Question: Why are policy makers obsessed with economic growth? What about in countries where population has naturally plateaued or is in decline? Why is it reasonable to expect growth ad infinitum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are policy makers obsessed with economic growth? What about in countries where population has naturally plateaued or is in decline? Why is it reasonable to expect growth ad infinitum?

Because of technological and other advancements in development. Economic growth means improvement in our standard of living. 25 years ago, few middle-class families had cell phones or internet. 50 years ago, many didn't have air conditioning or a clothes dryer. 80 years ago, you might not have had a washing machine, a refrigerator, or a car. Today, that family spends thousands of dollars a year on such things. That money doesn't just come from thin air, it is the result of economic growth that makes people more wealthy than they were in the past.


Question: Why can't advertisers just buy space on a website from the host, and effectively avoid ad-blocker that way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't advertisers just buy space on a website from the host, and effectively avoid ad-blocker that way?

For large websites, to display all of the advertisers that request this would require constant updating. Also, when advertisers use Google’s ad service, they advertise on multiple websites. They would have to pay one website to display their ad instead of paying to display their ad on multiple, which will result in a larger outreach. Therefore, the loss from a very few amount of users is little compared to the difference between the amount of users seeing their ad if it is projected on many websites instead of just one.


Question: How do iPhones fake Taptic feedback buttons feel so real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do iPhones fake Taptic feedback buttons feel so real?

Your phone vibrates a bit when you push the button. It does one oscillation (there's a very tiny motor with an unbalanced weight that spins only once around for each click). Your phone, being a computer, is exceptionally fast at reacting. Your hands, being made of meat, are not nearly as fast at detecting. To your brain (which already messes with your perception to compensate for nerve lag), it can't consciously distinguish any disparity between a mechanical click and the artificial one. Your own expectations that it will click make the illusion even harder to break.


Question: How does free trade agreements protect local market?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does free trade agreements protect local market?

Free trade agreements are the opposite of "protecting" local markets. A free trade agreement allows goods to cross borders untaxed, so that foreign goods and domestic goods can compete on a (somewhat) even field. If the domestic market can't compete, because it cannot produce as cheaply, then the domestic products will sell fewer units and lose money. Protecting markets means adding tariffs or quotas to foreign goods to artificially raise their prices, so that the domestic goods are cheaper by comparison.


Question: Why do drugs like SSRI/SNRI take so long to have an effect on brain chemistry? (1 week-1 month)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do drugs like SSRI/SNRI take so long to have an effect on brain chemistry? (1 week-1 month)

There are a lot of mechanisms built into the blood-brain interface to protect the brain from dangerous chemicals you might ingest. To bypass this a chemical needs to be sneaky, like cocaine or nicotine, or it needs to be patient. The sneaky chemicals shoot up and then crash down, sorta the effect SSRIs are trying to avoid. So SSRI engineers take a patient build-up strategy to be effective.


Question: why do RBC need energy/ATP?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do RBC need energy/ATP?

That's a really good question that nobody ever talked about throughout all of my time in school. From what I've found online ATP is used to maintain the RBCs structural integrity. They have a really unique shape (biconcave disc) and in order to maintain that shape they need to pump ions (salt, calcium, potassium) in and out. These pumps require energy to run. Imagine you have a waterbaloon with holes in it. The water is leaking out of the balloon, but there's no way to patch the holes. As the water leaks, the balloon changes shape and deflates. Instead of patching the leaks, you can keep bringing more water back into the balloon and it will hold it's shape. These pumps take energy to run and that's basically why RBCs need ATP.


Question: How were the lights synchronized in Lady Gaga's halftime show?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the lights synchronized in Lady Gaga's halftime show?

The drones use Intel's realsense technology combined with infrared LEDs, allowing the drones to know where each other are and form a sort of wireless mesh network. Once the drones know where they are and where they are supposed to be, you can program them. Example of drone formation from 5 years ago: URL_0


Question: How are 3D movies filmed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are 3D movies filmed?

Most of the time, they have a special camera with two lenses that it records simultaneously (one for the left eye, one for the right). Some films that wanted to add 3D as a gimmick were shot in 2D and then modified in post-production to add 3Ds (where artists modified the original shot to create a left and right eye version).


Question: Why is different kind of beers served in different kinds of glasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is different kind of beers served in different kinds of glasses?

Much the same reason wine is served in different glasses. Glass shape and size changes how aromas are presented to your nose. Smell is a huge part in the taste of things. Hops is very aromatic and the type of beer has different volatile compounds from the type of yeast used in fermentation that affect the flavor and smell.


Question: How do dressmakers/tailors make garments bigger or take them out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do dressmakers/tailors make garments bigger or take them out?

Clothes are made from several pieces seamed together. Seams are usually created by folding the edges of the pieces over in a complicated way and sewed over. The way the pieces are folded on the edges depeond on what kind of seam you want to create (hold firmly / have a little flexibility / comfort on the inside / plethora of other parameters ... ). When taylor makes the clothes bigger he cuts the thread and undoes the seam. then he refolds it a bit differently. There is almost always a bit more cloth in the seam than is necessery so the taylor can fold the seam in such way that the clothes would be bigger. If there is not enough material the taylor can put a wedge of material in between the pieces. So at first there was cloth - seam - cloth, now there would be cloth - seam - added material - seam - cloth.


Question: How do some companies have authority to sell and manage internet domains when the internet isn't owned by anyone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some companies have authority to sell and manage internet domains when the internet isn't owned by anyone?

So, every device that accesses the internet, be it a server, a computer, a cellphone, etc, has a numerical address. If you knew the numerical address of a website, you could reach that website through the numerical address. The trouble is that numerical addresses aren't very convenient. So in 1983 a service called DNS (Domain Name System) was created. Basically, DNS is a great big database of numerical addresses with corresponding web addresses. So when you type in URL_0 it takes you to Reddit, and you don't need to know Reddit's numerical address. Companies that sell a domain name aren't selling you part of the internet. They are registering your domain in DNS. There's a non-profit organization called ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) that takes care of DNS, and they allow third party companies to register websites in DNS. The companies pay ICANN a fee to be able to provide this service, and they charge their customers to pass on the fee. Does that help?


Question: What exactly makes something a vitamin and how did they get their names (C, B6, B12, E, etc)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly makes something a vitamin and how did they get their names (C, B6, B12, E, etc)?

Vitamins are small organic molecules that we need in tiny amounts in our diet. So for example amino acids are not vitamins because we need large amounts of them. Sodium is not a vitamin because it is inorganic. As for the name, basically they were lettered in order we realised their existence. However knowledge was incomplete (and may still be incomplete) so it turns out that what we thought was one single vitamin (B) was in fact a complex of several closely related substances, so those got numbered. Some of them were originally vitamins G-J, hence the sudden jump to vitamin K. Others were found to be non-essential and dropped.


Question: People can repress memories of traumatic events in their life. How do therapists uncover those memories? Also, if the brain can create fake/distorted memories, how do doctors know the repressed memory is real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 People can repress memories of traumatic events in their life. How do therapists uncover those memories? Also, if the brain can create fake/distorted memories, how do doctors know the repressed memory is real?

They're not real. Therapists "uncover" these memories by planting the suggestions and encouraging it. Human memory is very fallible. It's easy to implant memories in people. The whole 'repressing memories' not so much. Implanting though, yes. A psychologist named Dr. Loftus is a pioneer in memory research. She did experiments in which people had an experience suggested to them and they integrated it into their memories and later swore it had really happened to them. It hadn't. Pretty much all of the 'recovered memories of sexual abuse' have turned out to be fake, implanted by therapists. A bunch have recanted, others proved wrong (impossible based on time, etc.).


Question: How does Thermal Imaging work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Thermal Imaging work?

Heat sources emit electromagnetic radiation with a frequency respecting to their temperature. The visible spectrum of EM radiation ranges from red to violet. The sun's surface is about 5000 Kelvin hot and our eyes happen to see this light. Infrared means that the frequency of the EM radiation coming from an object is below the visible specrum due to lower temperature than the sun, anyway it can still be detected and it's frequency measured pretty accurately. But How do we get a picture we CAN see? Like digital cameras have light sensitive chips that render visible light directly to true red- green- and blue information in their memory, we can build a chip that detects light of lower frequency and renders it to any other colour and intensity value in real time. It's just a microchip doing real time calculus, mapping the gathered frequency and intensity information to another color map we can display and see.


Question: Why does everyone believe that Social Security will run out in the future?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone believe that Social Security will run out in the future?

Demographics. Social security is not a form of banking. Money from younger workers goes to older workers. The money younger workers "pay in" has long been spent when they retire. Today in the US people are living longer, and thus getting SS longer. They are also having fewer children (== workers) to pay taxes for their retirement. The only reason the SS system hasn't already run out of money is that younger immigrants are moving to the US in high numbers, including some illegally, and then their pay is being taxed to fund retirees SS payments.


Question: why can't other species talk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why can't other species talk?

Well. They can! We just can't understand it without a lot of study. I want you to think on what the first words of humanity may have sounded like. With no language, no translation, and big brain. Our first words were probably just screaming and whimpering. A bunch of humans together and one noticed a LION! Scream and point! Do that enough times and you have the word for lion. Other intelligent animals already speak and communicate in there own way. Dolphins squeek at high frequency and it sounds like just noise, but they can coordinate well enough to literally Hurd fish into groups and create big enough waves to force them into shallow water with teamwork. Apes and monies don't need to be too vocal unless they are far away. So they will communicate by body language and other things.


Question: Christina Koch returned from a 328 mission aboard the ISS. In college we learned that she would not experience time the same as us on earth over the 328 days. How can this be true and by how much younger would she be than you or I?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Christina Koch returned from a 328 mission aboard the ISS. In college we learned that she would not experience time the same as us on earth over the 328 days. How can this be true and by how much younger would she be than you or I?

The ISS experiences about 0.007 seconds less time for ever 6 months. Or about 14 milliseconds a year. It all stems from the speed of light being the same in all reference frames. Normally if you run in the same direction as a bicyclist is cycling they will seem slower, and if you run in the opposite direction, they will seem faster. This isn't true with the hard cap on lights speed. If you run toward light or away from some massless particle at light speed, it doesn't go faster or slower. So while that car going 20mph is going 25 mph relative to you if you run at it 5mph, and it is only going 15mph relative to you if you try and Chase it, light will always be going light speed no matter how fast you Chase it or run from it The only way this can happen is if time itself is happening differently for both you and that massless light This has been confirmed as real and not math errors, as gps systems and the like need to account for it to work, otherwise they're off. I'm sorry I didn't do a great job, I just don't think there's a truly eli5 way for this. You just have to accept some stuff because the human experience has no real reference for near lightspeed so it doesn't make sense to our brains. It's like trying to tell a turtle that's only ever lived in a sheltered cave about how when you run really fast you have to take wind resistance into account, but it doesn't really matter if you're just plodding along. He will have no real experience with it.


Question: Why 33hz frequency is called "The frequency of the Great Pyramid" and what's so special about it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why 33hz frequency is called "The frequency of the Great Pyramid" and what's so special about it?

The pseudohistory industry regularly makes up things like these. Their target audience is a community of scientifically illiterate, gullible but also selectively skeptical people who enjoy fiction that's sold to them as factual. "Resonance" is a big theme that ties into Numerology and Spirituality. Making up that 33hz is "The frequency of the Great Pyramid" sounds scientific enough for their audience, but it's really just a collection of words that doesn't mean anything.


Question: Why is it harder to keep your balance you close our eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it harder to keep your balance you close our eyes?

There are 3 systems involved in maintaining balance. * Vestibular (Inside your ear there's fluid which kind of acts like a bubble level. Telling you when you're not leveled in a direction) * Somatosensory (A bunch of sensors in the skin, tendons, ligaments, and muscles which tells the brain what's going on. Imagine the feeling when you feel your foot about to slip off of something. The sensors are telling the body somethings about to move) * Visual (Your eyes look at the world around you and figure out where you are in relation to everything else.) Visual is the most important component in this system. Which is the reason it's hard to balance when you close your eyes. Without vision, you rely on somatosensory and vestibular systems to balance. Which is enough to balance, however they're usually not as well trained, and thus your ability to balance decreases. [Here's a video showing how important vision is for balance, especially in children!] ( URL_0 )


Question: Why is the floor considered ‘dirty’ from a microbial perspective? Isn’t it a poor environment for growth with no water or nutrients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the floor considered ‘dirty’ from a microbial perspective? Isn’t it a poor environment for growth with no water or nutrients?

Bacteria can live for a short time on the floor and it's considered that you walk on there so you drag new ones from the outside. Also dust settles on the floor after falling from objects and as it's mostly skin cells the bacteria aren't totally out of food (also dust is bad on it's own)


Question: How is new space created as the universe expands? Einstein discovered that empty space is not nothing, so what is responsible for new space appearing into existence, when energy and matter cannot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is new space created as the universe expands? Einstein discovered that empty space is not nothing, so what is responsible for new space appearing into existence, when energy and matter cannot?

Think of it like a balloon of air. If I bring a cold balloon into a warm room it expands. There aren't any more nitrogen atoms in the balloon, but they have more energy. This means that the pressure they exert on the membrane requires the balloon's fabric to stretch to contain it. Most of space is empty of nitrogen atoms, so that's not exactly what's happening. But space is full of quantum field. The field itself is expanding, moving the atoms slight apart. Some atoms are clumped together by gravity into planets, so the planet isn't expanding because the gravity keeps pressing the atoms together. However, when things get far enough apart there isn't a force to clump them. The empty space between galaxies expands, and the galaxies move (because of their momentum).


Question: Why is that plastic-ey printed texture on T-shirts so annoying and why do they keep making them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that plastic-ey printed texture on T-shirts so annoying and why do they keep making them?

None of the answers here are correct. I'm a printmaker, so here's the real deal. What you're desrcibing is plastisol ink, which is very commonly used for printing on t-shirts, tote-bags, hats, and other apparel. It's essentially PVC resin and pigment suspended in a liquid plasticizer. It's commonly used because it's cheap, easy to use, very versatile, and, if done correctly, robust. A lot of printing is not done well, which results in the thick plastic-y texture and flaking that you described. Well printed pastisol items will only have the faintest texture and will last a long time. The alternatives are water-based in, discharge printing, or dye sublimation. They all have their different benefits and drawbacks.


Question: Why is there such a problem with GMO food products?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there such a problem with GMO food products?

[Long term effects have been studied and they have been found to be completely safe.]( URL_0 ) > are they not genetically the same as their natural counterpart In many ways, yes. The crops in stores now that have been created through artificial selection, hybridization, or chemical/radiation mutagenesis have thousands of genes randomly modified from their wild ancestors. We have no idea what the results are other than the ones that are directly observable. The new GMOs use those crops already created as a template and add 1 or 2 (or sometimes remove 1 or 2) genes to create a new trait. Not only has there never been a valid study proving any negative health effects, but there exists not a single valid *proposed biological mechanism* that they could cause any harm. Just think about that. No one can even come up with an imaginary problem with GMOs health-wise. The reason there is a debate is that there are a lot of people who stand to gain a lot of money through a new scam called organic food. The people funding the phony antiGMO studies like Seralini's and the GMO labelling groups like the non gmo project [have their hands in the organic industry and stand to gain from the demonisation of GMOs.]( URL_1 ) Because these people are not too good at science, they will usually take the anticorporate angle by making up myths about seed manufacturers or just plain make up fake science.


Question: Why do the fashion industry display "freakshows" on the catwalk? They know no one is actually going to walk with those outfits on the street?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the fashion industry display "freakshows" on the catwalk? They know no one is actually going to walk with those outfits on the street?

The clearly “unwearable” is intended to be walking art, more or less. Similar to a traditional painting or sculpture, the textiles are the medium and the end product often serves as a social commentary, thought provoking piece, or simply creative outlet for the designer. These pieces are not created as Ready to Wear (RTW) or haute couture, which edges closer to, but not entirely unfathomable, as an item someone would purchase with the intent to wear.


Question: why clementines are so big these days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why clementines are so big these days?

They’re bred to be larger, tastier and juicer with thinner peels. It’s a result of selective breeding for the traits we desire. Just about every plant or fruit we use as crops in agriculture has been modified in this way. Lots of citrus especially has gone through m this, most of what we eat are hybrids and not the original fruit we discovered was edible.


Question: Why do complex numbers figure in Quantitative Finance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do complex numbers figure in Quantitative Finance?

In Fourier space the imaginary part of complex numbers gives us cycles and repeated patterns. This is because e^(ix) = sin x + i cos x These trig functions allow you to express things in terms of frequencies (like notes of music), in frequency space instead of as events in time. It’s a very powerful way of describing repeating events.


Question: Why can't we run out of certain types of energy, like wind and geothermal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we run out of certain types of energy, like wind and geothermal?

> When we harness wind power, for example, aren't we taking energy out of the system? Sure, but the same happens when you plant a tree or build a house. Every time the wind hits an obstacle, it takes energy out of that system. The thing is that there's *a lot* of energy in the wind, and it is constantly renewed by temperature fluctuations. Wind is created whenever there are temperature differences between areas, as the air expands in the warmer area, and pushes into the colder areas. And the sun makes sure that this is constantly happening. So as long as the sun exists, wind power is constantly renewed. > If we had enough wind farms running for long enough, would wind on Earth come to a halt? ~~~The wind isn't what's causing the Earth to spin.~~~ Sorry, I misread that one. As I said above, any obstacle the wind hits takes a tiny bit of energy out of the wind, so sure, kind of, if the entire atmosphere was covered in windmills (not just ones standing on the ground and reaching perhaps 100m up into the air, but covering the *entire* atmosphere, all ~100km up), then yes, that would reduce the wind to almost nothing. (But only *almost*, because the sun is still there, and it would still heat up air and create new wind. That wind would just again dissipate quickly as it constantly bounces into windmill after windmill) But for that to happen, it's not enough to just cover the surface in windmills, because even if we did that, there'd still be plenty of wind above them, and that would also drive wind downwards into the windmills. > Does the same thing apply for geothermal power? If we keep pulling heat from the Earth and turning it into electricity, won't we eventually freeze the core? Heat is leaking out from the ground no matter what we do. Geothermal power just makes *use* of this while it's happening. It doesn't pull *more* heat out. It's like if you stand next to an oven while it's on. That warms you up, but you're not pulling heat out of the oven. You're just making use of the waste heat that leaks out regardless of whether or not you're standing there. Walking away doesn't eliminate the waste heat. (ok, as a commenter pointed out, we technically do drain a teensy bit of power from the outermost layer of the Earth. But we only drill a few hundred meters down and so we're still only touching the surface of the Earth. In the oven analogy, you can think of that as putting a wet cloth on the oven door. Yes, it'll cool down the oven door ever so slightly, which will drain a liiiiiittle bit of heat from the oven, but the effect is minuscule) But yes, eventually, in a few billion years, the Earth's core will cool down. But that will happen regardless of whether we use geothermal power. That heat is primarily generated by the decay of radioactive elements, and one day, those will have decayed so much that very little heat is produced. So yes, they do have vast reserves of energy, far more than we'll ever be able to use, but they're also constantly being replenished (although in the case of wind, it'll only be replenished as long as we have the sun as a source of heat, and in the case of geothermal, only as long as there's enough radioactive material in the center of the Earth to release energy as radiation. But we should be good for a few billion years, and crucially, neither process is sped up by us trying to harness the energy. **Edit:** Updated with a few caveats. :)


Question: How does a coal burning engine work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a coal burning engine work?

One I can actually answer! Coal burning engines are better known as steam engines. Most people associate these with steam locomotives but there is a difference. Basically a steam locomotive is a steam engine on wheels. A steam engine works like a giant tea kettle. The part where the coal is, is called the fire box. The coal is burned here (much like in a charcoal BBQ) the heat that is produced by the coal is used to head up a large container of water once that water gets hot enough it creates steam. That steam is then used to move a piston back and forth by putting fresh hot steam on alternating sides, the new steam is always put on the side of the piston that is closest to the wall of the cylinder (what the piston is inside) because when hot steam is put into a small space it wants to spread out and cool down because it doesn't like being hot. Because the steam expands it forces the piston back against the other side of the cylinder (and the old steam that was on the other side is pushed out through a different hole then it came in). The piston is attached to a bar or lever which is then attached to a wheel of some kind and the action of both the piston and the bar spin the wheel. Thus creating the motion. A very simple steam engine looks like . (keep in mind the firebox and water tank are not shown) If you want an ELI5 of steam locomotives I can give that too. Source: Currently studying to become a steam locomotive operating engineer (read repairman) and 7 years of experience as a Conductor at a steam locomotive Railroad.


Question: How do telescopes detect planets and other space objects that are billions of light-years away?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do telescopes detect planets and other space objects that are billions of light-years away?

We cannot detect planets that are billions of lightyears away. The only things we can see at that distance are whole galaxies, and those only as points of light. The diameter of a galaxy is trillions of times larger than the diameter of a planet. The exoplanets we *do* see are from nearby stars, only a few year lightyears away. And for the most part we don't even "see" them really, we just detect their effects on stars.


Question: How can we be certain that the maths we use is correct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can we be certain that the maths we use is correct?

TLDR; It is correct because we say it is correct. We keep using it because it is good at what it does. **This is not a stupid question**. This is in fact one of the most profound questions ever asked and humanity may never know the answer to it. Math is a language used to convey relationships like one thing is the same as another thing. It is one of the most beautiful languages every made because it is based on some simple statements called **Axioms**. An axiom is something that is true because we say it is. There is no other requirement needed. Let's play with some axioms and do non-mathy versions too: ||Mathy Version|Non-mathy Version| |:-|:-|:-| |Reflexive Axiom|a = a|The color of the sky is the color of the sky| |Symmetric Axiom|a = b therefore b = a|The color of the sky is blue so blue is the color of the sky.| |Transitive Axiom|a = b, b = c therefore a = c|The color of the sky is blue and my shoes are blue. Therefore my shoes are the color of the sky.| There isn't any universal truth in any of those statements. We could say that the color of the sky is red, taupe, banana, or florg and the statements are all still true only because we say they are. The assumption may be wrong (the sky obviously is not banana) but we say it is true so it is true. You can make any axioms you want but if they don't do a good job at describing things then it'll be hard to get other people to use them. All of math is based around a few axioms. The amazing thing is that these simple things we say are true, allow us to perfectly describe the universe with such amazing precision that we have to ask is the universe made of math or do we make math to describe the universe.


Question: What is non-Euclidean space or geometry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is non-Euclidean space or geometry?

So, to consider this properly, we need to consider what Euclidean geometry is. Euclidean geometry is any framework in which the following five postulates are true: 1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points. 2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line. 3. Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment as radius and one endpoint as center. 4. All right angles are congruent. 5. If two lines are drawn which intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough. ***This one's the important one!*** The first four postulates can be used to describe an entire geometric system, along with a series of definitions and notions. Euclid's Fifth Postulate, also known as the *parallel postulate,* has mainly to do with triangles, because that's the shape you get if you construct three lines in that manner. However, Euclid was never able to prove the fifth as a theorem. In 1823, mathematicians Janos Bolyai and Nicolai Lobachevsky figured out that ***you could ignore the parallel postulate*** and make geometries that made sense! *Non-Euclidean geometry, then*, is any framework in which the Fifth Postulate does not hold -- that is to say, where the interior angles of a triangle do not sum to 180 degrees. Further, as a consequence, parallel lines don't stay the same distance from each other forever. Edit for clarity regarding parallel lines: Under Euclidean geometry, the following is true: * Given a two-dimensional plane P, a line L, and a point A not on L, there is exactly one line that can be drawn through the point A that does not intersect L. In hyperbolic geometry, there are infinitely many such lines that can be drawn; in elliptic geometry, *any* line drawn through A will intersect L.


Question: Would using a local anesthetic like lidocaine help with the burning from hot peppers like habaneros?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Would using a local anesthetic like lidocaine help with the burning from hot peppers like habaneros?

Interesting idea. I'm not sure if it would or wouldn't help. I will note that milk doesn't (directly) counteract the pain or heat, at least that's not its primary function. The hot substance in peppers is an oil which doesn't mix (easily) with water. Milk contains fats that will mix with it and wash it away. Normal soap is also somewhat helpful, but milk is one of the only things you'd want to put in your *mouth* if the burning issue was caused by *eating* a hot pepper. Lidocaine might help on skin, but might not be safe to use in your mouth (read the instructions carefully before using any product like that).


Question: how exactly do you “lose your voice”? Do your vocal cords wear out or something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how exactly do you “lose your voice”? Do your vocal cords wear out or something?

So basically, when you lose your voice, the tissue covering the vocal cords becomes inflamed, making it harder for them to vibrate. This is why you can speak at lower pitches but not higher ones when your voice is lost, as your vocal cords can’t constrict enough to create the high pitch. Another way you can lose your voice is through overuse, which forms growths called nodules on your vocal cords. Think of these nodules like calluses, which form after the vocal cords hit each other often. These nodules also make it harder for your vocal cords to vibrate.


Question: ; why does 68 degrees Fahrenheit, inside my home, feel amazing in the summer but frigid in the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; why does 68 degrees Fahrenheit, inside my home, feel amazing in the summer but frigid in the winter?

This has to do with radiative heat transfer. Energy can take on a lot of forms. People generally think of getting cold or warm as an effect of your direct surroundings. So if you are in a warm tub, you are warm, if you are laying naked in the snow, you are cold. But most of these sensations occur when we are losing or gaining energy from something we are in direct contact. Turns out, a lot of energy we lose is lost in a way that doesn't require direct contact. A lot of our energy is lost through a process called radiation. This is why we feel the sun's heat despite not being anywhere close to it. Smilar to the way a hot sun transfers heat to a relatively cold earth, we transfer heat to colder things around us. In the winter, the walls of your house will be significantly colder than in the summer. Radiative heat transfer increases as the temperature between two objects increase. So in the winter you feel colder because more of your energy is being lost to the colder walls of your house. You can test this by going into a more interior room and comparing its "feel" to an exterior room. **Edit: Clarity**


Question: Why does red light seem darker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does red light seem darker?

Take a look at this image: URL_0 These are the spectra of our cones, meaning, this shows the different wavelengths and the cone response they evoke. As you can see, red, around 620 to 750 nm, elicits a much weaker response than other colors. Of course, some other colors also have a weak response, you can even see it by eye and it corresponds to the spectra. However, this is just part of the story. You also have the purkinje effect, where luminescent sensitivity of the eyes shifts towards blue in darker environments, it's an adaptive response. The mechanism for that is simple: cones are less sensitive than rods when it comes to light (these are the two classes of photoreceptors in your retina), and as light dims, the sensitivity shifts to that of the rods peak wavelengths, which happens to be in the blue-green region (507 nm). I mean if you try to look at a bright red object in daylight, it's pretty bright, only when it's a bit darker does it seem dimmer than other colors. So we likely perceive red as dimmer due to a combination of the two reasons.


Question: Why do flies and other insects repetitively go into dangerous situations, such as the exact same spot after being swatted at, are they incapable of learning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do flies and other insects repetitively go into dangerous situations, such as the exact same spot after being swatted at, are they incapable of learning?

In short, yes, their brains are just far too simple to be capable of learning like this. A fly has very simple sense - > action pathways. While it's possible for certain pathways to be reinforced, this isn't going to happen just from a couple of swats. It's not even clear that the fly's internal map (if it has one) would cover a large enough area to record where they were swatted in relation to where they are now. As compensation, they have a relatively short generational period, so evolution can "do the learning" for the species as a whole. For example reinforcing that they should fly towards concentrations of diaminobutane and away from diethyltoluamide.


Question: What is the difference between Hasidic Judaism and standard Judaism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between Hasidic Judaism and standard Judaism?

There isn't one "standard" Judaism. There are 3 main branches - reform, conservative, orthodox. They differ on how strictly they follow the religion and how they observe. Reform are the most lax and have somewhat adopted practices of some Christian sects, such as musical instruments and choruses in services. They are also least likely to keep kosher, follow the sabath strictly, etc. Conservative are more tradition in service and more mixed in practice, ie. some don't keep kosher and only attend services on high holidays while others go to weekly services, keep kosher, observe parts of the sabbath rituals (maybe they don't drive, choosing to walk to temple). Orthodox follow the religion the most strictly, observing the sabbath and attending temple regularly, keeping kosher, modesty in dress, etc. But even within the Orthodox community there are different levels of custom/practice that often grew out of their originating community back in Europe or the Middle East and affect things like things like dress, assimilation with the general community outside orthodox Judaism. Because Hasidism arose in Eastern Europe, they tend to dress a certain way, speak Yiddish. And there are also certain practices and religious emphasis that's slightly different than other orthodox groups.


Question: What's between 2 magnetic field lines?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's between 2 magnetic field lines?

The lines are not really there in the sense you're thinking of. The iron filings tend to accumulate in lines when exposed to a magnetic field due to mutual repulsion. If you move the filings around, they won't necessarily go back to the exact same lines, but the general shape of the lines will be the same.


Question: How do betting odds work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do betting odds work?

1) teams that are favored have the negative odds 2) Essentially, any negative number is how much you would need to pay out to win $100 if this team wins. So -900 means you would need to pay out $900 on this team to win $100. in this case this team must be the favorite, as you have to lay out *so much* in order to win anything substantial. 3) if something has a positive number, that team is the underdog 4) the + odds mean how much you will win if you lay out $100 on this team. So +145 means you would win $145 if you lay a bet of $100 on this team, and they win Hope this helps, let me know if you have more questions!


Question: Why are Texas Instruments calculators the most widely used and recommended calculators in a school/University setting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Texas Instruments calculators the most widely used and recommended calculators in a school/University setting?

Because most people know how to use them. If every student has a different graphing calculator, the teacher and/or students have to figure out how to use each one. If the whole class has identical calculators, the teacher can instruct the whole class keystroke by keystroke. TI invested heavily in educational outreach, and the result is that the only graphic calculator most teachers know how to use is a TI.


Question: when you look at water from land it reflects but when you’re inside the water and look up you see through it, why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 when you look at water from land it reflects but when you’re inside the water and look up you see through it, why?

Light has some weird properties when it travels through clear bodies, like a body of water or even a window. About 97% of light travels through water, while the other 3% reflects off of it. This is because it’s traveling through two different media, the air and the water. While you’re under water, there is only one medium that light is traveling through which is the water. If you are ever under water and look up at the surface, you’ll notice the same thing happens when you’re above it, you’ll see both your reflection and the other side of the surface


Question: Is looking through someone else's glasses on similar to their vision with their glasses off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is looking through someone else's glasses on similar to their vision with their glasses off?

I would think it could but in the inverse direction, as long as you have perfect vision. In other words, say you have 20/20 vision. You put on your friend's -3.25 glasses, meaning they are myopic. Wearing glasses with -3.25 brings them to zero but since you're already there, your vision will correct to +3.25 *edit: which would give you nearsightedness*. (I'm not an optometrist and am purely speculating but think this is how it works.)


Question: What do Sin( Cos( and Tan() actually do to a number? Do they have a value, and act as a multiplier or does it change from number to number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do Sin( Cos( and Tan() actually do to a number? Do they have a value, and act as a multiplier or does it change from number to number?

The value is derived from the position on a unit circle. That is, if you draw a circle with a radius of 1 unit and draw a ray from the center out at a given angle, they intersect. The cos and sin are the x and y coordinates of that intersection point respectively. The value is a ratio. So when you have a circle of a different radius than a unit circle, you can apply that ratio to the radius to find the x and y coordinates at a give angle on that circle. The hypotenuse in the definitions to calculate sin and cos is the radius of the circle, so when you divide the opposite or adjacent by the hypotenuse, it's essentially normalizing the ratio down to a unit circle again.


Question: How do people like Jeff Bezos—with high net worth tied up in assets and company shares—afford to pay for huge purchases like the Washington Post, private jets, luxury homes, etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people like Jeff Bezos—with high net worth tied up in assets and company shares—afford to pay for huge purchases like the Washington Post, private jets, luxury homes, etc.?

A couple of different ways: - They sell some of that stock. Major shareholders will regularly sell stock issuances and grants to free up liquid capital - They get dividends based on that stock ownership. Dividends are very common for larger companies, so if you own a lot of stock that can be a major financial windfall - They borrow against the stock in question. Bezos is worth nearly $100B right now - if he asks the bank to loan him $100M for a few years, he isn't exactly a major default risk - it is the equivalent of someone who is worth $100K asking for a $100 loan...


Question: Why would changing the time signature change the feel of the music? Can't the bars be dropped basically arbitrarily around the notes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would changing the time signature change the feel of the music? Can't the bars be dropped basically arbitrarily around the notes?

Time signatures also have an essential role in explaining the hierarchy of a measure. For example in 4/4, the first beat is the strongest, followed by the third, then the second, and lastly the fourth. This aspect helps musicians with phrasing. So it makes sense that a piece written in 3/4 sounds different than the same one written in 6/8. If the measures were only eighth notes, 3/4 would have three groups of two notes and a primary accent on the first. 6/8 would have notes in groups of 3, and an accent on each grouping (but more so on the first).


Question: The economics of the Macy's Thanksgiving parade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The economics of the Macy's Thanksgiving parade?

URL_0 Macy's organizes it with about 4000 employees, but it involves about 10k. Each spot in the parade costs money. $190k for a new balloon, $90k for a returning balloon. Floats can cost $780k to $2.6 million, paid for by the people wanting it in. I believe the only ones who don't pay to get in are marching bands- they only allow 12 each year though.


Question: Why does lightning or discharges from a Tesla coil often show forking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does lightning or discharges from a Tesla coil often show forking?

Electricity tries to find the path of least resistance, the air has a high (look at comment bellow by u/Derekthemindsculptor for more details) amount of resistance, because of this it kind of just goes everywhere until it finds the best path. It's comparable to how AI in videogames does pathfinding, it runs through a list of possible paths before deciding on the fastest/shortest.