Question: Why was Krakatoa's eruption so much louder than other volcanic eruptions?

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 Why was Krakatoa's eruption so much louder than other volcanic eruptions?

One of the leading theories is because of Krakatoa proximity to water. Krakatoa has been erupting for a while before it’s massive explosion, leading to the theory that would of the eruptions had actually plugged the caldera down to the magma chamber, allowing pressure to build. The next step in the theory is that some part of the eruption/building pressure allowed a lot of sea water to rush into the magma chamber. This sea water instantly boiled when hitting the hot magma, creating gas, and a significant amount of pressure. Like how pouring water into a pot of oil will send the oil everywhere (because the water sinks, hits the bottom of the pan, and instantly turns to gas bubbles sending the oil above it everywhere). It’s theorized that this is what gave Krakatoa so much extra energy, several times more than say Mt St Helens’ eruption. Because of this flash boiling effect.


Question: Why do people reading a script or speech often completely alter their speaking patterns and seemingly forget how their speaking tone usually sounds?

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 Why do people reading a script or speech often completely alter their speaking patterns and seemingly forget how their speaking tone usually sounds?

When you talk normally, you're generating the words, tone, and rhythm from your head before you open your mouth; when it's time to read, you have to look at the words manually and recite them one at a time, and you may not be able to anticipate how the entire sentence or line is supposed to sound. If you get a chance to read it through or memorize it beforehand, then it goes back to sounding like speaking naturally


Question: Why do some statistics count numbers in the millions “in thousands?”

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 Why do some statistics count numbers in the millions “in thousands?”

I'm assuming you're actually talking about visualizations of data, like graphs. If one of the dimensions of your dataset is just a collection of very large numbers (e.g. all the population counts of South American countries) it's easier to just add a footnote "*thousands" so you don't have to write out all digits in the visualization.


Question: How to Kurt Godel manage to "break" mathematics?

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 How to Kurt Godel manage to "break" mathematics?

Godel did not "break" mathematics, but rather he proved that there existed limitations to the degree we could root complex mathematics in basic, formal logic. Philosophers and mathematicians wanted to devise a system where you could take a few basic axioms (unproved statements accepted as generally true), some rules of inference, and then construct every possible mathematical statement that was true. There are two qualities we want in a system: 1. Consistency - The system never produces a result that is false (for example: 2+2=5) 2. Completeness - If something is true, then our system is capable of producing it as a result (for example: 2+2=4 is true, so we want our system to be able to prove that). Philosophers and mathematicians spent a great deal of effort trying to develop such systems, until Godel proved that you cannot have a system that is both consistent or complete. A fully consistent system won't be complete (it won't be able to prove everything that is true) and a fully complete system won't be consistent (the system will "prove" things that are false). Needless to say, it basically shelved such efforts to ground math in pure logic, and any logical system of mathematics has to settle for being either incomplete or inconsistent.


Question: How do offshore bank accounts work? Why are they used for illegal money or criminal activity?

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 How do offshore bank accounts work? Why are they used for illegal money or criminal activity?

Because they avoid the local regulations that might easily track where the money came from and who it is going to. Large movements of money say between the USA and Columbia might attract the attention of authorities suspecting that it might be drugs related. However if the money is moved from the USA to the Cayman islands and then from an account in the Cayman islands to another account in the Cayman islands and then to Columbia it becomes impossible to track where the money is going without the cooperation of the authorities in the Cayman islands.


Question: Why is a rainbow the shape it is? Where else is the refraction of light used in modern devices?

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 Why is a rainbow the shape it is? Where else is the refraction of light used in modern devices?

The bow shape is actually a section of a full circle. There is this thing called a refractive index, which all objects have. The refractive index is the speed of light in a medium compared to that of air. In water, the effective speed of light is less than that of air. This effect causes the light to bend at the incident area, which is common for all waves. Different wavelengths (colours) refract slightly differently, separating them. The actual shape is due to the fact that the angle is specific to the observer relative to the sun, because you need a certain angle to observe the rainbow, and that angle covers your entire vision and hence is a circle. Normally, that angle relative to the sun and you is at least partially below the horizon, hence the bow shape. Prisms are used in cameras to redirect light, in lenses of glasses and cameras, lasers, almost anything involving redirecting or focusing light.


Question: What exactly makes an electron negative and a proton positive and why are they seen as complete opposites? How do this relate to antimatter?

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 What exactly makes an electron negative and a proton positive and why are they seen as complete opposites? How do this relate to antimatter?

Electric charge is a *fundamental property* of particles. Mass is another. Spin (angular momentum) is another. Electric charge simply refers to how the particles **behave/interact with the electromagnetic field**. As far as we know, they don't have things like midi-chlorians inside them dictating this interaction. It's an intrinsic property of the particle. Unfortunately, physics does not have an **Ultimate Theory of Everything** which might explain *why* there is such a thing as an electric field and *how* it affects particles, why there are 4 fundamental forces instead of 1 or 7 or 0, or how the Atlanta Falcons managed to lose the goddamned SuperBowl. Electric charges will spontaneously move toward areas of opposite electric potential--i.e., an electron wants towards positive electric potentials and away from negative electric potentials (similarly to how they repel same charges and are attracted to opposite charges). When moving, positive and negative charges produce magnetic fields which are oppositely oriented toward eachother. When subjected to a magnetic field, they move in opposite directions. Electromagnetic interactions are mediated by photons. Is it possible for something to be something other? I suppose technically you could find a particle that had a completely different behavior, i.e. it repels both (+) and (-) charges but is attracted to itself and creates a totally different magnetic field. I don't know of any theories that would predict this in our universe. I think it's pretty unlikely we'll come across something like that. What we call (+) and (-) is somewhat arbitrary but is longstanding convention. If we found a third charge there's no reason we couldn't rename them to be Purple, New Zealand and Hippopotamus. An electron is a point particle. It has no volume. As far as we know, it's not composed of anything smaller. When it comes to protons and neutrons, they are made of smaller particles called 'quarks' and *these* particles have the electric charge. When you add their charges together, in the case of a proton they sum out to +1 while a neutron has no net charge. But coming back to my first paragraph, this is just something they appear to *have* and we label them based on how they behave/interact electromagnetically. We don't fundamentally understand these interactions as unsatisfying an answer as that is.


Question: When everything consist of atoms, what does an human "thought" consist of?

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 When everything consist of atoms, what does an human "thought" consist of?

Picture your brain as a map of every road in your country, with millions of little dots representing delivery trucks driving along these roads. When your brain does anything, it sends tiny electrical signal so different areas of your brain. Think of this process like one of those trucks traveling from one city to another. Each separate action your brain takes has a pattern that is almost the same every time. So when your brain thinks of someone you love, maybe the same 10 trucks will zoom across the same roads every time. But there will also be 5 additional trucks going down different roads for each different person you think of. But the 'love' pattern will be similar every time.


Question: What's the difference between Isopropyl/Isopropanol alcohol and regular alcohol?

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 What's the difference between Isopropyl/Isopropanol alcohol and regular alcohol?

*First there's the alcohol you drink, like whiskey, beer and wine. This is ethyl alcohol that is produced by yeast. The yeast eat some kind of sugar or starch and turn it into carbon dioxide and alcohol.* *Ethanol that you purchase as a car fuel is the same kind of alcohol found in whiskey, but it has been distilled to the point where it is nearly pure alcohol (as opposed to whiskey which is typically only 40% alcohol and 60% water).* *Denatured alcohol - found in bottles at the hardware store or the drug store - is also ethanol. But it has been poisoned to keep people from drinking it. It turns out that ethanol is a good solvent, and also useful as a fuel. And it is pretty cheap to make it. But if you sold ethanol for $2 a gallon at the hardware store, lots of people would be drinking it to avoid the "sin taxes" on beer, wine and whiskey. So they poison the ethanol and sell it without the sin taxes.* *Methanol is sometimes found in windshield wiper fluid to keep it from freezing, and it is also used as the fuel for Champ cars and Indy cars. It is sometimes called wood alcohol because it used to be made from wood, but today its made from natural gas. Methanol is poisonous, and it is one of the chemicals that can be used to poison denatured alcohol.* *Isopropyl alcohol is a slightly bigger molecule than ethanol (Methanol is CH4O, Ethanol is C2H6O and Isopropyl alcohol is C3H8O) and is often cheaper to make. It is not as poisonous as methanol (an ounce of methanol can kill you and a third of an ounce causes blindness). So it is useful as a solvent in the same way acetone is useful as a solvent. It also burns nicely.* [Source]( URL_0 ) Edit: as far as the 190 proof thing goes, that only applies to drinking alcohol.


Question: why do teeth become crooked again, even after wearing retainers for 10 years, if you stop wearing them?

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 why do teeth become crooked again, even after wearing retainers for 10 years, if you stop wearing them?

The reason your teeth lined up that way in the first place when you were growing up is because that's the easiest orientation for them to be in your mouth based on the shape of the bones around your mouth as well as the actions of the mouth muscles. Braces forced them to be in a position they weren't naturally. When teeth are left without the braces forcing them in that position, they'll slowly go back to the way they were before because that position has the least resistance from surrounding structures and normal use.


Question: Why can Apple control the shape of its chargers but other companies have to follow the regulations and change it to USB C?

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 Why can Apple control the shape of its chargers but other companies have to follow the regulations and change it to USB C?

Apple still has to comply to European standards and as a result, all iPhones sold there have to have a microUSB to lightning adapter, and probably USB-C to lightning adapter soon. It is just easier for the other companies to switch to microUSB after the standardization law was passed in Europe.


Question: How does a snake move?

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 How does a snake move?

It's the same way penises can twitch and move, they are (essentially) one long vertabre that uses muscles and tendons to slither around. Fiction of part of their body and lack there of on other parts allows them to slither forward (the same way humans can when mimicking a snake). What allows the to slither is the lack of bone or other obstruction in the way of being able to bend


Question: How exactly are numeric bases decided?

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 How exactly are numeric bases decided?

Usually by counting on fingers. Obviously base 10 (decimal) is the number of fingers (and thumbs) most people have and led to this system. Vigesimal (base 20) comes from counting on fingers and toes. The Mayan vigesimal system used groups of five (for each hand and foot) in their numerical system. Duodecimal (base 12) is derived from pointing to finger bones in one hand using your thumb. Sexagesimal (base 60) uses the same system a s duodecimal but uses the other hand to group these in 5 groups of 12. Other systems don't come from counting on fingers. Binary, for example, is used by computers and was decided precisely because of the base 2 system (a digit is either a 1 or a 0). Unary, or tally, is also a very basic number system.


Question: What exactly are things like Smartwater advertising with balanced pH, and does it make any biological difference?

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 What exactly are things like Smartwater advertising with balanced pH, and does it make any biological difference?

It's complete BS. Small differences in the pH of your water do not make any difference whatsoever. It's just marketing to make it sound more healthy, when in reality any bottled water is more questionable than filtered tap water due to the plastic particles that seep from the bottle (provided that you live in an area with drinkable tap water)


Question: Panasonics new "invisible tv", how is it transparent?

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 Panasonics new "invisible tv", how is it transparent?

[Their screen]( URL_0 ) is an array of very small LED lights (red, green, and blue ones) printed on a sheet of clear plastic (which is then placed behind the clear glass. When the shelf light behind the glass is turned off, it is black back there so the clear parts of the screen look black, and the lit parts are the colors you see. [See this video.]( URL_2 ) [An earlier version they showed]( URL_1 ) looks like it had the OLED screen with a black and white LCD screen right behind it. So the screen is transparent when the LEDs are off and the LCD at that position is also off, black when the LEDs are off and the LCD is on, and colors when the LEDs are on and the LCD is on. This is how they can have part of the screen clear to see the shelf contents and part black at the same time. Notice that the black isn't perfectly opaque, so you still see the shelf a little while the screen is on and moving.


Question: What's the difference between Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Quasars?

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 What's the difference between Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Quasars?

Neutron stars are older stars that have collapsed in on themselves, and now the only thing keeping them from turning into a black hole is the [pressure that neutrons exert]( URL_0 ) because they don't like to be squashed into the same place. Pulsars are a type of neutron star spinning very fast in which a beam of radiation is emitted from its magnetic poles. If the magnetic pole is off from the geographic pole (the axis of rotation) it will cause the star to appear to pulsate from certain angles (Imagine a giant laser coming from the north geomagnetic pole in Canada, it would appear to aliens far away that earth was emitting laser late at 24 hour intervals). A further subtype of pulsar are [magnetars]( URL_1 ) which are likely very young pulsars, and are named for their ridiculously strong magnetic fields, strong enough to rip the iron from your blood at a million miles away. Quasars are a different creature altogether. They are supermassive black holes that existed in the early Universe. We can only see them now because some of them are so far away that their light has only just reached us. They tore through a literally unimaginable amount of material every second, so quickly and with such force that the gas and plasma around it glowed trillions of times brighter than our Sun.


Question: How do magnets exist without violating the law of conservation of energy?

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</answer>
 How do magnets exist without violating the law of conservation of energy?

I assume you're talking about permanent ferric magnets. Magnetism comes from the organization of poles in tiny regions in a substance called domains. In mass produced permanent magnets, the poles of these domains are forced to point in a specific direction by heating them to a specific temperature and then shaping it as it cools. You can also rub it against another magnet or potential magnet to induce one (think rubbing a balloon against your hair). If you notice both of these methods add energy to the substance. Over time, the domains will start to lose their organization as it loses energy and the substance will lose its magnetism.


Question: due to the massive amount of neurons in the brain, how is it possible that electrical signals don't crosspost (don't mind if I do) from one axon to another?

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 due to the massive amount of neurons in the brain, how is it possible that electrical signals don't crosspost (don't mind if I do) from one axon to another?

They sort of do. A neurone that transmits an electrical signal increase the chance that other neurones will fire. And yeah, that’s another reason as to why we’re really complex. An extra tidbit, neurones are not binary; 1 or 0. They are are more like **potentials**. So, when a neurone fires it does not mean that other neurones will fire, it only **increases the chance that other neurones fire.** That’s probably why humans are so freaking diverse. Aa 0.004 difference in the time it took for a neurone to fire can make a **very big difference** in the result of an action.


Question: If trans fat is banned in food products for unhealthy reasons, why can’t added sugar also be banned for similar reasons?

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 If trans fat is banned in food products for unhealthy reasons, why can’t added sugar also be banned for similar reasons?

Trans fat is produced by an industrial type of hydrogenation. Using hydrogen gas and a catalyst (originally nickel metal) under high pressure. This turns liquid unsaturated oils to a mixture of saturated solid oils. This produces some "unnatural" reacted oils. "Trans- opposite side" hydrogenation, vs the natural "cis- same side" hydrogenation. These aren't found in nature, and the human body hasn't had nearly enough time to have evolved to deal with them. Added sugar is natural. What isn't natural is the amount we often ingest in modern society.


Question: How do radio stations determine how many listeners they have?

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 How do radio stations determine how many listeners they have?

In the UK radio station listeners are polled by an organisation called RAJAR. Basically householders are sent a survey and asked about their listening habits such as when they listen, how long for, which stations and so on. This data is the compiled and sent back to the stations, for a fee of course. This tells them that X numbers of people listen at certain times to certain shows and for a set amount of time. Stations may also do this sort of survey themselves but it basically boils down to they ask people if they are listening or not and it is all self reported. So I could say I listen to a show religiously every day, even if I don't. This only really applies to traditional (FM/AM) radio, internet based stations have more real-time information on how many people are listening to the stream based on IP addresses and so on.


Question: what is insider trading? I know what money laundering and fraud are, but not really IT

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 what is insider trading? I know what money laundering and fraud are, but not really IT

Buying or selling stock based on information that is, not available to the public. For example, say I work at a company that found a cure for cancer. And nobody knows that or that my company plans to sell if for $1 million per person. So I go out and buy a bunch of stock before it is announced. Or. Say I know that my company is only successful because they cheat on something, and they have just been caught, so I go out and sell my stock before it becomes public.


Question: What is the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and the impact from solving it?

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 What is the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture and the impact from solving it?

The 3-4-5 right triangle is a common centerpiece in many high school geometry problems. It is, after all, a right triangle where pesky square roots don't show up. A minorly interesting thing about it is that its area is 6, which is also an integer. Another observation we might make is that the triangle with sides of length 3/2 - 20/3 - 41/6 also avoids square roots, even if it has fractions, but the area of this triangle is 5 which is an integer! Very nice, we could use it in a high school geometry problem about area since the numbers are so nice. With these observations we might ask if there are any similar such triangles with integer area. That is, we can ask: * Which integers are the areas of triangles whose side lengths are all rational (fraction) numbers? Such numbers are called [Congruent Numbers]( URL_0 ) and we still can't answer it. The reason we can't answer it is because this is actually a problem with a very complex mix of geometry and arithmetic and we do not have all the tools we need to solve it yet. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture, it turns out, is exactly the tool we need to access the solution to this problems, and others with a similar mix of geometry and arithmetic. If blacksmiths grow up with hammers, number theorists grow up with [Number Fields]( URL_4 ). These are extensions of the integers which allow for more complicated arithmetics, such as including sqrt(2) into the integers allow us more power to take square roots. Using Number Fields, we can solve harder problems and illuminate the inner workings of other problems that might've seemed mysterious. For example, [Pell's Equation]( URL_1 ) is an example of a problem that is understood much better from the context of a different number field. But some problems are too hard for number fields. Just as you'll need much more than a hammer as a blacksmith, mathematicians need much more than number fields to do their work. [Fermat's Last Theorem]( URL_3 ), for example, is a hard problem and, in fact, a lot of the ideas and theories about number fields were invented to try and solve Fermat's Last Theorem. They gave us new insights into the problem, let us solve some special cases, but they were ultimately not enough to actually solve Fermat's Last Theorem. We needed to access a more sophisticated realm of arithmetic which transcends our naive notions of arithmetic just being about adding/multiplying numbers. Enter Elliptic Curves. You know about Linear Curves (lines) and Quadratic Curves (parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas), Elliptic Curves are the next step in this progression (solutions to equations like y^(2)=x^(3)+ax+b). Elliptic Curves, it turns out, are very, very powerful arithmetic objects. In a way, they transcend number fields in their complexity. And it is exactly this complexity which Andrew Wiles drew upon in order to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. But something is still a little off, Elliptic Curves seem to be in a different world than Number Fields. They're geometric objects which just happen to have arithmetic properties, rather than living fully as arithmetic objects. And we suspect them to be fully arithmetic objects. This means that some of their geometric qualities should actually be *arithmetic* properties in disguise and so what we're missing is a dictionary to translate the geometric properties as arithmetic properties. The Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture is exactly this dictionary, it tells us exactly how to reinterpret an Elliptic Curve as being fully an arithmetic object. This will also allow us to, in a way, locate where Elliptic Curves exist in the arithmetic world since they'll be illuminated as such. For example, we've found ways to link Congruent Numbers to Elliptic Curves which can lead to a way to totally categorize them ([link to a not ELI5 paper]( URL_2 )). The issue is that in order to implement this categorization we need to be able to translate from the Geometric world of Elliptic Curves into the Arithmetic world of Elliptic Curves and so we need the BSD Conjecture.


Question: Why does the edge of broken glass look opaque?

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 Why does the edge of broken glass look opaque?

An imperfect edge will refract light in all different directions, distorting the image you’d usually see. Because the light is so randomly scattered, the image just looks like a blur, making it effectively opaque since you can’t “see” what’s on the other side even though light still travels through the glass.


Question: It seems like WWII is more prevalent in pop culture than WWI. For example, why are there way more movies about WWII than WWI?

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 It seems like WWII is more prevalent in pop culture than WWI. For example, why are there way more movies about WWII than WWI?

For one thing, Hollywood is an American industry that likes to make movies about American characters. Since American troops only arrived in the final year of the war, there isn't much time for a story. For another thing, the Western Front was pretty much stagnant for most of the war. "We're in our trench and they're in their trench, and we're both getting blown to bits by artillery" doesn't make for a very compelling action movie. The Eastern and other fronts were much more active, but again, a movie about Russians fighting Germans is a hard sell to Hollywood executives. Finally, WWI didn't have a Hollywood "win". Audiences want a happy ending, and "we decided to stop fighting, and Germany conceded some territory" isn't very satisfying. The complicated politics that led up to the war also makes it more difficult to paint the Germans as villains. With WWII it's much simpler: "Nazis = evil" is the easiest villain story there is.


Question: What causes flames to be different colors?

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 What causes flames to be different colors?

Every atom has electrons, but electrons don’t just flow around Willy nilly, they exist in certain areas called “orbitals” there are different types of orbitals which house electrons that have higher energies. All electrons want to be the lowest possible energy they can be (as calm as possible). When you add fire to it you’re pumping up the energy (imagine giving a bunch of caffeine and sugar to children) when the electrons are very excited, they try to release that energy to calm down (imagine sending those caffeinated children outside to run it off). That energy is released in the form of light. Now light is made of photons that move at certain wavelengths based on how much energy that photon has. Our color scale acronym is ROYGBIV in order from lowest energy red to highest energy violet. When those caffeinated children run around, the higher energy kids will sweat more, breathe more, etc so they’ll be letting out more energy (imagine the sweat is their photons dripping off) The photons coming from an atom with higher energy electrons will shine more on the violet side while lower energy photons will shine more red. This is why lithium (a small atom with lower energy orbitals) will burn red while potassium (a larger atom with higher energy orbitals) will burn violet. Fun fact this is how fireworks work.


Question: Why are the Zodiac Killer's notes so hard to decipher?

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 Why are the Zodiac Killer's notes so hard to decipher?

Anyone can make a note that's impossible to decipher. The easiest way is to just not have any actual information in it, to not actually have it contain a message. Naturally you can't decipher that. The second way to make a note, and a way that contains actual information, that cannot be deciphered is to use a "one-time pad" its where for each symbol in the message you have a corresponding random operation on it. For example I take the message "MURDER MURDER" using the order of letters in the alphabet that message is just "13-21-18-4-5-18 13-21-18-4-5-18" and I use a one time pad that has random numbers of "15 09 20 15 10 17 22 14 14 07 00 14" If I add the two together I have "28 30 38 19 15 35 35 35 32 11 5 32" for all the ones larger than 25 I subtract 25 and I get "3 5 13 19 15 10 10 10 7 11 5 7" the encoded message is "C E M S O J J J G K E G". That message can be easily decode if you have the exact sequence of random numbers I used, if you don't have that its impossible to decode because its otherwise just a purely random sequence. Those methods are impossible to decode, and since we don't know whether the message itself actually contains information or if it were just a ploy we can't actually know if its possible to decode. But even if it is possible to decode, it can still be in practice very hard. Without knowing the method used you don't know what the significant elements of the encoding are. You look at a picture of symbols, is each symbol one letter? Does the order in the sequence of symbols change what the symbols mean? Does more than one symbol correspond to one letter? You need to find some kernel of meaning to work with. Otherwise its just guessing based on how human psychology might try encrypting something, and if you rely on that to deal with someone of atypical psychology who knows how likely you are to find an answer.


Question: If the sun never sets during arctic summers how come it's still cold?

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 If the sun never sets during arctic summers how come it's still cold?

Because near the poles, the sun’s rays hit the earth at extreme angles. Although the sun is “up” all day long, it doesn’t travel across the sky from one horizon to the other, peaking high above. It travels along the horizon as if it is always close to sunrise or sunset.


Question: How does calling 911 work in terms of connecting you to your closest 911 center?

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 How does calling 911 work in terms of connecting you to your closest 911 center?

The emergency 911 call is routed to the local call center based on the origin location of the calling party. If it was from a landline then there is obviously a registered address where that phone is calling from, but if it is a cell phone then it is determined by the location of the cell tower. Since such towers generally have a range of about 5 miles (conceptually longer but on average they are within 5) this is a reasonably accurate estimate of the caller's location. If it happens the address of the emergency is just over the line to a different 911 center's territory they can quickly and easily transfer the call to that other center.


Question: Why haven't our bodies changed to make childbirth less painful?

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 Why haven't our bodies changed to make childbirth less painful?

So the only way that the process of childbirth would change is through evolution of some kind. The only way evolution happens is if the genetically superior reproduce and those who aren’t die. Theoretically if there was a woman who could go through childbirth totally painlessly and she passed that trait on to her child, the child could pass the trait on and on until it made up the mass populous. This would take millions of years and to guarantee that all women experienced it, all who felt pain during childbirth would have to not reproduce. Think about it like this. Apples were high on the tree. All the long necked giraffes reached the apples, lived and eventually reproduced. All the shortnecked giraffes died and that’s why we only today see long necked giraffes.


Question: How do caterpillars know that they are supposed to turn into a butterfly?

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 How do caterpillars know that they are supposed to turn into a butterfly?

Thought isn't likely involved, the same way we don't "know" to go through puberty but do it anyway. Instead, hormones within the caterpillar trigger the change. They aren't likely to experience a concept of self or complex thought with regard to the process. Those hormones are present whether the caterpillar knows or not, so voluntary participation isn't likely needed.


Question: Why does our own voice sound different when recorded?

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 Why does our own voice sound different when recorded?

Your vocal cords cause a vibration in the air, but also in the bones in your head. Your ears hear sound conducted through your bones, in addition to what comes through the air from outside your head. Even listening to a perfectly calibrated recording (without any distortion from the microphone, headphones/speakers, etc), that additional sound through your bones would be missing. Also, our brains actively compensate for sensations arising from our own actions (look up "finger force escalation" for an interesting example), so while I'm not aware of the related research for hearing, there probably is some effect where we hear sounds differently if we know we are the cause of them. Edit: Since it occurs to me that "finger force escalation" might be a risky click, here's the article I had in mind: [Two Eyes for an Eye: The Neuroscience of Force Escalation]( URL_0 ). Key quote: "Despite the stimuli being identical at the level of peripheral sensation, the perception of force is reduced by about a half when the force is self-generated."


Question: Why is our dishwasher unable to remove raw protein from dishes?

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 Why is our dishwasher unable to remove raw protein from dishes?

Meat is *Carbon. Carbon is tiny and has a grip fills the poors of a plate when heated. Heat makes the carbon expand (excite) Think of how dense an icecube is vs water. the thing is that when cooled the carbon solidifies. Some of these make barbs(grip) the plate. I've been a dishwasher in 5 restaraunt kitchens (Soaking plates does not help and is a wives tale) You've got pry, then lightly scrap (soft spoon) Blast, Scrub Blast. If you have alot of water pressure it helps. I hot water blast, cold water rinse. But there is alot of other little tricks, this is just the a few. Salt is helpful too.


Question: Why do mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?

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 Why do mirrors reverse left and right but not up and down?

They don't reverse anything left to right (or up and down). You're thinking of a word printed on a shirt, and when you stand in front of the mirror it looks 'backwards' to you. It's your perception that makes it seem as though it's flipped around, but it's actually you who is flipped around relative to the shirt. To prove to yourself that things aren't actually flipped around, think about the rear-view mirror in a car. When you look in the mirror the driver in the car behind you is still on the driver's side of the car (i.e. on the left side of the mirror, if you live in most of the Americas or continental Europe). All the mirror is really reversing is *depth* relative to the mirror. Things that are closest to the mirror appear closer to you, in the mirror, than things that are further from the mirror. Here's a fun little experiment you can try at home, if you have something clear like a transparent plastic sheet to write on: write a word on that sheet, then hold it in front of you so that you can read it. It will appear in the exact same orientation in the mirror, and the mirror image will be easily readable to you too. Flip it around, as though you were wearing it on a shirt, and you'll quickly see why words look 'backwards' in mirrors.


Question: Why can't a country in a trade surplus be sustained in that position indefinitely?

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 Why can't a country in a trade surplus be sustained in that position indefinitely?

It can. Imagine you have a job at a convenience store where they give you a 50% discount on baseball cards. You don’t care for them much, but your friend does. He regularly buys them from you for 90% of list. You never buy anything from him. Your friend has a trade deficit with you. The trade, though, is beneficial for both of you and you’ll keep doing it as long as it works out for both of you. And you’re not living outside your means to do it. Your teacher may have been talking about a budget deficit, which is a whole different thing. That is living outside your means. *edit: I had the trade deficit backwards. Macro at 7am never safe.


Question: Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?

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 Why when you step out the shower are you extremely cold for about 3 minutes but then you go back to normal temperature?

This is a little bit couterintuitive, but: Warm water evaporates faster than cold water, yet pulls enough heat energy from your skin to make you feel colder as it does when it's cold water. This is because the sensation of freezing or feeling warm isn't prone to absolute temperature difference between your skin and another medium, but to how fast heat is transferred from your skin to the water. As I said, warm water is much more likely to evaporate and leave. The process of evaporation drags A LOT of energy from your skin really fast. Cold water just sits there and evaporates much slower, as it warms up un your skin, taking less energy in the same time.


Question: Why is it important to have buffer states?

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 Why is it important to have buffer states?

Buffer states aren't always about marching armies. North Korea, for example, is a buffer between China and South Korea. It's not about keeping out the South Korean Army. It's about keeping out the South Korean Economy. If poor rural Chinese had rich, urban, capitalist, democratic, South Koreans just across the Yalu river - the border might not be secure. The cost to secure such a border is quite expensive (if you consider what a US/Mexico wall might cost) and China's had its "great wall" experiment. A buffer country with almost no electricity, where they kill people they don't like, is a better border solution.


Question: Would inflation still happen if the population didn’t increase?

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 Would inflation still happen if the population didn’t increase?

Yes, because inflation isn't caused by population growth. Simplifying things to an extreme degree, inflation when the amount of money (as in the literal number of dollar bills) increases faster than the amount of wealth (as in the things that people want to buy with those dollar bills, like cars or houses or factories or video games or pizzas). When there are more dollars per thing people want to buy, each individual dollar is worth less. In the modern world, well-managed central banks have pretty good control over the amount of money that is produced, so they can usually adjust the rate of inflation regardless of how wealth is growing. Of course, setting a particular inflation rate isn't always the primary concern for the people making these decisions, and the situation gets more complicated when one supply of money is used in multiple different countries, as with the Euro. And when the banking system is corrupt rather than well-managed, all bet are off.


Question: what makes the “pop” or click noise when you stretch?

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 what makes the “pop” or click noise when you stretch?

TLDR version; we don't know. Not the fun answer, I know, but the truthful one. According to some theories it is related to gas moving around creating 'vaccuum bubbles' in joints that cause the actual sound. According to others it has to do with dissolved bubbles of gas dissolved in the lubrication fluid. Research as recent as this year is still contradicting each other, so there's just no definitive answer yet.


Question: In marble experiments to show the effects of gravity the marbles always fall into the object. Will Earth eventually "fall into" the sun?

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 In marble experiments to show the effects of gravity the marbles always fall into the object. Will Earth eventually "fall into" the sun?

Im on phone so this will be short. Every marble starts out with a velocity just like a planets velocity. The difference here though is that on earth friction reduces the marbles velocity which results in them colliding in the middle eventually. Meanwhile in space, there is a vacuum and zero friction. This allows the planets to not reduce their distance between themselves and the sun. Tldr: friction is ruining it :(


Question: How is pirating content so common and illegal yet nobody faces consequences for doing it?

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 How is pirating content so common and illegal yet nobody faces consequences for doing it?

People do face consequences for it. The problem is that piracy is so wide spread that there aren't enough resources to fine and arrest everyone that does it. The agencies try to focus on content distributors to try to slow piracy down, but also target random downloaders with large fines to try to get media attention to scare people into stopping. The other problem is jurisdiction. Pirate websites are deliberately hosted in countries where US agencies have no jurisdiction so it takes a lot of effort to get the sites taken down. Agencies also have come to realize that spending all these resources to shut down sites like the Pirate Bay is ultimately futile, because if the site goes offline 3 new sites prop up to take it's place within a week. Big companies like Disney have also changed tactics deciding to start streaming services instead. After decades of online piracy companies have finally started to realize that a lot of people don't pirate to save money, they do it because it's a more convenient way to consume media. The idea being that if you provide people with the same or better level of quality and convenience as BitTorrent for a reasonable fee then people will stop pirating.


Question: Why is it safe to light (automobile) gasoline in camping stoves, but pouring it on a bonfire and lighting it causes an explosion?

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 Why is it safe to light (automobile) gasoline in camping stoves, but pouring it on a bonfire and lighting it causes an explosion?

Gasoline evaporates very quickly, and gasoline vapor is extremely flammable, and will burn so fast that it explodes. When you pour a canister of gasoline on a pile of wood, there is a ton of gasoline just sitting there in the pile. So, a ton of it evaporates, so there is a ton of gasoline vapor in the air. All that vapor gets trapped in the crevices of the wood pile, so there is a ton of ultra-flammable gasoline vapor trapped in one place, so it burns explosively. When you use gasoline in a camping stove, small amounts of gasoline vapor are released in a controlled manner. So, only a little bit burns at a time, so you get a controllable flame.


Question: Why Nicotine and Methamphetamine are so different yet the formulas are almost the same?

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 Why Nicotine and Methamphetamine are so different yet the formulas are almost the same?

Just counting the number of atoms isn’t a good way to determine the molecule That’s kind of like trying to identify a name by how many of each letter there are, while it can work to some extent, there will be names that have the same letters but in a different pattern, making it a completely different name Same in chemistry, molecules can form in all kinds of patterns and since there are actually quite few atoms that can form them, it’s investable that many have the same name, but even small changes in the shape can make the effects on a living organism completely different


Question: Why do people change voice tone when they speak different languages?

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 Why do people change voice tone when they speak different languages?

Pitch, inflection, cadence, and emphasis are the basis of tone in this instance, and are also really big indicators of meaning. & #x200B; Consider the following sentence. Caps word having the emphasis attached. (Pretty well known example.) SHE said she did not take his money. (Would mean it was not someone else making that statement.) She said SHE did not take his money. (Would imply that the subject of the sentence believes someone else did.) & #x200B; I know these are written examples, but hopefully these helps. & #x200B; & #x200B;


Question: What is the "revolving door" in politics?

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 What is the "revolving door" in politics?

When you work in government agencies, you build up contacts within those agencies. Then, when you leave, you get hired - for fairly substantial salaries - to lobby your former colleagues on behalf of people who have business with that agency. The questionable part about this arises because you *know* that's your career path. So when you're attempting to perform your duties for the government, you're also in charge of regulating the same people who will - in a few short years - be paying you hundreds of thousands of dollars to do little more than take your former colleagues out for drinks. The 'revolving' part comes into play when you're high enough in the hierarchy that you cycle in/out based on political cycles. So you'll spend some time in government building up your contacts, then some time in the private sector exploiting those contacts for a big payday.


Question: Why are degrees measured in the way they are, ie: 90 is a right angle and 360 is a revolution, as opposed to a more simple/rounded number like 500 or 1000? Is there a reason behind it or is it arbitrary?

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 Why are degrees measured in the way they are, ie: 90 is a right angle and 360 is a revolution, as opposed to a more simple/rounded number like 500 or 1000? Is there a reason behind it or is it arbitrary?

It comes from the ancient Babylonian number system. Their number system was based on the number 60 which is a very practical number if you want to split things evenly. They divided the circle into 6 equal sections and then these sections were further divided into 60 degrees. We further divide degrees into 60 arcminutes and each arcminute into 60 arcseconds. We just have not found a good advantage to changing this. Although there have been attempts. The most famous was the attempt at introducing grads. There are 400 grads in a circle. Mathematicians however prefer to use radiens. There are 2 pi radiens in a circle which makes a lot of mathematical equations much simpler then when working with degrees.