Question: What happens to the compressed CO2 in soda bottles when you shake it? Why does it makes the drink flat almost immediately?

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 What happens to the compressed CO2 in soda bottles when you shake it? Why does it makes the drink flat almost immediately?

The CO2 can only go from the water into a gas if it is at the surface between gas and liquid, or if it's in contact with a rough surface. When it's sitting still and upright, there's only very little of either - so it only very slowly becomes a gas. But if you shake it, you introduce lots of bubbles, which allow the CO2 to exit the liquid very rapidly.


Question: Why haven’t we made camera lenses that replicate what the human eye sees?

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 Why haven’t we made camera lenses that replicate what the human eye sees?

So the human eye would take incredibly terrible pictures. You have a tiny area which is in focus. As you read a sentence, your eye moves from word to word to word as you read. If you try to focus on one word and then look at something on the opposite side of the screen, you'll notice that it's extremely blurry. This is not super noticeable in daily life because your eyes are always moving to what you're looking at, so you don't notice that 99% of what you're seeing is out of focus.


Question: How does aqua-plaining occur and how do you stop it?

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 How does aqua-plaining occur and how do you stop it?

Aquaplaning (also hydroplaning) occurs when there's too much water between the tire and the road surface. When the tire loses contact with the road, driver input can no longer cause the vehicle to change direction or speed. The best way to stop a hydroplane once it starts is to let off the accelerator. Steering inputs tend to not work, and can put the car into an irrecoverable skid or spin. You *can* try to brake, but with little friction from the road, it might not work. The best way to stop it overall is to not get into a hydroplane in the first place: in wet conditions, go slow, and make sure your tires have sufficient tread depth and are inflated properly.


Question: why is PEMDAS in that order?

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 why is PEMDAS in that order?

Parentheses are pretty much obliged to go first, as they signify "the following section isn't in the normal order". AS and MD go together because they're essentially the same operation - subtraction is just addition of a negative number, and division is just multiplication by a reciprocal. As for the order as a whole, they're in that order because, essentially, it minimises the number of brackets when writing polynomials - i.e. expressions of the form ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d. These things are all over the place in maths, and we can write them completely without brackets thanks to PEMDAS. If we had some other order, like, for instance, PASEMD, the above expression would have to be written as (ax^(3)) + (bx^(2)) + (cx) + d, or if we were using PMDEAS, it'd be a(x^(3)) + b(x^(2)) + cx + d. PEMDAS also captures the nature of the distributive properties of exponentiation and multiplication. Under, PEMDAS, we can write a(b+c) = ab+ac and (ab)^c = a^(c)b^(c). This is another way in which PEMDAS helps to minimise the number of brackets - any time we see an expression like a(b+c), we can expand it out into a form that takes no brackets. It's actually possibly to have a notation system that requires no brackets in any case and is always unambiguous, but they're a pain to read because the operators have to come before or after the operands - e.g. instead of writing 1 + 2, you'd write + 1 2 or 1 2 +. These are called Polish and reverse Polish notation.


Question: How are video games, new and old, able to detect when someone is using a pirated copy?

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 How are video games, new and old, able to detect when someone is using a pirated copy?

Having worked on copy protection (and been a cracker on the C64/Amiga)... When you enter your license key, files are written to disk in "hidden" places that record a signature of your computer. This is usually generated from the disk serial number, MAC address of an Ethernet card and so on. It's just a "hash" that identifies your machine (not you). To detect tampering of the software itself, program functions are added to the original application (or game) and when run, the hidden files are checked for. If they're not found, then the license is "broken" and you have to enter the serial number again. If they are there, they're read from disk to see if the computed number stored in the hidden files matches the same number computed there and then. If they don't match, the license is broken and you have to enter the serial number again. If the software connects to a license server, over the internet (like Quake 3 did), it will see if the license key is associated with the computed number. If it isn't, the program will not run - or will damaged itself so as not to run correctly. With a CD based piece of software, it is easy to detect if the CD is a master or a recorded CD. If it's a recorded CD, the software won't run. If it's a master CD, a particular feature on the disk (signature) is checked to see if it's valid. If it is, then the program runs. In this sense the CD is used as a validation device. Now, for a program that someone is trying to crack, there are a few tricks to detect cracked code and a few responses the dev might make. For example, on the Mac you can disable attachment of the "gdb debugger" (iTunes does this). So, normally you can't attach a debugger so, as a check, the dev can run a sub-process so often to see if the parent process can be attached to. If it can, then someone removed the anti-debug code. Also doing SHA-1 style signatures of shared libraries and loadable components helps to detect alteration. You can also runtime decrypt functions and re-encrypt on the way out to obscure the protection code. The meta data for protection is (or should be) encrypted in the program itself so a cracker can't just edit it. Some reactive behavior for the program might be, say, change physics in a game or make it crash after some interval. Edit: some old c64 info. The disk version of Skate or Die used self modifying code to obfuscate its copy protection. A set of loops that XOR’ed the code it’d immediately execute after the loop. A good pain in the butt for a cracker. Edit 2: I just remembered that on the old PowerPC Mac, there was a set of instructions that could make gdb actually crash. This code was used in the “encrypted function” decoding code as an extra deterrent if they’d got passed other traps.


Question: How does light-based data transmission work? Fiber optics?

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 How does light-based data transmission work? Fiber optics?

I have no specific knowledge about starlink sattelites, but I'm an electrical engineer and fiberoptic cables are not really complicated. You basically just put a Diode on both ends, one that can be used to create light (LED) and turn light back into electric current (Photodiode). Diodes are semiconductor technology, so they are really really fast, you can change it's state in nanoseconds, so billions of state changes are possible in one second. The limitation on data capacity comes from the cable itself, if bits are too fast they will "smear" into each other because glass has a property that different wavelength of light have a different speed of light. So length of the cable has a maximum for a specific dataspeed and you need to plan for repeater stations. As a general note light is just another form of electromagnetic radiation, so transmitting works just like a radio signal (but with other materials blocking it)


Question: How does an amputees skin form around when it gets cut off? Is it like a hole there?

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 How does an amputees skin form around when it gets cut off? Is it like a hole there?

The skin is pulled back and it's cut clean through while in a tourniquet. The bone is rounded off to prevent sharp edges. Arteries and veins are coterized, then the skin is pulled over the wound and stitched shut. There's usually enough skin to cover it easily by stretching and planning the amputation. The tourniquet is removed to allow blood to flow and verify that the wound is sufficiently sealed, and then bandaged tightly. The skin will scar where it was stitched, but a well done surgery will heal quite nicely.


Question: How/Why is the universe expanding and will it ever stop? Any speculations as to what lies in the unobservable universe?

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 How/Why is the universe expanding and will it ever stop? Any speculations as to what lies in the unobservable universe?

Expansion seems to be an inherent property of the "stuff" that is space itself. That is, there is some energy in space (or rather space has this energy as part of itself), and that energy pushes space apart (expansion) leading to the creation of new space as the existing space expands. We call this "dark energy" and no one knows what it is or where it comes from (other than it almost certainly exists). As to whether it will ever stop - we don't know. There was a time when expansion happened much much faster (the very early universe during the time of [inflation]( URL_0 ), and we know it slowed way down after that, and has been accelerating in the (cosmologically) recent past through to the present day. We expect it to continue to accelerate for some time, and possibly forever, but it may not. We just don't know, although theories abound. As far as what lies beyond the observable universe, most cosmologists and physicists think it's just more of the same as what we can observe. So far, year in and year out, as our observable universe grows at the speed of light in all directions, we're just seeing more and more of the same stuff.


Question: Why do the colours on a digital screen change when you view the screen from a different angle?

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 Why do the colours on a digital screen change when you view the screen from a different angle?

Because on a straight perpendicular device, you're viewing RGB pixels sorted in purposeful ways to produce a required image. When you tilt the device, your not viewing the device properly since it's providing an image intending for you to look at it head on. Also you're viewing pixels at their side angle


Question: what is the reason for phone makers not putting bigger batteries in their phones if they fit?

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 what is the reason for phone makers not putting bigger batteries in their phones if they fit?

Probably cost, for starters... But also, the battery with the lower mah might not last as long on a single charge, but might survive twice as many charge cycles as the higher mah battery. there are likely more factors and there's no real way to know why they choose one over another without asking the manufacturers.


Question: why is it other planets like Mars, Uranus and Neptune can have storms that cover the whole planet but earth doesn’t?

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 why is it other planets like Mars, Uranus and Neptune can have storms that cover the whole planet but earth doesn’t?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are nothing but storms- the outer layers of their atmosphere is just a mass of turbulent gas, but even the biggest, the Great Red spot on Jupiter, is much smaller than the Planet itself. No one storm covers the whole planet. Mars's dust storms are different. They tend to occur when the planet is nearest to the sun, and, like u/antiproton said, are more a fog than a meaningful storm. It's more like a seasonal strong wind, can happen because Mars is so uniform and the dust is kicked up because it's so dry.


Question: how does a shaken can of soda lose its pressure over time, if its sealed?

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 how does a shaken can of soda lose its pressure over time, if its sealed?

So here's the thing: it doesn't. The can has exactly the same pressure inside whether you shake it or not. When you shake it though you create a bunch of bubbles. The bubbles you create in jostling the soda allow more of the gasses to escape. The more the gas can patch onto things, the more escapes at once. That's why dropping mentos into soda makes it explode, because the gasses are latching onto the rough surface of the candies The reason it doesn't explode after you shake it and leave it back alone is because all the little bubbles inside the can eventually pop. You can even help that process along by tapping the sides and top of the can after it's shook.


Question: Why does China make so many fake items?

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 Why does China make so many fake items?

China is large. They have tons of factories. China also doesn't have strict laws against copying items owned by other companies. On paper, yes, they aren't supposed to do it. In practice though, China is very lax on regulating businesses, so there's very little stopping companies from making rip-offs of established items and then selling them to make a nice profit.


Question: How does brain keep the motivation?

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 How does brain keep the motivation?

While everything we feel is nothing more than a collection electrical impulses and chemicals and hormones, it's important to remember that *you are your brain*. It is not some separate entity making every decision without your input. What motivates you on an existential level can't be explained entirely by biology alone. Motivation is the desire to achieve a goal, which is a lot more complicated than a single process. Why you are motivated depends entirely on what the change means to you, why you want to pursue the change, what supports you can access to sustain the change, etc. And a neurotransmitter isn't a signal, it's an endogenous chemical.


Question: How did Pixar create such amazing CGI (i.e. Toy Story, A Bug's Life) with early 90's technology?

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 How did Pixar create such amazing CGI (i.e. Toy Story, A Bug's Life) with early 90's technology?

Much of the software required had to be made from very elementary work into 3D modelling things that we now take for granted, like polygons and UV coordinates (systems for applying 2d textures to 3d objects). In the earliest days, like with the short Luxo Jr., polygon coordinates had to be manually plotted and programmed by calculating and then writing down the XYZ coordinates of each point for each polygon, before animation work could take place. Pixar's software developed similar but different tech to the animation and modelling techniques used in early 3D video games, but with more sophisticated rendering and motion controls. You can really see the level of detail increase over time when you watch their movies in chronological release date order. * Toy Story - ambitious tech demo with extremely well done plot and characters * A Bug's Life - Lighting and scene detail density improvements, with grass, plants, and large crowds * Toy Story 2 - Texture and rendering improvements for human characters * Monsters Inc. - Fur and environments * The Incredibles - Lots of everything, but most importantly clothes and cloth simulation * Cars - Lighting and rendering improvements * Ratatouille - Rendering improvements for human characters and organic matter like food * WALL-E - Lighting and procedural generation (like trash and robots * Up - Lighting and color effects and it goes on.


Question: when and more importantly why did bedrooms become a thing?

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 when and more importantly why did bedrooms become a thing?

Biologist here! I can give you some information, but not a lot. Its more a western idea than anything. It started with the wealthy, as a way to show they could afford extra rooms JUST for a bed, or a chamber pot. During the late 19th century, it became commonplace, due to the spread of cholera, we found it best to quarantine the sick, giving them special rooms to sleep in And eventually, that became the standard during the 1920s and 1930s in the states, meaning new house builds factored in bedrooms, kitchens and closets, as opposed to one or two room homes. The explosion of the middle class eventually made private bedrooms the standards in America and Europe


Question: Why is data protection and cyber warfare considered the most imminent threat to humanity?

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</answer>
 Why is data protection and cyber warfare considered the most imminent threat to humanity?

Algorithms for websites goals are to keep you using their platform or service for as long as possible. So in a search engine it's goal isn't to show you the most popular links, or the best answer to your questions, but what it thinks you will like and click and what will get you to come back. And usually that is either the most popular link or most accurate answer but sometimes it's not, and that's where the issue is. For example, years ago if you googled, "Did the Holocaust happen?" or "Was the Holocaust real?" it would only show posts that said the Holocaust didn't happen because the type of person that is searching this question is statistically more likely to want the results to say no. Or during elections if a Democrat googled "Donald Trump" you would get vastly different results than if a Republican search the same thing. Because it's showing you things it thinks you will like. And if they didn't know if you were Red or Blue they could see if you lived in a dominately Red or Blue area and guess the likelyhood of your affiliation. Or based on your previous clicks, previous purchases, music you listen to, youtubers you subscribe to, basically they can build a profile of what you would interact with based on the data they collect. And because they can reference your data with data they get from others they can see how likely their tactics will work on you. Now they are trying to be more active on the quality of the results not just if it's something you will click but these things happen all the time and add up. And so you can have a completely different sense of reality based on your internet experience


Question: How does a negative times a negative equal a positive?

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 How does a negative times a negative equal a positive?

Great question. It's early but bear with me. It's simple enough to see that a positive times a positive is a positive. We all learned our multiplication tables that way. So of course it we take a positive and multiply it by a negative, it makes sense that the result will be a negative. So far no problem.Just examples: 2 x 3 = 6 -2 x 3 = -6 I like a number line at this point. Everybody thinks "oh, baby stuff, number line" but it helps. So draw a number line, then tear a little strip of paper. Make it six units long, draw an arrow on it. The arrow tells you which way you re going. You can play all sorts of little tricks with it now. A negative sign tells you to change directions. If 2 x 3 goes in the positive direction then when you try -2 x 3, you know that negative sign is telling you to change direction, so you wind up going in the negative direction. Okay, we're finally ready for the tricky part. When you multiply two negatives together -2 x -3 Those two negative signs tell you to change direction twice. Or you can think of it like this: negative two goes in the negative direction, and when you multiply that by a negative three, you have to change the direction you're going, so you end up back in the positive direction. Hope that helps. Negative numbers are a pain for everyone until they make sense, and even good mathematicians get tripped up sometimes. I have a joke, will be in next post!


Question: Why do certain colors of lights have a second, differently colored ring around the source?

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 Why do certain colors of lights have a second, differently colored ring around the source?

Go get your eyes checked. You seem to be seeing refraction happening within your eyes. It could be from some minor deformity in the eye like the ones that cause near sightedness and far sightedness, to pressure in the optical nerve. So basically **please go to a doctor as soon as possible.** Source: had something similar once due to a medicine increasing optical nerve pressure and I have a 3DS and there's no halo around the notification lights.


Question: Why are bulletproof vests not reusable?

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 Why are bulletproof vests not reusable?

The easiest way I can explain this, is a kevlar vest is like a cube of jello? If you smack the jello and crush it, it will break apart, but absorb the shock, if you hit it again it's just a pile of mush so it will barely stop your hand, your hand being the bullet.


Question: Why does terrific mean good and terrible mean bad while both horrific and horrible mean bad?

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 Why does terrific mean good and terrible mean bad while both horrific and horrible mean bad?

It's usually a good bet to [google {the word} . when you're not sure why a word is what it is. A complete answer from [the first result]( URL_0 ): > The meaning of terrific has actually changed over time. According to EtymOnline: > 1660s, "frightening," from L. terrificus "causing terror or fear," from terrere "fill with fear" (see terrible) + root of facere "to make" (see factitious). Weakened sensed of "very great, severe" (e.g. terrific headache) appeared 1809; colloquial sense of "excellent" began 1888. > So terrific started out on the same lines as horrific, but then gained a positive colloquial sense in the late 1800s. The phenomenon in which a previously bad word takes on a good connotation is discussed here, in which it is called amelioration. > Amelioration (which has occurred for terrific, wicked, luxury) is a type of semantic change. While it is unclear what precisely happened to terrific, there are a few ways in which this change can occur: > Linguistic forces > Psychological forces > Sociocultural forces > Cultural/encyclopedic forces > You can read more about it here. It has been suggested (though there is little proof) that terrific became "good" because of an association with the popular media via King Kong. Other than this theory, though, it is clear that terrific underwent some kind of semantic change between the late 1800s and early 1900s. In 1930 Popular Science was still using the term to mean something "frightening", and by the 1940s it was used mostly to mean "good".


Question: why are gluten free pastas so much more "sticky" and guey when they don't actually have gluten?

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 why are gluten free pastas so much more "sticky" and guey when they don't actually have gluten?

Gluten-free pasta may lack *gluten*, but it does not lack *starch.* Starch mixed with water makes a gluey paste of the sort you describe coating the gluten-free pasta. Non-gluten-free pasta also has starch, but the structural mesh of gluten running throughout the dough acts a sort of "cage" that largely traps the starch inside and prevents it from leaching out into the cooking water, where it can then form the glue. But gluten-free pasta doesn't have gluten, so there's nothing to stop starch from leaching out in much larger quantities, making way more glue.


Question: what sorcery allows water to pass through a Brita filter even when it's submerged?

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 what sorcery allows water to pass through a Brita filter even when it's submerged?

I think you are asking how the filter ca nb be so low in the pitcher and still get filtered. There is an inner and outer container, withthe filter allowing passage. Gravity forced the water through the filter until the water level is the same in the inner container as it is in the outer container. Then you pour a glass, causing the process to repeat, which filters more water.


Question: What is the difference between standard and itemized deductions?

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 What is the difference between standard and itemized deductions?

Standard deduction is a number declared by tax law to be an amount you're allowed to deduct I believe from gross income. Itemized deductions is where instead of using that standard number, you tally up all expenses considered deductible (It's all specified in the law and most tax prep software will ask you all sorts of questions to help you get everything if you select itemized) and deduct them instead. There's actually quite a bit allowed in itemizing, but it is not worth going itemized unless your total is greater than the standard deduction. If you will be going itemized, it is extremely important that you save all receipts related to the deductions in case you are audited.


Question: What is the epic game store and why is there so much uproar about it? Specifically with exclusives when consoles have had exclusives for years?

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 What is the epic game store and why is there so much uproar about it? Specifically with exclusives when consoles have had exclusives for years?

It's a store opened by a publisher that is offering higher profits to developers while at the same time offering incentives to get exclusivity for the first year of the games release. It takes away choice on a platform where choice has been a huge incentive for years, my games are on steam because I like that platform and they have always provided good service and reasonable prices. Exclusives work fine for consoles because you buy the game for that console and it works, you have one account and it's on a single system. Your data is contained within (generally) a single entity. The reason exclusivity for PC games is wrong is because we now have games that require ubisoft, EA, Steam, Epic, GOG, and other accounts that we have to stretch our info across and purchase products through. That's a *LOT* of different services that have to protect our information from both internal and external malicious intent. Epic has has issues with data security in fortnite and has a launcher that is about as bare bones as you can get. Sure they will implement improvements as time goes on but until then you are stuck with a severe lack of features. The game being exclusive to the epic launcher means that to play it within the first year of exclusivity a consumer will *need* to dow load another launcher, create another account, input data into another companies system, and roll the dice and hope all goes well.


Question: Why do we have volunteer firefighters in the US?

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 Why do we have volunteer firefighters in the US?

Some areas don't require full time firefighters due to infrequency of fires. Some departments only respond to severe emergencies that happen a few times per year. There's also an increasing push to defund essential positions in the United States. Parts of our populace are less and less willing to pay for education, infrastructure, safety response, etc. We currently have nurses working with reused PPE because we won't fund them. Similarly, we're sending prisoners (unpaid) to fight fires in California.


Question: Why does a candle not create smoke when burning but lots of smoke when you blow it out?

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 Why does a candle not create smoke when burning but lots of smoke when you blow it out?

When the flame is lit...that smoke is being burned. The smoke is vaporized wax. When you blow it out, the wick is still hot enough to vaporize wax, but not ignite it. If you cool the wick like lick your finger or put in water, the wick is no longer hot enough to vaporize wax.


Question: What exactly is happening when your mouth is on fire after you eat spicy food?

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 What exactly is happening when your mouth is on fire after you eat spicy food?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do spicy foods burn my mouth ? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why will spicy food burn my mouth, lips, eyes, or genitals (if touched) but not my hands or other body parts? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does spicy food make your mouth more sensitive to heat? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does very spicy food burn my mouth and my anus but nowhere in between? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_17 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What makes spicy food spicy? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: After eating something spicy, why doesn't drinking water rinse the heat away immediately? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_22 comments_)


Question: why gasoline explodes while lighting a fire and lighter fluid doesn’t?

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 why gasoline explodes while lighting a fire and lighter fluid doesn’t?

Gasoline also "just burns", just more violently than lighter fluid. If you look into the [naming conventions]( URL_1 ), burning very fast is called deflagration, and actual explosives detonate. In any case, the *why* is down to the chemistry of burning - how fast oxygen in the atmosphere can react with the carbons and hydrogens in the fuel or explosive, to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Even [iron burns]( URL_0 ) if oxygen can get at it efficiently enough. A majority of the explosives that detonate are made of chemicals that have the oxygen right there, built into the chemical formula, so that the burning reaction is fast enough to be a detonation rather than a "burning", and oxygen from the atmosphere is not needed for it.


Question: What makes certain images of faces or places look scary?

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 What makes certain images of faces or places look scary?

Instinctive fear of dying. Or conditioned fear of dying. If a face looks odd enough, you become fearful, kicking in your flight or fight. The face could be of a person from an unknown, hostile tribe. If the face is grotesque enough, it may remind you of something decaying and your instincts tell you to avoid it as it might be infectious. You can also condition yourself to fear triggers. A scary looking house—a southern style mansion with overgrowth—probably would look amazing and inviting to a person living in the 17th century. It’s scary to you because you’ve seen movies where a house like that is full of ghosts and danger.


Question: How are Market Prices for stocks derived?

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 How are Market Prices for stocks derived?

They are derived by what someone is willing to pay for it combined with what someone is willing to sell it for. One is the "ask" and the other is "the bid". The price you see for the current price of a stock is the last price paid in a successful transaction. So...pretty much any factor can go into how people rationalize a certain amount they will sell it for our will pay for it - everything from historical trends, to belief in the company or the sector in which the company exists, to the dividends it pays to what their neighbor fred said about the company.


Question: how do meterologists predict the weather for a full season? i.e this winter will be colder than usual but with less snow than last year. Doesn't weather change daily depending on wind patterns, etc?

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 how do meterologists predict the weather for a full season? i.e this winter will be colder than usual but with less snow than last year. Doesn't weather change daily depending on wind patterns, etc?

Yes, weather changes daily and is very difficult to predict. As a result, seasonal forecasts aren't very accurate -- such forecasts are only barely better than guessing, except in a few geographic locations. I found [a scientific article from 2012]( URL_0 ) analyzing the US Climate Prediction Center's 3-month forecasts. Most seasonal forecasts you'll see from TV meteorologists are probably based on the CPC's forecast. [This picture]( URL_2 ) is not a forecast -- rather, it summarizes the accuracy (or "skill") of the temperature forecasts over a 15-year period. The darker colors correspond to areas where the forecasts were more accurate. A score of 0 means a forecast that is no better than guessing. The average score was 0.03 (very close to chance), and the best score of around 0.24 was achieved only for a few pixels in Arizona. For comparison, the leading medium-term weather model at the time was the ECMWF, which (at the time) [had a skill score of about 0.5 for the forecast 5 days out]( URL_1 ), and even the 14-day forecast had a skill of 0.08. So the long-term forecasts are much, much worse than the short-term ones, though still better than chance. So, once you've accepted that your forecast is not going to be very accurate, how do you make a long-term forecast? There are some signals based on large-scale weather patterns. "El Niño" is a famous example. In some years, the water off the west coast of South America is warmer than usual. In these years, people have noticed that the weather tends to be different in other places as well. For example, southern California is more likely to get heavy winter rain in such years. So that would go in your seasonal forecast. Where there isn't a known large-scale pattern that might affect the weather, you can still make a prediction based on long-term trends. The most notable trend is global warming -- just by predicting "warmer than usual" you could have done pretty well over the last 25 years. There is another approach too, which is to just make it up completely. This is the approach taken by the Old Farmer's Almanac and other less reputable weather predictors. Since even high-quality 3-month forecasts are not very accurate, the "make it up" approach is only slightly worse, so they can get away with this sort of thing.


Question: Why are calf cramps so common?

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 Why are calf cramps so common?

Straighten leg and pull foot towards you to stretch the muscle is about the only cure I know of. I’ve also noticed that when I feel a leg cramp coming on I can often lessen the pain by doing the opposite of the above. I was once told cramping is a sign of dehydration but I’m not 100% on that.


Question: why is alcohol classified as alcohol, and everything else as drugs?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is alcohol classified as alcohol, and everything else as drugs?

"Drug" is just a general term that covers alcohol and many other substances. "Alcohol" is a specific substance that has a certain effect on your body. People tend to call alcohol "alcohol" and drugs "drugs" to differentiate between a *legal* substance and an *illegal* one, but from a scientific perspective one *is* a form of the other.


Question: I've read that a normal engine's efficiency is about 20%. What makes them so inefficient?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've read that a normal engine's efficiency is about 20%. What makes them so inefficient?

All heat engines like internal combustion engine operate within the Carnot cycle. The biggest loss is heat that goes out the tail pipe. When combustion occurs pressure and heat are created. The pistons are great at capturing the mechanical energy of the pressure, but the heat of the exhaust is lost energy. It's possible to use the heat of the exhaust to boil water then put the steam though a steam turbine and capture more of the energy. Gas turbine combined cycle system do that but the are big and heavy and more suitable for stationary application typically electricity generation. Car engines typically are 30% efficient. Gas turbine combined cycle systems can be 70% efficient. This is one reason electric cars are more efficient.


Question: if the earth moves at over 60k MPH, why does it appear slow to astronauts? Is everything relative to the universe moving? And if so, how fast are you really going when floating in space at a standstill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if the earth moves at over 60k MPH, why does it appear slow to astronauts? Is everything relative to the universe moving? And if so, how fast are you really going when floating in space at a standstill?

Because the astronauts are also moving at roughly the same speed in the same direction, they only notice the speed difference. There is no telling how fast you are absolutely moving in space, as we can only measure it relative to something else. The only truly set speed is the speed of light. But due to special relativity even that can't be used to measure absolute speed.


Question: What is most basic but irrefutable argument that the earth revolves around the sun and not vice versa?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is most basic but irrefutable argument that the earth revolves around the sun and not vice versa?

If the Sun and the Earth were the only two bodies in the Solar System, then there would be no difference between Earth orbiting the Sun and the Sun orbiting the Earth. From an external point of view they would look the same. But there are other bodies in Solar System, and they all orbit around the Sun as well. If you try to claim that any of them (other than our Moon) orbit the Earth, then you end up with a bizarre orbit [like this]( URL_0 ).


Question: What do all these Headphones Audio Features specs mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do all these Headphones Audio Features specs mean?

Speaker diameter is basically the size of the driver you're putting on your ears; its a useless spec. Speaker sensitivity is how loud the headphones get with 1mW of power (i think its 1mW), unit of measurement: decibel/mW (db/mW); quite useless as well, unless you're an audiophile nerd. Speaker impedance is the resistance of the circuit in the driver, ties back to the Speaker sensitivity; again, quite useless as well, unless you're an audiophile. Speaker Frequency Range: the range of frequencies the driver can reproduce. often around 20-20000Hz, most of us only hear up to 16-17kHz; again, quite useless as well, unless you're an audiophile. Noise cancellation system: i have zero idea what this is, most probably some classy and cool words to make it sound great and expensive. tl:dr :most specs on headphones are pretty useless to the general public LOL


Question: Why does meningitis sometimes cause people to get their digits and limbs amputated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does meningitis sometimes cause people to get their digits and limbs amputated?

That happens when the meningitis is caused by a bacterial infection. The bacteria attack the meninges, and infected fluid travels down the spinal cord, and from there to other places. This bacteria causes blood capillaries to become inflamed and burst, in very high amounts. The swelling from the blood under the skin stops blood from moving correctly. When blood can't flow correctly the cells in the area will rapidly die. After a while too many cells have died for the area to heal itself, a condition we call 'gangrene'. There's no saving it once that happens. So at that point we have to remove the dead limbs to stop the organisms in the dead tissue from infecting still living tissue. The reason it doesn't happen in non-bacterial meningitis is just because the bacteria is the only thing that can actually spread the problem to other parts of the body.


Question: How do birds grow feathers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do birds grow feathers?

Feathers are modified scales. If you look at a bird's foot there are scales and it transitions up to feathers along their leg. Fully mature feathers are similar to human hair--they are dead at functional state. They start off as 'pin feathers' little spikes hooked to the circulatory system. They are encased in a sheath of keratin, as the feather matures they elongate and the sheath flakes off revealing the fully formed feather, segment by segment. At least with parrots, there is a yearly molt. They drop a lot of feathers really quickly and are covered in pin feathers as they are replaced.


Question: Can someone explain the differences between republicans and democrats?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain the differences between republicans and democrats?

Here's my streamlined, very oversimplified explanation. Democrats are the more liberal left-wing party. They support higher taxes, as they feel that money can be used to run government services like health care to help everyone. They support regulations on large corporations, saying that regulations protect the environment and individual workers. They generally wish to increase our business and relations with foreign countries. They tend to support feminism, minorities, and gay rights. They want to decrease our military spending, saying that the money could be better spent elsewhere. They want to make immigration into the country easier. They want more laws regulating and controlling the sale of guns. Republicans are the more conservative right-wing party. They support lower taxes, as they feel that individuals would then be able to save their money to help themselves as they see fit. They oppose regulations on large corporations, saying that regulations hurt the economy and make people's lives worse as a result. They generally wish to have the USA focus on internal matters and deal as little as possible with foreign countries. They tend to support traditional Christian values. They want to increase our military spending, saying that the money is best used for national defense. They want to make immigration into the country harder. They want fewer laws regulating and controlling the sale of guns. This is an over simplification, but that's the basic idea.


Question: Why do government employees pay taxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do government employees pay taxes?

Few things: 1) Federal employees still have to pay various forms of state taxes, but their pay doesn't come from the state government. 2) State, county and city employees still have to pay various forms of state and federal taxes, though their pay doesn't come from the federal government. 3) Everyone has specific tax requirements and situations that they report on their tax return. The government can't know that Bob in HR has five kids and just bought an electric car, or that Sarah over in Accounting had medical and educational expenses and just bought a house. So even though the tax rates are going to be the same, the actual amount of money people are taxed is going to vary depending on their personal situation. It wouldn't be fair to just remove government taxes prematurely from a person's pay check when they would otherwise be entitled to that money.


Question: is person mind really divided to conscious and subconscious or is this division made for convenience to discrube some psychological phenomena ?is there other psychologicsl model which does not make this division?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 is person mind really divided to conscious and subconscious or is this division made for convenience to discrube some psychological phenomena ?is there other psychologicsl model which does not make this division?

Part of your mind controls your heart beat. But your are not consciously aware of it. Part of you mind also controls your breathing. You probably were not consciously aware of your breathing, although reading this you might be now. In 10 minutes you won't be conscious of your breathing. As I am typing now, I am consciously aware of the message I am trying to communicate. but I am NOT consciously aware of the individual movements that each one of my fingers is making. I can watch my fingers and be amazed at how they are jumping around and dancing like crazy. So there definitely are conscious and unconscious thoughts. Sometimes these different processes are isolated to different physical places in the brain. I think we can find the part of the brain that controls your hear rate. but generally there isn't a physical part that is conscious and a physical part that is sub conscious. The division there is a logical one. Its not about physical parts of the brain but a logical grouping. we also are not sure how serious the sub conscious really was. Freud thought it was nearly magical. But lots of his work has been dis-proven by more modern developments. It might be that besides basic functions like your heart, any though can become a conscious though.


Question: When there's a corner with mirrors on both sides, why do you always see yourself in the middle of the corner?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When there's a corner with mirrors on both sides, why do you always see yourself in the middle of the corner?

Assuming that mirrors are at a 90 degree angle the light reflected from your body will always make a 180 degree turn. Light reflects at the same angle as it falls. So let's say a ray of light falls on a mirror at an angle of 60 degrees. Then it will bounce back at an angle of 60 degrees and fall on a second mirror at an angle of 30 degrees and bounce again at 30 degrees. That gives us 180 combined.


Question: What is “baby fat”, and how do we lose it as we get older?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is “baby fat”, and how do we lose it as we get older?

Fat reserved for children to keep warm. When you or I are cold, we begin to shiver. Babies don’t have that muscle control/developed yet so they have brown fat (different from fat that clogs your arteries) as a means to keep their body warm. As you go through childhood and hit puberty, most of this brown fat has worn off


Question: Why is a rainbow curved and not a straight line?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a rainbow curved and not a straight line?

Rainbows occur when light, usually from the sun, passes over our heads into rainfall. The light enters the individual raindrops and is reflected off the rear interior surface of the raindrop at an angle of 42°. If you were to draw a series of lines at 42° from your eyes to a vertical plane (ie the 'sheet' of raindrops) you would find they describe an arc.


Question: Why does varnish make paintings color pop more and become more clear? Why does it make the grain in wood come out and be more defined? Is it the same kind of thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does varnish make paintings color pop more and become more clear? Why does it make the grain in wood come out and be more defined? Is it the same kind of thing?

Same reason polishing them does. A surface that looks oks flat is actually very rough at a microscopic level. All those various surfaces reflect the light in different directions. When it is varnished or polished the surface is much smoother and from any given direction the light is either reflected from the surface (looking like a “shine”) or it reaches the wood, paint etc. and then comes back at your eye with the color of the material.