Question: Why does spilled oil have rainbow colors?

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 Why does spilled oil have rainbow colors?

This is a phenomenon called thin-film interference, which is a mechanism of iridescence. Oils, being less dense than water, float to the surface, creating a thin film with two boundary layers (one on the oil-water interface and another on the oil-air interface). We see the oil-air interface. White light (as from the sun) is really a combination of many different wavelengths (colors) of light. Depending on the film thickness, some colors will bounce directly on the oil-air boundary, some will bounce on the oil-water boundary then on the oil-air boundary and go into the water, and some will go straight through the oil film. We see the colors that bounce on (i.e. are reflected by) the oil film. The film will be thicker at the middle and get progressively thinner towards the edges (like a soap bubble) which is why we see different colors, and why they tend to form rings around the middle of the film.


Question: why do young children have faster heart rates than older children or adults?

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 why do young children have faster heart rates than older children or adults?

The heart rate is based on how much metabolic activity you have. A baby/toddler has a much more active metabolism than an adult, wich means they need more nutrients/oxygen, wich is reflected on a faster heart rate. As you grow up and metabolism gets slower, so does your heartbeat. This is also why it's more difficult for children to put on weight and why they usually seem like they have endless energy, they have a much faster metabolism than an adult.


Question: Why do our hearts never get tired?

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 Why do our hearts never get tired?

They never fully rest like a skeletal muscle, but elevated heart rate isn’t good either. Cardiac muscle cells are different from the skeletal muscles - since they’re literally in the heart they have access to maximum blood flow at all times and have no need for energy or waste storage. Your other muscles must rely on comparatively low blood flows in nearby veins to carry away their waste and replenish their chemical energy, so they dedicate much of the cell volume to storage. When the stored energy is exhausted, they’re done. Cardiac muscle has no storage, it feeds off the effectively infinite blood supply and can run forever without fatigue - as long as nothing blocks the flow.


Question: Why does paper lose its flatness after touching water then drying?

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 Why does paper lose its flatness after touching water then drying?

Uneven drying. When paper gets wet, it ever so slightly expands as it absorbs water. Sine the entire piece doesn't dry completely at the exact same time, some spots will contract at different rates until the paper is too dry to be pliable to the drying process, in which it 'locks' into a wavy pattern.


Question: How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

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 How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

Mathematical modelling. One obvious input is the cost of oil. However, this cost only forms a smallish fraction of the cost at which a gas station can get fuel from their supplier. A large part of that cost is more or less fixed -- taxes, distribution costs, etc. And the fluctuations on oil costs are, by far, not the only input that influences the final price. Notably, in many European countries the current standard is already beyond "prices determined every day". Most gas station chains adjust their prices dynamically during the day to optimize their profits. They use computers to crunch the numbers they have to determine the optimal deviations from the mean gas price. For example, during the morning rush hour and (to a slightly smaller extent) at night they can raise the price by a few cents without scaring off customers, while at off-peak hours it pays off to lower the price by a few cents to attract bargain hunters. Some other countries didn't get to this point yet, and others have legislation preventing the gas stations from this degree of optimizations (usually requiring them to hold the declared price for 24 hours). In those countries the computation of the final price becomes a bit easier, but it's still a cost-benefit analysis where you use both the costs of inputs and your data on customer behavior to determine the price that yields the optimal profit. One final thing to note is that the fuel margins are quite small and a gas station cannot survive on those alone. Most of the profits are usually made in store (fast food, snacks and drinks, lottery tickets, etc.), so your customer behavior is also one of the inputs into the process of determining the price, and slightly *lowering* your fuel margin but attracting more customers who then spend money at the store can often be more profitable in the end.


Question: Why do we have to point tv remotes towards the tv to get it to register, but not Xbox remotes?

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 Why do we have to point tv remotes towards the tv to get it to register, but not Xbox remotes?

TV remotes use a laser beam, and Xbox uses a radio antennae. Little less ELI5: TV remotes use infrared (IR), which is a kind of light that is not visible to the human eye. It acts kind of like a flashlight, but with different colors we can't see. When you push a button on the remote, it activates a certain (invisible) color (aka frequency), that is shown to the TV, and the TV knows what to do when it sees that color. The XBox however, uses BlueTooth. BlueTooth is more like a radio signal, it sends a high-energy signal in all directions for a very short distance (usually no more than about 33 feet). This means you can move your controller all over the place with out having to constantly point it at the console for it to work.


Question: Why do some diseases require agonist drugs to be stopped?

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 Why do some diseases require agonist drugs to be stopped?

Involuntary actions in your body (things you can't control, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.) are essentially controlled by receptors and enzymes, which act as gateways and messengers. A lot of common diseases involve systems we can't directly control (diabetes, high blood pressure), so we use drugs to control how active/inactive the system is depending on what we need. The best example for an agonist drug helping a disease is asthma. Asthma happens when the airways are swollen all the time, and close up more often, making it hard to breathe. Inhalers are filled with a drug that targets receptors and stimulates them (beta-2 agonists, specifically), which causes the airways to open up again. An antagonist would encourage the airways to close more, which as you can tell, would be pretty bad. TL;DR - Some diseases need the receptors to be activated instead of deactivated. Agonists activate and antagonists deactivate. So we need agonists to stop some diseases and antagonists for others.


Question: How do we know if there is someone looking at us and from where? Even if we don't see or hear them, and even if they are in the middle of a crowd?

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 How do we know if there is someone looking at us and from where? Even if we don't see or hear them, and even if they are in the middle of a crowd?

Generally you can't. It just feels like you can. The ability to "notice people watching without using one of the senses" has never been repeated in a controlled, scientific environment. It's even got a name "Psychic staring effect". & #x200B; Most of the time this turns out to be your body is better at processing subtle information than your conciousness is. Your eyes have a huge periphery that you dont really fully conciously process and the old, fight to survive part of our brains are always scanning for anything looking directly at us. Theres subtle clues as well, like when you dont see the person, but since they raised their head to look at you, someone else notices the motion and looks at them (because we're programmed to look at motion). you unconciously notice that person noticing something behind you, and look to see someone that looked at you. There are also subtle audio clues as to a person shifting their body, etc. The final point is that when you turn to look, you moving MAKES people look at you, and they'll be able to look before you see them, so when you turn it looks like they were looking at you all along, but you caused them to look just then. & #x200B; But no one can "sense" when they're looked at without having these or other subtle clues present and noticable.


Question: How do people learn hacking, even though it’s kinda illegal? Where do they find information?

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 How do people learn hacking, even though it’s kinda illegal? Where do they find information?

The knowledge isn't illegal; using it to break into a system without authorization is. "Without authorization" is the key point here; penetration testing and ethical hacking are multi-million dollar industries, and proficient white-hat hackers can pull down staggering paychecks. Tools and knowledge are available anywhere you care to look; programs like Wireshark, nmap and Metasploit have as much use in the hands of the good guys as they do in the hands of the bad guys. There are training courses available (CEH is one; OSCP is another, and that's not counting just classes) that will teach you everything you need to know to break into systems.


Question: How was weather forecasted and predicted by meteorologists before the invention of radar and satellites?

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 How was weather forecasted and predicted by meteorologists before the invention of radar and satellites?

Using historical data, barometers, horse hair (for humidity), thermometers and hunches. And their predictions were about as accurate as you may guess. Certain weather phenomenon had certain precursors in certain places, but the level of knowledge we have now wasn't even available with radar and satellites -- it took computers and networked communications to pull all that together into something really useful.


Question: What is the middle class that important to an economy?

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 What is the middle class that important to an economy?

They are the people that spend the majority of the money. When the middle class suffers it results in them spending less, which results in businesses hiring less people due to the downturn in revenue, which results in the middle class having less money. Before you know it the economy collapses.


Question: This science article from AnswersInGenesis claims to disprove carbon dating, and as a non-scientist I need explained if the article's claims are sound or why not?

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 This science article from AnswersInGenesis claims to disprove carbon dating, and as a non-scientist I need explained if the article's claims are sound or why not?

I must say, I am honestly impressed. Whoever wrote that understands carbon dating fairly well which I really didn't expect going into it, so props to them for that! The linchpin of their argument is that Carbon dating assumes that the C12 C14 ratio is in equilibrium and has been for tens of thousands of years, but if the Earth is young then it can't be in equilibrium so the ratios of old things will be wrong and skew the dating. If we're willing to start with the assumption that the world is 6000 years old and it must be, then they've actually made a reasonable case Unfortunately, for them the rest of us aren't bound to such assumptions. There is a preponderance of evidence that shows that the Earth and Sun are actually billions of years old. If you accept that the Earth is at least a million years old then C12 and C14 have been in equilibrium for a sufficiently long time for Carbon dating to give accurate results. They've formed a circular argument based on a false premise that goes like this We know the Earth is only 6000 years old so carbon dating must be wrong. Carbon dating says things are old, but carbon dating only works right if the world is in equilibrium and *we* know the Earth hasn't been around long enough to be in equilibrium therefore carbon dating provides inaccurate results and cannot be used to show that the Earth has been around long enough to be inequilibrium; therefore carbon dating must be wrong and the Earth is only 6000 years old. QED Everything lies on them "knowing" that the Earth hasn't been around long enough


Question: Why are Xeon processors better suited for server applications than mainstream CPUs?

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 Why are Xeon processors better suited for server applications than mainstream CPUs?

Xeon processors allow you to use ECC (Error-correcting code) memory. This is crucial in servers because it allows the memory to self correct data corruption in most instances. It also provides more virtualization functionality which is common in servers today. On top of these two major differences they also allow for multiple CPUs in the same workstation and generally come in higher core counts which is beneficial to a server doing many tasks.


Question: how is your skin attached to your face? Actually got my 5 year old daughter.

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 how is your skin attached to your face? Actually got my 5 year old daughter.

I like how inquisitive your daughter is. Well, the skin is made of a bunch of cells in a bunch of different layers. At the bottom layer, there is a cleverly named “basement membrane” that is like a sticky protein jello. It literally sticks to your skin cells with a bunch of different proteins that form junctions with proteins expressed on your skin cells. There are a bunch of different types of attachments. Some are like velcro, others are like stitching. On the other end of the basement membrane, it is connected to the rest of your face. Basically, the basement membrane (and a bunch of other connective tissues) does the “tom holland spiderman holding the two halves of the boat together” with your face.


Question: Why are Harshad numbers interesting in mathematics? Which applications do they have?

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 Why are Harshad numbers interesting in mathematics? Which applications do they have?

They're "interesting" because they have a property which people have found interesting. Math is more than just what can be applied to the real world. In fact, many people prefer math that has no application to the real world. Basically, they are divisible by the sum of their digits, which doesn't appear to be very common. So finding and testing for them is a minor challenge people have found interesting.


Question: Does Marijuana really makes you slower?

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 Does Marijuana really makes you slower?

It seems like it at first, but that's because when you are stoned, you are a different "you" and you have to learn to do things over again. For example: you smoke a bunch of weed then decide to go to the munchy store, you get outside and start walking, and it's totally awkward, you feel wobbly, your legs feel crooked, and you get all conscientious. But if you make it a point to go out for a walk after a bong rip, then your stoned body will learn how to walk and it will become easy and natural for you to walk stoned. The same applies to just about everything; you just need to learn how to do it stoned. Edit: Since I just saw your edit. As far as programming goes, it can help you and hinder you. It can actually give you an edge if you smoke a small amount. I find it makes more conscientious and so I notice extra little things when learning a language, that I might otherwise skip over. Also, programming means that you are using your creative facilities to come up solutions to achieve the desired results in your scripts and apps. A tiny bit will lend you a certain amount of lucidity that may help in those endeavors. I definitely wouldn't be able to program if I smoked a lot. I'm sure I would mess my code up and not be able to figure out how to fix it. Moderation is key.


Question: How does the brain manage peripheral vision when you're focused on something else?

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 How does the brain manage peripheral vision when you're focused on something else?

Its generally called Hyper focus, the brain "blocks out" signals it doesn't see as important, basically it doesn't show your active conscious what's going on outside your focus. You lose sense of time, surroundings and such, its common in people with ADHD, and generally is treated by setting alarms for every hour to two hours to break the focus, rest your eyes and move your body


Question: What is standard deviation ?

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 What is standard deviation ?

You're probably familiar with the concept of an average or *mean*. In some sense, the mean tells you "where your data is" - is it mostly big or small, is it close to 0 or far away, etc. Standard deviation tells you *how far from the mean your data is* on average. It's a measure of how "spread out" your data is - a high standard deviation means your data is spread out, a low standard deviation means it's piled up close to the mean. It's a tad more complicated than this, but that's the way you want to think about it conceptually. Mathematically, you get the standard deviation by figuring out how far each point is from the mean, squaring those distances, averaging them, and then taking the square root. For example, if you have five people whose heights are {50, 55, 60, 65, 70}, we can easily compute the mean (60). Then the distances from the mean are {10, 5, 0, 5, 10}. Squaring these gets us 100, 25, 0, 25, 100, and averaging those gets us 50. Then the square root of 50 - about 7 - is our standard deviation. Compare that to a different collection of heights, say, {60, 70, 80, 90, 100}. This collection has a larger standard deviation of about 14. We can interpret this as saying that the second collection {60, 70, 80, 90, 100} is in some sense "more spread out" than the original collection {50, 55, 60, 65, 70}.


Question: Why towels and clothes get stiff when you dry them in the sun?

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 Why towels and clothes get stiff when you dry them in the sun?

Domestic water is not usually pure water, it often contains salts and other minerals. As the clothes dry, these salts and minerals are left behind in the threads of the fabric forming crystals. Air-drying is a relatively slow process and the clothes are mostly stationary, so these crystals can get bigger, making the fabric stiffer. However, it doesn't take much to break them so clothes feel much softer once worn. Tumble dryers constantly tumble the clothes through the drying process, which keeps the minerals from forming crystals big enough to noticeably stiffen the clothes.


Question: Why is ignorance of the law not an excuse if you have to go to school for years just to understand the law?

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 Why is ignorance of the law not an excuse if you have to go to school for years just to understand the law?

If ignorance of the law was a defense, it would mean that a prosecutor would not only have to prove a criminal violation but *also* prove the suspect knew it was a criminal violation. Everyone should know that murder is illegal, but imagine trying to prove that someone *knew* murder is illegal. Barring getting them to confess they knew, it would be nearly impossible.


Question: Why can you find almost all music on the large streaming services (Spotify, Apple Music, etc) and almost all books on similar online stores - but when it comes to movies and TV series streaming most series are exclusive to each individual streaming service?

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 Why can you find almost all music on the large streaming services (Spotify, Apple Music, etc) and almost all books on similar online stores - but when it comes to movies and TV series streaming most series are exclusive to each individual streaming service?

Because unlike book and music producers, the studios are all planning and/or rolling out their own streaming platforms in the next 2-3 years. They want their platform to be the only one to get their content from. Books have been sold by a reseller forever, the publishers don't have their own stores. Music has been distributed by radio ever since it was recorded (the labels didn't have their own stations). But TV networks have always had their own channels, and the movie studios have owned the TV networks for ages.


Question: Why do microphones make a high pitched sound when they're close together? What causes the sound?

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 Why do microphones make a high pitched sound when they're close together? What causes the sound?

It's not when you bring two microphones together, but when a microphone gets too close to a speaker that's playing directly from that same microphone. And you also need an initial sound to set it off - in complete silence it would never start. What happens is that the microphone picks up a sound, which then gets played through the speaker and so the microphone picks that up and it gets played back through the speaker etc.etc.etc. this causes the sound to keep getting louder and louder. The squeal is caused by the particular amplification profiles of the mic and speaker, and the particular position and orientation they are in relative to each other. When all of those things come together to mean that higher pitched elements of the sound get picked up and amplified better than others then it keeps making it higher and higher pitched with each loop as well as louder.


Question: Why does redoing what we were doing when we thought of something we forgot bring back the memory?

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 Why does redoing what we were doing when we thought of something we forgot bring back the memory?

No neuroscientist so take this with a grain of salt. Because you’re brain is better at recognizing and recalling rather than remembering. For example, there’s a good chance you don’t really have a vivid memory of what a bike looks like. Sure, you know it has wheels and all but if I ask you to draw it, it might end up looking like one of [these]( URL_0 ). That’s because your brain only stores the important information and forgets the rest. This is to prevent itself from being overloaded with information. When you forget something and redo it again, you’re telling yourself, “Ah! I did this. And then I did this. And then I did this and thought of this.” You’re recalling and recognizing everything again.


Question: What does e mean in regards to math? Why is it so important to both science and finance?

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 What does e mean in regards to math? Why is it so important to both science and finance?

e is Euler's Number which has a lot of interesting things about it. Probably most importantly it has an interesting property where the slope of the graph y=e^x is always equal to the value of the function. In order words, if I graph that function and measure the slope of that graph at x=5 both the slope of the graph at that point and the height of the graph at that point would be equal to e^5. This has a lot of important implications in calculus and physics (particularly quantum physics) which would be kinda hard to ELI5 without first doing an ELI5 on a few other topics. :) This link provides some other cool facts about the number: URL_0 EDIT: someone correctly pointed out that "e" is Euler's Number and not Euler's Constant. It turns out Euler was everywhere in mathematics and his name is on a lot of stuff. :)


Question: Why do rocket engines always go over 100%?

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 Why do rocket engines always go over 100%?

> If the standard is say 104%, than why isn’t that 100%? The engines were designed for a given output originally which becomes "100%". Afterwards there are tweaks and optimizations made which allow it to go over that output, but instead of redefining that output as "100%" they just say what its output is compared to the baseline specifications of the rocket engine. Unless you are familiar with what specific tweaks were made to that engine you wouldn't know how much thrust the adjusted 100% would equate to.


Question: How come if I start at a warm-toned light long enough it will look blue?

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 How come if I start at a warm-toned light long enough it will look blue?

This is based off of (at least in psychology) the opponent process theory. Your eyes, are able to process the three main colors of light, red, green, and blue, separately. As you stare at a light that may be a bit red or yellow, the receptors that take in these colors eventually become "tired" causing you to sense less of that color, thus seeing more blue. This same concept helps to explain colorblindness as some will only confuse one or two colors rather than all colors because only one part of the eye doesn't work right.


Question: how do you test that a drug is safe for pregnant women?

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 how do you test that a drug is safe for pregnant women?

There are several stages. They test drugs on animals such as rabbits and rats for 3 to four stages. The last two stages include checking both pregnant species and embryos. They then test offsprings up to two generations but can sometimes be even more generations. There are also many sides to research now into drugs meaning many drugs that are counted as “new” are actually forms of already existing drugs which have been proven not to be teratogenic. They also check isomers, enantiomers, etc with computer programs as far as I am aware.


Question: How large is the “hitbox” of a lightning bolt? (Explanation in post)

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 How large is the “hitbox” of a lightning bolt? (Explanation in post)

Confusingly, lightning is more likely to hit a needle. The plate is bigger and an easier target, but the needle ends up being the more attractive target. Charges concentrate on corners and end up creating higher voltage and the tip of a needle is just one sharp corner, this is why [lightning rods]( URL_0 ) have a tapered tip, it results in a point which concentrates the charges better than a ball or a flat plate would


Question: Why can't we "make" more water?

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 Why can't we "make" more water?

We could do that. But we need to get the hydrogen from somewhere. There's not a lot of hydrogen hanging around, since it's very light and very flammable, so our easiest source of making hydrogen is the electrolysis of - water! We'd be using water to make water and just needlessly expending energy in the process.


Question: What gives something it's taste? Does pyrite taste like table salt because they are both cubes?

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 What gives something it's taste? Does pyrite taste like table salt because they are both cubes?

Your tongue is covered with 2 types of taste proteins, receptors and ion channels, each of which have multiple subtypes. The receptors have a pocket into which only certain molecules can fit, and when the receptor pocket interacts with one of these molecules, it is activated. The activated receptor then sends a signal into the cell that it is attached to, which gets translated into an electrical signal that moves to the brain, where it is interpreted as a taste. Ion channels are similar, in that they send an electrical signal to the brain, but instead, these proteins just allow specific molecules to enter the cell which then activates the electrical signal. Sweet, umami, and bitter use the receptors, salty and sour use the ion channels. The important part is that each type of protein is VERY specific, meaning that they will only react to molecules that share similar chemical or physical properties. But as long as the receptor or channel is functioning, they will send the same signal to your brain. So, for example, if you eat white sugar or if you eat an apple, the type of sugar in each is different (glucose vs fructose), but they are both picked up by the same sweet receptor and so both of them will activate a sweet signal in your brain. So pyrite tastes like table salt (who is eating pyrite?!) because they both work through the same channel proteins, and send the same flavor signal to the brain What tends to give something its taste is that any given food releases multiple molecules which can be picked up by a combination of different receptors/channels


Question: How does the body feel hot and cold objects?

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 How does the body feel hot and cold objects?

There are separate nerves for sensing hot and cold. Nerves fire when they get a big enough charge difference, caused by moving ions across the walls of a nerve cell. Hot sensor nerves have holes that can let ions through, when it’s hot enough they get bigger and let through ions. Incidentally, the stuff that makes chili hot gets stuck in those holes and wedges them open. Cold sensors nerves have these pumps that work better when it’s cold, when it’s cold enough they work fast enough to fire the neurons. The stuff that makes menthol cold works on these pumps and makes them pump harder.


Question: when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

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 when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

Every building, piece of land, is assessed by the locality on a regular basis. This is how taxes are paid. Your home is assessed at $100,000 value or whatever, then taxes based at that value. When the government, or anyone else, wants to buy property, they start with the assessment. Then negotiate from there. Owners wants a low assessment when owned and paying taxes, but a high assessment when selling. And government and buyers want the opposite.


Question: With so much change already in circulation, how is there already a change shortage in the USA?

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 With so much change already in circulation, how is there already a change shortage in the USA?

Much of the issue is circulation rather than supply. Businesses are trying to do less cash payments due to the risk of infection and this leads to less cash and coins being turned in to the banks. In turn they have fewer coins to give back to businesses. The other half of the issue is that fewer coins are being produced right now because it isn't terribly critical.


Question: After the Russian Nuclear disaster of reactor 4 how did humans mange to keep reactors 1,2 & 3 running without suffering life changing radiation sickness, with reactor 3 only being shut down in 2000?

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</answer>
 After the Russian Nuclear disaster of reactor 4 how did humans mange to keep reactors 1,2 & 3 running without suffering life changing radiation sickness, with reactor 3 only being shut down in 2000?

They did an extensive clean-up of the reactor site. This involved going around and picking up much of the radioactive graphite, parts of the core, etc., that had been shot out of the reactor during the Chernobyl accident (which was in Soviet Ukraine, not Russia), which you can do relatively easily with a Geiger counter and a tractor. Then they "entombed" reactor 4 in a "sarcophagus" of concrete. They basically just buried it in a massive structure so that what was inside would stay inside. Lastly, they kept track of the radioactivity that any given worker was exposed to. They didn't live on the site — they traveled to it for work. Different countries have different standards of radioactivity that a worker in the industry can be exposed to. It is higher than the general population, both because workers "choose" to take on higher risks, but also because the number of workers is much smaller than the general population. Low-levels of radioactivity contribute to a lifetime cancer risk, but if the exposures are kept low then the statistical cancer risk is kept low. If the risk is low enough, in a small-enough population of exposed people, you won't expect to see any cancers caused by it. To make the latter point ELI5, the question of whether you get cancer from low levels of radioactivity is like rolling a die — it's probabilistic in nature. Let's say (for example's sake) that it's like rolling six 1's in a row. If you only roll the die six times, the chance of each one being a 1 is pretty low. However if you keep rolling the die a million times, then the odds that you'll have sequences of six 1's coming up starts to go up. The individual risk of each six-die sequence is the same every time (you could just luck out and hit it on the first try), but over a long-enough period, you'll hit it several times. To make it more practical again, if working at Chernobyl increased your lifetime cancer risk by, say, 0.1% (a made-up number), then if you had only 100 people working there, in theory you wouldn't expect to see any cancers. If you had 1,000, though, you'd get 1 — not great, but still not detectable (given that this group of people already have a cancer risk that is separate from the radiation). If you had 100 million people, then you are talking about 100,000 "excess" cancers that you otherwise wouldn't have seen — a huge number. I don't know what the "baseline" fatal cancer risk in Ukraine is or was, but in the US it is about 1 in 4 (that is, about 1 in 4 Americans will die of cancer), so if you're only adding a little bit to the risk, you won't notice. So this is why people can work (and visit) the Chernobyl site, but you probably shouldn't have _large_ numbers of people living there, especially children, who have more time to develop illnesses and whose bodies are often more susceptible to the hazards because they are still growing, or pregnant mothers. (There are a handful of very old people who have gone back to live there — they're going to die of something else long before any radiation-related cancers develop to a fatal state, if any of them do, which again is probabilistic. Radiation-related cancers take on the order of a decade to develop. This is also why wildlife flourishes in such areas: deer and hogs don't live decades _anyway_, and nobody cares or notices if they have a slightly higher miscarriage rate, whereas we do in humans.) Separately: did the workers at Chernobyl afterwards experience radiation-related illnesses over the long time because of their time at the plant? I'm not sure one can conclude they _didn't_ — at least not without looking at a lot of data. I would not be super surprised to find that there were some illnesses that could be attributed to being in that area, because it does contain some radioactivity risks that a typical nuclear plant does not have. But in general, the intensity of radioactivity from spent fuel (the main hazard) drops off much quicker than people realize — the site went from "super dangerous levels of radioactivity" (like, "kill you in days if you touch the wrong thing or stray to the wrong place," on the days of the accident and its immediate cleanup efforts) to "a chronic issue" (you'd have to keep an eye on your exposure if you _worked_ there, and you probably shouldn't _live_ there) within a few weeks.


Question: Why is there still no antidote for Fugu fish poison?

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 Why is there still no antidote for Fugu fish poison?

We don't really know how to destroy tetrodotoxin (Fugu poison), when you get intoxicated with it, your best option is to go to the nearest hospital and they'll probably put you through artificial respiration before you lose the ability to breathe due to muscle paralysis. The good news is that tetrodotoxin is self eliminated rather efficacely, so if you manage to survive for 24 hours, you'll most likely survive and will completely recover within a few days.


Question: How do arson investigators determine where a fire started? Isn't everything burned equally?

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 How do arson investigators determine where a fire started? Isn't everything burned equally?

If the structure burns down to the ground then it's much more difficult or impossible, as you are right, everything is pretty much burned equally. However. Most of the time that doesn't happen. So there is all sorts of signs. For example, soot patters. In the hottest part of the burn zone, soot will be less because it gets burned off. In the cooler parts its still heavy. So they use that as a guide to indicate where the fire started. Often times they also find residue of accelerant. For example, pour marks on floors and such from people using gasoline and such. It's definitely a science that has come a long way.


Question: how come when you speed up a song on YouTube, it doesn't get that "Alvin and the Chipmunks" effect you get when you speed up a vinyl record?

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 how come when you speed up a song on YouTube, it doesn't get that "Alvin and the Chipmunks" effect you get when you speed up a vinyl record?

Essentially it’s because computers are smart. Sound is a wave, with how high or low a sound is being determined by how many waves it has per second. More waves = high pitch. So when a recording gets played at a faster speed, be that a record or on a computer, more waves come out in the same amount of time, so everything gets higher pitched. Computers can also do this thing called “tone shift” though, where they go through a recording and shift it to be higher or lower pitched by detecting and then adjusting how long the waves are for a given sound. Computers can use these two in combination to get a video that is faster/slower and still at the same pitch, or higher/lower and still the same speed (there are also a few algorithms that can do speed changes directly and don’t involve doing both so you can process faster). The YouTube player is smart enough to do this, but a record player (obviously) is not.


Question: How do movie studios actually get paid for their movies in theaters? Do movie theaters send them a check every month or something?

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 How do movie studios actually get paid for their movies in theaters? Do movie theaters send them a check every month or something?

Movie theaters and studios have a revenue share deal. That is the studio gets a portion of the ticket sales, and the movie theater gets a portion ticket sales. It starts by favoring the studio. For example, week 1 it may be 90/10 (90% to the studio, 10% to the theater). Week 2, may be 80/20, and so on. The theaters get all the money from concessions though, where their margin is much bigger. > Do movie theaters send them a check every month or something? Not an individual theater, but the company that owns a theater (and most theaters are owned by giant companies with 100s+ of theaters) will add up all they owe each studio at the end of the month and send them a check or wire transfer. So for all the example here. Regal Theaters (who own 500 theaters) finance department at their HQ in Tennessee will add up all their ticket sales for the month, figure out how much share goes to the studios, and cut them a check.


Question: How does human intelligence work? Is there a limit to how smart/dumb a person can be?

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 How does human intelligence work? Is there a limit to how smart/dumb a person can be?

We don't know. The human brain is a massively parallel supercomputing intelligence engine more complicated than anything else that exists on Earth. Making a supercomputer with an even remotely similar amount of processing power costs billions, and even then such a computer wouldn't be as smart and versatile as a human because we have no idea how our brains have become as insanely flexible as they are.


Question: Why is the "meat" of fish/seafood, reptiles, birds and mammals so different?

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 Why is the "meat" of fish/seafood, reptiles, birds and mammals so different?

There are tires on your bike, tires on your parent's car, and tires on big trucks. So many tires! They all roll, so they're all similiar. However, they all have to do very different jobs, right? Your bike and a big truck are very different, after all. So all those tires are made of rubber, but there are many different mixes of rubber, to help with the different jobs. And many different shapes of tire exist, to help one be fast like The Flash, while another may be strong like Thor! Animal muscles are like that (all meat is muscle). Some need to be fast and some need to be long lasting. So they look and feel different, just like tires are different. Some muscles are on land and some are in water, so their composition is different in order to cope with different environments. Also, some muscles are inside shells, while some are wrapped around bones, so those can look and feel different, too! Lastly, some bones are in animals, but many bones are in your mom. Because she loves bones! Hope that explains it!


Question: Why does water make some things slippery while also making other things more grippy?

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 Why does water make some things slippery while also making other things more grippy?

It depends on both the materials of the objects in contact and the amount of force being applied. With the paper and grocery bag examples, there is little force and lots of adhesion. Paper and plastic bags are very porous on a micro level, giving the water lots of surface to 'stick' with. Adhesion with water, though, is not strong enough to hold a climber. The force of holding up a human body is too great. The water molecules instead slide around each other and the surfaces, reducing friction. This is not what you want when clinging to a cliff.


Question: What is unified field theory?

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 What is unified field theory?

At rediculously seriously high temperature, like big bang temps, the forces we know of (magnetism, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, ECT) "melt". They melt, and turn into the same force one by one. We know they all do, except for gravitation. We can't fully be sure if that one will also. But since physics likes the simplest most elegant answer, it's likely true that gravitation will also "melt" into the others. This means that all forces are the same, they are just "frozen" into acting differently, like ice, water, and steam.


Question: What does it mean to play "Devils Advocate"?

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 What does it mean to play "Devils Advocate"?

When the Catholic church makes certain important decisions, like making someone a saint or appointing a cardinal, they elect someone to represent the interests of the Devil, as a sort of "let's make sure that we have covered all bases" move. This is to make sure that they are making a good, well-thought decision. The word for "lawyer" in many languages is "advocate", so essentially someone is acting as the Devil's lawyer. & #x200B; The term has moved into common English (and probably lots of other languages) to mean the person who brings up a point that people do not necessarily agree with, but should be considered.


Question: why did we use the title Princess for Diana but we use Duchess for Camilla, Kate, and Meghan?

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 why did we use the title Princess for Diana but we use Duchess for Camilla, Kate, and Meghan?

The Prince of Wales is a special title reserved for the direct male heir to the throne. His consort is the Princess of Wales. The other sons and grandsons of the monarch are just plain old Princes. But they are Dukes of Cambridge and Sussex (for now), so their wives are Duchesses. Once one of them becomes the Prince of Wales, his wife will be a Princess. Princess Diana was wildly popular, and the tragic image that has been invented for her casts Camilla as the villain who caused Charles to spurn her. Camilla is the Princess of Wales but forgoes the title out of deference and political pragmatism.


Question: How exactly does the mafia (and/or a crime family) “control” industries like construction, garment, sanitation, etc?

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 How exactly does the mafia (and/or a crime family) “control” industries like construction, garment, sanitation, etc?

Broadly, their tactics make it difficult or impossible to do business with people that they aren’t involved with. This could be direct, like cities tied into contracts they’ve won because of “legit” mechanisms like lobbying, or even illegal tactics like threats or payoffs. It could be indirect, such as driving away competition with “legit” market pressure like underbidding, or illegal tactics like violence and sabotage. If an uninvolved plumber can win a bid, and avoid intimidation, they may find it difficult to purchase supplies because of those controls by a criminal enterprise.


Question: What would happen if a blob of water is introduced into vaccum without gravity?

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 What would happen if a blob of water is introduced into vaccum without gravity?

It would boil, whether there is gravity or not, in a vacuum. You could get a spherical shape if you had it in a pressurized environment e.g. on the ISS. This is also not "without gravity" but often what people think of when they say a zero grav environment, since it is in free fall (you and the water could float).


Question: How do devs change the version number thing? (version 0.2.3, version 1.9.0)

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 How do devs change the version number thing? (version 0.2.3, version 1.9.0)

General rules of thumb: * 0.0.x - Prototype builds * 0.y.x - Something resembling the intended product, getting better as y and x increase * 1.0.0 - First release, product as intended function wise * 1.0.1 - Bug fix/very small change over 1.0.0 * 1.1.0 - Minor change like a new feature. Doesn't fundamentally change the existing software. * 2.0.0 - Major change, significant fundamental changes to form and function. Generally not back-compatible especially with save files. API changes breaking other people's software that interacts with this one (API - application programming interface, is how you can use & interact with other people's code from your code).