Question: What's the difference between the flu,common cold,pneumonia,sinuistis and Tuberculosis ?

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 What's the difference between the flu,common cold,pneumonia,sinuistis and Tuberculosis ?

1. Flu: Caused by the influenza virus. This is primarily a respiratory virus meaning that it favors the particular cells that line your respiratory tract. There's a wide range of virulence (how easy it is to spread) and morbidity (the severity of the symptoms). This is due to the modular nature of the virus and its genetic flexibility allowing it to rapidly adjust its offensive strategies much faster than we adjust our defenses. It's typically associated with a high fever and can lead to pneumonia (which is inflammation of the lungs). 2. A common cold: Somewhat a hodgepodge of different viruses but parainfluenza and rhinovirus are two of the most prevalent. These viruses primarily target the cells of the upper respiratory tract. That means the severity of these illnesses is much lower than influenza because while the lower respiratory tract has the functional components for oxygen transfer, the upper respiratory tract is largely just a tube. This can result in serious complications if there's too much swelling and mechanical obstruction of the airway (see croup), but it rarely progresses that far in adults. 3. Pneumonia: again this is more of a process than a disease and can be caused by many pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic), auto immune disease or trauma. There's no casual pneumonia. It's always serious and life threatening. 4. Sinusitis, like pneumonia, is a process rather than a disease itself. Most often it's either a spread of a respiratory virus or a bacterial infection brought about because of favorable conditions such as retained fluid or some other yummy substrate attractive to the bacteria. 5. Tuberculosis is a deadly bacterial infection of the lungs. It's caused by a mycobacterium. Myco- means that it's fungal like and very difficult for our bodies to clear without the help of antibiotics. As a result, our bodies attempt to just wall off the infection by creating granulomas. Too many of these and your lungs stop being functional. That's why tuberculosis used to kill so many people before the advent of antibiotics and why the scare of antibiotic resistance in tuberculosis is so real. Hope that helps.


Question: How do kids play the same or extremely similar children's rhyming games across wide regions?

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 How do kids play the same or extremely similar children's rhyming games across wide regions?

It's kind of by word of mouth yeah, but it's not an information network. It relies on the fact that children of different ages interact with each other, so you get some overlap between play groups - if you have a group of 9 year olds with one 7 year old who all play a particular rhyming game, and then that 7 year old also plays with a group of 5 year olds and teaches them the rhyming game, you now have an entire new playgroup with the same game, which may also have a 3 year old in it who teaches it to their 3 year old friends. Playgroup overlap isn't just age-based either, it's also geographical. Just taking myself for an example, I lived on a street as a kid, and I went to a school. The kids on that street went to a total of four different schools iirc, so if I had brought a game to them from my school, they could spread it to three more schools from the neutral ground of my street. If someone from one of those schools liked it and brought it back to their street that's on the opposite side of town to my street, they could pass it onto kids who go to schools even further away. This happens because school catchment zones tend to overlap slightly (or in some cases quite significantly), as if the entire country were a giant Venn diagram. Then you also get a little bit of kids moving around as their parents do to top it off and allow some extra mixing between not directly adjacent catchment zones. You also see mutations in the rhymes over great distances, when the carrier of a new rhyme misremembers it or changes it to be funnier, and there's an element of shared media consumption nowadays too. Tom Scott did a [survey]( URL_0 ) a while back about the rhyme involving noisy metal and malodorous crime fighters that indicates younger people today know the egg-laying versions better than older people as a result of the simpsons, which broadcast the almost ubiquitous American version. For this to work the rhyme needed to be known first, but television replaced the rhyme for a lot of children for a generation or so.


Question: In Anna Karenina , Oblonsky says "it's all my fault--all my fault, though I'm not to blame". I don't understand this sentence, so whats the explanation and story behind this sentence?

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 In Anna Karenina , Oblonsky says "it's all my fault--all my fault, though I'm not to blame". I don't understand this sentence, so whats the explanation and story behind this sentence?

what Oblosnky means is that while the action was committed by him, and in that sense is his fault, it was inevitable as if by a force of nature acting through him. what else was a susceptible man with an unappealing wife supposed to do? He is not to blame because what happened could not *NOT* have happened. This is an example of Fatalism being used as the excuse: he is denying blame by denying responsibility altogether. (the reader is not necessarily inclined to agree)


Question: In American football, why can the kicker kick a kickoff of over 80 yards, but most can't kick a field goal from 40?

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 In American football, why can the kicker kick a kickoff of over 80 yards, but most can't kick a field goal from 40?

For a kickoff, the ball is placed on a tee, as opposed to being held at the top by the holder. This (I would imagine) allows for less drag when kicked because the ball is just coming off the tee as opposed to coming off the grass and finger. The defense isn't rushing the kicker. This allows for a longer run-up to generate more power. This also allows for a lower launch angle since you're not trying to get it over the outstretched arms of the linemen who are ~5 yards away. Finally, when kicking off, you just need to make sure the ball lands between the sidelines. That's 160' of space you've got to play with. With a field goal, that space is cut down to 18.5' wide. And it's 10' off the ground. It's a much smaller space you can place the ball in. Much easier to just smash the ball knowing as long as your form allows you to hit it somewhat straight that you've got 8x the width to play with.


Question: How do hurricanes weaken over land? Where does all that energy go?

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 How do hurricanes weaken over land? Where does all that energy go?

Hurricanes require warm, moist air found right above the surface of warm waters (places near the equator) to sustain the wind speeds and clouds found in a hurricane. Over land, they no longer have these conditions, so the clouds and air slowly diffuse away into the surrounding areas, which makes the hurricane weaker and smaller, until it becomes a patch of clouds and rain.


Question: Why are most medicines prescribed to be taken daily?

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 Why are most medicines prescribed to be taken daily?

That is the amount of time that it takes for your body to process that chemical out. Some medications are taken 2 or even 4 times a day due to how rapidly the body processes them, and some are taken every few days to once a week. Some allergy medications are taken once a month. Higher doses alone do not mean it will take longer (or much longer) for the body to process the chemical out. And since most medications are small doses of poisons and toxins taking a larger dose can be lethal or at least have very negative effects.


Question: If i scramble a 3x3 rubiks cube 10 times, will they all be the same difficulty?

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 If i scramble a 3x3 rubiks cube 10 times, will they all be the same difficulty?

If a move consists of rotating one slice, and you can rotate it 90, 180 or 270 degrees, then I think there are...27 possible moves? x1, x2, x3, y1, y2, y3, z1, z2 and z3, and three amounts of rotation for each. So a dumb estimate would be that there are 27^(10) move combinations you could apply. The catch is that many of these are equivalent, or could cancel out. Turning a slice 90 degrees, and then turning it 270 more degrees (or -90 degrees) results in no change to the cube state. And there are other combinations, like turning the middle slice 90 right and then the bottom slice 90 right is equivalent to just turning the top slice 90 left. So if you applied 10 random moves, in some cases you might get a bunch of moves that cancel each other, and that could result in a cube that's closer to solved. It may not be *obvious* that it's closer to solved, unless you have a lot of experience, but definitely some random scrambles would seem to do more than others.


Question: Why do gases get colder instead of hotter the faster they move?

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 Why do gases get colder instead of hotter the faster they move?

It's not necessarily about how fast they move but more about pressure, when you compress a gas it heats up, it stores energy (the same way a spring would, kind of) if you released it right away you would be back to square one but these plants cool down the compressed gas back to room temperature. When you finally release the now "cold" compressed gas it has to turn thermal energy ( the "compressed spring energy") into work, since it's now at room temperature, this cools it down even further. Bit of a crude explanation on my part but this is also how air conditioning works. The AC compressor compresses the refrigerant, the hot refr. goes to the condenser where it cools down, then to a heat exchanger where it is allowed to expand again (in this case also evaporate) and consequently pull away heat from the air going in your cabin.


Question: On sketchy sites, why do some pop-ups get blocked but others don't? Shouldn't all pop-ups be blocked by turning on the pop-up blocker?

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 On sketchy sites, why do some pop-ups get blocked but others don't? Shouldn't all pop-ups be blocked by turning on the pop-up blocker?

An ad blocker has to decide what's website content and what's an ad. If a website owner decides to manually post an image of an ad to their website there's not much an ad blocker can do to determine that's an ad and not website content because in a way it actually is website content. Usually adblockers block the ads that have to load from external sources.


Question: Why does water feel much colder than the air, when they are the same temperature?

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 Why does water feel much colder than the air, when they are the same temperature?

Water (and other liquids) is excellent at absorbing heat energy. Because its molecules are so densely packed together, it can absorb a lot. Heat energy always flows from higher concentration to lower concentration, so when your relatively warm skin is on contact with water, the water will absorb heat from your skin much more quickly than air of the same temperature can. As more heat leaves your body, you feel colder. Air can and does absorb heat energy from your body (unless the air temp is warmer than your skin), but it is a lot slower, since air molecules are so much farther apart than water molecules, meaning that a lot more air is required to achieve the same cooling effect as the water.


Question: What is Hedging with respect to Future and Options?

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 What is Hedging with respect to Future and Options?

You go to Vegas one summer and bet $100 on the Packers to win the next super bowl. The bet pays $1,000 if you get it right. Flash forward to next January, the packers have won the NFC and are playing against the Chiefs in the superbowl. Now, depending on the outcome of that game, you're either going to leave with $1,100 (the $1,000 you win, plus your initial $100 back), or $0. You decide that is too much of a gamble, so you hedge your initial bet by making a new bet against it. You bet $500 that the Chiefs will win the game. It pays an even $500 if you get it right. Now, if the Packers win, you end up with $600 (the $1,100 minus the $500 you lose on the new bet). If the Chiefs win, you end up with $500 (from the new bet). With just the 1st bet, your 2 options were either $0 or $1,100. Once you placed the hedge bet, your options are $500 or $600. Either way, your expected win amount (assuming the game is a toss up) is $550. But with the hedge, you're taking less of a gamble and can better predict the amount of money you will wind up with.


Question: Why are tight rings so much harder to take off than they are to put on?

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 Why are tight rings so much harder to take off than they are to put on?

Lots of wrong answers here. It’s because of your skin and the shape of your joints. Putting on a ring you are basically pulling your skin tight against your fingertip and pushing it up over the cleft of the joint. It can’t go very far so it doesn’t form folds easily. Pulling off a ring your basically pulling on a lot more skin with no hard anchors nearby and it drops off over the cleft of your knuckle so it folds there and jams under the ring.


Question: why do hangovers get worse the older you get?

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 why do hangovers get worse the older you get?

Your liver helps filter out the toxins found in alcohol. Your liver is like a Brita filter. The older it gets and the more it's used it ends up not working as well as it did when it was new. Also, in this scenario you're five what are you doing drinking hooch? Wait... I'm your father...I...I have failed you my son. forgive me...


Question: How do cannibinoids like THC and CBD kill certain types of cancer cells?

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 How do cannibinoids like THC and CBD kill certain types of cancer cells?

Your cells have cannibinoid receptors (CB1 & CB2) which are activated by THC and other cannibinoids. When activated these receptors signal the cell to produce a protein called TRIB3. TRIB3 is known to stimulate the TNF (tumour necrosis factor) pathway, although the exact mechanism is unknown. The TNF pathway starts cell death and causes the cancer cell to suicide. However, this mechanism does not work in all cancers. Many cancers develop resistance to TNF-induced cell death so consuming cannibinoids might have little effect. There are conflicting studies on the effectiveness so we don’t know for sure. The main use of cannibinoids in cancer treatment is to reduce nausea and pain caused by other forms of therapy such as chemo and radiation therapy.


Question: why's it that a paper cut hurts way more than it should?

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 why's it that a paper cut hurts way more than it should?

Your hands, especially finger tips, are absolutely full of nerve endings. Since you can feel so delicately injury to the hands are far more painful than other body locations. The cuts also don't go deep enough to draw blood often leaving your nerves exposed to air and contaminants making it more painful.


Question: What do cell phones do with the information it gets from SIM cards in order to make a phone call?

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 What do cell phones do with the information it gets from SIM cards in order to make a phone call?

Take it roughly the same as how authenticating yourself on a private, wireless network. Your SIM card ID is a username, your PIN unlocks the SIM card's "password" equivalent (your pin isn't used on the network, it unlocks the second encrypted part needed to complete the authentication). Once the SIM full ID is unlocked (and your phone accessible), you get access to your account's credentials on that network (remaining credit and the like) and you can make calls (other than emergency ones). And for the reason about Vsims like VSCA or any other .. these take time, it has to come from cooperation and make the insane paperwork, adopt standards for network operators AND phone manufacturers and face the potential loony, obnoxious one who wants to do his own thing with zero standard whatsoever (hello Apple) and will probably make the others do the exact same thing : divide & conquer (hello everyone else).


Question: How is shorting companies not gambling?

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</answer>
 How is shorting companies not gambling?

When you buy stock on the open market, your money goes to the seller of the shares and not the company (unless you buy shares at the IPO or other direct offering from a company, which are rare). Shorting a company is done by the same mechanism as selling shares, where you have some shares and agree to sell them for $X. The only difference is that you borrowed those shares from somebody else, and need to replace them at some point. If I own Apple share and I think it'll start going down, I simply sell my shares. I don't currently own Apple shares but think it'll go down, I borrow somebody else's shares and sell those while promising to replace their shares at a future date (when hopefully those shares will be cheaper to repurchase). Just a stock price provides a barometer for a company and how the public perceives their prospects, a rising level of short interest tells a company it may be headed in the wrong direction.


Question: - How does a Boomerang work?

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 - How does a Boomerang work?

URL_0 I’m going to try my best to interpret here: basically a boomerang is built to have an aerofoil (wing) always at the top edge of the object. An aerofoil causes air to move faster around it, which creates lift. What this accomplishes is that the boomerang is pushed to the left (most boomerangs I’ve seen are left-rotating) from whatever direction it is parallel to. If you get enough spin that that aerofoil turns through enough air to push it just at the right rate and right amount, you can get it to come right back to you. Otherwise it whizzes past you and you duck anyways. This is my basic understanding. I may be wrong, at parts, but I know for a fact that the boomerang is shaped like a plane’s wing, and instead of getting lift upwards it gets most of the lift normal to the boomerang as torque.


Question: Can we just spit out candy, junk food, etc. like gum after we chew it to cancel out negative nutritional effects?

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 Can we just spit out candy, junk food, etc. like gum after we chew it to cancel out negative nutritional effects?

Your saliva is already starting to break down whatever it is you're chewing on so your body is already consuming the good and bad before it hits your stomach. At least, that's my understanding of what's going on. Like people who use chewing tobacco don't swallow in order to feel the effects of the nicotine.


Question: Why and what all happened during the 2008 economic crisis?

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 Why and what all happened during the 2008 economic crisis?

Greedy salespeople pushed willing home buyers/owners into risky loans that weren't right for them. These risky loans where bundled together with non risky loans to hide there riskiness. The financial rating agency's, who measure how risky things are, played along because it made them money. Agency's gave these assets of bundled loans a much higher ratings than they should have. High ratings meaning "these are all for sure going to be paid back on time". When these risky loans started to not be paid back, it kicked off a slow down in investment, which in turn caused more people to not make their loan payments, which slowed investment even more and kept snowballing until we had a historically bad recession. I think. Did I miss any big points?


Question: How could the internet grid's infrastructure usage after the emergency not be considered a utility if it's essential now?

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 How could the internet grid's infrastructure usage after the emergency not be considered a utility if it's essential now?

And all those internet companies that have capped data or paid data teirs are going to be outted. They can't pretend anymore that people's level of internet data usage needs to be regulated and paid for to maintain service. Clearly, after all this, the level of data that is being consumed is at an all time high and the system has no problems coping. Hopefully the cash grab is over.


Question: Why are there exactly 10 primary digits (0-9) in total? Could there have been any other number of digits if those who came up with the number system had decided on more primary digits?

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 Why are there exactly 10 primary digits (0-9) in total? Could there have been any other number of digits if those who came up with the number system had decided on more primary digits?

It's possible our culture settled on base 10 because that's how many fingers we have. There's no mathematical reason behind this, though. It could be anything. To name an example, the Babylonians used a kind of [hybrid base 6 and base 10 making base 60]( URL_1 ), essentially the same way we write minutes and seconds in times. Indeed, _we_ use that. 60 has the advantage that it's divisible by many numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 60. Already a third in base 10 becomes 0.33333… with infinitely many threes. A third of an hour is simply 20 minutes. Mathematicians have since come up with many systems, like [negative base]( URL_2 ), [golden ratio base]( URL_3 ) and a [factorial system]( URL_0 ). It can all work.


Question: What is happening when you get the “chills” from listening to a great song?

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 What is happening when you get the “chills” from listening to a great song?

It’s less that it’s from the great song as much as it is certain memories or feelings which the song evokes either through affiliation to life events or through emotion of the instrumentation or the impact of the lyrics. The chills you are talking about is most likely the little shiver you get when you do things like turn down a loud radio or move from hot air to cold or the other way around. This sensation is the body basically resetting its senses because there was a drastic shift in the surroundings that you literally went into momentary sensory overload. This can be evoked on occasion through music both because the song itself is being experienced through a sense as well as the body’s tendency to relate physical sensation to non physical occurrence and vice versa.


Question: Typically what causes 'sudden weight loss' when someone has a disease?

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 Typically what causes 'sudden weight loss' when someone has a disease?

Fewer calories in, more calories burned, stuff breaking down, or fluid loss. Under more burned, we have things like hyperthyroidism directly increasing basal metabolic rate; nearly every cell in the body is affected to some degree, basically cranking up energy usage. Malignant tumors are notoriously hungry for glucose, and will steal it anywhere they can. Under less in, we have appetite suppression, which can happen a lot of ways, and malabsorption, as seen in enzyme deficiencies, some gastrointestinal issues, etc. Uncontrolled diabetes may mean simply peeing glucose out. Breakdown of fat and muscle gets more complicated, so let's just say it happens. Any kind of serious dehydration, often from vomiting and/or diarrhea, can shed pounds very quickly. (The treatment for cholera is largely "measure how much water they poop out, then give them that much oral rehydration fluid.") Those diabetics who are peeing glucose out are also losing a lot of water with it; people in diabetic ketoacidosis can require many liters of fluid when hospitalized.


Question: Why does meat continue to increase in temperature after being removed from the oven?

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 Why does meat continue to increase in temperature after being removed from the oven?

The core temperature might increase but the average temperature does not. When you heat up a piece of meat you are just heating the outside. It can take some time for the heat to equalize throughout the meat. So the inside temperature can still be quite cold even if the outside is done. This is why you measure the core temperature of the meat and not the outside temperature. To prevent overcooking the outside of the meat you have to take it out of the oven. The outside is still hot and will cool down but some of the heat from the outside will continue to heat up the inside. So after letting the meat rest the inside will be done cooking and you can serve the meat.


Question: Why do we at some age generally stop crying over physical pain?

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 Why do we at some age generally stop crying over physical pain?

Most kids learn early on that crying gets them attention, so whenever they're hurt (or think they could be hurt, or just want attention), they start crying. They need someone else to help them fix the injury, and crying alerts others to that need. The older and more mature you get, the less you need outside attention to fix yourself up and/or feel better, so you cry less over physical pain. That said, even adults will tear up when they're in a lot of pain.


Question: What is the difference between Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off Broadway?

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 What is the difference between Broadway, off-Broadway and off-off Broadway?

These are actually all misconceptions; Broadway vs. Off-Broadway has nothing to do with the theater being located on Broadway (or any particular location in New York, for that matter). What distinguishes Broadway, Off-Broadway, & Off-Off-Broadway from each other is how many seats are in a theater. A theater with 499 seats or more is considered a Broadway theater, between 99-499 seats is Off-Broadway, and 99 or less is Off-Off-Broadway. It can be slightly more complicated than that and there are some exceptions, but that’s the basic idea. Source: I’m a theatre professional


Question: Why do people blame government for failing economy?

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 Why do people blame government for failing economy?

The government regulates the economy. The government is literally the only reason that money is able to exist and retain its value. The government dictates how much money exists, how it flows, how it is taxes, what it can be spent on, and so on. The economy is the response of people in aggregate to their world and productivity. The only factors that should influence it are the physical environment (in large part controlled by the government, as infrastructure), the law (duh, govt), and culture (also largely in control of the government).


Question: Does bleach added to soil eventually break down into harmless substances?

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 Does bleach added to soil eventually break down into harmless substances?

[After use in household cleaning or laundry, sodium hypochlorite breaks down into 95–98% salt and water. The remaining 3–5% is easily handled/removed by either sewage treatment or a septic tank where it degrades like starting soil. Further, no liquid bleach enters the environment as it reacts with organic loads in pipes and is consumed long before it reaches sewage treatment]( URL_0 ) Can't say for 100 percent certainty but this would certainly imply it will eventually degrade back down into soil. i'm not sure what the last 3-5% is composed of.


Question: How does a router decide what inbound packets should be routed to which machine?

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 How does a router decide what inbound packets should be routed to which machine?

By port number. When the router rewrites the source IP address, it also assigns a random port number (and remembers it). When the packets come back, they're addressed to the the port the router assigned so the router can then look up which device on its network it used that port for.


Question: why does your temperature seem to fluctuate so much more when you’re asleep versus awake (ie fall asleep freezing, wake up sweating, repeat)?

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 why does your temperature seem to fluctuate so much more when you’re asleep versus awake (ie fall asleep freezing, wake up sweating, repeat)?

There are some normal cycles. For instance, body temperature tends to drop in the middle of the night and spike around when you're about to wake up (this is especially problematic to me, I have a spike where I often get stupidly hot 30 minutes before I need to get up). For most of us, we sleep a bit better when we are cooler, which is why it's better to sleep in a colder room with blankets to keep you warm enough to be stable. But the biggest issue is just stability when you aren't moving for 5-8 hours. Say you're awake, and you're in a situation where heat builds up about 0.2 degrees per hour if you don't move due to blankets and other insulation. No big deal, you move all the time. If you're sleeping and you don't move the blankets keep trapping more and more heat. Or you kick them off, and suddenly that sweat on your body cools you down and the temperature crashes. Edit: TLDR not moving for a long period of time is the biggest issue. Go hunting in the winter (not moving for hours at a time and then maybe moving around) and you'll see even worse heat vs cold issues. There is a huge difference in body heat between moving and expending energy vs. being still.


Question: Why do humans need to lie down to sleep while some animals can sleep standing up?

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 Why do humans need to lie down to sleep while some animals can sleep standing up?

It would be a neat trick for us to sleep standing. It's quite precarious on two legs. Some birds can do it because they can mechanically "lock" their legs and grasp a branch or similar without exerting their muscles, but for humans standing up takes continuous effort and adjustment - we're not that far removed, evolutionarily speaking, from little four legged rodents and haven't needed to develop the clever machinery that perching birds have. The mammals that can sleep standing up have four legs - more stable - and even among them, some prefer to sleep lying down if they can, like cows.


Question: When a bee hive/ant colony is destroyed, what happens to the remaining bees/ants?

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 When a bee hive/ant colony is destroyed, what happens to the remaining bees/ants?

This was written by another Redditor and applies to both bees and ants. & #x200B; > It depends on a few things: **The queen was not killed:** They will attempt to rebuild the nest **The queen was killed, but some queen larval cells are still intact:** The workers will continue to raise the new queens. The first one to emerge will become the new colony queen and mark all of its sister queens for death by painting their cells with a pheromone which causes workers to attack those larval cells. The bees will attempt to rebuild. **The queen was killed, but some worker bee larval cells are still intact:** Surviving worker bees will select a worker bee cell and feed it royal jelly to grow a new queen. Larvae which grow into bees are essentially neutered by how nutritious their diet was as a larva. If fed royal jelly, which is higher in protein and fat, any young larva could develop into a new queen, mate, and the colony could recover. **The colony was completely obliterated:** The surviving worker bees might try to rebuild, and without a queen to suppress their reproductive processes, will begin to lay eggs. These eggs are not fertlized by a male however, and are unlikely to develop into new bees. Even if they do the offspring will only be male drones which are useless. The colony, along with any surviving bees, will be finished. In most social bees, new colonies are only formed by newly fertilized queens and only at a specific time of year. It is unlikely an established colony would ever move in response to a catastrophe.


Question: what determines a Metal from a Non Metal element?

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 what determines a Metal from a Non Metal element?

The word "metal" can mean a variety of things. Let's start with the Chemistry definition, please bear with me as I give a little background here so nobody ends up (too) confused. In High School you probably learned that there are two types of bonding: Covalent and Ionic. Ionic bonds are when the atoms act like magnets. One is positively charged and the other is negative and they attract each other strongly enough to be stuck together into a new material. (An example of this is Table Salt. The positively charged Na+ attracts the negatively charged Cl-.) A Covalent bond is when two atoms share a pair of electrons between them. Most materials you know of probably fit into this category better (like ethanol, [CH3CH2OH]( URL_1 ), where the C's, H's, and O all share electrons with the atoms they're attached to.) Now that that's out of the way, there's actually a third big category of bonding: **Metallic**. This is what defines a metal in chemistry terms. They're similar to Covalent bonds, but also very different. In a Covalent bond, an atom only directly shares electrons with the atoms next to it. In our example earlier, that first C only shares electrons with the three H's next to it and the other C, and the O only shares electrons with the H and C that it's attached to. In a Metallic bond, the electrons are still shared, but they're considered to be shared between *all* atoms in the material. You can think of it like all the electrons in a chunk of metal just floating around randomly through the entire chunk, and not necessarily attached to any specific atom or pair of atoms. This is what gives metals their trademark conductivity, malleability, and believe it or not their shine too. That's how chemists decide what elements are the color green on the periodic table I linked earlier. (**TL;DR:**) To a chemist, anything that can undergo metallic bonding is a metal. I mentioned at the start that there are a variety of other definitions, I'll briefly mention one here. Astrophysicists consider anything that's not Hydrogen or Helium to be a metal due to how they react and are used in stars. "Losing electrons easily" isn't really a good way to divide up elements, because it's all very relative. And you're right, the elements on the far sides of the periodic table do react very easily. To get a little more advanced, in Chemistry the term electronegativity ([helpful chart here]( URL_0 )) is used as the measure of how easily an element will lose electrons. You'll notice that even Krypton and Xenon have electronegativity values on that chart despite being noble gasses. So even the elements best known for not reacting will lose/gain/share electrons under the right circumstances.


Question: What was before the start of everything?

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 What was before the start of everything?

The Big Bang model is extrapolated backwards from what we see currently as expansion of space. Reverse the expansion as you go back in time and you eventually arrive at a single point. But in this single point the thing that we call physics would be so different from what we see now that concepts like time (as you understand it) just don’t work. I am not a physicist so I can’t explain further. Sadly (Happily) there is no ELI5 for existence itself


Question: How do undocumented immigrants in America survive and hold jobs?

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 How do undocumented immigrants in America survive and hold jobs?

There are a couple ways to get a job: find under the table work that pays cash, doing things like manual labor (construction, landscaping), domestic work (house cleaning, nanny, caregiver for elderly), migrant farming, or find a place like a restaurant that will overlook your status; become an entrepreneur and work for yourself, as a handyman, scrapper, selling at flea markets, selling tamales, etc. There is also a market for fake/forged social security numbers where workers get paid above board, but will never end up being able to collect the social security they're paying into. They stick to cash, use currency exchanges instead of banks, typically rent from other immigrants or smaller scale landlords who will not run credit checks and take cash for rent. A lot of these are not all that different from how many other poor Americans live, say those who have very low incomes, criminal pasts, poor credit and so on.


Question: Why do gas prices fluctuate so quickly?

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 Why do gas prices fluctuate so quickly?

Because it is very easy for the various gas companies to say "Because of X, we are increasing the gas prices", and people just have to take it because we've become dependant on gas and oil and can't really protest it effectively. Similarly, when there should be a reason for gas prices to go down, they usually go with something along the lines of "The oil we're putting through the refineries now was purchased three months ago, so we still have to price gas accordingly". Again, not much you can do.


Question: How is local cable internet routed?

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 How is local cable internet routed?

Your house is part of your nehighborhood cable segment. Everyone on the segment is connected, via splitters and amps, to a cable headend system. The size of the segment depends on the cable company. Bigger segment = fewer expensive headends,but greater amounts of traffic on that segment. Now, every cable modem on the network has a unique hardware address. The headend unit (called a cmts) keeps track of all of the units assigned and subscribed to that segment. Now when an IP packet arrives from the internet, destined for you, the cmts looks at the packet and knows that IP address 3.4.5.6 was assigned to the cable modem with a hardware address of de:ad:be:ef:aa (hardware addresses are usually hexadecimal). So it takes that IP packet and wraps it in a Network frame that it can send over the cable plant with your cable modem address as the destination. The cmts doesn’t have a direct connection to you only. The cmts throws the packet out the wire and everyone can hear it, but everyone but your cable modem Ignores it. If you want to send a packet To the Internet, it’s a bit different. All of the modems on the segment share a range of frequencies to send data back. They share it by transmitting on a certain bit of spectrum at a given time. Lots of modems all waiting their turn to transmit.


Question: How come some keys on a keyboard can't be used together with the ^ symbol?

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 How come some keys on a keyboard can't be used together with the ^ symbol?

The circumflex ( ^ ) doesn't exist on all the latin letters. Only on a select few, mostly vovels. It's the same with diaresis (¨ - the germans often call it umlaut, and that's what it's called in HTML too) it only exists on latin vovels. I'm Swedish. We use the diaresis (and a ring) to add a few extra letters to the alphabet: å, ä and ö. Their pronunciation has very little resemblance to the to original latin letter. And that is why they are there to begin with: to distinguish between different ways to pronounce words. The extra lines, rings, dots and stuff on letters change how they are pronounced demands a pause in the middle of a word or even changes how the *next* letter is to be pronounced, and other things. They are there because writing in latin is fine and all, but it was...lacking for the local language. A computer could in reality print a few extra bits of black above any letter, but it hardly makes any sense to manually create a visual font for a sign combination that is not used in any widespread written language, is there? EDIT: formatting


Question: How does the calculator know 2+2=4?

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 How does the calculator know 2+2=4?

ELIaMOM: You use a fulladder. It actually adds the bits up: \ 1 0 = 2 in binary \ 1 0 = 2 in binary \ 1 0 0 = 4 in binary 10+10=00, carry the one, you get 100. For more complicated calculations it would have look-up tables, just as you probably know the small multiplication table. ELI5: Does your daughter know what a counting frame is? Because claiming that the calculator has a sort of counting frame inside it based on electrical charges rather than small marbles is not completely dishonest.


Question: How do statisticians "control for" additional variables like race and income?

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 How do statisticians "control for" additional variables like race and income?

It basically means they make groupings of those variables and treat each one like its own experiment. Let's say, for example, that I want to compare drivers in Florida (one of the oldest states) and Alaska (one of the youngest). If I find that drivers in Florida get in more accidents with no qualifying information, you might be able to argue that it is because Floridians are, on average, older. If I want to control for age, I'll cut each state's population up into age groups (16-22, 23-39, 40-59, etc) and ask run the test again for each group. If Florida again performs worse than Alaska in all of those age groups, I can say that Floridian drivers get in more accidents that Alaskans, even when controlling for age. As far as limitations go, I would keep in mind that cutting up your data like that gives you a smaller sample size for each test, which could make your tests less robust.


Question: What are the socioeconomic pros and cons of having a cluster of small cities in a single area of land (i.e. the dozen or so cities within Los Angeles County, CA) versus one or two cities sprawled across a single county or metropolitan area?

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 What are the socioeconomic pros and cons of having a cluster of small cities in a single area of land (i.e. the dozen or so cities within Los Angeles County, CA) versus one or two cities sprawled across a single county or metropolitan area?

The biggest argument for a bunch of small cities is that it keeps the government closer to the people. People will feel like they have more influence then they do in a big city. Also the government will be more concerned with the local concerns. The biggest argument for a single city is efficiency. You don't need a county government. There would be more co-operation. Likewise they an argument could be that they are more concerned with the whole county rather than one area.


Question: When companies or people say 'no cost to you' when trying to get you to sign up or sell you something, what exactly do they mean? Won't I eventually have to pay for something in the long run?

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 When companies or people say 'no cost to you' when trying to get you to sign up or sell you something, what exactly do they mean? Won't I eventually have to pay for something in the long run?

It means that you don't have to pay to get into the contract, unlike a house for example where a down-payment is required. Solar has a huge tax rebate in many US states, and they keep that rebate. Then you pay them for electricity at a rate similar to the rate you pay your electric company, so since you pay the electric company less it is the same cost. After a while (15years) you have paid for the system and actually start to save money. No big deal, unless something goes wrong. Hail or a hurricane hurts a panel, you pay. You want to move, either the buyer agrees to the deal or you pay. The details are important.


Question: Why is the sky Red, Orange, Yellow, and Blue, but never green? ROYgBIV tells me that the light wavelengths should go from yellow to green before they get blue.

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 Why is the sky Red, Orange, Yellow, and Blue, but never green? ROYgBIV tells me that the light wavelengths should go from yellow to green before they get blue.

It does turn green during a sunset it's just hard for us to see it because of how vivid the other colors are. Take a thick piece of paper, ideally black paper and cut a 1"x1" square in the middle. Then during the next clear sky sunset hold the sheet of paper two to three feet away from your face and look through the hole. Position it so the hole is over the "border" of where the sky turns from yellow to blue. You should see the green easier then.


Question: Why do cars only visible smoke while in idle when engine is cold?

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 Why do cars only visible smoke while in idle when engine is cold?

It's not smoke, it's particles of water vapour that are condensing and sublimating into minuscule droplets and ice crystals. The most plentiful product of combustion is water. It looks like smoke for the same reason you can see your breath when you exhale in the cold. When the car moves the water disperses in the cold, dry air more quickly.


Question: How do actors maintain health insurance? Is it per project, through SAG, or self-funded?

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 How do actors maintain health insurance? Is it per project, through SAG, or self-funded?

Yes, SAG and AFTRA (American Federation of Television and Radio Artists) have their own [merged health plan]( URL_0 ). They pay premiums like anyone else. If you review their eligibility requirements they are sensitive to the nature of the industry (harder to find work as you get older) and allow previous years of qualifications to count toward future years of eligibility, with 40 years of age as a shift point.


Question: How is Clorox Splashless Bleach actually splashless?

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 How is Clorox Splashless Bleach actually splashless?

It has a higher viscosity than the normal bleach solution. Even concentrated bleach is not 100% sodium hypochlorite (the "bleach" part of bleach): high strength concentrated bleach is 8.25%, the rest is water (and scent additives and so on). Exactly what chemicals in what concentration they added to get the viscosity higher, I couldn't tell you. It's a trade secret and I can't find any information on the ingredients other than that it contains sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide (lye), and even the exact concentrations of those is a trade secret, apparently. Anyway, viscosity is the "thickness" of a liquid. Viscous fluids resist deforming more than thinner liquids: it "sticks" to itself better. As a result, it takes more energy to break the liquid into smaller bits, and the smaller bits will still be bigger clumps. Bigger clumps have a harder time flying all over the place, so very viscous fluids don't "splash". For instance, try making honey splash.