Question: Why do noice cancelling headphones allow you to hear yourself but not other people?

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 Why do noice cancelling headphones allow you to hear yourself but not other people?

You hear others through the sound waves entering your ear from the outside. The noise cancellation can deal with that. Your own voice is made inside your own body, by the vibrations of your vocal chords. Those same vibrations can travel through your body and reach your ear from the inside. Noise cancellation cannot stop that.


Question: How do people walk on coals without burning themselves?

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 How do people walk on coals without burning themselves?

Heat takes time to flow from one substance to another, that time is dependent on how conductive the two substances are. Coals, and wood in general, are quite poor conductors of heat, so if you can keep the time your foot is in contact with the coals short, you don't get burned.


Question: What was it that happened to Detroit that made parts of it "abandoned"?

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 What was it that happened to Detroit that made parts of it "abandoned"?

Industry gradually moved from more urban areas of Detroit, to further out in the suburbs, like Troy, Warren, Sterling heights and more. Much of the population working these good middle class jobs,also fled to the burbs. One of the results of this, was that housing, land and such in many of the already poorer areas of the city greatly diminished in value, and with less people, and less value, businesses stopped coming, and tax revenue had a massive decline, especially funding for schools, and upkeep of poorer parts of the city. This then gets circular and repeats, no tax money, bad schools, no one moves in, which gets less tax money and so on. Eventually some areas simply had little jobs or commercial or industry there, they were already poor, the land and housing was in a shitty, poor, and unwanted area, with little to work or do there, and the values dropped low. Then came "urban blight". Basically once one or two houses get abandoned, the value of the surrounding ones drop massively (because who wants to live in a neighborhood with abandoned homes?!). And this cascades, and more people abandon their home as its not even worth continuing to live there and/or fix (and pay taxes on it). Better just to get up and move.


Question: How is it possible that very large cities, such as NYC or Tokyo, are able to supply fresh water to the whole city? How does the water supply not run out?

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 How is it possible that very large cities, such as NYC or Tokyo, are able to supply fresh water to the whole city? How does the water supply not run out?

NYC’s water comes from large reservoirs located upstate, meaning in the areas of New York State located north of NYC itself. Those reservoirs are up to 125 miles away and deliver over a billion gallons a day to the 9M+ residents of the city. Many people consider the high quality of the water to be one of the reasons that bagels and pizza in NYC are so delicious and there are some reports that shops and restaurants outside the city will even have the water sent to them so that such quality of flavor can be available to NYC transplants looking for their bagel and pizza “fix” in areas such as Vegas and parts of Florida! I lived in NYC for 14 years and never felt any desire to drink bottled water. [wiki]( URL_0 )


Question: How exactly are imaginary numbers useful?

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 How exactly are imaginary numbers useful?

i is useful because sin and cos can be represented by e^(i*x) also known as Euler's equation. This makes calculus much more convenient. Also imaginary is a bit of misnomer. It's not that the number doesn't exist it just exists on another dimension of the number line. Normally you have just one axis say an x axis that goes from negative infinity to positive infinity. Now add a y axis to this graph. On this y axis are all the imaginary numbers


Question: why is desert sand not good enough for glass and concrete?

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 why is desert sand not good enough for glass and concrete?

Glass ≠ Concrete Concrete can use desert sand, but some desert sand is finer than the concrete process needs. Glass, on the other hand, needs sand with almost no iron atoms in it. This isn't as common as low iron sand from other sources. While desert sand is cheaper in some places, it's not enough cheaper to make a viable substitute.


Question: How does Quick Charge work?

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 How does Quick Charge work?

Fast charge uses a microcontroller in the charger, to communicate with the phone, and the two devices negotiate, and decide what current and voltage to charge at. Despite what the previous poster says, a USB fast charger will only up the voltage or current if the recipient device agrees. This means its safe to use on a non fast-charge device.


Question: How does a computer know how long 1 sec is?

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 How does a computer know how long 1 sec is?

Computer Engineer here, Timekeeping on computers (indeed, most electronic devices) is performed using two methods. 1.) A small quartz crystal that, when energised, oscillates at exactly 32,768 hz, is fed through an amplifier and bistable oscillating circuit. This assembly is often embedded within a real-time-clock circuit, which in some products can track the date and time down to the millisecond. 32,768 is exactly 2^15 which is extremely easy to count in logic. One second elapses every 32,768 oscillations. Crystals that oscillate at other frequencies, such as 50Mhz, and 100Mhz are available as well. As long as the oscillating frequency is known and oscillation is reliable, a counting circuit can be constructed around it. 2.) Most operating systems include support for the Network Time Protocol. There are a large number of NTP servers on the internet, computers simply query these to periodically update their system clocks in the event that the RTC wanders a bit; timezone and DST can also be updated if sufficient information is known.


Question: What's wrong if the Placebo effect works?

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 What's wrong if the Placebo effect works?

The problem is the fact that the Placebo effect only works *sometimes*, and usually less than the drugs that are offered. (If placebos outperform the drug, it's probably not going to be approved). You take a homeopathic treatment for your cold, and you'll have a 25% chance of resolving the cold before your neighbor, who got sick at the same time but doesn't take any medication at all. But the guy taking cold and sinus medication is 50% more likely to get better first. Now for something like the common cold, it probably doesn't matter all too much. Even with medicine, you're still going to be sniffling and sneezing for a few days. The real danger is in the worse ailments. Kali-bichromicum 30C used instead of sinus medication can have life-or-death consequences. The same with Belladonna 30C for fever, instead of ibuprofen or aspirin. Arsenicum for food poisoning, Pulsatilla for ear infections, Aconite for acute renal failure, Belladonna for appendicitis, Mercury for dysentery, Secale for gangrene... you get my point by now, I hope. You want to pretend that Bacillinum 30C will cure your vitiligo? No one cares. You think that a diluted poison will cure your 3 month olds ear infection, when their life could be saved with surgery and antibiotics? Then you're an idiot.


Question: Why do soda bottles "glug" when you empty them?

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 Why do soda bottles "glug" when you empty them?

The need for air to fill the space recently emptied inside your bottle. It rushes past your mouth and into the bottle creating those waves, and the glugging. Think of it this way, if the liquid is leaving the bottle, something has to be replacing it right? Otherwise the bottle becomes a vacuum.


Question: Why did Alexander Hamilton want to create a National Debt and National Bank and how did they benefit America?

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 Why did Alexander Hamilton want to create a National Debt and National Bank and how did they benefit America?

First and foremost, the biggest reason for creating a central bank is that sometimes the federal government needs to borrow money. Who can they borrow from though? Small banks often didn't have the necessary capital to make those loans. They could borrow money from other governments, but now your are potentially at the mercy of a foreign entity. You could float a bond, but those have their own issues. With a central bank, you have a ready-made institution there that can make the necessary loans to effectively run the government. As for the debt part, Hamilton didn't want to create a national debt. The federal government had debt long before he came onto the scene. The US government had been borrowing and paying back loans, pretty much from the first day it existed. Hamilton wanted the federal government to absorb the various state debts that they had taken on during the war. There were quite a few states that were in serious financial trouble in the early years, and if one state failed in its debt payments, it could put the whole country at risk. For example, let's say Georgia went bankrupt. South Carolina is doing fine, but the next time that they go to take out a loan, or float a bond, people and lenders could point to Georgia, and say thanks, but no, we can't lend you any money. Therefore, centralizing the debts of the states would put the whole country on more solid footing.


Question: what is torque? I read definitions and people tel me what it is but I still don’t get it

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 what is torque? I read definitions and people tel me what it is but I still don’t get it

Any twisting force. When you use force to twist open a bottle or a jar, that is torque. If the jar is stuck and you have to try really hard, that is a lot of torque. If it loose and slides easily, that is only a little bit of torque. Torque is often used to describe cars. It is the same kind of twisting force. It is how hard the car can twist the wheel to get it to spin. Some cars can open a bottle that has already been loosened. Some can open a stuck pickle jar. I hope this analogy didn't make it more confusing.


Question: Can pouring hot water on windshield or window ice to melt it really crack the glass? or is it so rare that one shouldn't worry about it? and if so, how does it happen?

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 Can pouring hot water on windshield or window ice to melt it really crack the glass? or is it so rare that one shouldn't worry about it? and if so, how does it happen?

When the glass heats up it expands. If it’s cold then pouring hot water on it will expand one side before the other and that causes stress inside the glass which might make it crack. Another big reason you shouldn’t try this is because if it’s really cold the boiling water could just freeze on the window or down the side of your car


Question: Why are fancy chicken eggs sometimes white but cheap chicken eggs are never brown?

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 Why are fancy chicken eggs sometimes white but cheap chicken eggs are never brown?

Because the cheap ones come from chicken egg factory farms. These factory farms are able to make cheap eggs because they’re very, efficient (which can also be read as cruel to the animals). Part of this is they keep their chickens very uniform, so all have the same kind of genes and all produce the same kinds of eggs. Fancier or organic eggs don’t have that same engineered uniformity, and that’s why you get different colors.


Question: Why did Adobe let Flash deteriorate, become hated, and die slowly? It was used everywhere and the primary player for online video, was there not enough value in that to be worth updating and maintaining it?

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 Why did Adobe let Flash deteriorate, become hated, and die slowly? It was used everywhere and the primary player for online video, was there not enough value in that to be worth updating and maintaining it?

A Flash applet is like a program. It can run it's own code and be used to write information to your computer. While modern up to date computers try and prevent this from happening, unknown bugs or design choices in either Flash, your internet browser, or operating system can lead to exploitation. It's just one more security gap you have to worry about, and it was designed in a time where internet security was much less of an issue From a usability perspective, it does not cleanly integrate with the rest of a website. You can right click "inspect" a webpage and see the various parts that make it work. Doing the same on a flash applet will basically tell you "THERE IS FLASH HERE" and tell you very little or nothing about what the app is doing. This is particularly bad for the visually impaired, as most screen readers are unable to read content from flash. The flash app does not work with back / forward buttons. Reloading a hung page will reload the app and usually erase any progress made. It is intensive to run on your CPU (not so much today, but computers are just that powerful). Older apps may not run properly on modern browsers. Each browser needs it's own plugin. It's one more thing you have to keep updated and install on a new computer. IOS no longer supports it. Older android phones can be blocked from installing on Google Play. Flash was a quick and dirty way to provide multimedia content when people were on 33.6 Kbps modems. Most apps would utilize vectors rather than store bandwidth intensive bitmaps. It was never meant to become a video streaming standard. Feel free to dive down the rabbit hole of Microsoft and W3C battles over web standards if you want to unravel the history there. (TLDR; without a standard, it was the only semi-universal way of doing it without licensing issues). It was neat gimmick that stepped up when there were no viable alternatives. Removal of IOS support was the writing on the wall, as it lost support for one of the top Smartphone manufacturers. It's limped along with Adobe (who bought it from Macromedia) threatening to kill it every few years. Like Internet Explorer 6, it looks like it may finally be laid to rest. SIKE! IE6 still trudges along with a 1% market share as of 2015! Flash's zombified corpse will probably still haunt at least a few of our grandchildren.


Question: Why does Netflix make huge profit while Spotify doesn't?

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 Why does Netflix make huge profit while Spotify doesn't?

There are basically three music labels with a monopoly on the industry and they control pricing on music licenses and sales just like the OPEC group does with oil. Netflix does not have it easy by any means, that's why they are investing massive amounts of money into creating their own content.


Question: Why would banks bother tying up capital lending mortgages at ~3% when that same Capital could earn > 7% in the market?

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 Why would banks bother tying up capital lending mortgages at ~3% when that same Capital could earn > 7% in the market?

Mortgages are much more secure and less risky than the market. If someone defaults the bank can repo assets to recover their losses. It’s also guaranteed interest revenue because if the homeowner doesn’t pay, they get foreclosed. Think of a mortgage as a bond. Sure, bonds have smaller growth than stocks but have little to no risk and almost always guarantee that you will receive most, if not all and more, money than you paid for the bond. The market (I’m assuming stock market?) has much higher risk, no possible way to recoup complete losses if the company fails (unless you’re a preferred stock holder and even then it’s only a maybe) and it’s also possible that you actually have no returns at all; they might simply lose their money.


Question: Why do some depression medications carry the potential risk of causing “increased risk of suicide in children, teens, and young adults”? I assume this means this risk doesn’t exist for “mid-to-older adults”? Why?

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 Why do some depression medications carry the potential risk of causing “increased risk of suicide in children, teens, and young adults”? I assume this means this risk doesn’t exist for “mid-to-older adults”? Why?

AFAIK, there isn't an exact biological explanation for this and it seems to be a psychological phenomenon. A therapist once explained it to me like this: antidepressants work by changing the way your brain responds to serotonin. Serotonin plays a role in all kinds of psychological and physical functions. When the effects first start, there is a risk that it will affect energy levels and motivation before it affects mood status. This could influence someone who is deeply depressed to have the energy and motivation to "fix the problem" once and for all rather than waiting for the medication to fully kick in, since that can take months. This risk is more significant in adolescents with less developed minds, especially in the realm of considering long-term consequences of their actions. Just for full disclosure, I am not aware of any scientific backing to this explanation. I can try and find some later, but tbh I'm a little drunk and about to go to bed. I just thought just relating what my therapist said to me about the matter when I was 16 might be helpful.


Question: How can it be some people die after 1 shot but others, like Emmett Dalton gets shot 23 times in the late 19th century without great medical care and live?

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 How can it be some people die after 1 shot but others, like Emmett Dalton gets shot 23 times in the late 19th century without great medical care and live?

There are youtube videos on the effects of handguns. Generally handguns are less powerful than rifles. Yes there are specific deadly areas. Being shot in the heart, head or a major artery is generally fatal. The existence of guardian angels is not proven and is suspect. Do not rely on one. Buckshot is smaller than most bullets. If you are counting each buckshot as being shot the number of wounds can go up. Shotguns have shorter ranges than most other firearms so anything which reduced the severity, such as firing through a wall, would reduce the lethality. It is not lucky to be shot 23 times. Do not count on any one gunshot killing anyone. Always double tap. Do not expect to survive even one gunshot. Hollywood movies are not good examples of real life.


Question: What do you call it when you have a rocket and you need a certain amount of fuel to lift it to space, but then you need more fuel to lift that fuel to space, and then fuel to lift that fuel, etc? Also, how do you figure out how much fuel you need?

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 What do you call it when you have a rocket and you need a certain amount of fuel to lift it to space, but then you need more fuel to lift that fuel to space, and then fuel to lift that fuel, etc? Also, how do you figure out how much fuel you need?

It's called the "tyranny of the rocket equation". And that is also the answer to how much fuel you need. ([Tsiolkovsky rocket equation]( URL_0 )) In practice, a mission is planned around the total amount of *speed change* you need, called the "[delta v budget]( URL_2 )" in technical lingo. This is because orbital maneuvers require a certain amount of speed change, independent of what propellant or thrusters or how massive your space ship is, and so on. It always requires the same amount of speed change to, say, get from earth to mars. Or from mars to saturn. So if you know where you're going (saturn), you can plan a route, look up the amount of delta V required, then plug that into the rocket equation to figure out how much mass of fuel you'll need to pack onto your rocket (a number that increases exponentially with delta v). If you're interested in this I highly recommend checking out [Kerbal Space Program]( URL_1 )!


Question: What is the downfall to society when the DOW is so low. Also, what is the DOW?

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 What is the downfall to society when the DOW is so low. Also, what is the DOW?

"The Dow", as its often referenced, is the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). It's a weighted composite of a selection of 30 company's equity shares; an index of major companies. It's purpose is to serve as **one** of the gauges of a healthy economy within the US. There is a lot of discussion on how accurately it even measures the equity market (stock market), but for the sake of simplicity, we won't dive into that. The DJIA sets a benchmark. *Theoretically*, if the DJIA returns 10-12% (average) every year, then that's the average return an investor should expect to see after a constructing a well-diversified portfolio in the stock market. So you can imagine the headlines when the DJIA drops 4.5% in a single day because it wipes out nearly half of the expected returns for the whole year. But you need to look at last years returns to put that in perspective. The DJIA returned 25% last year. More than double the expected returns. So a 4.5% pull-back still nets you more than you'd expect to see over a 2-year period. This is likely a market correction for seeing excess returns and upwards momentum for an extended period. There are much more complexities to the stability of the financial markets. If you look towards the credit markets and company's balance sheets, you'll see we are far from being insolvent and seeing a crisis a la the 2008 housing crash. That was the result of irresponsible borrowing of companies to leverage return while this is everyone hitching their wagons to a market rally that will inevitably correct itself. Ive omitted a fair amount of other factors that contributed to what you saw today but the main takeaway should be that this is a healthy market correction in the long run. Economies run in a cyclical nature. You can't always be on the upside. These things have the same ebb and flow as the tides so if you're young - don't be spooked by intermittent market fluctuations. Diversify, invest (different from trading and speculation), and stay the hell away from volatile asset classes if you can't stomach the losses that accompany them. > “If you aren’t thinking about owning a stock for 10 years, don’t even think about owning it for 10 minutes.” - Warren Buffett


Question: What determines whether a pair of consecutive earthquakes are classified as a foreshock and earthquake versus an earthquake and aftershock?

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 What determines whether a pair of consecutive earthquakes are classified as a foreshock and earthquake versus an earthquake and aftershock?

They reclassify them if a stronger one occurs during the sequence. So, the strongest one is the mainshock and the weaker ones before it are the foreshocks and the weaker ones after are the aftershocks. If a stronger one suddenly happens during the aftershock period, then all of the others are now classified as foreshocks.


Question: why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

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 why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

Wood pulp from trees is made up of two major substances: lignin and cellulose. To make paper, we want just the cellulose part. So ordinary papermaking uses a strong acid, sulfuric acid, to break down the lignin in a sort of "cooking" process. They mostly neutralize the mash before making paper out of the remaining cellulose, but not entirely. So over time, the leftover acidity in the paper gradually attacks it, breaking down the cellulose (which is much more resistant than lignin, but still, it's acid) and causing that sort of aging. For long-term survival, that's why people use "acid-free" paper. It costs more but the papermakers use extra care to fully neutralize it. Whereas something meant to be thrown away quickly, like newspaper, uses the cheaper and still very acidic paper. It can start yellowing a day after it's printed.


Question: . How did climate change become a partisan issue?

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 . How did climate change become a partisan issue?

It was never just about climate change. The Republican party has represented business interests for a very long time, and has a long history of opposing government intervention and regulation. A large number of environmental issues have typically been solved by telling big businesses they have to spend more money cleaning up, or limiting what they can sell. From DDT to acid rain to chlorofluorocarbons to nitrous oxide to carbon dioxide, environmentalists have been restricting the ability of businesses to dump whatever they like into the atmospere, and/or sell whatever they like to others. It's not so much that climate change gradually *became* a partisan issue: it was born into a partisan issue which was already ongoing.


Question: Why are younger children so picky about the foods that they eat?

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 Why are younger children so picky about the foods that they eat?

I remember having a course on evolution and behaviors where we were taught that children are picky with vegetables because in nature, a lot of plants are toxic and children tend to avoid them, especially since children are more fragile in case of an eventual poisoning. Moreover, a lot of green vegetables have a bitter taste and this tends to be an indication of toxicity in plants. As adults, we lose our sensitivity and therefore our aversion for bitterness, and we just learn what is safe or not to eat. Add to that some other factors, like cultural aspects (advertising for instance, fastfood restaurants), or the fact that humans have a natural tendency to favor energy-rich food (for evolutionary reasons that are not really "useful" anymore when you live in a developed country).


Question: How do hundreds of users access files on one server simultaneously without the server crashing?

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 How do hundreds of users access files on one server simultaneously without the server crashing?

There’s several things at play: 1: computers are really fast these days, if used efficiently. As an end user it might often seem like things are sluggish and slow but that’s often due to inefficient apps. Server side software is often much more optimized for performance. Reading a small file to disk and sending it out over a network interface doesn’t use a lot of resources and can be done really fast. 2: SSDs and RAID. Flash storage reduces access time drastically and RAID allows you to spread load over several of them. 3: caches: after a file has been loaded once, it’s in the operating system’s file system cache in RAM which is even much faster than SSDs. The file sharing software might also have its own caching mechanism in addition to that. So if many users read the same file, especially when it doesn’t change, the physical storage drives often aren’t eve used when the file is in cache. 4. Load balancing: a file might be hosted in several places and a load balancer directs each user’s request to a different server to spread the load.


Question: What does it mean by Magenta not being a real color?

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 What does it mean by Magenta not being a real color?

Basically, colors are the result of one or multiple wavelengths of light hitting your eye. Magenta is not made up of just one wavelength, but multiple wavelengths of light (I believe it's a mix of red and blue light). However, magenta is registered in your brain the same way any other color is. This is because your eye has three types of color receptors (called cones): Red, green, and blue cones. So all colors are fed to your brain as some combination of red, green and blue.


Question: Why is there a flu "season"? Where does it go during the off season?

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 Why is there a flu "season"? Where does it go during the off season?

It doesn't go anywhere. It's still around, you can catch the flu in the summer, but the flu is a lot more easily transmissible in the winter. The flu, like many diseases, is one that requires people to be quite close to one another to transmit the disease. In the winter, people will often stay inside buildings to get out of the cold, whether that building be a home or a workplace, which means there's more people in one area and they stay in there longer. The flu is also more adapted to colder weather than warmer, which is why the same scenario doesn't have as big of an effect in the summer.


Question: - What’s the point of petitions? Often time they are overlooked anyways. What does it actually do just because these xyz amount of people signed it?

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 - What’s the point of petitions? Often time they are overlooked anyways. What does it actually do just because these xyz amount of people signed it?

For the most part, it’s a concrete demonstration of public support for a position and a solid hint that the recipient should give the matter at least some thought. It may go further, depending on the systems in place. The British Government has its own petition site and any petition getting 100,000 British citizens to support it on the site must receive a response from the government, even if it’s just a politely worded “no and sod off”.


Question: how do microphones in a phone not pick up any audio that the speakers put out? if I put a call on speaker mode, how do people on the other end not hear themselves?

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 how do microphones in a phone not pick up any audio that the speakers put out? if I put a call on speaker mode, how do people on the other end not hear themselves?

They do, and it is very difficult to mitigate. The first step is to isolate the speaker and the microphone from the chassis, as sound is a vibration and the chassis will transmit it better than air. Ths is mechanical engineers job, and it is not easy, esp. on a cramped cell phone. The next step is to use specific microphones that are directional, and will only pickup sound from a very near source. Then there is active noise cancellation, where a secondary (or more) microphone records the ambient noise to "substract"it from the one coming from the primary microphone. This is done by software. Finally, there are various filters, both software and hardware, to eliminate unwanted noise, like echo and larsen. some are integrated in chips, others need to be coded. People often use both. TL;DR: the microphone picks this up, but phones are made to remove it.


Question: I read that if a tornado looks like it isn't moving, it's coming towards you. Why?

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 I read that if a tornado looks like it isn't moving, it's coming towards you. Why?

You would know if had just passed over you so you've ruled out going directly away from you. It's easy to track things motion against the background and see if it's moving left or right, but much harder to judge closer and further way. So if it looks static assume it is coming your way.


Question: Watching COPS and wondering why radios always sound so scratchy/crackly? Is it possible to get it as clear as the sound we get when talking through phones?

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 Watching COPS and wondering why radios always sound so scratchy/crackly? Is it possible to get it as clear as the sound we get when talking through phones?

Nope. Cell phones have a huge amount of infrastructure in order to work. Remember when you've got no bars, first responders wouldn't be OK with that. So, they use radios with bigger antennas and more power and the signal goes directly to their police station. Just today, AT & T got a contract and some dedicated radio spectrum to start to build FirstNet, a cellphone-like system for first responders. Something like $40B in infrastructure to let them have dedicated cellular coverage everywhere that can't get overloaded in an emergency because nobody but first responders can use it. Maybe in a decade, we'll see.


Question: If I were in a spaceship traveling away from Earth, how far would I need to go for the stars/constellations to be visibly different?

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 If I were in a spaceship traveling away from Earth, how far would I need to go for the stars/constellations to be visibly different?

To be *visibly* different, to the point where you could look out the window and honestly say "wow the stars are different," then you'd have to go out at *least* several light-years and usually a lot more. It also depends on the direction you go; you'd have to move perpendicular to the nearest stars for them to noticeably move. Alpha Centauri is the closest system, but if you traveled in the opposite direction from it then it wouldn't appear to change position for many light-years (though it would of course get dimmer). If you have very precise instruments and you want to see the stars move a very tiny bit, then you don't have to go anywhere at all: just stand in one spot and wait six months. The size of the Earth's orbit is enough to make the closest stars move just a teeny tiny amount, which is how we determine how far away they are.


Question: What is the theoretical smallest physical size that a memory card (let's say 1 gigabyte) can be?

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 What is the theoretical smallest physical size that a memory card (let's say 1 gigabyte) can be?

Depends on how much sci fi you want in your physics, but information can be stored as any type of data including rocks, molecule chains, punch cards, and on off data blocks. So theoretically a physical card has to be physical which means it has to exists and be touchable which removes heat energy and light as they bounce or are absorbed by the skin. So you’re looking at atoms and if you can theoretically program and atom then a physical media could be as small as one atom. Just don’t lose it down the back of the couch.


Question: How oil contamination makes paper transparent?

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 How oil contamination makes paper transparent?

You can see through most liquids. Paper is full of tiny holes. The white fibers will reflect light making it bright and not see thru. When oil goes in, the white fibers no longer reflect light, and the oil fills all the holes. Now you can see through the paper as all the holes are filled in and light doesn't bounce around randomly. Light goes through something - and it's shape can adjust the light. That's how circus mirrors, magnifying glasses, and eyeglasses work - these have smooth surfaces. When it's a rough surface - the light bounces around and you no longer see through it. Oil or was can easily smooth the surface.


Question: Why does major key sound so much friendlier than other keys?

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 Why does major key sound so much friendlier than other keys?

There is no definitive answer, and it varies by culture. In the Amazon, minor keys are considered friendly and happy and rejoiceful, for example, and major keys are considered harsh, violent, and angry. Some theories are that it varies by cultural vocal tone, or that major keys are "rounded" (C C G C E \[the major triad\] are present in all major chords), or that our entire focus on the "happiness or sadness" of music was entirely manufactured during the Baroque/Classical/Romantic period by the various famous composers and doesn't actually have any basis in reality. I tend to agree more with the final theory; famous people popularized the idea and it just stuck because they're considered the greatest of all time.


Question: How do you get green eyes? I understand dominate and recessive genes. But my teacher never went into green eye traits, only brown and blue.

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 How do you get green eyes? I understand dominate and recessive genes. But my teacher never went into green eye traits, only brown and blue.

I just learned about this on my own so I've been dying to teach others about this. So, first things first we must establish a basic truth. There is no real eye color. It's a very ironic optical illusion. When people say their eyes look different in sunlight or other lighting conditions, they're not fibbing-- they really might. Now with that in mind, there are only really two color pigments in our eyes, melanin (Brown) and lipochrome (yellow). So where does blue come from? That's the optical illusion. The iris has 2 layers, an outer and an inner. Melanin is the more important of the two Pigments, and thus it's distribution across those layers is what creates the optical illusions that we see as eye color. For blue eyes, there is a decent amount of melanin on the inner layer but relatively little on the outer layer. This lack of a solid double layer makes blue eyes more susceptible to UV radiation. For Brown eyes, there is a lot of melanin on both the outer and inner layers. Now for the moment you've been waiting for: Green eyes are a result of having more lipochrome than normal distributed to the layers. To be quite honest, I don't know if the lipochrome has to be on both layers or only one, but the ratio of melanin compared to lipochrome is what causes the variations in green from hazel eyes to like aqua colored eyes. Side facts-- for Amber eyes, like wolves have or some very rare people, there is far more lipochrome present than normal or even in green eyes. For pink eyes, the person is albino and lacks pigment in general so there is no real melanin layer at all so iris is transparent and you are literally seeing the albinos blood vessels and retina, and they are very, very susceptible to UV damage. Birds have extra pigments to give them those vibrant colors. Now for the genetics, as the others have stated, it's very complicated. It's regulated by at least 8 different genes and I've actually heard 20 from some sources. Now these genes affect different aspects, such as the color itself (by regulating where the melanin deposits are), others the darkness of the color (by regulating how much melanin gets deposited), how much lipochrome gets deposited, and so much more. Even your liver genes affect your eye color: a bad liver will cause jaundice (turns the whites of your eyes yellow) because it can't filter out the lipochrome from the blood, and occasionally cause the iris itself to turn yellow. I know it's long but please read it all (okay maybe not the side facts). But if you choose not to do so TL;DR: A buildup of melanin (Brown pigment) and lipochrome (yellow) makes green eyes.


Question: How do the security gates at the exits of shops (to find if someone is stealing) work? Why do they activate sometimes when nothing has been stolen and security tags haven't been left on?

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 How do the security gates at the exits of shops (to find if someone is stealing) work? Why do they activate sometimes when nothing has been stolen and security tags haven't been left on?

An EAS system or electronic article surveillance system works with detection antennas that are installed at the exit of the store and the hard tags or labels attached to the articles sold in the store. The detection antennas constantly emit electromagnetic energy. When a customer passes these antennas with an article, a hard tag or label - if it is not deactivated - causes a short electromagnetic signal that is received by the antennas and results in an alarm. The hard tags or labels themselves do not contain transmitters but an electric current is generated by the electromagnetic field of the antennas. Electric current is only generated during the short moment that the article is carried past the detection antennas and an electromagnetic interaction occurs between the antenna and the hard tag. Sometimes, you might be carrying something on you that accidentally trips these sensors. False alarms happen on occasion because the gates aren't looking for a precise object, just something that is close enough to what's in the security tags.


Question: What actually is the open-door policy in China?

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 What actually is the open-door policy in China?

The open door policy was initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. The idea was to open up China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. This set in motion the economic transformation of China into the semi-capitalist state that it is today. China has since become one of the worlds industrial super powers due to its wide spread access to cheap labor and in the past decade in particular China's economy has been booming. In this way China has managed to avoid the economic pitfalls faced by the Soviet Union in the 80's while the communist government still maintains a stranglehold on the nation. Worse Western powers are no longer criticizing the Chinese Communists because they have become dependent on Chinese labor and its markets for products.


Question: How some traits (like the ducks reproductive system) get passed on to the next generation, even though it shouldn't have any benefits for survival?

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 How some traits (like the ducks reproductive system) get passed on to the next generation, even though it shouldn't have any benefits for survival?

Duck reproductive systems do have a benefit if it is to prevent unwanted mating. Making it harder to mate with females, makes it so females that have with that trait only mate with the best males. The females that mated with the best males have the strongest children, and their traits get passed on over females that were mated with weaker males.


Question: How do snake tamers work? What goes on between the tamer and the snake ?

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 How do snake tamers work? What goes on between the tamer and the snake ?

Snake charmers actually aren't really taming the snakes at all. The snakes aren't taught anything. What's going on is the snake is basically scared and is responding as it would to a threat. It lifts up it's head to look threatening, and if its a cobra it flares out its flaps (which is what they do to intimidate predators) and it follows the movement of the charmers' flute. Snakes are kinda deaf so the music is not having an effect on them, but they do basically peak their heads out of the basket in the first place to investigate what the hell is going on. The charmer also keeps a fairly safe distance and keeps the snakes in a covered basket at most times. The snakes are fairly chill, and don't really want to bite anyone. But some snake charmers will rip out the snakes' fangs or tie their mouths shut or stuff things in their mouths, to keep themselves safer. I imagine it's probably an animal rights nightmare, the snakes don't sound like they're having a good time at all. India (where the practice was probably invented and is most popular) has made progress in recent years on the issue of animal welfare, they declared cetaceans (whales and dolphins) to be "legal persons" with rights and outlawed ocean parks that show off trained dolphins/whales. URL_0


Question: Why are there no more big bangs happening?

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 Why are there no more big bangs happening?

The big bang refers to the point when the universe started to rapidly expand in all directions. We are currently inside this continuous expansion. If there was another big bang somewhere it would have to be outside of the universe. If there ever was another big bang we would never be able to see it.


Question: How does the moon appear to get bigger and smaller in the night sky?

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 How does the moon appear to get bigger and smaller in the night sky?

I think it's 2 things combined. The moon always appears larger when its lower in the sky, this is an optical illusion caused by you seeing the moon near other objects (tops of house, trees etc). Then there's also the fact that the moon isn't always the same distance from earth, it varies from 356,500km to 407,700km - which is enough to make a visible difference. Combine these two effects up (low in the sky and close to earth) and you'll get a moon that appears much larger than a moon high in the sky and furthest away.


Question: How can a food illness get traced back to a restaurant or a specific item being purchased?

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 How can a food illness get traced back to a restaurant or a specific item being purchased?

I used to work in a restaurant. And I actually asked our Main Office Safety Dept about this once. We have a procedure to follow if someone calls and complains about "food poisoning." Basically, it's impossible to track it unless there is more than one occurrence. If someone has eaten/drank anything else within 24 hours, you can't prove where it came from. Aside from that, it takes a day or two before you start showing symptoms. So, you may think you got food poisoning from McDonald's when you ate there today at lunch but in reality, you probably got it at Taco Bell yesterday at lunch. Now, if you have 3 people calling saying they all have Listeria and they all ate there on November 11th, now you've got a problem.


Question: What is the difference between standard and itemized deductions?

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 What is the difference between standard and itemized deductions?

Standard deduction is a number declared by tax law to be an amount you're allowed to deduct I believe from gross income. Itemized deductions is where instead of using that standard number, you tally up all expenses considered deductible (It's all specified in the law and most tax prep software will ask you all sorts of questions to help you get everything if you select itemized) and deduct them instead. There's actually quite a bit allowed in itemizing, but it is not worth going itemized unless your total is greater than the standard deduction. If you will be going itemized, it is extremely important that you save all receipts related to the deductions in case you are audited.


Question: If you stood in front of a hugely radioactive source what would physically happen to you in the short term? Also would the type of radioactivity change the result?

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 If you stood in front of a hugely radioactive source what would physically happen to you in the short term? Also would the type of radioactivity change the result?

In the short term you would get something like a sunburn if the exposure was strong enough. Alpha particles have trouble penetrating the skin and are only harmful if ingested or inhaled. Beta rays are more energetic, thus causing more damage. Gamma rays are the worst. They can penetrate some thickness of lead, and the ‘sunburn’ could go all the way through. This causes massive cellular damage, and is likely fatal.