Question: How can video games have increased or decreased frame rates?

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 How can video games have increased or decreased frame rates?

Depends on the game, older games tend to be locked at a certain rate because their graphics are made frame by frame, such as with sprites, so increasing the frame rate wouldn't increase the quality of the image you see. But in more modern games, the animation for the character model isn't frame by frame, but a virtual model coded to make a certain motion. As an example, imagine a bouncing ball. In an cartoon/old sprite game, each part of the balls movement is animated frame by frame, so when it touches the ground the animation starts and goes through each frame one by one. If it's animated at 30fps, doubling it to 60 would just mean they display each 30fps frame twice. In a modern 3d game, a physics engine tells the ball how to interact with the ground, making it naturally bounce. Doubling the frame rate would just mean you see more of what the physics engine did, you could basically keep doubling the frames and just get more of the detail, in the same way as if you recorded a real life bouncing ball with a slow motion camera.


Question: What is and what causes lumpy "knots" in back muscles? Do we only get them in our backs? why/why not?

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 What is and what causes lumpy "knots" in back muscles? Do we only get them in our backs? why/why not?

Knots are just areas of muscle in a state on permanent contraction. We can get them anywhere, but they often occur in the back because these muscles are responsible for posture. If your posture is poor or unnatural, some back muscles may contract or relax to compensate & keep you upright. This can lead to knots because the muscle is overused or not used enough. You can also get them from sleeping weird or chronic stress.


Question: What's the difference between classic and alternative coffee - aeropress, pour over, chemex?

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 What's the difference between classic and alternative coffee - aeropress, pour over, chemex?

Coffee is made much like tea, allowing coffee grounds to steep in water. Aeropress forces hot water through the grounds and a disposable filter. It's kinda like a hybrid between drip coffee and espresso. Pour-over is exactly what it sounds like. Hot water poured over grounds and a coffee filter. You get the idea. Water over coffee grounds. By using differently roasted beans, altering the steep time (time water is in contact with the coffee), the water temperature, and the type of filtering (if any), we change the taste of the result. Beyond that, it's all up to the taste of the individual. I like french press coffee. The filter is metal, so it doesn't absorb the oils from the coffee. I like the taste of the coffee bean oil, but some people don't. I have an aeropress and an espresso machine, and I much prefer the bitterness of espresso (fine ground coffee, hot pressurized steam, steep time very low, metal filter). Try a bunch of different things, and find what you enjoy!


Question: Why some acids are more corrosive than others?

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 Why some acids are more corrosive than others?

Most organic acids, like citric acid, acetic acid (vinegar), etc. are "weak acids". This means that most of the acid molecules don't release the H+ ions that make them acidic. Because most of them aren't participating, the total effect is less. "Strong Acids" include the usual suspects: Hydrochloric, Nitric, and Sulfuric acids, and others. These release all of their H+ immediately upon contact with water. Of these 3, Hydrochloric is the least agressive, because while it is a strong acid, the Cl- that's left behind is pretty stable, and doesn't react much. Sulfuric acid leaves sulfate, SO4--, which is reasonably inert. However, Sulfuric acid *really* loves water, to the point of ripping water out of other molecules, even things like carbohydrates, sugar, wood, meat, etc. This makes it "burn" many organic materials, but its really just dehydrating them, leaving mostly carbon behind. Nitric acid has NO2-, which is a strong oxidizer, it loves to steal electrons from other compounds. This makes it actually *burn* things. > 90% nitric acid can set lab gloves on fire. Hydroflouric acid is actually a weak acid, it doesn't release all its H+. However, the F- ions are *really* aggressive, they love to bond to silicon, carbon, and especially calcium. This means they eat through glass, displacing the oxygen out of SiO2, to get at the silicon. If spilled on your skin will pull all the calcium out of your blood until your nerves stop working and your heart stops. Its evil stuff, most professional chemists never work with it.


Question: Why do aircraft measure their speed in knots and not KM/Hr?

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 Why do aircraft measure their speed in knots and not KM/Hr?

Air navigation is like an evolution of the kind of navigation we used to do a lot - maritime (on the sea). A lot of the charts (maps) that were put together for long-distance travel, especially over the sea, are measured in *nautical miles*. And many of those charts were used early on for air travel. It just became the norm to use knots because it's kind of what was used since the beginning. Modern charts still tend to use nautical miles and knots are the recommend unit of speed measurement by the International Civil Aviation Organization.


Question: How does the world's wealth grow?

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 How does the world's wealth grow?

If I invent a way to grow 20% more crops from the same amount of land, water and other resources without adding to the costs of production, I have literally created more wealth. Using the same inputs, I have 20% more outputs. Similarly, if I create a computer system that reduces waste and spoilage in my warehouse operations so that with the same inputs I have 20% more product to sell, I have created wealth. Right now, the extra wealth is in the form of crops or the form of more available product. I spent less to produce each unit of output, so I have a bigger return on my inputs. That's an increase in wealth. The issue is how does that get reflected in actual money terms. There's often a misunderstanding about what money is. It's not some static unchanging thing that the world's goods and services conforms themselves to, it's the other way around. Money is just a way for people to exchange goods and services without having to barter directly for every good and service. Instead of having the mechanic fix my car in exchange for 4 hours of legal services, we each convert our services to a cost in money. But the production of the goods and services is the actual wealth - the money is just a way to compare the relative value of things. As more and more goods and services are produced (in part because there are just more people doing it, and in part because we're just better at it), more and more money needs to be created to properly account for the bigger basket of things we can trade. Sure, there's better and worse ways of creating additional money, but when it's created in such a way that it doesn't outpace the growth in goods and services, money retains its value. Only when it's produced at a pace that outpaces the growth of goods and services is there cause for concern. The alternative - that there is a fixed and unchanging amount of money no matter how many new goods and services are added to the economy - is ruinous. Money would simply run out. If the world had a total of $100,000,000 in 1900 to reflect the value of all goods and services in existence then, should that still be the total amount of money in the world 120 years later? Even with the huge population increase, the invention of the assembly line, widespread use of electricity, the transistor revolution, the computer revolution, the dot-com/internet revolution, robotics, nitrogen-based fertilizers, heavy farm machinery, etc. The world produces far, far more today that it dis 120 years ago. The amount of money available that serves as a proxy for all these goods and services should be far, far larger too.


Question: Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?

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 Before children learn to talk how do they think without language?

There is a theory that one of the many reasons children cry is because of the frustration at knowing they want something, but not knowing how to describe what they want. When adults get that feeling, we can use context of language to describe how we feel, but a baby can't do that even satisfactorily to themselves.


Question: Why do windshields have that pattern of black stickers around the edges?

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 Why do windshields have that pattern of black stickers around the edges?

That black band surrounding the windshield is called the Frit. It provides a textured surface for the windshield to be glued into place, while the black band on the outside protects the adhesive from UV radiation. The black dots are mostly cosmetic, easing the transition from a solid black band to the completely transparent glass. They have some minor heat dissipation but that isn't their primary purpose.


Question: If the price of everything goes up each year to account for inflation, why can't we just not increase prices to lower the amount of inflation?

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 If the price of everything goes up each year to account for inflation, why can't we just not increase prices to lower the amount of inflation?

That wouldn't work. Here is why inflation exist. Currency is just a representation of wealth that is easier to trade. Usually wealth will increase over time. You cut down a tree, you make a plank out of it, you use it to make a house. We create wealth out of natural resources and work. The wood have more value than the tree, the plank have more value than the wood, the house have more value than the plank. You added value, or created wealth. If wealth increase, people will want to trade more, which mean they will want currency. The law of supply and demand mean that if the demand in currency increase, the supply need to follow or the value of the currency will go up. It make sense, if the wealth increase, but you keep the same amount of currency to represent it all, then each dollar will have a bigger value. That's deflation and it's really bad in the long term for the economy (in the short term it's not too bad if small). So to fix that you need to produce currency at the same rate as the wealth is created. But it's really hard to estimate that growth in wealth so you might have errors and produce a bit too much or not enough currency. So instead of trying to produce the same amount of currency as the wealth created, we try to produce a bit more. We target around 2% of inflation that way so that the risk of going into deflation or too high in inflation is low, even if mistakes are made. Now a small 2% of inflation is beneficial, because it encourages people to invest their money, otherwise the value of their money will decrease over time. That's a good thing, because circulation of money is a big part of economic growth. Now, technically speaking. If you increase the price of everything, that increase the demand of currency, which would lead to less inflation. But in theory you can't control all the prices. There will be a lot of people that will sell at normal price and get all the clients. If a country do that, people will buy from another country. But like I said, even if you could have that amount of control over all the prices, a 2% inflation is a good thing.


Question: Why is it that the area of a sphere (4 pi r^2) and the area of a circle (pi r^2) differ by a factor of 4?

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 Why is it that the area of a sphere (4 pi r^2) and the area of a circle (pi r^2) differ by a factor of 4?

That the surface area of a sphere is four times the area of a circle of the same radius is "coincidental". 4pir^2 is the first derivative of the formula for the *volume* of a sphere: 4pir^3 / 3. This sorta makes sense if you think of an infinitely small rise in r as being a infinitely-thin shell around the sphere, which is what the surface area is.


Question: if honey commonly contains botulism spores why is it safe for adults to consume?

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 if honey commonly contains botulism spores why is it safe for adults to consume?

The risk with botulism isn't the infection from the organisms, its the toxin they produce at certain temperatures and oxygen levels. Aside from small children, pretty much all cases of botulism come from improperly cooked food that had too much botulinum toxin on it which wasn't broken down by the heat of cooking, the person then ingests this neurotoxin and bad things follow. The actual parasite isn't broken down by the cooking through so you regularly consume *Clostridium botulinum* but your body doesn't provide it the right environment to make botulinum toxin in so its fine Honey is a concern for small children because their body doesn't have all the defenses lined up so the *Clostridium botulinum* can setup shop in their intestines such that it produces the toxin and causes serious problems. It can happen in adults and is called "adult intestinal toxemia" but is listed as extremely rare


Question: is humid heat or dry heat more dangerous?

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 is humid heat or dry heat more dangerous?

It’s not the presence of moisture that cools, it’s the act of evaporation. Sweat has cooling power because [water soaks up heat energy when it changes from liquid to gas]( URL_0 ). But at a given temperature, air can only hold so much water vapor. The more humid it is, the harder it is for water to evaporate, and sweating becomes less effective. Dry heat is dangerous not because it’s harder to cool off, but because it’s easy to become dehydrated. Since sweat evaporates instantly in a dry heat, we *feel* cool and don’t seek water.


Question: Why do some market forces not apply do digital distribution?

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 Why do some market forces not apply do digital distribution?

You're interpreting the chart wrong. Those are the theoretical prices at which that number of people would transition from not buying the item to buying. In the theoretical world of economics, people have a maximum price they're willing to purchase something at (as shown on the chart), and will purchase that item as long as the price is below that. So the theory (and generally the practice, though real people are more complicated than that kind of simplistic model) is that if you lower the price, you'll increase sales.


Question: How does weight physically leave the body?

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 How does weight physically leave the body?

Fat and sugar will react with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O. 22 pounds (10 kg) of fat turns into 18.5 pounds (8.4 kg) of carbon dioxide, and 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg) of water. The CO2 is expelled by breathing. The water can leave by breathing or sweating, peeing, pooping, crying or any other way water leaves.


Question: Why does it take so much longer to use a phone/laptop's charge than it does to actually charge it?

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 Why does it take so much longer to use a phone/laptop's charge than it does to actually charge it?

The laptop let's say uses about 200mAh of power. Your charger can give to laptops battery 2000mAh of power. Your laptop is power efficient and does not consume more than what charger charges. As battery wears out over time, it will charge quicker and depleet quicker, because capacity is being lost over time and lets you use smaller amount of capacity. Edit: In short, the charger gives way more mass power to phone/laptop than what laptop/phone itself consumes.


Question: How did we got to know that out of 10000+ mountains in Himalayas Mt. Everest is the highest one ?

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 How did we got to know that out of 10000+ mountains in Himalayas Mt. Everest is the highest one ?

I'm sure it's possible today using satellites or whatever but back in the 19th century, surveyors used an instrument called a theodolite. Basically it's a telescope mounted on a stand which records precise angular measurements. All you need to do is stand at two or more points whose positions and elevations are known, point your telescope at the peak, record the angles, and do some trigonometry (there are other factors like light refraction you have to contend with, but this is ELI5). Using this technique, Everest was first correctly named the highest peak in the world in 1852. [Several other peaks]( URL_0 ) had been incorrectly named the highest in the past.


Question: Could a country capable of space flight send a missile from outer space, down onto a target without anyone knowing who/where it came from?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Could a country capable of space flight send a missile from outer space, down onto a target without anyone knowing who/where it came from?

Nope The US Space Surveillance Network is tasked with tracking satellites(active or inactive), spent rockets, debris, and anything else orbiting Earth. There are public ones that exist as well that track most satellites in orbit. If a missile comes from space it'd be pretty easy to track it back to which satellite launched it then just lookup who put that satellite up there, and you've got your culprit We have to keep good track of satellites and debris in orbit to avoid collisions which would create more debris which create more collisions


Question: How do guitar pickups work?

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 How do guitar pickups work?

Guitar pickups are bar magnets. The magnets are wrapped with a coil of wire and this makes them an "inductor". Electric strings are usually made of nickel, which is a metal that interacts easily with magnets. So the metal strings vibrate and those vibrations are felt by the pickup because the pickup is a magnet. The energy is felt as a (very small) voltage. The voltage is then carried through the wire coil and through to the amplifier. The amplifier feels just the small voltage vibrations and uses that as information to replicate it as a large voltage vibration.


Question: How is interest on a home loan calculated?

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 How is interest on a home loan calculated?

The interest rate is 7.9 PER YEAR This means the favct they got a 30 year loan, the 7.9 multiplies. Rough example : you just got a loan of 100 with a 5% interest over 30 yrs. First year interest would be 5 During the first year "you pay 1\30 of the loan" (gonna explain the quotes in a second) 1\30 is 3.3 dollars Year 2 comes You paid 3.3 dollars in year 1 plus 5 dollars interest You still have to pay 96.6 dollars back, also at 5% interest So for year 2 your interest is 4.83 And so on year on year. Now the quotes: banks dont want you to pay their interest a tiny bit at a time like i described They basically do what i explained on a soreadsheet for the whole 30 years and they now have "the total interest sum you would pay over 30 years" - not gonna bother with the math, lets just say over those 30 yrs u have the 100 loan and about 75 interest. They issue payments in a sneaky maner to you over 30 years. Instead of paying 100\360 per month plus 75\360 per moth (which would be fair, duh) they skew the amounts so that you will pay those 75 dollars waaaay sooner. If you check the spreadsheet they give out, first year oayments are around 80% interest and 20% part of the loan So after the first year of payment you didnt even pay back 1 year of the 30 from the 100 loan, you paid mostly the interest and maaaybe 1 dollar from the loan. As the years go on the rates swap, by the last years you pay almost no interest and just pay the loan since they took the jnterest ahead of time


Question: How do electronics eventually break? Do the connections on the motherboard get weaker or thinner over time?

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 How do electronics eventually break? Do the connections on the motherboard get weaker or thinner over time?

There can be different causes of failure. The circuit board will usually have exposed copper and tin which will over time corrode and wither away disconnecting the components from each other. Tin is also quite brittle so if the device is dropped the tin might develop cracks which after repeated drops can go clean through the connection. A similar thing can happen to the circuit board itself. If you drop it the force from the mountings to the components will go through the circuit board which can cause it to crack. These cracks can sever vital traces and prevent the electronics from working. But the chips themselves can also stop working for various reasons. They are made of different materials which can expand at different rates when the temperature changes. This may cause tiny cracks that eventually cuts a wire inside the chip. Transistors may also wear out with use. This is especially noticeable with the transistors used in flash memory as they can be permanently damaged after just a few thousand write operations.


Question: -Why does fresh air like a fan help with nausea?

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 -Why does fresh air like a fan help with nausea?

That's called diaphragmatic breathing. When you breathe deeply (correctly) there is a lot more movement in your diaphragm (belly) instead of your lungs (chest). This does multiple things; Lowers muscle tension, regulates heart rate, increases blood circulation and relaxes the nervous system. All this, combined with the gentle internal massage that the diaphragm is giving your internal organs, is most likely why it helps. An also very likely possibility is that you are simply focussing on your breathing so your body/mind forgets about the nausea/stomach.


Question: How does bluing work on metal? And why is it called bluing when it turns metal black?

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 How does bluing work on metal? And why is it called bluing when it turns metal black?

Bluing is a process used on steel to convert red iron oxide,(Fe2O3, rust, prone to flaking when exposed to water) into black iron oxide(Fe304, magnetite, not prone to flaking, blue-black in color). Based on the Wikipedia page the name comes from the fact that thin coatings will in fact be blue and that thicker coatings which appear black are termed black oxide. They are both the same chemical process though.


Question: how can light heat up things? How do photons travel with energy without having mass? AaaaAAaa

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 how can light heat up things? How do photons travel with energy without having mass? AaaaAAaa

Because photon has energy. Just because it doesn't have mass doesn't mean it can't hit atoms like a billiard ball jiggling them around which is them "heating". Because photons have no mass their ONLY option is to travel speed of light because there is nothing to slow them down (Higgs field).


Question: Why are cells living? I know they’re the building blocks of life but what defines living? Are plants a different type of “alive” because they have a different cell structure?

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 Why are cells living? I know they’re the building blocks of life but what defines living? Are plants a different type of “alive” because they have a different cell structure?

The current definition of life simply states that for an organism to be considered living, it has to maintain **homeostasis**, which is the technical way to say "it has to maintain itself through its metabolism". A cell maintains itself by breaking down resources to extract the energy and elements it contains, making up complex structures to achieve survival and reproduction. From bacteria, to protozoa, to algae, to plants, to fungi, to animals, we observe this behaviour, regardless of the cell type. In a sense, all lives are the same, they're just living - and have been living - under different circumstances that greatly affect how they "express life".


Question: how does the moon's gravity influence the Earth's tides?

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 how does the moon's gravity influence the Earth's tides?

Take a bowl that's half full of water, and swirl it slightly while holding it level. After a while of doing this, you'll get a slosh of water that travels around its edge. However the bowl itself doesn't slosh around and change its shape. This is because the water is liquid but the bowl is a solid. The water's molecules are free to move about and respond to the forces that are applied to them, however the bowl's molecules are locked in place next to each other. And the gravity between the earth and the moon is a force - although a pretty weak one - that can do the same. It pulls the air, the water, and the ground from the earth all toward the moon... but the locked-in-place ground can't really respond to that pull while the water can. And the more water that gets pulled, the greater the pulling pressure that's created, which is why you can see the tide in an ocean but not in a puddle. So you get a "hump" of water in the ocean, kind of like the slosh in the bowl, that follows the moon because gravity is pulling that water away from the earth. But you get a hump on the other side of the earth too.. because the gravity is pulling the entire earth's solid mass away from the water that's there. That's why we get two tides a day and not one.


Question: Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

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 Why does Root Beer foam so much when poured onto ice cream?

It's a combination of two major factors: - Ice cream has a lot of surface area, which means more nucleation points. More nucleation points mean more bubbles. - Milk and cream have a higher surface tension than water. This means the bubbles are stronger. ----- The reason why Mentos in soda makes it fizz is because all the pits and holes means the surface area is ***huge*** compared to the volume. You could get similar effects from a spoonful of sugar or sand. Easy experiment: Get a bottle of seltzer or clear soda. Get it nice and cold before opening and pour it into a glass. Pour slow so it doesn't fizz too much. Wait for the bubbles to stop and drop in a few grains of sugar or salt. You will see that the bubbles will form around the granules until they dissolve. Use a few grains of sand and it the bubbles will keep forming until there is none left, which will probably be longer than you are willing to sit around. ----- /u/GaidinBDJ has the dissolved gases issue backwards. Hot liquids will hold more solids (salt, sugar, minerals, etc.) while cold liquids will hold more gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) One of the worries with global warming is the amount of methane dissolved in the ocean. Warm up the ocean and the methane comes out. Methane is a much more effective greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. If enough methane gets into the upper atmosphere, the global temperature will skyrocket in a runaway reaction and life as we know it is ***fucked***.


Question: Why are circuit boards often green of color?

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 Why are circuit boards often green of color?

It’s a coating added to the board so the solder only sticks where they have to add components, making it easier to solder. Nowadays we can use different materials, but green was first Early circuit boards didn’t have this coating, making them look white with silver colored traces because solder sticked to the whole track


Question: What does the 'Narrative Fallacy' actually mean?

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 What does the 'Narrative Fallacy' actually mean?

Humans have a natural tendency to connect events and find patterns, it's a much stronger disposition for us than the inclination to believe things are just random. So much so that even if given a lot of truly random pieces of information, events, etc, people will still be able to find connections, or a "narrative", between them or an overarching idea for what it is they have in common. Any idea that infers a connection where random coincidence is a possibility for no other reason than because of a bias towards patterns over randomness, is guilty of the narrative fallacy.


Question: How fast would something move if you viewed it from a different point in space where time moves slower?

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 How fast would something move if you viewed it from a different point in space where time moves slower?

It depends on the relative velocity. I think you are misunderstanding how time dilation works though. Time always ticks at its normal rate where you are. Your clock doesn't change when you move faster or enter a higher gravity well, it is always the same for a stationary observer. What changes is the clock rate between observers moving relative to one another. In principle you can pick an arbitrary reference frame and ask how clocks would be different compared to your current clock.


Question: What does marijuana do to the body which creates the feeling of being high?

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 What does marijuana do to the body which creates the feeling of being high?

Marijuana contains many chemicals called Cannabinoids, the most famous being THC. These chemicals affect your cannabinoid network (a brain network we discovered studying cannabis affects on the brain.) To understand the function of the Cannabinoid network you have to understand that although we usually see forgetting as a glitch in the brain it is actually a function. We are constantly having our senses bombarded with stimuli our cannabinoid network is responsible for filtering out all the useless information so your brain doesn't fill up. When you ingest THC or other cannabinoids you are distorting this filter. This is why when you're high simple things you usually wouldn't notice seem amazing. For instance: "OMG guys vanilla ice cream is the best holy shit! I forgot how good this shit is!"


Question: How would a hacker break into my email account?

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 How would a hacker break into my email account?

1. Knowing your password. 2. Programmatically breaking your password Ex. AAA, AAB, AAC, AAD until every combination has been tried. 3. A security flaw in the email providers system allowing someone to access the database your password, and hash (code to decrypt your password) is stored in. 4. You left yourself logged in


Question: why do some file transfers have such variable transfer speeds?

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 why do some file transfers have such variable transfer speeds?

Fragmentation and connection protocol message size limits. When files are stored in a drive the drive allocates contiguous blocks of data to most files if they need it. But if you have lots of small files the drive needs to search for them all over its memory to then copy them to the bus and send them to their destination. Search, find, copy, send. Search find copy send. Over and over for many files vs 1 long stream of continuous data. & #x200B; In addition when being sent over network or even local protocols, they have a max message size, so the device will cut up the file being transferred into: 1. Header (what is the file, how big and where is it going) 2. First chunk of data 3. Second chunk of data 4. Thir... you get it 5. ... ?. End of File While sending these messages, sometimes the computer needs to check to see if the connection is still alive... so stop transfer (rather pause), check, wait for reply, continue with a new header that also says 'I'm part of the previous message'. & #x200B; This happens very quickly in many many small messages, so you can see how the connection might flutter up and down in speed if it has to stop and go.


Question: What exactly is vantablack? How does it work?

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 What exactly is vantablack? How does it work?

So it is built from carbon nano-tubes, in fact Vertically Aligned Nano Tube Arrays is the name and the acronym of Vanta. Which looks similar to a cylinder of chicken wire on a molecular level. Now things appear dark when light is absorbed rather than reflected back at us. So when the light enters the carbon nanotube it starts bouncing around in the tubes and gets absorbed. According to the Wiki page it absorbs 99.965% of visible light.


Question: Why are some metals/plastics/papers recyclable and others are not?

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 Why are some metals/plastics/papers recyclable and others are not?

All metals are recyclable as they can all be melted down, paper must be separated and if it's wax impregnated like in the case of cups or milk cartons it takes more energy to separate the wax from the paper than it is worth. Thermal plastics like milk jugs can easily be melted down but must be separated. If your recycling center doesn't separate plastics then most likely it is being downcycled into a lower grade product like carpet. Thermoset plastics, on the other hand are much more difficult to recycle since they are created by mixing two components together and don't readily melt, they burn instead. Glass fiber reinforced plastic also makes it less recyclable


Question: How did human go from thinking that dinosaur bones were dragon remains, to knowing that they belonged to dinosaurs?

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 How did human go from thinking that dinosaur bones were dragon remains, to knowing that they belonged to dinosaurs?

What's the difference? Mythological dragons came in all sorts. Likely the fire breathing ones have some root in history, some reason why they'd be associated with flames. For the rest: the only difference is in the name. They became dinosaurs when we applied scientific classification to the bones and gave them a latin name. And even this took a LONG time; people still believe that the brontosaurus was a dinosaur, even though the bones were found to be mis-arranged bones of other dinosaurs back in the 1950s. Of course, scientists have now named a new dinosaur "brontosaurus" which muddies things a bit, but the one people imagine is just as mythical as any dragon.


Question: How does a bot on this website scan all comments continuously for keywords to find relevant comments to reply to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does a bot on this website scan all comments continuously for keywords to find relevant comments to reply to?

Using reddit's API. See this link: URL_1 It contains the latest comments (which you can see when you go to URL_0 ) in a format that is compact and easily parsable by a computer program. Each entry in this page contains the actual content of the comment and various metadata, including when the comment was posted, who posted it, the original link to the comment, the comment and post's unique identifiers, and such. The bot can use the IDs to post a reply to the comment (again using the reddit API).


Question: How is a nucleus stable?

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 How is a nucleus stable?

The strong nuclear force, between protons and neutrons, neutrons and neutrons, and protons and protons, can often be stronger than the repulsive force from the same charges. That's why larger atomic nuclei require more neutrons in order to be stable - it adds more strong nuclear attractive force without adding more repulsive force.


Question: why does even a little bit of heat aggravate a (fresh) burn wound?

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 why does even a little bit of heat aggravate a (fresh) burn wound?

Great question, but first you need to know how pain works in the first place... There are certain cells in your body that are designed to feel pain, they are called nociceptors. There are different nociceptors for different kinds of pain (pressure, heat, etc) and they all have a trigger mechanism. The mechanism is that when a certain tolerance is reached, such as a certain temperature, the nociceptor will activate and send a signal to the brain. How bad the pain feels is based on how many nociceptors are triggered, more triggered nociceptors = more pain. When you get a wound your body immediately activates it's defense mechanisms, and one of those defense mechanisms is to send out a chemical that lowers the activation threshold of the nociceptors, meaning it's easier to trigger them... this means that what would normally have been mild heat is now enough to trigger a bunch of nociceptors and cause more pain


Question: Why is yield to call higher than yield to maturity if bonds are trading at a discount?

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 Why is yield to call higher than yield to maturity if bonds are trading at a discount?

Calls always happen before maturity (there's no value for an option to repay the bond after maturity). So when a bond is trading at a discount, yield to call means you recover the discount earlier. In very simple terms think of a zero, both are priced at 97, one gives you 100 in a year (yield to call) the other gives you 100 in two years (yield to maturity). It's pretty obvious that the first has a higher yield in that case, right?


Question: Why do some liquids/substances "dry" your skin, while others "moisturize" your skin?

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 Why do some liquids/substances "dry" your skin, while others "moisturize" your skin?

Polarity. Lipid solubility. Things that are non polar and not soluble in water won't absorbed by the skin, so they might make it feel moisturized since they remain on the surface. Motor oil, for example. Or petroleum jelly or any lotion that contains petroleum--jelly doesn't have water in it, so it just sits on your skin. Lotion does, plus alcohol, so there's some evaporation and some penetration into the skin from that. Things that are highly polar (like water and anything that dissolves in it) and water soluble, go into your skin much more easily, in part because you are water and these things dissolve in water. If you stick your hand in a vat of acetone, we can measure acetone in your exhaled breath almost immediately. Acids and bases, by definition, are soluble in water. But their polarity can vary, and the more polar the more potentially damaging to you by skin contact. Some can burn the shit out of you and some you put on your salad. As they contact your skin, they start denaturing proteins and causing tissue damage. Acids tend to I guess react away faster and do not penetrate as deeply, so they hurt right away and if you can escape it, you will do so. Bases are more insidious, they penetrate deeper into the skin and you will not feel a burn right away. The damage is deeper and slower but can be just as bad. That's all I got. I think most of it is right. Hopefully someone else will come along and clarify further. I've literally never had a decent chemistry class in my life, I've had to cobble together what I know as I go.


Question: How are the CPU and GPU different? Why can't a CPU do the work of the GPU or vice versa?

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 How are the CPU and GPU different? Why can't a CPU do the work of the GPU or vice versa?

The ELI5 answer is that it is like the difference between a dump truck and a school bus. Both carry stuff and you could fill a dump truck full of school kids and put gravel in a school bus, but they aren't really designed to do that. A GPU is designed to be very good at the kind of work required to display an image, mainly a lot of fancy math stuff. A CPU is designed to be a lot more generalized and is better at doing all the non-math stuff, but not as good at the math stuff.


Question: How did NASA calculate that you only need 40 digits of Pi to calculate the circumference of the observable universe?

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 How did NASA calculate that you only need 40 digits of Pi to calculate the circumference of the observable universe?

The circumference of the observable universe is on the order of 10^27 m. The diameter of a hydrogen atom is on the order of 10^-10 m. If you take the ratio of the two, you end up with 10^37. What that means is that (with some error since I've rounded a lot here) it takes approximately 10^37, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 hydrogen atoms lined up end to end to wrap around the observable universe, or in other words one hydrogen atoms represents 10^-37 of the observable universe's circumference. That means that knowing the value of pi to a precision of ~ 10^-38 (or 10^-39 from their calculations) is enough to calculate the circumference of the universe from its radius/diameter.


Question: Why is that sometimes if I stand right next to a radio the signal comes in strong and clear but the moment I step away it becomes distorted and almost indistinguishable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is that sometimes if I stand right next to a radio the signal comes in strong and clear but the moment I step away it becomes distorted and almost indistinguishable?

Radio waves can be reflected or absorbed by the environment. Sometimes you can produce a 'dead spot' where a reflected wave interferes with the original wave and causes bad reception. It sounds like your radio is in a dead spot, but when you stand next to it your body is altering the waves in a way that eliminates the dead spot... but only for as long as you or someone else if stood there.


Question: What makes two human voices talking at the same pitch and loudness unique?

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 What makes two human voices talking at the same pitch and loudness unique?

Our vocal equipment is not identical between each person. We have different sizes, densities, and formats for vocal cords, trachea, mouth, lungs, flesh/muscles/fat, etc. Try making the same sound while facing up then facing down with your chin touching your chest. It'll sound different, because you changed the shape of your "instrument". Similarly, different musical instruments have different sounds, even if they're of the same kind, or the same instrument. You can use different type of strings on the same guitar, or thicker/thinner reeds on a saxophone and get slightly different sounds. Natural sounds (as opposed of a pure sinusoidal wave) have very complex waveforms, and even with the same pitch (fundamental frequency) and loudness (amplitude), there are infinite possible ways they can look (and sound) like.


Question: Do people who sing off key hear themselves singing on key? Do they hear other off key singing as on key?

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 Do people who sing off key hear themselves singing on key? Do they hear other off key singing as on key?

*Musician There will be people who do think they're in key but still singing sharp or flat. Sometimes its due to change in hearing from aging but also could just be an untrained/lazy ear. Theres probably many people who know they're out of key and have no business singing in the first place, but simply don't care because they can't hear the horrible dissonance they're creating.


Question: How’s the method in which a game like GTA V with its Online and constant updates or Tesla’s software with its updates is developed and shipped called? Is this something like iterative or incremental development?

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 How’s the method in which a game like GTA V with its Online and constant updates or Tesla’s software with its updates is developed and shipped called? Is this something like iterative or incremental development?

There's a bunch of terms for the same basic idea. Incremental development is a good general term. "Spiral development" or "spiral deployment" is commonly used in defense contexts. "Agile development" is often used in a software context (or "SAFe" in some industries...Scaled Agile Framework for Enterprise). I'm pretty sure other industries have their own term for the same basic idea.


Question: Why do non-backlit screens (such as most Gameboy screens) need bright surroundings in order to be seen, while backlit screens (such as your phone) need more "backlight" if it is in the same conditions?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do non-backlit screens (such as most Gameboy screens) need bright surroundings in order to be seen, while backlit screens (such as your phone) need more "backlight" if it is in the same conditions?

You kind of answered your own question there. Non-Backlit screens don't have a light coming from behind the screen to enable you to see what's there. Screens with a backlight, do have that light. What's important to remember though is that what's on the screen is not actually lit. It's more like they cast a shadow over the light, much like a shadow puppet does. So if there isn't much light, the "shadow" blends into the dark areas surrounding it and it becomes much harder to distinguish from the rest of the screen.


Question: Why does hot tap water look white until it settles down but cold tap water is crystal clear?

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 Why does hot tap water look white until it settles down but cold tap water is crystal clear?

Most home faucets have a device that mixes air in with the stream of water to reduce flow so you don't waste water when you leave the sink running (washing dishes, etc). It's called an aerator. Hot water can hold dissolved gasses better than cold water so it takes longer for all the bubbles to go away.