Question: How can scientists tell the differences in atomic mass for the same element?

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 How can scientists tell the differences in atomic mass for the same element?

I think you are confusing atomic number and mass number. The chemical properties of an atom is determined by the number of protons it has (the atomic number), which in turns determines the number of electrons an element has in its neutral state. Both Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 still only have 6 protons in their nucleus. Whereas, Silicon-28 has 14 *protons* in its nucleus. So the major difference between Carbon-14 and Silicon-28 is the number of protons, which in turns determines the chemical properties of the element. Generalyl speaking the number of neutron in a nucleus has a much smaller influence in how an element will behave chemically. The difference is small enough, that we don't consider atoms that only differ in the number of neutrons as different chemical elements. ###Mass spectrometry How can you detect how much of a sample is Carbon-12 and how much is Carbon-14? Mass spectrometry is one way to differentiate between isotopes. We use the fact taht while Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 have the same *chemical* property, they still differ in their atomic mass because of the different number of neutrons. You ionize your atoms so they gain a charge. Since both isotopes have the same number of protons, they will gain the same charge. Then you pass the ions through an magnetic or electric field. The ions are deflected because of the fields because the ions are charged particles. The amount each ion is deflected by depends on its mass (Remember F = ma). Heavier isotopes will be deflected less than lighter ones. Eventually the deflected ions will hit some sort of detector, and you can measure how much Carbon-12 and how much Carbon-14 was in the original sample.


Question: How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?

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 How do international credit ratings work? Italy has never defaulted on its sovereign debt, Germany has defaulted over 5 times. Why does Germany have a better rating than Italy?

well, they are issued by companies that all have their own unique blend of reasons to issue them. but considering at least 4 of those 5 times "Germany" defaulted it was a different country, it is pretty obvious they will pay more attention to the current economic situation than how the country (or whatever country was there in 1500) handled things several centuries ago as stated in the link you provide, that graph is incredibly missleading and just for fun, not for serious contemplation


Question: How do game developers know that the skills and damage of their created characters are balanced?

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 How do game developers know that the skills and damage of their created characters are balanced?

They guess, then tweak values until it seems like everyone is winning or complaining the same amount. Usually the exact number doesn't matter so much as the number of hits or amount of time it takes to kill something. As for why the weird numbers, the balance tweaks are part of it, but another part of it is that sometimes you move content around in terms of game design, so you scale up the difficulty of an area to make it suitable for a different level, and you probably set a stat multiplier somewhat arbitrarily, then tweak it until it feels right.


Question: How does the Rotten Tomato rating system work?

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 How does the Rotten Tomato rating system work?

% of critics on the website that like the movie. Audience score is the same, but with movie goers over Pro Critics. Don't use the Tomato rating as a "how good" the movie is, it's meant to be more of the % chance you'll like the movie. Theres some low 40% movies I really enjoy, and some upper 90% ones I don't. Its a subjective opinion :)


Question: What is a Sonic Boom?

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 What is a Sonic Boom?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Sonic Booms ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: What exactly is happening when a sonic boom occurs and why does it create so much sound? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5:What actually causes a sonic boom? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: Why do sonic booms exist? When something is supersonic, why does it make a loud noise as it breaks the sound barrier (like a whip)? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: What exactly are sonic booms? Why do they happen? How is crossing the sound barrier different from any other change in speed? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: How does a sonic boom happen and what is it? ]( URL_2 )


Question: How are atoms/molecules able to create a living organism?

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 How are atoms/molecules able to create a living organism?

My opinion but probably "we don't really know" is close to the truth. We don't have any issues talking about dead or alive when dealing with animals, insects, plants, bacteria etc. But as you get smaller and smaller and simpler and simpler, this transition from "non living" to "living" isn't as simple. Are viruses alive? Are prions alive? We know the constituent molecules that make up living organisms. We are also capable of synthesizing them in labs. We can also demonstrate that some of these molecules can be formed naturally in the environment. We even understand how these molecules function in living beings. But ultimately, we are not yet at a point where we can make a "living" organism from scratch. On another side of things, there is AI (and associated robotics). I believe there are some estimates that our best AI today is not equivalent to that of a cockroach (maybe we're close) At some point, we may have to answer the question of whether we can produce AI that is sentient. We might be closer to AI sentience compared to our ability to build a living organism out of atoms/molecules.


Question: Why aren't we able to stream content anywhere in the world? Is there an actual technical reason for it or is it just discrimination?

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 Why aren't we able to stream content anywhere in the world? Is there an actual technical reason for it or is it just discrimination?

It's most commonly a legal rather than technical issue. In the early days of media, it was really expensive and complicated to do anything internationally. If an American company wanted to show an American movie in Japan, they had to either print a bunch of reels of film in the United States and then ship them to people in Japan and have them somehow get to various theaters, or they had to ship a set of master reels to Japan and have a local film duplication company duplicate them and then send those reels to theaters. All of that had to be done when nobody in the company had ever been to Japan, almost nobody spoke Japanese, nobody knew what kinds of movies the local market wanted, nobody knew the local media and censorship laws, etc. And then that process had to be repeated for every country they wanted to distribute their media in. The result of that was that instead of having the company that created the media try to figure all that out, what they'd do is sell an exclusive license to a distributor in those countries, and then it was up to the distributor to figure out what the right way to deal with everything was. Sometimes those agreements were one-offs, but sometimes relationships were built up with distributors and they'd just routinely sell them licenses for everything they made, maybe for a share of the profits or maybe for a fixed rate, whatever deal they hammered out. This worked out really well then, but nowadays these agreements end up making things complicated. If American Movies Corp. has an agreement with Japanese Movies Ltd. to be their exclusive distributor in Japan, then they can't distribute their own movies to Japanese people. And Japanese Movies Ltd is going to sue American Movies Corp. if they sell a license to Netflix that makes those movies available in Japan. So now, when American Movies Corp. is talking to Netflix about distributing their movies on the Internet, they have to tell them that the license they're giving them doesn't apply to Japan, or the UK, or France, or 17 other countries where they sold off their rights to a local distributor. That means when you ask Netflix to play an American Movies Corp. movie while in Japan, it won't come up, because they don't have a license to play it there. This is partly why it's so much easier for companies like Netflix or Amazon creating original content. They don't have these existing distribution arrangements, they still have global rights to everything they make, so they can just distribute it globally and everyone is happy.


Question: Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

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 Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

Hot water has lower viscocity then cold water (think heated honey vs. cold honey, just less extreme) and because it is hotter the water molecules are moving faster, which increased the speed of sound through the water. These two things mean that poured water flows different when hot vs. cold and the sounds made by pouring it will not only be slightly different due to the lower viscocity, but be shifted up in frequency, sounding higher pitched. It is enough of a difference to be readily noticeable.


Question: How does GoodRx get you lower prices on prescriptions? How do they make money in the first place?

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 How does GoodRx get you lower prices on prescriptions? How do they make money in the first place?

Some background on how pharmacies work: Manufacturers make medicines and send them to distributors who then sell and deliver them to pharmacies. The pharmacies pay an acquisition cost for medications then set the sale price (U & C). On the patient side, insurance companies contract with a pharmacy benefits managers (PBM) to negotiate the cost of medications with each major pharmacy chain. This basically determines how much the medicine will cost to you (the insured patient). GoodRx functions kind of like the insurance company in that they partner with PBMs also and negotiate a price for people who pay cash with their GoodRx card/coupon (as opposed to their insurance). When you use their card to get the discount, GoodRx gets paid part of the admin fee from the PBMs. & #x200B; [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: How exactly is Robinhood manipulating the market and is there any real chance they get sued and lose?

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 How exactly is Robinhood manipulating the market and is there any real chance they get sued and lose?

They limited trading in GameStop, AMC, and others which might have made some sense due to the unusual activity with those stocks. Halting trading in a particular stock is often done at the stock market level. But since Robinhood unilaterally stopped people from buying the stock (but not selling it), it meant only their users were unable to buy it. Since Robinhood caters to small, typically young, individual investors, it meant only large institutional traders could buy those stocks for a period. (Some other stock trading apps followed suit but not all.) I wouldn’t be shocked if they got sued, though I doubt they’d lose if they fought it. Since fighting a class action lawsuit is expensive, it’s probably most likely to end in a settlement where they pay some money and agree to clearly state a policy or whatever.


Question: Why are doctors handwriting so bad?

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 Why are doctors handwriting so bad?

As a child of two doctors, I believe I have the answer. Day after day, doctors sign things. Their signature is need for almost every test, prescription and thing they do. Their signature, therefore, becomes very automatic, quick and unreadable. Most people don't read what they write anyway, they just need a symbol for their identity basically. This means that their handwriting is extremely "doodely", not really ment for anyone to read. Edit: they also scribble alot of notes that only they themselves read.


Question: Why is it more credible if 97% of people agree on something than if 100% agreed on it?

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 Why is it more credible if 97% of people agree on something than if 100% agreed on it?

Because 22% of the time 77% of the people can't agree with 86% of the facts. That all sounds made up because it was. It's difficult to think that 100% of a large group of people can agree on anything so it too just sounds made up. 97% sounds credible. It sounds like a fact when you say the vast majority agree on something with a few that don't.


Question: why are class action lawsuits settled for such low amounts that are usually less than actual damages, especially when there is a high chance of winning in court?

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 why are class action lawsuits settled for such low amounts that are usually less than actual damages, especially when there is a high chance of winning in court?

Long trials are very expensive, and the lawyers for the class representatives normally get the costs from the amount they win. There is also an element of unpredictability--you can never be quite sure what a jury will decide and, if you win, how much you will be awarded. This means it can be in their clients' best interest to take an early settlement.


Question: How do satellites leave the atmosphere no problem, but burn up when they come back in?

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 How do satellites leave the atmosphere no problem, but burn up when they come back in?

The satellites are enclosed in a [protective fairing]( URL_0 ) on the top of a rocket on their way up. When they get outside the atmosphere they eject the fairing which then falls back to Earth, then the satellite is sped the rest of the way up to get into a good orbit. The fairing has a huge area and not much mass so it falls back to Earth relatively slowly, they generally land in the ocean though SpaceX has been trying to catch theirs in a net to make them quicker to reuse. The rocket also travels quite a bit slower while going up than the satellite would coming down. The rocket might be going Mach 10 when it gets to the really thin areas of the upper atmosphere but would be going significantly slower in the thicker sections. A satellite in Low Earth Orbit is traveling around Mach 22 and will quickly reach the denser parts of the atmosphere and experience far far more heating on the way down than the much slower rocket did on the way up.


Question: what is the difference between oil-based, water-based and graphite lubricants in how they function?

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 what is the difference between oil-based, water-based and graphite lubricants in how they function?

Water does NOT make a good lubricant. About the only thing I can find that uses water based lubricants is sexual lubricants. The lubrication is not provided by the water itself but by creating gel that works similar to grease but in a much thicker layer. Oil is your standard lubricant and works in different ways depending on the specific application varying from where it's only filling the microscopic layers on a metal's surface to providing a full boundary layer such that the two metal surfaces don't meet at all and thus no welding or wear occurs between the microscopic peaks on the surfaces. Without lubrication two metal surfaces will weld to one another under heat and pressure. Oil circulates in a system where as grease (oil + thickener) stays put. Dry lubrication (like molybdenum disulfide or graphite) functions like a grease where it stays put but it has hundreds or thousand of sacrificial layers. So each time the surfaces met a layer of the dry lubricant is taken off instead of wear occurring to the metal surfaces. It's more expensive than purely oil based greases but can be applied on a much thinner surface, used with much higher temperatures and potentially lasts longer depending on the application.


Question: Why is the age for buying mature video games 17 (at least in the US)? Most other "mature" things require you to be 18 years old, so why is the video game industry different?

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 Why is the age for buying mature video games 17 (at least in the US)? Most other "mature" things require you to be 18 years old, so why is the video game industry different?

The ESRB is not a governmental organization. There is no legal mechanism to determine a game's age rating, nor to prevent an underage person from buying one. Most retailers won't sell M games to minors, but that's their policy, not a law. The ratings exist purely for the convenience of the consumers. I could sell a copy of Halo at a yard sale to a ten-year-old and no laws would be broken. But if I sold him a pack of cigarettes or a six-pack of beer, I would be in serious trouble.


Question: Why do we use the order of operations and why is it necessary?

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</answer>
 Why do we use the order of operations and why is it necessary?

The whole order of operations isn't *strictly* necessary since we could use parentheses to show absolutely everything and the maths would work out, but it would look messier than what we can do with the order of operations. There's nothing intrinsically "correct" about it; it's just a convention that everyone's agreed upon so that ambiguity is reduced and notation can be more efficient.


Question: The Navier-Stokes equations - why does it not work with fluid motions that are highly turbulent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Navier-Stokes equations - why does it not work with fluid motions that are highly turbulent?

It is based on the assumption of that the fluid can no be squeezed and that the forces on the liquid is proportional to the viscous forces (honey is very viscous and liquid helium is very very low). So in very turbulent flows, these assumptions no long hold so you can't estimate away the effects of compressibility.


Question: How did humans cut the umbilical cord before we had tools? How did we even know we were supposed to cut it?

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 How did humans cut the umbilical cord before we had tools? How did we even know we were supposed to cut it?

As always for these kinds of questions, you call in the monkeys. [In chimpanzees]( URL_0 ), *the mother leaves the cord in place and nurses her young with the cord and placenta attached until the cord dries out and separates naturally, within a day of birth, at which time the cord is discarded.*


Question: Why does the moon turn red? And why does it turn yellow?And why does it sometimes become supersized?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does the moon turn red? And why does it turn yellow?And why does it sometimes become supersized?

It only becomes red during a lunar eclipse when the sunlight hitting the moon has passed through the atmosphere of the Earth on the way to the moon, essentially casting a "sunset" color all over the moon. And It can seem kind of yellowish when it's low on the horizon as the moonlight passes through the atmosphere. And it's never really "supersized". It can be very slightly larger during different parts of its orbit, but not really by any noticeable amount. It just looks bigger when it's a full moon for obvious reasons, and it can also seem larger when it's on the horizon compared to when it's sitting all alone straight up above you because you can compare the size to mountains and other objects on the horizon.


Question: Why does the moon look bigger when it's close to the horizon?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the moon look bigger when it's close to the horizon?

Have you ever found yourself staring at an image unable to tell what it is, and then suddenly something clicks and it’s so obvious that you can’t unsee it? Your vision is a very heavily processed image that your brain is actively editing on the fly. Even when the raw information doesn’t change, how your brain interprets those elements absolutely can and this results in a very different impression of the same image. When you look at the moon, your brain is making a guess as to how big it actually is based on context clues. When it’s up in the sky, you don’t have a lot of relatable context around it, so your brain says “that must be pretty big and pretty far away.” Except that the moon isn’t pretty big and pretty far away. It is absolutely massive and unfathomably far away in comparison to the scales your brain is used to working with. When the moon gets close to the horizon, you can see how big the moon is next to the distant stuff on the horizon and your brain suddenly gets a better indication that “Oh, that’s actually really big.”


Question: Why are brand name prescription drugs a thing, while generics preferred and so widely available?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are brand name prescription drugs a thing, while generics preferred and so widely available?

Company "A" develops a drug they get to sell it under the brand name for a certain amount of years(10 years I think). After those 10 years the rest of the market(company B-Z) get to make and sell generics, but by then, often times people have become used to buying the brand name and just continue to buy it. People buy Tylenol because, Tylenol. Most don't realize that buying acetaminophen pills is the same thing.


Question: How does spending huge amounts of money on the military by the government pay off? I.e., Unlike spending on technology or resource extraction which inherently produces materials or products that have value, what does the military produce that has inherent value?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does spending huge amounts of money on the military by the government pay off? I.e., Unlike spending on technology or resource extraction which inherently produces materials or products that have value, what does the military produce that has inherent value?

security, stability, and jobs. When your looking to set up shop for your massive international company, you want to know that you wont get displaced by a warlord that wants to take what you have. Theres certainly some research gains in the defense industry, things that come out of places like lockheed and boeing defense programs that advance technology.


Question: in the Monty Hall problem how exactly does the act of switching increase your odds?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 in the Monty Hall problem how exactly does the act of switching increase your odds?

The key is that the host ( Monty Hall in this case) is aware of where the prize is hidden. So after you pick your door, he will knowingly remove a door that has no prize behind it. Without that knowledge, the odds would remain 1/3 for each . Anyway, you choose your door at 1/3 odds. Let's say it is door number 1. That means if the car is behind door number 2, Monty MUSt pick door number 3 to reveal. Because he Always reveals a dumb prize. So now the odds of door number 2 being the winner have jumped to 2/3. Again, the reason for this is the foreknowledge of the host.. Hope that helps!!


Question: What is Blackbody Radiation? And how do we know it's real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Blackbody Radiation? And how do we know it's real?

It's the thermal radiation emitted by any object due to its temperature. If you want to experience it in action, just hold your hands close to a really hot object or fire: You'll feel the heat, even though there is no hot air. It's called that way because a hot, black object is used to measure it.


Question: When talking about planets, what exactly is a “gas giant” and how is it different than a “normal” planet? Do they have a solid surface?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When talking about planets, what exactly is a “gas giant” and how is it different than a “normal” planet? Do they have a solid surface?

Let's not use the term "normal" here. Instead, we call them terrestrial planets. These planets are made primarily of silicate rocks and metals. In our solar system, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are terrestrial planets. A gas giant is a planet that's largely made of gas (mostly hydrogen and helium). They're called giants because they're larger than terrestrial planets. In our solar system, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are gas giants. They have rocky cores, but they don't have solid surfaces. Their atmospheres are under extreme pressure, and as you descend, gradually give way to things like metallic hydrogen, exotic ices of water, methane, and ammonia.


Question: Why aren’t people happy with Amazon opening their second HQ in Long Island City, NYC?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t people happy with Amazon opening their second HQ in Long Island City, NYC?

Long island is already overcrowded and expensive. The fear is that bringing the new headquarters here will attract more people to the area, typically with more money and resources (because most working at the HQ will be well educated) that will then increase property values and force people with lower income out.


Question: Quaaludes are outlawed, by why can't they be remade generically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Quaaludes are outlawed, by why can't they be remade generically?

That's pretty much how the illicit drug market works (though the "recipe" would NOT be in a medial journal). Figure out how to make desirable medications (Oxycontin, fentanyl, and any of the other opioids are popular), make it in a sketch lab, sell it on the street. Methaqualone isn't universally illegal. It's Schedule I in the US, so treated the same as heroin, LSD, etc. and still prescribed in other parts of the world. It just isn't a very desirable drug any more because it has ridiculous addiction potential and overdose risk compared to modern medications (the benzodiazapine class).


Question: Why do companies need to grow? Why can't a company that is successful, making a good profit for its shareholders and employing a lot of people, continue doing what it's doing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies need to grow? Why can't a company that is successful, making a good profit for its shareholders and employing a lot of people, continue doing what it's doing?

If you buy shares, you are buying part of the company. There are two different ways you can make money from this: 1) Dividends. If the company has spare cash, they can give all of their shareholders some money. This is called a dividend. It will be some number of cents per share, so the more shares you have the more you get. Not all companies pay a dividend - some are still growing and re-investing their profits, some spend their spare cash on share buy-backs (\*see later), some just aren't making a profit, and some are just saving their cash in case they need it later. A company can give a "special dividend" whenever it likes, and may give a regular dividend every year, half-year or quarter. 2) Share price. If the share price goes up, you can sell your shares at a profit. If you do that, you no longer own part of the company. Share prices are driven by supply and demand, which are mostly driven by what people think the shares will do in future. Shares that are likely to make more money (from dividends and/or share price rises) are more valuable. Shares where the company consistently performs well are less risky so are more valuable. If a company reports results that are worse than expected, then that means that everyone has been overestimating how much money the company will make, and underestimating how much risk there is. That means everyone has been pricing the shares too high, so the price will go down. If people have been expecting a profit of $100 a month and then the company only makes $90 a month, and people think they will continue making $90 a month, then the company's shares will go down in price by 10%. Worse, if people were expecting steady growth for a long time in the future, the stock will be priced based on profits of $100 the first month, $110 the next month, then $120, $130, etc, perhaps going up to $200 a month. If the growth stops, then people will re-evaluate and expect a LOT less future profit, so the shares are a lot less valuable. (\* If the company has spare cash, it can do a "share buy-back" which means it buys some of it's own shares and cancels them, which drives the price up both because of the extra demand and because any future dividends will be split across less shares. A number of stocks that don't do dividends, do share buy-backs instead. There are differences in how dividends and profits from selling shares are taxed, which can make one option better than the other).


Question: Why was D-Day so successful? And were the Germans ill prepared?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why was D-Day so successful? And were the Germans ill prepared?

It's worth reading/watching up on D-Day, and not just the landing scenes. The Allies put phenomenal effort into D-Day. Prior to the operation they built huge fake military bases prepping for an invasion and planted fake information for German spies. Just before the landings they started air presence towards the fake landing sight and dumped iron shavings to create a radar image of a huge force moving towards Calais. Meanwhile as soon as they landed at D-Day they began carrying out carefully landed plans. Floating docks and wavebreaks were assembled quickly so that huge numbers of supplies and men could be deposited by larger ships. Several (!) pipelines were laid in a hurry, linking the landing area with Britain's gas and oil networks, which had been upgraded and prepared for this event. By then the Allies had strong air superiority and decent control of the channel, they could move in bulk into the German territory, and once the front line was breached they could move forward fairly quick.


Question: What is Alchemy? Who Used it and what is it not? (In contrary to fantasy representation)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Alchemy? Who Used it and what is it not? (In contrary to fantasy representation)

Alchemy was the beginning of chemistry. The initial elements and theories might look "magical" today, but they simply didn't know better. As time went on, serious folks moved on to the reproducible results we call chemistry today. The nostalgic versions of alchemy around today are all fantasy fiction, but back when Isaac Newton was an alchemist it was pre-science.


Question: Why does Easter change dates every year?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Easter change dates every year?

Because it follows the moon and equinox (which aren't what our calendar is based on any more). Easter Sunday is the first Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring Equinox (which was later fixed to March 21st). Since full moons can occur on different dates every year, the following Sunday can also occur on different dates every year. To further complicate matters, the Orthodox church uses a different calendar (that doesn't reflect a Pope's changes to better match the actual year length, so their Easter often falls on a different date (occasionally considerably after the Western church's Easter).


Question: How come when we’re underwater the weight of the water doesn’t crush us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come when we’re underwater the weight of the water doesn’t crush us?

Pressure increases the further down you go. At sea level your body is subjected to a force of 14.6 pounds per in^2. The pressure increases about one atmosphere for every 10 meters of water depth. At a depth of 5,000 meters thepressure will be approximately 500 atmospheres or 500 times greater than thepressure at sea level.


Question: if compiling a code takes hours for some software , how does they code (means how they debug , compile and check if it's running correctly etc) ?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if compiling a code takes hours for some software , how does they code (means how they debug , compile and check if it's running correctly etc) ?

For large projects, you perform debugging/testing on sub-sets of code (often called modules) with the rest of the code merely being simulated. Then, once the individual modules have been tested, you assemble everything into the final product for an integration test that tests the interaction of the modules. Large projects are also very rarely created from scratch. Rather, most of what goes into the project is already well-established code that you're re-purposing for your project. In most cases, you don't need to re-compile it because you've already got the object files for the final build. All you need to do is link those files to your new code.


Question: How did authorities enforce speed limits before the invention of radar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did authorities enforce speed limits before the invention of radar?

Distance over time. If it takes 10 seconds to travel from point A to point B while traveling the speed limit, and a vehicle goes that distance in less time, they're speeding. If the distance is known, the speed can be calculated based on the time, or you can pre calculate a few common overages, like 5 over would take 7.3s etc.


Question: What does statistically significant mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does statistically significant mean?

It means "it's very unlikely this happened by chance". Take a coin, and throw it into the air. It can either land heads or tails. If it's a fair coin, the probabilities are 50/50. Half the time it's going to be heads, half tails. How likely are you to get heads twice in a row? 0.5 * 0.5 = 25% How likely are you to get heads 3 times in a row? 0.5 * 0.5 * 0.5 = 12.5% At some fuzzy point that's really quite arbitrary we just decide "Well, it's came up heads 100 times in a row. That's very, very unlikely to happen by chance, so it must be that the coin is rigged to fall on heads". The "p < 0.05" is just a way to say "the probability of this happening by chance is below 5%", and somebody decided that a 5% risk of being wrong because things happened to align just right is acceptable.


Question: How does toothpaste actually whiten our teeth? Does it even do that or is it just marketing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does toothpaste actually whiten our teeth? Does it even do that or is it just marketing?

If you look at the fine print of most of the whitening toothpaste, they say they "whiten" by removing stains which you would think is what toothpaste should do by default. Edit: To further clarify, most toothpaste that claim they whiten your teeth just add a stain-removal agent like baking soda to bring out the natural color of your teeth, not bleach them to actually be white.


Question: if the heart is a muscle how come it never gets tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 if the heart is a muscle how come it never gets tired?

It’s different from you skeletal muscles which you can control. The heart’s muscular tissue has special gaps between the cells that share nutrients and wastes. It is also has its own blood supply. However, if these blood vessel get blocked or rupture then the heart gets damaged and can become weaker and can become easily tired. TLDR: the heart muscle tissue is different and has special characteristics that help it not get tired.


Question: Why do modern smartphones use multiple cameras instead of one large sensor?

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 Why do modern smartphones use multiple cameras instead of one large sensor?

Cameras can only really zoom by moving their lenses. With 1 stationary lense, all you do when you zoom is crop the picture. If you use multiple lenses that are predone for different zoom levels, as you zoom, you can switch lenses to keep actual detail from being lost too much.


Question: How do scientists determine how much CO2 was in the atmosphere thousands of years ago, and to what level of certainty are they able to perform these calculations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists determine how much CO2 was in the atmosphere thousands of years ago, and to what level of certainty are they able to perform these calculations?

Ice cores. Where you drill a big hole in the ice and pull out samples. When Ice freezes, it traps tons of little air bubbles in it. These little air bubbles have the same composition of the overall atmosphere when that sections of ice froze. So, if you were to go somewhere like Antarctica, and drill down hundreds of feet, you would get to ice that formed a long long time ago, thousands and even hundreds of thousands of years for the deepest cores. You now have ice that froze a long time ago, and trapped a sample of the atmosphere from that time in it. You have a sample literally frozen in time. You can then take that to a lab and do an analysis of how much CO2, Methane, O2, and other gasses are present and compare that to levels we see today and from other younger or older ice cores. Edit: as for exactly how accurate they are I cannot say what the margin of error is. Each scientific study should report their own margin of error. But when you take an overall view over hundreds of studies and thousands of samples taken, this data is accurate enough and the best option we have to make the models and predictions we need.


Question: How is salt dissolving in water different than cocoa dissolving in water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How is salt dissolving in water different than cocoa dissolving in water?

Dissolution is permanent. Suspension is not. Dirt will turn water into mud. But given enough time, even with a lid on, dirt will either float up or likely accumulate back down with the water unaffected. Salt or sugar in water will dissolve and fill molecular spaces between water molecules. Given time nothing will change. Salt (solid NaCl) will turn into ions Na+ and Cl- in water. The only way to get back salt is to remove the water so there’s no more space for ions. That’s the main difference. Salt absolutely dissolves. Until the limit is reached and there’s not enough space in the water anymore. (Technically it’s more like there’s the same amount of salt getting dissolved as there is getting back to solid state because the enthalpy states it’s the lowest energy state). Cocoa powder like nestle quick is a mix of many things. The sugar will dissolve by the cocoa part contains fat and this will only suspend. Given time it will clog back together on the surface. But not the sugar. Long story short: if it reacts with the water, it’s dissolved. If it’s temporarily stored in water like water is store in a sponge but can easily get pushed out again, it’s suspended. If it’s neither, it floats or it’s a stone.


Question: How do sharks sense a drop of blood in water from kilometers away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do sharks sense a drop of blood in water from kilometers away?

Shark olfaction is fairly sensitive--although it varies by the species. They can detect very small amounts of a chemical within the water, which undoubtedly is advantageous for hunting. However, in order for the shark to actually detect said chemical (e.g., trace amounts of blood in the water), it needs to actually physically encounter it. So, if you cut your finger and start bleeding, it's not like sharks within 1+ kilometer distance will all start swimming towards you because they haven't actually physically encountered blood in the water. It would require a steady stream of blood leading from you to it. Another way to think about this is how we detect stars in the sky with our vision. If a star forms today, and it's 1 million light years away from earth, we won't know that the star has formed until light rays travel far enough to reach earth (i.e., 1 million years from now).


Question: How did we arrive at a 40 hour work week?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we arrive at a 40 hour work week?

Through constant struggles between workers (through unions) and employers, which currently sets it at a compromise at 40 hours. There is a pretty strong movement to reduce it further, usually 30, 32 or 35 hours, but we are not there quite yet. I suspect it will happen. Increasing automation means that we will have to decide between: * less time worked per person; * mass unemployment; * people doing "fake" or "constructed" jobs of little real value. Of those alternatives, less time seems the best.


Question: Why does explaining a joke make it so boring?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does explaining a joke make it so boring?

Part of what makes jokes funny is an element of surprise or tension. When you explain the joke (presumably they've already heard the joke in it's entirety by this point), there's no unexpected twist. You can see where the joke is headed and you know the punchline before they get to it.


Question: Why are phone cameras so bad at capturing colour as we see it, and what can be done to correct it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why are phone cameras so bad at capturing colour as we see it, and what can be done to correct it?

A phone camera, like other digital cameras, depend on lighting to produce a photo. There are settings on the phone that can be manually adjusted to change how the image will look. The human eye works differently in that it uses specialized cone and rod cells to detect light, which is used to send electrical signals to the brain and be interpreted as an image. For the phone cameras, some of the limitations of capturing an image can be due to either hardware, like the image sensors, or software. But, improvements in both can increase the likeness of a photo to its actual color.


Question: How are space and time the same thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are space and time the same thing?

Ever seen one of those flip book animations? Where you get like a stack of post-it notes, draw some image on the first one, and then on the second you draw the image shifted a little, and so on? Well, each post-it acts as a spacial dimension. No post it is a time dimension, but by flipping through them quick enough, time emerges as the transition between sheets. If you asked "how much time passed for the post-it note people"?, you could point to the thickness of the stack of sheets and say "that much time passed" We can mathematically treat that thickness that we call time, as its own type of spacial dimension


Question: if we differentiate between species by not being able to provide fertile descendents. Why do we say neanderthals were a different species from us but also say we got some of their genes via cross reproduction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 if we differentiate between species by not being able to provide fertile descendents. Why do we say neanderthals were a different species from us but also say we got some of their genes via cross reproduction?

Speciation is a gradual process that occurs as gene pools slowly drift apart. There’s no single point in time where two groups abruptly stop being able to interbreed; they just become less and less likely to produce viable offspring. The definition of species is fuzzy around the edges because gene pools themselves have no distinct edge.


Question: Why does someone ignoring you cause so much pain and anger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why does someone ignoring you cause so much pain and anger?

We wish to have the attention and approval of others, since this is obviously a survival and reproductive advantage in society. Your brain's natural response to being dismissed or ignored, then, is to motivate you to gain more social acceptance. That being said, remember that the other person's action or inaction is not what causes the emotional response,it is your own mind which causes that response, and only you can identify, analyze and control it.