Question: How do we know whether an alternate medicine works or not when there are people around us who claim that their disease was diagnosed and cured by it?

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 How do we know whether an alternate medicine works or not when there are people around us who claim that their disease was diagnosed and cured by it?

To determine if a certain type of treatment works, it must produce better results than placebo. The confusion begins because placebo works, and people feel better with just taking placebo. Same as some people get better when taking alternative medicine. However if the number of improved patients is the same as the number that get better with a placebo, the treatment remains in alternative category. That's how you can understand many stories of people getting better.


Question: why is there a perceptual difference in photogenics when comparing the left and right sides of the face?

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 why is there a perceptual difference in photogenics when comparing the left and right sides of the face?

ELI5: faces aren't symmetrical. And they shouldn't be. Check out this beautiful [young woman]( URL_3 ). Now, this was a quick and dirty shop (but hopefully still getting the point across), but here is the same image cropped and flipped from [one side]( URL_1 ) and [the other]( URL_4 ). They look like two different people and you probably think one is more pleasant than the other (while both being eerily deep in the uncanny valley). ELI10+: There is a pretty rad Radiolab episode called [Mirror, Mirror]( URL_5 ) that digs into some really cool things about symmetry in everything from the atomic to the social interactive levels of human beings. There's a really interesting story in it about how someone changing the part on his haircut to the other side helped to change his entire identity. They reference an image of Lincoln [normal]( URL_2 ) and [reversed]( URL_0 ) and you can really see how big of a difference that can make. It's not only about OP's question, but it might help shed some light on it. And it sure is neat.


Question: why there is no thunder when it snows but only when it rains?

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 why there is no thunder when it snows but only when it rains?

The air is dryer in the winter, and also the storms tend to be more stable. Without these two ingredients lightning doesn't form. Though to answer the question of thunder (in the case of there is lightning) snow acts as a sound dampener. Go outside after a snow fall and notice how it's eerily quiet. That's because sound waves get trapped in the nooks and crannies in the fresh fallen snow.


Question: what is the Russian firehose of falsehood propaganda technique???

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 what is the Russian firehose of falsehood propaganda technique???

Basically the idea is you just keep doing scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after scandal after... You see how you (likely) didn't go through every single word I wrote? That's how it works. It numbs people to the scandals so they can't actually mentally digest what they're experiencing and, as a result, have no motivation to challenge the person actually committing the scandals. It's very abusive and *very* effective.


Question: How does health insurance work in the US? Why was there such a backlash against Obamacare?

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 How does health insurance work in the US? Why was there such a backlash against Obamacare?

People do not like it because premiums have risen unreasonably high, and deductibles are very high. Deductibles are so high that the insurance is never used. Those who would prefer to opt out are being forced to participate against their will. Also many insurance companies have dropped out, so that there is sometimes no competition among suppliers of insurance, in our case there is only 1 insurance company left, offering only 1 plan.


Question: How small would we have to be for the edge of a piece of paper to seem like a blunt object?

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 How small would we have to be for the edge of a piece of paper to seem like a blunt object?

Well it depends on what you define as "blunt". If it's just by apparent size compared to ourselves I can use my ruler as an example. My ruler is probably about 1 mm thick while a piece of paper is around 0.1 mm thick. From this we can quickly and easily see that it's just a difference of a factor 10, so we should have to be 10 times smaller than we are now for a piece of paper to be as "blunt" as my ruler.


Question: Why is sugar bad for you?

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 Why is sugar bad for you?

1) to burn off the equivalent amount of suagr of 5 pops, your workout would take so long, you better quit your day job 2) the acids in the pop degenerate bones and other calcium/minereal dopsoits 3) Even if you do burn the equivalent amount of calories your still spiking your insuline and the health problems with that come- obesity, diabietes type 2, low engery and much more


Question: why does a snapped neck cause instant death?Or does it cause a slightly slower death but Hollywood has played it up to seem instant

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 why does a snapped neck cause instant death?Or does it cause a slightly slower death but Hollywood has played it up to seem instant

It doesn't always. Many people suffer broken necks and go on to lead normal lives. But if the "snapped neck" severs the spinal cord, the brain is no longer able to tell the heart and other vital organs to continue operating. Edit: In the latter instance, the brain would probably remain conscious for a short time, but without a steady supply of blood and oxygen the person would suffocate within minutes.


Question: () What does it mean to remove a mol of electrons?

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 () What does it mean to remove a mol of electrons?

> this is the definition for first ionisation energy It’s the definition of the first ionization energy *per mol*. They talk about moles a lot in chemistry because it’s the link between single atoms and single molecules (which are super tiny) and an amount of things which is measurable in grams. You *can* talk about the ionization energy of a single atom/molecule. You just have to use a correspondingly small unit like an electron volt (eV). A physics class would talk about single atom ionization problems in terms of electron volts. A chemistry class would talk about ionization in terms of kiloJoules per mol.


Question: What is plasma, the fourth state of matter?

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 What is plasma, the fourth state of matter?

Take a solid, and pump a bunch of energy into it. The molecules which were pretty solidly chilling out start moving around a bunch more, and the solid becomes a liquid and it has different properties now. Pump more energy into the liquid until the molecules get way more active, and they'll actually start breaking the liquid apart as they go crazy. Now it's a gas, and it has different properties. Pump even more energy into the gas, and things get so weird that it will *conduct electricity*, which is a hugely different property since gasses are insulators. It doesn't spread out evenly like gasses do, magnetism can have a big impact on it even though it doesn't affect gasses, etc. - so many properties have changed that it's an entirely different state of matter now. That's plasma.


Question: How can we observe the 93 billion light years wide universe if the universe is only 13.8 billion year old?

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 How can we observe the 93 billion light years wide universe if the universe is only 13.8 billion year old?

LI5E: Imagine your friend throws a football to you from a distance of 35 metres, and then runs away from you while the ball is in the air. By the time you catch it the friend is 70 metres away. Someone might look at the situation and say "how the heck did that kid throw a football 70 metres". But really they threw it 35 metres and then incresed the distance between you and them. The Earth is you. The universe is your friend. The ball is the light we observe.


Question: Does maximum entropy imply equiprobabilities?

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 Does maximum entropy imply equiprobabilities?

Entropy isn't really a measure of "chaos". It's a measure of how distributed energy is in a system. I'm not sure what you mean by "equiprobable" because in a situation of maximum entropy, all arrangements of particles are not really equally likely. Yes, you can say that each individual state is equally likely, but in reality it's always a random and more or less even distribution of particles, so you will never randomly get all air molecules focusing in to one corner of a room for example.


Question: Why is it said/taught in Economics and Finance that companies want to make "zero" profit? Shouldn't they want to make as much profit as possible?

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 Why is it said/taught in Economics and Finance that companies want to make "zero" profit? Shouldn't they want to make as much profit as possible?

In economics profit means something different than what most people mean by profit. Economic profits are more like what most people mean by temporary boom or windfall (when prices are so high that profits exceed all their costs, including the cost of capital and other non-accounting costs). Economic profits are relatively rare, and generally can only be earned by businesses temporarily (because soon more businesses enter the industry to compete away the economic profits). So firms don't "want" to earn zero profits, they end up stuck in industries where they stop earning economic profits (these businesses still earn accounting profits which cover costs like the cost of their capital).


Question: how did the WSB GME short work and how did people earn money on it?

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 how did the WSB GME short work and how did people earn money on it?

Shorting a stock basically means you are making a big bet that the price of a stock will go down. Basically, you borrow some stock, sell it right away and hope you can buy the stock at a lower price in the future when you have to return the stock to the person you borrowed it from. It's a very risky bet because if the stock's value goes up instead of down, the losses can be huge, much larger than the original amount of money. If the stock triples in value, you lose double your money. When it works, like when a stock collapses, you can make huge amounts like when people shorted stocks just before the 2008 crash.


Question: What's the chemical reaction that makes cream solid when whipping it?

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 What's the chemical reaction that makes cream solid when whipping it?

Cream has a very high fat content. The process of mixing/whipping introduces air and also agitates the fat globules causing them to assemble into chains and aggregates that begin to form around the air bubbles. These aggregates can go on to interact with neighboring air/fat bubbles resulting in a connected fat network that traps the air and appears voluminous and fluffy.


Question: Why erasers work well with normal pencils but not so much with colored pencils?

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 Why erasers work well with normal pencils but not so much with colored pencils?

“Normal” pencils tend to have a nib made of graphite, which actually kind of peels in layers. When you write something in graphite, you’re depositing a superficial “layer” of graphite on the paper. The eraser just rubs off the top layer of the graphite. Many coloured pencils contain wax or other like substances that permeate the surface of the paper and thus are harder, but not imposible to rub off. Tl;dr: “normal” pencils only affect the surface of the paper, coloured pencils seep in deeper. The eraser is more effective on the surface.


Question: how are we able to consciously read while zoning out at the same time?

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 how are we able to consciously read while zoning out at the same time?

Every action you can do is done with the coordination of multiple parts of your brain. Your eyes, in particular, connect to many different parts themselves. To read, you must track the text, interpret the symbols, interpret the words and grammar, consolidate that into meaning, and store that meaning. The part that tracks the text and controls your eye movements involves your muscles in a way that takes very little conscious effort. If you get distracted and that part of your brain doesn't get the order to stop reading, it will just keep going even if the other parts of your brain get interrupted. Every part of your brain can only do one task at a time. Each part can do a different task, but they have to work together for complex tasks.


Question: How is a nation’s debt tracked?

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 How is a nation’s debt tracked?

Well every borrower must be matched with a lender. The borrower might like to conveniently forget how much they borrowed but the lender is definitely not going to be of the same mind. Most countries, companies maintain sets of accounts. The most common fundamental approach to accounting is a double entry system. So everyone maintains their records that show how much they borrowed, lent, paid, received, imported and exported etc etc. Although this is a lot of information, it is possible to track debts, expenses, income etc fairly accurately.


Question: Why do people who jump from high heights in 12inchs of water on the belly dont have any injuries ?

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 Why do people who jump from high heights in 12inchs of water on the belly dont have any injuries ?

There’s a comment, third thread down on your example that explains it pretty well: > A lot of his kinetic energy gets dissipated in water displacement, that's why he falls so flat, to increase contact surface and thus water displacement. The rest is done by the crash mat under the pool, hidden by the snow. > It'll hurt like hell but when done right doesn't cause serious injury.


Question: Why does horseradish burn your sinuses? Like why your sinuses and nothing else, and why does the feeling shoot up your sinuses like that?

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 Why does horseradish burn your sinuses? Like why your sinuses and nothing else, and why does the feeling shoot up your sinuses like that?

It's got stuff in it that irritates the mucus membrane. A biological defense mechanism that stops animals eating the plant. Instead of just smelling bad, it smells painful. "The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes." URL_0


Question: Why is the American credit system such a mess?

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 Why is the American credit system such a mess?

Well, the reason these people are committing identity theft is *because* there are already a whole lot of things in place to verify people's identities and confirm who they are -- those parents and siblings have already messed up their credit to the point that they, using their own identities, cannot get credit. A lot of American financial rules put a lot of weight on people, not the institutions, to manage their own credit -- the whole "check your credit report every year!" is all about individuals watching out for bank fraud that affects them. Banks don't have an equal level of incentive to prevent fraud, because from the bank's point of view the cost of a little fraud isn't worth the extra work to prevent that fraud in the first place, especially when the system gets individuals to do the bank's work for them. So, the amount of fraud in the US fits the capitalistic: "what's the cost vs benefit" calculation. Most people never have their identity stolen, banks aren't losing money hand over fist through identity fraud, so it has only been fixed as far as it took to get it to this point.


Question: How (if at all) does the external environment affect what "baby sounds" a child will make before their first words?

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 How (if at all) does the external environment affect what "baby sounds" a child will make before their first words?

Babies come out able to make any sounds, of course, but they start to figure out which sounds are important for the speech of their particular language pretty quickly. They start to respond to the sounds of language differently within a few weeks. When they start to babble they makes all kinds of sounds. When they make speech sounds, the parent responds differently than they do to random non-speech sounds. These mechanisms reinforce specific sounds as bring important, and as the infant develops, their knowledge of sounds and communicating becomes their phonology. Phonology is the rules of a language for how sounds are used in spoken language. That's also where accents comes from.


Question: Why were scientists in the late 1800's suddenly able to isolate and identify a large number of certain compounds and drugs?

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 Why were scientists in the late 1800's suddenly able to isolate and identify a large number of certain compounds and drugs?

Industrialization. The primary limit on scientists isn't really their imagination so much as the instruments they have to collect, process and verify information about the natural world. The revolution of the 1800s was the rise of easily accessible, high-precision instruments and tools. Being able to apply consistent and predictable heat, being able to precisely measure mass, etc. - these allowed scientists to examine the world in ways they could not previously.


Question: What role does GABA have with regards to things like anxiety and depression, and what effect do benzodiazepines have with regards to GABA?

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 What role does GABA have with regards to things like anxiety and depression, and what effect do benzodiazepines have with regards to GABA?

GABA is the principal neurotransmitter responsible of tuning your brain activity down, which makes is effective at reducing anxiety and such in high levels. Benzos are a category of molecules that « helps » GABA at doing what it does, basically by making GABA latch more easily onto it’s receptor which leads to amplified effects for the same amount of GABA.


Question: What does it mean when the FAA downgrades Mexico's aviation safety rating ?

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 What does it mean when the FAA downgrades Mexico's aviation safety rating ?

The statement from the FAA is that Mexico's aviation association (AFAC) didn't meet the standards set by the UN in the last inspection. The concerns were about the regulations and enforcement of those regulations being insufficient, not a specific problem with plane safety. There is an unofficial statement that it was related to insufficient number of inspectors and insufficient protections against from "political interference". (see [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) ) What it means practically speaking is that there are new limitations on flights between Mexico and the US: 1. **No new routes or services can be added.** So if a Mexican airline has two daily flights, one at 8am and one at noon from New York to Mexico City, those can stay, but they can't add another one at 10:30am if they don't already have one, and they can't add any flights to Cancun if they don't have them. 1. Routes mean from one city to another, e.g., from LA to Cancun 2. Services means flights within a day (I believe it means a specific time too, e.g., the 7am service to Mexico City) 2. Tickets on Mexican airlines can **no longer be booked under the name of a US airline**. Sometimes when you buy a flight through one company (like Delta, a US airline), you are actually booking a flight on another company's plane (like Aeromexico). 1. This is referred to as "code-sharing" 2. Delta and Frontier both have a code-sharing agreement with a Mexican airline (Aeromexico with Delta, Volaris with Frontier) 3. When airlines have the same safety rating, this is allowed. Now that they do not, the US will not allow US airlines to sell tickets with their own airline's name on it if part or all of the flight is operated by the Mexican airline 3. **Flights already purchased will be mostly unaffected;** potentially some tickets (those booked via code-sharing) will be reissued under the Mexican airline operating the flight instead 4. You can **continue to book tickets on existing routes and services** on Mexican airlines from the US Other countries in Category 2 (below the Category 1 ranking) include Bangladesh, Curaçao, Ghana, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, Venezuela and parts of the Caribbean. Most countries with international flights are Category 1 (the highest ranking). There are only two Categories. This has happened before (in 2010) and Mexico's Category 1 ranking was restored 4 months later after adjustments were made.


Question: Why is a negative number an integer?

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 Why is a negative number an integer?

It sounds like you're confusing whole numbers and integers. A whole number is all positive numbers without a fractional component and zero, like 0,1,2,3... (and there's technically another subset called natural numbers that don't include zero), while an integer includes all whole numbers and their opposites (read: throw a minus sign in front of each number)


Question: Is it possible to learn a second language without using your first language as reference?

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 Is it possible to learn a second language without using your first language as reference?

Yes. The Rosetta stone, the object not the software, is how we were able to translate quite a few Egyptian hieroglyphics to english by going to Greek first. If you do not share a common secondary language you would learn it the same way a person learns to speak their first language, by immersion.


Question: How do people work out the odds for betting? Like I get who is the favourite but how do they decide between 3/1 or 4/1 or even those odds to start with?

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 How do people work out the odds for betting? Like I get who is the favourite but how do they decide between 3/1 or 4/1 or even those odds to start with?

The idea for the “house” is to try to set a betting line that will even out the betting. So they are not saying Team A has a certain chance to win, they are telling you how much you have to bet to get a certain payout IF you make the right choice. So lets say Mike Tyson in his prime is fighting Glass Joe. Vegas would think Tyson to be a HEAVY favorite so they want to make bettor risk ALOT to win a little on Tyson. So they would say his odds are 1/10 meaning you have to RISK $10 just to win $1. So Tyson will probably win, but if he doesnt you are in trouble because you had to risk so much. Now his opponent stinks so why would anybody bet on him? Because his odds would be like 25/1 so the bettor risks just $1 and if they get lucky.... they win $25. A lot of bettors will throw down a few bucks on those long odds which adds up and balances the betting sheets. There is also Money Line. Which shows the favorite as a negative and the dog as a positive So Tyson might be -1000. ( which means you have to RISK $1000 just to win $100). And our friend Glass Joe would be +2500 so you have to RISK $100 and you win $2500 if your longshot comes in. So once the lines are set, they move up and down based on who is betting for whom in order to try to entice people to bet evenly.... So if Glass Joe suddenly gets hundreds of thousands of dollars of bets.... the bookie says... “ maybe that line was too generous” and moves the line to make it earn less if Joe wins and more if Tyson wins. The bookies just want the money split to be as even as possible


Question: How does Canadian pension work?

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 How does Canadian pension work?

As someone else said, there are a few different types of pensions in Canada. I will stick to explaining CPP, since that is what you are currently dealing with. Your CPP deductions goes to the government into a separate fund it holds, and your employer is required by law to match that contribution. It is about 5.25% of your pay, although that changes from year to year based on inflation and other government announcements. For 2020, the maximum amount you can contribute is $2,898. Once you reach that in a calendar year, no further CPP will be deducted. When you retire, you will get a CPP pension. The amount you can receive varies on a few factors (described below). The maximum currently is just -about $1,175/month. This also increases every year with inflation. You are young, so by the time you retire this amount will likely be higher. When you retire the government calculates how much CPP you will receive by weighing different factors such as: - Your average earnings throughout your working life; - How much you contributed to CPP over the years; - How long you contributed. The more and the longer you contributed, the more likely you are to receive a higher amount when you retire.


Question: In the U.S., what exactly does deploying the National Guard mean?

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 In the U.S., what exactly does deploying the National Guard mean?

Think of the National Guard as the state's military, whereas the five branches of the armed forces are the federal government's military. In the USA, the USA military is expressly forbidden to operate in a law enforcement role within the USA (excluding certain exceptions like the Insurrection Act), and general law keeping is relegated to Police within each state akin to many other countries. When shit hits the fan, like civil unrest, large natural disasters (ex: Hurricane Katrina) or man made disaster occurs, and the emergency services of a particular state is stretched too thin, the Governor will mobilize the National Guard. The National Guard's role during these times is to act as a support to Law Enforcement and Order (either with directly enforcing laws alongside police, or other minor duties like guard duty, traffic redirection or anything else to maintain order in chaotic times). During Katrina, the National Guard assisted with many different tasks such as medical assistance, search and rescue and evacuation. If the National Guard is mobilized for any reason inside a state, it usually means the Governor(think: 'State President') believes their respective state is experiencing a dangerous event, disaster or unrest that justifies the extra assistance and order the guard provides. It isn't the same as Martial Law, as the guard is there to ensure order, safety and civillian protection are ensured during whatever trials are going down. TLDR: Deploying National Guard means the state is experiencing a tribulation (disaster, unrest, insurrection) and the NG is there to maintain order and safety during times of unease and danger.


Question: How does gravity affect sound?

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 How does gravity affect sound?

Different atmospheric pressures affect the way sound is produced and the speed it travels (higher speeds in denser atmospheres), but gravity doesn't particularly directly affect sound. The only exception I can think of would be exceptionally strong gravity gradients (think star / possibly neutron star) to the point where the atmospheric layers became close enough together to influence sound propogation. I suspect you could essentially get waveguide-like conditions on neutron stars so sound behaves as if 2D, so it wouldn't decay as quickly, it'd propogate further etc. Combine with something producing incredibly loud noises like star quakes from magnetic realignment and they'll ring like a bell.


Question: Why does the genre "cyberpunk" have a huge Asian influence?

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 Why does the genre "cyberpunk" have a huge Asian influence?

In the 80s, when the cyberpunk genre was started, Japan was in the middle of a huge economic boom. Japan as looking like a massive powerhouse, especially their tech sector. All the coolest new technology was from Japan. Japan, as well as other parts of Asia, such as Hong Kong, were becoming extremely urbanized, with hyper-urbanized places like Kowloon Walled City. As high-tech cities became a most prominent settings in the cyberpunk genre, Asian influences fit right in. Additionally, Japan produced lots of influential cyberpunk media as well that helped shape the genre.


Question: I've been told temperature can affect weight, but not significantly. What is the science behind this occurrence?

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 I've been told temperature can affect weight, but not significantly. What is the science behind this occurrence?

The popular conception is that an object's mass is related strictly to the matter that it contains, but it's actually matter-energy. So if you have two objects that contain the same amount of matter but one is holding more energy, the more energetic object actually has more mass (and thus weighs more in a gravitational field). The difference between the two is so vanishingly small, though, that it's negligible for pretty much any real-world purpose. Temperature--or, more accurately, heat--is energy, and so an object at a higher temperature is more massive than an object at a lower temperature with the same amount of matter. Why? Because physics is weird. I'm still trying to understand this stuff myself.


Question: What are the economics/business structure that make the airline industry so fragile (bankruptcies, bail outs, etc)?

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 What are the economics/business structure that make the airline industry so fragile (bankruptcies, bail outs, etc)?

There’s a couple of things. First, the airline industry requires a lot of debt to operate. An airline purchases an airplane (or fleet of airplanes) and then sells tickets over 10 or 20 years to make money. But the manufacturer won’t wait 10-20 years to get paid. So from day 1, the airliner is starting in the hole and working on climbing out. Secondly, they are not very nimble. Airplanes are big and expensive to make. You can’t just flip a switch to turn the factory lines on and off. They need to make these purchasing decisions with decades long horizons. Likewise, they can’t just take off and land whenever they want; the sky’s are full of planes and they operate under strict flight patterns. This is all to say that airlines cant just make quick decisions or turn on a dime. If economic conditions deteriorate (like they currently on) there’s only so much airlines can do. They’re stuck in the position they are in with little ability to pivot. Finally, airlines operate as a commodity. There isn’t a big difference between Delta, American, United, etc. They compete heavily on price. This means that even though it seems like airlines nickel and dime their customers, the reality is they operate on very thin profit margins. So when you put these three together - a capital/debt intensive business, a lack of flexibility in operation, and small profit margins, it doesn’t take much to upend their business.


Question: What would happen if you remove all the other planets from our Solar System and kept only Earth, Moon and Sun in it? Will Earth survive?

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 What would happen if you remove all the other planets from our Solar System and kept only Earth, Moon and Sun in it? Will Earth survive?

Gravity has an infinite reach, but the gravitational force experienced on Earth by the other planets is extraordinarily small. If we removed the other planets, Earth and the Moon would continue their orbits virtually unchanged. However, it's believed the gas giants play an important role in the survival of smaller planets like Earth because they act as vacuum cleaners, drawing in debris that would otherwise strike Earth. Without these giants, the Earth might still survive, but it would be in much more peril.


Question: How do buttons on electronic devices have more than one function based on how long you press them for?

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 How do buttons on electronic devices have more than one function based on how long you press them for?

When you depress the button, it allows electricity to flow through a gap, like turning on a faucet. Another circuit measures how long that electricity flows for. When you lift your finger, the flow of electricity turns off, and an action is performed depending on how long the electicity was flowing.. Sometimes there is also a time limit; once 5 seconds is reached, your iMac turns off regardless of whether you lifted your finger or not.


Question: Can a child be conditioned to think insects are the cutest thing ever and be instinctively afraid of kittens?

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 Can a child be conditioned to think insects are the cutest thing ever and be instinctively afraid of kittens?

When studying ethics in psychology at uni I read about "Little Albert". The short answer to your question is yes, a child can learn a phobia of something not usually thought of as phobia-material. URL_0 In short, they used the techniques of Pavlov with classical and operant conditioning, only Pavlov famously used it on dogs with food. He rang a bell when feeding the dogs so they connected food with the sound of the bell and later they started expecting food as soon as the bell was rung. Watson and Rayner did the same thing but with a child and fear. It's a good read and very scary thinking about what the lack of clear ethics codes will give.


Question: . How are surgeons able to perform such long surgeries without getting sloppy as they get tired?

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 . How are surgeons able to perform such long surgeries without getting sloppy as they get tired?

Extreme conditioning and practice. There’s also the value of the work itself, in that if you’re operating on a heart your attention will be hyper focused as you know one mistake can mean death. There’s a reason doctors and surgeons go through years and years of schooling after their bachelors to become doctors.


Question: Why do some screens' colors get distorted when viewed from extreme angles?

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 Why do some screens' colors get distorted when viewed from extreme angles?

The crystals in some types of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD for short) are carefully aligned in a way that's the best from viewing from the front. That's the "TN" type. If you're viewing from an angle, the light isn't shaped in the way that it should be, and that causes the distortion. There are more modern display types that do not suffer from this issue. EDIT: I suppose I might also add that the crystals are there to act as colored filters. Essentially, the backlight passes through them to get the colors that it actually has to display. The way the crystals do it differs between panels. The way they work in TN makes it suffer the worst from the distortion as a side effect, VA is an improvement, and IPS offers the best viewing angles. Though it is important to consider all other aspects of various panels when purchasing one, not just the viewing angles.


Question: How come two great tastes don’t always taste great together?

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 How come two great tastes don’t always taste great together?

Because the experience of flavor is a combination of the total flavor profile of a food as well as the scent, texture, and presentation. And some flavors don't compliment eachother well, some textures don't go well with certain dishes, some smells don't mesh, etc etc. Just like you like spending time with your grandma playing cribbage every once in a while, and also like having sex with your girlfriend, but you (hopefully) would never want to combine these things.


Question: how do we know dating something is accurate? If the materiales from which something is made are millions of years old, what difference does it make once it’s made into something?

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 how do we know dating something is accurate? If the materiales from which something is made are millions of years old, what difference does it make once it’s made into something?

The radioactive isotopes that are checked for with radiometric dating exist naturally in the world. The acts of molten rock churning in the Earth, or the waters mixing in the oceans, or animals eating plants, and even breathing, all increase the amounts of the isotopes found within the body. Once the thing is no longer moving, eating, or breathing, it is no longer adding the radioactive isotope into itself, and it begins to decay. The most common form of radiometric dating is carbon dating, which is most useful for recent (within a few tens of thousands of years) artifacts made of living material, like cloth or pottery. That carbon isotope is generated by sunlight, which replenishes the amount found on the planet.


Question: Why do our eyebrows and eyelashes stop growing after a certain length?

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 Why do our eyebrows and eyelashes stop growing after a certain length?

Hair has different cycles. It grows for a certain amount of time before falling out and starting fresh. For eyelashes, the cycle is much shorter (a few weeks) whereas eyebrows grow more slowly and have a cycle closer to two months. The hair on your head has a cycle of several years, allowing it to grow much longer. Some people have longer arm or leg hair because they have a faster speed of growth or a longer cycle. Look it up, it’s really interesting Edit; also, the other comment here is factually incorrect. Hair doesn’t fall out when it “becomes too heavy”


Question: What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

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 What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

People often confuse spoilers and wings which both are aerodynamic devices on cars to improve performance. But they have very different ways of working. A spoiler is designed to direct air into the void that forms behind the car. By directing air into this void the pressure behind the car increases and the car is not getting sucked back as much. This makes sure the aerodynamic drag of the car is as small as possible. In general cars that is designed to be fuel efficient or be fast in a streight line would have a spoiler to reduce the air resistance. However cars designed to navigate corners at high speed will have a similar looking but very different wing instead. Unlike spoilers a wing will increase drag but will push the car down into the ground improving traction.


Question: How does a company just “shut off the internet” within its borders?

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 How does a company just “shut off the internet” within its borders?

A country you mean? Into and out of every country there are surprisingly only a few high bandwidth fiber optic cables. These are used for everything: phone, cell/wireless, internet data you name it (everything gets converted to IP packet switched behind the scenes nowadays anyway). These lines and the junction point/switches and routers where they break out into smaller connections to go the last mile to your house or work are consolidated in one or two data centers at the telcos in your country. Not only that, but usually just one or two telcos actually went and laid the cables, the others in your country just lease bandwidth from those. So when President Junta decides to cut off Facebook because the Rebels posted a picture of him having sexual relations with a burro, the head of the police just has to call one or two telcos and say "Cut off the internet or we cut off your head."... from there, the folks in the network operations center really just have to click a few clicks to disable the links with the outside world. Example: this is the [worldwide submarine cable map.]( URL_0 ) These are the fiber optic cables that run along the sea floor and connect countries via the oceans. Zoom in - quite a few countries are only connected to one, or two of these massive internet backbone/telecommunications cables. Literally if you were to know where to look, there'd be a thickly sheilded cable running up out of the ocean and up the beach to a little shack with a bunch of network gear in it (its a little more complicated than that, but not by much.)... There are terrestrial and satellite links too, but the principal is the same: its expensive to set these international internet/telecom cables up, so they're done surprisingly infrequently. Thanks to the wonder of switched internet packet protocols, if one link goes down (some idiot with a back-hoe), traffic will re-route to another available connection, but its always possible to disconnect an entire country's set of internet connections. edit: and by disable links, usually nothing gets unplugged. All you have to do is disable the routing protocols that allow data traffic to flow in/out of the country.


Question: Is clímate change local to sources of pollution? If every source of air pollution (cars, factories, etc.) in the world was moved to one single city, would there still be global environmental effects? Or would only the area around said city be affected?

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 Is clímate change local to sources of pollution? If every source of air pollution (cars, factories, etc.) in the world was moved to one single city, would there still be global environmental effects? Or would only the area around said city be affected?

The short answer is no. Smog is local, and the reason China (major industry) has horrible air quality and why you can’t see the Hollywood sign in LA on some days. But, man-made climate change is “theorized” to be (IS) created by greenhouse gasses affecting the global climate and thus having global affects.


Question: How does the US National Guard deploy? I always understood it to be made up of a group of people basically on call that then report to their base in your city and then go out from there. Am I wrong?

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 How does the US National Guard deploy? I always understood it to be made up of a group of people basically on call that then report to their base in your city and then go out from there. Am I wrong?

There are national guard bases/armories which serve as training centers when the guard unit is not active. The Federal government can, at times, call upon national guard units to serve as federal military forces (eg, deployment to Iraq) or as humanitarian relief (eg, hurricane relief/rescue). On these occasions, guard personnel will go to their bases for refresher training (if needed) and to get their equipment prior to deployment. State governors can similarly deploy national guard as additional policing in cases where local law enforcement is incapable of maintaining order. The same general process as above is used; they go to the base, get their equipment, then move out to wherever they are ordered.


Question: How do creators of free apps/websites make money?

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 How do creators of free apps/websites make money?

Most likely they are either selling ad space in their app, companies pay for the advertisement, or they collect data about you and sell it on to companies that use it for marketing. As an example, you play a game on your phone, all of a sudden you start seeing ads about similar games here and there. Or you are using a shopping app to look for baby clothes, all of a sudden a lot of sites are showing you baby-related products. There are other reasons companies might want data on your shopping habits or what products you enjoy, for instance marketers might use it to gain insight into who the demographic is using a particular service or product in order to tailor a product more towards that group to get an edge over the competition. Remember: if you are using something for free, you are probably the product.