Question: How do multi-billionaires, such as Elon Musk or Bill Gates, receive and store their money?

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 How do multi-billionaires, such as Elon Musk or Bill Gates, receive and store their money?

Generally a lot of assets aren't in the form of money, it's in the form of things. Now that doesn't mean that they don't have a few hundred million dollars somewhere, but I wouldn't expect someone to have a trillion dollars in an account. Personally, I would have multiple bank accounts averaging $200,000 as anything below $250,000 is insured by the government. I think people store their money overseas as well, but I don't believe their money is guaranteed.


Question: Why are so many maximum security prisons around large cities?

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 Why are so many maximum security prisons around large cities?

People (not just guards, but also maintenance people, lawyers, counselors, nurses...) need to get to the prison to work every day. These are not awesome jobs, so if people had to live out in the sticks to work at a prison, you might have trouble finding enough willing candidates. The logistics of getting food, and moving people around for medical appointments or court appearances, would also be really annoying if you were hours out of town. If you're thinking close-to-city is risky because an escapee can get into town and disappear...yeah, I suppose it is, but also you've got a major city police department right there if you need help. That probably matters even more.


Question: Why do monitors change colors when looking at a different/abnormal angle?

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 Why do monitors change colors when looking at a different/abnormal angle?

The structure that makes up a normal LCD computer monitor isn't flat. If you were able to zoom in on it, and look at it from the perspective of something really really tiny, it's got depth to it, like looking at Manhattan from a helicopter. If you imagine the colours are created by interactions of various layers, all at different heights on this imaginary city scape, the only way the colours look correct is if you look directly down on it from above. If you skew off to one side, you're not looking through the layers in the proper manner, and the brightness will start to fade, and at extremes, the colours will start to distort. That's obviously a massive oversimiplification of it, but that's the basic idea.


Question: How do atomic clocks work as opposed to clocks that are wound by hand?

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 How do atomic clocks work as opposed to clocks that are wound by hand?

Imagine you have an unlimited supply of BBs in a container. This container has an opening that allows the BBs to stream out at a very fast rate, specifically, 864,000,000 in a day (chosen to make math easy). Now imagine you have a plate below the container that all the BBs land on. This plate can count the BBs as they land (the BBs fall off afterwards but the plate counts as they land). With the above we can accurately keep time because every 10000 BBs landing on the plate would equal exactly one second. 9999 landing would be too short. 10001 landing would be too long. The above is the ELI5 of a cesium waterfall atomic clock. Cesium emits a large number particles at a specific and regular rate. We know once X amount of particles leave Y amount of time has passed. Since X is so large and Y is so small we can be hyper accurate.


Question: If energy is never lost, where does it go when things go cold?

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 If energy is never lost, where does it go when things go cold?

It radiates off into deep space eventually. The average temperature of the universe is -270C and it's unfathomably huge, your little radiator is hopelessly tiny in comparison. Even stars and galaxies are ultimately tiny in comparison, eventually it will all freeze in the somewhat counter-intuitively named "heat death" where all energy is finally evenly distributed.


Question: Why/how is centrifugal force not a "real force"?

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 Why/how is centrifugal force not a "real force"?

The centrifugal "force" is a product of the centripetal force, which holds you at a given radius from the center. Much like if you imagine sitting in a car and speed up. You will feel like you're being tucked into your seat, but there's no force that's pulling you backwards. Quite the opposite since you're accelerating forwards. So if you're in a merry-go-round and start to feel like you're being pulled outwards, it's because you're not, you're actually being held at the same distance from the center by the real centripetal force. And if you fall off, the centripetal force just doesn't apply to you anymore and you just have a given velocity in which you will travel in a straight line until you stop. Hope it could help.


Question: in circuits analysis, there is 3 domains, time , frequency and complex frequency, what is the complex frequency?(S domain)?

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 in circuits analysis, there is 3 domains, time , frequency and complex frequency, what is the complex frequency?(S domain)?

The extra information is the phase of the signal. A example would be if you take a simple sine wave and split it and let it trough a inverter that would be the same as a phase shift of 180 degrees. If you then add the signals together the result would be 0. But just looking ant the signal in frequency domain before and after the inverted they would look identical and you could not determine what happen if you add them together or assume by misstak that you hade a sine with twice the amplitude. & #x200B; If you have complex frequency the magnitude of it would be identical the angle between the two would be 180 degrees and the sum of them would be 0.


Question: How do you make the distinction between correlation *actually* equating to causation and when it doesn’t?

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 How do you make the distinction between correlation *actually* equating to causation and when it doesn’t?

Correlation alone is never enough information to know there's causation. You also need time order, you need to rule out other possible explanations for the correlation, and it helps to be able to explain the mechanism (how one thing caused another). To figure this out you do an experiment. If possible, you can do it in a lab setting where every possible variable is controlled (like temperature and light and noises etc) and you test it out. If it's not possible/realistic to control every variable, like if you're working with people, you need to randomly assign people to get the thing or not get the thing you think might cause something else. If you're not doing one of these two things, you can't really know for sure if there is cause, at least from a scientific perspective.


Question: What cause stomach to make weird sounds and why is it so loud sometimes?

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 What cause stomach to make weird sounds and why is it so loud sometimes?

When your stomach is empty or you are hungry, your stomach contracts and makes that sound. This is the body's way of telling you that you need to eat. This also happens when you *have* eaten, because your body is going through the digestive process. Some people also have gastrointestinal issues like irritable bowel syndrome that can cause this to be worse or uncomfortable. Too many carbonated sodas can also cause gurgling and can be the bubbles from the soda. Also needing to pass gas means you've swallowed air while eating or drinking (normal) and/or the good bacteria in your gut is creating the "gas" through the digestive process and it has to come out. Certain foods can make gas worse and therefore the gurgle sound. High levels of bacteria in the gut can also cause this. So hunger and digestive processes are happening within your body. A lot of the grumbles you hear are actually in your small intestine. Think of your digestive system as a series of muscles contracting to move the food through - and think of the gurgling sounds as the body releasing fluids to help this along. It sounds louder when you are in a quiet room. A lot of times we feel it but don't really hear it. Usually this is completely normal - but if someone if experiencing sharp abdominal pain, cramps and swelling that does not relieve after passing gas - it could be a sign it something serious that needs medical care. If your stomach is bloated constantly (not just after a meal) you may need medical care. You'll see some people who are very small but have distended bellies that make them look pregnant. Could be a blockage in the intestines, signs of lack of fiber in the diet, too much soda, signs of gallbladder issues or simply just gassy. Best to get it checked out anyway.


Question: is it possible to make it so an ISP can't throttle your network speeds? If so, how? Just preparing for the apocalypse...

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 is it possible to make it so an ISP can't throttle your network speeds? If so, how? Just preparing for the apocalypse...

Yes and no. If you're using end-to-end encryption, they can't tell what you're communicating, but they might just throttle you just because they can't tell. With end to **end** encryption, they can also tell where your endpoint is. Accessing Netflix over HTTPS, they still know that Netflix owns the IP Address you're communicating to. You can instead use a tunnel endpoint that reaches out from there, but then you risk the ISP for *that* endpoint throttling your data. On top of all this, they can also infer what you're doing based on traffic patterns. If you make an initially reasonable sized request, followed by data coming in at a fairly consistent rate, they can infer that you're using some sort of streaming service. Also consider this: The model that Ajit 'Dear god I hope he spills his entire stupid oversized mug of hot coffee all over his crotch' Pai is trying to get passed allows for "Fast Lane" traffic if it's paid for. Without building explicitly new infrastructure, this means that the default is the slow lane, and certain services pay for "fast lane". Thus, they throttle ALL traffic unless they can explicitly identify it AS a fast-lane service. (Keep in mind, that all they're doing to create a fast lane is slow down everything else and use the existing infrastructure as a fast lane).


Question: What is Net Neutrality and why is there a lot of controversy surrounding it?

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 What is Net Neutrality and why is there a lot of controversy surrounding it?

Say I run a factory building steel folding chairs. I have my steel imported by rail, on the one rail line that accesses my town. Now, railroads are expensive to lay down, and the ones we have were all built a while ago, and only because the government helped by providing large subsidies and seizing right-of-ways through eminent domain. That means there aren't gonna be any new railways coming into my town any time soon, and the railroad company in my town essentially has a monopoly on railroad traffic for the foreseeable future. Now, there are four steel refineries that I could purchase my steel from, and they all compete on price and quality. The biggest of these companies used to be the best, but it dropped off in quality a long time ago, and it's starting to lose business to its competitors. It has way more money in the bank than the other companies, though, so it hatches a plan. Instead of investing to make its steel better or less expensive, the big company instead pays a giant kickback to the railroad company for an "exclusive contract," which requires that the railroad charge the other steel companies *double* to carry their steel and won't allow them to ship steel on the railroad's express trains. This makes it impossible for the three other companies to compete, and they eventually stop shipping steel to my town. Once that happens, the big company is free to jack up the price on its crappy steel. Many, many years ago, the government recognized that deals like the one between the railroad and the steel refinery are bad for competition and the free market, so they made a rule to prevent it. The government has long required that railroads are a "common carrier," meaning they can't discriminate between customers and have to charge everyone the same for carrying freight. This ensures that, in my case, the market for steel in my town stays competitive and free instead of being taken over by a monopoly. "Net neutrality" does the same thing, establishing ISPs as common carriers for Internet data. Like railroads, Internet infrastructure was all laid down years ago with healthy government subsidies, and it's prohibitively expensive for a new company to come in an lay new lines. (RCN has tried to and found it very difficult to make overbuilding profitable.) This means that most localities only have one, maybe two ISPs to choose from, and there won't be any competitors in the near future. Say you're Comcast, the country's largest ISP provider, which also owns the Xfinity cable service brand. Xfinity has a streaming video service, and Comcast would much rather you watch that service (and the advertisements on it) than Netflix. Comcast would very much like to add a surcharge to Netflix data to discourage people from using it, or throttle Netflix transfer speeds so it has a lower resolution than Xfinity streaming. Net neutrality says they can't do so, and have to treat Xfinity and Netflix data the same. This means that Netflix and Xfinity have to compete on price and quality, not just who has a sweetheart deal with the local monopoly provider. Consumer advocates, startups, and smaller companies like net neutrality because it helps keep the Internet a free, competitive marketplace where the best product wins. Incumbent telecom giants hate net neutrality because in a free market, they might lose their position on top, and because they can't squeeze out more money for mediocre products.


Question: How comes so many recipes call for a baking temperature of 350-400F?

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 How comes so many recipes call for a baking temperature of 350-400F?

It's because it is the most compatible temperature for baking pastry, breads etc. Also when baking at 350ºF to 400ºF, chemical reactions and phase changes from liquid to gas happen in a speedy and efficient fashion. For example, cake batters yield fluffy, light, tender cakes, and not flat, chewy disks of cooked dough.


Question: How is it decided what type of energy is expended when something happens?

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 How is it decided what type of energy is expended when something happens?

There are really only 2 types of energy transfer. Heat and work. Heat is well...heat energy. This is the energy from the random motion of every molecule or atom in an object. Work is the energy on a larger scale, it's the energy it takes to move an object. In your case, the noise you mentioned would be the work. Because noise is caused by vibration in the air, motion caused by the book falling. So how is it decided? Quite simply it depends on how that energy is transferred (what you called "expended"). Heat is transferred through a huge number of microscopic collisions. And work is transferred through macroscopic collisions, like pushing and pulling on something.


Question: Why were the cities that are capital cities chosen as capitals?

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 Why were the cities that are capital cities chosen as capitals?

In Australia they couldn't decide between Melbourne and Sydney to be the capital. The fight was nearly as big as the Emu war. So what the did was say fuck it and parceled up a bit of land smack in the middle between both cities and called it the Australian Capital Territory and named the Capital City Canberra. It was like when you're having a barney with your brother over the last gaytime and ya mum takes it off both of you and makes you watch her eat it.


Question: Why do humans typically hunch over when in pain?

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 Why do humans typically hunch over when in pain?

Depends why you’re in pain. If you have a stomach ache, curling up can take stress and tension off of potentially inflamed organs. However, if you experience acute (sudden) traumatic pain, the fetal position becomes a more defensive action. Peripheral organs and nerves ( bones, muscles, veins, arteries, nerves) in your arms and legs are less essential to life than the ones in your core. Your body is instinctually aware of this and will cause you to curl up and protect your core, almost sacrificing the peripheral anatomy. Another interesting action of the body that reinforces this concept is the idea of “shock”. When people go into shock, their body typically becomes pale in color, cool to the touch, and sweaty or moist. This is a result of a phenomenon called shunting. When you suffer severe injury or sickness, your body will take much of the blood from your peripherals and bring it to the core organs such as the heart, lungs and, brain. This action is executed by the autonomic nervous system, meaning you do it all without having to think about it. Sorry that may have left ELI5 territory for a minute, but I’m passionate about this stuff. Simply put, the Human body knows instinctually that hunching over can relieve pain and offer protection of vital organs.


Question: why does shower water taste different than faucet water?

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 why does shower water taste different than faucet water?

I would venture a guess and say that if you drank hot tap water it would taste similar. Your building probably has one supply of cold water, and one that is constantly on a heater. The heated water is likely to taste different due to container, pipes and just being heated.


Question: why does cold remove pain?

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 why does cold remove pain?

Pain is a result of signals from little receptors on the surface of your body (and mouth) called nerve endings. When you put something cold against those nerve endings, it numbs them and reduces their ability to receive pain signals, essentially by overwhelming them with a "cold" signal. Therefore putting something cold on an area that's in pain will reduce the feeling of pain. The other effect of putting something cold on an area that's in pain is that it reduces the blood flow to the area by causing your blood vessels to contract. This can reduce inflammation.


Question: Why does the urge to pee increase the closer you get to a toilet?

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 Why does the urge to pee increase the closer you get to a toilet?

Without getting into learned behaviors and neurology, one simple explanation is that the bladder contains both voluntary and involuntary muscles. The big muscle that essentially coats the entire bladder to help it expand/contract is involuntary, and you've also got an involuntary "internal urinary sphincter" that acts as as a gateway out of the bladder. On the other hand, you also have an "external urinary sphincter" which is under your voluntary control. When you're holding in your pee, you're doing it with the external sphincter. Although the voluntary and involuntary parts are controlled by different nerves, there's evidence that they influence one another. When you voluntarily relax the external sphincter, the involuntary parts will go along with it. This means that when you're getting close to the toilet, you're letting down your guard on that external sphincter, so the rest of the bladder starts making an effort to pee.


Question: Why does being sick/allergies seem to get worse at night?

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 Why does being sick/allergies seem to get worse at night?

It has to do with your body's internal clock, the circadian rhythm. During the day one part of your immune system is more active. But it can't keep this up all the time. so chemical signals that change as the day goes on eventually tells that part of your immune system to rest, and another part to become more active. The part that's active at night is the one that focuses on inflammation, which is what causes the most miserable symptoms. But without this the part of your immune system that is active during the day wouldn't work anywhere near as well. You're trading comfort during the day, which is when you are most physically active, for discomfort during the night. And if you're sleeping, you won't even experience most of this. Its a good trade off.


Question: How does one encode data into DNA?

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 How does one encode data into DNA?

an inkjet printer embeds short fragments of chemically synthesized DNA onto the surface of a tiny glass chip. To encode a digital file, researchers divide it into tiny blocks of data and convert these data not into the 1s and 0s of typical digital storage media, but rather into DNA’s four-letter alphabet of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts. URL_0


Question: Why does it feel like time goes by faster while one is having fun?

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 Why does it feel like time goes by faster while one is having fun?

Unfortunately, we don't really know. This is just one of the many great mysteries of the brain. The best theory we seem to have so far is simply that your perception of time is... your perception of time: The more you pay attention to the passage of time, the slower it seems to go. You can test this right now: Watch your clock and wait for 1 minute to pass. Do it without a second hand (on a digital clock or something). Note that it feels like it takes way longer for that minute to pass than you expected it to. When you're bored, you notice time passing because you keep checking the time to see whether it's time for you to not be bored anymore. When you're having fun, you're not checking the time.


Question: Why are there so many rectangles all around us?

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 Why are there so many rectangles all around us?

Generally speaking they're easier to design, and, especially in buildings- they are much easier to construct for several reasons: the math is easier (you don't have to mess with pi); the measuring is easier; standard boards and construction materials themselves are usually straight and flat (making it harder to build curved things with them); rectangles are an efficient use of space, and they are strong enough to suit most purposes effectively.


Question: When nuclear weapons were added to the US arsenal, why was the ability to launch them given to the President of the United States and not congress?

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 When nuclear weapons were added to the US arsenal, why was the ability to launch them given to the President of the United States and not congress?

Constitutionally, (although not really in practice any more), Congress is the sole authority on declarations of war or authorizations of the use of military force, but the President is the commander in chief of the armed forces. Congress can't tell generals what to do and it can't give or veto military orders. A nuclear attack is a military order and as such only the President has the authority to initiate it. On a more practical note, if nuclear missiles have already be launched at the US, there would be only a few minutes to authorize a retaliatory strike, and even a functional congress is not capable of acting that quickly. No country in the world with nuclear weapons has that authority given to their legislatures. In every case it's the head of government or the head of state.


Question: How does military check for people in radius of atomic weapon test?

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 How does military check for people in radius of atomic weapon test?

The tests were generally done on areas that were under military control with low population densities. E.g., the Nevada Test Site is an Air Force bombing range. In the Pacific tests, this was more of a problem since while you could identify inhabited islands nearby, you could not always control for the seas themselves. Surveys were made with airplanes to confirm that ships were out of the "danger zone," and the danger zone itself was publicly known (ships were told in advance to avoid it). Keeping people outside of the area of the immediate explosion is generally not the problem, though it requires accurate understanding of the explosive effects, which can be complex (e.g. the first Soviet H-bomb test resulted in several fatalities because the blast wave reflected off an inversion layer in the atmosphere, which extended its power more than expected). The truly difficult problem is in keeping them safe from fallout, which depends on wind conditions that can change, and truly massive areas (tens of thousands of square miles). The most famous incident of this sort was during the Castle Bravo test, where the fallout plume was much larger than expected (and thus drifted over inhabited islands, which were evacuated), and a Japanese fishing boat, the Lucky Dragon, ended up exposed because it [was very close to the danger zone when the bomb went off]( URL_0 ) (it was within an "expanded danger zone" that was created after the fact). This lead to exposure of the crew to radioactivity, and one fatality. There were also issues with "downwinders" at the Nevada Test Site (people who lived in towns where clouds ended up crossing and depositing radioactivity) and downwind of the Soviet test site in Kazakhstan. In the US case, they would try to track the clouds and tell people living downwind not to go outside when it was passing over them — not an ideal approach.


Question: How do metal detectors work? And do they detect ALL metals or just the ones that are used more frequently?

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 How do metal detectors work? And do they detect ALL metals or just the ones that are used more frequently?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: how do metal detectors work? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: How do metal detectors work? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5 how do metal detectors work? ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELI5: How does a metal detector work? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How do metal detectors work? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: How do metal detectors work? ]( URL_8 ) 1. [ELI5 How metal detectors work. ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How metal detectors work and if they detect all elements classed as "metals" or only specific metallic elements ]( URL_6 ) 1. [What do metal detectors actually detect?? ]( URL_0 )


Question: How does stainless steel stay stainless?

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 How does stainless steel stay stainless?

So all metals, other than gold really, corrode. That is they react with oxygen to form some sort of metal oxide, which is basically saying the burn very, very slowly. A metal oxide is sort of like a rock or a salt. That's often what the ore we mine it as already is, or similar enough. Let's look at iron. It rusts (corrodes, but specific to iron), which turns into flaky red/black stuff, that falls off and exposes more iron to rust further. Let's look at copper. It doesn't corrode as fast as iron. And it turns into this green coating (look at the statue of liberty), which doesn't flake quite as bad as iron. Let's look at aluminum, it doesn't rust/corrode, right? Wrong. Aluminum corrodes very fast and any aluminum you have ever seen is "rusted". Except the "rust" forms very fast and sticks to the aluminum very well. This provides a very thin and very protective layer that prevents the rest of the aluminum from corroding further. So the key to being a corrosion resistant metal (gold aside) is to have a thin layer of "rust" that sticks to it well and prevents further inwards metal from "rusting". So what is stainless steel? It's iron with at least 10% chromium, and some other things. 316L stainless steel (there's many different types of stainless steel, but this is a common one) is about 16% chromium, 10% nickel, 2% molybdenum. Even regular old rusting steel is still an alloy, it has more than just pure iron, like carbon in carbon steel obviously. The chromium does the same thing aluminum does, forms a thin and hard layer that protects the chromium and iron from further corrosion. What if I scratch the layer? Shouldn't it rust then? No, because the chromium is throughout the stainless steel. Scratching it will just form a new protective layer anywhere. This is unlike galvanized steel, where iron is just coated with zinc. Scratch the zinc off and the iron will rust, the zinc is only on the outside. But this doesn't mean stainless steel is corrosion proof. Given time, water mixed with some other chemicals will corrode it. Some strong acids will make it rust pretty easily. Stainless steel is only stainless under certain conditions.


Question: Why does attraction cloud judgement?

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 Why does attraction cloud judgement?

You have a reproductive instinct that drives you to breed. It is outranked only by basic survival - the hierarchy of needs (air, water, food, shelter.) Genetically, reproduction is your one and only purpose beyond survival, and even the quality of your attempt (i.e. fitness of mate, personal success) is secondary to any mating at all. The reproductive drive also doesn't need any rational analysis getting in the way, so it can't let you stop and think whether you actually *want* to breed. The solution is to slam you with a wall of endorphins and similar substances that basically intoxicate you and affect your decision making. Life itself invented the idea of getting us *drunk* so we get laid.


Question: what happens if someone drops to the ground while on a platform?

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 what happens if someone drops to the ground while on a platform?

All you’re doing is accelerating the platform just before impact, and slightly reducing the speed at which you’re falling. It would be extremely slight however unless the drop was very small. In order for this to work you’d need to be able to spring off a falling super heavy platform. With a drop of a few feet you could probably get away with it and be fine. Higher though and you’re falling faster than you can overcome just by jumping. You can decrease your speed like you’re suggesting, but you’re still gonna hit the ground pretty hard.


Question: how a pedometer/step counter works?

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 how a pedometer/step counter works?

In the old days, pedometers had a little ball that bounced up and down with each step. Nowadays they use piezo-electric crystals. Those are crystals that have a tiny electric charge when they are under stress. As you move, the stress changes, and that change can be detected in the charge. Fitbit themselves have a lot of information in their [help articles]( URL_0 ): the LED reflects on your arm. When your heart beats, the surface of your arm changes a little, and changes the reflection of the LED. That again is detected. Finally, most scales that measure body fat % send an electromagnetic (EM) wave from one foot to the other. Since the EM wave travels at different speeds through fat, muscle and bone, they can roughly estimate your body composition by the time it takes for the signal to travel through your body. In itself it's not very accurate, but it's useful to see the improvement.


Question: How are Scandinavian countries (ie Sweden, Norway) so wealthy?

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 How are Scandinavian countries (ie Sweden, Norway) so wealthy?

Well, Norway seems to have particularly notable oil (and mineral gas) resources. And do you know what they do? The oil company is partly-state-owned (Statoil) and they save the vast sums of money for the norwegians of the future. They enjoy a very high standard of living now, so they don't need more (like a permanent salary for nationals, who don't need to work, for that we have the pakistani, as the UAE does). The rest of the money they invest it for the future, when they run out of oil, be it in 50 years or 200. It's called the ["Global Pension Fund"] ( URL_0 ) -it doesn't fund pensions, despite the name-. That gives you already an idea of the mentality we are dealing with. Also, a social welfare system that leaves no person behind, high education, healthcare, this advances the society as a whole and instead of dealing with dragging people along who don't produce, everyone produces. *Everybody* works. People don't struggle in horrible debt amounts because of a broken leg. And with everyone working, economy boosts. But in general scandinavian countries are a product of strong democratic institutions and very low corruption. The mentality is not individual "good for me" but collective "good for us". They have been wisely choosing their small market shares. They are pragmatic. They have among the highest R & D rates of the developed world. And a pretty solid industry: Statoil, volvo, nokia, ericsson, Ikea, Maersk (shipping), Kone (engineering), Lego (toys) , Electrolux (appliances), Carlsberg (beer), the Astra half of AstraZeneca (pharmaceuticals), H & M (clothes)... They are about *only* 25 million people. Less than half of Italy. On the fun side: Skype and Spotify (swedish in origin), Linux (this one doesn't really count), ...


Question: Why does dry skin appear ashy and white? And what does lotion actually do to fix it?

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 Why does dry skin appear ashy and white? And what does lotion actually do to fix it?

It's dead skin that should have fallen off you but is resting on you. It is no longer attached to you so it's not being hydrated and it dries out, giving it the dry powder color. When you shower or lotion you are hydrating it. This just hides it mostly. You know when you take a toothpick and scrape the creases on a remote or game controller or computer mouse? Those skins cells you unclog from the device? That's what ashiness is. That skin, but on your body. Some people get it worse than others. The best way I found with eliminating it is better shower techniques. The loofah and wash towels didn't work very well. Instead, I keep at least one fingernail a little longer than the edge of my finger and scrape my skin real good when showering. The amount of dead skin I take off of my body surprised me years ago when I tried this for the first time. I game a lot so the palms of my hands get a lot of skin gunk and scraping in the shower eliminates that. I wear socks in doors so the bottoms of my feet need a good scrape in the shower. I almost only wear jeans so my knees and calves acquire a lot of dead skin that has nowhere to fall off to and gets smushed back on me so they get a good scraping. I have curly facial and chest hair so skin won't escape those areas as easily so I scrape after a shave or through the hair. If you're pretty ashy, give the scrape a try. Next shower let the skin get hot and hydrated and try to scratch yourself clean. I've tried some objects as scrapers but they haven't been as successful as the fingernail. Having extreme dynamic control on the scraping end and sensation on both ends really helps.


Question: Why is it that when you hit snooze and go back to sleep you feel more tired when you wake up again?

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 Why is it that when you hit snooze and go back to sleep you feel more tired when you wake up again?

Sleep has a few different stages. The part of sleep that makes us actually feel rejuvinated and the part that matters in REM sleep. It takes a decent amount of time to get to this point. As your body moves closer to it, things start shutting down more and more, and your body makes you more tired as a result. If you don't get to REM, or are woken up shortly before getting to REM, you'll feel horrible and groggy. As a fun fact, you can train yourself to go off just 3 hours of sleep a day, by withholding sleep in a particular way and pattern, so that rather than sleeping 6-9 hours where you'll only get about 2 hours of REM, instead you stay awake and sleep 30 minutes to an hour every 4-6 hours. Doing this makes your body skip the other parts of sleep and almost instantly go to REM sleep.


Question: Are human brains really blank canvases at birth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are human brains really blank canvases at birth?

No. Evolution has pre-programmed us with a lot of instinctual behaviors to help us survive our first few years of life. These behaviors, such as crying, suckling, etc. are not learned. Additionally, your brain also develops a rough "template" for how you will eventually develop, with a lot of functionality pre-made (basic understanding of senses, basic ability to move, etc.) and more somewhat determined by your ability to produce neurotransmitters (such as someone with dopamine and serotonin production issues potentially being at elevated risk of depression). Scientists are still unraveling the mess that is the human brain to sort out which parts of our minds are genetic/innate and which parts are learned behaviors. Still, there's pretty strong consensus that at least a large minority is innate.


Question: How can a company like Amazon never make a profit, and yet it increases in value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a company like Amazon never make a profit, and yet it increases in value?

Imagine you found a magic box which duplicated money, $1 goes in $2 go out. The only catch it only works once a year. The first year, you borrow every penny you can, maybe $20K, and out comes $40K. You could pay off your debts and walk away with your profits. Or you could borrow even more money, and maybe you put $50K in, and get $100K out. You do this again, and again, until you have so much money it won't fit in the box anymore. Only then do you start spending it on yourself. Looking back, you didn't make a profit for several years, because instead you decided to roll it back into the box. That's basically what Amazon did. They could have made a profit 20 years ago if they wanted, but they chose to invest that money in growth instead. In general, those investments made them more money, which they invested in more growth. Also, in recent years, Amazon has made a profit. > Why does this not make Amazon stocks fall? Because investors believe Amazon will make money in the long run. > Are the rules different for them than say Sears? Sort of. They play by the same rules, but in different kinds of markets. Sears is in a mature market. Year to year, people are going to buy about the same amount of lawn mowers and kitchen tables and winter coats. Growth is mostly about taking business from other companies, and if you aren't making a profit, that means they are taking business from you. Amazon is/was in a emerging market, selling new products and services in a brand new (when they started) way. There was a tremendous opportunity for growth, and Amazon took full advantage of it, expanding rather than taking profits.


Question: Why do schizophrenics seem to only have bad hallucinations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do schizophrenics seem to only have bad hallucinations?

Some research suggests that it may be cultural and the hallucinations are not always malignant. > Stanford anthropologist Tanya Luhrmann found that voice-hearing experiences of people with serious psychotic disorders are shaped by local culture – in the United States, the voices are harsh and threatening; in Africa and India, they are more benign and playful. This may have clinical implications for how to treat people with schizophrenia, she suggests. URL_0


Question: What is the difference between 4k, UHD, and QHD when talking about monitor resolutions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between 4k, UHD, and QHD when talking about monitor resolutions?

4K indicates its 4000 pixels but really means 3840x2160 pixels UHD and QHD are just marketing speak for different resolutions UHD is ultra HD which is the marketing term for 4K QHD is the marketing term for Quad HD, which refers to 2560x1440 being 4 times the resolution then 1280x720 in pixel count. you have High Definition : 720p Full High Definition : 1080p Quad High Definition : 1440p Ultra High Definition : 2160p 8K Ultra high definition : 4320p the P means progressive scan, meaning it goes line by line, sometimes you will see a i instead of the p next to the resolution, it means Interlaced, it means that when creating the image, it does every other line, so image quality is a bit reduced but for storage and transmission you basically save half the bandwidth. So many HDTV transmissions at first were I instead of P at first.


Question: How do insect and bug species survive the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do insect and bug species survive the winter?

Many burrow underground, or into other similar warmer/s’more insulated places. Temperatures underground (in most places) actually stay relatively stable all year long, just going a foot or two down and the ground is warmer (relatively, say slightly above freezing as opposed to blistering cold above.) Then they just go dormant, into a state of hibernation almost, where they just shut down until warmth wakes them up again. Some animals/bugs are also able to freeze and then still be alive when they thaw.


Question: How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

It could be either, and you wouldn’t need to genetically modify the plants. Ignoring the taboo around GMOs, we’ve been selectively breeding plants to reduce the size of their seeds for decades, maybe centuries at this point. Watermelons, bananas, grapes: They all used to have large seeds, but now you can easily buy seedless varieties. It wouldn’t be very hard to do the same, just in reverse: Plant the largest seeds, and eventually the average will go up


Question: What is a Lie Group in Mathematics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Lie Group in Mathematics?

A Lie Group is a special type of differentiable manifold. That makes a multidimensional space, like the 3 dimensional space inside a room or the 4 dimensional spacetime of our universe. There is no requirement for 3 or 4 dimensions, so if you're a string theorist with a favorite 11 dimensional manifold, it could be a Lie Group. In addition to differentiability, a Lie Group requires smooth results from multiplication an division. That excludes some manifolds with tightly wound dimensions, as some ST folks also use.


Question: why criminals can be released from prison after paying a bail, instead of serving their sentence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why criminals can be released from prison after paying a bail, instead of serving their sentence?

When someone is arrested, they are put into jail for temporary holding until their case reaches court. If you are approved for bail, you get released from jail, normally with conditions, to live at home and continue your life until your case goes to court. They are not cleared of their charges for paying bail, they simply just don’t have to wait in jail. Also, jail is generally a more short term holding area, where prison is where you go to serve the time you have been appointed based on your charge. Edit: Your amount of bail is determined on the severity of your charges as well as if you are a flight risk. If they think you will flee the country or have resources outside of the country, bail will either be super high or simply denied, and you will have to wait in jail until your case reaches court. Edit 2: Also, bail is a loan to the government. Normally, if you show up to all your court appearances, you get your bail back. If you don’t show up, you forfeit that money and the government keeps it.


Question: How is gravity both the "strongest and weakest force in the universe"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is gravity both the "strongest and weakest force in the universe"?

Gravity is a very weak force, in comparison to the electrical or magnetic forces, on a unit by unit basis. That's why if you set a rock on the sidewalk, gravity tries to pull it to the center of the Earth, but the electrons on the outside of the sidewalk have no problems repelling the electrons on the outside of the weight to prevent this sinking. That's the electrons in a one atom thick layer overpowering all the mass in the entire weight. The "strongest force in the universe" statement is more poetic than physics. Gravity shapes galaxies and star systems, giving them their attractive shapes.


Question: Why is it so hard to dispose of trash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to dispose of trash?

The problem with trash is that **nobody wants to spend any money on it**. There are fine, safe, approaches to recycling and storing it. However, none of those things makes money - except aluminum can recycling. So, somebody would have to pay. Local governments don't have money, and raising taxes to process trash more isn't popular because taxes isn't popular. Do you want to sort and dispose of trash for no paycheck? Neither does anybody else, nor are there companies that want to truck it to a mine or store it in the mine for no money. Most of the plastic in the ocean doesn't come from the countries that use the most plastic bags and straws, it comes from countries that throw trash in their rivers. Trash isn't a trash problem, it's a money problem.


Question: Why would decreasing the temperature of a gas in a syringe make the volume decrease?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would decreasing the temperature of a gas in a syringe make the volume decrease?

Temperature is just a measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of the molecules in a gas. If you decrease the temperature, that means they're moving slower. If they're moving slower, then they're running into the walls of the syringe less often AND slower. This means they're pushing less hard on the sides of the syringe. The outside air pressure is still pushing in equally hard, but the inside gas pushing out is less, so the outside air wins, and pushes inward. This is the volume decreasing.


Question: can you die from ingesting too many calories?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 can you die from ingesting too many calories?

Well, how are you going to feed anyone that many calories? As an example, pure fat is one of the highest calorie foodstuffs there is, and it has around 10 calories per gramme. That means you'd need to eat 100kg of pure fat to get a million calories, and there's no way you could fit anything close to that in your stomach--so either you get force fed and die from a burst stomach, or you try and force \*yourself\* to eat and most likely end up vomiting most of it away, or you have to spread the eating out over several days in which case it's no longer a million calories in a single serving.


Question: How does Snapchat identify food on a picture, so it then gives you an appropriate filter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Snapchat identify food on a picture, so it then gives you an appropriate filter?

Machine learning. This means they built a program that learns patterns from a ton of input and then can recognize that pattern for new input. So they built a model, fed it hundreds of thousands or millions of known pictures of food until the model could then accurately determine if a new picture that it hadn't yet seen was food.