Question: when a fish swallows another fish whole and alive is that uncomfortable?

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 when a fish swallows another fish whole and alive is that uncomfortable?

You're a fish. Sorry, but you've just been swallowed whole. Here's what's gonna happen... Being swallowed by a bigger fish doesn't kill you outright - just like being swallowed by a python doesn't kill you. This is because these animals lack the teeth to properly masticate their food. Rather, what kills you initially is lack of oxygen. You're a fish - you live in the water without air (you're probably thinking). Well, fish need oxygen too. They just acquire it via extraction from the water. The problem is, just as there's no air in the stomach, there's also no oxygenated water flowing. Hypoxia (the lack of oxygen) will quickly cause you to lose consciousness. In the time between when you've been swallowed and when you go to sleep, you'll be firmly hugged by the muscular walls of the stomach. It's a bit like this morning when you rolled over in bed, got tangled up in the sheets and fell off the mattress in your effort to untangle yourself. Stomach pouches are small and muscular. FNot a lot of room to fight back. In the event that you do manage to get a nip at the stomach interior, you might inflict a dull sensation of discomfort on the bigger fish, but nothing major since there's only the slower, more generalized deep pain nerve fibers that are hooked up to the internal organs. From there, a combination of being crushed from the strong muscles of the stomach and being chemically cooked from the gastric juices will begin the process of turning you into fish poop. Once you've been properly "softened" up, you'll pass on to the lower gut where you'll eventually be fermented away by the bigger fish's cecal bacteria which further aids in turning you into the stuff that the fish excretes onto my pant leg when I finally end up hooking and netting him. Source: Random internet guy


Question: Are we in control of our whole body or just the brain?

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 Are we in control of our whole body or just the brain?

This is more of a philosophical question than a biological one. Biologically, the brain sends signals to the rest of the body on how to behave. Those other areas receive the signals and act accordingly (unless the signal cannot be received - as could be the case with an amputated limb). Whether 'we' are our bodies, just a part of them (the brain), or something else entirely, is still under philosophical debate. Are people actually a "soul" or "spirit" or are they completely physical? Would I still be "me" if my brain could be transplanted into another body? Does my body make up part of who I am as a person or is it just a container?


Question: During the late 80s to mid 90s, every home computer came with their own operating system. Now almost all home computers comes with just Windows, why?

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 During the late 80s to mid 90s, every home computer came with their own operating system. Now almost all home computers comes with just Windows, why?

The short answer: because Microsoft, lead by Bill Gates, engaged in illegal anti-competitive actions to drive competitors out of business and establish a near-monopoly. They engaged in [wide-spread predatory business practices]( URL_4 ) designed to drive out direct and indirect competitors in the OS market. To give just a few examples: - Microsoft used their domination of the office suite market (Word and Excel) to sabotage their competitor DR DOS, by having their software detect when it was running under DR DOS and [falsely report that it wasn't compatible]( URL_0 ). - Microsoft used their growing monopoly power in the PC market to "negotiate" deals with PC manufacturers ("agree to our terms, or we'll stop supporting your PC") for what became effectively compulsory royalties. Royalties were tied to the number of PCs sold, not the number of Windows OS supplied. Consequently, if you bought a PC from a major brand they paid for Windows regardless of whether or not they actually supplied Windows. Of course they passed that cost on to you, the consumer, and **you still paid for Windows** even if it wasn't supplied. This ["Microsoft tax"]( URL_1 ) made it impossible for alternative OSes such as BeOS to compete even though they were much better and faster. - Microsoft partnered with IBM to develop OS/2 for servers, while secretly using the knowledge they gained to develop Windows NT as a direct competitor. Then, before OS/2 could be established in the server market, they dropped out of the partnership released NT, and used their domination of the PC market to likewise dominate the server market.^1 (Funnily enough, the early versions of OS/2 written by Microsoft were full of technical flaws which similar early versions of NT did not suffer from. It was only when IBM more or less re-wrote OS/2 themselves was it a decent server-class OS, but of course it was too late by then.) In the 1990s, the US Department of Justice [took action against Microsoft]( URL_3 ) and found that they had [acted illegally]( URL_2 ), but by the time Microsoft was found guilty, the US government under President Bush Jr lost its stomach for doing anything about it and merely gave them a slap on the wrist and made them promise to not do it again. But for a time, there was real talk about splitting Microsoft into two separate companies to break the monopoly. The longer answer would have to acknowledge the effect of non-predatory economic factors such as network effects (if all your friends used Windows, there are advantages for you to use Windows as well), piracy (software piracy helped MS DOS spread in the first place, and especially helped Excel and Word succeed against more established incumbents such as Lotus and WordPerfect), high costs of entry etc. The Dept of Justice findings of facts does a good job at explaining those as well. Nevertheless, the major reason that Microsoft dominates the OS market is that they illegally lied, cheated, sabotaged competitors and stifled innovation. We're still paying the price for that now, even though Microsoft appears to (mostly) no longer be acting in such ways, thanks to legal actions by both the US and EU threatening to break the company apart, plus the disruptive effects of the Internet. ^1 Microsoft never dominated the server market to the same degree they did the desktop. Unix and Unix-based OSes, especially Linux, continue to hold a large share of the market. But among the *DOS compatible* server market, Windows dominated.


Question: How is US the world's largest economy but still in so much debt?

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 How is US the world's largest economy but still in so much debt?

Because the US government is not like a household. That debt is not like a person's personal debt. Start by thinking about this question: where does money come from, in the first place? Which leads to realizing that the government makes it. The government makes money. But if the government just held on to that money, then what? How would people get the money they need? How would businesses function? So the government has to spend the money to get it out into the economy. It's called debt...but maybe we should call it something else? Also, Most US government debt is held in Treasury bonds, which are bought predominantly by US citizens. So, we are 'in 'debt' to ourselves.


Question: How do the kidneys and liver work together exactly?

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 How do the kidneys and liver work together exactly?

Liver works in breaking down proteins entered by food into either carbohydrates or fats (depending on your body state), and the wasteful byproducts such as ammonia are then turned into urea and released into the bloodstream, which is then filtered through the kidney and into the bladder. It should also be noted any wasteful product inside the bloodstream is also being filtered in the liver, ethanol is one of them.


Question: why does shaking the bag make tea brew faster?

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 why does shaking the bag make tea brew faster?

Shaking the bag exposes the ground up tea leaves to higher amounts of water due to the increased surface area. The mixing of the bag while inside the water also agitates the water, allowing the higher concentration of extracts to move from areas of higher concentration surrounding the teabag itself to areas of lower concentration as they disperse through the glass. Mixing the water also homogenises the waters temperature over the brew time.


Question: Does a lithium battery react better, in case of it being damaged, when fully charged or empty?

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 Does a lithium battery react better, in case of it being damaged, when fully charged or empty?

If I'm reading your question correctly, a fully discharged battery, if damaged, will not explode or vent as easily as a fully charged one. This only applies to shorts within the cell though. This is because a short permits voltage to move between the anode and cathode far faster than designed, so a catastrophic failure is likely to progress much quicker if the cell is fully charged. However, there is no difference between the two if the battery is set on fire. That's to do with the chemicals within the cell, not the charge level.


Question: Why do we commonly wake up from nightmares just before a fatal outcome?

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 Why do we commonly wake up from nightmares just before a fatal outcome?

What on *earth* are these answers? There's no common reason nor mechanism in place at all. Your body is putting itself into a state of reduced sensory and musculature output (i.e. sleep) to conserve resources and promote healing because we evolved on a world without daylight between regular intervals. Meaning it became more efficient to simply go into states of reduced activity. Same with an absolute ton of animals who go dormant at night. During which your brain, which is far more complex than every other animal, goes into a similar state of reduced output. And yet retains the *flight-or-fight* mechanisms necessary to bring it up to full wakefulness if danger is detected. It's just that your dreaming is occasionally tripping that hair-triggered system. Bringing you to a full alert state rapidly. It's not doing it on some special condition related to nightmares. You're waking up *all* the time. To something rustling outside the window. To someone shuffling in a nearby room. To someone nudging you accidently in their sleep. It's doing precisely what it's evolved to do. Wake you up if anything seems a bit *iffy*. And a dreaming brain is continually making things that are iffy.


Question: How do air conditioners cool air so fast?

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 How do air conditioners cool air so fast?

Compressing something makes it hot. Expanding it makes it cooler. So the car takes a refrigerant and compresses it to make it hot. Then it lets the air outside cool that compressed refrigerant down, since it's hotter than the hottest day. Then when you uncompress the refrigerant, instead of going from hot back to normal, you already cooled it from hot to normal with the outside, so it goes from normal to cold. Then you run the air by this and the air gets cold too.


Question: When the government "fines" a corporation for illegal/unethical practices, where does the fined money go and why does it go there?

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 When the government "fines" a corporation for illegal/unethical practices, where does the fined money go and why does it go there?

In most cases, it goes to the general fund of whatever government assessed the fine, to be spent on regular governmental expenditures. There can be exceptions, such as statutes that dedicate fines to a fund to be used for victim restitution or public education campaigns or such things, but those are much less common than just going to the general fund.


Question: Why does hot water look very cloudy in a glass yet cold water does not?

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 Why does hot water look very cloudy in a glass yet cold water does not?

Dissolved gasses fall out of solution more easily in hot water, so once they're out of the pressure of the tap and into the regular atmosphere in the cup, they pop out of the water in the form of very tiny bubbles. They're so small that it mostly just makes the glass look cloudy. Most will float to the top but as the water cools, some will re-dissolve back in to the water. This is the same reason why warm soda goes flat faster (once the container has been opened) and why you want to keep champagne chilled when you serve it.


Question: How do people come up with cocktail ideas? Is there a scientific recipe to follow such as "stimulate similar taste buds" or so?

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 How do people come up with cocktail ideas? Is there a scientific recipe to follow such as "stimulate similar taste buds" or so?

You have an idea, slap some shit together, try it, and see if it matches any of these four criteria: 1) did you die? 2) does it taste bad? 3) does it have any bad effects? 4) is it prohibitively expensive? If it doesnt, then well done! You've concocted your own contribution to the world of hundreds of thousands of obscure recipies. Basically, there is no specific "way" to make a recipe; it's all just mixing stuff and a bit of guesswork.


Question: Why are dodgy websites rigged to redirect you to arbitrary webpages depending on where you click? Are they just ads? Do the number of clicks benefit the website or its revenue somehow?

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 Why are dodgy websites rigged to redirect you to arbitrary webpages depending on where you click? Are they just ads? Do the number of clicks benefit the website or its revenue somehow?

So it depends. For legitimate ads then yes the website can be paid per click, so the more people it gets to click on the ads the more revenue it potentially makes. For non legitimate sites or dodgy sites they could be sending you even more dodgy websites where malware or other malicious code can be injected, for example key loggers, activity trackers etc. How does clicking on a link to a website give you a virus? Well there are several methods but one of the simplest is that each time you open a webpage it downloads some data to help it run. If it's a dodgy website then it can embeds malicious code in the portion that is downloaded. This is a simple answer to a complicated topic but hope it gives an overview.


Question: why do downloads occur at faster rates along the download process?

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 why do downloads occur at faster rates along the download process?

Downloads are done over the TCP protocol, and TCP gradually ramps up the speed until it finds how fast things can go. When you're downloading something you're constantly sending confirmations of "yeah, I got this bit" to the source, and the source throttles things down if confirmations stop arriving in a timely manner. Things also start quiet and gradually ramp up, until the system finds the maximum speed that works.


Question: Why does it help to eat bread after eating spicy foods?

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 Why does it help to eat bread after eating spicy foods?

The spiciness of spicy foods is typically found in an oil contained in the spicy food. Bread helps absorb the spicy oil. Milk helps to neutralize it. Being oil based, this is why drinking water doesn't help - water will just pass over the oils at best, or spread it around further at worst.


Question: Why does sleeping for a long time make you feel tired and groggy?

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 Why does sleeping for a long time make you feel tired and groggy?

Your body has a natural cycle referred to as circadian rhythm. If you do anything to throw it off, you can feel out of it. This includes sleeping longer than normal, and stuff like traveling time zones. When your body isn't a synched up to the activities you want to be doing, you won't feel at peak performance.


Question: If sodium helps retain water in your body, why does it make you thirsty?

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 If sodium helps retain water in your body, why does it make you thirsty?

Because sodium, or high concentrations of sodium, attract water through osmosis. When the sodium is inside your body that’s fine, is helps you retain water and absorb new water. But when that sodium is in your mouth/on your tongue, it doesn’t the opposite because it’s actually pulling moisture out of your tongue/mouth. Since the sodium is still on the outside of your body. Sure most that moisture might get swallowed along with the salty food, but it still leaves your mouth drier than normal.


Question: How does an eraser removes pencil markings?

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 How does an eraser removes pencil markings?

The second part of your question is the critical part. The eraser works by abrading away the top layer of paper. That's where most of the pencil graphite has been deposited by the pencil, and rubbing it away (along with bits of the rubber eraser itself) effectively removes the writing from the paper. Do it too much and you'll get a hole in the paper, though. I'm sure other things will do the job too. It needs to be soft enough to just take off a little of the paper at a time. I suspect you could do it with some fine grit sandpaper, for example.


Question: Why drill instructor in the army never stop screaming at recruit in the army?

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 Why drill instructor in the army never stop screaming at recruit in the army?

> What's the point of screaming at people like that? It is intended to rattle the recruits mentally, making them feel like they are incapable and useless. The idea is to break their self-esteem and then the group will be given tasks where the support of the entire unit is necessary to succeed. To drive the point home they will often employ collective punishment so every recruit has an interest in making sure their peers succeed. All this has the goal of making the resulting soldiers psychologically dependent upon the military and their comrades. By creating this bond through surviving abuse it puts the soldiers in a better position to be confident in the support of their peers during combat, and for those peers to run into danger in the support of their comrades. Such a technique makes great soldiers. It also arguably seriously messes people up when they get out of the military because in essence they have been psychologically abused to foster a bond with the military culture. Ex-military basically have a version of battered woman syndrome and need to relearn individuality and self-confidence outside of the military.


Question: What makes me like/dislike certain types of music? Why is there no general consens on "acoustic beauty"?

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 What makes me like/dislike certain types of music? Why is there no general consens on "acoustic beauty"?

There are things generally regarded as pleasant sounding and things generally regarded as unpleasant sounding. You do not have radio stations playing recordings of a nail scratched on a chalkboard. Music is generally within a fairly narrow band of all possible sounds. You just assume that music will fit within that band, so you are judging how varied music is within that band - not comparing it to all possible sounds.


Question: Why do remotes starting working again once you hit them?

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 Why do remotes starting working again once you hit them?

One working theory is that oxidation forms on the battery contacts which causes a poor connection. By hitting the remote it causes the batteries to change position slightly and causes the contacts to rub against the batteries like sandpaper, cleaning the contacts. This is the same reason blowing into the classic Nintendo cartridge causes it to work. It actually has nothing to do with the blowing, it's merely the fact that removing and re-inserting the cartridge cleans off the oxidization layer on the contacts.


Question: What does "Buy the rumor sell the news" mean?

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 What does "Buy the rumor sell the news" mean?

In the world of speculative investment, stock prices often rally on hype well before any actual news releases. To make the best returns, you buy when the hype is building and sell before the news that everyone expects actually drops. Since everyone expected the news, when they finally get it there’s often lackluster price movement. This has been quite pronounced in the market this year - companies beat their earnings estimates and then the stock price tanks because overhyped “investors” were already assuming even greater blowout earnings.


Question: How are people able to port entire games to Minecraft?

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 How are people able to port entire games to Minecraft?

Minecraft has two gameplay modes, survival (where you have to gather resources to build) and creative (you have unlimited resources) so obviously this was done in creative. Minecraft has a very basic 'electrical' system which can be used to build logic gates. This is called 'redstone'. Minecraft also has 'command blocks' which allow programming (e.g. to change a certain block to a black block when it receives a signal). Essentially the game wasn't ported to Minecraft but painstakingly rebuilt over a very long time period.


Question: If I work a lot of overtime, do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?

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 If I work a lot of overtime, do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?

Yes (to your title question of "do I still get more money even though I'm taxed more?"). Lets compare you (working more) to your coworker (working less): - You and your coworker *both* get taxed at lets just say 15% on the first $50,000 you earn - you both pay $7500 in taxes so you bring home $42,500. - You work overtime throughout the year and earn an *additional* $10,000, now because your total income went over $50k, you go up to the next tax bracket - **however, this bracket only affects money earned beyond that $50k**. So you pay 20% on the extra $10,000 earned - or $2,000 meaning you bring home an additional $8,000. In the above scenario, the extra $10k you earned caused your *tax bracket* to go up, **however, it does not affect what you would've paid in taxes if you didn't work any overtime**. So your total take-home pay is the $42,500 you would've normally had, **plus** an additional $8,000 you earned in overtime (for the above scenario), for $50,500 total vs the $42,500 your coworker brought home. So yes, your tax bracket went up but brackets **only affect the money you earn after reaching each bracket**.


Question: Why do non-clinical people (receptionists, etc.) in doctor’s offices wear scrubs?

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 Why do non-clinical people (receptionists, etc.) in doctor’s offices wear scrubs?

People in reception, particularly in small offices, may wear a variety of hats during the day. Just because they are in reception at that moment doesn't mean they can't do other things where scrubs may be helpful. But primarily it becomes a uniform. Most of the other people working there wear scrubs so wearing them becomes a way to recognize an employee and show a uniformity of image.


Question: what causes the dark “eye bags” when we are tired?

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 what causes the dark “eye bags” when we are tired?

The skin underneath your eyes is thin and covers muscles, fatty tissue and blood vessels. Dark circles are the result of light being reflected back from blood vessels sitting just below the skin's surface. ... As to why they're more prominent when you're tired, it's because your blood vessels increase in size. -Google


Question: Sleep deprivation - If you have a sleepless night and then proceed to get the recommended 7.5 hours of sleep the following days, for how long will you be in a sleep deprivation?

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 Sleep deprivation - If you have a sleepless night and then proceed to get the recommended 7.5 hours of sleep the following days, for how long will you be in a sleep deprivation?

We just talked about this in my psychology class today. There's a case study about this guy who, as a high school student, wanted to break the record of longest number of days without sleep (which was 11 days at the time). He made it 12 days, probably with some "micro sleeps" here and there. He suffered all kinds of side effects, from headaches to irritability to hallucinations and more. When he finished, he slept about 12 hours a night for three or four nights and was right back to normal with no lasting effects and was able to go back to a regular sleep schedule. So really the idea of your body having to catch up isn't completely accurate. Your body just needs sleep in general to function properly and consolidate memories/repair itself. If you have one sleepless night you'll probably have a rough day, but if you get the recommended amount of sleep the following night you should be right back on track.


Question: What's the idea behind the Christian concept of God's perfect will and God's permissive will?

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 What's the idea behind the Christian concept of God's perfect will and God's permissive will?

God's perfect will is for every human to be saved from the torment that demons and fallen angels will go through for their willfull a/o evil rebellion. Angels were there at the time of humans' creation, which means they possess higher knowledge, and have been in the presence of God. For them to doubt God means that they did it not out of ignorance like us humans, but out of pure rebellion and evil. God's permissive will is allowing people to choose for themselves instead of forcing His own perfect will on humans which will result in having slaves and mind-numbed humans, making the relationship one-sided and fake. People perish just by ignorance. Us sinning can be tied down to ignorance because we don't know just how serious the weight of sin is. All in all, God has humans best interest at heart, yet He's "limited" by how much we truly seek Him, even though He possesses the absolute power to override this. But like I said in the beginning, the freedom of choosing for ourselves is something He instilled on every single human being. He wants people to choose Him. Hopefully I didn't sound too preachy. I tried my best to explain some things that people misunderstand or simply don't know. Shoot whatever question you may have at me.


Question: Why does it hurt to warm up cold skin? Does it burn easier than warm skin?

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 Why does it hurt to warm up cold skin? Does it burn easier than warm skin?

When you grow cold, your veins near the surface constrict to reduce blood flow. This prevents the blood from transporting too much body heat near the surface where it is lost and bringing cold blood into your core cooling it down. This also decreases oxygen and glucose deliveries to your surface tissues, including your nerves. When you warm up quickly, your veins dilate rather quickly and quickly bring your nerves back online. All of your nerves becoming sensitive again at the same time is something you can definitely feel.


Question: Assuming you know every location of every little blood vessel in your body - would it be possible to cut yourself right between them to create an open wound that doesn't bleed?

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 Assuming you know every location of every little blood vessel in your body - would it be possible to cut yourself right between them to create an open wound that doesn't bleed?

No, your blood vessels divide into smaller vessels, into capillaries. Its like an almost infinite tree, the smallest capillaries are only a few cells wide. The distance between adjacent capillaries is less than a hundredth of a millimetre. They also overlap. Imagine like tree roots. You couldn't cut a trench through a forest without cutting at least one tiny root.


Question: Why does it seem that U.S. construction projects, roadwork, etc. take so long to complete while in other countries it appears to be much shorter?

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 Why does it seem that U.S. construction projects, roadwork, etc. take so long to complete while in other countries it appears to be much shorter?

My dad is a project manager for a developer. I asked him this question a few weeks ago. Here's what he said: I would think it is a combination of a lot of the items the article mentioned plus many other items. There is a current lack of skilled labor which is forcing contractors to work overtime to complete projects. Also, our government regulations and review, paperwork processes keeps getting worse. The states control many of these projects but they have to meet federal guidelines to get federal funds. Double government control. Double the paperwork to get plans approved and get paid. Doesn’t help. (I have a small project right now for 1000’ of new city sewer. I need Delaware City, Delaware County, Orange Township, Army Corp of Engineers, and OhioEPA approval. And I’m paying for the work, no government funds.) One thing that was mentioned many years ago. Public projects here are awarded to the lowest bidder because of the government. However, in much of Europe and Japan, they are awarded to bidders who provides best warranty. More care taken to complete work and much less work needed to make changes because you can reuse existing base. May cost more to build initially in Europe, but much lower costs in future. Low bidder here figures they will make it up on changes. In US, we don’t care because we will just replace it… Lower bidder has to make profit so they hire lower skilled and less productive. There is a culture growing in construction trades to care less about others work. Trade A (electrician) doesn’t care about another Trade B(plumber)'s work. If Trade B does something that is in way of Trade A, they just cut through it and then don’t tell anyone. Eventually Trade A has to come back and fix. And at end of day, they don’t finish what they are doing, they just leave. Then next day they have to inevitably rework some portion of work they did yesterday. And I think our geography may play a role. Workers have to travel further because we are much more spread out. Makes for unhappy workers which equals unproductive workers.


Question: () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

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 () Why is the Position Control Center phone number a regular 10 digit phone number when it's an emergency number? (In the US)

If the poison was bad enough for an extra 7 digits to be really dangerous, you should be calling 911 anyway to get an ambulance. Poison control is generally more for when you are unsure if a substance is poisonous or not, or if you know it’s not that dangerous but still want to know the treatment. Not for emergencies.


Question: How does the emotion of fear lead to the emotion of anger?

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 How does the emotion of fear lead to the emotion of anger?

Emotions are like shortcuts to certain behaviors that are meant to help you deal with the situations that trigger them. Fear helps keep you safe in potentially dangerous situations by encouraging behaviors meant to extract you from those situations. Anger is a response to unresolvable problems that can help you break through whatever barriers are in the way preventing you from figuring out a solution to the problem, which is why people are often more motivated to act in general and more likely to resort to reckless or violent behaviors when angry. If you are unable to resolve the situation that is making you afraid, this can result in an anger response.


Question: How does insulin price gouging work? Shouldn't competitors be interested in selling for $1 less until it gets close to actual cost?

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 How does insulin price gouging work? Shouldn't competitors be interested in selling for $1 less until it gets close to actual cost?

You're assuming insulin is insulin. Unlike aspirin which is aspirin, the different insulins on the market are not all the same, and what works well for one person may not work well for another. (Chemically they are different). There are widely available, *relatively* cheap insulins on the market, but they might be too fast/slow acting, require too frequent injections e.t.c. If the only insulin that works well for you is a relatively recent one still under patent, then you're at the mercy of whatever the manufacturer wants to charge.


Question: How was the first TV made?

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</answer>
 How was the first TV made?

An invention like the TV sounds like it had to have been made deliberately, but in reality, for the most part, these things end up with someone wanting to do something, and looking for what parts they know they might need, and only really invent the few bridging pieces, and the specific assembly of pieces. In the case of a TV, for instance, if we have the technology to make an electron-sensitive substance that reacts to having an electron thrown through it, and will react in a different intensity with how many electrons hit it, you then have the basis for a monochromatic image. We already knew that electrons are affected by electromagnets, and we knew how to make a variable strength electromagnet. We just needed a way to spread the particles (electrons) in exactly the right pattern, which is the right invention, and that was nothing more than setting out with a goal, and a lot, A LOT of trial and error. The invention of a TV likely predates what you think of as "the TV", though, as a TV is mainly a CRT monitor with an input source that is easy to modulate at will to display a movie or a TV show. EDIT: For whatever reason, I thought it was photons, when I actually knew it was electrons. Replaced every mention of the former by the latter to not be inaccurate.


Question: How did the earth heat up since the last ice age?

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 How did the earth heat up since the last ice age?

There are all sorts of factors that can change global temperatures naturally. Large, sustained Volcanic writings on a region, changing solar intensity, orbital shifts, etc. These do not inform our policy or at least should not. Evidence of global temperature shifts do show that the Earth has been much warmer, and Much cooler than it is now. However these shifts occurred over thousands of years, not simply the current shift. The temperature shift that had occurred over the last 50 years would normally take several thousand years. So those individuals that claim it's okay, because it's happened naturally are missing the point. It's the *rate* that has scientists concerned. And our understanding of the changes it will create. With Earth only 4 C cooler glaciers 300-1000 ft thick reached as far south as Boston. 4 C Warmer and the Ice caps were smaller, ocean levels higher that Florida would be submerged. This means people will need to move, crops relocated as weather patterns shift, etc. We are projected to hit 2 C easily within decades.


Question: Why is Jewelry and Antiques Placed on Velvet and Not Other Fabrics?

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 Why is Jewelry and Antiques Placed on Velvet and Not Other Fabrics?

Velvet photographs better when trying to capture something that sparkles. Most other fabrics will seem faded when you use a flash. Velvet stays as black as you see it with the naked eye. On or off film it makes things pop more. Velvet is actually really bad to have around antiques that can scratch.


Question: What is/is there anything outside of space?

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 What is/is there anything outside of space?

Im in no way professionally educated in this so take what I say with a grain of salt. So, the short answer is that we don't really know, but we have hypotheses. You described going in one direction, and ending up where you started, similarly to travelling on Earth. This is indeed one of the possibilities of how our universe is built. This would mean that the fabric of space "bends" so to say, much like the curvature of the Earth "bends" the land so that it meets up with itself. This means that traversing our universe would follow the same logic as travelling on Earth. The thing is, on our Earth, we move two dimensionally, as in North, South, East and West, even though the planet is a 3-dimensional object (ie. moving on a sphere's 2 dimensional surface). On Earth you cannot move in the third dimension (up) and end up in the same place again. In space though, you can move in any 3-D direction, which rules out our universe being shaped like a sphere. Instead, we have to think one dimension bigger, a hypersphere. Id recommend you google the shape of a hypersphere. Basically it's a 4-dimensional object with a 3-dimensional surface, in the same way that a 3-dimensional sphere has a 2-D surface. It would allow us to travel in any direction and end up back where we started. Answering what is "outside" our universe is pretty much just conjecture. The first question we need to ask is whether our universe is infinite or not, or whether there are alternate universes right next to ours, yadda, yadda. We don't really know. But we do know that our universe is expanding, so what is it expanding into? The answer is that it is most likely expanding into itself. Much like a fractal. Even if our universe is infinite, it can still expand, since some infinities can be bigger than others. For example, all numbers greater and lesser than 0 being a bigger infinity than just all numbers greater than 0. Sorry I dont have a super concrete answer, but honestly, that's probs something this question will never really have. I could recommend a youtube channel called PBS Space Time.


Question: If the Russians kept beating the US in the early space race, what kept them from reaching the moon first?

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 If the Russians kept beating the US in the early space race, what kept them from reaching the moon first?

The US saw it as matter of national pride. They were worried that if Russia beat them to the moon (the last "easy" space challenge), they'd forever claim superiority. So America pulled out its chequebook. It spent $25bn on the Apollo programme (a massive amount for the time). It managed to mobilise resources and expertise faster than the Russians at this.


Question: how do sharpening knives work?

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 how do sharpening knives work?

When a knife is used, the edge accumulates damage over time by either chipping off or bending over to a side. When you use a rod on a knife, you're just pushing all the bits that are bent back towards the center. There won't be an impact to any parts of the blade that are chipped. When you sharpen a knife, you're removing material from the edge to create a new edge. If there are any bits of the blade that are chipped, they'll be removed via the sharpening process.


Question: What is wet bulb temperature?

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 What is wet bulb temperature?

For water to evaporate it requires heat energy. When heat energy moves to the water, it lowers the temperature of the surrounding objects (this is why wet clothing feels cold, or why alcohol rubbed on your skin feels cold). A wet bulb is a thermometer that has a wet cloth wrapped around it (the cloth wicks water from a reservoir, allowing water to constantly evaporate and chill it. They're used to measure the wind chill (which is reported as a "feels like" temperature in cooler weather).


Question: Why is space in our solar system cold, but the planets are warm?

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 Why is space in our solar system cold, but the planets are warm?

Heat moves from one place to another through three methods: 1. Conduction - hot atoms hit less hot atoms and transfer their heat from the hot atoms to the less hot atoms, which hit other atoms transferring their heat continually. 2. Convection - hot atoms physically displace colder atoms 3. Radiation - heat in the form of photons are emitted from a hot object, which travel through space until they hit another object, making it warmer. In space, where there are very few atoms, options #1 and #2 don't happen, leaving only option #3. But option #3 requires there to be something for the photons to hit to warm up. This is why planets (which are struct by the photons emitted by the sun) warm up but the space in between (which has nothing to heat up) is cold. Interestingly, because of this, one of the main considerations of space craft is how to get rid of excess heat. Even though space is "cold" it has no medium by which you can easily move heat from one place to another. TL;DR "space" is cold because it is devoid of anything to be hot to begin with.


Question: Why cant you flush normal toilet paper but instead have to buy flushable wipes?

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 Why cant you flush normal toilet paper but instead have to buy flushable wipes?

If you are somewhere where you can't flush normal toilet paper, then you definitely can't flush "flushable" wipes. Toilet paper breaks down much easier than wipes do, and so if the sewer system where you are is so fragile that it can't handle normal toilet paper, then don't even think about wipes.


Question: How do emails know where to go?

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 How do emails know where to go?

DNS (Domain Name Service) is mainly used to translate domain names ("[ URL_0 ](https:// URL_0 /)") into IP addresses ([151.101.129.140]( URL_2 )), it also contains so-called MX records (Mail eXchange records) that contain information about which server is supposed to receive mail for addresses that end in @ URL_0 . Then, when you log into your Google Mail account and type a mail to someone with a "[ URL_0 ](https:// URL_0 )" mail address, the Google server checks the DNS for URL_0 , finds out the IP address in the MX record for Reddit, and then connects to that server and says "Hey, I'm the mail server for @gmail.com and my user party\_in\_my\_head just sent this mail for `someone` @ URL_0 , here it is", and the reddit mail server then puts it into the recipient's mailbox.


Question: Sometimes i don't touch my phone screen, like hover really close to it, but it still registers as a touch, why?

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 Sometimes i don't touch my phone screen, like hover really close to it, but it still registers as a touch, why?

To answer this question, we have to understand how touch screens work. 99% of touch screens you encounter use a *capacitive* system. There's also a *resistive* system, but those have many disadvantages, like only being able to register one touch at a time. So, the way a capacitive screen works is pretty straightforward. There is a layer of glass in front of the actual LCD, which is the touch sensor. On this glass there's two more layers of transparent, electrically conductive ink. One layer has lines going horizontal, and the other goes vertical. They layer into a grid. Now, these lines are given an electrical charge. Where the lines intersect, electrons build up. These intersections function like lots and lots of tiny capacitors. They store a small amount of electric charge, and the electronics controlling the sensor can detect how much charge is being stored at these points. When you touch the screen, your finger influences the amount of charge that can be stored in these cells. The free electrons drain away from the screen and into your body. The control electronics register this loss of charge and report to the operating system that there is a touch at this particular X and Y coordinate. As to why it will register your finger very close to the screen, but not touching, it doesn't really know the difference. Electric charge can transfer through air. You can easily build a capacitor with two metal plates and just empty air in between. It is a very bad capacitor, and it can't store much charge, but it does work. The way capacitive sensors work is by your body creating a capacitor with the sensor. The device can measure the *change* produced by this. Since it's only detecting slight changes in the capacitors on the glass, the small amount of capacitance added by holding your finger very close to the glass is enough to trip the sensor. And that's why you have to hold your finger so very close to the screen, the air doesn't provide for a very good capacitor, so you have to make the distance very small to get a measurable change.


Question: Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

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 Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

The answer is, it shouldn't really. You have several types of taste receptors. The "sweet" receptors are on the lookout for sugars, which are organic molecules (read: mostly carbon based and so not made from metallic elements). On the other hand, your "sour" receptors sense changes in H^+ concentration (though strangely, they sense the concentration INSIDE the receptor, so the acid molecule must first get in the cell). As you can imagine, metallic ions aren't going to activate either of those. If anything, metallic salts (apart from table salt, NaCl) tend to taste quite bitter (though I wouldn't recommend you try - they also tend to be quite poisonous). This leads to the conclusion that what you're tasting is not metal, and so whatever you're licking is probably not totally clean. Source: UK Med student who just had lectures on the 5 senses


Question: Why did humans grow throughout history and will they continue to?

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 Why did humans grow throughout history and will they continue to?

They haven't grown throughout history. They grow in response to nutritional supply and access to food, also with what is desirable. Homo Erectus and Homo Neanderthalenthis and the early Homo Sapiens were all relatively tall, standing around the current height of a Western Male (approximately 6'+). It was only with people congregating and food not being as easily accessible that humans began to shrink, hence why during the Middle Ages when there wasn't a huge surplus of food the height shrank. And in all likelihood human height will continue to fluctuate widely.