Question: What causes that sound you hear when you cup your ears?

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 What causes that sound you hear when you cup your ears?

Surfaces reflect sounds. Surfaces of certain sizes reflect sounds of particular frequencies. A cupped hand will reflect some high frequencies more than others. The diameter of the "cup" focuses those frequencies into your ear canal, emphasizing them. Since these sounds, which would normally pass your ears unnoticed, are now emphasized, they are perceived as a rushing sound. Also, your position is space is given a reference as your brain interprets sound for clues to your location in relation to all sound-reflecting objects around you. Cupping your hand behind your ear interferes with those clues. Wait until you're older and your hearing naturally becomes less sensitive to those high frequencies and you'll find the effect is diminished or non-existent.


Question: What is IBM compatible PC?

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 What is IBM compatible PC?

The IBM PC is a literal name of the device that was developed and released by IBM in 1981. [link]( URL_0 ) It was a low-cost computer for a personal use built with generic hardware components, so the market for such devices was quite huge. Because of that a lot of companies started to release their own clones of IBM PC based on the same architecture and similar components. Such devices were often referred as IBM PC clones, or IBM PC compatible. Oh, and it's not "IBM compatible PC" since there was and is a lot of different IBM computers. The correct term is "IBM PC compatible", which means it's similar to IBM PC device.


Question: Why are fluoride gasses such powerful greenhouse gasses?

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 Why are fluoride gasses such powerful greenhouse gasses?

Atoms in molecules are able to wiggle about These wiggles are called vibrational modes. More complex molecules have more vibrational modes. Simple molecules like O2 can only stretch. CO2 can bend and wiggle and flap the oxygen atoms about. Ie O=O -- > O==O While CO2 can do O=C=O -- > O==C==O and O=C=O -- > O:C==O along with some others that are too hard to draw in text. SF6 can wiggle about even more. It just so happens that the energy required to make them wiggle in ways that are not symmetrical (see CO2 diagram 2) allows these molecules to adsorb IR radiation. The other thing to consider is how long these molecules survive in the atmosphere. Bigger molecules are more wiggly but don't tend to last as long. SF6 is stable and adsorbs infrared radiation far more readily because it has more ways to asymmetrically wiggle.


Question: How can people be allergic to something that is part of their body?

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 How can people be allergic to something that is part of their body?

Aquagenic Urticaria: We don't know what causes it. It is *not* thought to be an allergy to water and it's not clear it's even an allergy. I will post a link to some of the proposed mechanisms below as they are way beyond ELI5. One of the major hypothesis is that the water reacts with a substance in the skin, producing an antigen which someone is allergic to, but there are many other hypotheses. Iodine Allergy: Not an allergy to Iodine. In terms of radiology, there are various adverse effects that people can have to radiocontrast dyes, however they are not true "allergies" nor are they reactions to iodine itself but to the entire molecule. When it comes to seafood, it's not always an allergy and even when it is, it's also not because of iodine. Colloquially, both of these may be referred to "allergies" and even "iodine allergy" but in fact they are not likely to be either. [Aquagenic Urticaria]( URL_0 ) case report, but with nice discussion of possible causes along with citations for these hypotheses. [Iodine Allergy]( URL_1 ) from UCSF. Discusses both reactions to radiocontrast materials and seafood.


Question: Why is social isolation bad for a person ?

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 Why is social isolation bad for a person ?

Human brains are very complicated and have caused us to stray from our primal instincts, but our primsl instincts still have a great deal of influence in how we behave. Recent research suggests that humans are humans BECAUSE we were the most predisposed towards social interaction and cooperation. We weren't necessarily the biggest, strongest or even smartest version of "humans" but we were the ones who knew how to work together and that gave us a huge evolutionary advantage when we went through the "genetic bottleneck". Humans are what we are today because we survive on social interaction. Again, modern humans brains have developed so much that we don't always act on our instincts (nor should we), but social interaction and cooperation is in our nature to ensure our survival.


Question: How and why does supernova's happen?

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 How and why does supernova's happen?

In a star, there's lots of nuclear fusion going on which turns hydrogen to helium and then to berillium I believe. Nuclear fusion is what let's the star burn bright and give out energy to live but when it's run all out of hydrogen and all that's left is the heaviest element it can possibly make (iron), the star collapses on itself because it can't withstand its own gravitational force. Imagine an balloon and you squeezed it harder and harder until it just popped. This is what the gravitational force does on this iron ball now. When it 'pops' this is the supernova, the death of a star.


Question: Why does getting a massage from absolutely anyone else feel so much better and effective than massaging yourself?

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 Why does getting a massage from absolutely anyone else feel so much better and effective than massaging yourself?

You can relax when someone else gives you a massage, compared to stretching and straining to reach a certain area. Maybe also the surprise of not knowing where they’re going to touch you, what the pressure will be,etc. and they may be able to put more force into a spot especially one that’s hard to reach


Question: How is it that so many people die with such big debts, and their creditors are still net positive on the amount lent?

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 How is it that so many people die with such big debts, and their creditors are still net positive on the amount lent?

People usually pay significantly more due to interest than a loan is originally worth. This allows the relatively minor loss of money to be offset by the deceased's prior interest, as well as the interest of other debtors. It's not like the majority of the population dies with 100k debts on their shoulders. Also, when people die in debt, this debt is often paid for in part by selling everything they owned.


Question: Why electrode spacing affects the depth of electric currents penetration?

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 Why electrode spacing affects the depth of electric currents penetration?

The current does go directly across but then where does the next molecule go? It takes the next closest path which is just right around the straight path. It’s an electric effect since the positive energy on one diode is moving to the energy deficient “negative” terminal, it pushes away all the other positive molecules moving across so imagine it’s like people social distancing but still going to the same spot. It’s likely that model isn’t showing the straight lines because it wants you to understand the general path. Remember models are never exact they are just good at showing you one aspect of the theory. The further they are away the more dramatic the curve has to be to keep a distance from the next molecule. If you trace around a shape a few times you’ll notice how big it starts to get. In reality at some point the energy would go straight in a different direction as soon as the curve would be energy unfavorable and it would just shoot straight down and we start all over...try searching “phet interactive simulations” they have great modes in real time you can manipulate


Question: Why does a flight from London to Italy(2500km) cost about $70...but a flight from New York to Atlanta(800km) costs about $250 ?

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 Why does a flight from London to Italy(2500km) cost about $70...but a flight from New York to Atlanta(800km) costs about $250 ?

The answer is actually *really* neat! In addition to overhead costs in the US being generally higher, airlines in Europe (due to the way the EU handles borders) are generally cheaper. Airlines which are based in a country generally have to pay different fees to different countries for air-traffic-control services, so as a result the first instinct is to think that London to Italy would cost *more*. But, the EU treats airlines from all member countries as domestic. This helps *immensely* without travel costs because it expands the negotiating powers of budget airlines in member countries. But, since both flights you mentioned are treated as domestic that's not a factor in the answer. *** Given the lack of information on airlines and airports, I'm going to assume you're talking about RyanAir in the UK taking off out of Stansted and flying to Pisa. RyanAir has extremely low overhead costs relative to other airlines simply based on their purchasing and employment choices, however they use a secret weapon for budget flights: using smaller, more remote airports. Stansted is a small airport about a 40 minute train ride outside of London, so RyanAir is able to negotiate much more favorable prices in take off and landing fees simply by bringing business to the airport. And while Pisa is a larger airport, they're able to offer cheaper prices by keeping the runways in use during slow times of day. If you'd like more information on budget airlines, check out [[this video]]( URL_0 ). *** So, why doesn't this work in the US? Increased costs following 9/11 have been cited, and this is true... But it's not the whole story. Budget airlines in the US have rarely been successful. ~~, and lately they're being executed incorrectly. Many of the current "budget" airlines in the US are subsidiaries of larger airlines, which means that their costs/profit margins are supposed to be high... But their big-ticket airline managers are executing the budgeting and negotiating incorrectly.~~ Additionally, there are simply fewer cheap airports in the US. In the end, US-based budget airlines just don't have the playing field to run well ~~and aren't executed properly.~~ *** Update: apparently my information about airline-within-an-airline schemes was dated, so I've struck it out of the answer. Update2: People are asking about Brexit in relation to air travel. I don't really know much about how this will affect air travel between the UK and the EU, but air travel between other EU states and between EU states and international destinations shouldn't change much. From the US to EU states, there are many airports in Ireland that can be used instead of UK airports so those costs likely won't change by much after Brexit.


Question: Why does cold water on the skin feel like a slow and freezing death but down out throats pleasingly refreshing?

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 Why does cold water on the skin feel like a slow and freezing death but down out throats pleasingly refreshing?

The receptors on our body that detect temperature changes are called Thermoreceptors. There are two basic categories of thermoreceptors: hot and cold receptors. They are found all over the body, but cold receptors are found in greater density than heat receptors. The highest concentration of thermoreceptors can be found in the face and ears (hence why your nose and ears always get colder faster than the rest of your body on a chilly winter day). Temperature perception is very relative. Maybe you remember this [experiment]( URL_0 ) from biology classes in middle school.


Question: What does "carbon based life" actually mean?

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 What does "carbon based life" actually mean?

The vast, *vast* majority of the chemistry of life uses carbon. Carbon is fairly unique in that it has four electrons in its outer shell (recall that a complete shell is eight). This means that carbon can make a single bond (sharing one electron) with four other atoms, or make a double bond and two single bonds, or two double bonds. That makes it very versatile. It can also bond with other carbons to form long chains of carbons connected to other atoms. Also, because it's halfway to full, it can easily take more electrons to make the full eight, or donate electrons and go down to the next full shell. Compare that to, say, oxygen with 6 in the outer shell, that *really* wants to snatch up two more electrons, or sodium with one that *really* wants to ditch that one. So again, it's very versatile, but also just the right amount of reactive. Reactive enough to get chemistry going, but not so reactive that it will tear apart other molecules. The arrangement of the electrons in the shell plus the ability to form different kinds of bonds means that you can make [a lot of different shapes out of carbon]( URL_0 ). It's not (usually) radioactive. And it's abundant. Amino acids are [full of carbon]( URL_3 ), proteins are full of carbon, [sugars are full of carbon]( URL_1 ), fats are [really full of carbon]( URL_2 ), the lipids that make our cell membranes are made of fats, which are full of carbon, DNA uses carbon rings as the backbone for the different nucleotides... Just about every major molecule in your body uses carbon somewhere in it. Not all of them, but most of them. No other single element can do all of these things. It might be possible for life to use something else as the backbone of its chemistry, but it probably wouldn't work nearly as well as carbon and there's no evidence of such a thing on Earth. > why carbon based life needs water? Life is made of chemistry, of chemical reactions. Chemical reactions can only occur when the reagents come into contact with each other. So to really get your reactions going, you want to dissolve the reagents in a liquid so that they can flow freely and come into contact. Water is really good at this. It is a fantastic solvent, so it will dissolve most things, especially the most things that carbon based life (or probably any other kind of life) uses. It has a wide temperature range where it remains a liquid, which also happens to be within the ranges that most other chemistry pertaining to life happens efficiently at. It's a polar molecule, which is why it's so good at dissolving things, and why it has a wide liquid temperature range. That also means that it doesn't dissolve *everything*, there are molecules that are hydrophobic (like fats). That's important because hydrophobic molecules can be used to contain the water so that you can have discrete cells - like the lipids that make our cell membranes. There are other molecules that do those things, like ammonia or methane, but none of them do it quite as well as water does it. Again, it might be possible that other forms of life in the universe use something other than water, but we've never seen evidence of it.


Question: How (or why) is the US Federal Reserve not an actual part of the government?

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 How (or why) is the US Federal Reserve not an actual part of the government?

The Federal Reserve is essentially a government agency that is operated privately. It was created by the government, it's leaders are appointed by the government, but it is independent. This is often referred to as being "independent within the government." By making it independent and quasi-private, the Federal Reserve can run monetary policy more efficiently, without every single thing being politicized and subject to constant interference and squabbling from politicians. This isn't to say that there's no oversight, just that it's less silly.


Question: Why do the walls to a nuclear reactor have to be so thick, if a hazmat suit is fine while you’re inside the chamber itself?

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 Why do the walls to a nuclear reactor have to be so thick, if a hazmat suit is fine while you’re inside the chamber itself?

There are a few misconceptions here. First, the walls of a nuclear reactor aren't _that_ thick because they are blocking radiation. The water in the reactor absorbs a lot of the radiation by itself. The "thick" part of the reactor building is the containment dome, and it's just meant to keep anything inside if there is a leak or internal explosion. It's deliberately overkill — it's part of a philosophy that says, "spend a little extra money on concrete and rebar so that if you have a problem it's probably not a HUGE problem." When the reactor is running at full power, you don't want to spend too much time in the room with it, as it will have some elevated radioactivity. But once you turn the reactor off, the radioactivity drops a lot pretty immediately. Second, there are basically two types of radioactive threats. The first is the radioactivity itself: the radioactive particles, the alpha, beta, neutrons, and gamma rays. Of these, the gammas are the hardest to shield from, and are why you need lots of mass (of any kind) between you and them to be safe. The other threat is radioactive contamination: bits of matter that are themselves radioactive to some degree that can get inside your body if you are exposed to them. Under normal operation these are always kept inside the reactor. The hazmat suit is mostly protecting you from the latter threat: small, not-that-radioactive particles that, if they get inside your body, can be a real chronic health problem. It is not really protecting you much against the first threat: lots of high-energy gamma rays. So if your reactor has a problem, you turn it off and go inside in the hazmat suit. The fact that you have turned it off turns off most of the acute radiation. But if there is a contamination threat, you're going to want to make sure you don't breath it in, which is why you need the suit.


Question: What does a market exactly mean in business? Also what’s the difference between creating a new market and entering a new market? For example I’ve heard that Southwest Airlines created a new market, what does it really mean?

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 What does a market exactly mean in business? Also what’s the difference between creating a new market and entering a new market? For example I’ve heard that Southwest Airlines created a new market, what does it really mean?

A market is just a high-level term for the people that could buy your product. If you sell men's climbing shoes, then your market would be all men who climb. If you don't sell those shoes in Japan, then men who climb in Japan is not part of your market. Entering an existing market is just that. Back to my previous example, there are men who climb in Japan and those men are already buying climbing shoes, so if I start selling my shoes there I'm not suddenly creating new potential customers - I am just offering my product to customers that already exist. Creating a new market is actually getting people who were never interested in buying that product category _at all_ to start buying. Southwest Airlines initially targeted people who didn't purchase airfare because it was too expensive - they were not going after people who already bought airline tickets, but rather people who took ground based transportation.


Question: - What exactly happens to our eyes when we look at the sun with our eyelids closed (like sunbathing) does the sun pierce through and damage them?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What exactly happens to our eyes when we look at the sun with our eyelids closed (like sunbathing) does the sun pierce through and damage them?

Your eyelids are really thin, it's like the top 2 layers of your skin thin (really thin). UV is pretty penetrative. That's why you get melanomas. The cells that turn into melanoma are like on the top of the second layer of your skin. When you look at the sun with your eyes closed, it acts like a cloudy filter that removes some of the light, but not all of it. Some of it still passes through and reflects off your eyelids which is why you can "see your eyelids." That said, the UV can still pass through and damage your retinas, but to a lesser degree since you have something blocking it. UVB might be blocked by your skin, but UVA will likely go through and hit your retinas. That's bad. That said, you shouldn't be sunbathing at all. Get the daily requirement of sun and wear sunscreen, a hat and sunnies. Skin cancer risk is a very real thing.


Question: Why have Super Bowl ads have become less comical, unique and memorable and more like regular, dull commercials?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why have Super Bowl ads have become less comical, unique and memorable and more like regular, dull commercials?

Marketing has drastically changed. In 2007, most of our social media was not very old. YouTube was not all that old. Marketing is all about audience, and the best way to at the time to engage the most people was the Super Bowl. You drop your ad there, if it's a success it becomes huge. You can base a whole campaign on this ad, and it stays relevant and even part of pop culture. We no longer do that. We have cell phones that let us tweet and share while watching the game. We have YouTube where anything good goes viral, hits your feed in a moment, and you've seen it and probably forgotten about it pretty fast. To put simple: marketing no longer needs the Super Bowl to reach a huge audience anymore thanks to the rise of the internet, video streaming sites like YouTube, and social media that let's you target a specific audience.


Question: Why is a PIN more secure than a password in Windows 10? and why is considered a passwordless method?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a PIN more secure than a password in Windows 10? and why is considered a passwordless method?

PIN is tied to the device One important difference between a password and a Hello PIN is that the PIN is tied to the specific device on which it was set up. That PIN is useless to anyone without that specific hardware. Someone who steals your password can sign in to your account from anywhere, but if they steal your PIN, they'd have to steal your physical device too! Even you can't use that PIN anywhere except on that specific device. If you want to sign in on multiple devices, you have to set up Hello on each device.


Question: Why do we get hungover?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we get hungover?

Ethanol, known to most as "alcohol" causes your body to lose fluid. The body dehydrates, mainly because you go to the toilet a lot while drinking alcohol. This dehydration affects the fluids surrounding the brain and decreases blood pressure and flow to the brain. Those effects lead to a headache. LPT: When coming back home after drinking a lot of alcohol, drink a few glasses of water before you fall asleep. Even better: drink something isotonic (containing minerals and 1% of salt), like gatorade or isostar. You can also mix 1% of salt into water by yourself. Source: URL_0


Question: how many sets of "poles" does the earth have and are some of them the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how many sets of "poles" does the earth have and are some of them the same?

The ice masses are called "polecaps", and are roughly centered around the geographical poles because being at the axis of rotation has the consequence of being the coldest area. The magnetic poles are roughly oriented at the geographical poles too because the magnetic field is caused by a dynamo effect. This effect is also influenced by the material inside earth though so they can move a little and even flip orientation. (The exact nature of this is still being researched) I don't think any more poles exist regarding earth, but pole has a bunch more meanings, like electrical contacts are called poles too, and in math a functionvalue that diverges (becomes infinite) at a single point is a pole too.


Question: if you listen to music on your phone, does the loudness make a difference in battery life, while using headphones or speakers on your phone? And if yes, is this a significant difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if you listen to music on your phone, does the loudness make a difference in battery life, while using headphones or speakers on your phone? And if yes, is this a significant difference?

Yes it makes a difference: louder music means more energy to produce it, and that's gotta come from somewhere. Unless your speakers are powered (can't tell by your question), that power comes from your phone. No, it's not a significant difference, in that your wireless connections (wifi, bluetooth, cell), screen (the screen is probably the biggest one), and processor consume much more. If you're using powered speakers, it's actually draining less of your battery than if you used the built-in speakers cranked up.


Question: Why do people use rocket fuel instead of nuclear power for spacecraft?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people use rocket fuel instead of nuclear power for spacecraft?

There is always a non-zero chance that a rocket will explode when launched. The early ~~Saturn V~~ pre-Mercury rockets, the Space Shuttle, and new SpaceX rockets all have had numerous explosions during launch or re-entry. If a nuclear powered rocket were to explode, it would spread nuclear material over a very large area - an incredibly large area if that explosion happens high in the atmosphere. This would be a catastrophic event, and even at low probability of occurrence it is a significant enough danger to make nuclear propulsion a bad idea.


Question: why are plastic items never completely dry after I run the dishwasher, where glass and ceramics are?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are plastic items never completely dry after I run the dishwasher, where glass and ceramics are?

This is a result of the heat capacities of those items. Because the material of glass has a higher heat capacity than plastic it can store more heat inside itself than a piece of plastic the same size can. This extra heat in the glass can evaporate more water than the plastic items are able to


Question: is spending really better than holding/investing for a good economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 is spending really better than holding/investing for a good economy?

Investing is a form of spending, but saving in and of itself adds nothing to the economy because that cash is essentially removed from existence. It’s not buying things, that pay for salaries, that pay for things, that pay for salaries, etc. That’s called the velocity of money. If everybody saves, everyone ends up losing their jobs because you’ve lost your customers. The caveat here is this is within reason. You don’t want your population living paycheck to paycheck either for a variety of reasons.


Question: Do bodies in vacuum lose heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do bodies in vacuum lose heat?

Yes it does. There are three main ways to transfer heat in or out of an object: 1) Conduction - Transfer of heat from a hot object to a cold object via physical contact. 2) Convection - Transfer of heat from your object to a moving fluid (i.e. air) that then goes somewhere else and transfers heat to another, cooler object. 3) The third type is radiation. An object with a non-absolute-zero temperature is always radiating. The amount of energy per unit time being radiated depends on the temperature. Hotter objects radiate more. If you put a hot object in a vacuum chamber, the object would radiate heat into the walls of the chamber. P.S don't forget to flag your question.


Question: Why does air and water temperature feel so different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does air and water temperature feel so different?

Conduction! When you feel hot or cold your body is either losing heat or gaining heat. Some materials transfer heat better than others via conduction. Water is far better at transferring heat than air, so it feels more intense because it actually is transferring more thermal energy through your skin. Also, sweating doesn't work in water. We need to be able to evaporate sweat off our skin to cool off


Question: Why does the temperature of a food drastically change how it tastes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the temperature of a food drastically change how it tastes?

Our tongue's taste buds have tiny microscopic channels (called trpm6) which send a signal to our brain when it comes in contact with 'taste molecules' which are then translated to a specific taste sensation. The reaction of the channels are much more intense when the food has a higher temperature so it sends a stronger electrical signal to the brain. Naturally, the opposite is in effect for colder consumables as the channels respond much slower. In conclusion, hotter food is more tasty than colder alternatives. (note that TRPM5 is only used to signal sweet and bitter tastes)


Question: Why do scientists believe RNA came before DNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do scientists believe RNA came before DNA?

Because DNA can only be replicated with the help of DNA polymerase, which is an enzyme. But making enzymes first requires DNA to code for the enzymes. You've got this kind of "the chicken and the egg" scenario where DNA replication requires enzymes, but enzyme production requires DNA. RNA gets around the problem by catalyzing its own replication, allowing it to produce more of itself without enzymes, as well as code for enzymes, which can then produce DNA and begin that cycle.


Question: What is the point of declassifying documents if the government can just redact/censor the text? Is there a limit to the amount of text that can be redacted from a document?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the point of declassifying documents if the government can just redact/censor the text? Is there a limit to the amount of text that can be redacted from a document?

> What is the point of declassifying documents if the text can be completely obscured to make them almost worthless? The idea is that the government will make public what documentation it can without compromising other interests such as national security. What processes actually go into this can be somewhat unintelligent because they are broadly written procedures, and if that means redacting so much from a document that it is basically useless to anyone then so be it. There is no limit to how much can be redacted from a document, just that the content removed should be necessary to maintain classification of important information.


Question: - What is a Banana Republic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What is a Banana Republic?

It is a politically unstable country that is dependent on exporting a particular product, typically supported by stronger nations that are interested in importing said product. The name was coined from the book Cabbages and Kings, but grew in popularity due to the various regimes that were supported by the United Fruit Company for the sole purpose of securing fruit supply from those nations.


Question: Why is "over-qualification" an eliminatory factor in applying for a job?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is "over-qualification" an eliminatory factor in applying for a job?

people that are overqualified for a job role are less likely to stay in that job. Generally speaking people will always look to be employed to the highest level they are capable of doing/getting. so the likelihood is if they take a lower level job, they will continue looking for better employment and are likely to leave when they find it.


Question: ; why do things become “less heavy” underwater?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; why do things become “less heavy” underwater?

Buoyancy... it’s the same reason things float. The item wants to move downward because of the force of gravity... But underneath the object, there’s already water. And the water doesn’t want to move out of the way, because it’s very heavy, and the force of gravity is acting to keep the water down there and *not* let it move up and away to make room for the heavy object. So the water pushes it back upwards. This works in any substance, things can float in air too, if they are lighter than air (like a helium balloon). And when they are a bit too heavy to completely float, like a rock, the effect doesn’t just *go away*, it’s reduced, but the effect still causes it to be lighter.


Question: how did we end up with a North and South Carolina and a North and South Dakota, but not North and South of other states?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did we end up with a North and South Carolina and a North and South Dakota, but not North and South of other states?

The English province of Carolina originally included pretty much all of the land between Virginia and Florida. There were two distinct groups of settlements: settlers from Virginia established towns on the Roanoke River, while a different group of settlers established Charleston. With two distinct settlements separated by a large span of wilderness, the north and south developed largely independently, and were formally split in the late 18th century. Settlement in the Dakota Territory also developed along two distinct centers in the north and south: combined with the large size of the territory (nearly as big as California), splitting it in two was at least plausible. The Republican majority in Congress at the time also preferred having two states, as the population was seen as reliably Republican, and the extra state meant two extra US senators.


Question: Why does water from a shower the same temperature as the room feel colder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water from a shower the same temperature as the room feel colder?

So first; its important to note that what you can't actually feel "temperature," but instead you feel rates of heat transfer. Now, heat transfer *is* partially dependent on the difference in temperature between you and the object you're touching, **but** its also dependent on the heat capacity and conductivity of the material in question. Water has a much higher heat capacity than air, and as a result water at room temperature fill soak up more heat from your body than the air, which your body will interpret as the water being "colder." This is also why room-temperature metals feel cool to the touch.


Question: How to charge clients/get paid in general when you’re a freelance artist?

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 How to charge clients/get paid in general when you’re a freelance artist?

I’m a musician, and I always make sure the payment/terms are agreed to in writing before the work is done, even if it’s just an official e-mail. There’s third parties like PayPal that hold the money for both parties, that could work, or e-transfer. Whenever I can though, I work for cash, even if it means a small pay cut. Cash is king. Sometimes though, if a client seems shady, or too good to be true, walk away. And talk to your peers, see what they’ve found, who they work with, etc. I’m sure you already know this - but **never work for free**, ‘exposure’ is a lie, and while it’s okay to be sympathetic to people - always get paid; if push comes to shove, you *always* have the right to say “fuck you; pay me.” Hope my little rant/experience helps! The arts are a tough field to work in, money wise, but it’s by far the most fun!


Question: Why do businesses outsource security to a centralised agency?

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 Why do businesses outsource security to a centralised agency?

Cost. Starting from scratch you would have to 1) Hire 2) Train 3) Equip / Insure 4) Pay 5) Maintain . 1) So you first have to go through the expense of hiring a security guard. This means the typical hiring processes (HR, background check, etc) . 2) You then have to train them. Assuming you are not already a security expert / trainer you will now have to pay for outside training and licensing. . 3) Uniforms, vehicles, weapons and, of course, insurance / bonding. In the US most licensed security officers will need to carry bonds and insurance, higher if they're armed. . 4) Of course, you will have to pay them a salary, probably benefits etc. . 5) They will now require ongoing training, their equipment will need regular maintenance, they will have annual or reoccurring licensing requirements. Etc. Or... You could just contract with an existing security company that would do all that themselves. Edit to add: Having a Security Guard is typically about deterrence, not reaction. IE, you are way less likely to be robbed if you already have security. You're not really counting on the Security Officer responding to a robbery as much as preventing the robbery from happening by their very presence.


Question: What is the nature of the laws of physics? Are they independent from everything and always are the same? Or are they dependent on matter?

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 What is the nature of the laws of physics? Are they independent from everything and always are the same? Or are they dependent on matter?

The laws appear to be dependent on the structure of the Universe, particularly the quantum fields that spread across spacetime. Almost all the laws work equally well for matter and anti-matter, if that's your second question. Without matter, it's hard to demonstrate properties like mass and charge, but the laws are still the same (except the number of particles you're measuring is zero and zero times many things isn't interesting).


Question: Why does razor with several blade feels better than the one with only one blade ?

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 Why does razor with several blade feels better than the one with only one blade ?

Imagine standing on top of a nail. Ouch, that's no fun! All of your weight is pressing down on that single nail, so it's definitely going into your foot. You can kind of reverse the forces so instead of thinking your ~140 pounds is pushing down on a nail, it's one nail pushing against your foot with ~140 pounds. Now imagine instead laying your entire body across a densely packed bed of nails. Instead of a single nail pushing with your whole body weight, it's more like maybe 140 nails pushing with a pound each. Still ouch, probably but not as much. Or 280 nails pushing with half a pound each. Or 1000 nails pushing with 14 hundredths of a pound each. The more nails you have, the less pressure you put on any single nail. Similarly, the more blades you have on a razor, the less the pressure is on any individual blade. Alternatively, your blade could be longer, but since your body is curved a long blade will lose contact eventually so...yeah more blades that are reasonably sized. You also get smoother cutting because the blades can get progressively closer to your skin and trim the hair down instead of trying to cut the whole thing at once. On the other hand, more blades is more expensive and, like a ridiculously long blade, a fat razor with too many short blades just doesn't give you enough of a noticeable difference to be worth it. Which is why companies usually stop at 5, *maybe* six if they're feeling like they can market them, and why your bargain razors are going to be 2-3. EDIT: Some words


Question: How does a computer unset a bit (set it from 1 to 0) in memory/storage?

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 How does a computer unset a bit (set it from 1 to 0) in memory/storage?

It depends on the particular kind of storage. In magnetic storage, like a spinning-disk hard drive, it magnetizes the region storing the bit in the opposite direction. (In practice, hard drives write entire blocks at a time, but the technology could theoretically be managed a bit at a time.) In typical flash storage, like in solid-state drives or external flash drives, it can't write a single bit at a time. In order to change a bit from a 1 to a 0, it erases an entire block of memory, then rewrites the new data into it. In DRAM, which is the typical kind of RAM in a computer, it connects the capacitor holding the bit to a current drain, which allows it to discharge. (Similarly to others, standard DRAM actually can only write a whole line at a time, so switching a single bit means writing the previous value into all the other bits.) In SRAM, which is typically used for things like on-CPU caches, the bit line is set to 0 and then the write line is set to 1. The transistors switch into the alternative configuration, and then the write line is set back to 0, which causes them to maintain their current configuration until written again.


Question: Why do you see scientists use electron microscopes for small bugs when normal microscopes can even see cells?

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 Why do you see scientists use electron microscopes for small bugs when normal microscopes can even see cells?

That electron microscope shot is zoomed out far so you can see what you're looking at. 80x is barely any zoom, they can get beyond 10,000x with a well prepared sample which is far beyond an optical microscope. [This is a far better demonstration of it's capabilities]( URL_0 ) Electron microscopes are used when you need to see really tiny things. They're often used in failure analysis of electronics so you can see which tiny transistor blew up.


Question: Why is it hard to implement a standard volume across various mediums like radio and television?

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 Why is it hard to implement a standard volume across various mediums like radio and television?

Hey there I work for 2 major broadcasting companies in Canada, and in one (where I currently am, on a 10 hour shift) I am the person who ingests, quality checks, and approves all the commercials we air across all of our 7 channels. So in Canada and the US, there are laws dictating how loud content is allowed to be. This includes both the actual show you are watching/listening too, and the commercials that are in between. Basically, the government says "the maximum output allowed by anyone is _______" and we all have to abide by that. My companies policy is that commercials must be withing -24 +/-2 LKFS (LKFS is a measurement of loudness). So every night I get a sheet of 40-150 commercials that need to be ingested, and I adjust their levels to be within this range. So the best way to think about this is that the commercials themselves are not what are loud. Everything else is quiet. A standard has been set for everything across the entire network, and commercials are always safely within the margins. However, since the content you are actually trying to watch is dynamic, with loud and quiet spots, you likely are listening to it slightly louder than that standard would want you to so its easier for you to hear dialogue, or quiet parts in the show/music. This is especially noticeable if you constantly ride the volume level on your stereo or television when something loud happens. Since commercials generally want to be heard easily, and typically don't have dynamics, they seem to be much louder than everything else. Side Note: There are ways that commercials can actually be slightly louder than others. Since the volume standard we use is an average over the entire spot, a quiet commercial with a loud portion at the end or a commercial of just straight dialogue vs dialogue over music can come out with different averages. Generally I adjust the volume of spots like this that seem super loud so they are more in line with the standard. Hope this helps


Question: Two cylinders are released at the top of a ramp. One of the cylinders is hollow, the other is solid. Knowing that neither the weight, the length, nor the diameter of the cylinders affect which one of the cylinders reaches the end of the ramp first, why does the hollow cylinder ALWAYS lose?

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 Two cylinders are released at the top of a ramp. One of the cylinders is hollow, the other is solid. Knowing that neither the weight, the length, nor the diameter of the cylinders affect which one of the cylinders reaches the end of the ramp first, why does the hollow cylinder ALWAYS lose?

When the cylinders roll from the top to the bottom of the ramp, they convert a certain amount of potential energy to kinetic energy. Now, some of that kinetic energy goes into moving the cylinder down the ramp. But not all of it. The rest goes into *spinning* the cylinder. If both cylinders are the same mass, the hollow cylinder takes more energy to spin than the solid one. That means that the solid one uses more of the energy for down-the-ramp motion, which allows it to move faster.


Question: When it's worth for telecom to invest in FTTH or FTTB?

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 When it's worth for telecom to invest in FTTH or FTTB?

FTTH is Fiber to the Home, and FTTB is Fiber to the Building. Generally speaking, FTTH is going to go to single-family homes while FTTB will deliver service to a shared building. While there are a lot of variables to take into account, Fiber to the Building is basically going to be cheaper to deploy and turn up because there is less individual fiber being used or installed. The general FTTx architecture these days is known as a Passive Optical Network, which is a fancy way of saying that they stick a splitter in a box and everyone shares the signal. In FTTH, that splitter is going to be in a cabinet somewhere near your home, but the ISP still has to run dedicated fiber(s) to your home over the last few thousand feet. That's a lot of work and it costs money to do that work. In FTTB, you basically get to stick the splitter within a few hundred feet and have dedicated ducts for connecting the fiber up to all of the offices or apartments you're trying to serve. This lowers the ISP's costs significantly. In short, when you're turning up fiber infrastructure the higher the density you're serving the cheaper it is to turn it up.


Question: How can a nuclear bomb detonation in space deflect a meteor if there is no blast/shock wave?

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 How can a nuclear bomb detonation in space deflect a meteor if there is no blast/shock wave?

There is a blast and shock wave, just not an air shockwave. The explosion still releases light, high energy particles and will cause the meteor to experience a shock wave. That said you do not want to use nukes to stop meteors, chances are you just turned a slug into a bunch of shot. You want to use lazors or paint to change it's course.


Question: How can you define a direction (e.g. left, right, up, down etc.) in a given space without any sort of reference point?

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 How can you define a direction (e.g. left, right, up, down etc.) in a given space without any sort of reference point?

You need a reference point to indicate direction, but YOU can always serve as that reference point for any physical space you occupy, particularly with directions like left and right (up and down is generally easy to agree upon in physical systems on Earth because of our mutual experience of gravity (where up is away from the pull of gravity and down is toward the pull of gravity).