Question: Why is zero often placed after nine instead of before one?

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 Why is zero often placed after nine instead of before one?

The "natural numbers" are the set of *non-negative* integers (0,1,2,3...). Sometimes people exclude 0 from this set, but that's now sometimes referred to as the "counting numbers," the set of *whole positive* integers (1,2,3,4...). As the name implies, these are the numbers used for counting and ordering things in real life. 0 isn't usually very useful for counting and ordering things in real life, because 0 is a completely abstract concept. However, in our numbering system 0 is used to denote groups that are divisible by ten (10=1 ten, 20=2 tens, 30=3 tens, etc), and as a placeholder for larger numbers like 105 (ten groups of ten plus 5). So you need to have the 0 in order to represent some numbers greater than 9, but usually when you're counting or ordering things you don't start counting at 0, you start counting at 1. So in many contexts, 0 is only useful when dealing with numbers larger than 9.


Question: Why are adult websites so infested with viruses and adware?

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 Why are adult websites so infested with viruses and adware?

Viruses lurk in lots of ads that tempt or trick you into clicking through. Porn is a category like this, where the user isn't thinking clearly and might eagerly click on whatever link promises XXXExactlyYourFetishHD. Your mom clicks anything that looks like a coupon for something she wants. Teenagers download NewSongByBeyonce.exe without realizing it's not an .mp3 file. Children click on anything colorful. Your grandmother clicks the big "DOWNLOAD" button without realizing it's an ad. Everyone is interested in seeing whatever gets them going sexually. Edit: spelling.


Question: Why do we need sunscreen when our ancestors didn't? Did all our ancestors die of skin cancer?

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 Why do we need sunscreen when our ancestors didn't? Did all our ancestors die of skin cancer?

Ancestors that lived in Africa had lots of sun, and didn't need sunscreen because of high melanin levels. Ancestors who lived at higher latitudes (we're talking about youall in Sweden) had clothes to protect them from the sun and lighter skin color. Ancestors that die of skin cancer after they've had children don't matter, from an evolution point of view.


Question: Where does the bond money go after bailing someone out and why do you only need to pay 10%?

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 Where does the bond money go after bailing someone out and why do you only need to pay 10%?

The bondsman pays the bond to the court and once you've made all of your court appearances he gets it back. He charges you the 10% for you borrowing the money until your trial is finished. Bail isn't a "fee" that you never get back, it's just a cash guarantee that you aren't going to run away.


Question: In music, why does the way scales progress sound natural when it's a mixture of half and full "steps"?

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 In music, why does the way scales progress sound natural when it's a mixture of half and full "steps"?

They vibrate in frequencies that are factors of each other. It’s actually fascinating, if you watch the strings of a piano being played with a high-speed camera in slow motion you can see that they’re vibrating in sync with each other when it’s a harmony and they vibrate out of sync with each other during a dissonant chord. Major scales just have the most square math, if that makes any sense at all.


Question: Why do professionals need coaches?

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 Why do professionals need coaches?

At the professional level, it’s always good to have someone keep an eye on your technical skill as a objective eye. But moreso, just because you can execute well doesn’t mean you have the eye to critique or the words/ideas to improve on specific, isolated areas. Teachers aren’t necessarily great performers, and performers aren’t necessarily great teachers. Two very separate, very different skill sets. Mediocre teachers are sometimes fantastic performers, and mediocre performers are sometimes fantastic teachers.


Question: How is blood circulation restored after a limb is reattached?

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 How is blood circulation restored after a limb is reattached?

Surgeons have to stitch the vessels together initially. This is true for organ transplants as well. Eventually, new vessels can grow and take over from ones that may have damaged, and some of the tissues which were damaged due to lack of oxygen will heal or be replaced. But yes, you need to restore major circulation when reattaching a limb or putting in a new organ, otherwise you risk the organ / limb rotting when there isn't enough circulation to keep things alive. Source: in medical school.


Question: Why do deer antlers all look different? How do they grow? What purpose do they have?

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 Why do deer antlers all look different? How do they grow? What purpose do they have?

They grow like normal bone, and are covered by "velvet" until they rub it off to expose the bone. They grow and fall off every year in male deer. There's a lot of genetics and environmental factors behind how they look. Healthy adult deer will have bigger and stronger antlers. And they are used for clashes between males competing to mate with females. They can also be used as a method of protection against predators.


Question: What does it mean if a person has a low centre of gravity?

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 What does it mean if a person has a low centre of gravity?

Ok, so your mass is spread all over your body, pretty unevenly because of your limbs and different body parts. But from a physics standpoint, you still have a center of mass (like the middle of a balanced scale, or the middle of a horizontal seesaw). Center of gravity is the same thing since gravity is pulling on your center of mass. When you're standing up, your center of gravity has to be between your feet. Gravity is pulling down, put it's pulling down somewhere between your feet, and your feet can push back, keeping you up. If your center of gravity moves outside your feet, your feet can no longer cancel out the pull of gravity and you tip over. Now, as for a *low* center of gravity, it's harder to tip over because your center of gravity is less likely to move outside your feet. If you start to tip over, your center of gravity will be outside your feet sooner if it's higher up your body. If you know some math, it's probably something like: Tip over if: feet radius < sin(tip angle) * center of mass height Now looking at this, or just thinking through center of mass, you can keep yourself from tipping over by spreading your feet out and increasing your feet radius, or by lowering your center of mass by crouching down.


Question: what exactly is “hard” water? And why don’t people want to shower in it?

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 what exactly is “hard” water? And why don’t people want to shower in it?

Its ground water that filters through metallic deposits (usually iron and calcium) before its pumped out into the city system. Soft water is ground water that filters through limestone and "softer" minerals before its pumped out through wells to be used in city water systems. Personally, i grew up in hard water, still live in hard water and i dont want to shower in soft water. It feels like it never geta the soap rinsed off my body.


Question: MSG+ alcohol = roofie spiked drink??

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 MSG+ alcohol = roofie spiked drink??

Lots of food has msg in it without any effect if you drink as well. I've seen a site where they added msg to various alcoholic drinks to see what impact it had on flavour (they didn't recommend it) and they had no side effects. Overall I think this is a myth.


Question: I see people talk about the national debt a lot and complain when it goes up, but it never goes down. Why is the national debt important?

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 I see people talk about the national debt a lot and complain when it goes up, but it never goes down. Why is the national debt important?

Currently, the federal government pays 11% of taxes on the interest for that debt. So for every $100 you pay in taxes, the government has to turn around and give $11 to... whomever has those bonds. Mostly US states, businesses, and rich people. The government, and therefore the taxpayers, are always and constantly paying back the national debt. If it simply stopped borrowing more than it paid back, it would eventually be debt free. Being out of debt give the nation more ability to react to crisis (like this plague). They can borrow more money (from the FED) and dive into debt and prop up a failing economy. The less debt they are in, the deeper they can dive to help out. If they're already up to their eyeballs in debt, they can't help out much. Borrowing ever more money is less critical if the economy grows. It's betting on the future though. If your income is probably going to be 20% larger next year, going another 5% into debt isn't such a worry. Until you lose that bet... There's a limit to how much debt we can be in. If we're paying 100% of taxes towards interest, we effectively don't have a government anymore as they can't afford to do anything. Currently Japan pays something like 50%, which is concerning. For what the Japanese pay in taxes, they could be getting TWICE as much out of their government. EDIT: typo. Thanks /u/nednobbins


Question: What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?

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 What is end to end encryption and why is the government trying to ban it?

you and your friend have a safe with a lock and only you and him know the code. You put a message in that safe and mail the safe to your friend. That message is protected and cannot be seen by anyone handling the safe except your friend when it arrives to him. So the message is encrypted on your end, or put in the safe box and then sent to the other end where your friend is, and also where it is encrypted or locked in the safe until your friend opens the safe. But you can just break the safe right? So you encrypt the message further, you tear it up into a hundred pieces and send it to your friend. But before this, you gave him a blueprint of how to put the message back together. This is end to end encryption. Only either end can decrypt the message to see it. I don't know about the government part. But I might have a few guesses.


Question: where does the government keep their trillions of dollars?

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 where does the government keep their trillions of dollars?

No, the government increases and decreases money supply using the Fed. It can buy treasuries, which puts money into the system. It can decrease bank reserve requirements, which increases money availability banks can use to loan out. Also Lowering rates makes it cheaper to borrow. It should be noted, it’s not physical money.


Question: What the heck are logarithms?

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 What the heck are logarithms?

It's the inverse function of an exponential. Instead of saying 3 squared equals 9, we ask: "to what power do we need to raise 3 to get 9?" We call this the base 3 log of 9, and we get back our original exponent, 2. Log scales are useful when the values can take on a very big range. By taking the log of each value, it condenses the range into something more manageable. The Richter Scale is a base 10 log scale. So an earthquake that is 1 point higher, is actually 10 times as strong.


Question: Why does wind feel so much colder when we are wet?

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 Why does wind feel so much colder when we are wet?

It’s called the windchill effect and it’s the same reason you can cool food off by blowing on it. You’re body heats the air around you and when that air is blown away it’s replaced by cooler air that your body also has to warm. This causes you to feel cold because your body is constantly losing heat to the air around it. This effect is magnified by water because water can absorb a lot of heat. When you’re wet, your body loses heat to the water (a lot of heat). The wind blows, and that heat is lost and the water continues to leech heat from your skin. Hope that explains it!


Question: Why do giant monsters (godzilla, stay puft marshmallow man etc) in movies and shows move in slow motion?

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 Why do giant monsters (godzilla, stay puft marshmallow man etc) in movies and shows move in slow motion?

Filmmakers do this to demonstrate something that would also happen in real life: the appearance that a very large beast, giant robot, etc. is moving slowly. These things are not actually moving slowly, but it appears that way to the human eye because of their massive size and relative distance. In other words, if Godzilla were real and were anywhere where you could see him, it would absolutely appear to the human eye that he was moving slowly. But if he were actually that close to you, then your only chance of escape lies in the possibility that he is moving in the opposite direction because he is in fact moving much faster than you are.


Question: Why did the dollar have to be put off the gold standard?

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 Why did the dollar have to be put off the gold standard?

Money didn’t lose gold value. It was just a convention at the time. Dollar and most other currencies were on silver standard much longer than they ever were on gold; until a ton of new silver deposits were found and flooded the market. So if you can manipulate a currency by simply throwing in more of a commodity in the market, it’s clearly a poor idea. Gold, because it was significantly rarer than silver, was thought to be the solution to this, but that also meant that there can only be so much money as one had gold; I.e. the economy was only as big as the gold reserves. Since you can clearly create value by manufacturing say cars, or giving people haircuts, putting an artificial ceiling to the value an economy creates was not a great idea either. Or theoretically you could keep the gold standard and keep changing the exchange rate every time new economic value is created - today $1=1g of gold, tomorrow $1=0.9g of gold, two days later it’s 0.8 etc...not very meaningful, and honestly, impossible to do. So, instead of artificially creating a sum of value, you create what is known as fiat currency - backed by trust in the economic and political system: people trust that they can exchange X amount of currency for Y amount of goods & services; and the social system supports that belief.


Question: Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

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 Why does some metal sometimes taste sour/sweet ?

The answer is, it shouldn't really. You have several types of taste receptors. The "sweet" receptors are on the lookout for sugars, which are organic molecules (read: mostly carbon based and so not made from metallic elements). On the other hand, your "sour" receptors sense changes in H^+ concentration (though strangely, they sense the concentration INSIDE the receptor, so the acid molecule must first get in the cell). As you can imagine, metallic ions aren't going to activate either of those. If anything, metallic salts (apart from table salt, NaCl) tend to taste quite bitter (though I wouldn't recommend you try - they also tend to be quite poisonous). This leads to the conclusion that what you're tasting is not metal, and so whatever you're licking is probably not totally clean. Source: UK Med student who just had lectures on the 5 senses


Question: How do Antidotes work? Why are they specific venom to venom?

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 How do Antidotes work? Why are they specific venom to venom?

Venom antidotes (like spider, snake, etc) are antibodies to that PARTICULAR venom. The way they get these antibodies is this: they inject small amounts of a particular venom into a subject (horse, for example). The horse has a reaction and makes antibodies to the venom. The antibodies are ONLY to that venom, they are very specific. The antibodies are then collected from the horse. So when somebody gets bitten and injected with that same venom, then give them a shot of the horse antibodies, which stick to the venom and neutralize it.


Question: Why is drinking alot of water good for our skin?

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 Why is drinking alot of water good for our skin?

It would be more accurate to say not drinking enough water is bad for your skin. We are composed mostly of water but there's many ways that water is pushed out of our bodies--urine, sweat, breath, saliva, amongst others. That water needs to be replenished. When it isn't, your body prioritizes mission critical organs for rehydration with what little you get. Skin is not a high priority organ. When you hydrate well, however, your skin gets to return to the amount of water it needs.


Question: How do yogurt manufacturers ensure that no harmful bacteria are incorporated in the live cultures?

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 How do yogurt manufacturers ensure that no harmful bacteria are incorporated in the live cultures?

The bacteria are cultures, this means that they are grown (or cultured) specially for the yogurt production, not just taken in from the wild. They are also added to the milk in extremely high numbers, think many billions, which means that any other harmful bacteria coming in to try and spoil the yogurt has to try and compete with billions of bacteria which have been specifically bred to live and grow on this milk, which makes it very hard to get a foothold to grow properly. This is the same mechanism our bodies use to protect against nasty bacteria too. Our bodies are full of bacteria all over the skin, and in your gut, living there happily and not causing any problems. Their presence prevents nasty bacteria from being able to divide and cause disease, there just isn't room. If our bacteria get wiped our for some reason (taking a lot of unnecessary or very strong antibiotics for example), then there is suddenly space for other bacteria to come in from the outside and cause problems. It is virtually impossible to ensure that there are absolutely no other bacteria in the yogurt, bacteria are floating around in the air all the time. But the milk is usually pasteurised before use (heating it to a high temperature to kill any bacteria or other things that might be living in it), and yogurt has to be heated during the making process anyway, so most of the non-yogurt bacteria will already be dead. There is also the fact that when you eat food, even if it has bacteria in it, very few of them will ever make it to your gut to cause problems. Your stomach is full of very strong hydrochloric acid which kills most bacteria, even the good ones, before they ever have a chance to cause problems.


Question: Why are marble and granite slabs used in candy making, and why is it better for them to be room temperature?

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 Why are marble and granite slabs used in candy making, and why is it better for them to be room temperature?

Working with candy requires it to be at a "goldilocks" temperature: not too hot (or else it'll either melt, burn you, or both), and not too cold (or else it'll become solid before you're ready for it). Marble and granite can absorb *lots* of heat, which means their temperature only changes slooooooowly, which means the candy will stay at the perfect workable temperature for longer. If you tried to do it on a metal table, the metal would absorb heat from the candy very quickly, causing the candy to cool quickly and drop into the "too cold" zone faster. Wood would be a decent insulator, but you don't want the candy to pull out any wood oils or discolor or whatnot. Granite and marble don't have those problems.


Question: How do you use unique rectangles to solve sudoku?

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 How do you use unique rectangles to solve sudoku?

A standard sudoku puzzle has *only one* solution. Unique rectangles let you eliminate possibilities because those would lead to a situation with two solutions, which you know to be impossible. So in a sudoku puzzle, if you pick any four spots that forms a rectangle, those four spots will always have more than two different numbers in them. If a rectangle was made with (going around) 2,5,2,5, it could just as well be 5,2,5,2. That’s two solutions, and that against the “rules” that a puzzle has only one solution. So, if you were to encounter a point in solving a puzzle that it appears this situation can happen, like a rectangle has two numbers in common in all four spots, you *know* that it can’t end that way. Say the bottom corners are already reduced to the same two numbers, but the top corners also include another number. One of those top spots must be one of those other numbers. If that number is possible elsewhere in line with the rectangle, you can eliminate those other possibilities because you know it must be one of the rectangle corner spots. I think you’ll understand how to use it once you firmly understand this aspect. Using them in practice requires identifying potential “deadly patterns”, like a rectangle with only two numbers, and then figuring out which possibilities that you can eliminate because of it.


Question: Why are bugs attracted to light?

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 Why are bugs attracted to light?

Actually, you're wrong. The bugs that are attracted to the lights in your house do spend their time flying toward the moon. However, they will never reach the moon and smack into it over.. and over.. and over.. Those bugs have very basic eyes and very basic brains; they use the moon as a rough navigational aid. The trouble comes when you have something else as bright as / brighter than the moon at night, within smacking-into distance.


Question: If my oven only reaches 450ºF, How can a pizza stone inside it reach higher temperatures?

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 If my oven only reaches 450ºF, How can a pizza stone inside it reach higher temperatures?

You know how you can easily reach into a 450F oven but it would be insane to stick your hand into a pot of boiling water at 212F Temperature isn't the only important factor in cooking. You've got the total thermal energy in the system & how efficiently that energy gets transferred into what you're cooking. The air inside your oven doesn't hold a lot of energy or move it particularly quickly. A pre-heated stone, OTOH, while it's only ever the same temperature as the air, holds a *shitload of energy* and it can transfer that into your pizza more efficiently because it has direct physical contact. This ensures that you put a lot more heat energy into cooking your thick, wet crust than you do into the relatively lighter (and largely precooked) toppings.


Question: Viruses aren't "alive" but what governs how long they stay "active" or whatever?

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 Viruses aren't "alive" but what governs how long they stay "active" or whatever?

The integrity of their genetic code, in short, the viability of their capacity to infect healthy cells and reproduce using that cellular machinery. Often the way that viruses will be inactivated (that's the word you're looking for, not "killed") in the wild involves exposure to UV light from the Sun, predatory microorganisms, physical trauma, dehydration, and exposure to volatile compounds in the environment. Some viruses have the capacity to remain active far longer than others outside of a host because they have protective layers, others are inactivated shortly after being shed or expelled from a host.


Question: Why did people think Beanie Babies would be valuable in the future, and why aren't they?

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 Why did people think Beanie Babies would be valuable in the future, and why aren't they?

Collectibles tend to go up in value over time, as they get rarer and new collectors want to get older items. Because of that, the oldest or "first editions" of collectibles tend to be the rarest and therefore the most valuable - like how a Spider-Man #1 comic can be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. So Beanie Babies tried to play into that by limiting their runs of toys and retiring designs after a few months. Because of this, people started to think "Oh, people like these things. I'll bet they'll be around for a while. If I hold onto a few of these 'early run' toys, they'll be worth much more in the future." Seems like a solid plan, right? But there's two big issues that ruin that plan: 1. Since thousands of people were hoarding these bears, the "scarcity" requirement for a collectible didn't really exist. There are a small number of good-quality Spider-Man #1 comics available - these were sold to kids in the '60's. Most of them were ripped up, drawn on, spilled on, and tossed away. The few remaining ones are the exception, and that creates value. 2. Since the majority of buyers were adults trying to collect them, there wasn't much of an emotional connection made. Other collectibles (comics, toys, baseball cards, etc) tend to have some emotional value - we loved them as children, they're an important part of some memory or an icon of history, etc. Kids weren't really playing with Beanie Babies because adults were buying them for themselves, so nobody grew up with fond memories of playing with their Beanie Babies. So because of that, while their value has increased over time, they didn't scale the way people thought, and the idea that they'd be worth thousands or millions over a few decades didn't pan out.


Question: If a medium (air) is pushed through the mouth of a whistle, it makes a noise (vibration). Why isn't there a noise by pushing a denser medium (such as water) when sound travels better through dense media?

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</answer>
 If a medium (air) is pushed through the mouth of a whistle, it makes a noise (vibration). Why isn't there a noise by pushing a denser medium (such as water) when sound travels better through dense media?

In the specific case of air in a whistle and water in a whistle, the what’s actually happening is this: the shape of the whistle causes a rapid rise and drop in air pressure inside the whistle. This is the vibration — sound. In text form the pressure goes HiLowHiLowHiLowHiLowHiLow. Unlike air, water does not compress and decompress. Because water won’t compress, it won’t generate the same kind of vibrations — especially if you use the same whistle. In text form the pressure goes SameSameSameSameSameSame — no vibration here. If you picked a denser medium, but one that still compresses (say, sulfur hexafluoride) the whistle would still work — I would expect it to sound deeper. The difference here is not about how sound *travels*, it’s about sound *gets created*. Edit: should have said sulfur hexafluoride (Not sodium)


Question: How do emails detect "spam" and send it straight to the "junk folder" but allow some emails come through to your main inbox?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do emails detect "spam" and send it straight to the "junk folder" but allow some emails come through to your main inbox?

There are numerous ways to identify spam (bulk, unsolicited email). A lot of spam is identified before it is even accepted by the mail server. A mail server always knows the IP address of the server that's trying to send email to you. The first line of defense (and the oldest) is to refuse to accept email from places that have a bad reputation. Your ISP or email service provider (ESP) can maintain their own lists and/or can subscribe to third-party lists of "bad" IPs and simply refuse to accept email from them. Besides outright refusing to accept email, your ESP can go ahead and accept the email and then use a wide variety of tools to determine whether or not to classify it as spam. Many systems use sophisticated scoring systems to "grade" the email. Does it come from a known good or bad IP? Does it contain spammy language? Does it include a link to a known spammer website? Does the website get DNS from a known spammer? Does the email contain a known spammer email address? Have other recipients classified similar emails as spam? Is the sender's email address in the recipient's address book? And so on and so forth.


Question: Why do people tend to behave more poorly on Facebook despite a complete lack of anonymity?

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 Why do people tend to behave more poorly on Facebook despite a complete lack of anonymity?

Anonymity is a very powerful promoter of bad behavior, but it is not the only one. Two things that help promote good behavior is consequences and our natural empathy. On facebook there are somewhat limited consequences, especially when interacting with strangers. Tom Jones from Hawaii may be able to see that you are Cindy Feldman from Florida, but there may not be any meaningful way that he can retaliate against you being a jerk with that information. To the second point, when you interact face to face there are powerful factors that are at play in most people. Seeing actual other people in pain and suffering can cause mirrored emotions ourselves. This natural empathy is short circuited not by our own anonymity, but by the anonymity of our victim. They are a random avatar on the computer screen, not a breathing person whose mom is in the hospital, whose face is twisting in pain at an insult, who just stopped to help us jump our car, etc. Faceboom turns the wold into a giant game of Sims where others are just AI that we can interact with.


Question: What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

The sudden expansion of gases - the real reason we call it an explosion - causes a shock wave and usually has quite the force to it. A very sudden burst of high psi (Pounds per Square Inch, pressure) can absolutely do serious physical damage to a human. This comes up on Mythbusters where they test how dangerous an explosion is with pressure sensors if you want to see it in action..


Question: How does the human digestive system know to immediately expel spoiled food?

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 How does the human digestive system know to immediately expel spoiled food?

All the bacteria that were in the soup, were eating the soup before you. Your body is irritated by the chemicals they poop out. If there is enough bad chemicals, then your body has a reaction. Vomiting or diarrhea depending on how bad and where the food has reached inside you.


Question: The difference between AM and FM radio waves and why they sound different?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The difference between AM and FM radio waves and why they sound different?

> What's the difference? AM stands for Amplitude Modulation, while FM stands for Frequency Modulation. As the name implies they are different ways of encoding audio data in radio waves. > Why do both exist? Because both work well enough for what they are used for and don't interfere with each other; if you are looking at the amplitude you don't care about the frequency and vice versa. > Why do they sound different? AM varies the amplitude or the strength of the signal in order to transmit information, and radio noise will tend to slightly vary the amplitude of the signal. This means AM radio is subject to static from interference, while FM being based on frequency doesn't really get interfered with (FM still is subject to amplitude variance but it is irrelevant to the audio output). The result is that FM is much better in quality and so is usually used for music, while AM is used for voice transmissions which don't suffer that much with some slight static.


Question: Why is the housing market so crazy right now?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the housing market so crazy right now?

Covid increased an already booming market. Really overnight people: A. started to look away from apartments, big city living, etc towards more space and privacy. Small apartments are great if you have a very active social life but not so great for full time work from home, having a home gym, etc. B. Those with houses became very risk-averse and focused on home-improvement where they normally would have considered moving. C. As prices rise, homeowners are typically happier to stay in their homes while they gain value vs buying in at the top of the market on a new property. All of these reasons (amongst others) create extremely high demand for house and extremely low supply.


Question: The Earth is constantly exposed to energy from the sun. But the average temperature on earth is always the same. Does earth send out equal amounts of energy as it absorbs from space? And how so?

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 The Earth is constantly exposed to energy from the sun. But the average temperature on earth is always the same. Does earth send out equal amounts of energy as it absorbs from space? And how so?

Both the sun and earth radiate heat away by black-body radiation. In fact all matter with a temperature above absolute zero will have black-body radiation. The sun is warm so it will emit visible light but earth is a lot colder so it radiate away in invisible infrared. If you have seen metal that is heated up in a forge or even the heating element in a toaster the light that is emitted is because the are hot enough so the black-body radiation include visible light. The heat you feel from something that is hot is the infrared black-body radiation. So the temperature is the equilibrium where the energy incoming radiation from the sun is the same as the outgoing radiation from earth. Part of it is reflected light (30% of the incoming sunlight) and part is black-body radiation from earth. If earth did not have a atmosphere that work like a blanket the equilibrium is a average temperature of −18 °C (0 °F). The Greenhouse effect of the atmosphere will heat up the surface by 33 °C (59 °F) to the average of 14 °C (57 °F). If you look at it closely earth radiate away more energy then is absorb from the sun. The inside of earth is warm and the core have the same temperature as the surface of the sun. It is slowly cooling down so there is a net energy transfer from the inside of earth to the surface. The amount of energy is only 0.03% of energy in the sunlight so in most cases it not relevant.


Question: What is a confidence interval?

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 What is a confidence interval?

At a simple level, it is the range of some value that you are confident (to a pre-defined level such as 95%) that some quantity, measurement, dimension etc falls within. So if I make 1 million widgets that are designed to be 100mm long, and I measure 1000 of them. I will get a distribution of lengths that is probably a normal distribution. So I can do some stats and say that 95% of all my widgets will fall between e.g. 98.2 and 101.8 mm.


Question: Why does salt make everything taste more like itself?

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 Why does salt make everything taste more like itself?

Salt is used as a universal flavor improver because at low concentrations it will reduce bitterness, but increase sweet, sour and umami, which is desirable for sweet recipes. But at higher concentrations it suppresses sweetness and enhances umami, which is good for savoury things. It’s also easily obtained in a pure form without any interfering flavors. URL_0 )


Question: Why aren't banks held responsible for fraud or at least tracing the money?

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 Why aren't banks held responsible for fraud or at least tracing the money?

With the grandma scam you link, she is sending a money order, which is pretty much cash. It isn't like a wire transfer between banks. So what law is being broken and who should be enforcing it? With a foreign bank it becomes a jurisdiction issue. Different countries have different rules and laws.


Question: Why is there no cure, or even effective treatment, for the common cold?

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 Why is there no cure, or even effective treatment, for the common cold?

It's a virus, so antibiotics don't work. It's also a virus that mutates constantly and is present in the population in a wide range of strains so vaccines are pretty much useless- a vaccine for one strain won't help after it mutates again. (you can get a yearly *influenza* vaccine effective again a small number of selected current flu strains) So direct attack is out. You're left with treating the symptoms- decongestants, cough suppressants, pain relievers, increased fluid intake. There's absolutely over the counter drugs for all of these symptoms, and have been for years (although you won't get a 19th century concoction of opiods for a common cold anymore)


Question: When there are limits set on certain items or procedures, was there human error calculated into it as a safety net?

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 When there are limits set on certain items or procedures, was there human error calculated into it as a safety net?

You're asking about margin for error. Safety ratings tend to be based on "we promise it will be safe up until this point, but afterwards it's on you if something goes wrong". Many things can safely and consistently go well beyond their normal limits, but this reduces reliability and lifespan considerably.


Question: How can people in a country with fertile land like Venezuela be having a food crisis?

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 How can people in a country with fertile land like Venezuela be having a food crisis?

Go out into a forest preserve and poke around sometime and see how much food you find. It's surprisingly sparse, plants that grow wild don't want to be eaten and have taken great steps to be inedible. The plants that we cultivate on farms have been heavily modified through centuries of selective breeding to produce many thousands of times more food per acre than their friends in a random strip of forest. You can go eat all the dandelions and sparrows sure, but that gets exhausted real quick in a nation of 32 million people. The population only got that high in the first place thanks to extensive agriculture.


Question: Why do oil spots separate into rings of the same color?

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 Why do oil spots separate into rings of the same color?

Oil films are so thin they are approaching the wavelengths of visible light. > [When the thickness of the film is an odd multiple of one quarter-wavelength of the light on it, the reflected waves from both surfaces interfere to cancel each other. ]( URL_0 ) The interference causes some colors to be cancelled out. A magenta ring has no green. The ring structure is related to the thickness of the oil. The rings closer to the source have a thicker film of oil.


Question: In physics, maths, chemistry, etc., why do constants have the value they have and not some other value? What determined it?

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 In physics, maths, chemistry, etc., why do constants have the value they have and not some other value? What determined it?

There is no answer to this question; physical constants are what people mean when they say "The laws of physics". Physics can tell us a lot about how things work, but so far there are no fundamental answers to *why* things are the way they are. Why is the speed of light in vacuum precisely what it is, and not some other velocity? We don't now, it just is. Some people have conjectured multiple universes, or an infinite universe to explain why that might be, by way of saying "That's just how it is here, over there it's something else." Others turn to the Anthropic Principle: "Only universes like ours can have intelligent beings asking these questions, so intelligent beings will always find themselves in a strange "Island" of physical constants." The truth though is that we just don't know. Ideally though, other measurements and units are (or at least can be) derived in relation to physical constants. In fact the Kilogram is planned to be redefined from its current form of a 1kg Platinum-Iridium weight, to a precise mass based on something called Planck's Constant.


Question: Why can't we just artificially engineer or create oil?

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 Why can't we just artificially engineer or create oil?

My understanding is that the chemical compounds in oil are extremely complex. Essentially t would require more energy to create than we would be able to use from it. However, we can *grow* oil in the form of vegetable oil, olive oil, hemp oil, etc. and I believe that will maybe be more important one day.


Question: Do insects store energy in the form of fat? Do they even have fat on their body at all?

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 Do insects store energy in the form of fat? Do they even have fat on their body at all?

They do!! I had a professor who mainly studied the neurological physiology of mainly invertebrates and roaches were used in a handful of our labs. He's said that females tend to be 'fattier' so to speak, than males. The fat is all internal and surrounds their organs. Adult insect growth is physically limited to a certain extent by the size of its exoskeleton, so insects arent really capable of reserving significant fat like mammals.


Question: Can someone explain to me how order comes out of chaos?

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 Can someone explain to me how order comes out of chaos?

*Can someone explain to me how order comes out of chaos?* The real short answer is ... it doesn't. All of this "order" you see is only a step on the way toward entropy. [This is the second law of thermodynamics.]( URL_2 ) Sure, random dust accumulates and turns into stars and planets and humans and trees and Buicks. But the sun will eventually explode, scattering the dust again. This cycle will repeat over and over until the [heat death of the universe.]( URL_1 ) But that's not your question, is it? You want to know why life appeared, today, *now*, when it started with dust. The word for that is [abiogenesis]( URL_0 ), and the short answer to *that* is, as we currently understand it, atoms and molecules link together in ways that allow for more and more chemical evolutions that get more and more complex over enormous amounts of time. Elements come together and form amino acids, and amino acids come together to form proteins, and then proteins come together and, so on, and so on, and "suddenly" there's humans and trees and Buicks.


Question: What difference between human and non-human biology allows for non-human animals to give birth to such large litters, versus humans who have so few, comparatively?

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 What difference between human and non-human biology allows for non-human animals to give birth to such large litters, versus humans who have so few, comparatively?

Nothing. Lost of animals have a single offspring, elephants if I understand correctly have twins a lot less the humans. It is all about the investment in the offspring. What they need to do when born and their size relative to the adults. If they need to start moving quickly you have few, it if takes years to take care of them you have few. If you do not take care of them at all like a lot of fish, turtles, flyes, etc. Most time when you have a lot of offspring the mortality rate is very high so few will reach adulthood. One that you take care off or many that have to fend for themself is different strategies. It is all a compromise.