Question: What is entropy and how does it work?

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 What is entropy and how does it work?

Throw one dice. It's 1/6 equal chance for all values. Throw two dices. Suddenly it is no longer equal to get 1/12 for all values. Instead there are more ways to arrange the dice to get 7 (3+4, 2+5, 6+1, etc) than e.g. 12 (only 6+6). Throw three dices. There are now 15 ways to get a sum value of 14. But only 6 ways to get 5. And only one way to get 3. Your odds of throwing a sum value somewhere around the middle (14) is way higher than to get the extreme values towards 3 and 18. The value 14 here has *greater entropy* than the value 3. There are *more* ways to *arrange* the the dices (the *microstates*) to yield the same sum value (the *macrostate*), for the macrostate 14 than for the macrostate 3. The more dices we roll, the more likely the macrostate is likely to approach the "middle" number, purely by chance! If we roll a million dices, the odds of getting the macrostate 1 million is exceedingly unlikely (it would require every single dice to land a 1), and the odds of landing in the middle is way higher. These odds get more skewed the more dices we throw. Now replace the dices with e.g. molecules. In your room there are trillions upon trillions of oxygen molecules. Now we release trillions of nitrogen molecules in a corner of the room. All the molecules will whizz around and bounce into each other randomly. After some time, your entire room will be perfectly mixed with oxygen and nitrogen. Because, purely by chance, the odds of all the nitrogen molecules staying together in some corner (one of the macrostates) is exceedingly unlikely. Instead, the macrostate of "all molecules being adequately mixed" is exceedingly more likely, since there are sooooo many ways to arrange the microstates (the molecules positions) to get a "mixed" state. In other words, there are waaaaay more ways to arrange the microstates to yield the macrostate of "all molecules being mixed", than there are ways to arrange the microstates to yield a macrostate like "the oxygen and nitrogen molecules being separated". So even though we started out with a low entropy (all the nitrogen in one corner), as time developed, the entropy increased and the molecules ended up mixed. You can replace the oxygen and nitrogen molecules above with atoms of different kinetic energy (temperature) and the analogy is the same. A coffee cup will get cold and in equilibrium with the temperature of the room. The chances of the temperature of the room decreasing while your coffee gets hotter is unlikely (practically impossible). This is what they mean when they say "entropy always increases". There is a natural tendency, fueled by chance alone, to end up with the macrostate with the highest entropy. This goes for everything in life typically. Throw a bunch of marbles on the floor. The odds of them landing in a spread out pile (lots of ways to yield this macrostate) is way larger than the odds of them landing stacked on top of each other (few ways to yield this macrostate). People like to draw the comparison, that greater entropy means more "disorder", and less entropy means more "order". Which might help you understand the explanation above. But it can be misleading because "order" and "disorder" are not strictly defined in physics, and there are many cases where there is no consensus on which state is ordered or disordered. For example, which is more ordered: One glass out of three being filled with water; or all three glasses having 1/3 of water? Or another example: a glass with crushed ice, versus a glass with liquid water? If you take a poll, people will respond roughly 50% randomly (actual answer: greater entropy for the macrostates of "three glasses with 1/3" and "a glass with liquid water", and they would then be more "disordered" apparently. So take that explanation with a grain of salt. --- TL:DR: Entropy is how many ways you can arrange the microstates to yield the same macrostate. The more ways to get the same macrostate, the greater the entropy. This means that nature tends towards greater entropy fueled by chance alone.


Question: How do pirates still exist today/what exactly do they do?

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 How do pirates still exist today/what exactly do they do?

More or less the same things they've always done: hijack ships in order to steal the ship itself and/or its cargo and/or hold the crew for ransom. Piracy really hasn't changed much for most of human seafaring history. When people think of modern pirates they usually think of Somalia although the problem isn't limited to those waters. Modern pirates will approach large commercial ships generally using small, faster craft. They are usually heavily armed and often fire a few warning shots to let the target ship know they mean business. After boarding the ship, it can go a few different ways: they might take valuables and/or hostages and leave, or they might take the ship itself to a friendly port and use it as a "mother ship" for future piracy operations. The hostages are used to demand payment in order to secure their release. Despite all the danger, deaths due to piracy are rare.


Question: How do cities become sister cities?

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 How do cities become sister cities?

Becoming sister cities or twinning them is a way to create greater diplomatic connection on a local level. It is International diplomacy on a local level and involves formal contracts. There are a number of international organizations like "Sister Cities International" that help with setting up and maintaining such relationships. It is something that became popular after WWII with the general idea being that people would be much less likely to violently murder each other if they knew the people on the other side as more than faceless enemy. They created partnerships between towns in different countries and organized cultural exchanges on a local level. Usually the partner towns are similar in size and have something in common. Sometimes the something can be that both towns have an economy based on the same industry. Sometimes it can be something like the reason Coventry and Dresden became twin cities: They were both bombed a lot during the war. Sometimes they just have related or similar names like Boring in Oregon and Dull in Scotland.


Question: Why is cranberry juice recommend for UTI's, but not other juices?

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 Why is cranberry juice recommend for UTI's, but not other juices?

There's something in cranberry specifically that is supposed to help prevent the bacteria from adhering to the bladder wall. However, it has to be complete cranberry juice, not a medley like Ocean Spray because the sugar in those medleys can feed the bacteria and make it worse. Taking a d-mannose supplement is way better for that.


Question: How does a fetiform teratoma form?

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 How does a fetiform teratoma form?

Nobody really knows. Teratomas in general are tumors that resemble organs in shape, sometimes even in function. Fetaform teratomas, when they resemble a fetus, seem to be the same kind of tumor, except that instead of following the plan for a particular organ, it follows the plan contained in an egg. There's also a 'fetus in fetu'. It's similar, but it's theorized that this tumor began as a twin to the person whom it was found in, but was absorbed at some point. They are similar, but at the same time distinct. We really don't have enough examples of either of these to have a very good idea of what happens to cause them.


Question: how does vinegar get rid of bad odors?

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 how does vinegar get rid of bad odors?

I'm not sure if Vinegar actually "absorbs odour", however it is a mild acid that helps break down mineral deposits, grime, and food thats been caked/burnt onto a stovetop. So, in the context of using vinegar as a way of chemically breaking down mineral deposits. grime etc, it would help you possibly get rid of foul smelling material. Also, vinegar just has a really strong smell on its own. It could just be masking other odours, but not "absorbing" them. unrelated fun fact - white vinegar can be applied to mosquito bites to help get rid of the itching sensation ( it does sting/burn momentarily when you apply it though).


Question: Why do mathematicians care about ridiculously large prime numbers?

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 Why do mathematicians care about ridiculously large prime numbers?

Modern encryption relies on prime numbers: *Primes have very special properties for factorization. One of those properties is that while it is relatively easy to find larger prime numbers, it’s unavoidably hard to factor large numbers back into primes. It’s one thing to figure out that 20 is (2 * 2 * 5), and quite another to figure out that 2,244,354 is (2 * 3 * 7 * 53,437). It’s quite another again to find the prime factors of a number fifty digits long. Though the best mathematicians have chewed on the problem for hundreds of years, there just doesn’t seem to be any way to factor large numbers efficiently.* *That fact makes primes vitally important to communications. Most modern computer cryptography works by using the prime factors of large numbers. The large number that was used to encrypt a file can be publicly known and available, because the encryption works so only the prime factors of that large number can be used to decrypt it again. Though finding those factors is technically only a matter of time, it’s a matter of so much time that we say it cannot be done. A modern super-computer could chew on a 256-bit factorization problem for longer than the current age of the universe, and still not get the answer.* [source]( URL_0 )


Question: How can Tesla be the most valuable car company in the world whereas it was almost bankrupt last year?

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 How can Tesla be the most valuable car company in the world whereas it was almost bankrupt last year?

Vehicle manufacturers are fined in many states if they do not produce enough EVs. Tesla, who produces *only* EVs, sells their extra "credits" to these manufacturers. In the previous four quarters, they made over a billion dollars doing something that essentially cost them nothing. That led to them posting a profit for four quarters, which (among other things) made them eligible for the S & P 500, which caused people to buy more stock, which caused their valuation to go up, and so fourth. They also had the [7th best selling sedan in Q4 2019]( URL_0 ).


Question: How do politicians increase their networth so dramatically?

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 How do politicians increase their networth so dramatically?

A lot of ways. Most honest: write a book. Less honest: hire your spouse or child as campaign manager and pay them a small fortune from your campaign funds. Even less honest: use your close ties to industry lobbyists and foresight of upcoming laws and regulations to make high-yield investments. Obviously illegal: take bribes.


Question: Why are water drops a specific size?

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 Why are water drops a specific size?

It's all about when the drop detaches from the liquid. Different liquids have different specific drop sizes. The drop will form until its mass exceeds the limit of the surface tension of the liquid, and then it drops away because it is now too large and too heavy. You can alter the size somewhat by changing the shape of the container, or by changing how quickly the liquid is moving, or by changing the surface area that the drop has to form in, or by changing the viscosity of the liquid. These all alter the maximum limit of the surface tension of the liquid.


Question: Why do squatters in the UK have rights to where they are squatting? Why can't they be kicked out as soon as they are discovered?

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 Why do squatters in the UK have rights to where they are squatting? Why can't they be kicked out as soon as they are discovered?

Although the specific laws and development differ in different places, the ultimate reason is always that the people who have to enforce an eviction don't know in advance who is actually right. Even if it may seem obvious in a news report, if someone is living at a place and some third party comes in and says "that's not there house!" presumptively believing that second person can create a lot of problems. Generally, society thinks it's better to let the tenant/squatter stay in place while the court system sorts out the truth, rather than acting hastily. It also incentivizes landowners to monitor their property (and prevent squatters) rather than pushing all the costs to the police. Of course, this can lead to weird outcomes, but the same thing could happen the other way.


Question: Why can’t you block insulin with medication like beta blockers to not store carbs/sugar and just have it burned up right away?

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 Why can’t you block insulin with medication like beta blockers to not store carbs/sugar and just have it burned up right away?

Unfortunately you have simplified it a little too much. You need insulin. If you block insulin from being released you will die. Let me walk you through it. Let's say you just ate a meal; you are bring carbs into your body which eventually go into your blood. These carbs are what stimulate release of insulin. Insulin will allow the carbs to be transported into cells to be stored for energy as glycogen and fat. Now let's imagine that you block the insulin from doing its job. The carbs will remain in your blood. Your body cannot use the sugar fast enough so your blood sugar levels run rampant. To compensate, your kidneys try to release all this sugar in your urine which automatically causes a large water diuresis. You will become insanely dehydrated leading to profound kidney injury and damage to the rest of your body. Additionally, because you have blocked insulin, there is nothing stopping the production of ketoacids: these are products that your body uses as a form of energy when you are experiencing starvation. You will get a large build-up of ketoacids resulting in acidification of your blood, stunning of your heart muscle, and ultimately death. Most things that the body makes are of value in certain amounts. Also the concept of a ketogenic diet is a little misleading. As long as you are not a bad diabetic and aren't experiencing starvation, your body will always have enough insulin to avoid creating ketones.


Question: How come Japanese law prohibits non-Japanese companies from acquiring Japanese businesses?

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 How come Japanese law prohibits non-Japanese companies from acquiring Japanese businesses?

OK, let's pretend Japan is r/ELI5. The mods can set whatever rules they want to, as the mods have agreed upon these rules to keep interests and integrity in line with the sub's purpose. In this case the Japanese government, to keep it controlled by Japanese interests and integrity, have limited foreign ownership of business. So, let's say, oh for argument sake, Pres Trump wanted to buy all the sushi joints near a hotel he owns in downtown Tokyo. Do the Japanese business owners want to give control to him and possibly make less money? Nooooo. The Japanese government has instituted this law to ensure any overly-rich foreign company or individual doesn't get that control.


Question: Why is that the is liver the only organ in our body that can regrow, what makes it special?

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 Why is that the is liver the only organ in our body that can regrow, what makes it special?

Skin and bones are also organs (collections of tissues to perform functions) that regrow. The liver regrows well because it is made of a pattern of hepatocytes (liver cells) and blood/bile vessels. This pattern repeats throughout the liver. If a portion of the liver is lost, the remaining liver replicates and repeats the pattern until the original liver capacity is restored.


Question: I frequently see that the wealth gap between the richest 1% and the other 99% keeps getting wider, but how did this happen?

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 I frequently see that the wealth gap between the richest 1% and the other 99% keeps getting wider, but how did this happen?

Within a given country, income inequality doesn't "keep" getting wider. It responds to very simple policy decisions, and there isn't really much mystery. Unions, for example, organize to increase the share of income that is earned by labour (at the expense of the owners of capital or equity). If policy encourages unions, then the incomes of labour (the young and the poor and middle classes) increase relative to capital and equity (the old and rich). Without unions, government policy like minimum wages can have similar impacts. Liberal fiscal policy does the same thing, through similar mechanisms. By taxing the rich, the incomes and savings of the rich are reduced. That money is spent largely on the poor and middle classes, who then have a greater effective income and are better prepared (through health, education, etc) to increase their earning potential. In 2008, the financial crisis meant that a lot of poor or middle class people lost their homes. Rich people lost a lot of money too, but still ended up with enough to invest and make money off of the recovery. Common sense banking regulations could have prevented the harms that most dramatically harmed the poor, while higher taxes would have smoothed out the transfer of wealth to the rich. Between countries, as somebody with a Masters in development economics, we really don't know how to solve income inequality.


Question: - What are economies of scale?

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</answer>
 - What are economies of scale?

Let's say that I want to build a single car. I have to spend a lot of money to make a factory, to get deals for the metal, for the workers with the skill to make it, it'll be very expensive for me to make that one car. So if I'm going to sell that one car, it will cost a TON of money. But if I use that factory to make a 1000 cars, the money I spent on getting the supplies, building a factory, hiring workers, is now spread out over 1000 cars rather than just one. So I can charge a lot less for a single car now, because I expect to sell more. This applies to other goods and services. If I scale up and produce a lot more of something, it generally allows me to charge less for an individual item as a result, because the raw material to make the object is usually not the most expensive part of creating it. Hiring people and getting the facilities to make it is.


Question: "Weak Bridge. Temporary speed limit" - Why does going slower make it safer or cause less damage?

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 "Weak Bridge. Temporary speed limit" - Why does going slower make it safer or cause less damage?

The bridge is flexible. If there is a heavy truck going across the bridge you might even be able to see or feel it flexes. So when you drive over the bridge you will create a "bow wave" in front of you. The faster you go the bigger the wave. And this puts the bridge under a lot of stress. Especially if two heavy trucks meet each other at full speed. So by slowing down you will reduce the stress on the bridge hoping it will last for longer.


Question: Why did Japan does not have the stigma of fighting alongside Nazi Germany during WW2?

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 Why did Japan does not have the stigma of fighting alongside Nazi Germany during WW2?

Around the Pacific theatre of the war, Japan still endures quite a bit of stigma for its imperial period, particularly around events some feel modern Japan is failing to fully acknowledge and apologize for. Examples include [the Nanjing Massacre]( URL_1 ) and [the practice of kidnapping "comfort women"]( URL_0 ). Europe and America tend to focus their attention on the European theatre because of the tight cultural bonds with those invaded, but that's not the whole story.


Question: What determines who/which country's laws apply when dealing with international crime?

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 What determines who/which country's laws apply when dealing with international crime?

As usually in every case involving international law; whoever cares to act decides. There are a few rules of international law here, though. In your example, for example the US can easily decide on person A, because he is a US citizen. The US could tell him to stop it or otherwise punish him. This is called active personal jurisdiction. Germany can say they can decide to punish person A in this case because he is harming a German legal person. This is passive personal jurisdiction. Canada can regulate what happens, because the server is located in Canada and Canada can decide what happens in Canada. This is called territorial jurisdiction. It really is usually a case by case basis and depends on which country actually cares to act on something.


Question: How come the human genetic code can fit roughly in ~1.5GB of data yet we turn out such complex organisms? Furthermore, the code that separates us from other mammals can fit on o floppy disk.

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 How come the human genetic code can fit roughly in ~1.5GB of data yet we turn out such complex organisms? Furthermore, the code that separates us from other mammals can fit on o floppy disk.

A few key differences between the genetic sequence and a computer sequence: 1. Computers run in binary. Genes run in quaternary (4 types of nucleic acids). That immediately increases the amount of data you can store exponentially. One step further, gene sequences build amino acids. There are 21 total amino acids that can form thousands of different proteins. 2. People are made of matter. Matter is comprised of 120-something (the number keeps changing) different elements, each with unique interaction with each other and interactions with groups of other elements, which is even more information than a simple quaternary system. Electricity, on the other hand, is not matter. There are various theories about coding data in different voltages or currents or whatever to allow electricity to provide more than a binary system, but we don't have the technology yet (and it may not even be possible).


Question: Why do humans avoid eye contact when we don’t like someone or if we’re lying?

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 Why do humans avoid eye contact when we don’t like someone or if we’re lying?

This definitely has little to no scientific component to it; it's very much behaviour that is developed based on social interactions and personal habits. That said, it has been shown that people who lie are more likely to maintain eye contact than people telling the truth. When telling the truth, you will usually look to the side to get a very brief mental break from the conversation and be able to recall true information. When lying, especially when a lie is planned ahead of time, you tend to maintain eye contact to gauge the person's reaction, therefore being able to see whether the person believes your lie or not. On the other hand, whether you like or dislike someone has no real impact on eye contact in general; it's very much a personal preference. Personally, I'm more likely to look someone in the eye if I dislike them than if I like them (by like here I mean someone of the opposite gender that you're interested it). It also depends on the reasons you dislike them. If you disliking them is caused by disgust, you're more likely to avoid looking at them than if it's caused by contempt. Anyway, what you should be taking away from this is that this is a very complicated topic and it's largely based on personal habits and cultural influence. Looking at someone in the eye in Japan has different implications that looking at someone in the eye in Western countries. Also, if you're shy you're less likely to keep eye contact than if you're confident. It has no real scientific basis.


Question: Why does the iPhone require a passcode after restart if the fingerprint scanner is secure?

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 Why does the iPhone require a passcode after restart if the fingerprint scanner is secure?

As was made famous by the FBI/Apple confrontation from last year, recent iPhones do a pretty decent job of encrypting all content stored in the phone. The way the encryption works is that the *master key*—the big, 256-bit secret number that's required to decode the phone's contents—is never stored in the phone's permanent memory, but rather reconstructed when it's needed. Reconstructing the master key requires two pieces of information: * The phone's secret unique ID, stored in the processor when it is built; * The passcode selected by the user. The fingerprint scanner cannot be used for this, because it's an *inexact* scanner that doesn't produce the same result twice. It's like taking two photos of the same person—you can recognize that it's the same person in the two photos, but the photos won't be identical. But reconstructing the master key requires an exact match—something that's possible with a passcode but not with a fingerprint scanner. So the phone uses the fingerprint scanner to reduce the frequency at which you'd need to reenter your passcode. The phone can only use your fingerprint to let you in when the master key is available in temporary memory. Restarting the phone loses the content of the temporary memory, so you must reenter the passcode.


Question: Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

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 Why do babies have such chubby cheeks?

There are two reasons that I am aware of. First, it's a matter of having baby fat, a layer of fat they've been born with and retain for a while afterwards in case of emergencies. Plus, since babies are relatively small, any fat they do have appears more pronounced, relatively speaking. Second, there's an evolutionary advantage to looking cute. People, in general, are more likely to be attentive to things they find interesting/attractive. Because looking cute means that parents will pay more attention to the child, it makes sense for babies to be born looking cute (and also for us to find the "baby look" cute). Chubby cheeks are part of that feedback loop.


Question: Why do we brine meat? Due to osmosis, water moves from the less salty to saltier solution to balance out salinity (eg, shriveled fingers in a pool); articles claim that while brining, the salty solution actually enters meat. If true, why does the movement of saline solution work in reverse?

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 Why do we brine meat? Due to osmosis, water moves from the less salty to saltier solution to balance out salinity (eg, shriveled fingers in a pool); articles claim that while brining, the salty solution actually enters meat. If true, why does the movement of saline solution work in reverse?

> Due to osmosis, water moves from the less salty to saltier solution to balance out salinity **(eg, shriveled fingers in a pool)** That’s not why we prune in water. > Pruney fingers and toes are actually caused when blood vessels just below the skin shrink — a process called vasoconstriction. When your nervous system is functioning properly, soaking in water sends a message through the nerves telling those blood vessels to shrink. The loss of blood volume makes the arteries, veins and capillaries skinnier. Then the skin over them collapses into wrinkles. URL_0


Question: How does mixed medium recycling work?

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 How does mixed medium recycling work?

Single-stream recycling plants are pretty amazing. There's a ton of different machines and technologies to sort our each of the components, too many to list here, but here's a sample: Cardboard and paper are filtered out with table of wide-spaced rollers. Containers of all types fall through between the rollers while the cardboard surfs over the top. To filter out glass, just gently crush everything and run it over a mesh: glass will shatter and fall to the bottom, metal and plastic will crumple but hold together. Steel is easy: just use a big magnet to pull it out. Aluminum: while it's not attracted to a magnet, a magnet will create a "drag" force on it, slowing it down so it can be separated from plastic. Plastic is where it gets tricky. There are several different types, and they're physically very similar. So they have an infrared scanning machine that measures the infrared absorption spectrum of each piece of plastic, identifies its chemical makeup, and then uses a blast of air to blow it off the conveyor belt into the appropriate bin. These machines are pretty incredible, sorting a hundred containers a second or more! Anyway, here's a great video that walks through the process. It's got lots of great tips on how you can make the process work better, too. URL_0


Question: why do phones battery discharge slower when the phone is fully charged?

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 why do phones battery discharge slower when the phone is fully charged?

I assume you're referring to the fact that the drop from 100% to 90% take longer than 20% to 10%? Firstly, there's definitely a part of it in your head/due to useage. Another part is the phone never really knows how much it has left. It's an estimated guess usually based on the voltage detected. Accurately measuring battery capacity is something every device struggle with as it's difficult to do. Voltage drops off much more quickly when it's near the end, which can contribute to difficulties and seemingly dropping % faster at the bottom.


Question: Why does Google need users to agree to a Terms and Conditions to sign up for a Google account but don’t need it to perform a Google search when a search could expose even more personal information?

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 Why does Google need users to agree to a Terms and Conditions to sign up for a Google account but don’t need it to perform a Google search when a search could expose even more personal information?

Google doesn't send you a cookie if all you do is go to the URL_0 search page so it doesn't need a GDPR popup. Google doesn't need you to agree to its non-cookie data tracking. It just needs to make a statement on its data tracking available (which it is by clicking on the privacy link in the bottom of the Google search page). You have no ownership interest in Google's data on you. You can request that they delete that data, but where that is available its because you have a statutory right (IE, your government says that Google needs to make that option available to you). If all you're doing is using Google's search then you have a very simple, risk free relationship with Google. However, absent some contractual provision you *do* have an ownership interest in your Google account. That significantly complicates the relationship between you and Google. What if Google wants to terminate your account? Or scan your emails for targeted advertising? Absent some contractual provision it can't do either of things, at least not easily. Or lets take a worst case scenario for Google: what if you're using Google Drive and a glitch causes all of your data to be deleted? Well absent some contractual provision the default position between you and Google is that you owned that data and Google is responsible for its replacement. If it can't replace it then Google owes you money for its loss. How much it owes you is up to a judge or, worse, a jury. And Google doesn't even know where that judge or jury is. It could potentially be liable wherever it is that you live, and Google's users live in just about every country on Earth. Does Google want to subject itself to a corrupt judge in Kazakhstan because it accidentally lost the dick pics you were saving on Google drive? Probably not. What this is all to say is that as soon as you make a Google account the relationship between you and Google becomes incredibly complex with a lot of unknowns for both you and Google. The way that Google gets rid of those unknowns and limits its liability to you is by having you agree to its terms, in which you expressly agree that you have no property interest in your account or anything on it, that Google can terminate that account for any reason at any time, and that if you want to sue Google over a dispute involving your account you have to do so in one of a handful of locations where Google operates.


Question: How to fairly define an "unsolved" Rubiks Cube?

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 How to fairly define an "unsolved" Rubiks Cube?

I’m not aware of any strict regulations for competitions. After about 20 random moves, any Cube is in a orientation that no other Cube has ever been in. Ever. This is due to the unfathomable number of possible combinations. Moreover, scrambling it any further does not necessarily “mix it up” any more. Back in middle school, a girl brought me her Cube from home to solve, telling me that her and her brother had been messing with it non-stop for years, so it was “very mixed up” and might take me a while. Naturally, she was surprised when I solved it in about a minute. So for anyone that doesn’t know how to solve a Rubik’s Cube, the idea that no amount of scrambling can make solving it any harder is usually a hard concept to wrap their head around.


Question: What are Carbon Credits and how do companies use them to offset their carbon footprint?

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 What are Carbon Credits and how do companies use them to offset their carbon footprint?

One steam plant in NC releases 1000 pounds of pollution per day. The other plant in the same company on the other side of the state releases 300 per day. The limit under the carbon exchange is 1000 per day, per plant. The NC company can sell its credit of 700 to another company so they can over-pollute and stay ‘compliant.’ OR the NC company can use the carbon 700 credit surplus to cover for another plant on their company grid which exceeds 1000 pounds.


Question: How hard would it be to purposely forget your native language?

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 How hard would it be to purposely forget your native language?

This is from personal experience, thus only anecdotal but I think it answers the point well. My family is largely Icelandic. I'm 6th generation in America, and my family moved when there was a volcanic eruption which caused a large famine on the Icelandic isle. My great great great grandfather moved here and lived on a farm in North Dakota with a few dozen other Icelandic peoples, where they only spoke Icelandic to each other and their kids went to school and learned English. Most kids didn't finish school because they worked on the farm, and I don't even know if all the kids went to school (they were of more use on the farm than in class). My grandfather and all of my great uncles were fluent in Icelandic their whole lives and it was their primary language while they lived on the farms from birth until age 18. Once they were adults, some stayed and others went off to college, to big cities, some got married, etc. However, the most peculiar part (to me of course), is that they have all 99% forgotten Icelandic. Something they had used so incredibly much for so long, they have all lost the skill of their mother tongue that was their sole language to speak to the people of their community. Why? Because as with any skill or talent, the less you use it the more it falls into disrepair. As you use your native language less and less, your ability atrophies over time and sooner or later your skills degrade until eventually you've forgotten a language you had spoken for 1/3 of your entire life and can only remember a few words. Keep in mind, this is how they (my grandfather/great uncles/aunts) described it when I asked them this very question. They didn't purposefully throw it out the window, it just slowly left them as they used it less and less. TL;DR: It's not hard per se, it just takes time. Over time, one can forget their native language, whether on purpose or on accident. Edit: I have spoken to my grandfather and asked him about why he chose to go monolingual instead of bilingual, and his reasoning is fairly solid. When he and his siblings (and cousins on the farm) became teenagers they all spoke fluent Icelandic, but they spoke English to those the same age as them. They felt somewhat outcast and "not quite American" and so they tried to become more American to fit in. Keep in mind, my grandfather was 4th generation on this large, communal farm. He said he can still understand some Icelandic despite him not having spoken a full sentence since he moved out at the age of 18. But he went from thinking bilingual to monolingual only to fit in. He cannot think in Icelandic, nor can he say many words but he still recognizes it, and can read the words and know some of the meanings. He compared it to an encrypted hard drive, that he knows the cipher for it is laying around somewhere in his brain, yet he doesn't know where to find it, nor does he know where to get help from tech support to unlock those old abilities. I hope this clears up any confusion!


Question: why does sugar need stirring in order to dissolve in hot drinks?

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</answer>
 why does sugar need stirring in order to dissolve in hot drinks?

You don't, stirring just speeds the process up so you can enjoy your hot drink while it's still hot. More detail: the sugars will eventually achieve a more or less homogenous distribution using nothing more than the agitation of the liquid being hot and moving about because of this. The thing is that would take hours because there is very little movement overall. Stirring speeds the process up significantly.


Question: How did ancient Romans do complicated math using Roman numerals?

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 How did ancient Romans do complicated math using Roman numerals?

The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table. Originally pebbles (calculi) were used. Marked lines indicated units, fives, tens etc. as in the Roman numeral system. This system of 'counter casting' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.


Question: How do atoms affect light?

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 How do atoms affect light?

I'm a bit rusty on this so bear with me as I try to give you a good explanation. This gets a LITTLE bit into quantum, so it might be kind of confusing. First of all, it must be understood that Light is a form of energy. (E = hv, c = v λ , h = planck's constant, v = frequency, λ = wavelength, c = speed of light). Those equations are important to know, but for now let's just keep it in the back of our minds. This means that it is not "light" that is being absorbed or deflected, it is "energy". Now, the question why atoms absorb or deflect energy is a little complicated. Here, we need to know that it is not completely accurate to say that atoms themselves absorb or deflect energy. It is really the electrons. (This part is a bit quantum) The simple explanation is that electrons have energy levels. These energy levels are discrete, meaning that the energy levels are sort of like stairs - you can only climb one (or two, or three, or four) step(s) at a time -not half a step, or a third of a step. In terms of electrons and their energy levels, it means you can only jump from one energy level to the other. This means that there is a VERY SPECIFIC amount of energy that can make an electron go from one energy level to another (from one step to a different step of the staircase). This is how an electron absorbs energy, and therefore absorbs light. When that energy is not exactly what is needed to change energy levels, the energy is instead reflected. Since colour is just a measure of the wavelength of light, and wavelength and frequency are inversely related to each other, we can determine that each colour of light has a different amount of energy, using our set of equations at the top. Thus, we see how colour (and its associated different energy) is absorbed/reflected by atoms. & #x200B; Here is an excessively detailed rundown of what's going down: [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: how do we know the universe is expanding? could it not be that light from galaxies at the "Edge" of the galaxy is only just now reaching earth?

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 how do we know the universe is expanding? could it not be that light from galaxies at the "Edge" of the galaxy is only just now reaching earth?

It's not just that we're starting to see things that are farther out in space. Things are moving away from us, which kind of actually makes it look like we're the centre of the universe. However we've noticed that no matter which point of space we look from, things are always moving away from us. The literal "space" between everything in the universe is expanding. As a visual example you could draw dots all over a balloon and start to blow it up. That's probably the best explanation you're gonna get from me using my very limited knowledge aha.


Question: At what point does our 'thinking voice' adopt our primary language?

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 At what point does our 'thinking voice' adopt our primary language?

Language isn't necessary for complex thought. Many people actually don't have an internal monolgue at all (meaning they don't think in words). Personally, I do have an internal monologue, but I don't think in words 100% of the time. Sometimes I think in images or in really abstract ways that are hard to describe.


Question: How the hell does memory / storage work? Flash drives, hard drives, floppy drives, etc.

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 How the hell does memory / storage work? Flash drives, hard drives, floppy drives, etc.

Magnetic memory: Made up of small crystal-like structures called magnetic domains. With a high enough magnetic field, you can get all elementary magnets (ie,magnetic fields caused by the atoms) to align, and thus hold a bit of information. The smaller you can make the domains (and still be able to read/write them), the higher the density. Flash storage: Each bit is a floating gate transistor. Basically just like a normal microchip transistor, but with an extra gate in-between, that's not connected to anything. If you want to write a bit, you apply a high voltage to the gate, causing electrons to "tunnel" into the floating gate, where they get trapped. If you want to read, you apply a low voltage to the gate and see if the transistor "opens". If it does, the bit was 0, if it doesn't (because the charge on the floating gate gets in the way) it was 1. And ofc theses transistors can be made really small, in the scale of nanometers, with lithography. That's why TB sizes are possible.


Question: What is Modern Macroeconomic Theory and why do none of the top economists support it?

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 What is Modern Macroeconomic Theory and why do none of the top economists support it?

At a simple level, it posits a disconnect between spending and taxes. That is, the amount government spends is unrelated to the amount it collects as tax revenue. Instead, this discrepancy is merely an exercise in monetary policy. Imagine for a moment that the U.S. government decided to just stop collecting taxes. Would it also have to stop spending? The answer is no. It could simply produce currency to pay its bills. Because the government has a monopoly over currency, everyone else is forced to accept it. The reason you don't find economists supporting it is that it tends to fall into the category of overly simplistic models. While virtually any modern economist will agree with the basic notion that revenue and taxation are de-coupled in a way that my salary and my spending aren't, exploiting this fact in the way the MMT proponents describe normally leads to disaster.


Question: Why is it so difficult to desalinate water?

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 Why is it so difficult to desalinate water?

It's hard to do because the molecules that make up salt are extremely tiny and can slip through all but the most extreme filters. That leaves you with two options: 1) boil the water into vapor to leave the salt behind. 2) force the water through an extremely fine membrane to filter the salt out. Option #1 requires a massive heat input, option #2 requires a massive pressure input. Both are very energy intensive and therefore expensive. Both also have issues with the salt residue fouling equipment. As technology improves and freshwater sources dry up it will become more economically feasible to desalinate on a large scale. Some nations have already built plants.


Question: Sometimes I am awake for three hours while trying to sleep, while I'm sorta conscious but also sorta sleeping. What is the science behind it?

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 Sometimes I am awake for three hours while trying to sleep, while I'm sorta conscious but also sorta sleeping. What is the science behind it?

It's hard to say exactly, because science isn't terribly good at altered brain states. It probably represents something between meditative states and stage 1/2 sleep. Stage 1 sleep is probably the most solid, well researched aspect that might relate to this - stage 1 sleep is the lightest stage of sleep, and represents a stage you've probably seen in other people. Think about if you've ever seen someone fall asleep in a car or whatever, and then get woken up not long after. They'll mostly deny they were ever asleep, even if they clearly were. Denying you were asleep is basically textbook stage 1 sleep. So in the state you've described its possible you flit in and out of stage one sleep on multiple occasions (in which case yes, you would get some rest). Beyond that, it likely represents meditative states. There seem to be quite a few of them, and they also seem to have a degree of interpersonal variation. Its entirely possible you're in a semi-meditative state, quite possibly one that includes a degree of entering stage 1 sleep. We don't know too much about what these states look like at any level, beyond the fact we're fairly certain they're not the same as a conventional resting brain state. URL_0


Question: Why hasn’t free universal healthcare been solved in US yet? Surely it would be fairly easy to solve if it works in other countries, for instance Sweden.

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 Why hasn’t free universal healthcare been solved in US yet? Surely it would be fairly easy to solve if it works in other countries, for instance Sweden.

In a society where money is the measure of success, the most successful of the ruling class are obsessed with money. Everything is about money in the US, and the product most people would pay the most money for is the one which saves their life. The ruling class would have to be very stupid to not tap into this colossal source of money-gathering. And they're not stupid.


Question: When Europeans first came to America, a lot of native people died of diseases from Europa. Why didn't the same happen to the Europeans?

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 When Europeans first came to America, a lot of native people died of diseases from Europa. Why didn't the same happen to the Europeans?

They did not. I'm sure some of them got diarrhea or something, but there was no equivalent of smallpox for Europeans. Europeans came from a much more diverse region, with greater genetic variety, more domesticated animals, and more opportunities for contact with foreign cultures. The Native Americans, by contrast, had not been exposed to foreigners and had comparatively little exposure to zoonotic diseases.


Question: How does gravity keep us on earth?

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 How does gravity keep us on earth?

The question is rather, why does gravity keep anything on anything (because the law of gravity applies to every mass object in the universe). Nobody 'really' knows what gravity is. Just that when something has mass, it has gravity. The bigger the mass, the bigger the gravity (e.g. the sun has a lot more mass than Earth, so the sun has bigger gravity). On the moon, which has a lot less mass, the gravity is not as strong. A black hole, which is really just a really **really** massive the star, the gravity is so strong that not even light can escape it (which is why we perceive it as a 'black hole'). Some think gravity is an effect of mass distorting space-time. Where there is a mass large enough, space bends around the mass, resulting in gravity. Some think it has to do with energy, if something has a lot of energy, it attracts stuff. And some even believe that there are these particles called 'gravitons', which get emitted by an object of mass and pulls stuff towards them. All just theories though (Einstein has a pretty cool one). Figuring out how gravity works (and if we can simulate it), will be the biggest achievement humanity can dream of, and it would launch us into a new type of civilisation.


Question: Why do legal fees remain so high when the labor market has a surplus of lawyers?

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 Why do legal fees remain so high when the labor market has a surplus of lawyers?

There's not a demand for just a random lawyer. There's a large demand for *good* lawyers. There's a large supply of burger chefs, they're not particularly in demand though, and wages are low. You know who is in demand with high wages? A burger chef who makes the best burger on earth in a NYC restaurant for $50 a plate, because its freaking delicious.


Question: How was the first diamond cut?

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 How was the first diamond cut?

Very slowly. Just because it is used to cut/grind other materials doesn't mean that it itself can't be cut/ground/shaped/polished with other materials. It just means that the other materials will most likely wear down first. But if you use _enough_ of them. Think of it this way. I have a psycho future DeathRace 2000 driver with a car and I have a lineup of Euthanasia patients outside the hospital. Eventually, if I have enough victims, they will do enough damage at 80 mph to disable my car. But not before I've mowed through a few hundred of them.