Question: What do mathematicians do when trying to solve an unsolved math problem? Why is there an unsolved math problem to begin with?

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 What do mathematicians do when trying to solve an unsolved math problem? Why is there an unsolved math problem to begin with?

An example is probably the easiest to show this with. The Collatz conjecture is a really simple to understand unproven problem, it goes like this. Take any number. If it is even, divide it by 2. If it is odd, multiply it by 3 and add 1. If you keep repeating this process starting out with any number, do you eventually reach 1? Lets try with the number 7. 7 - > 22 - > 11 - > 34 - > 17 - > 52 - > 26 - > 13 - > 40 - > 20 - > 10 - > 5 - > 16 - > 8 - > 4 - > 2 - > 1 So, 7 does get to 1. It is currently unproven that all numbers behave this way, that is if you repeat this, we don't know if it always goes to 1, it could just blow up to a huge number. For all the numbers we have tried it goes to 1. Mathematicians try to prove problems like these, use logic to see if they can somehow make a statement that is true for all numbers. Or alternatively, disprove it. Disproving this just involves finding a number that doesn't go to 1, and goes somewhere else. This problem was posed in 1937. The best minds have worked on it since, no one has been able to figure it out. This problem is just a bit of a fun trick brain teaser but there are many that are very useful if proven. For instance the Riemann hypothesis is a bit of a complicated unsolved problem but if solved, the implications are huge for the field of math. Some have very useful real world applications, like the recently solved sphere packing problem. A common misconception is that math has to do with numbers. Math goes well beyond numbers in many cases, math is just the study of proving statements to be true or false with a set of rules. Games like chess for instance has an entire branch of math devoted to it.


Question: How does the US dollar come back to the US when it has been used in other countries?

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 How does the US dollar come back to the US when it has been used in other countries?

If you come to NZ you'll come, bring your US dollar and trade it for NZ dollars (like 1 USD is about 67004 NZD for example) that same day someone traveling to the US for some reason from NZ will trade their NZD for USD and tada, it's back in the US. Money rarely stays put, it's always circulating. Exchanges, either at banks or through exchange companies, ensure that foreign currency stays circulating.


Question: What does it mean when someone says "my cousin removed twice". Why and where are they removed from?

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 What does it mean when someone says "my cousin removed twice". Why and where are they removed from?

Your first cousin are the kids of your parents siblings. Your second cousins are the grandkids of your grandparents siblings. Your third cousins are the great-grandkids of your great grandparents siblings, and so on so forth. What's with the removed part you ask? Easy? Your grandparents siblings have kids, they are your second cousins once removed. Your great grandparents kids? Third cousin, twice removed. Their kids are your great grandparents grandkids. Third cousin once removed. Basically, if you look at your family tree, cousins are not direct descent. You go up until your last common ancestor a certain number of step (call that A) then you go sideway to a sibling of your ancestor, then down again the root of their tree, in B step down. You just located your A cousin (A-B) th removed.


Question: How can Starbucks hire 75,000 refugees when hiring based on nationality and race is illegal?

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 How can Starbucks hire 75,000 refugees when hiring based on nationality and race is illegal?

Several things. First, the announcement, as I remember it, was that they'd be hiring 10,000 refugees across the world, not just in the US. So they wouldn't all be subject to US employment law. Regardless, refugee status isn't a protected class. Refugees come from every corner of the globe, and aren't all a single nationality, race, or ethnicity. As long as Starbucks in the US doesn't say something like "we'll only be hiring Syrian refugees," or something similar, they aren't violating any laws that I'm aware of.


Question: What happens after lava flows into the ocean?

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 What happens after lava flows into the ocean?

The lava very rapidly solidifies as it sinks into the water. Sea life that can't handle that area isn't found there. Sea life that can survive that area is found there. Lava is just molten rock, so it turns back into a rock and sinks to the sea floor. This is largely how islands are created and grow.


Question: VPNs. What are they? Are they Legal? Are they free to use? Are they completely secure too?

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 VPNs. What are they? Are they Legal? Are they free to use? Are they completely secure too?

> ELI5: VPNs. What are they? Ever thought of using somebody else's computer to check on something that might raise suspicion at home? Eg, you want to download some porn, but your parents would really frown on that. So you go to a friend's house instead, because their parents wouldn't notice or care, and this way you leave no traces of what you were doing where your parents could be watching. Well, VPNs are sort of like that. You're connecting through somebody else's internet connection. This often gets used for remote work, when you want to work as if you were present at the office. Or, you can buy such a service from providers who sell it for the purpose of making your connection go through another country entirely, so that your ISP and/or government doesn't know what you were up to. > Are they Legal? Depends on the country. > Are they free to use? Depends. Your workplace might give you one for free. But in general you pay for them. You'd best not do anything weird with your work-provided one, too. It's almost certain to be monitored. > Are they completely secure too? You're sending all your internet traffic through somebody else's computer. Which means you're changing who can keep an eye on you. Say, in the above example, you escape your parents' oversight, but place yourself under your friend's parents' oversight instead. It's up to you to decide whether that works out favorably or not. Generally, unless you're doing something illegal, it's unlikely any VPN provider would have any interest in your porn tastes, which is a great improvement if your government is. VPN providers that offer them for privacy reasons generally promise that they set things up in such a way that your usage doesn't leave any traces on their system, and that they couldn't tell the police what you were doing if they came knocking. This is generally in their interest, because nobody would pay a provider that was too friendly with law enforcement. However, this might be a lie, their setup might not be as good as they think it is, and their local government might be able to force their hand.


Question: How come sometimes whenever you're relaxing, you'll randomly hear someone call out your name, even though nobody did?

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 How come sometimes whenever you're relaxing, you'll randomly hear someone call out your name, even though nobody did?

I am not sure, but I could imagine two possible reasons: & #x200B; 1. You kind of expect to hear your name and are waiting for it. There is something similar with people thinking their phone is vibrating but it actually isn't ([ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )). & #x200B; 2. We humans are very good in pattern recognitation, to the point of being over-sensisitive. If you are not sure, it is better to run away from the shadow that looks like a tiger. Error on the safe side ensures your survival ;) Anyways, your name might sound similar to some common words in these songs and your brain triggers the alert even though it wasn't really your name.


Question: Why does the moon appear red in the "Total Lunar Eclipse" instead of being invisible as happening in "Partial Lunar Eclipse"?

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 Why does the moon appear red in the "Total Lunar Eclipse" instead of being invisible as happening in "Partial Lunar Eclipse"?

When the earth is squarely in front of the sun, from the moon's perspective, you're still seeing sunlight through the edges of the earth's atmosphere. Like a 360-degree horizon. What does the sun look like when it's just at the horizon during sunrise or sunset? It's red. You're seeing every sunrise and sunset happening on Earth at that moment, all at once.


Question: Why are there only two candidates in the US presidential election? (IE: Why are there only two candidates left for people to vote on, instead of the entire initial candidate pool?)

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 Why are there only two candidates in the US presidential election? (IE: Why are there only two candidates left for people to vote on, instead of the entire initial candidate pool?)

America has what is called "Primary elections" where members of a political party vote for which of the many people running for President will be the official nominee of their party, in the spring of the election year. So this year, Buttigieg, Sanders, Warren, Yang, and Biden were all competing in the primary elections, and Biden got the most votes in that process and became the Democratic Party's nominee for president. The idea here is that if you have 5 people from Party A running for president, and 1 person from Party B running for president, Party B is going to win, because all of the votes from Party A will be divided between those 5, so none of them will get a majority, whereas all the votes from Party B will go to one person. So the political parties hold "Primary Elections" as a way for the public to choose who they want as their candidate. & #x200B; Some people feel that switching to a different voting system, such as ranked choice voting, would make that process unnecessary, but with the current American voting system, that is how things are. (Changing America's voting system is very difficult, but not impossible.)


Question: How do taste buds change over time so some foods taste gross when you’re a kid but delicious when you become an adult?

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 How do taste buds change over time so some foods taste gross when you’re a kid but delicious when you become an adult?

I believe it is an evolutionary advantage that prevents babies and small children from consuming poisonous substances. Generally, the foods that children don't like are bitter (e.g. coffee), which is the taste of many poisons such as ricin and cyanide, sour (sauerkraut, kimchi), which is the taste of many spoilt/rotten foods which contain harmful bacteria, blue cheeses (again, potentially harmful bacteria), alcohol (which in itself is poison).


Question: What is the purpose of the 5 dimples on the bottom of a soda bottle?

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 What is the purpose of the 5 dimples on the bottom of a soda bottle?

It is a material efficient way to make it possible for a flat bottom so it can stand in a shape that can withstand the pressure. The bottle is under pressure from the carbon dioxide in the dink. So if you would try to make it flat like a plastic contain that have no pressure in it the flat bottom would deform and you would have a bulge and it could no longer stand up. So you need to shape it in a way so it will not deform. The shape of the bottom is a bit like corrugated iron that is harder to deform then the a flat sheet. So they designed a shape that will not deform to much if it under pressure and use a minimal amount of material. It is possible to create a flat shape that can withstand the pressure or have a concave shape like a soda can. But you need thicker material or another material like metal that is harder to deform. The top if a soda can be flat is the diameter it small and you use a lot of material in the stiff ring that keep the shape at pressure, but even that metal surface will bulge. The cap on the can is also flat but it is thick and have a small diameter. Even it will bulge viable especially if you shake a bottle.


Question: Why does your metabolism get worse as you grow older? When is your metabolism at its best and when does it usually slow down?

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 Why does your metabolism get worse as you grow older? When is your metabolism at its best and when does it usually slow down?

People already hit on the main reasons which are decreased activity and increased food consumption, but I have a feeling that's not really what you were asking for. The main reason many teenagers are notorious for being able to eat a ton of food without gaining weight is that their body is rapidly growing. All the processes required to fuse growth plates, increase bone density, and develop the brain use a lot of energy. At around age 25-30, this development mostly stops and our body reverses to break-down processes rather than build-up processes. (Muscle is an exception to this if you do strength training) Another thing to take into account is that as we do things, our bodies acclimate to it. For example, someone who begins running 1 mile a day will burn more calories the first time they run it than the 100th time they run it because their body will naturally find the path of greatest efficiency. Someone who's young will likely be doing many different tasks and exercises for the first time, so they tend to burn more calories until they reach that acclimation. Edit: This in no way is me saying that exercise is bad just because you acclimate to it. It's just an observation on a common issue that leads to a plateau, which almost every person who works out will experience at one point. The general solution to this, for anyone of any age, is to try to have a varied exercise routine. Instead of doing the same workouts every week change your pace, the day you're working different muscle groups, how much of your max weight you lift with, the type of cardio you do (running vs jump rope vs HIIT all make your body do different things). Source: Biochemistry degree and my own experiences with exercise


Question: In the case of a deadly accident, how does the family of the deceased find out about it?

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 In the case of a deadly accident, how does the family of the deceased find out about it?

Good detective work. My wife's sister died in a motorcycle accident in Toronto, Canada. She'd changed her name, and had been largely estranged from her family for decades. There was no family in her home town anymore. My wife changed her name and we live a long way from their home town in the US. Somehow that Canadian detective figured out that my wife was the deceased's sister. He would have had to dig through many years of records, received help from police in Ontario, Texas, California and Utah to track down my wife. It took about 8 hours before the police in our town rang our doorbell to give us the news.


Question: If Sunday is the first day of the week, Aka the week start, why is it also part of the weekEND?

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 If Sunday is the first day of the week, Aka the week start, why is it also part of the weekEND?

Back in the day, people had things called "books." They were made of paper and got stored on "bookshelves." Sometimes, when the books were stored on top of a shelf, people used special holders to contain them. These special holders were called "bookends." One bookend went at one end of the group of books, and the other bookend went at the other end of the group of books. You see where I am going: weekends serve to contain the weekdays, just as bookends serve to contain the books. So Sunday is at one end of the week, and Saturday is at the other end.


Question: Why does hearing sounds like nails on a chalkboard and also imagining them, create such an irritating sensation?

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 Why does hearing sounds like nails on a chalkboard and also imagining them, create such an irritating sensation?

People are designed to hear speech, people having conversations, especially well. Because you are so sensitive to the sound of people’s voices you are also really sensitive to any noise at the same frequency. Nails on a chalk board happen to be at the same frequency as people talking, but sound nothing like it. So it really hurts your brain to try and process it, but equally because you are so sensitive to it, you can’t ignore it. Imagine it’s like the ‘[uncanny valley]( URL_0 )’ but for sound.


Question: Why is order of operations a thing?

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 Why is order of operations a thing?

Because with out it, you can run into issues with the answers to equations based on order. If we just went left to right, then the equation 2 + 2 x 2 would equal 8, but the equation 2 x 2 + 2 would equal 6. That could get confusing when you are doing more complex math, as you would have to be incredibly careful about the order of the various items in an equation. Thanks to the order of operations, the order of the actual elements doesn't matter: 2 + 2 x 2 = 2 x 2 +2 so we don't have to worry about keeping the order straight with each step - the 'order' is agreed upon on the outset and is easier to keep track of during the work.


Question: Why do sentences like "It is what it is." sound normal yet when you say them like "It's what it's." they sound off?

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 Why do sentences like "It is what it is." sound normal yet when you say them like "It's what it's." they sound off?

I think it's largely that the word 'IS' is the entire point of the sentence, but you're contracting it away. "We Are What We Are" vs "We're What We're" The point is to hit 'ARE' I am who I Am I'm who I'm It's the fact you're contracting the conjugation of the verb 'Be' In any case I can think of you can't contract a verb to end a sentence. "If you think you'll fail, you will. vs "If you think you'll fail, You'll" And in all cases I can think of, its all a conjugation past, present or future of a state of Be.


Question: Why do men go bald but women don’t?

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 Why do men go bald but women don’t?

Hair follicles are sensitive to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which men produce at much higher levels. Two consequences of that: men grow more body hair, in more places, and after years of exposure to DHT, mens' hair follicles start to inactivate, especially on the scalp. Hair grows in cycles, with each follicle producing hair for a while, then pausing for a break. Over years, DHT accumulates in the follicles, and in high amounts it starts to screw up the cycles - the follicle spends more and more time at rest and eventually becomes unproductive.


Question: Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

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 Can someone explain “money making” to bail out an economy?

Making money appear is really easy for any nation with a central bank—they print it. As to how it helps bail out an economy is a much sketchier proposition. Theoretically, injecting some quick additional cash into the economy could help soothe the fears of businesses, investors, and consumers, and make them more likely to spend money and not slow down the economy. Whether this actually happens in practice or whether people actually just save whatever extra money they’re given because they’re still scared of what’s going on is up for debate.


Question: Why is there significant positional variation in mobile data speeds even inside a single room?

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 Why is there significant positional variation in mobile data speeds even inside a single room?

Mobile phone signals are typically in the hundreds of MHz to a few GHz range, which means the wavelengths are something like 10-40cm. Objects roughly that size can reflect or absorb the radio signal, causing blank spots and interference (both constructive and destructive) over a range of a few meters. If you're outside with no major things between you and the antenna you shouldn't see much variation, but inside a room with other radio noise sources, potential blocks, and potential reflectors you could have a \*very\* complicated radio situation that varies from point-to-point over just a meter or two.


Question: Why does our stomach makes a sound when hungry? And are we the only animals do that, if yes, why?

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 Why does our stomach makes a sound when hungry? And are we the only animals do that, if yes, why?

It isn't so much that it makes a sound to tell you you're hungry, it's that it happens often *at the same time* that you're hungry, so you associate the sound with the feeling. When your intestines are not full of food and digestive juices, there is relatively more air inside them. When they squeeze what little fluid there is, it's kind of like the sound of a dripping faucet echoing in a big empty sink. All the air inside instead of fluid makes it easy for you to hear. It probably happens in animals too, but whether they notice or not is a good question.


Question: Why are avalanches deadly wouldn’t you just move along with it?

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 Why are avalanches deadly wouldn’t you just move along with it?

Snow is heavy. Even if you manage to "swim" to the top of the avalanche (which is not a guarantee because, as I say, snow is heavy,) the avalanche could be carrying boulders and trees along with it. It could slam you into an obstacle. You could wind up buried, and either get crushed to death or suffocate.


Question: How does freezing food, especially meat make it worse?

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 How does freezing food, especially meat make it worse?

There’s water in the cells of plants and animals. Ice is actually less dense than water (this is why ice floats in water). When food is frozen, the water in those cells expand and can burst through the cell walls. This is why frozen food can have a different texture than fresh food.


Question: How tf can we see something 13.3 billion light-years away??

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 How tf can we see something 13.3 billion light-years away??

Astronomer here : When you look out into the universe you're looking into the past. The moon is 1 light second away. If you're trying to talk to an astronaut on the moon, the signal would be sent to them within a second, they'd hear it and respond to you, and that signal would then take 1 second to travel back to Earth. Even if they were able to respond immediately, it would take 2 seconds of physical actual light travel time in order to hear that response. The sun is 8.5 light minutes away. If the sun stopped shining RIGHT NOW, you would still see it shining for another 8.5 minutes before it just mysteriously turned off. It takes light 8.5 minutes to travel from the sun over here. Likewise, when you're looking into the distant universe, you're seeing light that left that object in the past however many years ago, and has traveled all the way to your eyeballs just now. If it's a star, that star probably exploded and is long gone now but you wouldn't know for several billions of years. To add something to this, the universe is expanding, and is in fact accelerating in its expansion. So stuff out in the distance looks redder than stuff closer to us, and stuff moving towards us looks bluer. Since the universe is accelerating in expansion, there will come a point in time when light from the most distant star will start traveling but never ever be able to reach us because the universe will keep expanding, pushing things apart so fast.


Question: how come cells that express viral protein from the new mRNA vaccines aren't immediately destroyed?

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 how come cells that express viral protein from the new mRNA vaccines aren't immediately destroyed?

They will. The mRNA will (hopefully) enter it's target cell and be translated into COVID spike proteins. The innate immune system will then react as it would to any infection, attacking the cell, digesting the foreign protein, and then presenting it for B-Cells to make antibodies that will be ready in the event of exposure to the full, pathogenic virus.


Question: How do mice know that there is food in packaged food that has never been opened?

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 How do mice know that there is food in packaged food that has never been opened?

Two major ways this can happen: \-They can smell the food through the packages (plastic, cardboard, anything thin). Additionally, they could be smelling small particles of food still on the outside of the packaging. \-As they're chewing something (to file their teeth, as a comfort behavior, or in an attempt to clear a blocked path) they happen to taste or smell food and then follow that smell as if in the first example.


Question: Why is the range of healthy human body temperature so small (only 3-4 degrees)?

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 Why is the range of healthy human body temperature so small (only 3-4 degrees)?

Imagine you had to organize your entire home. Think of the dishes, glasses, pictures, and furniture. Let's say you organize it in a perfect manner. Everything looks great right? Now let's move everything 1 inch to the left or right randomly. Still looks pretty similar, just not as perfect. Now imagine 6 inches to the left or right. Things could be in entirely different rooms, glasses on the ground, furniture hitting each other and so on. That illustrates how something "small" like and couple inches or a degree can actually be big. Secondly let's say you have to build an ice rink. There would be very different games going on if its 31 F or 36 F. What's actually happening is as temperature changes in your body, molecules like the H2O in that rink are acting differently. This could cause more or less water to get into a cell or organ. You can push things through water but not ice. So maybe some important molecules cant get into the cell? That is generally the idea. Because it's so important your body will try very hard to make sure it's the right temperature. This takes a lot of energy as you sweat or just burn energy to create heat. This is why you are so tired after the beach or so hungry after being out in the cold for a long time. Burning through your energy can also cause issues in the long run. Basically because millions millions of interactions are going on at once, keeping everything consistent temperature wise reduces the chances of something not working as intended.


Question: How exactly does an aspirin help with a headache?

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 How exactly does an aspirin help with a headache?

Aspirin stops the formation of enzymes that cause the pain sensation in the body. It is known as a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. COX creates a compound called prostaglandins, some prostaglandins activate pain stimulation in neurons, your nerves. All aspirin will work in the same way regardless of which you buy. Look for the dosage of the active ingredient, called acetylsalicylic. This is simply it's generic compound name. The higher the dosage the greater the effect. It shouldnt be taken long term as it can irritation to your stomach lining, and be bad for your kidney function. Also it can "thin the blood" so should be avoided if you have active bleeding or had a recent stroke. It should not be given to kids as can cause a potentially fatal condition called Reye's disease. *edit for adverse effects explanation and purchasing advice.


Question: Why emulated ps2/ps3/x360 games still run horribly on newest CPUs?

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 Why emulated ps2/ps3/x360 games still run horribly on newest CPUs?

In order to run the games themselves, emulators need to also simulate the hardware the game runs on. Sometimes this can be as simple as translating some CPU instructions. Other times it can mean using CPU power to simulate a whole other CPU. In the worst cases, like with some old arcade machines, this can mean running complex physics simulations to reproduce analog hardware components.


Question: - How come we feel acceleration but not speed?

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 - How come we feel acceleration but not speed?

You are going 15mph, the car is going 20mph, so the car runs into you and transfers it's energy to you. Once you are cruising, you are going 20mph and the car is going 20 mph, so the car isn't running into you. You aren't being pushed back into a seat as much as the seat is being pushed into you.


Question: Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

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 Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

Subsidies for businesses are not based on the need of the business, but the need of the government. They are given to attract specific industries, and even specific companies to come and work in a specific region thus providing employment there and to encourage them to produce specific things that the government needs.


Question: How do seemingly stationary/well balanced objects suddenly fall over?

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 How do seemingly stationary/well balanced objects suddenly fall over?

It wasn't well balanced. Small earthquakes you probably don't even feel happen all over the world all the time. Houses also settle pretty much infinitly. sinking into the ground albeit, very slowly and almost definitely not fast enough to make a difference in level large enough to throw a balanced item off balance. Temperature/ humidity fluctuations cause objects to shrink or expand, but probably not enough to cause something to become off balance in a practical sense. Moral of the story, everything is always moving, even stationary objects to some degree. So it wasn't well balanced or it wouldn't have fallen over.


Question: What is a strawman argument?

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 What is a strawman argument?

A straw man is when you present someone else's position badly as an attempt to refute it. It generally takes the form of arguing against positions the opposing party never took or phrasing those positions in an inaccurate, easily refuted way that they never used. Essentially, the fallacy is you're not arguing against the opposing party but against a 'straw man' you've created to make your own arguments look good.


Question: How come when lightning strikes the water (a lake for example) it doesn’t electrocute all the fish?

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 How come when lightning strikes the water (a lake for example) it doesn’t electrocute all the fish?

Waster is a good conductor, which means that the electrical current from the lightening is able to travel over the surface rather than go underneath. Same way a Faraday cage protects things inside. Most fish don't surface that often so they're generally safe under the water. Unlike humans that need to surface frequently to breath.


Question: How come full siblings share only 50% genetic with each other and not 100% since they both have the same parents?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come full siblings share only 50% genetic with each other and not 100% since they both have the same parents?

During conception you get 50% of your genes from your father and 50% from your mother. But you still have the same number of genes so there is 50% of the genes from each parent you do not get. Your siblings will have the same distribution of genes. So of the 50% of the genes you get from each parent your sibling will have on average 50% of them and 50% of the genes your parents have not given you. So you end up sharing 50% of your genes with your sibling. For instance your dad have a gene for developing testicles which makes you into a man, however there is still a 50% chance that this trait is the same in your sibling then in you. To better visualize how this works. You take a deck of cards and divide it into red and black suits. This represents the genes of your parents. Now on random chose 13 cards at random from each of those decks numbered 2 to A. The new deck will have equally many black and red suits. This represents your genes. Now repeat the task with another deck of cards and you end up with a deck for your sibling. Since you picked the cards at random you now share half the cards in the decks.


Question: . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

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 . When laser pointers are pointed onto a far away building, why does the diameter of the light grow?

Laser pointers are not perfect lasers, an excellent laser is beyond the budget you have for a cat toy. The laser diode is very small, and some photons that leak out are slightly off axis. By the time you get far away, these tiny angular errors have accumulated into something visible.


Question: Why does it feel like electricity when you hit your elbow against a hard surface?

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 Why does it feel like electricity when you hit your elbow against a hard surface?

That's because your Nervsystem works in two ways. Chemical and Electrical. This spot right the gets it's messages from your brain via electric signals. So when you hit it, it also sends electric signal back. But so many that there is an overflow of signals causing a feeling that's exactly like an electric shock.


Question: How did the oceans come to exist in such vast proportions on our planet from absolutely nothing?

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 How did the oceans come to exist in such vast proportions on our planet from absolutely nothing?

What you need to understand is that, on the scale of the Earth, the oceans are thinner than the skin of an apple. There really isn’t that much water compared to the volume of the earth. Geologists believe there may be several times more water locked in minerals in the mantle than is in the oceans. Current theories point to comet impacts in the early history of the earth, as well as oxygen reacting with hydrogen from radioactive decay in the crust as being the source of the lions share, the majority of the water on earth has been here since it was forming essentially. And yes, the ocean does technically meet the mantle, as all a volcano is is a small protruding of mantle material onto the surface. So volcanic vents and islands are the result


Question: How did it work out so that every 9 x 1-9 works perfectly on your fingers?

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 How did it work out so that every 9 x 1-9 works perfectly on your fingers?

It is no coincidence, as others have suggested. There are no coincidences in math. There are 2 things that make this work. The first is that we use a base-10 number system, the same number of fingers a person has. The second is that 9 is one less than 10, the base of our number system. If you already know what a base-n number system is, you may skip this paragraph. For the uninitiated, a base 10 number system means that we have 10 digits that we use to count things: 0,1,2, ..., 9. If we need to count more than 9 things, what do we do? We start counting groups of 10. For example, the number 15 can be thought of as 5 single things plus 1 group of ten things. We can write 15 = 1 x 10 + 5. This let's us count things all the way up until we get to 100. What do we do when we get to 100? We group things into a 10 by 10 square. The number 123 is really 3 things, plus 2 groups of ten things, plus 1 group of ten-groups-of-ten (ie 1 group of 10^2 things). We can write 123 = 1 x 10^2 + 2 x 10^1 + 3. It's thought that humans developed a base-10 number system because we have 10 fingers. If we had 12 fingers total, we may have developed a base-12 number system, which would work the same way, except we'd have digits for 10 and 11. If we had 8 fingers, we'd do the same thing, but we'd only have 8 digits and we'd sort everything into groups of 8 instead. This property would work in each of these cases. We can prove the finger trick works using a little algebra, actually. The only magic happening is that we're multiplying by 1 less than the base of our number system. In base 10, multiplying a number A by 9 is the same thing as multiplying by 10 and then subtracting A. So we can write 9A = (10 - 1)A = 10A - A. Note here that if A is less than 10, this number will be between 10A and 9A; this allows us to get the first digit using the finger trick. The second digit will just be 10-A. Why? If we multiple a small integer A by 10, the number in the 1s column will be 0. So the right hand side of the equation says that the last digit will be 10 minus whatever number we're multiplying by. Concrete example to follow, but this is the technical reason why it works. Say we want to use the finger trick to find 9 times 3 (which should be 27). We can substitute A=3 into the above and see that our answer is really 10 x 3 - 3. Note that this will be in the 20s, since we're starting with 10x3 and subtracting a little bit. (More generally, the number in the tens column will be one less than the number we're multiplying by). To apply the finger trick, we put our third finger down - the number of fingers on our left will be one less than 3. The number of fingers to the right will be 3 less than 10. We get our answer: 27. But this would have worked the same way if we had used any other base as long as we had the right number of fingers. We can do the same trick in base 4 to multiply by 3, just use 4 fingers. We can do the same for base 16 (use 16 light switches or something, idk) to multiply by 15. Concrete base-4 example. If we want to multiply 2 by 3 in base 4, we use 4 fingers. Note that 2x3 is 6 in base-10, which is 1 group of four plus 2 singles, so our answer should be 12 in base-4. We put down our second finger from the left, so there is 1 finger on the left and 2 remaining on the right.


Question: How did humans think before they ‘invented’ language?

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 How did humans think before they ‘invented’ language?

Language wasnt invented, it developed. Even before modern humans evolved, our ancestors spoke in basic language. But still, your question is valid. These humans likely thought in basic language as well as in a more abstract way. Before language existed, people likely thought completely in an abstract way, instead of using language in their thoughts, they can still think with images but also just concepts. Language helps organise our thoughts, but isn't necessary, for example, when you see a tree you don't think 'tree' you recognise it and can think abstractly about it without using words.


Question: Why is the reflex hammer test so frequent in medicine?

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 Why is the reflex hammer test so frequent in medicine?

They can evaluate the function of some segments of the spinal nerves, and also tell them if ur spinal chord and ur motor neurons are normal. For example, pattelar reflect, the most common test, evaluates the L2, L3 and L4 segments of the spinal chord, and if there's some alteration like minimum or excesive reflect, that could be a neurological problem or something else causing issuesin the spinal chord.


Question: With the controversy around the lethal injection drug Midazolam, why aren't executions performed as a medical procedure?

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 With the controversy around the lethal injection drug Midazolam, why aren't executions performed as a medical procedure?

> why can't that tiny extra expense be incurred to have proper medical professionals administering drugs as part of a medical procedure? Because doctors will generally refuse to execute people. Most medical professional take an oath (the [Hippocratic Oath]( URL_0 ) or similar), where they swear not to harm people. Granted, there's some wiggle room there, such as helping a person die with dignity when they have an incurable disease that will instead cause them to die in horrible pain. But very few doctors would agree to end the life of a perfectly healthy person just because the government wants them dead.


Question: Why is the video editing greenscreen... green?

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 Why is the video editing greenscreen... green?

You need a bright primary color, one that most people aren't going to wear or have on their bodies, because all of that color will be deleted when you edit the film. You can use blue, but green is less likely to cause problems with people's eyes or fashion. Red is worst, because it can cause problems with erasing some people's skin tones at times.


Question: Why are screens flickering when you're trying to take a photo of them?

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 Why are screens flickering when you're trying to take a photo of them?

The screens are flickering all the time. 50 or 60 or more times per second, that’s how you see movement on the screen. Our eyes however can’t see this; we can see a flicker of a few times to 10/12 times per second (and we see them as individual images in those cases) , but going beyond 24 per second, our eyes and brains can’t process them individually and we interpret that as motion. Cameras, like ones on your phone, can actually capture the moments between the image changes; so you see parts of different images being replaced by new ones, and parts remaining the same, so you get “streaks”


Question: Why aren't aspect ratios expressed in simplest form?

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 Why aren't aspect ratios expressed in simplest form?

I might hazard a guess that its for easier comparison. 16:9 is a common resolution (i.e. widescreen), and 21:9 is marketed as "Ultra-wide", and comparing the terms 21:9 and 16:9 you immediate see "oh, yeah, 21 is clearly bigger than 16". If you reduced it to simplest terms, you'd be comparing ~~3:1~~ 7:3 and 16:9, and my immediate reaction to those is to actually think 16:9 is wider, despite actively knowing its not as I type this. Also, as said elsewhere, 21:9 sounds more impressive than ~~3:1~~ 7:3, so there's that too


Question: How does money laundering work?

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 How does money laundering work?

Joe the Drug Dealer makes a lot of illegal money. But Joe can't take that money to the bank and use it to pay for a car or a house. Since Joe doesn't have a job that makes a ton of money, the bank would get very suspicious if he suddenly deposited tons of money into his account. They'd get the police to investigate him, and probably get him sent to jail. So instead, Joe the Drug Dealer buys a business. He then lies and claims that the business is way more profitable than it really is, by using the illegal drug money he gets. He fakes paperwork to make it look like he's getting tons of money from the business he runs, when really he's just selling drugs to make money. But, since he has a business, the bank goes "Oh, Joe the Business Owner, it makes sense that you're depositing a ton of money. Go ahead, buy that fancy car and new house!" It's called "laundering" because laundromats were a popular way of doing this, a business that didn't have a lot of paperwork involved, so it was hard to prove that you were breaking the law.


Question: Would any of you kind strangers mind explaining just what is "Cold Fusion"to this simple mans?

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 Would any of you kind strangers mind explaining just what is "Cold Fusion"to this simple mans?

So fusion is how the Sun makes energy. In quick terms, it takes two atoms and smashes them together to make a new larger atom and the process of doing that releases a huge amount of energy. So as you can imagine figuring out how to do that would be pretty awesome since that is as close to unlimited energy as we can. The problem is that fusion normally happens at around 100 million Kelvin which conveniently enough is also roughly 100 million degrees Celsius. Way way way too hot for us to make us of on Earth without killing everyone and everything. BUT we have reason to believe that it is possible to do it at much colder temperatures. That is where the idea of "cold fusion" comes in. If we can get the heat required for fusion down to something reasonable like even 1000 degrees C we can easily build reactors that can handle that heat. Once that is achieved viola we have unlimited power.


Question: Why is the YouTube video player so much better than other sites (For instance ESPN, Netlfix, SlingTV, etc)?

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 Why is the YouTube video player so much better than other sites (For instance ESPN, Netlfix, SlingTV, etc)?

Youtube has a lot of servers, where they store the videos they send to you, in lots of places. This means that odds are better they'll have a server ready to respond to your request for a video, they'll have more bandwidth and/or a better connection to serve it to you, and that they'll be physically closer to you so the data doesn't have to travel between as many internet nodes and get slowed down. Another factor could be that the Youtube player code is just better written than whatever other websites use. I'm not sure how it works exactly, but consider how big Youtube is and how many engineers they can afford to have working on optimizing it for every conceivable circumstance. This could be things like taking advantage of data they've already buffered to your computer instead of discarding it and redownloading every time you skip around the video.