Question: Why is it called The World Series?

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 Why is it called The World Series?

The best baseball has always been played in the USA. Baseball was invented in the USA, and while other countries play baseball, the highest level of play is in Major League Baseball - with 29 teams in the USA and one team in Canada (the Toronto Blue Jays) The World Series was first referred to as the "The Championship of the United States" and also the "World's Championship Series," which later shortened to World Series. While the two teams contesting this year's World Series both represented American cities, they had players from the USA, Latin America, and even a couple of players from Japan (notably Yu Darvish and Kenta Maeda of the Dodgers)


Question: How does electricity cause sound?

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 How does electricity cause sound?

those are 2 very different phenomenons. the pop or crackle of static electricity is caused by a corona discharge, which is where the potential difference (voltage) between two conductors becomes so high that the air inbetween them can conduct the electricity, leading to a rapid ionisation of the air, accompanied by a flash of light, and a crackling noise. the noise is caused by the ionisation of the air molecules. More common humming and buzzing noises are caused by induction. As AC electricity passes through a wire, it causes an alternating magnetic field which will magnetically attract or repel nearby metallic objects at the frequency of the AC electricity. This is evident near big transformers, which carry a lot of current. The massive AC currents will cause the laminations of the transformer to move backwards and forwards at the mains frequency (50 or 60hz depending on where you are) resulting in a deep humming noise. You can also hear it in cheap power supplies, which use high frequency AC to switch small currents efficiently. They operate at a much higher frequency but the metal components they oscillate might only ring at a lower audio frequency, which can sound like a whining noise.


Question: why couldn’t organisms breathe gasses other than oxygen on different planets?

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 why couldn’t organisms breathe gasses other than oxygen on different planets?

We don't know that it wouldn't work that way, because all the life we know about is on Earth, and Earth's atmosphere is ~20% oxygen at this point. Most of the air we breathe is actually nitrogen, but nitrogen-nitrogen bonds are extremely strong, so we can't use it. Oxygen, on the other hand, is extremely reactive, and it likes to bond and make friends with a lot of different atoms and molecules.


Question: Why do we see "fuzz" or "TV static" when we close or eyes, or even when we have them open in a dark room?

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 Why do we see "fuzz" or "TV static" when we close or eyes, or even when we have them open in a dark room?

Because your eyes are constantly seeking stimulii. Your brain is not used to having a blank sheet, or in this case a black room. The same thing happens staring at a blank white sheet of paper. You start to see green and purple hues that disappear when you shift your gaze


Question: How does Google Maps find the shortest route between 2 points?

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 How does Google Maps find the shortest route between 2 points?

While it may seem very inefficient, it's actually quite quick when a computer completes the calculations. Think of it as a computer being able to compute 23432 * 2110403. & nbsp; To get on with how Google Maps finds the shortest route is based on something called graph theory. When you have point A (current location) and point Z (destination). These two locations are typically not connected by a single straight line, so it looks for segments or short sections of roads that are nearby and eventually build a bunch of segments all connected to each other. These segments create what is called a graph. & nbsp; Within this graph is a bunch of connections that create what we know as a route. We start at point A and look at the next point on the route that will bring us closer to the end point (Z). It then repeats this until we have the shortest or fastest route. Sometimes it will run into closed roads where it will backup and compute again to find the next two segments. This is why, when you have 1000's of miles/kilometers between two points it takes just a little bit longer to build the route.


Question: Why does our voices crack?

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 Why does our voices crack?

Our voice comes from our larynx, a muscle in our throat surrounded by tissues called vocal folds. The position of your vocal folds determine your voice’s pitch. During puberty our vocal folds grow longer and thicken to transition from the high pitched children’s voice to the deeper adult voice. As a result of the sudden growth it's hard for our vocal folds to maintain a single pitch, and the result is voice cracking. This also happens when our vocal cords are subjected to more strain then usual, like from being sick or shouting. Our voices can also "crack" while we our in stressful situations. This happens because muscles contract/tense when we our nervous, vocal cords included URL_0


Question: Why is Shakespeare considered the greatest amidst so many great/influential writers in history?

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 Why is Shakespeare considered the greatest amidst so many great/influential writers in history?

Shakespeare's work was well written with multi dimensional characters and plots but more importantly it was accessible. His plays were relatable to all walks of life. They also became widely printed in a time when printing presses were becoming ubiquitous and reading and writing were becoming more commonplace. Helping his work to become wide spread throughout the English world and beyond. Shakespeare also added well over a thousand words to the English language. Words we take for granted now like Lonely, Bandit, Critic, Lackluster and names like Jessica. His stories have also stood the test of time as the characters, plots, and stories he told were generic enough that they weren't dated. In the sense that they weren't written for that specific era requiring a deep understanding of in-references of culture and society from his time. Much of Shakespeare's work wasn't particularly original as he drew a lot from history and previous works but from that you could draw a comparison to Disney or any other successful Hollywood studio. In that sense Shakespeare's work was the family movies and comedies or it's day. Just like how many Disney movies from the early 20th century have remained relevant compared to so many other movies from that era that didn't.


Question: Why do hot things make everything above them look wavy and distorted?

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 Why do hot things make everything above them look wavy and distorted?

Light through space is unaffected by *air*, so things like the sun won't cause THIS specific effect. However, light travelling through our atmosphere - i.e. the *air* in your kitchen - will be affected by this heat, especially over, say, the area of a pot or a fire pit. This change in air speed will also affect the bouncing of light around the room in that specific area. And, because the heat is constantly being carried away from the specific bit of air it came from, it gives the person viewing that area a wavey look as the air itself moves, and the light bounces off of it in different ways


Question: Why does tapping the top of a bottle create an explosive foam beer reaction?

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 Why does tapping the top of a bottle create an explosive foam beer reaction?

Cavitation. When you tap the top of the beer bottle, you send a shockwave through the glass. This causes shockwaves through the beer, and the bubbles that are already there get squeezed/released in rapid succession. This causes many of them to break up very quickly, and now the fun starts: what was once one bubble is suddenly lots of smaller bubbles. This is cavitation. The breakup dramatically increases the available surface area, and surfaces are where dissolved gases can escape liquid. So each of the new tiny bubbles begins to inflate, quickly. As they get bigger, they get more buoyant, so they rise faster - and as they rise, they expand (because the water pressure drops), and more CO2 can escape into them. so they get bigger and get more buoyant and rise faster and they expand, etc. It's a positive feedback cycle. It is further amplified by the design of the bottle itself: the bottle narrows into the neck, so all the new foam is funneled into a progressively smaller tube, gaining velocity and making the foam-over even more dramatic.


Question: If I flip a coin 1 million times, what are the odds of having an equal number of heads and tail ?

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 If I flip a coin 1 million times, what are the odds of having an equal number of heads and tail ?

This is known as a [binomial distribution]( URL_0 ). The probability that you'll get the exact same number of heads and tails is very small - despite it being the most probable outcome, it has one million other outcomes to compete with. The specific formula is thus: 1000000! / (500000! \* 500000! \* 2^(1000000)) which is a very small number.


Question: What happens to issuers of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) if they can't make payment?

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 What happens to issuers of Credit Default Swaps (CDS) if they can't make payment?

If CDS Corp. can't cover its obligations, it will default, and the short answer is, the buyers of those swaps will be out of luck; the protection that they assumed they had against an underlying default is gone. That said, it's usually a little more complicated than that. CDS Corp may be short on assets to cover the swaps, but it's possible that they're still creditworthy, and will be able to borrow the $7 million needed to pay everyone off. They may be able to file for bankruptcy, in which case the $3 million will be divided among their creditors. They may also have insurance - or have purchased swaps from another issuer - in which case everything proceeds as normal. However, if the event is particularly bad, the insurance companies may also default. There is no legal requirement for insurance, but the price of the swaps may account for the financial position and risks of the issuer. The government has no obligation to bail out CDS Corp. To prevent a financial crisis, it may do so.


Question: Why do we use numerals of base 10 and base 2? Are there any systems with a different base?

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 Why do we use numerals of base 10 and base 2? Are there any systems with a different base?

when you look at a number like 4,367, what you're really looking at is the sum: 4(1000) + 3(100) + 6(10) + 7(1) which is a **power series**: 4(10^(3)) + 3(10^(2)) + 6(10^(1)) + 7(10^(0)) That is, each "digit" corresponds to a **power** of 10. It's actually a sum of infinitely many terms, where all but finitely many have the coefficient 0: ... + 0(10^(-3)) + 0(10^(-2)) + 0(10^(-1)) + 7(10^(0)) + 6(10^(1)) + 3(10^(2)) + 4(10^(3)) + 0(10^(4)) + 0(10^(5)) + 0(10^(6)) + ... if you wanted to, you could switch this to any base you wanted. for instance, if you wanted to express it in terms of powers of 7: 1(7^(4)) + 5(7^(3)) + 5(7^(2)) + 0(7^(1)) + 6(7^(0)) or 15,506 That's just an arbitrary example, but it actually works out that you can do this with *any* number other than 0. You could work in base 12, base 34.572, or even irrational bases like π. Some interesting properties arise when you switch to a different base. For instance, using a ternary (base 3) expansion, Giuseppe Peano proved that you can map the real line (think the x-axis on the plane) onto the unit square [0,1]^2 (the square with corners (0,0), (0,1), (1,1), (1,0)) - basically, choose a point in the unit square, and it will correspond to (at least) one real number. This was mind-blowing at the time because it forced people to rethink the idea of dimensions - you can use one dimension to cover a two-dimensional object! He exploits the properties of base 3 [to do it]( URL_0 ). The reason we like expressing really really big numbers in terms of base 10 is because... well... it's familiar. It's really easy to get an idea of relative sizes when you compare things in the same base. Would you know, off the top of your head, which of 12525^27 or 235^30 is bigger?


Question: How does a position change change our thoughts?

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 How does a position change change our thoughts?

The r/neuroscience guys can tell you more. My limited knowledge which is used in therapy basically tells us that the emotions, rational thought and body "speak" to each other. By changing your body stance you are able to for example feel more confident if you pull your shoulders back and lift your chin up. Slumping shoulders not only gives the impression of defeat but makes you feel like it too. By physically shifting your body in bed lets your mind know you are leaving that thought and moving to another. I'd be interested in the neuro explanation though. As I've said, I use some of it in my practice but I'm very much in the dark on the "how" exactly it works.


Question: Where do hazel eyes come from?

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 Where do hazel eyes come from?

Each human has two genes that control eye color - one for Brown/Blue, and one for Green/Hazel. Brown is dominant over all other alleles. Green and hazel have incomplete dominance. For each of the two genes, you get one component from your Father, and one from your Mother. Based on what you get, your eye color is determined: So, if you get a Brown (B) and Green (g) from Dad, a Blue (b) and hazel (G) from Mom, you end up with: BbgG - Brown eyes, since Brown is dominant over all others. But, if you get a Blue (b) and Green (g) from Dad, and a Blue (b) and hazel (G) from Mom, you end up with: bbgG - Hazel eyes, since Hazel is the dominant gene


Question: Why is a small amount of inflation considered "good" for an economy?

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 Why is a small amount of inflation considered "good" for an economy?

Small amounts of inflation are good for the economy because it encourages investment. If you have a large sum of cash, it's losing value every day (slowly, but it's still happening). If you want to make the most out of your money, you'll recognize that you need to to put into an investment fund of some sort so your stored cash doesn't lose value. Or you'll want to buy something with it, since given more time, the same item will be more expensive. Investments and purchases are needed to keep the economy churning. If deflation is occurring, then it's a good idea for you to sit on your big pile of money Scrooge McDuck style since it's because it's worth more every day. If everyone does this, the economy stagnates.


Question: how does keeping the AC on continuously during the summer save money?

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 how does keeping the AC on continuously during the summer save money?

It doesn't. Here's a [debtroundup]( URL_1 ) article that I'll quote from, their answers come from an HVAC tech: > The myth: Leaving your air conditioner on all day will help save money in the long run by not having to kick start it each and every time you turn it back on. > The truth: Absolutely false. > By keeping your air conditioner on at all times during the day, you’re not using an air conditioner efficiently, because leaving the air on all day (even when you’re not home) results in a higher use of energy. It would seem to be common sense that something that works harder is spending more energy, but this assumption is not an accurate reflection of how air conditioners work. Fluctuating to accommodate for a constant temperature is far more taxing on an air conditioner than when it’s working at full capacity. Air conditioners work best when they are operating in full gear. [Time]( URL_0 ) also has an article on common mistakes with AC, where they specifically mention not cooling empty rooms, which means don't use an AC if you aren't home.


Question: How do lasers cut through objects?

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</answer>
 How do lasers cut through objects?

Light is a form of energy, like thermal energy etc. Laser light can be a very concentrated (focused) form of energy. Energy is conserved (it cannot be created or destroyed) so when high energy laser hits an object, that energy must be transformed to another form of energy, usually thermal. This raises the temperature of the object and, if the laser is strong and focused enough, it will melt or boil or burn at the point of contact. Move the laser and it will resemble a cut.


Question: - why does applying two layers of SPF 30 sunblock give you less protection than one layer of SPF 60 sunblock?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 - why does applying two layers of SPF 30 sunblock give you less protection than one layer of SPF 60 sunblock?

The chemicals coat/soak into the skin, at least certain types. Zinc-based sunblock that continues to be visible (white) and doesn’t “rub in” would be an exception. So you’re not necessarily creating a double-thickness layer of sunscreen by applying it twice. The second layer isn’t sitting on top of the first layer, both are soaking into the skin and/or mixing with each other... It’s worth noting that more than 30 SPF is considered overkill, and that using enough sunscreen and re-applying it often are needed for good protection. As a result, 2 layers of 30 SPF might be as good or better than one layer of 60 SPF, if the layer of 60 wasn’t enough or wasn’t re-applied often enough. This isn’t because the 2 layers make it perform like 60, but because the 60 might not perform as well as it’s supposed to.


Question: What exactly are the potential consequences of spanking that researchers/pediatricians are warning us about? Why is getting spanked even once considered too much, and how does it affect development?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly are the potential consequences of spanking that researchers/pediatricians are warning us about? Why is getting spanked even once considered too much, and how does it affect development?

There are four basic ways to correct a child’s behavior: - Positive reinforcement: Giving a reward for doing something good. “You were very good, so you may have a cookie.” - Negative reinforcement: Taking away a disliked thing for doing something good. “You were very good, so you get to stay up past your bedtime tonight.” - Positive punishment: Giving a bad thing for doing something bad. “You were bad, so I am going to hit you.” - Negative punishment: Taking away a good thing for doing something bad. “You were bad, so you’re grounded with no phone, computer, or tv.” Spanking is a form of positive punishment. Studies have shown that spanking gets short-term results faster than other methods. However, long-term it is actually less effective than the other methods. In addition, children who were spanked tend to have more tension in their relationships with their parents, are more aggressive, and are more likely to use physical violence as a solution to their problems then children who are never spanked. However, it is important to note that these studies tend to be retrospective; that is, they look at whether kids were spanked and how they turned out. Because of this, it’s possible that parents of kids who are more aggressive in the first place are more likely to spank, so we can’t 100% say spanking causes this. Nevertheless, the choice to spank seems to be more related to parenting style and culture than to individual kids’ behavior, so it’s likely true that spanking does cause at least some degree of negative psychological effects. What we do know from studies on humans and other animals is that positive reinforcement works the best long-term. In other words, Susie will learn her table manners much better if she is rewarded for behaving well than punished for behaving poorly. If punishment is needed, then negative punishments such as time outs for younger children and grounding for older children are preferable to positive punishments like hitting. Again, this isn’t just true for humans. If you take a dog training class, you will be instructed to give treats when the dog does something desired (positive reinforcement.) You will also likely be told never to hit a dog, as it makes them more aggressive. The same principles have also been shown to work in rats, birds, and other animals we have done behavior experiments on. In short, the only thing spanking brings to the table is it gets faster results. Other than that, it’s inferior to other methods of behavior correction and has the potential to make kids more aggressive, which is why most modern psychologists and pediatricians are discouraging the practice.


Question: How did scientists come up with (discover??) the big bang theory? Are there other theories that explain the beginning of the universe?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How did scientists come up with (discover??) the big bang theory? Are there other theories that explain the beginning of the universe?

People used to think it was a steady state, that all the stuff stayed in relatively the same arrangement. Then Edwin Hubble noticed that the farther things were from us, the faster they were moving away. Other evidence piled up, like how there’s a constant level of background radiation in every direction, and that the clumpiness of galaxies looks a lot like quantum fluctuations that got frozen when the universe inflated. It’s the best explanation we have right now.


Question: How does meditation improve the things it says it does, such as memory, concentration, sleep, or blood flow?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does meditation improve the things it says it does, such as memory, concentration, sleep, or blood flow?

Like any skills, passive or not, practicing them is training them. Memory: when meditating you are practicing having calm recollections of your day/life. Stopping and giving yourself time to remember things allows you to train your memory recollection skills. Concentrate: when meditating you are practicing the art of letting thoughts pass instead of dwelling on them. Then you can apply this to non meditating situations where you want to focus on something, you’ll let other thoughts pass by. Sleep: when meditating you are practicing the art of being calm and letting thoughts pass instead of dwelling on them. Being calm and not dwelling on that time you did that embarrassing thing at 13 in front of your crush helps you sleep. Blood flow: all of the above is a great stress reliever.


Question: Why are there sudden changes of temperature when you’re walking near a running body of water?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there sudden changes of temperature when you’re walking near a running body of water?

Evaporation takes away heat energy from the surroundings. So the water is sucking up energy, causing the surrounding temperature to fall. In a still body of water, the warm water rises to the top. This layer of warm water doesn't absorb that much heat before it evaporates. In a moving body of water, this layer gets mixed up, bringing cooler water up to the top, which can absorb more heat to evaporate. This is why the area near a moving body of water feels cooler than a still body of water.


Question: If inflation is going up why are silver and gold going down?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If inflation is going up why are silver and gold going down?

Gold and silver aren't purely inflation hedges for investors anymore, they're also industrial inputs. They're widely used in metal alloys and electronics production and the production rates and industrial demand have a major impact on their price. Decades ago when precious metals first became a popular inflation protection investment this wasn't really the case.


Question: why does adding salt to water make it boil faster, or is this a myth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does adding salt to water make it boil faster, or is this a myth?

The phenomenon is called *boiling point elevation*, and it doesn't make it boil *faster*, it makes it *hotter* when it boils. Boiling water is adding heat energy, making the water molecules vibrate faster and faster until they are vibrating so fast that they shoot off into the air instead of hanging out with each other. When you add salt to water, it makes the water just a little more attractive to itself, so it takes a little more heat to get the water molecules to shoot off into the air. When you make noodles in boiling water with a bit of salt in it, the noodles cook at a slightly higher temperature.


Question: Why can you buy some things online from China for $0.99 with free shipping, but it costs significantly more to ship the same size package a much shorter distance across the U.S?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you buy some things online from China for $0.99 with free shipping, but it costs significantly more to ship the same size package a much shorter distance across the U.S?

1) they ship by boat. they don't ship by airplane. this is why it's at least 2weeks shipping time. boats are slow. 2) they ship by whole shipping container, they don't ship by package. thousands of packages go into a container. 3) the shipping cost is subsidized by the chinese gov. uncle sam doesn't help pay the cost to China.


Question: How do passwords in older video games work?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do passwords in older video games work?

Everything in a game is pieces of code, and a password simply ties a bunch of those pieces together to recreate a certain set of circumstances and accomplishments, whether it's “JUSTIN BAILEY” in *Metroid* or opening Dr. Wily's castle in a *Mega Man* game. EDIT: Corollary: Game Genie/Shark codes would often set certain values to maximum allowed and/or lock them there eg infinite lives/HP/Mana.


Question: what does a compressor (in audio production) do?

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 what does a compressor (in audio production) do?

A compressor evens out the output volume level of an input device such as a microphone or guitar. Screaming into a microphone and whispering will come out at the same volume when compression is added. This is particularly important when making live music as the singer's heads do not stay a steady distance from the microphone. The more compression added to a signal the more the output is evened out.


Question: Why do babies suck on pacifiers and start crying if they're taken out?

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 Why do babies suck on pacifiers and start crying if they're taken out?

Babies run on instinct, and one of the strongest ones is feeding. Babies feed by sucking on nipples. Dummies are basically nipple replacements. They find sucking them comforting. It's the same reason people suck their thumb, sometimes into adulthood. When you take the source of comfort away, their natural instinct is to cry.


Question: How can cross breeding of plants occur when planted too close?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How can cross breeding of plants occur when planted too close?

Easy answer? Pollination. Plants may not do the rumba the same way we do, but if you have two compatible flowers next to eachother and a bee chills on one, then floats over to the other and rubs off some of that pollen....well, voila. Cross-breeding (actually called cross pollination, for obvious reasons) occurs.


Question: how does internet speed work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does internet speed work?

You are mixing units. Internet speeds are typically measured in mega**bits** per second while transfer speeds in downloads or on your disk are usually measured in mega**bytes** per second. There are eight bits per byte. Megabits per second is "Mbps", while megabytes per second is "MBps". You need to look carefully to avoid confusing them. In your example you have 10 Mbps and are downloading at 0.5MBps. This means you are using about 8.5 of your 10 Mbps for the download, so when you test again you have around 300 Kbps left, and a bit more when your download speed reduces for a moment (since you are now competing in demand with the test).


Question: Why do intrusive thoughts occur?

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 Why do intrusive thoughts occur?

Thoughts are literally only limited by your imagination; if you can think it there’s a good chance you will think it at some point. In that way thoughts can be meaningful, meaningless, useful, benign and painful and every iteration in between. Sometimes we are really good at letting random thoughts come and go through our head without thinking too much about it, but other times thoughts can be perceived as threatening. When a thought is unintentional and perceived to be threatening (even strongly unwanted), we call it an intrusive thought. We’ve all had the experience of an upsetting thought enter our head. Take for instance the thought “if I step in front of this train I will die”, now just because I have had this thought doesn’t mean it represents my intention (it doesn’t btw). Thoughts aren’t facts. However, it is an upsetting thought. Now when these thoughts don’t represent our intentions, most of the time we can just let them come and go without being too bothered by them. Occasionally though, the thought can be so bothersome as to be perceived as threatening, subconsciously I might think “this thought is dangerous, if I keep thinking it I might actually step in front of a train. Therefore I cannot think it anymore.” The brain has now identified the thought as threatening, and does what it always does with threatening things- vigilantly keeps an eye out for them. But a brain being a brain, it doesn’t have to look far to find the threatening thought: “I must not think about stepping in front of a train... oh no I just thought about stepping in front of a train... I did it again, I must stop thinking about stepping in front of a train...argh!” You see the problem right? If I tell you not to think of a pink elephant, what are you going to think of? If you try not to think about something, you’re going to think about it, that can feel threatening to us; the perceived lack of control of intrusive thoughts can amplify the level of threat that is perceived. When people feel very threatened by thoughts they are having, it is likely they will feel very anxious too. Eventually, you can come to associate the intrusive thought with all these things; the attempts to not think about the thought, the feeling of being out of control, the anxious feelings. So guess what, now it works in the other direction and each of these experiences can become triggers for the intrusive thought. The good news is that we often can make intrusive thoughts less bothersome. It involves reminding yourself that thoughts aren’t facts. It involves accepting that upsetting thoughts will come and go, and that you don’t need to do anything with them. When we truly embrace the idea that these thoughts will happen and that they are not inherently dangerous, the irony is that we are likely to have fewer of them, and be less bothered by them when they do occur.


Question: Why does a computer screen appear brighter when viewed from above, and darker / of a higher contrast when seen from below the face of the screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a computer screen appear brighter when viewed from above, and darker / of a higher contrast when seen from below the face of the screen?

The answer is, it depends on the screen. Electronic screens are complicated devices. Essentially we have many “pixels” that emit light of varying colors, but.... how do we do that? There are different ways to physically make a screen that does this, and each has different concerns. Some have small viewing angles, where each “pixel” is only directing light mostly forward. Viewing the screen from above, below, the side, ruins the brightness or color or some other aspect of the image. Other screens keep their color and brightness even when viewed nearly from 90 degrees. They would differ in price and materials. On a technical level, different display technologies can have almost nothing to do with each other. They all make a screen with pixels, but *what it’s made of* and *how it works* are different. Your phone might have an expensive screen with great viewing angle, because it’s small. But a screen like that might not work on a laptop. They could pull different amounts of power, weigh different amounts. They’re also completely unrelated to a CRT screen, which literally uses a massive electromagnet to bend a stream of electrons to only hit the parts of the screen it wants to light up.


Question: Why are different types of cheeses cut into different shapes? i.e. provolone is always circular

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are different types of cheeses cut into different shapes? i.e. provolone is always circular

The shape of cheese comes from its design. Before molds Cheese that is a disc is more structurally sound so as the cheese hardens it is held together, cheese in the shape of a disc also makes the salt content even and the mold that grows to evenly distribute. When making large quantities of cheese before modern machinery the wheel shape also helped to move large quantities of cheese by rolling them. All these together have given cheeses their traditional shape based upon the specific cheese. Today though it’s mostly just tradition as we have ways of combating all the above circumstances.


Question: What takes up the space in between our organs? Air? Would it be possible to evacuate the air or perhaps fill the area with a different substance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What takes up the space in between our organs? Air? Would it be possible to evacuate the air or perhaps fill the area with a different substance?

There is no real wasted space between your organs. It is either other organs, connective tissues, fat, bones, veins, and everything else your body is made of. If you have lots of air in your body its really bad. For example, in a chest wound, air entering your chest cavity will eventually cause your lungs to collapse and you often die without medical treatment. Also, putting a foreign substance in your body is almost always bad. You body is designed by millions of years of survival to work a certain way, and messing with that way is 99.9% a bad idea.


Question: Why/how is it that companies like Yamaha (musical instruments and wave-runners) and Bridgestone (tires and golf equipment) produce such varied products?

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 Why/how is it that companies like Yamaha (musical instruments and wave-runners) and Bridgestone (tires and golf equipment) produce such varied products?

Yamaha was a music instrument company created in the 1800s. During WWII its production capabilities were re-directed toward the war efforts as many if not most companies did in the nations that were involved in the war (IBM made weapons for example). After the war some of that equipment and workers were retained and they started to make Motorcycles. That motorcycle division eventually became semi-independent and diversified their productions to include things like wave-runners.


Question: Why was it so hard for McDonalds to serve all day breakfast when places like Whataburger, Sonic and Jack in the Box serve their full menu all day?

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 Why was it so hard for McDonalds to serve all day breakfast when places like Whataburger, Sonic and Jack in the Box serve their full menu all day?

For McDonald's, a few critical pieces of equipment were shared between breakfast and lunch, and the time required to switch temperatures between modes would require shutting the store down for nearly half an hour. The problem was eventually resolved by purchasing small secondary grills and toasters for breakfast items, which enabled the all day breakfast concept. There was also the concern that if a store expected to have a decent volume on breakfast items during lunch, additional space in heated holding cabinets would be needed, and many stores were already maxing that out (many stores did later purchase additional cabinets, and/or phased out low capacity models) In addition, the marketing team decided that for the initial phase, only a small portion of the breakfast menu was to be served, simplifying the rollout. As predicted, demand for breakfast items after lunch service begins is small enough that a countertop toaster and reduced sized egg grill can satisfy demand for all day breakfast. There was also the issue of actually setting procedures for all day breakfast. Of my memory serves, the official final "execution manual" for ADB wasn't published until right before the national launch. Draft versions, however, were published many months prior, just before a few stores started testing it out. The rule book was substationally revised quite a few times as operators learned from mistakes and changed things.


Question: What is a surfactant and why is it useful?

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 What is a surfactant and why is it useful?

It reduces surface tension, making a liquid spread more thinly. Making water wetter, so it can get into tiny little places and dissolve contaminants in or on a material. Dish washing liquid is a good example of a common surfactant. Surfactants can also be used to make a dye run deeper into a material by making it thinner. They are also used in fire fighting foams and oil dispersal agents.


Question: How do postal addresses in India actually work?

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 How do postal addresses in India actually work?

Unlike in other countries, most cities/towns in India don't have any particular layout (in terms of sectors/streets/blocks) as the development and expansion of cities was (and largely is) pretty haphazard and unplanned. So streets and houses have names (sometimes multiple names) instead of numbers. Also, there is no systematic or sequential numbering of streets, houses and buildings in most areas, and even if there is, it is often the case that these numbers are not displayed prominently anywhere. So all of this means that once a postcard reaches the post office corresponding to a particular pin code, the postman delivering it may be better off having directions to the place rather than a precise address. The landmarks that you see on Indian addresses are typically the most well known places in the area, and people around the landmark are likely to know the particular address the postman is looking for. Given a choice between two landmarks, Indians writing their addresses typically choose the landmark around which more people are likely to know their place. A typical Indian address may read like this: *Name of the house/building* *Some landmark related info* *Name of the particular colony/area* *Name of a bigger area whose pincode the address corresponds to* *City* *Pincode* The most important thing about making sure your postcard reaches the right Indian address is to make sure you get the pin code right. All postcards addressed to a particular pin code reach that post office, from where the postcards are further divided among the postmen for delivery as per their respective sub-areas within that pincode. Most postmen know every nook and cranny of the areas assigned to them, and even if they don't, they can make the delivery by asking around.


Question: Why does the sound of an engine change when it drives past you?

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 Why does the sound of an engine change when it drives past you?

The Doppler Effect is super easy to understand with a good animated diagram, that you can find easily with Google. But I’ll try to explain it in text. Imagine your annoying friend is pelting you with balls. He throws the balls at you at a constant rate, for example once every second. If he’s running toward you while throwing the balls, the balls hit you more frequently. That’s because each ball has less distance to travel. As your friend gets closer to you, the balls can reach you more quickly. On the other hand, if he’s running away from you, each ball has more distance to cover than the last, so you don’t get hit as frequently. Sound waves are like the balls, and the pitch of a sound depends on its frequency. When the source of sound is moving toward you, the sound waves hit you more frequently, so you hear a higher pitched sound, and the opposite when it’s moving away.


Question: How did companies make their profits back in the days when tools and appliances were more reliable?

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 How did companies make their profits back in the days when tools and appliances were more reliable?

The population was growing & the overall standard of living was improving. Sure, you might sell somebody a lawnmower that lasts 10 years but *there were a lot of people buying their first mower*. There were also many rapid improvements in technology to give devices more power, more features & better efficiency. Those ...and people tend to overstate just how long shit used to last. Look at automobiles - a car with 100k miles on it used to be considered worn out while today, with better designs & manufacturing tolerances 300k is no problem and some brands give 100k warranties on the the engine+transmission.


Question: Singha beer is £1.50 in the UK, it is brewed in Thailand and shipped to the UK? How are they making money?

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 Singha beer is £1.50 in the UK, it is brewed in Thailand and shipped to the UK? How are they making money?

A lot of these types of deals take advantage of an unsymmetrical cargo route. The most famous example of this was the Indian Pale Ale which were brewed in England and then shipped to India on otherwise rather empty ships which made their money on shipping tea and other goods back from India. If it were not for the beer they would sail to India on a completely empty cargo hold. I am not sure if this is the case with Taiwanese beer brewed in Russia and shipped to the UK but there is often a lot of eastern European truckers bringing cargo between western European destinations and having to go back for various reasons. It would not surprise me if the shipping cost from Russia to other European cities were rather cheap as a result.


Question: How did they edit people out of really old photos like Stalin did?

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 How did they edit people out of really old photos like Stalin did?

URL_0 The top comment explains it really well: > In the old school Stalin era you are asking about, a typical method was to take the original negative and then print the photograph in large format. Then, an artist could use a scalpel to carefully cut out the specific offending individual (or inanimate object, such as a billboard or sign) that they wished to be removed from the original scene. This method was a lot easier than trying to do this same technique on the much smaller original negative. > Then, they could either insert another cutout of a similar scaled and lit person or object to fill the void from the original cutout, splicing that new subject/object into the picture. Alternatively, or even in addition to, they would use airbrush and painting techniques to cover up the person by painting in a new background. > Once the artist was comfortable with the appearance of the coverup in the now-censored full size airbrushed photograph, they would then take another camera and carefully frame and take a new picture of the old doctored photograph - basically, taking a picture of a picture. This was an important step because not only would this act of taking a picture of the doctored photograph help hide any small blemishes or imperfections from the censoring job (allowing them to blur the focus slightly during the reshoot for example, or use different grained film to help with the blending), but this act would also produce a brand new "clean" negative of the original photo that could be used to replace the old "evil" negative in the archives. Credit /u/Falcon109


Question: What is the fifth force and how is it applicable in real life?

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 What is the fifth force and how is it applicable in real life?

So in physics there are four fundamental forces; gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. All the fifth force hypothesis is saying is that there might be another one that we are having trouble detecting that could explain the things in physics and cosmology we're having trouble with at the moment. No one really knows if the fifth force exists or not; at this point, everything's focused on "how could it manifest, and how can we actually observe and measure it?"


Question: why are red things (like tomatoes, blood, wine, even other red clothes) so good at staining clothes?

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 why are red things (like tomatoes, blood, wine, even other red clothes) so good at staining clothes?

You had me curious so I did some research myself. It seems to come down to two basic substances: tannins and chromogens. Tannins are found in plants, specifically the leaves, the fruits, and even the wood. Tannin tends to bind to other compounds, like the amino acids and proteins you'll find in silk, wool, and cotton. Chromogen, when oxidized, turns into a very strong pigment and is used as the main ingredient in ink and dye. So you have one compound that will turn into a rich color when exposed to oxygen, and another compound that likes to stick to things. That makes a bad combo for your clothes. We can add another layer to this by mentioning fruit such as grapes or tomatoes contain acids, which will eat away at porous surfaces like clothing and plastic Tupperware. Edit: Sauces: URL_1 URL_0


Question: in what ways would it be benefitial to freeze Cows Milk (the blue capped bottles) in a household?

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 in what ways would it be benefitial to freeze Cows Milk (the blue capped bottles) in a household?

Blue capped bottles mean 2% or 1% here in Texas (depending on brand). They do not mean frozen. I have never heard of freezing milk as a beneficial thing. In fact I think it would generally be a bad thing as it would cause the milk to lose homogenization and separate.


Question: What happens in your body when you are really thirsty, say after a salt-heavy meal?

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 What happens in your body when you are really thirsty, say after a salt-heavy meal?

Thirst is driven as a mechanism of survival. This is a very important one because it is our ONLY means of naturally bringing in water that we need. Think of our blood as Koolaid. The body has a few sensors that detect the mix of the Koolaid. They act like tasting it. When you mix koolaid what happens if you add in too much powder? Tastes too strong and you have to dilute it down. Salt intake is important, but sodium is the chief regulator of fluid volume outside of cells. You add too much sodium and the body detects too much powder. Time to add water, hence thirst. In the background, the brain via the pituitary gland release a chemical call Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) which tells the kidneys to send more water back into the body and to make less urine. We can't have too much sodium in our fluid balance or it begins to mess with many body functions.