Question: How do bullets go out of the barrel without destroying the gun?

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 How do bullets go out of the barrel without destroying the gun?

Something nobody has mentioned yet is that bullets are generally made of a much softer metal than the barrel. The barrel is steel (very hard), and the bullet is lead, which is extremely soft. It may be jacketed with a copper alloy, but those are also much softer than steel. A soft metal has a lot of trouble damaging a much harder one. (Steel-jacketed bullets exist for special purposes, but they're rare exactly because they wear out the barrel quickly.)


Question: Are all plants fermentable? Why can rye be distilled into drinkable alcohol, but a bell pepper can not?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Are all plants fermentable? Why can rye be distilled into drinkable alcohol, but a bell pepper can not?

Fermentation is the process of converting carbohydrates (usually simple carbs) into other substances such as ethanol (drinking alcohol) through means of a fungus (yeast) or bacteria. You absolutely can ferment a bell pepper... There's just not that much fermentable sugars in a bell pepper as compared to other carb-heavy fruits or grains (most of which usually get converted from complex to simple carbohydrates first)


Question: Why are the life spans of different animals so varied (how do some live to be so old?)

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 Why are the life spans of different animals so varied (how do some live to be so old?)

Short lifespans are beneficial for the survival of a species as it allows that species to adapt through evolution much more quickly than a longer lived species. Longer lifespans can be beneficial in other ways, for survival strategies that require the extra time such as growing a large, multi-cellular body rather than just be a single-celled microbe, or adapting by learning through intelligence and passing on those learned adaptations through communication.


Question: How do German taxi drivers afford luxury cars, like Mercedes and Audis?

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 How do German taxi drivers afford luxury cars, like Mercedes and Audis?

They are a lot cheaper when you don’t have to ship them halfway across the world. A lot of US military personal also buy them when they get stationed over there because they are so cheap, and also the military will pay to have them shipped back here when they switch duty stations.


Question: why are wrecks so mesmerizing for drivers to look at?

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 why are wrecks so mesmerizing for drivers to look at?

I don't think it is a sense of pleasure, but more an intense curiosity. Seeing the level of damage caused is very relatable to a driver, because we could all be in an accident. And then there are other reasons to slow down - to reduce risk from running over debris, to avoid sending high speed pebbles/stones at anyone involved in rescue work, or even to see if assistance is needed.


Question: How do the time zones work?

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 How do the time zones work?

It's an effort to standardize time across the globe. This youtube video goes over it -- > URL_0 To address the jumping days part, yes and no, time will be consistent for you however the localized time will be contrary to your circadian rhythms which can throw you off. If you're on a plane for 12 hours you still have experienced 12 hours when you land though the localized time when you land could be before you would have woken up but will still be the next day. If that makes sense.


Question: Why is the same exact text message sometimes received twice when only sent once?

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 Why is the same exact text message sometimes received twice when only sent once?

Phone: Please send this message and let me know that it's sent. Provider: I got the messag- a... it... ...ved. Phone: It's not properly sent? Let me send it again. Provider: It has been received! I got the message and it has been received! Phone: Two confirmations? I only care about one of them. Message sent. If there's disruptions in service, your phone will try to send the message again, causing a double transmission if both get through.


Question: Why is share price of Mask-makers like Honeywell ($HON) and 3M ($MMM) falling despite the dramatic increase in demand ?

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 Why is share price of Mask-makers like Honeywell ($HON) and 3M ($MMM) falling despite the dramatic increase in demand ?

Because masks only make up a pretty small portion of what they do and they're not a huge money maker. It's like if you had an Etsy shop as a side gig that made homemade clothes and you started making reusable cloth masks. Demand is definitely there, but say you could only make 20 a day and sell them for a net profit of $10—it wouldn't make up for the fact that you'd been laid off from your $50,000 a year job due to coronavirus.


Question: How and why people develop irrational fears and phobias?

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 How and why people develop irrational fears and phobias?

Phobias are the typical example of the manner in which the brain exhibits a One Time Learning or a Single Type Generalisation. Usually, it takes a minimum of 3 experiences to generalise for the brain to learn. Fear is something which is essential for survival. Fear protects us. However, with fear, the brain responds contextually. For example, if you burn your hand by touching a hot stove, the next time you're going to be careful about it. This is because your brain learns that a hot stove is going to burn you. At the same time your brain also knows that it is safe to go near a stove as long as you don't touch it. Further, your brain may also learn that it is also safe to test touching the stove really quickly, to check whether it is hot or not - and if it is not hot, then it's perfectly safe to touch the stove. Now, if your brain has an overwhelmingly strong response to the first time you touch a hot stove - either because you burnt yourself so extremely badly that you had to undergo tremendous trauma and stress or because you were punished by someone so severely that you underwent extreme trauma or stress, the chances are that in future, every time you see a stove your brain begins to undergo the same trauma and stress, resulting in a phobia. Your brain is no longer in a position to contextualize the learning. In extreme phobic cases, just looking at a photo of the stove may result in the phobic response.


Question: Why are so many archeological discoveries found buried under ground? I just read a post about obstacles with expanding the subways in Rome due to finding ruins, and I understand finds buried like Pompeii. How do these sites get covered over so deeply?

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 Why are so many archeological discoveries found buried under ground? I just read a post about obstacles with expanding the subways in Rome due to finding ruins, and I understand finds buried like Pompeii. How do these sites get covered over so deeply?

If an area sediments at the rate of 1/8th of an inch per year (from dust and wind blown sand, soil, fallen leaves forming mulch, etc.), after a century, it's buried under a foot of new soil. After a thousand years, it's 10 feet deep. Rome was founded more than 2.5 centuries ago and there were settlements in the area that predated the founding of Rome itself. And some parts of the world will sediment at far higher rates, at least from time to time.


Question: If fruit juice is highly acidic, and the acid in citrus fruits (citric acid) is used as a preservative, why does freshly-squeezed citrus juice only last a couple of days in the fridge?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fruit juice is highly acidic, and the acid in citrus fruits (citric acid) is used as a preservative, why does freshly-squeezed citrus juice only last a couple of days in the fridge?

It's the oxygen present that allows microbes to metabolise the contents of the juice. Citric acid is a useful preservative in food packaged with minimal oxygen, but it's pretty ineffective when there's a good supply of oxygen. That's why things spoil quicker once the packaging has been opened. It's not really to do with introducing microbes, it's to do with introducing fresh air!


Question: Why did most African colonies fail to make a profit and why would Europeans keep them?

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 Why did most African colonies fail to make a profit and why would Europeans keep them?

It’s hard to generate profit when dealing with income from very physically diverse locations. But they provided tactical resources that themselves were worth it (rubber, gold, slaves, etc). And it was a situation that if you didn’t have the land then another power would take it - and as a European nation you’d be worse off. So even if you lost money overall it was a needed investment.


Question: why do alcoholic drinks taste better aged?

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 why do alcoholic drinks taste better aged?

Vodka is not an aged drink. Wine gains flavor from allowing the organic molecules react over time. They form different, more subtle flavors as they age. Whiskey is much more alcoholic, and aging alone doesn't do much. However, they're aged in wood barrels (depends on type of whiskey to determine age and barrel types), and they pull lots of flavor from the wood. They also get their color from the wood; whiskey is naturally clear before aging. Note: Some wines are also barrel-aged, which adds complexity. For other types of alcohols: Gin is not aged. Tequila can be not aged (silver) or various levels of aged (gold, añejo, etc). Rum can be not aged (silver), spiced with various spices, barrel-aged, etc.


Question: How come that Americans can reclaim the VAT after buying something in Europe and not vice versa?

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 How come that Americans can reclaim the VAT after buying something in Europe and not vice versa?

VAT set by the EU regulations is not something that the US has agreed to, nor something that they benefit from as they are for running the EU. As such many of them can be reclaimed by any non-EU citizen, not just US citizens. The US on the other hand has no VAT system. Instead we have a sales tax system that cares about the physical location of the item being sold being within a States borders and does not care one iota the citizenship of the person buying the product.


Question: How does a refrigerator work?

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 How does a refrigerator work?

Expanding gas cools as it expands. First law of thermodynamics. Inside a refrigerator is a reservoir of refrigerant. This is a gas that is compressed into a liquid, as a liquid is a good way of storing a large volume of gas. The system allows the liquid to slowly bleed out of the reservoir. Where it expands rapidly into a gas, cooling as it expands and circulates. Providing refrigeration. At the other end of the system, a compressor sucks in the gas and compresses it back into a liquid in the reservoir. As the system runs the compressor gets hot, and you can get condensation inside the refrigerator. The condensation can be redirected out of the refrigerator to drop onto the hot compressor, where it evaporates.


Question: What is credit card debt?

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 What is credit card debt?

Credit cards are basically banks agreeing to loan you money, pre-approved up to a limit, with the expectation that you will pay them back. If you don't pay them back, in full, by the due date (around one month from when you borrow the money), they charge a fee for the inconvenience (interest). At the same time, as long as you are under the limit and you make a small "good faith" payment every month, you can continue to borrow money. This makes it harder to pay them back in full, and the longer you take to pay back, the more inconvenient it becomes, and the more money you end up paying for it. Banks like this because the fees are where they make their money.


Question: How is that we can explore space and other galaxies but haven’t explored all of our oceans yet?

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 How is that we can explore space and other galaxies but haven’t explored all of our oceans yet?

We have not explored "other galaxies". We have sent one probe to Pluto, it took pictures of one side of that planet (I'm not IAU compliant). We've explored some of all the oceans, mostly the top part. The bottom part is hard to get too and mostly boring. Nobody with the money wants to spend it on boring deeps.


Question: Whats the difference between stock and stock options?

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</answer>
 Whats the difference between stock and stock options?

When you own stock you own shares of the company that issued it. An option is a contractual obligation that lets you purchase a certain number of share of stock of the company at a fixed price (the "strike price") for a certain period of time. For instance, say the stock of your employer's company is trading for $10 a share. They might grant you an option to buy 1,000 shares for $10 a share in the next two years. This gives you an incentive to drive the share price up during the option term. If the price goes to $20 a share you can buy 1,000 shares for $10,000 and receive stock of $20,000, thus locking-in a $10K pre-tax profit. This is a "compensatory" option because it was granted to an employee/service provider in return for services provided. There are also market options called Calls which allow you to purchase shares on the market for a pre-negotiated price. With market options you pay cash for the right to purchase the stock, with the hope that the underlying stock price goes up.


Question: Why do people with arthritis experience worse symptoms when it rains?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people with arthritis experience worse symptoms when it rains?

At standard air pressure, your body is being pressed in on all sides by 6.7kg per square inch. Rain is usually preceded by a drop in air pressure. For the average person, this drop is not an issue - we've had millions of years of experience with it - but if you have inflamed tissue, like you get with arthritis, it is possible that the slight amount of soft-tissue expansion aggravates the nerves in that area... not enough to hurt you if you don't already have pain, but enough to \*increase\* existing pain. The drop in air pressure is usually followed by a drop in temperature. This can cause stiffness, as tissues contract - part of the body's way of regulating temperature; contraction of blood vessels reduces the amount of warm blood being delivered to tissue - and might further aggravate already-inflamed nerves. If those sound like hand-wavingly vague and possibly conflicting reasons, that is because there has been no definite medical correlation between rain and arthritis pain. For every study that finds one possible mechanism, another study finds the opposite. But there have been no large studies... people with arthritis don't get out much if they can help it. Having watched the crippling effects of arthritis with my grandparents, and with an uncle who committed suicide when his arthritis got so bad that he could only walk with two canes or a walker at age 40, I've seen too much to discount the effects. But I also live where it rains a lot, and I've noticed that everyone gets a little crankier when the rain comes, and if they were already cranky to begin with they just get that much worse... it is possible that there are secondary effects that make the whole issue easy for medical researchers to disregard. (Like: "you're depressed and in pain? Let's work on the depression, see if the pain goes away when the depression goes away." But what if the depression never goes away?)


Question: Why are many historical remains of humans and pre-humans found in their homes? Wouldn’t this be massively inconvenient for anyone who lived there?

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 Why are many historical remains of humans and pre-humans found in their homes? Wouldn’t this be massively inconvenient for anyone who lived there?

Many ancient cultures would entomb (parts of) their dead in their own homes in the context of religious ancestor worship. Simply put, they believed the spirits of the deceased would watch over them and their families so long as their remains stay with the family. Mind you, this does not mean the decaying corpse was just left laying around at home. They (or again, parts of them) were typically interred beneath the floor, inside walls, or held inside dedicated shrines.


Question: How do heat sinking missles work?

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 How do heat sinking missles work?

There are sensor(s) on the head/tip of the missile (commonly called the "[seeker]( URL_0 )") are designed to see, analyze, and focus on very specific heat and light signatures of jet engines (or lets just say, "bad guys" because its a lot more complicated than just jet engines). See that glass looking dome? Yeah its in there. There are electronics on board the missile which continually fly the missile towards the location the seeker is telling it to go, primarily where the heat and light is. More recent variants of these missile incorporate extremely robust counter measures as well as multi-mode seekers which allow them additional ways to target the enemy. The specifics of these features are known only in broad strokes, for obvious reasons.


Question: How are "weed killer" sprays able to destroy weeds, without damaging surrounding grass or plants?

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 How are "weed killer" sprays able to destroy weeds, without damaging surrounding grass or plants?

I've searched tha seven seas fer an answer. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How does weed killer destroy weeds and not my grass? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How does weed killer 'know' to kill weeds and leave everything else alone? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:How does a "weed killer" spray kill the weeds but not the grass? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do weed killers like round up decipher between weed roots and plant roots? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_3 comments_)


Question: Why are you more likely to get tan or sunburnt when you go swimming?

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 Why are you more likely to get tan or sunburnt when you go swimming?

What actually gives you sunburn is the UV rays from sunlight. Most glass absorbs most UV rays, so you're much less likely to get sunburned behind glass for example. When you go swimming you're more likely to get sunburned because water reflects UV rays. As a result, you basically get a double dose of UV radiation when you're on the water - the normal amount you would get from being outside and the amount that's being reflected at you from the water.


Question: Why are our bodies so susceptible to tiny amounts of medicine?

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 Why are our bodies so susceptible to tiny amounts of medicine?

ELI5: Because particles are really really really tiny so they can spread out over your body, like how a really small amount of food colouring can make a large glass of water a completely different colour. ELI13: Let's use aspirin for example. A 75mg pill of aspirin contains about 250,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules of aspirin. And then think that there's only about 37,000,000,000,000 cells in the body. This leaves approximately 70,000,000 (70 million) molecules of aspirin for each cell in your body. And aspirin doesn't even work on every single cell, only in cells that can produce other chemicals for it to react with.


Question: How are flavors like Stinky Socks abled to be emulated in Bean Boozled jellybeans?

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 How are flavors like Stinky Socks abled to be emulated in Bean Boozled jellybeans?

Chemical analysis. Scientists wear socks for a few days, put them In a plastic bag so they get real ripe, then run them through a gas comatagraph (i think, not sure thats the right machine), amd use the chemical signature to create the flavor. Or at least so says the podcast 'No Such Thing as a Fish' from URL_0


Question: How/why are borders between countries so specific? What factors come into play when establishing borders?

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 How/why are borders between countries so specific? What factors come into play when establishing borders?

Generally borders are defined by treaty. So countries send negotiating teams to work out exactly where their borders are, and there are very often conflicts. A great many wars have been fought over exactly where the line should be drawn. Whether Alsace is in France or Germany might be the deadliest argument in human history.


Question: Why did the Apollo rockets need to be so big?

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 Why did the Apollo rockets need to be so big?

You can launch a small rocket into orbit with a proportionally small payload, but your payload is always a fixed percentage of the rocket. The mass of the payload and rocket structure vs the mass of the propellants used is called the "payload fraction" of the rocket and is usually 2-4% If you want to lift a 1.4 kg Cubesat into orbit then you can get by with just 70 kg of fuel. If you want to lift a 100 kg satellite you'll need 5,000 kg of fuel. If you want to launch 100,000 kg of Lunar Module, Command module, and fuel to get them to the moon, into orbit then you'll need about 5 million kilograms of fuel The Saturn V had very efficient engines so it was able to achieve a better payload fraction than normal(~4%) and got them to orbit with just 3 million kilograms of fuel so its actually a significantly smaller rocket than would otherwise be needed.


Question: Why when a bike is being used consistently, the tires won't get flat, but when a bike is not being used for the same amount of time, the tires will get flat?

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 Why when a bike is being used consistently, the tires won't get flat, but when a bike is not being used for the same amount of time, the tires will get flat?

It's to do with the way the air gets in. The valve you use to inflate it has a return valve to keep it in. A bike you use has your weight on it so the valve locks tighter because the pressure is higher. An unused bike let's more air escape because the pressure keeping it tight is not enough for a 100% or close to it seal. Tires always deflate through the purous rubber. But the valve is what's connected to the use.


Question: Why do Alphabet Class C shares have any value whatsoever?

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 Why do Alphabet Class C shares have any value whatsoever?

The value of shares mostly does not come from the ability to vote. It mostly comes from the prospect of getting a share of the company's profits. When Alphabet pays a dividend (this hasn't happened yet), it will be distributed regardless of share class. So if the holders of class A and B shares decide to vote themselves a dividend of $1 per share, they also have to pay $1 to every class C shareholder. In addition, Alphabet has repurchased class C shares. This is fundamentally the same as paying a dividend; it is money coming from the company and going to equity holders.


Question: Why do toddlers love to hand you things?

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 Why do toddlers love to hand you things?

The theory is yes, they get a predictable result (Oh THANK YOU!!!) for an easy action. It's very rewarding in a world that isn't very predictable for them yet, especially when they're experimenting and you keep telling them "NO don't climb on that, you'll hurt yourself!" OK, let me try giving them this block... Oh THANK YOU!!!


Question: How do credit cards work and how do you build credit with one?

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 How do credit cards work and how do you build credit with one?

You charge things to the card during the month. At the end of the month the bill comes. There will be a minimum amount due to keep the account in good standing. If you don't pay the full amount, you will be charged interest on the remaining balance. You can pay it off fully and still build credit.


Question: How come when someone tries to open a car door at the same time that someone unlocks the door, it won't open/unlock?

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 How come when someone tries to open a car door at the same time that someone unlocks the door, it won't open/unlock?

Does not happen in modern cars. There's a latchkey in older cars that, if you tension the door lock wire at the wrong time, will cause it to go flaccid - which will result in the door lock not opening. So you press the lock button, it tenses an actual wire, and if the door handle is opened at that exact moment it can't pull any tenser, so it does not unlock. Modern cars have circuitry to prevent that situation.


Question: How does US healthcare system work and why is any service so pricey?

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 How does US healthcare system work and why is any service so pricey?

The US healthcare system is primarily made up of private providers (doctors, hospitals, etc.) and private insurers. The main idea is that you purchase health insurance with a monthly payment, and if you ever need healthcare, your insurance company will pay for some or all of it. That's not an obviously bad system. Lots of things, like car maintenance, are handled in essentially the same way. However, there are reasons why it produces sub-optimal results when we're talking about maintaining people and not just cars. Some of these are inherent to healthcare: \-Time is often crucial in medical emergencies, and it can sometimes lead to people getting treatment that their insurance company has said it would not cover. When this happens, the patient can be stuck with the bill. \-It's possible to spend incredible amounts of money in the attempt to stave off death. Insurance companies try to limit this kind of behavior (or else they would have to charge *a lot* more for coverage), but there will always be grey area, especially with new procedures, and insurance companies will ultimately deny some healthcare that could have been life-saving. Some of the problems are unique to how the US had implemented its system: \-Many people get health insurance as a benefit from their employer. This is because employers are often able to bargain with health insurers for better rates, but it's also for historical reasons. Recent policy changes have alleviated this a bit, but it's still the case that people who quit or lose their job may also lose access to health insurance with no good alternative to purchase as an individual. This can also obscure just how much people are paying for their health insurance, because a lot of it is paid by their employer. With a different system, these people would get higher salaries, but how much higher? \-Prices for healthcare often assume that the patient is insured and hence that the insurance company is on the hook to pay for treatment, no matter the price. This creates all kinds of weird phenomena that you would never see in a typical market, like a single aspirin costing hundreds of dollars. Insurers never actually pay that much, but it's kind of like where the hospital starts their negotiation on price with the expectation that the final price will be substantially reduced. Uninsured patients can often dispute these charges too, but for them, $100 for an aspirin can sometimes function as a threat to coerce people who otherwise wouldn't buy health insurance into getting it on the off-chance they do need a simple procedure. Many have argued that some of the coordination problems in US healthcare would be handily solved by turning a lot of it over to the government. After all, if employer-provided health insurance works because it can be purchased in bulk, the government can do even better! That said, some of the issues with healthcare won't go away no matter how you provide it. There will always be a tradeoff between cost (either in health insurance payments or taxes to the government) and quality of care. No reorganization will ensure that everyone can get all the top-quality healthcare they could ever want, when they want it. Rhetoric around this in the US often focuses tightly on the fundamental tradeoffs in the system (or in alternative systems) rather than whether we could obtain some benefit from re-organizing.


Question: why is it ok to shake spray deodorant but no canned air?

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 why is it ok to shake spray deodorant but no canned air?

Normal aerosol cans contain both the desired product (deodorant, paint, etc.) and a pressurised gas that acts as a propellant. If you let the cans sit for a while, these two things will separate out, and if you press the nozzle you'll just get a blast of mostly propellant. You have to shake these cans to mix them together so that when you spray, you get the desired product too. Canned air is different. A can of compressed air contains a gas in both a liquid and vapour form (but mostly liquid). This gas is under pressure, and when you press the nozzle, it forces its own vapours out of the can. Because there's no separate propellant, there's no need to shake, and in fact, if you shake the can, you risk getting some of the liquid form into the nozzle instead of the vapour form, and if you spray out the liquid it can cause serious injury via frostbite.


Question: Why do fish have flesh that is layered and flaky whereas land animals such as cows and chickens have stringy flesh that only goes in one direction?

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 Why do fish have flesh that is layered and flaky whereas land animals such as cows and chickens have stringy flesh that only goes in one direction?

The answer is in how fish have their muscle fibers arranged. Our muscles and the muscles of other terrestrial vertebrates are arranged in long bundles. Fish muscles are short and are arranged in layers called myomeres. These myomeres are separated from each other by sheets of connective tissue that's mostly collagen. This layering of thin sheets of muscle is what causes fish to be flaky. Fish muscle also has much lower amounts of collagen than the muscles of land animals. Collagen is a major component of skeletal muscle, making up much of the connective tissue. Land animals average about 15 & #37; collagen, whereas fish only averages around 3 & #37;. This collagen breaks down more easily and turns to a gelatin-like substance, making for a much softer texture when eaten. Different fish have different amounts of collagen, which is why some fish, like tuna, is more dense and "meaty", while a fish like cod is much more flaky and delicate.


Question: How do radio antennas work?

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</answer>
 How do radio antennas work?

Antennas are an interesting exception to the "it has to be a closed circuit" rule. Radio waves are oscillations in the electric field(*). The field pushes electrons back and forth inside the antenna. If electrons are being pushed toward the tip of the antenna, without a closed circuit, they can't keep going that way, but they can pile up at the tip briefly. But then the electric field reverses direction and pushes them back. And back and forth and so on. Think about it like a bathtub. You can't make water flow continuously from one end of the bathtub to the other without pipes to close the loop, like one of those "endless swimming pools". But you can make the water in the bathtub slosh back and forth, piling up briefly on each side. The other end of the antenna is connected to the rest of the circuit, so the "sloshing" electrons create an alternating current there. These currents are *tiny*, so you need an amplifier to make them strong enough to use. (*) magnetic field too, but nevermind that.


Question: Can I safely get rid of mouldy food by burying it?

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 Can I safely get rid of mouldy food by burying it?

Yes... but you can also just throw it in the trash. Try not to eat it but other than that you don’t really need to go all out. Also, letting the container sit in some boiling water and bleach will sterilize it if you don’t actually want to throw it way.


Question: Why are some bodies of water (lakes, parts of rivers, sections of the ocean) strikingly blue when water is normally clear?

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 Why are some bodies of water (lakes, parts of rivers, sections of the ocean) strikingly blue when water is normally clear?

The minerals in different bodies of water vary and also the blue tint varies with the amount, imagine you’ve got a clear sheet of plastic with a 1% blue tint so it looks clear until you put it against a white tile or something. Now imagine you’ve got 100 of those sheets and if you stack them together and look through everything seems far more blue because you’ve got the added tint of 100 sheets. You may argue that the clearness should add up too but the addition of colour changes the appearance whereas the lack of colour does not. This make any sense at all..?


Question: Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

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 Cutting disks are so brittle they can be broken by hand, yet when they are spinning fast enough they can cut through steel. How is this possible?

Cutting disks are made out of ceramic materials. Bricks are a type of ceramic material as well. Ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension. As an example, you could put a lot of weight on top of a brick, like other the other bricks above it in a brick building, and it won't crush. But you can tap a hammer on a brick pretty easily and crack it. The type and direction of force matters. When a cutting wheel is spinning and cutting, the force on the wheel is a compressive force, which is how it is strong. But if you bend a cutting wheel, it's in tension, where it is weak.


Question: Why is it that the wooden tray we use to cook pizza with doesn’t burn inside the oven?

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 Why is it that the wooden tray we use to cook pizza with doesn’t burn inside the oven?

You don't cook pizza on wood. You either cook them on a pizza stone or you cook them on a pan. You move the pizza about with a large wooden paddle in some forms of cooking and it does not burn because it is not in the oven long enough to catch fire.


Question: Why does wool keep you warm when it’s wet but cotton doesn’t?

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 Why does wool keep you warm when it’s wet but cotton doesn’t?

The shape of wool fibrils creates air pockets in the large- scale structure of the fabric even when the fibers are wet. And the structure of the fibers allows for then to get wet, but the moisture is wicked to the center of each fiber, so the surface stays drier than the equivalent area of a cotton fiber. These pockets provide insulation and are absent in wet cotton.


Question: When we drink more fluids than we need, the body simply excretes it, but extra food is stored. Why isn't the excess passed like fluids?

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 When we drink more fluids than we need, the body simply excretes it, but extra food is stored. Why isn't the excess passed like fluids?

Fluids that contain calories *are* stored as excess energy, i.e. body fat. Water is excreted because it contains no calories, but something like, milk or soda would compromise your body composition should you drink too much of it. Heck, you always hear that too much beer can make you fat, well its true. If some smart cookie could explain how water contains no calories, that would be interesting...


Question: How do you lose memories when you get older?

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 How do you lose memories when you get older?

The basic ELI5 for this is simple That every time you remember something, you´re not remembering the original memory, but the last time you remembered the memory, so the memory deforms with time. This allows memories to change with time, be forgotten and even distorted with external feedback (see the Mandela effect)


Question: What repels electrons from the nucleus?

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 What repels electrons from the nucleus?

The electron is definitely pulled toward the nucleus, but the closer it gets the faster it moves. The trick is that the electron gets faster *fast enough* that it doesn't really get a chance to interact with the protons in the nucleus. There's a sweet spot a little ways out where it's *much* more likely to be found. That said, the "classical" model of the electron as a little planet isn't really useful anymore. It's better to think of a cloud of where the electron *could be*, which is denser where it's more likely to be. The cloud is very very thin inside the nucleus, and very very dense in a ring around the nucleus — that sweet spot. They're isn't really an "orbit"; the electron just zooms around inside the cloud.


Question: Why does the world economy tank when oil prices goes down? Should it not go up as more people willbe able to travel more, products involving oil, like plastics should become cheaper, so should airtravel, shipping etc. So why does the world economy rumble when oil prices does the same?

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 Why does the world economy tank when oil prices goes down? Should it not go up as more people willbe able to travel more, products involving oil, like plastics should become cheaper, so should airtravel, shipping etc. So why does the world economy rumble when oil prices does the same?

Oil prices rise when economic output is strong. When business aren’t producing as much across the whole world then they don’t need to buy as much oil. That means that the oil that has already been produced doesn’t sell so the price lowers. So a low price for oil is sometimes related to a low demand for oil which is due to shrinking economic activity. It’s a little more complicated because oil isn’t freely traded. A large number of oil producing countries have banded together into a group called OPEC+ which can artificially set oil prices. Russia has recently had a disagreement with the group and has left the group. That made Saudi Arabia, one of the largest oil producers, increase production to extremely high rates in an attempt to flood the market with oil so the price will drop. This is designed to hurt Russia because the Russian economy is essentially little more than production of oil and other raw materials. This is extreme action that is a sign of high tension and instability. Stock markets tend to sell in times of uncertainty or when tensions may risk conflict. In the current situation there are worries that reduced travel and increased numbers of people sick from the COVID19 virus will reduce economic output/demand for oil. So the surplus of cheap oil on the market isn’t as likely to have a stimulatory effect.


Question: What makes a mass poll reputable?

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 What makes a mass poll reputable?

It's a question of which people you poll. There is a population, all the people in the country, and there is statistic that measures their distribution on a question, like who to vote for the leader of government. One way to measure this statistic would be to ask everybody. This has perfect confidence but it costs a lot. Since opinions evolve over time, the perfect confidence of this maximum cost approach is only good for a very short time. To save money, you take a sample of the population, and apply your statistic to them. Typically you want 95% confidence that the measurement of your sample matches the population. You can ask more people, and reduce the uncertainty or decrease the number of people you ask and raise uncertainty. Reputable polls disclose both the sample size (7000) but also the uncertainty (± 3.5%). In addition they choose the sample in an unbiased way. If you choose a random phone number and call it, you don't have a bias in who's opinion you select. If you post a message on a Facebook page and take inputs from people who respond you have three different biases: 1) not everyone in the population uses Facebook; 2) Facebook has algorithms that show your message to people non-uniformly, trying to show your message only to people who are likely to agree with you; and 3) when the responder self-selects to answer your question you don't get an input from people who prefer not to say who they would vote for. Reputable polls disclose their sampling methodology and try hard to use unbiased samples.


Question: Can someone explain why universal healthcare in America is a good economic idea without bias?

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 Can someone explain why universal healthcare in America is a good economic idea without bias?

Completely ignoring any moral arguments, remember that it's the law that emergency rooms must take anyone who walks through their door, no matter their ability to pay. That has a lot to do with the economics of it. The main economic argument in favor of universal healthcare is summed up by that old axiom "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure". It's cheaper to give everyone adequate access to preventive care, than to have millions of people going without any care and then going to the emergency room when they're about to die, due to years of lack of care. Finally, health care is something that *everyone* needs at some time during their life, but *nobody* can predict how much they'll need. That makes it a good candidate for just making it universal.


Question: Why does freshly squeezed orange juice taste so different from orange juice in a carton?

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 Why does freshly squeezed orange juice taste so different from orange juice in a carton?

The process of making mass produced orange juice, no matter the brand or what advertising says, is one im afraid you may not want to know. Basically what it comes down to is large amounts of orange juice is stored in large vats for up to a year or more, which causes it to lose both color and flavor. By the time its ready to be bottled and shipped, it is basically a colorless and flavorless liquid. So, what they do is add "flavor packs" to it to give it the bright orange color, and put flavor back in it. Flavor packs made in a lab. They get away with calling it "all natural" or similar buzzwords because the flavor packets, even though they are made by the same companies that make perfumes, are derived from "natural oranges". Simply put your simply orange isnot so simple, or fresh, as they lead people to believe.


Question: On a harmonica, some "draw" notes can be "bent" to lower notes, while other "draw" notes can't. What makes these notes different?

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 On a harmonica, some "draw" notes can be "bent" to lower notes, while other "draw" notes can't. What makes these notes different?

Notes on the harmonica can be bent to any note between the pitches of the two reeds in the chamber in question. On a standard, richter-tuned 10-hole harp, the lowest 6 holes have draw notes pitched higher than blow notes, so we bend on these holes by drawing notes down. The pattern reverses on holes 7-10, so we bend the blow notes. Again, we can bend to any pitch in between the two reeds in a given chamber. The 6-hole can be bent, but since it has only a half step difference between the two reeds, you can only bend to microtones between the two pitches. The physical mechanics of bending are complex, and, as I understand it, actually involve raising the pitch of the lower reed. Then there are overblows, which involve forcing the opposite reed to resonate (draw reed while blowing), and allow for a full, three-octave chromatic scale.