Question: How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?

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 How did people in the middle ages keep their swords from rusting in the rain? Did people just not fight if it was wet out?

Simple, regular maintenance, after using the sword they didn't just throw it back in the scabbard and hang on the wall at home until the next time. It would be wiped dry, re-sharpened and oiled before storing it. A sword is not going to fall apart immediately after getting wet, seriously rusting would take weeks of neglect.


Question: Can someone explain musical interval ratio to me?

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 Can someone explain musical interval ratio to me?

An 88-key piano could be a visual aid for interval ratios if you didn't mind that the lowest note would have to be attached to a string 152.21851072 times as long as that attached to the highest string. We don't like for our pianos to span *entire* concert halls, though, so we use thicker strings for them low notes. It'd just be 152.21851072 times as long if they were of the same tension and the same string width. So, don't look at a piano. Look at a guitar. Divide the string in half and see where you end up: the twelfth fret, more or less exactly. Twelve frets, twelve half steps, is one octave. Divide the string in 3 and see where the first third is: the seventh fret (NOT exactly, but very damn close). Seven half steps is a perfect fifth. Divide the string in 4 and see where the first quarter is: the fifth fret (NOT exactly, but very damn close). Before God whispered the world into existence he had to whisper math into existence. And he whispered that 2^(7/12) would be damn close to 1.5. We're all grateful he did, because if he hadn't made it so particularly close, literally all music would be differently constructed.


Question: If the value of land keeps on appreciating, how will future generations afford to buy land?

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 If the value of land keeps on appreciating, how will future generations afford to buy land?

Land is a finite resource, mostly in that nobody wants to live in the middle of the Sahara desert. They want to live in London, Tokyo, new York. There is a lot of speculation of the future. Maybe askeconomics might be a better sub. But basically, you might not own the land, but a section of a high rise condo, and the land might be owned by the tenants jointly, or leased in a long lease like a 99 year lease. Or you might just rent the housing instead of owning it


Question: Why does your mouth swell up after getting teeth removed?

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 Why does your mouth swell up after getting teeth removed?

Swelling is the result of the increased movement of fluid and white blood cells into the area of inflammation. The release of chemicals and the compression of nerves in the area of injury cause pain. The pain and swelling can keep the athlete from using the injured part, serving to protect it from further injury. -Top Result when "what causes swelling after an injury" was put in a google search.


Question: Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

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 Why does hot water sound different than cold water when poured?

Hot water has lower viscocity then cold water (think heated honey vs. cold honey, just less extreme) and because it is hotter the water molecules are moving faster, which increased the speed of sound through the water. These two things mean that poured water flows different when hot vs. cold and the sounds made by pouring it will not only be slightly different due to the lower viscocity, but be shifted up in frequency, sounding higher pitched. It is enough of a difference to be readily noticeable.


Question: How do gills work, and why can't fish survive on land very long?

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 How do gills work, and why can't fish survive on land very long?

Both lungs and gills have thin surfaces that red blood cells can get close to to absorb oxygen. Gills are designed to pump water through so those cells can pick up dissolved oxygen in the water while releasing carbon dioxide, while lungs do the same, but with air. Fish can't survive outside the water because the gills aren't designed to pump and hold air for this gas exchange to occur. Likewise, lungs can't effectively push out water, causing land animals to drown.


Question: Why are rich Chinese businesses and businessmen investing so much into the Canadian and American economies?

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 Why are rich Chinese businesses and businessmen investing so much into the Canadian and American economies?

All investors, regardless of where they are at, put their money where they feel it should be. Usually this is the highest return. Sometimes, though, they want to keep it safe and are willing to have a lower return. In this case, Chinese businessmen almost certianly feel that: 1. The level of investment in China itself is saturated. Maybe the market has matured enough that new investments are either too risky or are too safe--either option may not be preferable. 2. They are afraid of the Chinese government appropriating their money. They're still technically communist, after all, and if they feel that there are pending issues with the government they want to get it out of the country. This is something similar, at least on the surface, with what happened with Japan in the 90s. The Japanese economy grew so fast that they literally ran out of things to invest in in Japan, and started buying up and investing in the US. Unfortunately, when their economy slowed down they had created such a bubble that they still haven't fully recovered. I doubt the Chinese economy is in the same place, but it's at least superficially similar.


Question: How do cemeteries maintain funding for maintenance and lawn care once they have sold out all of their plots?

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 How do cemeteries maintain funding for maintenance and lawn care once they have sold out all of their plots?

In the US private cemeteries are required to put away a percentage of the costs they charge for the plots and the burial into maintenance trusts which generate interest. Religious cemeteries are not required to do this though they often choose to do so. They are supported via the Church that owns whatever land they are on. County/State/Federal owned cemeteries are also not required to have such trusts though most also do it. They are supported via government budgets. Family cemeteries are maintained by the families that own them.


Question: Why do certain medications of the same dosages vary drastically in size? 25mg of one medication may be very small while another 25mg pill might be very large?

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 Why do certain medications of the same dosages vary drastically in size? 25mg of one medication may be very small while another 25mg pill might be very large?

The number is just the amount of active ingredient. The tablet size will include the active ingredient as well as other stuff. These could be "filler" but are likely there for some purpose. URL_0 The excipients can include diluents, binders or granulating agents, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting; disintegrants to promote tablet break-up in the digestive tract; sweeteners or flavours to enhance taste; and pigments to make the tablets visually attractive or aid in visual identification of an unknown tablet.


Question: What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

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 What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

RAM is your computer's "working memory" - it's like a huge notepad where the computer can jot down anything it needs to remember as it works. The amount matters, and so does the speed - ideally you'll have a big notebook *and* you'll be able to write in it, and read from it, quickly. The programs you're running get loaded into RAM, as well as any information that comes up as the program runs - the words you're typing, the website you're on, the status of characters in a game, whatever. RAM means Random-Access Memory, meaning the computer can read or write any part of the information whenever it wants. ROM is Read-Only Memory, which means you can't change it. That's much less useful, but also there's no way to screw it up (mostly) so it's good for information like "my processor is an Athlon 3000g". The tiniest amount of memory you can have is a bit - a single 1 or 0. If you have eight bits in a row, that's one byte (1B) of memory. About a thousand (1024) bytes of memory makes one kilobyte (kB), 1024 of those make a megabyte (meg or MB) and 1024 of those make a gigabyte (gig or GB), so 4GB is roughly 4 billion bytes. These days, 4GB is an okay-but-not-great amount of RAM, 8GB is a decent amount (I think - haven't bought for over a year) and I think the cool kids are running 16GB or so. [Edit: I thought I had 8 gig but I just checked and I have 16. Woo hoo! Unintentional self-stroke.]


Question: How come the cost of education, housing and healthcare in the US become so high?

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 How come the cost of education, housing and healthcare in the US become so high?

Limited supply and ever increasing demand, coupled with economic policies which didn’t do anything to help. Housing: more and more people are moving to major cities along the coast, cramming into the limited land area. There are many housing restrictions in these cities which prevent city expansion or limits on building heights. Policies like rent controls discourage Developers from making new properties since it’s less profitable. Education: same thing, more and more people are seeking higher education compared to a decade ago. New universities are not being built fast enough, current universities are oversubscribed. There is also increasing demand for non-academic costs (student services, good student housing etc). Healthcare: this is mostly due to bad economic policy. Americans consume roughly the same “amount” of healthcare as anywhere else, but pay drastically inflated prices, illustrating a failure of the free market for healthcare. Imo this is due to the mass-privatisation of the healthcare sector (from insurance to Hospitals to medicines). You don’t need universal healthcare to have an effective healthcare system, just don’t let corporations run wild exploiting a public resource.


Question: Why is NAFTA good or bad for USA?

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 Why is NAFTA good or bad for USA?

It decreases the prices of many goods, allows many firms to be more productive thanks to cross-border supply chains, and provides easier access to a larger base of consumers for firms to sell to. In addition to the increase in economic efficiency it has allowed for, it has enhanced the stability of Mexico as well as greatly aided its transition to multiparty democracy. It, in particular, has tied all three countries' energy sectors very closely together and is a big reason North America is largely energy independent and a net exporter of energy. The biggest downsides are both temporary and to those who always suffer as a result of opening up of trade, the firms and workers whose industries were shielded by the trade barriers NAFTA removed (i.e. Mexican agriculture and labor intensive American manufacturing).


Question: Why is 16:9 Aspect Ratio so preferred over 4:3 Aspect Ratio?

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 Why is 16:9 Aspect Ratio so preferred over 4:3 Aspect Ratio?

Two reasons: - 16:9 is a compromise between 4:3 and 2.35:1. Material formatted in either format will occupy roughly the same amount of area on a 16:9 screen. - 16:9 is approximately 1.78:1. Most movies produced since the 1950’s, when the movie studios began producing widescreen features to try to compete with television (which was seriously pulling audiences away from movie theaters) were produced in two aspect ratios: 2.35:1 and 1.85:1. While the 2.35:1 movies still require a little letterboxing to show the full picture on a 16:9 television, movies shot in 1.85:1 are so close to 1.78:1 that little to no letterboxing is required to display them. And a little more than half of the movies produced since the 1950’s are 1.85:1. [This YouTube video]( URL_0 ) is a friendly, easy-to-follow history of widescreen film ratios.


Question: Why is prolong learning or extreme usage of brainpower, such as math, so mentally (And sometimes physically) exhausting?

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 Why is prolong learning or extreme usage of brainpower, such as math, so mentally (And sometimes physically) exhausting?

Our brain actually accounts for a lot of our energy consumption. Thinking requires neurons to send a lot of signals, and each of those is a small electric current being made and then transformed into a chemical signal and then back to an electrical signal in the next cell. (This is the way a signal gets from one signal to the next, now imagine a signal that has to go further) All of this requires energy, and when energy gets used you get tired


Question: In the United States, politicians are required to declare party affiliation, but why is it also required of the voters?

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 In the United States, politicians are required to declare party affiliation, but why is it also required of the voters?

It isn't required of the voters. In some states, you need to register as a member of a party to vote in that party's primaries, but otherwise you can mark yourself as independant (or nothing; probably varies by state) and regardless of your party you can vote for whoever you want in general elections.


Question: How does the organ inside the ear that controls balance works, and why is it that if there's something wrong with it balance cannot be kept, even in full muscle tension?

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 How does the organ inside the ear that controls balance works, and why is it that if there's something wrong with it balance cannot be kept, even in full muscle tension?

Envision jello on a plate. Now envision hairs are growing out of the plate and in to the jello, and the jello is topped with small pebbles that are stuck to it. If you tilt the plate, the weight of the pebbles being pull ed down by gravity causes jello to skew, bending the hairs inside in that direction. That is how it works in your ear. You have sensory hairs growing in to a jello like substrate with little pebbles called otoliths on top. The sensory hairs are connected to nerves and when they bend, signals are sent to your brain indicating this and your brain uses this signal, along with other sensory information, to orient your body such that you maintain balance.


Question: Why is tomorrow's election a possible win for the Dems for the House, but not for the Senate?

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 Why is tomorrow's election a possible win for the Dems for the House, but not for the Senate?

The entire house of representatives is up for election, which means that theoretically anything can happen. On the other hand, only about 1/3 of the Senate (35 seats) is up for re-election, since senators are elected for a 6-year term. The republicans currently have a small majority in the Senate (51 republicans, 47 democrats and 2 independents). However, most of the seats up for election are currently taken by democrats (24), while only a few are taken by republicans (9). In order to secure a majority, the democrats need at least some of the republican seats to become democrat while losing as little as possible of the 24 seats they have.


Question: What's the psychology behind the appeal of effeminate K-pop male stars to girls, even in places without the Korean "male beauty" standards?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the psychology behind the appeal of effeminate K-pop male stars to girls, even in places without the Korean "male beauty" standards?

As a female far outside of the age when K-Pop boys might be attractive, I would hazard that it's because they don't come off as threatening. I don't consider them particularly 'effeminate' myself, but they do seem to be shorter and slighter than a lot of Western men, and their music doesn't seem to have the aggressive sense of owning women that I've heard in a fair bit of modern music. They're nice to look at, they sound good, they dance very well, and they don't seem like they'd commit date rape. What's not to love?


Question: Why does salt make you thirsty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does salt make you thirsty?

The salt is carried along with your bloodstream. When the blood becomes saltier than normal, it zooms through your veins and arteries. The salt contains sodium. Hence the body detects an imbalance caused by the sodium rich fluids extract more fluids out of the cells. The cell chemical messengers carry the signals of high salt levels and then trigger the brain's thirst center that leads us to grab our glass of water.


Question: With so little land and resources, how is Great Britain still as rich and powerful as it is today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 With so little land and resources, how is Great Britain still as rich and powerful as it is today?

Colonialism. They exercised control over large swathes of land that were resource rich, like India which had a shitload of tea and cotton and spices which were very valuable commodities. Turns out that you can exercise control over 100 million with only like 1 million people. People are easy to control, especially when you make them feel like they're getting at least something out of it. This allowed Britain to quickly become a service based economy, which means they can make a shitload of money off clerical labor decoupled from physical raw resources.


Question: Why do companies like Juicero and Keurig Cold buy back their machines when they go out of business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do companies like Juicero and Keurig Cold buy back their machines when they go out of business?

Reputation, and cheaper than fighting lawsuits. In the case of the juicero there is no alternative way to get the bags so the machines become worthless. Disgruntled customers could file complaints with the FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection. Offering to buy back the product is cheaper than the following lawsuit and/or investigation


Question: When massive amounts of rain fall, where do all of the earthworms go? I know some come up and hang die on the sidewalk, but do some go lower? And if so how much lower? Do they go under sidewalks? Or do massive amounts die

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When massive amounts of rain fall, where do all of the earthworms go? I know some come up and hang die on the sidewalk, but do some go lower? And if so how much lower? Do they go under sidewalks? Or do massive amounts die

Earthworms don't drown because of rain. They "breathe" through their skin and that process works fine in water. In fact, much like a fish's gills, the earthworm *needs* to be moist to exchange oxygen through its skin. So considering that... it's not true that earthworms come to the surface to avoid drowning. Or that they necessarily *need* to go anywhere when it rains. Instead it's likely that they come to the surface when it rains because they can, they would dry out if it wasn't raining. The appeal of coming to the surface could be to find food, move long distances, just because they have no reason not to... etc.


Question: Why (or how) do SSRIs make people feel suicidal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why (or how) do SSRIs make people feel suicidal?

We don't know. People will tell you that they don't induce suicidal thoughts, that all they do is give you the energy to act on suicidal thoughts you already have. But that's false. They've been documented as giving non-depressed people suicidal thoughts as well. The thing is, we know almost nothing about how/why they alter your mood. We don't know why they help treat depression - they just do. We don't know why they have the side effects they do - they just do. That's actually pretty common for drugs that affect the brain. We know that they do what they do, but we don't know why. For example, we don't know why/how general anesthesia knocks you out. We just know that it does. Brain science is still in its infancy, but we're learning more every day. Maybe in 5-10 years you can ask this question again and we'll know the answer.


Question: why does the Australian government fail to provide a sufficient upgrade to our broadband network even with the knowledge that the Internet will be as vital as the electricity grid was in the 19th century?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the Australian government fail to provide a sufficient upgrade to our broadband network even with the knowledge that the Internet will be as vital as the electricity grid was in the 19th century?

Most of the people that make the decisions in the Australian government are the kind of people that don't think the internet is important. They are the types of people that buy the newspaper every day. If it's not something they grew up with, they don't really care about it. They are set in their ways, and they fear change. There is also no real motivation for them to do anything about it. Any actual upgrades worth having will take decades (how long has the NBN been going now?), and the party in control only cares about what they can take credit for in the current term (because they know full well they may not get another term next time). Think about how the internet has been working for a very long time. It has mostly been proivided using an existing copper wire telephone network, that has been in place for a very long time. Most of this copper phone network is all connected in the crapest way possible. Find an older apartment building, made some time in the 70s, then find the MDF for the phone system somewhere in the basement. It will be bare copper wires wrapped around bare metal termination posts, with no insulation, and not a drop of solder holding it all together (or any other form of positive fixation). [Here's one I had the pleasure of having to deal with a few years ago.]( URL_1 ) Apparently there was nothing wrong with this system, and the connection issues were a problem with my modem or plain old operator error... [Ever seen one of these on the side of the road?]( URL_2 ) Care to guess what ther are? These are accessible connection nodes for the same copper phone network. They look very similar inside as the MDF pic I posted above. They use slightly newer technology though, called a [punch-down]( URL_0 ) terminal. This uses no insulation just like the older system, and it uses nothing but the pressure of the wire forced between two metal tabs to make the connection. It is used for one reason and only one reason, that being it is extremely quick to use. But just because it is quick doesn't mean it is good. The issues with the NBN are simple. The original idea was to install a completely separate system that specifically **DID NOT** use this crappy old technology. It was supposed to be fibre-optics to your house, Australia wide. Then the ruling party of the government changed, and the new one decided that the proposed plan was not required. They figured the people didn't really *NEED* super fast and reliable internet (see the start of this rant), so now we have super fast internet that stops around the corner, and then it's connected to your house using the same crappy old copper phone network. I would go on, but this should be enough to show you why we are only ranked 55th in the world for internet service, and why it's not going to change any time soon.


Question: How are credit card numbers validated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are credit card numbers validated?

The first step in that the first few digits will be checked to correspond to a certain company. For example an Amex card will start with 34 or 37 and will be 15 digits long. Where as a Visa will start with a 4 then the next 3 digits describe the issuer and card type, it will also be 13, 16 or 19 digits long. If it then passes this then a Luhn algorithm will be checked. You take every second digit(except the very last one) and double them. Any double digit numbers are added together to get a single digit. You then sum these numbers up with the other digits and get one whole number. The modulus 10 of this number should be 0 if it isn't then one or more digits is wrong. So if you have 80 then the modulus 10 is 0 so it works whereas if you had 23 then the modulus 10 is 3 and you know there's an error. Now that you have an entry that you know is accurate the machine then contacts the bank to verify it with the CVV and expiry date to authorise the purchase.


Question: Why do some PDF documents open immediately in a browser while others need you to save it first before it can be opened?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some PDF documents open immediately in a browser while others need you to save it first before it can be opened?

It depends on the server, specifically the [Content-Type]( URL_0 ) header. This header tells the browser what kind of content is expected in the file - an html page, an image, a video, an audio file, a pdf file, and others. If the Content-Type header is set to "application/pdf", then the browser knows this is a pdf file, and will present it. Otherwise, the browser won't know how to show this file, so it just offers you to download it.


Question: What is shitposting and why do young people find it funny?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is shitposting and why do young people find it funny?

I'm 42 and I can't understand why someone my age wouldn't understand it. It's just satire, irony and irreverent humour. It's something we grew up with as kids. Spitting Image, Monty Python, The Young Ones, Whoops Apocalypse!, Brass Eye, Have I got News For You, Monkey Dust, Screenwipe, South Park, Viz, Oink! etc as well as dozens of famous comedians such as Rik Mayall, George Carlin, Rowan Atkinson, Bill Hicks, Andy Kaufman, David Baddiel, Doug Stanhope, Harry Enfield, Richard Pryor, Lenny Bruce etc. Go back a bit more and you can see the long history of political cartoons in newspapers, Shakespeare, Chaucer and so on. It isn't even modern, it's actually very old. It's just the method of delivery that has changed.


Question: What actually happens to our skin when we apply lotion? How deep does the lotion go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What actually happens to our skin when we apply lotion? How deep does the lotion go?

Your skin is made up of two layers. The epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer. Which is what we're dealing with when it comes to lotion and applying product. Your epidermis is covered in pores. The lotion sinks into your pores and is distributed throughout the epidermis making your skin feel more soft and supple. The top layer contains a lot of keratin which is a thick and hard substance. It prevents it from going much deeper- but a very minimal amount will likely sink down into the dermis and enter the bloodstream. Though it's not enough to harm us. Also located in these pores are the sebaceous glands. They produce sebum, or oil. They are more commonly known as your oil glands. People with very active oil glands have oily skin. As you age- your oil glands become less active, which causes the skin to become dryer with age. A good lotion mimics the properties of sebum. A lot of lotions have fillers and alcohol in them, which causes it to sit on top of the skin or evaporate-and only feel like it's absorbed. Fun fact: the reason eye creams are so much more expensive than regular lotions are because we don't have pores under our eyes. That means the molecules have to be so small they absorb right through the skin without the help of pores. They use nanotechnology to alter the molecular structure of the proteins and fatty acids so they will be small enough to penetrate through. That's an expensive and extensive process so they have to charge more. If you aren't satisfied yet- I'll keep going: The top layer of your epidermis is composed of fatty and waxy substances, some of which are called "lipids". If something is lipid-soluble, it will be able to permeate the top layer of your skin. That's why the active ingredients in lotions are oils and fats. They contain lipid-soluble components. Which is why things like lotions and oils will absorb into your skin more than other substances. Source: I am an esthetician.


Question: Why do images on the internet sometimes load all-at-once in rows and other times they load from a blurry image to a sharper image?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do images on the internet sometimes load all-at-once in rows and other times they load from a blurry image to a sharper image?

It's a decision made by the designer of the page. A blurry low-resolution version of an image requires very little data, so it can be downloaded and displayed immediately, while the user waits for the full-resolution version to download, and this looks smoother than having images suddenly pop into existence. But it requires more data overall (since you're downloading the full image, plus the low-res version), requires some extra effort to set up, and doesn't necessarily work in all browsers or under certain browser settings. The technique is called progressive loading, and if the user has JavaScript enabled, you can do more sophisticated and thoughtful versions of it too. For example, you can detect whether the user is using mobile data or Wi-Fi/a wired connection, how fast that connection is, and how high-resolution their screen is, and then decide what versions of things to load based on that. So a desktop user with a 4K screen and a fixed 100Mbps connection gets the super high-resolution versions of images loaded progressively, all the custom fonts, the background art, the HD video, etc, while the mobile user on 3G gets no special fonts, the 360p video, and has lower-resolution images that 'pop in' instead of progressively loading, to minimize the data usage.


Question: Why is the primary braking force on a motorcycle applied to the front wheel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the primary braking force on a motorcycle applied to the front wheel?

Well this is the thing, the front wheel is way less likely to lock than the rear. As soon as you start applying braking force, the mass of you and the bike press the front suspension and consequently the front tire hard into the road. Unless you're on ice or something or properly standing water, you're very very unlikely to lock up the front wheel provided you don't snatch the brake on that hard that it doesn't get chance for the bike to load up the front suspension. Once that suspension is loaded up, you can keep squeezing that front brake lever up until the point that the back tire would start lifting off the road because the harder you brake, the harder the front wheel is being pressed against the road, and the more grip it gets. You can put a **lot** more stopping power into the front wheel. On the other hand, the back wheel has the opposite problem. As soon as you're braking it's throwing the weight forward **off** the back wheel, which makes it more likely to want to lock up. You get the most braking force of a tire on the road just before the wheel locks, so not only is that bad for your braking ability anyway, it reduces the control you have over the bike, because the back wheel can now slide around. So when they say the front wheel does most of your braking, it literally does. The back wheel physically can't put the same braking force into slowing the bike down as the front wheel can. It's the opposite situation as to why rear wheel drive cars can accelerate harder than front wheel drive, because the act of acceleration forces the back wheels into the ground which gives them more grip, whereas on the front wheels, acceleration lifts them up.


Question: Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are certain storms all rain and no thunder and others all thunder and no rain?

I'm sure someone will be able to better explain this, but here we go: Weather can be categorized as "stable" or "unstable". This is based upon the amount of updrafts caused by hot air rising. So for example, thunderstorms are caused by huge amounts of hot, moist air rising, this in short causes static electricity to build up and then discharge as lightning. Conversely, stable air is usually found around cold fronts, so no updrafts, no static, no lightning, and typically only rain.


Question: In this age of computers and (near)instant processing, why do some things like standing orders, direct debits etc not get taken at weekends?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In this age of computers and (near)instant processing, why do some things like standing orders, direct debits etc not get taken at weekends?

Up until about 2005 the Bank of Queensland in Australia still used reel to reel tape for their nightly transfers. I shit you not. We are talking 1970's hardware like you see in an old bond movie. The only reason they changed to cassette tapes (single spool data tapes not audio) was because the vacuum tubes in the reel to reel tape machine (the size of a standard fridge) failed and when the tech opened up the spare parts box the spare vacuum tubes had gone brittle and were useless. They could have changed to cassette tape at anytime but if it's not broken why put the effort in.


Question: How does light carry data and information, i.e in fiber optic cables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does light carry data and information, i.e in fiber optic cables?

So everyone has already more or less summed it up as On vs Off, zeroes and ones, all that good stuff. but if you want to get really interesting: we can actually do multiple "streams" of data on the same piece of fiber. How? *Different colors of light.* We do the same on/off thing described by other commenters, but with light of different wavelenths (colors) on the same piece of fiber optic cable, at the same time. It's called Wavelength Division Multiplexing, multiplexing means sending more than one stream of information, so Wavelenth Division Multiplexing is sending multiple streams of information, divided by using different wavelengths/colors. I know it's not directly answering your question, but it's a pretty cool thing we can do!


Question: Missile interception systems. How exactly can you stop a giant missile coming your way?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Missile interception systems. How exactly can you stop a giant missile coming your way?

You blow it up. An atomic bomb is like a super intricate Swiss Watch. A million little pieces that have to work perfectly for it to detonate. Blow it up with another missile and you won’t have an atomic bomb. You’ll have a bunch of burned up scrap metal, and a lot of scattered uranium/plutonium. That sucks enough, but not as bad as a nuclear detonation.


Question: How does a country determine where it currently sits on the Laffer curve?

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 How does a country determine where it currently sits on the Laffer curve?

It doesn't. The Laffer Curve merely expresses a truism that tax revenue goes to zero at both 0% tax rate and 100% tax rate, but is non-zero in between. It does not predict the nature of the curve in between. It's more important as a philosophical concept, since people's intuition is that increasing tax rates increases government revenue when this isn't necessarily the case.


Question: If it's generally impermissible for politicians to receive contributons from foreign sources in a national election, why is it acceptable and even celebrated for politicians in a state election to get endorsements and contributions from out of state?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 If it's generally impermissible for politicians to receive contributons from foreign sources in a national election, why is it acceptable and even celebrated for politicians in a state election to get endorsements and contributions from out of state?

The states are permanently bound in a union. The whole USA is considered a single country, with no country having the right to leave, and with Federal law taking precedence over State law. So while in some narrow legal senses other states are "foreign," we are firmly understood to be One Nation.


Question: How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

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 How does CO2 actually affect the earth’s climate, in a chemical sense?

The sun emits a lot of radiant heat, which is heat in the form of light. In the case of the sun, because it is so hot, this light is of a higher frequency - much of the energy is contained in visible and ultraviolet light. The Earth, meanwhile, is not nearly as hot as the sun, so it emits primarily lower frequency infrared light. This is how the Earth dissipates heat, since of course there is no air in space to carry the heat away. Carbon dioxide absorbs infrared light, but not visible or ultraviolet light. This means that the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere allows heat from the sun to reach the ground, but when the ground re-emits that heat, it hits the carbon dioxide and cannot escape as easily.


Question: Why does ice melt almost instantly when it comes into contact with metal?

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 Why does ice melt almost instantly when it comes into contact with metal?

Metal is an excellent conductor of heat. So whatever warm is touching the cup (you, the air) is readily conducted throughout the metal to other things that are touching it (the ice). Basically it is a fast way of getting heat from everything else into the ice, causing it to melt. This is also why it feels cold to the tough. It speedily conducts heat away from your body.


Question: How can we be sure we are seeing same colours as everyone else?

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 How can we be sure we are seeing same colours as everyone else?

Fundamentally, we can’t. We can know what specific wavelengths people are sensitive to, and we know there are some small variations between people (and bigger variations for some like those who are colorblind), but there’s no way to know what the subjective experience of those colors is really like for anyone else. Your red might be my green, or maybe we see a pallet of completely different colors such that neither of us could even conceive of what the other is seeing. We know enough to say that what you see and what I see is probably not exactly identical, but we have no real idea how much that extends to what colors basically look like.


Question: How does axe throwing work?

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 How does axe throwing work?

To be blunt, your premise is wildly incorrect. An axe has a handle with a measurable length and a head with a measurable mass. I’m the simplest case, when the target is less than a handle length away, you just need to “throw” the axe in an arc less than 90 degrees such that the head hits the target. The odds of hitting with the blade end are 100%. If the speed stays the same then the axe will always hit the target at the same point along the rotation. In theory it will rotate a specific and predictable number of times. As the target gets farther away the number of rotations increases but it’s easy to conceptualize how the axe is rotating over a distance that depends on the initial conditions.


Question: How do some video games have a "Playable" state during the download?

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 How do some video games have a "Playable" state during the download?

This is a little overly simplified, but gets the concept across. Let's say that you're playing a single-player game that's linear. The actual game engine is relatively small - most of your assets that take up a bunch of space are things like textures, music, video, and other files of that type. So for the first two hours of the game, you spend it in one area. That means that you only need the environment and character assets for things in that area (along with the game engine) and you can play that section. So it downloads all of the character models and music and other stuff it might need for that time, and while you're playing, it can download all of the other characters and music and textures.


Question: Why, sometimes, do boiled eggs yolks turn grey?

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 Why, sometimes, do boiled eggs yolks turn grey?

That happens when the eggs are overcooked. There's iron present in the egg yolk and sulfur in the egg white. These are normally kept apart by the yolk membrane. When an egg is boiled for too long, the iron and the sulfur start to react and form iron sulfide, which is black. The result is a band of greenish- or grayish-looking yolk surrounding the yellow middle. Eggs that look like that are totally safe to eat; they don't even taste different. But if you want to avoid the discoloration, don't overcook your eggs.


Question: Why does a double pendulum motion create such a sporadic, random pattern?

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 Why does a double pendulum motion create such a sporadic, random pattern?

It's "chaotic": very small differences in the initial conditions (like exactly how the pendulum is started, exactly how far it is held up before being released, etc.) make very significant differences in the final motion. There are equations that govern how it work, and there are patterns to how it moves. It's just hard to replicate the motion, because of the difficulty in swinging a pendulum *exactly* the same twice. Weather works like this, too: the strength of a mere breeze halfway across the world can make the difference in whether or not a storm hits your home or misses it a couple weeks later. That's why weather prediction takes lots of computing power, and why long-term forecasts tend to kinda suck.


Question: Why do we fall asleep faster on the couch than in our own bed?

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 Why do we fall asleep faster on the couch than in our own bed?

I read into this a few months back where I was having sleep issues and could only fall asleep on the couch. The long story short of it is basically the way your mind views each place. My couch was only used to kick back, relax, and space out whereas when I was in bed I would be on my phone, eating, doing work on my laptop or watching TV. My brain didn't know what I was in my bed to do whereas it knew as soon as I sat on the couch I was relaxing. Its weird to think your brain can get confused by conscious decisions but once I started doing everything on the couch and took the TV out of my room I started getting to sleep faster and have better, deeper sleep.


Question: Why does a sine wave produce a pure tone?

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 Why does a sine wave produce a pure tone?

A sine wave is the only tone that's a pure frequency. If you break it down to the component frequencies, there's just one. That's what makes it sound "pure", it only stimulates a single frequency detector (cochlear nerve) in your ear. Any other real sound, or any other waveform (e.g. a square wave at the same frequency), is a mixture of frequencies. Your ear can hear all of them, so it stimulates multiple nerves and you hear a more complex/less pure tone.


Question: With all of the probes we've sent to crash into jupiter and saturn, how come we don't have any pictures from inside their atmospheres?

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 With all of the probes we've sent to crash into jupiter and saturn, how come we don't have any pictures from inside their atmospheres?

There's only one single probe that has ever been sent to study the interior of a gas giant's atmosphere (the [Galileo Probe]( URL_0 )). This probe spent about an hour falling through the atmosphere before being destroyed and losing signal. It did not contain a camera. It only transmitted a bit under 440 kilobytes of data while in the atmosphere, which is a very small amount of data. Data had to be transmitted up to the Galileo orbiter and then retransmitted from there on to earth, which made moving lots of data difficult. Transmitting even a few low-quality images would have eaten up most of their data allotment, leaving much less for data transmitted from instruments. And it might have been difficult to get high-quality images if the craft was spinning or otherwise being bounced around by high winds, or if the craft was in a cloud when the image was taken, or if condensation accumulated on the lens. There have only been two other probes to crash into Jupiter or Saturn, the Galileo orbiter and the Cassini orbiter respectively. Both entered the atmosphere at high speed and burned up at high altitude, rather like a shooting star burning up in the night sky. They didn't survive to get anywhere near the cloud layer, and even if they had their radio antennae would have been ripped off long before. I'd love to get some images of the atmosphere of Jupiter or Saturn but I think it would take a dedicated flying or floating probe that could drift in the atmosphere for a long time to make it work. There aren't currently any detailed plans for this as far as I know; it would be a difficult mission for a variety of reasons. Here's a paper on the topic of potential flying or floating atmospheric probes in general, mostly about Venus and Titan but with some info on Jupiter as well. URL_1