Question: What keeps countries from demanding debts being paid in full, suddenly?

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 What keeps countries from demanding debts being paid in full, suddenly?

What stops the bank from demanding you pay off your mortgage today or they'll take your house? They can't just call in the debt because that's not what was agreed to when the money was loaned. Most government debt comes from Government bonds - which have a set amount, set interest rate and a **set date they become payable** It (obviously) is a lot more complicated then that - but the ELI5 answer is they can't do it because they have a legal contract which says they can't


Question: When stuck in vehicles, do flies need to fly at the speed of the vehicle when travelling? If not, why?

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 When stuck in vehicles, do flies need to fly at the speed of the vehicle when travelling? If not, why?

Would a fish in a fishbowl have to swim to keep up with the car? No, because he’s contained within the water, which is moving at the same speed as the car. Flies are inside the space (in their case, air) that is contained within the car. Think of the interior of the car as one big fish bowl, filled with air instead of water.


Question: How does a polygraph measure whether someone is lying?

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 How does a polygraph measure whether someone is lying?

They don't. It measures things like breathing rate & pulse. It only detects their body's functions. They ask questions to which the individual is instructed to tell the truth or lie so they can calibrate it. Loosely they watch for an adrenaline reaction when someone lies. Genuinely believe the lie, It won't work. Cause yourself pain when telling the truth it muddies results. Operators are what matter and even then nothing is definitive. Polygraphs can be beat, give false readings, or be interpreted incorrectly.


Question: How do microphones on the side of the face pick up sound so well, when they barely reach the cheek?

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 How do microphones on the side of the face pick up sound so well, when they barely reach the cheek?

You know how you can hear someone talking even when they're facing away from you? Sound can bend around barriers, so the microphone can still pick up speech. The design of mics like you mention is meant to be reasonably discreet while still picking up clear sound. Being out of the direct path of air also eliminates plosives, which are caused by air rapidly entering the mic (think of the popping when people say 'p' and 'b' sounds directly into a mic.) Now, with helicopter pilots, sound quality isn't as big of an issue, and since the aircraft is so incredibly loud, the mic needs to be right up against the pilot's mouth in order to be able to hear him/her.


Question: How can skateboarders jump from tall places and not get hurt? What's the highest you can jump from and not get hurt?

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 How can skateboarders jump from tall places and not get hurt? What's the highest you can jump from and not get hurt?

When a person takes a voluntary fall and can get their feet underneath them, they can flex their legs on impact to absorb and distribute the force, essentially using their muscles and tendons like a set of shocks. Skateboarders use this when they take their boards on a jump, and you can also see parkour atheletes doing it; the latter also can be seen integrating rolls and other acrobatic maneuvers as a way of further absorbing and redirecting the kinetic energy of the fall. As far as maximum height, this old [ask science post]( URL_0 ) has some parkour runners mentioning personal bests of around 15 feet with zero harm, a rule of thumb of 3x the falling person's overall height for a "critical fall", a mention of an LD50 fatality rate (on-average fatal, about 50% of reported cases resulting in death) at 48 feet and an LD90 (90% reported death rate) at 84 feet, as well as a reminder that people step off curbs and break/sprain their ankles every day.


Question: Why do older games like to crash or have problems on newer computer?

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 Why do older games like to crash or have problems on newer computer?

Think of it as a language. If you'd jump back in time to a year around 1500 a.d. and try to talk to a person speaking the English language, you'd likely have quite some problems because the language changed a lot since then. Ways computers do stuff evolves too, and UT2004 simply doesn't know the latest vocabulary.


Question: Why do people have emotional shut downs as defense mechanisms?

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 Why do people have emotional shut downs as defense mechanisms?

That’s exactly what it is, a shut down. A sensory overload that results in defense mechanisms kicking in to protect themselves. Not everyone has the emotional tools to deal with even every day stressors. Some default to being hurt or feeling like a victim, some lash out in anger because they don’t know how to process the stages of other emotions so they go to default settings. People who have matured and have been taught how to appropriately work through the very scary minefield of emotions, either with the help of a therapist or through self exploration and life experience, are generally better equipped to not shut down. People who are not introspective or who come from family histories where emotional outbursts are common place generally exhibit those same behaviors. Dealing with emotional experiences is very much a learned skill and not a natural response. Fight or flight impulse and adrenaline is a hell of a drug.


Question: How did we figure out we can only see 3 different colors with our eyes?

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 How did we figure out we can only see 3 different colors with our eyes?

First we discovered that we have two different types of light receptors, rods and cones, by dissecting retinas and examining them under the microscope. we were able to figure out that rods were responsible for low light, black and white sharp details and cones responsible for color vision by analyzing which parts of the eye are more sensitive to different types of vision, and comparing them to wear cones and rods are most dominant. And after that, to answer your question, we found out that we have three different primary colors that we see because we we're studying rods and compare chemistry and we realized they have three different chemical receptors in them, each of which response to a different frequency range of light. there actually are a very rare number of people that have four rather than three different photoreceptors, and those people can see a wider variety of colors as a result. they don't have a wider range of colors, but are able to distinguish between two different colors that look basically the same two people with just three photoreceptor colors.


Question: is there a difference between pimples on the forehead or chin or cheeks? i mean is there a reason why some people get pimples on the forehead while others get them on other part of their face

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 is there a difference between pimples on the forehead or chin or cheeks? i mean is there a reason why some people get pimples on the forehead while others get them on other part of their face

> is there a difference between pimples on the forehead or chin or cheeks? Not really. A pimple is pretty much a pimple, no matter where it is. There are certainly other kinds of skin lesion, to be sure, but those too are what they are no matter where they occur, e.g., blackheads aren't pimples, but a blackhead on your face is not meaningfully different from a blackhead anywhere else on your body. > i mean is there a reason why some people get pimples on the forehead while others get them on other part of their face Yes. The human skin, as an organ, is not the same on all parts of the body. Some of this you probably already realize without knowing it. It's pretty obvious that the skin on the soles of your feet is different than the skin on your forearm. But the differences can be subtler too. For whatever reason, many people have oilier skin in the "T-zone" of the forehead and nose area of the face, with drier skin on their cheeks and chin. [Read up about skin types.]( URL_0 )


Question: What makes bread soft like the cheap Walmart dollar bread?

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 What makes bread soft like the cheap Walmart dollar bread?

Breadmakers often add additional gluten to the dough. This makes the dough more rubbery, tough and elastic and makes the baked bread more bouncy. Gluten is a class of proteins found in Wheat, Rye, and in lesser amounts in Barley. The highest amount of gluten is found in wheat which is why it's preferred for bread, however rye can also be used to bake bread. These proteins are soluble in fats and oils but not very water soluble. When added to water they tend to clump and form stretchy tangles. They also add various *Dough Conditioners* such as lecithins and mono- and di-gylcerides which are emulsifiers. Emulsifiers are substances which aid the mixing of oil and water and help distribute oils into tiny droplets. They're commonly used to make ice cream smoother for example. A lot of the strange sounding ingredients with long names you'll read on the back label are various emulsifiers. This distributes the gluten more evenly in the dough forming smaller bubbles. Certain minerals and nutrients for the yeast are also usually added which speeds rising/proofing by the yeast. This reduces the overall baking time. It's also common to add some malted barley flour or certain enzymes. Malting is a process where barley or other grains are soaked in water and allowed to sprout for a few days. Then they're dried again to halt the germination process. This process causes the grains to produce enzymes that break down starches stored therein into simpler carbohydrates which are more soluble in water. In beer or whiskey malting also improves the flavor. When malted flour is added to bread dough, the same enzymes originally created by the sprouting barley grains, attack starches from the wheat flour. The starches in wheat normally form long, tightly coiled chains which aren't very soluble in water. These enzymes uncoil the starches and break them into shorter lengths, allowing them to dissolve more fully in water forming a gel. This also gives the baked bread a more most, soft texture and helps it resist drying out.


Question: Why do some cities want to ban all diesel fueled cars, regardless of the fact Euro 6 diesels have lower CO2 emissions?

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 Why do some cities want to ban all diesel fueled cars, regardless of the fact Euro 6 diesels have lower CO2 emissions?

There's a lot of other combustion products that can be more damaging than CO2. For diesel engines, one of the big pollutants of concern is ozone. Diesels don't directly make ozone, but they do make precursors like oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC's). In sunlight these can react and create ozone and other stuff that's not good, and cloud cover really doesn't change that fact because these chemicals can end up above the cloud cover where it's always sunny. Pretty much every city has a problem with ozone, because pretty much every city has a lot of cars that are already constantly driving around. That means there's a lot of NOx and VOC's just by default. By banning the worst contributors to that problem, a city can make a first step towards solving a pretty much unsolvable problem.


Question: before credit cards, people did things like buy houses, and cars, and other major life stuff just fine, how life change to the point where they are more or less mandatory to being “an adult” in this regard, what is the history and why?

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 before credit cards, people did things like buy houses, and cars, and other major life stuff just fine, how life change to the point where they are more or less mandatory to being “an adult” in this regard, what is the history and why?

They would either get loans from the bank (like they still do for houses and cars) or get credit directly from the store. The Discover Card actually grew out of Sears store credit. Now that banks offer easy credit through credit cards, there is no longer a need for stores to do this, making those cards more necessary. That said, no one "needs" a credit card, many adults get along just fine using debit cards instead.


Question: How did banks keep track of legitimate withdrawals before the electronic age?

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 How did banks keep track of legitimate withdrawals before the electronic age?

The savings booklet was just your personal record. The bank's record was the final say in the matter. Keeping track of deposits and withdrawals before electronics was easier because there was a paper trail and things happened more slowly. Electronic banking enabled a host of new scams and problems because transactions can happen very quickly and a person exploiting a weakness in the system can do so from a hidden location. The *only* problem with the old way was the mountains of paper that had to be maintained and gone-through if there was an audit.


Question: How do you interpret standard deviation and your mean?

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 How do you interpret standard deviation and your mean?

(What do you speak besides English? If you know French I can try that if it helps.) The mean is the average, so it's like the 'center of mass' of all the data. For normally-distributed data, it's the most common value at the middle of the bell curve. The standard deviation is a measure of how much variety, or difference, there is in the data. A small standard deviation means all the values are close to the mean, and a large standard deviation means it is more common for values to be far away from the mean. In your assignment, is the data just lists of numbers, or do they give a situation like "the following are the ages of people in an art class" or something? These two concepts are usually easier to pick up when there's some context.


Question: Why does dinging the top of a glass bottle with another glass bottle make the drink inside explode?

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 Why does dinging the top of a glass bottle with another glass bottle make the drink inside explode?

When you throw a stone in a lake, it creates a wave that starts where the stone hits the water and expands away from that. This is a pressure wave, where the amount of stuff is slightly higher at the wave. When you knock a glass bottle against the another bottle, it creates a similar wave that expands up into the liquid of the bottle. If that liquid happens to have as much air as it can hold dissolved inside, when the increased pressure from the wave passes through, it briefly has to much dissolved air in a tiny space so some of the air has to un-dissolve out of the liquid. As air takes up more space when not dissolved, it puts even more pressure on the liquid next to it, causing more air to un-dissolve, this creates a chain reaction through the entire bottle and causes an explosion of air to escape!


Question: Why is water cloudy from the tap, then turns clear afterwards?

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 Why is water cloudy from the tap, then turns clear afterwards?

Most sinks in the US have aerator caps screwed into the faucet spout. It looks like a fine mesh screen. What you're seeing is water being forced through it which makes it seem opaque since the water stream is now mixed temporarily with air, but once the water settles it is clear. The main purpose of an aerator is to reduce water splashback. In some cases it can be used to modify the water pressure and even slightly filter debris or gunk in the waterline. You could go to your sink right now and remove the aerator, and then your water should come out more clear.


Question: Why do we worry about the number of times you can write to an SSD?

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 Why do we worry about the number of times you can write to an SSD?

The basic answer is that RAM and SSDs are different in the way they store data. SSD read/writes are (much) lower than HDD, a cost in exchange for speed (but not as much speed as RAM). The better term you are looking for in regards to SSD/HDD v. RAM permanence is volatility. RAM requires power to retain data, SSD/HDDs do not.


Question: Why can't some electronic bank services be processed during the weekend or holidays? If the process doesn't require a physical employee, what's the deal?

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 Why can't some electronic bank services be processed during the weekend or holidays? If the process doesn't require a physical employee, what's the deal?

I have not worked in a bank, so I don't know it in detail. But as an accountant/finance manager I have worked in a treasury function for a company having the main contact with our banks. The first I would point to is control. All the banks I spoke with said that even if processes are very automated and there is no person sitting there typing in the payment all over again, there are still people signing off on payments before it gets executed. I believe it's around ensuring documentation is correct and look after the controls etc. They don't say much about exactly what they do, they just tell me there are manual checks before it is executed. I think only some ACH payments were fully automated at the bank, but I believe that had other centralized controls. And you want people/employees, to be responsible. These two trusted employees jointly said this batch is OK to execute. And not just that responsibility disappearing into a "but the system..." You can have error handling. Missing mandatory information, especially for cross border payments or foreign exchange. There were situations where they needed a correction/additional information from us on the same day or else they would for example have to reverse currency trades since they can't hold that currency. Banks also needs to ensure their own liquidity and any requirements they have around that. And they have reporting requirements to the central bank / regulatory authority. So end of the day, they need to reports positions etc. Even if it looks very automated on the front end for us. We use online banking and you think you do things directly into the account, then there is still quite a big machinery behind it with checks, reconciliations, FX trades, transactions with the central bank, reports etc.


Question: Primordial soup, what exactly is/was it and did it produce life, or whatever it did?

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 Primordial soup, what exactly is/was it and did it produce life, or whatever it did?

It's more metaphorical than an actual thing. The truth is, we don't really know how abiogenesis (the origin of life) happened. There are a few viable theories though. The Primordial Soup would have been an area where resources and conditions were right for organic compounds and amino acids to begin synthesizing from inorganic matter. Something like a geothermal vent on the ocean floor, where there's warm water and it's rich with the correct elements. From there, you don't have life, but you do have the necessary building materials for a basic organism. Given enough time, these may take the form of more complex molecules like polymers. Some of those molecules may take the right properties and encounter the right environmental conditions, to begin self-replicating. Which I would say is the absolute bare minimum that would define something as being "alive". [You can read more here on the various theories.]( URL_0 )


Question: - My city theatre caught a guy recording a movie with his phone, so they called the police, but the police said it was a federal crime so the police couldn’t do anything. Why is that?

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 - My city theatre caught a guy recording a movie with his phone, so they called the police, but the police said it was a federal crime so the police couldn’t do anything. Why is that?

State and Federal crimes are different systems. A State employed law officer (which includes city police) can only enforce State laws. Federal laws are enforced by Federal officers such as the FBI or Marshals service. If the State has chosen to not duplicate a Federal law (such as those that have legalized Marijuana consumption) then the local police have no authority to arrest you. So based on the information you have given it appears that it is not a crime in your State to record things in that manner so it would require contacting a Federal level officer to enforce it. Now the theater can instead take the persons information and file a lawsuit against them for copyright infringement in federal court.


Question: How important is sleep for muscle gains?

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 How important is sleep for muscle gains?

Extremely. Exercises causes “muscle gains” by damaging the muscle fibers (technically the microscopic action and myosin filaments which are what cause muscle contraction). The main period of time that that damage is fixed is during sleep. No sleep, no large scale repairs. When the damage is fixed, either more fibers are made (hyperplasia) or the fibers get bigger because more actin and myosin chains are made (hypertrophy). It’s kind of like how a large scale highway repairs and roadwork is typically done at night, when there are less people on the road. The workers are more productive and can make more progress at night, with less traffic. During the day, with thousands of people driving by, the workers have significantly reduced productivity. Muscle repair is similar. You have reduced energy demands at night, which means more energy can go to fixing muscles. You also aren’t really using the muscles during sleep which allows for repair to occur. Muscles will start getting repaired during the day, just not nearly at the level as during sleep. (Also sleep is just good for you in general. No sleep will literally kill you, either acutely or through an increased risk in heart failure, metabolic disorders, stroke, and motor vehicle accidents).


Question: What makes a gene recessive or dominant?

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 What makes a gene recessive or dominant?

A gene is defined as a section of DNA that codes for another molecule (typically a peptide/protein) that goes on to do something inside the cell or tissue. Eukaryotes, like us, possess two copies of each gene, and each of those copies is called an *allele*. The dominant/recessive paradigm for alleles is actually pretty rare. Most genes can actually be described as *quantitative*, meaning the two alleles will have some sort of additive (or multiplicative) effect, and not have one being dominant or recessive. As a totally made up example, imagine there is one gene for height in pea plants, and you have a plant with one allele *H1* that by itself would make it 1 ft tall, and another allele *H2*, that by itself would make it 2 ft tall. Having both these alleles that are quantitative you end up with a 1.5 ft tall pea plant. Now, for the dominant/recessive cases, what generally happens is that the dominant allele codes for a working protein, while the recessive allele codes for either a broken or altered protein. To go back to pea plants, imagine you have one gene for flower color with two alleles. The dominant allele, *P*, makes the flower purple, and the recessive allele, *p*, makes the flower white. The molecular reason for this might simply be that the *P* allele produces a purple pigment, while the *p* allele has a mutation that prevents the creation of that pigment (or maybe makes a defective pigment). The same relationship can occur if a mutation doesn't affect the gene product directly, but rather *how much* of it is produced. I.e., maybe the *p* allele doesn't cause a broken purple pigment, but makes it so the cell only produces a very little bit. Likewise, a mutation that causes an *over expression* of a protein will be a dominant allele as well.


Question: What is an economic bubble?

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 What is an economic bubble?

A bubble is a situation in which the value of something is being traded is way above what it is really worth. In effect, people are buying something simply because they believe the price will increase. This causes the price to increase, leading more people to do the same. Eventually the price is so high and it's so obvious that people are only buying to speculate on price that the pool of people buying the thing shrinks. Once it becomes clear that there are no more buyers the price plummets as people try to sell as fast as they can before the price drops even further.


Question: Why does rain consistently fall about the same size?

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 Why does rain consistently fall about the same size?

This property of rain, called granulometry, is explained by the [Marshall-Palmer distribution]( URL_0 ). If drops get too big, the air flattens the bottom and surface tension breaks them into pieces. When drops are too small, they are slowed more by air resistance, and other drops catch up with them and make them bigger.


Question: How are the loopholes in avoiding taxes still a thing if everyone is aware that it’s happening?

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 How are the loopholes in avoiding taxes still a thing if everyone is aware that it’s happening?

Most loopholes are not created for the purpose of avoiding taxes. They have legitimate purposes that get abused. For example: You can write off a leased car as a business expense. People lease cars and then their spouse drives them to pick up the kids and what not and it never has any business application. That is a loophole, but it exists so that companies that legitimately lease cars aren't being punished. Other loopholes exist because of gaps in international law. Ireland, has almost no natural resources and any they did have got pillaged by the English long ago. They realized, "Hey, we can get a lot of tax revenue if we let international corporations set up their corporations here and charge them a low corporate tax rate compared to all our neighbors." But that alone isn't enough. You need tax laws in the countries in which the business is operating that allows them to write off expenses like licensing. Which again, has a legitimate purpose. If you are the inventor of something and you license it to someone to produce, they should be able to write that off since it is a legitimate expense. Making things illegal is more or less useless unless you can enforce. So how many man hours should the IRS spend trying to figure out if the spouse is driving the car? How much tax revenue is that worth? It would cost more to pay the IRS agent to go out there and check than they would get in revenue. The only reason they would do so it try to dissuade other people using the loophole. Finally, most people don't understand their taxes. They don't really know what loopholes are. They just get told, "amazon didn't pay any taxes, must be a loophole!" No. It isn't. Amazon didn't pay any taxes because in other years they lost money and when you do that, you can roll it forward so that when you do make money you aren't taxed. It's a way of matching up expenses with revenues, between tax years. It's not a loophole. It's a way of not punishing investment in pre-revenue businesses.


Question: How does a country first react if they are being invaded by another country?

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 How does a country first react if they are being invaded by another country?

Normally there is some form of advanced warning, in some cases a declaration of war in others intelligence gathering indicating a build up of forces on the border area. The general first action is a mobilisation of the army, so all on leave etc. army forces report to designated areas to arm and deploy. It then depends upon the nature of the attack and the defensive measures used sometimes the border zone will be strongly defended other times they will allow territory to be taken in order to enable full mobilisation of the armed forces.


Question: If we eat to get energy, why are "empty calories" bad?

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 If we eat to get energy, why are "empty calories" bad?

In small amounts, they are not necessarily bad. However a big problem with foods such as sugary drinks, desserts, pastries, etc is that they are quickly and easily digested. After that happens, you no longer feel "full" as you would if you had eaten a balanced meal. So even though you consumed a lot of calories, you will probably feel hungry again much sooner than you should. Also, while energy is an import part of food, it is not the only part. Your body also needs micro-nutrients (vitamins, minerals, certain amino acids that your body can't produce). Lastly, eating large amounts of "empty calorie" foods can lead to certain diseases such as diabetes.


Question: Do animals ever get sick of eating the same thing everyday?

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 Do animals ever get sick of eating the same thing everyday?

Animals don't necessarily have the imagination necessary to understand that there are other options available and that a substitution would be nicer. However, it would be very hard to test this. Animals definitely have preferences if presented with two different foods together, after all. You can see that in pets; my dog will pick through kibble to get treats put in her bowl. But, many cats and companion birds are notoriously difficult to switch to different foods and treats. So how would scientists test boredom? [This article]( URL_0 ) talks about boredom in animals in general, and some of this difficulties in determining it. You sent me into a bit of a wormhole so here's [another]( URL_1 ) .


Question: How do companies determine the cost of acquiring a customer?

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 How do companies determine the cost of acquiring a customer?

1) Time and material spent on sales & advertising. If you spend $1 million on an advertising campaign and it averages 10 new customers, then that's at least $100K to acquire the customer. 2) Time & Material getting the new customer set up. This covers any kind of material that you have to give the customer (such as a device to use your service), the time it takes to create the customer's back-office information (automation is a good thing here), and any time/material it takes training the customer on the use of your service before they can start giving you money on a regular basis.


Question: What makes objects in a side view mirror appear closer than they are?

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 What makes objects in a side view mirror appear closer than they are?

Typically they appear *further* than they are, hence "are closer than they appear." This is due to passenger side mirrors generally being convex. While this gives them a wider field of view, it also makes objects in them appear smaller than they would were the mirror not convex. Since we judge objects (in part) by their apparent size, this can trick us into thinking the object is further away.


Question: If movement is based on electrical impulses, why can't we create electrical impulses to treat paralysis?

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 If movement is based on electrical impulses, why can't we create electrical impulses to treat paralysis?

Electrical impulses already run throughout your body through ur nerves . When one of these nerves is severed paralysis occurs ! There are breakthroughs in the states at the moment, where severed nerves in the leg and back are being bridged with new technologies that allow feeling in the paralysed limb, or allowing use in the legs from a severed spinal column, although this is still at the test phase Their are pioneers who are working on these techniques for mainstream use, it may take a while though


Question: why is it that some glassware is only safe to go in a pre-heated oven when, in most cases, the danger comes from the temperature of the glass changing too quickly? Why isn’t it safer to have the temperature rise gradually with the heat of the oven?

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 why is it that some glassware is only safe to go in a pre-heated oven when, in most cases, the danger comes from the temperature of the glass changing too quickly? Why isn’t it safer to have the temperature rise gradually with the heat of the oven?

Because when the oven is preheating, the element is on full blast. You can see it glowing red. That direct heat causes a sudden change in temperature that can crack the glass. Once the oven is preheated, the element only comes on periodically to keep the temperature up, but the majority of time the glass is just in the residual heat of the oven, rather than directly.


Question: Why do our noses get clogged and why is it so difficult to unclog them?

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 Why do our noses get clogged and why is it so difficult to unclog them?

I’m not sure why they get clogged in general but I did read on ELI5 once that one nostril is always more clogged than the other because of the ‘contact time’ for smells. Some smells need to be in the nose longer to fully register and are slowed down by the mucus for that to happen! Thought it was pretty interesting.


Question: If an atom splitting causes a nuclear explosion, could a natural coincidence cause one?

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 If an atom splitting causes a nuclear explosion, could a natural coincidence cause one?

Instable atoms split all the time in nature. What causes a nuclear explosion is a chainreaction where one splitting causes multiple more. This is only possible if you have enough instable material gathered in one place (critical mass) wich will instantly explode. Thats how they are triggered. Take something below critical mass and smack a little more Uranium on it. It's a statistical property but the chance of Uranium below the critical mass getting a chainreaction going is just too low to think about it. Imagine you roll a dice and whenever you have a 6 you roll 2 more times. How high is the chance to get a billion throws before each chain ends? Atoms lighter than iron (so most we see in our daily life) do not release energy when they split. Other heavy atoms do not split spontanously because they are stable. It's really just a few radioactive materials that work for this process because they are large and instable.


Question: Did humans really used to hunt Wooly Mammoths with spears?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Did humans really used to hunt Wooly Mammoths with spears?

Evidence points to yes, they did. This mainly comes from discovering damage and scrapes and gouges on mammoths bones, along with mammoth bones being found around human artifacts. And for how they did it, there were likely different strategies. There is evidence that some groups would chase or herd the mammoths towards cliffs or pit traps where they would fall and die. But even if it was just spears and arrows, don’t underestimate the damage that those can do. For one, stone blades, especially obsidian stone blades, can be made sharper that razor blades with just other stones and a skilled craftsmen. Then, remember it wasn’t just one spear to kill and animal, humans hunter a groups, so imagine instead humans following/chasing a mammoth for hours while peppering it with many, dozens, of spears and arrows and letting the animal slowly succumb to their wounds. Deer hunters who use bows still do this today. Often times the arrow doesn’t kill the deer, adrenaline lets the deer run for sometimes hundreds of yards, so part of the skill of being a hunter is tracking your hurt prey.


Question: why does the skin need taken off of a mango before you consume it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the skin need taken off of a mango before you consume it?

The skin of a mango contains urushiol - this is the same substance found in poison oak, poison ivy and poison sumac. It doesn't have it in the same quantities, especially when the skin has dried out, been washed a lot and so on, but...it's there. So...when people talk about tingly lips for a few days after eating mango with the skin on, this is the case. People who are very sensitive to this chemical will get full-on skin breakout that last a week or two around areas of exposure (the mouth/lips tend to heal faster, but you can get it on your hands and spread it too). Further, increased exposure generally results in an increasingly severe response (it's an immune response we get "good at"). AND...it doesn't taste very good :)


Question: Why California has such a perennial problem with wildfires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why California has such a perennial problem with wildfires?

California naturally has fires. So much so that there are several plant species that have evolved to be fire resistant and to need fire for their seed pods to open and germinate. They actually did spend decades putting out every single small fire as swiftly as possible. All that did was let the dead brush build up and it is actually a major factor in the blazes getting out of control now as there is so much build up that when a fire is not put out instantly it grows too quickly to be contained.


Question: How are reality TV shows like Married At First Sight scripted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are reality TV shows like Married At First Sight scripted?

I haven't worked on them but I've read tell all from some of them. They are told to say and do a lot of particular things but even more so they chop the events up and realign them to make it seems more dramatic, or nothing happens for a week and they catch the 1 moment something happened and call it an ongoing fued. Theres rules to reality shows but they are pretty loose.


Question: What is the process of paying taxes for someone who is self-employed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the process of paying taxes for someone who is self-employed?

They make quarterly tax payments. You would typically fill out the 1040es, then paywhatever that says is due. URL_0 You are not actually turning in the form, so if you wanted to, you could just guess how much you need to pay (especially if you have done it for a few years.)


Question: Why is a triangle always 180 degrees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a triangle always 180 degrees?

If you are walking along the perimeter of a triangle, you will turn a total of 360° by the time that you get back to where you started. That 360° will be spread among the three corners of the triangle. At each corner you will turn by some amount. 180° minus the amount that you turn is the interior angle of that corner (draw it out if you aren't sure). The sum of the interior angles is therefore (180°-turn1)+(180°-turn2)+(180°-turn3)=540°-(sum of turns). Since the sum of the turns in 360°, that means the sum of the interior angles is 180°


Question: Why do toddlers who are learning to speak sometimes use word association instead of auditory instructions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do toddlers who are learning to speak sometimes use word association instead of auditory instructions?

The first part of the answer is, there probably isn't a rock solid answer anywhere. The second part is, the toddler doesn't benefit from being able to reproduce the sounds they hear, they benefit from being able to produce meaningful sounds based on what they hear. So, their brain is working exceptionally hard to intake, decode, and respond to stimuli around them, and they've heard the phrase "Red Apple" probably hundreds of times; so, seeing an easy option, it completes the pattern and says "Apple". It's like how if I say part of a slogan for a company ("Like a good neighbor, State") you'll complete it in your head; but if I said "A good neighbor, there is like State" you are less likely to 'finish the phrase' because it's out of order, it's not the pattern anymore. The ability to finish patterns is really important, and is a worthwhile skill.


Question: What is the difference between pragmatics and semantics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between pragmatics and semantics?

To be pragmatic is to do what is sensible and necessary, rather than what might be fun or exciting. A pragmatic person will spend an evening doing laundry, even if it's not very fun, because they know it's important to have clean clothing. Semantics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words or concepts. Such as how "poop" and "shit" mean the same thing but have very different tones and uses.


Question: What is human consciousness and what other species are thought to possess some form of consciousness?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is human consciousness and what other species are thought to possess some form of consciousness?

Nobody knows. Some people say it's a certain kind of information which is carried or represented physically in our brains, or a certain kind of interaction between that information, and our physical environment. Some people say that consciousness resides outside our brains and indeed outside of the "physical world" of things that we can see and touch - like a spirit or a soul. We don't know how to test for consciousness in animals because we don't know exactly what we're looking for or how to recognize it when we see it. Heck, we don't even really know how to recognize it in other humans. We look at each other and assume that, since other humans show behaviours kind of like our own, since we can exchange ideas and share languages, there must be something going on inside other people, experiencing and interacting with the world, just like we are. But we can't really know it or prove it. It's just a leap of faith we take. Philosophers call that "the Problem of Other Minds." So if we can't even really solve this problem with other humans, it's hard to imagine how we'd approach it for animals whose bodies and brains are much more different from ours.


Question: How do devices show higher than the maximum technical resolution of the screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do devices show higher than the maximum technical resolution of the screen?

Video compression is lossy. It degrades image quality. Generally if you play high resolution video scaled down you will get better quality than if you play video at the low resolution you want. This doesn't have to be always true, because the bitrate video gets encoded at determines quality. But generally, one would use higher bitrates for higher resolutions, because otherwise higher resolutions wouldn't improve quality and might even make quality worse. So, the high resolution video may have the same quality problems as the low resolution video if you look at pixels 1:1, but as it gets scaled down the problems become smaller.


Question: How do all these different fruit and plant seeds form?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do all these different fruit and plant seeds form?

There wasn't an identifiable first apple or orange seed. They would have evolved from some preceding plant species slowly over time. So over thousands of generations the preceding plant becomes more and more like an apple or orange tree until eventually it matches what we would recognize as an apple or orange tree but there wasn't a single point where you could say one generation wasn't an apple or orange tree and the next was. Think of it like a person aging. Any given day they won't look any different than the day before but look at two pictures taken 20 years apart and you will see how they aged.


Question: Why are “flushable wipes” marketed as flushable when they are not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are “flushable wipes” marketed as flushable when they are not?

For what it’s worth, I used to work for a company that manufactured flushable wipes. They broke up in water in much the way toilet paper did, hence marketing them as flushable. The problem that they had to overcome, that they did not anticipate, was that flushable and non-flushable wipes look almost identical. So when your plumber pulls a wipe out of a clogged drain it’s because someone flushed a wipe that was unlikely to have been marketed as flushable. They (the company I used to work for) went so far as to have some municipalities send us samples of wipes pulled from their sewage systems (after receiving numerous angry emails and calls, occasionally from places wanting to send up bills for cleanup and repair). Our internal findings determined that the samples sent to us were make-up removal wipes or other similar items that never should have been flushed and wouldn’t have been marketed that way. My personal opinion is that the the marketplace is confused, I’ve locally tried to purchase flushable wipes and found flushable and non-flushable ones are put side by side on the store shelves and even with me having some knowledge of the items, found it hard to tell them apart. My wife came home with some recently that in very small print said these were not intended to be flushed. Yet were sold along side the flushable wipes with similar packaging. Two things to keep in mind. 1) We had a large R & D department at my former job, there were labs and transparent septic systems so people could actually study paper refuse as it worked its way through a typical flush cycle. This stuff was extensively studied. They also tested competitors products and found they also had similar flushability. 2) I did none of this actual work myself. I worked in finance. We had internal blogs and resources were these sorts of information was readily available. But I know nothing of the chemistry or nuance of the items in question. EDIT - Typo city above


Question: I understand heat doesn’t travel well in a near vacuum, so how does the Sun heat the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I understand heat doesn’t travel well in a near vacuum, so how does the Sun heat the Earth?

Heat travels in 3 forms, conduction, which is usually when two solid surfaces touch and the warmer one heats the cooler one. Convection, where a fluid (liquid or gas) transfers heat to or from an object by moving around it. Or Radiation, where matter is so hot that the EM waves heat an object. Basically what you are feeling is the wavelengths of light you cannot see penetrating your skin which is why you feel warm in the sun. It’s radiation.