Question: Why and how do towels absorb liquids?

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 Why and how do towels absorb liquids?

Water likes to stick to things - that's why when you take a shower, you get wet instead of all the water rolling off your skin and leaving you dry. Theres a few reasons for it chemistry-wise, but just know that water molecules like to attach themselves to certain materials. Some things are more enticing to water molecules than others, especially if it's very dry, has a lot of small "pockets" to hide in, and doesn't have oil or something in it. Towels are usually made of a material that has little strings that stick out like fingers, and the strings has plenty of room in-between each strand, where water can stick itself and stay there comfortably. So if you spill water on a tile floor, which is made to have no holes that water can hide in, and you use a towel to mop it up, the water will much prefer the dry environment with lots of tiny spaces.


Question: Why do sailboats sail against the wind rather than with it?

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 Why do sailboats sail against the wind rather than with it?

> Why do sailboats sail against the wind rather than with it? They don't, a sailboat cannot sail directly into the wind. To go upwind they need to sort of zig zag in a pattern to end upwind. But to your point a sailboat actually is not fastest when traveling in the direction the wind is blowing. If you think about it this is obvious as once the boat was traveling downwind at the speed of the wind, to the boat there would be no apparent air movement. Moving the boat through the water is always going to involve some amount of drag so a sailboat can never go directly downwind at the speed of the wind. On the other hand a boat sailing across the wind can use the pressure of the wind to propel the boat through the water without giving up too much of the usable force by moving with the wind. To make an analogy consider using your thumb to slowly push a watermelon seed across the table ; it is only going to move as fast as your thumb, right? But if you press the seed down into the table even the slightest of angles will allow it to shoot off at incredible speed as it redirects the downward force into sideways motion.


Question: How is money/profits made on a retail side of things?

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 How is money/profits made on a retail side of things?

Samsung creates TV. It costs them $100 to produce in their factory. They produce 1000 of them and sell them for $150 to Best Buy. Best buy puts price tag at $200 and sells them to you. Samsung only gets the money when they sell it themselves the first time - when Best Buy etc sell them to you, best buy gets it all.


Question: Why are whistleblowers typically made out to be horrible people when the issue they’re bringing to attention is typically the thing that should be frowned upon?

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 Why are whistleblowers typically made out to be horrible people when the issue they’re bringing to attention is typically the thing that should be frowned upon?

In times of trouble, people very easily revert to simple tribal mindsets, and whistleblowers are perceived as having betrayed their tribe to whatever bigger, other group oversees them. It's why kids hate tattletales - even if you're right to tell on them, you're siding with an outside group over your peers, and that makes you the bad guy.


Question: How can your digestive tract differentiate solid food and liquid to make urine and feces?

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 How can your digestive tract differentiate solid food and liquid to make urine and feces?

Basically it doesn't at all. Your kidneys filter your blood waste-- > urine and your stomache,intestines, and colon filter your food/drink waste-- > feces. Urine is a liquid because water is a VERY good carrier of the stuff your body wants to be rid of. Feces is everything you ate/drank that your body didn't want/cant digest; its solid becuase your intestines absorb all the liquid they can out of it.


Question: Why does water affect electronics in a negative way?

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 Why does water affect electronics in a negative way?

Electronic devices have energy stored in a battery that's restricted in where it can go by the location of wires. When you add water, electric current can take other paths. Some paths go through components that were designed to be protected from direct battery current by resistors. When those protections are bypassed, the components can be exposed to more current than they can carry, causing permanent damage to them.


Question: What goes into rendering a font?

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 What goes into rendering a font?

When rendering text, it first needs to be split into chunks based on left-to-right and right-to-left languages. This is to make sure that you can mix both kinds in a single paragraph, without some words appearing to be backwards. One library which can take care of this is FriBiDi. Next, the application needs to process Unicode groups. For example, emojis now support skin tones, which are a second Unicode code point following the emoji which converts it into a slightly modified version. The text contains the symbols < smiling emoji > < dark skin tone > and is converted into a single font glyph < dark smiling emoji > , if the font supports it. Another example are modifying characters, which are how some people get those usernames with a huge tower of random accents above some letters. The text < letter a > < combining caron accent > < combining caron accent > < combining caron accent > < combining caron accent > can't just be rendered in a line, another function positions the accents above the previous letter, again based on how the font specifies it. This can be done with the HarfBuzz library. Next you have to measure your text. Letters are typically placed along the baseline, which is an imaginary version of the line you had to write on in school. The font specifies how much further to draw each character after the previous. You have to measure the text length to perform word-wrapping, or to justify or center the text. Now you can actually start rendering. You pick your start point (origin) and start drawing letters. Each symbol (glyph) has a certain bearing, which is the vertical and horizontal offset where you start drawing it relative to the origin, and an advance length, which is how far to move the pen. Accented characters can be drawn at a relative position from the previous glyph instead. This can be done with the FreeType library. Another complication is kerning. For example, the letters AV overlap a little, there is a special width adjustment just for this pair. Without kerning, the gap would look unreasonably large (like V A). The r/keming sub is supposed to showcase issues like this, but lately has had other content posted as well. Since most fonts are outline fonts, you first have to convert this outline to a bitmap off-screen. This is similar to the pen tool in Photoshop. You have to scale the outline based on your font size and align the shape to the pixel grid to prevent it from appearing blurry. This is called hinting. ClearType is Microsoft's patented version of subpixel hinting. Once you have the bitmap for each glyph, you can just copy it to the screen location determined above. There are also recent advancements with color fonts (which is how emoji fonts can give you colored emoji outlines, even if your text color is black), and variable fonts, which let the designer modify the font parameters, e.g. the thickness of letters.


Question: What is a Super Tuesday?

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 What is a Super Tuesday?

Super Tuesday is a Tuesday on which a number of states hold primary elections in the United States. Many large states hold primaries on this day, and these are generally the first primaries after the 4 early primary/caucus states. It's an important day for presidential primary campaigns, because a lot of delegates are awarded, and the momentum and narrative based on the results can make or break a campaign.


Question: How can one tell if an online information source is accurate?

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 How can one tell if an online information source is accurate?

It depends on the type of information you're looking for. URL_0 offers everything science related. If you're looking for world news your best bet is looking at several news outlets to even out their own bias (and preferably stay away from newsfeeds that will try to give you just what you think anyways)


Question: What legal loophole is keeping MLM’s alive after years of pyramid scheme accusations and borderline illegal business practices?

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 What legal loophole is keeping MLM’s alive after years of pyramid scheme accusations and borderline illegal business practices?

There is an actual product/service that is being sold. That is what differentiates an MLM from a pyramid scheme. In a pyramid scheme, the only money that moves into the scheme comes from recruiting new people which is not sustainble. In an MLM, money also comes into the scheme via the product/service that gets sold (the water/knives/make-up/tupperware/whatever). Of course, an individual MLM can still be scammy and sell a useless product (just like stores can), but that is the difference.


Question: Why does the vapour released by petrol distort vision of things behind it?

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 Why does the vapour released by petrol distort vision of things behind it?

The petrol vapour is denser than air and has a different refractive index. That means it will bend any light that passes through it. It's the same when light travels between air at different temperatures, or when light travels between things like air, glass and water. In the case of petrol vapour, it's constantly moving as it disperses and sinks so the distortion you see is also constantly changing.


Question: How come nuclear radiation from the countless nuclear weapons tests in the past hasn't (for the most part) caused widespread damage?

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 How come nuclear radiation from the countless nuclear weapons tests in the past hasn't (for the most part) caused widespread damage?

Yeah for the most part Radiation only travels so far before it becomes negligible. For the most part nuclear test sites are in the middle of no where. Russia tested in the middle of siberia which is thousands of miles from civilization. The U.S tested in the Nevada desert fairly far from any civilization. After a while above ground nuclear testing was banned though and now nuclear tests are done underground, making it even harder for radiation reaching the outside world. The effects of nuclear tests can be seen globally if you look hard enough, but its severity is less than that of our own sun.


Question: How can nuclear fussion and nuclear fission both produce energy?

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 How can nuclear fussion and nuclear fission both produce energy?

If you imagine the amount of energy that fusing an atom into "the next" atom gives off, you'll find a lot for the light elements, with reducing payoff as you get heavier, until you hit iron. Once you hit iron, it goes negative. Fusion stops giving off energy but instead requires energy. It is for this reason that all atoms heavier than iron were necessarily forged in supernovae and similar. But because of this, that means if we can split open heavy atoms, we can get out that extra energy required to make the atom in the first place. Same deal with gasoline, just on the atomic scale, not molecular scale.


Question: Why do antibodies not get passed down genetically? Surely that would make things a lot easier for humans' immune systems?

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 Why do antibodies not get passed down genetically? Surely that would make things a lot easier for humans' immune systems?

Your DNA is like a recipe to create a brand new human, and instructions to make that new biological machine work. Just like any other machine, it is created empty : no fuel, no output products, just the machine. Antibodies are outputs of the human machine when it encounters parasites. They are created following the (DNA) instructions, who are written so well that the final product will be customized for the disease. But the created molecules will not change any of the original recipe or instructions. So when you create a new human machine, it will have all the necessary instructions but no clues about what kind of antibodies it will have to produce. A lot of approximations, but I think the general idea is here.


Question: Why does the US vote seems like a mess and badly organized for a European - why don‘t you just count votes?

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 Why does the US vote seems like a mess and badly organized for a European - why don‘t you just count votes?

Well the first answer is that the US isn't like any single European country. Instead it is more like the entire EU. And that is why our elections seem so disorganized. Because 50 states are holding elections all at the same time and they all have different rules on how the elections work. Next, outside the system it seems like it is a whole lot of effort for just a single election. But you, as a European, might not realize exactly how many things were voted on in the US this past Tuesday. As an example, I live in California. I voted for one of my two Senators (the other wasn't up for re-election), my district House Representative, and a new Governor for my state. Those you probably know. I also had to vote for on my State ballot: * Lieutenant Governor * Secretary of State * Controller * State Treasurer * Attorney General * Insurance Commissioner * Board of Equalization Representative * State Senator (different than US Senator) * State Assembly Member * State Superintendent of Public Instruction There were also 5 judges that I had to vote on and ~~10~~ 12 Propositions that change the laws in my State. **THEN** there is all the local elections. Which included 5 measures, 1 for the county and 4 for the city (could have been more buy the school district I live in didn't have a bond measure this year). But there were the local offices I had to vote on * Sheriff * County Supervisor * Board of Education members (had to pick 3) * City Council member In total that was ~~39~~ 41 things I voted on. And that is just one of 50 states. So yeah it looks disoganized compared to a European election, but it is also on a scale unlike a European election. We had 113 million people vote, that is more than the population of any European country, let alone their voting population. EDIT: Some formatting errors, and I forgot about 2 state propositions


Question: How does Spotify know which types of music I might like?

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 How does Spotify know which types of music I might like?

Simple answer, it tracks what music you listen to and is able to extrapolate what you like from the list of things you play. Longer answer, this is a study called semantic audio. It's all about taking objective measurements of a signal to create identifiers, then connecting it to other measurements like how often you listen to tunes with the same or similar identifiers and then using probability and statistics to find things that are similar that you haven't listened to. Some of those things are baked into the metadata of the files, like genre or artist. Spotify employs people to categorize music by listening to it, then the algorithms are designed to make the connections automatically. Other things are computed, like tempo, instrumentation, song key. That kind of engineering borders on black magic. Then it's all fed into a machine learning system that adapts to users' tastes and feedback, as well as focus groups and trained listeners to tune the algorithms. It's a very complex and sophisticated system with many layers, and the technology overlaps with track identification and source separation.


Question: Why do objects that move very fast look blurry?

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 Why do objects that move very fast look blurry?

It's a side-effect of [persistence of vision]( URL_0 ). I don't know the scientific details behind it, but it's just a property of how our visual system works....it takes our system a (very) short amount of time to stop seeing something, so when something moves fast it causes us to see a blurred version of that object while it's in motion.


Question: How do heat-seeking missiles work? do they work exactly like in the movies?

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do heat-seeking missiles work? do they work exactly like in the movies?

Early ones were really simplistic and just pointed the missile to the hottest thing it sensor could detect, be that a planes exhaust, the sun or flares (decoys). They had limited steering ability and only worked when shot at a plane from behind it (called "rear-aspect"), and even then weren't that reliable. Modern ones are much much more sophisticated. They have high-resolution infrared cameras, can detect and track planes from all angles, ignore flares, plot efficient intercept courses, are much more manouvrable and fully integrated into the planes targeting systems. A modern AIM-9X for example can be given targeting data from the planes radar or helmet mounted sight prior to launch and can track a target up to 90° to the sides (of boresight), allowing pilots to shoot at targets without having to point their own planes nose even close to it.


Question: Why are 99% of ads which are supposed to be funny so unfunny? Surely multi-billion dollar companies could afford comedic ad writers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are 99% of ads which are supposed to be funny so unfunny? Surely multi-billion dollar companies could afford comedic ad writers?

They get group tested to hell and back, scrutinized backwards and forwards to eliminate any possible offense, to fit specific demographics, to fit in allotted time,etc. Small companies generally do better at this, as they just go with the initial idea (saw a Bigfoot themed ad for a mattress protector that was funnier than the video it was before)


Question: What’s keeping weather forecasting from being a highly accurate science?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s keeping weather forecasting from being a highly accurate science?

There are an insane number of variables. Whether the air is over water or dirt or rock, how hot that is, what direction the wind is blowing, what direction it was blowing yesterday, the temperature *here*, the temperature *there*, the pressure here, the pressure there, the elevation here, the elevation there, what kind of vegetation is growing, the season, how active the Sun is, what time of day, how humid it is, how humid it *was*, what the temperature was like yesterday, what the temperature was like yesterday over there, how much dust is in the air, has a volcano erupted, is there a forest fire etc. etc. Every single point *on Earth* affects every other point, so that the variables for the next county over in every direction are affecting what's happening in your county; except, what's happening to the counties next to *them* affects *them* which affects your county. Except the Earth is a sphere, so what's going on in your county is affecting the counties that are affecting the counties that are affecting the counties and so on that are affecting your county. The weather is affected by the ocean currents, too. Like, a lot. And all of the variables that affect the air above the water are analogous to variables affecting the "weather" of the ocean currents in the water, like the topology of the ocean floor, the temperature, the salinity, etc. So you have to do all the same work twice, so that you can predict what the ocean is doing so you can predict what the air is doing. And of course, the air also affects the ocean! So you have to predict what the air is doing so you can predict what the ocean is doing so you can predict what the air is doing. Everything is interconnected and complicated and it's an entire planet's worth of data to sort through, and no two places on Earth are exactly the same. So you can model what happens tomorrow with some reliability, because it does take time for all the variables to affect your area. But every day into the future you're trying to predict is going to be less accurate because more and more variables have to be accounted for.


Question: What causes you to hear a high pitched noise when a device, which has been fully charged, is still in the charger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes you to hear a high pitched noise when a device, which has been fully charged, is still in the charger?

Small chargers today are switch mode power supplies. They work, simply said, by first rectifying the alternating mains current to direct current, then chopping it up again to pulses at a much higher frequency, transforming it down and rectifying it again. That sounds overcomplicated, but transformers for high frequencies are WAY smaller, cheaper and more efficient, which is worth the hassle. The transformer tends to make a sound, just like the "normal" ones make that familiar hum. It's depending on quality, cheap ones tend to have loose parts which vibrate and make them louder .. but normally the used frequency is way beyond our hearing range, so it seems dead quiet. If the device is charging and needs less and less power to do that as the battery fills up, the power supply has to reduce the power it delivers to held the output voltage at the same level. This is done by making the pulses of the primary voltage shorter and shorter. If the device is fully charged and in standby, it needs almost no power, but there is a lower limit how short the pulses can be, so the only choice the charger has is to drop (e.g., very simplfied) every 5th pulse completely or the output voltage would climb too high. But THAT introduces an additional frequency component at (in that case 1/5th) the normal switching frequency, which you can hear. Since the amout of dropped pulses is varying much with load, the sound tends to be quite irregulary and if you pick it your device to use it, while still connected to the charger, you can often even "hear" the fluctuating current consumption by listening to the changing sound.


Question: How do artists draw ancient animals accurately only from fossils?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do artists draw ancient animals accurately only from fossils?

They don't really, we just keep updating our knowledge as we learn more. In a lot of early dinosaur art, [theropods like the tyrannosaurus were depicted as very vertical, leaning their tail against the ground like a kickstand.]( URL_1 ) Later on, as we learned more about biomechanics and better identified how bones fit together, we started [depicting theropods like the tyrannosaurus as far more horizontal with stiff extended tails for balance.]( URL_0 ) But we still had a habit of depicting dinosaurs as if their bodies were like a supertight sock pulled around their skeleton. That's not what real animals look like.[Just look at how weird these featherless chickens look.]( URL_3 ) That's what you'd get if you took a chicken skeleton and then just drew a skin outline around them to get your depiction of a chicken. Barely looks anything like a chicken.[An elephant skull looks like this.]( URL_2 ) That big hole in the skull is the attachment points for the muscles of its trunk. But again, elephant skulls have been drawn as cyclopses in the past with a big eyeball in that hole. So even now we're constantly evaluating, we think many later theropods might have had feathers for instance. And the way we figure things out is evolving. Back in the day, people would just try to puzzle skeletons together and that was it. When elasmosaurus, a long-necked aquatic animal, was first discovered, it's discoverer put its head on its tail. Because he couldn't imagine such a long-necked, short-tailed animal. These days we have many tools that can help. We make digital scans of fossils so that we can reconstruct even incomplete skeletons or skeletons made of crushed bone since fossils are rarely perfect. We can model muscle on to bone in simulated models based on our modern knowledge of how bodies work mechanically and biologically. That provides a better understanding of how something looked (muscles provide a lot of shape to a body). We can make biomechanical 3d simulations to examine things like the range of motion and the forces involved in locomotion and that tells us a lot of how an animal could move or behave. And a really important tool in our toolbox is mapping the timeline of genetic changes. The shapes and body plans of animals that live today didn't just appear. There are millions of years of evolution behind them and by charting those genetic changes across time, we can figure out how animals are related. Birds are direct descendants from some types of dinosaurs for instance. And knowing that we can start looking for similarities that we never thought to look for before. Like feathers. We thought of that connection before we found evidence, but by now we have found a fossil that clearly shows a feathered dinosaur.


Question: How do scientists make sure satellites don't crash into one another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists make sure satellites don't crash into one another?

Satellites are on a set orbit. The scientists put the satellite into that orbit to begin with, so they know when and where in space the satellite is going to be. When they launch a new satellite, they just calculate the appropriate trajectory and launch time to get the new satellite into space without hitting the other ones.


Question: What is a non newtonian fluid and what makes them special?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a non newtonian fluid and what makes them special?

Most of the other top level responses I see here are focusing on a certain type of non-newtonian fluid, notable shear thickening fluids like oobleck (the classic cornstarch/water mixure). However, as a general class, non-newtonian fluids are simply fluids that don't follow the Newtonian model of fluids. So: **What is a Newtonian Fluid?** Newtonian fluids have basically a linear relationship between local stress and strain in the fluid. What this means is that the fluid behaves in a more or less standard way, like water or air under more or less normal conditions. The forces from the fluid's viscosity are proportional to the stress or rate of change of the deformation of a fluid. This boils down to basically having a constant viscosity (the fluid doesn't get thicker or thinner depending on the pressure or how fast it is moving). Note that this is only a model, and like all models breaks down, specifically when fluids flow extremely fast or are under ultrahigh pressures or similar extreme situations. **How non-Newtonian fluids differ** Non-Newtonian fluids don't follow this relationship very well. For example, they can get more viscous as they deform (like oobleck), or as they deform they can get thinner (like ketchup, which is why it sticks in the bottle of the bottle and then seems to come out all at once. Other non-Newtonian fluids require a certain amount of stress before they begin to flow, like toothpastes and mustard. Non-Newtonian fluid is an umbrella term, a category, of fluids that diverge from the model that we use to describe most standard fluids.. **TL;DR: Newtonian fluids have the same viscosity no matter how fast they're flowing or how much force is being applied to them. Non-Newtonian fluids get thicker or thinner or more or less solid depending on how fast they're flowing or what forces are being applied to them.**


Question: how did we find out that there are 365.25 days in a year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did we find out that there are 365.25 days in a year?

Observation, and knowing when the sun should be where through relative position. When you chart the sun’s course every day of the year a pattern emerges (Note the position and degree of the light at the exact same time every day). That pattern is slightly off by a few degrees the following year, on a four your cyclical. This ellipsis is the foundation of time as we know it.


Question: Why does adding up decimals in traditional multiplication get the right answer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does adding up decimals in traditional multiplication get the right answer?

Because what you are really doing is multiplying the one of the number by whatever it would take to make it a whole number, then multiplying it with just the decimal, then dividing it again by the same amount you multiplied it. Dividing and multiplying a number by the same number does not change it, so that means this shortcut work just fine. And if your math teaching can't understand this then he quite frankly should be fired for incompetance. It's not that difficult.


Question: Why is the PS5 digital $100 cheaper than the PS5 w/ disc drive? Surely a disc drive doesn't cost $100 to produce, right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the PS5 digital $100 cheaper than the PS5 w/ disc drive? Surely a disc drive doesn't cost $100 to produce, right?

A lot of it is that digital sales mean way more money for Sony. If you buy a physical disk for $60, some of that money has to go to the retailer, some has to go to the company that physically makes the disks. That's less overall money that goes to Sony/the publisher/the developer. With digital games, 100% of it goes to Sony/the publisher/the developer. The only fix here is to make digital games $60 and physical disks $70, and no one would pay that.


Question: What causes different waves to have different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes different waves to have different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum?

Not sure what you are asking here. Do you mean why we have more than one wavelength? Wavelength is basically another way to express signal's frequency. Different frequencies exists because their sources are different. You can imagine it for example with guitar strings - thicker strings produce lower frequency (i.e. longer wavelength) than thinner ones


Question: Why do self-checkout machines sometimes need “assistance?”

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do self-checkout machines sometimes need “assistance?”

Sometimes the customer operating the self-checkout don't follow prescribed steps, so the machine calls for assistance. For example, not placing a scanned object in the bagging area without indicating that you are going to skip bagging will call for assistance. Or because a customer scans a restricted item, like alcohol, that requires an ID check. Or scanning an object and want it removed will call for assistance to ensure that the item isn't being removed from the purchase, but stolen along with the paid items.


Question: Why when we become self-aware of something, such as blinking, we have an increased urge to do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when we become self-aware of something, such as blinking, we have an increased urge to do it?

Take a second to think about blinking. Now that you’re thinking about it, you probably stopped blinking to see what would happen. In this time, you may have missed several blinks that would’ve happened naturally and not really even been noticed. Now, you’re brain is going to go “oh crap, I didn’t blink! Let me make up for it right now!” and you’ll blink several times to “get caught up” from the blinks you “missed.” Now that your brain has reset itself on blinking, you’ll think “have o blinked enough? Maybe I should throw in a couple more JUST IN CASE,” this the increased urge to do it.


Question: Why do cancellation fees exist? Isn’t it a daylight robbery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cancellation fees exist? Isn’t it a daylight robbery?

It’s to recoup costs associated with losing your business. Typically they are at least partially tied to amortizing cost of equipment and services to set you up, like installing cable lines and giving you cable box/remote, subsidy toward phone, etc. Part of monthly fees go toward repaying those costs, so if it hadn’t been fully paid off then they recoup the fee at once. And you agreed to it when signing up, so it’s not robbery when you know from time of sign-up that you’ll pay it.


Question: why do mushrooms naturally grow in a circle shape?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do mushrooms naturally grow in a circle shape?

Many types of fungi feed of plant matter buried in the ground. They form a vast network of roots, the so called [mycelium]( URL_0 ). This network grows underground, absorbing all the nutrients, at at some point they use the stored up nutrients to grow above ground to spread their spores with the wind. So if you see a bunch of mushrooms clustered together, those things are all just like tips of a giant iceberg growing beneath the ground. This network will grow outward as long as there are more nutrients to be found. The reason that they form these circles is that the mycelium dies off once there are no more nutrients in the soil. So while it grows outward, it dies off in the center. If the conditions are just right, it'll form a nearly perfect circle in the process.


Question: What exactly is in a tumor?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is in a tumor?

It's a mass of tissue that's formed by an accumulation of abnormal cells. Normally, the cells in your body age, die, and are replaced by new cells. With cancer and other tumors, something disrupts this cycle. Tumor cells grow, even though the body does not need them, and unlike normal old cells, they don't die. As this process goes on, the tumor continues to grow as more and more cells are added to the mass. & #x200B; Source: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: How did ancient people discover how to refine stuff such as grapes into wine or cooking made food taste better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did ancient people discover how to refine stuff such as grapes into wine or cooking made food taste better?

Food was rare back in the days which meant that throwing it away could have terrible consequences as long as it was still somewhat edible. Cooking possibly couldve happened by someone accidentally dropping food into a fire and because they wouldnt want to throw it away they ate it. Wine was probably similsr by forgetting about some grapes and they started fermenting. A lot of things happened most likely by accident because food was scarce and hard to come by...


Question: How do darknet dealers get drugs like cocaine and heroin in the first place?

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 How do darknet dealers get drugs like cocaine and heroin in the first place?

The same way traditional drug dealers do. From producers, or importers (who get them from producers). The drug supply chain does not change, what changes is how the product gets to the end user. Think of it like Amazon vs a general store. They both buy products from suppliers and wholesalers but they retail the products very differently.


Question: Most materials can be turned into liquids at the right temperature, even rocks. Why can't wood?

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 Most materials can be turned into liquids at the right temperature, even rocks. Why can't wood?

Not all rocks *can* become liquid. At least, not without a fundamental change in their material. Like limestone. Carbon can't normally become a liquid, for a non-rock example. Limestone and wood both break down at high temperature. The bonds within their molecules cannot hold together when they are vibrating too aggressively. Almost all molecules encounter this eventually, but some encounter it before they are able to melt. This is especially common for things with long carbon chains in them, like flesh and plastics, since these chains can't always easily slide past each other to melt, but their bonds are relatively weak compared to the bonds of other materials like ceramics.


Question: Why does running cold water over meat defrost it faster than just sitting there?

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 Why does running cold water over meat defrost it faster than just sitting there?

Water is a really good heat conductor - much better than air - which will help the meat warm up more quickly. You may have also seen ads for meat blocks that defrost things super quickly. They're usually made out of aluminum (or some other comparable material) which acts as a really good heat conductor compared to your counter top or a plate.


Question: Okay boys, can someone explain to me what the Belt and Road initiative is? Like what the BRI itself is?

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 Okay boys, can someone explain to me what the Belt and Road initiative is? Like what the BRI itself is?

China is building highways, railways, energy pipelines, shipping lanes, and other infrastructure between China and a bunch of other countries around the world. They are also making crossing borders easier. Now say you live in one of those countries. You can choose between two countries to trade with: * One country has no tariffs, has easy border crossings, and has literally built a highway for you so it's cheaper and easier for you to transport your goods. Plus their leader says the like your country and wants to work with you. * The other country charges you huge taxes if you want to sell to them, has restrictive borders that are meant to keep people from your country out, and has built minimal infrastructure so it's very expensive to transport your goods there. Plus, their leader demonizes you as being poor or bad. You are much more likely going to want to trade with the first country than the second one. You are going to use their currency more. You are going to pay attention when their leader says something because it impacts your business. You are going to convince your country's leaders to build better relationships with them. Traditionally, the US tried to be the first type of country. That's the single biggest reason why the US is such a wealthy and powerful country today. China was the second type of country. But now the US is acting more like the second type of country, and China is acting like the first. Overall, the Belt and Road initiative is good for humanity, but it gives China a lot more power. Whether that is a good thing for humanity too depends on your personal perspective. The Chinese would say it's good. Many Americans would say it's bad (because they are being replaced as the global superpower). Most other countries are reasonably happy (China is literally giving them infrastructure like highways), and they don't see a big difference between a world led by the US and a world led by China. This is especially the case because China is focusing on the countries that the US tended to ignore (e.g., poor countries in Africa, Asia).


Question: Why isn't everything in compressed/smaller file?

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 Why isn't everything in compressed/smaller file?

Compression is extremely common in application file formats. For example, Microsoft .docx and .xlsx files are actually ZIP archives. Image formats like .jpeg, .png, .gif, are all compressed; [.jpeg uses lossy compression]( URL_1 ) while .png and .gif are lossless (although .gif can lose some color information), but they all use compression schemes appropriate to images. For multimedia, .mp3 and .mp4 are likewise specialized compression schemes appropriate to audio and video data. Video codecs like [H.264]( URL_7 ) are basically highly specialized compression schemes. In general, these specialized, domain-specific compression algorithms do much better than a generic algorithm like [DEFLATE]( URL_4 ) (the default compression algorithm for .zip archives.) Web servers and browsers also have the capability to compress files in transit (negotiated via the [Accept-Encoding]( URL_3 ) HTTP header.) For example, the very popular [mod\_deflate]( URL_0 ) for Apache will compress plain text files such as .html files on the fly to reduce the amount of data sent over the wire. Video games are an interesting case. In an typical large 3D game, textures will take up about 2/3 of the disk space. Textures are routinely compressed; for example, the very popular Unity framework does this when building projects. For other game assets, sometimes everything is placed in a compressed archive, sometimes it is better to leave it uncompressed. For example, [this guide for Unreal Engine]( URL_2 ) gives different advice for PS4, the Switch, etc. Databases are another interesting case. While some database can optionally compress tables, this isn't always a good idea. You see, once you've compressed a file, you can basically only read it from start to finish, in order; you can't really jump around and you certainly can't make edits to pieces of it. It also makes it harder to keep indexes in sync, which is a big part of what databases are supposed to do. So, typically only tables which are going to be used for analytic/[OLAP]( URL_6 ) use cases (read-only, full table scans, hash joins) benefit from compression, while tables that are more transactional/[OLTP]( URL_5 ) (lots of inserts, edits, single-record lookups, and nested loop joins) usually should be left uncompressed. Pretty much the only files that are not routinely compressed are plain text files used by software developers: files such as source code or log files. Programmers routinely view and edit these files directly as well as use various utilities on them, so it is convenient to have them in a raw, uncompressed format at disk. Such files are generally tiny compared to multimedia files so this is not a big deal. Even then, these files will be compressed when it is appropriate to do so; for example, Apache will compress log files that are more than a few days old by default, and programmers often move their code around using programs like git which use compression to quickly move files about. So I think the answer is, they do, it's all around you, and it works so seamlessly you hardly notice it.


Question: Why do groups choose to boycott elections and has this ever been effective?

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 Why do groups choose to boycott elections and has this ever been effective?

Voter turnout says a lot about the legitimacy of a process. If turnout for a vote is quite low, then nobody can really be sure of what the people actually want. If one side believes the system is rigged against them, then they should boycott a vote instead of going to vote "no". Heck, let's take the Catalan independence referendum. Sure, 90% of ballots read "yes". But there was only 40% turnout, and there was widespread accusation of ballot stuffing and people voting at multiple places. Had the opposition showed up to vote, what would happen if the results instead showed 65% or 70% saying "yes", but with 70% turnout? It's hard to say that ballot stuffing, voter intimidation and all that jazz could influence that many people, after all - we certainly don't want to think that so many people could be influenced by that. That looks like a much clearer "yes" victory despite "yes" taking up a lesser % of votes. If you don't trust the process, but obey the rules of that process regardless, then you will be screwed over by that process. You win by not playing that game.


Question: is there a mathematical theory that explains/predicts ‘good’ music?

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 is there a mathematical theory that explains/predicts ‘good’ music?

There is a field of study called "music theory" that involves finding common patterns in music that has already been written. However, there's no mathematical method to *predict* musical "goodness" any more than there is a formula to predict a great poem or a funny joke. And personally, that is a huge relief.


Question: If honey doesn't expire, would it be possible for a genetically modified food to be created that harnesses that quality?

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 If honey doesn't expire, would it be possible for a genetically modified food to be created that harnesses that quality?

You don't need to genetically modify anything. Honey doesn't expire because it has a ton of sugar in it that absorbs all the available water, and microorganisms need water to grow. We already use the same principle in things like jelly or candy - or, more directly, in syrup. (And the same principle of removing water is the root of all dried foods, which are too numerous to list.)


Question: Is the Earth's Orbit around the sun linked to the Seasons?

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 Is the Earth's Orbit around the sun linked to the Seasons?

Earth does warble like a top, but it’s not noticeable within one year. It takes several dozen thousands of years to make one full warble. So seasons are not about that. The Earth keeps its axis straight, but the northern end of that axis looks away from the Sun in December and towards the Sun in July, making these months cold and warm respectively. That’s in the Northern hemisphere. For Southern hemisphere it’s the other way round.


Question: When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

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 When you are driving home and have to use the restroom, why is that when you get closer to home, the feeling to use the restroom intensifies more and more?

Well, the answer to this is honestly a lot more simple than you think; more time passes and your bladder fills more and more. Your bladder fills as a result of your kidneys 'filtering' out extra fluid in your blood. This process is always happening, so your bladder is constantly filling (although the rate at which it fills is certainly variable and may even be almost 0). I'm assuming you're more looking for the psychological aspect of this. There may be *some* psychological contribution (ie. that you know you can pee when you get home so your brain 'prepares' the bladder to pee.) however it is almost certain that the major cause is the first point.


Question: I keep hearing Palm Oil is bad for your health. Just why is it worse than other oils such as sunflower, soybean etc?

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 I keep hearing Palm Oil is bad for your health. Just why is it worse than other oils such as sunflower, soybean etc?

Palm Oil is high in saturated fat, which is taught to be bad for cardiac health. Whether or not saturated fats are bad or not is highly contentious- those who follow the Keto diet (high fat, low carb) often test for lower cholesterol levels after starting the diet as it trains the body to use fat as its fuel source.


Question: My headphones "broke" and now I don't hear lead vocals anymore and the sound quality is really bad - Why?

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 My headphones "broke" and now I don't hear lead vocals anymore and the sound quality is really bad - Why?

Your cord / connector is fucked. It's a stereo-mixing thing - the voice is usually exactly centre, and the music is around the edges. Your ground connection has broken, so it's effectively subtracting one channel from the other - filtering out what's common, and only playing what's different. If it's possible to replace the cord, your headphones themselves should be fine. If not, make sure your next headphones use a separate cable, rather than a hardwired one. Then when this happens next time, you just go buy an aux cord. (some brands use stupid small-diameter sockets; gotta watch for that)