesn't overheat. As you use your phone, it heats up, and when it hits a predetermined point, it artificially limits your performance until the temperature drops back below the point - rinse and repeat. Of course, PUBG for your phone is not the same game as PUBG on your PC, and so will be much less intensive and not cause your phone to heat up like your PC does.


Question: Why is breast cancer more common in females than males; aren't hormones susceptible to change?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is breast cancer more common in females than males; aren't hormones susceptible to change?

They have larger breasts and therefore more physical matter that can have a mutation that turns to cancer. The hormones that seem to aid in the growth of breast cancer are in higher concentrations in females than males, so while they are subject to change on average they are much higher in women than in men.


Question: If skin cells die and fall off everyday, how do we still have freckles and scars?

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 If skin cells die and fall off everyday, how do we still have freckles and scars?

The same way we still have regular skin which acts differently in various locations (such as hair growth in some places and no hair in others)— it gets replaced with the same type of cell that is programmed to act the same way. Some of these things may seem like “flaws” (cosmetically or otherwise) but they are just following the body’s chemical signaling, or genetic makeup of the cells in that location. As far as the replacement cells are concerned you are “supposed” to have a freckle there so it stays. And when it comes to scars— they form during the (relatively fast) healing process when it may not be possible to fully, or quickly rebuild the underlying structure with the same circulation, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, etc to restore the original appearance and function... so scars can fade over time but there are good reasons why they persist and take a long time to heal.


Question: Why do men end up with big beer belly but not or rarely women?

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 Why do men end up with big beer belly but not or rarely women?

There are two types of ways that fat is laid down: visceral and subcutaneous. Visceral is fat between the organs - it's often the most stubborn, and it carries higher health risks. Subcutaneous fat is the under-the-skin fat we carry (your wobbly arms, for instance). Many people have posited that alcohol results in the lay down of much more visceral fat, which forms the rounded, hard beer belly that you recognise. Women carry more subcutaneous fat naturally (think hips and thighs). So when they begin to develop more visceral fat, this is kind of 'balanced out' by the subcutaneous fat - they start to have a more even distribution of both. However, because men naturally have less subcutaneous fat, if they start to lay down visceral fat through alcohol consumption, then their composition balance becomes *even more* **un**balanced - and they get a much more predominant 'hard belly' look.


Question: How can water be reflective and see through at the same time?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can water be reflective and see through at the same time?

Pretty much any object absorbs, reflects, and transmits some amount of light that strikes it. Nothing is perfectly absorptive, transmissive, or reflective. This is also why objects can display colors when you shine white light on them, they're selectively reflecting certain wavelengths and absorbing others. The color you see is the reflected light. So it's not unique to water. Water, air (usually), glass, are objects that transmit lots of light (it passes through them without getting scattered), and very little reflects off of them. But still some does.


Question: What happens if you were to cut the bottom of your testicles? Would the balls fall out? Will liquid spill?

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 What happens if you were to cut the bottom of your testicles? Would the balls fall out? Will liquid spill?

No, the testicles may dangle a bit farther down but they are still held in by blood vessels, nerves and the vas deferens. In terms of liquid, cutting off the scrotum would act just like any cut, blood will come out from the from vessels in the skin that would be cut but other than that not much.


Question: Do butterflies regain any of the memories or anything else from when they were a caterpillar?

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 Do butterflies regain any of the memories or anything else from when they were a caterpillar?

Surprisingly, yes! This is surprising because when caterpillars change in the cocoon they release an enzyme that more or less turns their entire bodies into protein goop. It's less [Animorphs]( URL_1 ) and more [The Thing]( URL_0 ). Only a few cells survive this self-digestion intact, and they're *not* brain cells. As /u/Monkey_with_a_knife mentioned, scientists have done tests where they give caterpillars a very mild electric shock that is associated with a particular stimulus, like a smell. It's just enough to cause pain without seriously inuring them. Later, if you present that same stimulus - that same smell - the caterpillars recoil, expecting to get shocked, and they avoid that stimulus. The butterflies (and moths) that grow from those caterpillars recoil from the same stimuli, while the control group that was never shocked do not. This suggests that the butterflies somehow remember that the stimulus is associated with pain! How they manage to do this is a mystery because, again, almost their entire bodies are digested in the cocoon down to loose proteins and carbs. Their brains don't survive the process - the butterflies leave the cocoon with brain new brains rebuilt from the DNA in the few non-brain cells left intact as the rest of the body dissolves. That itself is a bit of a mystery, too - the ability to not just regenerate, but completely rebuild their entire bodies! That's not *too* perplexing, though, because if you can build a body with a single cell and some energy in the egg the first time then there's no good reason you can't do it again. That's basically what cloning is, and we can do that with a lot of animals (albeit with special equipment and a whole lot of science). But a clone doesn't retain the memories of the donor animal because memories, as far as we know, are encoded in the connections between nerve cells of the brain. If you destroy those connections (by destroying the cells) then you lose those memories and there's no way to get them back. Even if you build a new brain using the same DNA, the connections are made through experiences that cannot be replicated. In any case, that's how humans work. So how do caterpillar-turned-butterflies manage to do it? Nobody knows! > Could be extended to any other form of life that goes through similar changes. Generalizing this concept is probably not possible, although a lot of insects do go through radical transformations between larval stages and adult stages. I'm not a biologist and I'm not aware of any research into similar changes, and I don't know enough about how other species transform to comment on them. I know many insects, like cicadas, don't go through the same extreme transformations that caterpillars do: they don't completely dissolve their bodies, they just make some major changes to the bodies they start with. Their brains are left alone, more or less, so keeping their memories isn't that big of a deal.


Question: Why do they use a hose to splash water during high dive competitions?

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 Why do they use a hose to splash water during high dive competitions?

It makes the surface of the water visible, so the diver can see where it is as they are aligning to go through it. If the water was still, it would be very hard to see where it started. As others have said, it also ripples the surface, giving a little smoother transition from air to water and air to water.


Question: What is the anatomy of a boob and how do boob jobs work?

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 What is the anatomy of a boob and how do boob jobs work?

It’s a skin sack full of fatty tissue (the same kind in thighs/butts/stomachs) that comes equipped with glands for lactation. A breast implant involved the silicone implant being inserted into the breast to push that fatty tissue further away from the chest (like pushing play doh into one side of a tube to make the play doh that was already in it come out the other side) and make the skin of the breast stretch to become larger. Or like when you make a mud pie in the backyard and your friend mushes his smaller mud pie into yours, the first mud pie is now bigger because it has more mud in it. Only it turns out your friend was using a different kind of mud than you used to make the original mud pie yourself.


Question: Why do asteroids make such a big boom on impact?

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 Why do asteroids make such a big boom on impact?

Because they're going really *really* fast, and sometimes can be really *really* big. The Chelyabinsk meteor that hit Russia in 2013 (although it didn't impact the ground, it broke up in the atmosphere) was only 20 meters in diameter, entered the atmosphere at over 19km/s, releasing the energy equivalent to 500 kilotons of TNT. That's more than 25 times the energy of the atomic bombs dropped on Japan.


Question: Why does it hurt when water touches an open wound?

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 Why does it hurt when water touches an open wound?

Water has a polarized molecular structure, meaning when it comes into contact with a nonpolar, and often lipid substance such as a wound (the blood tends to cause it to be lipid and plasmized) it has a ionization reaction which basically means both the water and wounded cells are trying to get away from each other


Question: What is plasma, how do we and scientists use it in our daily lives?

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 What is plasma, how do we and scientists use it in our daily lives?

[Plasma]( URL_0 ) is a gas made of ions instead of non-charged atoms. Ions are atoms that have either missing, or extra, electrons in the outer orbitals. Because of these extra or missing electrons, the atoms / molecules in plasma react to / conduct electricity, whereas a gas (such as air) may not. Usually, ions are formed in chemical reactions when atoms exchange electrons. In plasma, however, the electrons are added / removed by adding energy into a gas. A lightning bolt, for example, is air turned to plasma because of the electricity passing through. Fire is also plasma, created as a result of heat energy going into the air. Most common use is [neon lights]( URL_1 ), where electricity turns an inert gas (helium, neon, etc.) to plasma that glows. Another use is plasma cutters.


Question: Why is it colder at the top of a mountain when its closer to the sun?

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 Why is it colder at the top of a mountain when its closer to the sun?

So as you get higher, and away from the earth, there is less atmosphere and less particles. Those particle having energy and moving around is what we call heat. With fewer particles around, we feel less heat. Space is the same, even though you could be thousands of miles closer to the sun, because there are very few particles in space it is still very cold. You WILL get a sunburn however, because the UV rays made by the sun can still travel and hit you even if you can't feel the heat you expect with them.


Question: what the United Nation supposed to do?

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 what the United Nation supposed to do?

It’s to protect world peace and address the concerns of all the different governments, the idea behind it is if you don’t let quarrels grow there won’t be war. They also condemn and place sanctions on countries who are violating things like the human rights agreement This is in theory, in practice they fucking ignore genocides and have no real power


Question: Why do a lot of bruises appear circular even if the object that made the bruise wasn’t circular?

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 Why do a lot of bruises appear circular even if the object that made the bruise wasn’t circular?

A bruise is more or less a blood leakage under your skin. If you hit yourself with, let's say, a cube, not all blood vessels in that area rupture. Unless you hit yourself really hard, only a few do and start leaking blood in the surrounding tissue. The blood spreads in a circular way around the wound, resulting in a circular bruise, even though the wound was caused by a cubic object.


Question: Either the universe continues indefinitely, or it has an edge somewhere, both boggle the mind to imagine, which is correct?

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 Either the universe continues indefinitely, or it has an edge somewhere, both boggle the mind to imagine, which is correct?

We may never actually know! From our position in the universe, there is a distance away from us that is expanding away from us so quickly that no light (and thus no object) could possibly reach Earth. That distance defines the observable universe, and that is much smaller than the size of the universe itself. This isn't just a "we can't see past this boundary right now", this is "it is physically impossible to reach this boundary from Earth... ever". So the takeaway is that it *literally* doesn't matter whether or not the universe is infinite beyond that point, because it will *never* affect us in any way.


Question: Why was diarrhea so much more of a fatal problem in the developed world, say, 100 years ago, than it is today?

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 Why was diarrhea so much more of a fatal problem in the developed world, say, 100 years ago, than it is today?

The developed world mostly has very good access to clean water. The main problem with diarrhea is that it dehydrates you. This isn't a big deal if you can drink a big glass of clean water, and doctors recommend you do so if you have diarrhea. However, if your source of drinking water is a stagnant pool or contaminated well which was *the cause of your diarrhea in the first place*, you're, well, shit outta luck. You can try drinking relatively-clean beer or other slightly-alcoholic beverages, but the dehydrating properties of alcohol are going to be much more dangerous to a person with diarrhea.


Question: how does propulsion work in space?

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 how does propulsion work in space?

The force is provided by making very light things (the rocket exhaust gases) move very fast. Isaac Newton said that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, so if you push the gases out, then the gases push back. You could do the same thing if you had blocks of something heavy that you shot out the back. One mental model is if you were on a boat and threw something off it. As you throw something heavy one way, the boat would move the other way. The way the math works is the force is equal to the speed times the mass, so throwing something that weighs 1 kilogram at 1 meter per second produces the same force as 1/10th of a kilogram at 10 meters per second or in the case of rockets, its more like 1/10,000 of a kilogram at 10,000 meters per second.