Question: Why do humans age if our cells are constantly replacing themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do humans age if our cells are constantly replacing themselves?

DNA is grouped into a whole bunch of [chromosomes]( URL_1 ) (strands of it). Each chromosome has a bunch of nonsense (repeating) genes at the end, to basically protect the ends from sticking to other chromosomes and to protect from damage. These nonsense end regions are called [telomeres]( URL_0 ). When the cell divides and the DNA / chromosomes are copied to each of the copies (daughters), each time a bit less of the telomere (nonsense) is copied. So eventually after many generations of cells, the ends of the chromosomes aren't protected anymore and the DNA starts to stick or malfunction and the cell dies / doesn't replicate anymore. So basically as you get older, your cells divide and divide, but eventually some of them die instead of dividing, or get defects in the DNA and become cancerous. Age is basically this effect, organs eventually shut down because their cells stop functioning properly (slowly, over time).


Question: If H1B visas exist so that employers can hire skilled foreign labor only when suitable American workers cannot be found, then how was Disney able to get visa approval for the foreign workers that required training from the American Disney employees they ultimately replaced?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If H1B visas exist so that employers can hire skilled foreign labor only when suitable American workers cannot be found, then how was Disney able to get visa approval for the foreign workers that required training from the American Disney employees they ultimately replaced?

Two reasons: First of all, Disney didn't hire the foreign workers. Cognizant Technology Solutions hired the workers, then Disney hired Cognizant to run their IT. Cognizant probably couldn't hire American workers for the wages, benefits, and working conditions that they were offering. Second, there's an out in the "only when suitable American workers cannot be found" part of the H-1B. For sufficiently high-paying jobs, employers don't need to prove that they can't find Americans. This sort of makes sense for the companies that are paying these people $130k+ a year, like Google or Apple (yes, that's actually what they're paying the people on H-1Bs, those numbers are public)- if you're offering to pay that much and aren't treating your employees like shit, you'll be drowning in applications from Americans that want to work there. The problem is that the official definition of "high-paying" is only $60,000, which is less than what the experienced IT staff at a company like Disney would make. So if Cognizant finds a whole bunch of people in Asia willing to come over for exactly $60,000 a year, they don't have to prove that there are no Americans.


Question: How does carbonation work? Why does it not dissipate immediately after opening your beverage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does carbonation work? Why does it not dissipate immediately after opening your beverage?

Carbonation is basically carbon dioxide CO2 dissolved in water. CO2 naturally dissolves in water somewhat, but to make a fizzy drink it's forced in at high pressure. Increasing the pressure allows (forces really) more CO2 to dissolve. When you open a bottle or a can the pressure reduces and the CO2 can begin to escape. That's why you get the noise. Dissolved CO2 can't instantaneously detach itself, since this requires energy. Notably, since most fizzy drinks are consumed cold there is a reduced amount of energy available. So, it will release over time. The reason it'll release quickly if you drink half, replace the cap and give it a really good shake is that you're giving it the energy needed to release. But, not all the CO2 will release even in a 'flat' drink. If you drink a thoroughly flat carbonated drink it will still taste fizzy. That taste is dissolved CO2.


Question: Why are hangings of criminals carried out at dawn?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are hangings of criminals carried out at dawn?

There are the practical reasons, of course. Lots of arrangements to be made afterward, transfer of the body, funerals, tons of legal paperwork to get signed and notarized, and having backups in place in case the hanging doesn't go as planned. It also can't upset the normal flow of work for the day, so we want to get it done early. Doing it early allows us to keep things moving. Can you imagine knowing that your brother/wife/child is being hanged after business hours and the prison/judiciary system had to hold the body overnight because no one was around to transfer the body? Or you couldn't have a funeral for them that day? Oh, it would be a social nightmare.


Question: What are the major differences between US Cell Phone Carriers? Why are some able to market at a significantly lower cost for a seemingly similar product?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the major differences between US Cell Phone Carriers? Why are some able to market at a significantly lower cost for a seemingly similar product?

As larger companies get more established, costs per customer go down. If I opened up a brand new mobile service and tried to put towers up all across the country it would cost me billions of dollars, and if I only had a few customers I would have to charge millions or billions per customer. Also, although each US carrier offers a "seemingly similar" service, they're not the same. T-Mobile claims they can reach within 1% of the population that Verizon reaches, but T-Mobile has their towers as far apart as possible, so the experience is vastly different. The cost for Verizon is obviously a lot higher since they have more towers, so their service is generally more expensive, but their coverage is typically a lot better too.


Question: How can a country create jobs to improve its economy?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a country create jobs to improve its economy?

The government can directly spend money (build highway, bridges, airports, etc), can inject money into the economy through direct payments (stimulus checks) or incentives (cash for clunkers during 2008 recession), loans and subsidies to businesses to hire or keep people employed which means they keep spending and generating demand for goods and services.


Question: Why do we gag or puke when smelling really bad odors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we gag or puke when smelling really bad odors?

The reason we interpret bad odours as bad odours is because we've evolved to know that that thing is probably bad for our health. There's also quite a good chance we've already eaten some of it, so evolution went "Actually yeah that's a good idea, let's make it so that if we smell something dangerous, we get rid of what we last ate, just in case".


Question: Why does burning wood and then sharpening it make it stronger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does burning wood and then sharpening it make it stronger?

It's a two step deal: Heating removes the water from the wood. It's just like cake. When it's moist it's soft (and delicious!) but when it dries out, it'll be hard as brick (stale). The burnt point is coated in carbon (ash) and when that point is sharpened with an igneous rock (usually decomposed granite, because it's very common) little specks of rock are forced by the pressure to combine with the carbon and the wood, Creating something pretty strong and sharp for a prehistoric guy.


Question: Why are names of molecules and such in chemistry so long and convoluted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are names of molecules and such in chemistry so long and convoluted?

If you are familiar with your IUPAC naming conventions then the big long name actually tells you exactly how to draw [the molecule]( URL_0 ). There are two(di) methyl groups (CH3) off to the left, thus Dimethyl. There's a 5 carbon long string(pentyl) with 4(tetra) OH(hydroxy) groups coming off the side, thus tetrahydroxypentyl. The names seem long and complicated because they're not just names, they're instructions. If you're a German Chemist and you've never heard it called Riboflavin before you wouldn't know what Riboflavin was, but you could use the long name to match it up to the common name you know that molecule as.


Question: how do PC games work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do PC games work?

A game typically doesn't need to know exactly what hardware it's running on. If it wants to draw something on the screen it'll tell DirectX (for example) "I want to draw a thing, here's what it looks like," and DirectX handles the rest, which involves speaking to the CPU/GPU. The game doesn't care how DirectX does that, just that it trusts it to do it correctly. This is called "abstraction," and is an important principle in software design. Way back in the day you would have to write a separate program for each processor. Nowadays you might write your game in C++, and a compiler will convert that into code for whatever processor it's going to be run on.


Question: What are tax write-offs, and how do they work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are tax write-offs, and how do they work?

The Government wants to encourage some behavior, like donating to charity or operating a business. So they allow you to deduct things from your taxable income like the value of those donations or business losses. So let's say you made 1000 dollars and would be taxed 20% of that (I'm not bothering with marginal tax rates in this point). Your tax bill would be 200 bucks. Now let's say you donated $400 in cash or goods. Now your taxable income is $600, and 20% is $120.


Question: What are the signs of depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What are the signs of depression?

According to the DSM 5 manual the person should show symptoms such as sadness, lack of motivation, abnormal hours of sleep, abnormal food intake, loss of energy, diminished ability to think or make clear decisions, feelings of worthlessness and recurring suicidal thoughts. These are only possible symptoms, so people might experience something else, and experiencing these does not mean a person has depression. They should consult a psychiatrist for a clearer diagnosis. These manuals are also not 100% reliable.


Question: What is the biological reason as to why turtles/tortoises get to live for so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the biological reason as to why turtles/tortoises get to live for so long?

A shockingly low number of them survive to sexual maturity (I saw one article that said about 1%). Not all of them will have children, and even fewer will have children reach maturity. To overcome that deficit you need to have a lot of babies. Longer lifetimes means more breeding seasons means in the end more turtles/tortoises and better propagation of the species. There's probably a lot more to it than just this.


Question: How do health bills in the US work after the patient's death?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do health bills in the US work after the patient's death?

The estate is responsible for anything the health insurance doesn’t cover. If the estate is too small, the medical provider does not get paid. Heirs and family are not responsible for them. Sometimes collection agencies will try to guilt the family into paying, but they have no legal right to collect from anyplace but the estate.


Question: Why is there a stereotype of it being better to developing applications inside Linux vs Windows?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a stereotype of it being better to developing applications inside Linux vs Windows?

Linux was historically a lot easier to develop for, I suppose. In Windows you had to find some tools, often illegally if you didn't have the money to pay for them. In Linux they're all there from the start, you install them the same way you install the system itself. The availability of lots of free and high quality tools under Windows is a relatively new development. Also Linux is a lot more open to experimentation. Want to change the user interface, or the kernel itself? The source for all of that is available. In Windows such things are far harder and much less flexible. Eg, modern Windows still keeps [ancient fixed size dialogs from times immemorial]( URL_0 ) (I think that dialog looked like that in Windows 95?). You want to make that window bigger because scrolling is annoying? Well, too bad. Nobody at Microsoft saw the need to bother to improve that bit in two decades, and you don't get to either. On Linux, if something bothers you, you can change it.


Question: How does changing to snow tires for season work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does changing to snow tires for season work?

So I live in the Upper Peninsula, where snow is rampant just about 6 to 8 months of the year. I currently have a set of all season tires on my all wheel drive car, and have a set of snow tires for when the snow starts to fall. I can't speak for the people who don't have space to store the extra set of tires, however I keep mine on my balcony covered with a tarp to protect them from the non winter elements. When I need to change my tires, I head over to my local tire shop and they swap the tires, balance them and align them all for $79. I then store my all season tires where I stored my winter tires. I know some people who have the space like to have a different set of tires and rims, so that they can just take off their summer set and bolt on their winter set whenever they want to, but I don't have the money or space to do that. I hope I was able to help and would be more than glad to respond to any questions you may have!


Question: After waking up, why is it difficult to clench my fist immediately?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 After waking up, why is it difficult to clench my fist immediately?

When you sleep your body releases chemicals to keep you from moving too much and acting out your dreams. When you first wake up your body still has a small amount of this chemical in your body which cause you to not have full mobility until it’s removed by your body naturally.


Question: What is a Boltzmann's brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a Boltzmann's brain?

The details differ depending on the interpretation, but basically the universe is at least partly random and permits the creation of subatomic particles, atoms, or molecules through this random behavior. Because of this, however unlikely it may be, given an infinite universe on a long enough timeline, self-aware "brains" could pop into existence from nothingness. In this context a "brain" is basically a label to refer to some sentient entity capable of observing the universe.


Question: Why do people focus more on negative thoughts instead the positive ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people focus more on negative thoughts instead the positive ones?

It's a defence mechanism. I think natural selection can explain it partially. If you discover something good in your life, you don't need to take action. If you discover something bad in your life you should take action. The more we focus on the negative, the more action we take. To a certain extent, people who focus on negatives and take action have a higher chance of survival. Natural selection.


Question: What is the fourth spacial dimension and how does it apply to us (coordinates)?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the fourth spacial dimension and how does it apply to us (coordinates)?

Let me give you an example using a bit of math. If I have a point in 2D space, I need 2 coorinates to describe its position, x and y. The distance to the point is sqrt(x^2 + y^2) Ok now in 3D space I need three points: x, y, z. The distance to the point is sqrt(x2 + y2 + z2). See the pattern? Ok now about about 4D space. Don't worry about what the hell 4D space even is, just follow the math. I need 4 coordinates, x, y, z, w. The distance to the point is sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + w^2). Now continue this for 5, 6, 7 or 8 dimensions. This is a really simple example, but it demonatrates the concept. We can mathematically describe things that we can't necessarily observe by deriving equations using the rules of geometry.


Question: How are news segments filmed inside fictional movies?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are news segments filmed inside fictional movies?

I have a family member who works in TV news that filmed a bit for a television pilot a while back. They just get people from the network or actors to play people new casters and then film them delivering whatever is in the script as if it were news and then play that clip in the scene.


Question: If everything you eat/drink during a meal ends up in the same place (the stomach) how does your body sort through it all and get it to the correct places (bladder, rectum, rest of your body, etc.)? How does it separate liquid from solid again after it’s all mush in your stomach?

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</answer>
 If everything you eat/drink during a meal ends up in the same place (the stomach) how does your body sort through it all and get it to the correct places (bladder, rectum, rest of your body, etc.)? How does it separate liquid from solid again after it’s all mush in your stomach?

TL;DR: So most of your poop wasn't absorbed by your body. Your pee is made of what was absorbed by the body and then filtered out. Some things can be absorbed by the intestines, and go to your blood which transports it all over your body. Anything that wasn't absorbed keeps going until the end of the intestines and ends up as poop. Your blood is then filtered by your kidneys, which removes some excess stuff that was absorbed by the intestines (like if you drank too much water, the kidneys remove some of that), as well as removing waste generated by your body when using those substances that the intestines absorbed. Everything that is filtered by the kidneys will go to your bladder for you to pee.


Question: How does the Options market work and can you use a lifelike example of a put / call position which is relatable?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does the Options market work and can you use a lifelike example of a put / call position which is relatable?

You can see Options as a "price guarantee" for something you want to buy / sell in the future, but you want to agree on the price in advance. **Put Option Example**: You are an American company and get a contract from an EU company. You'll get the payment of one million EUR for your work in one year. Today, 1 EUR is roughly 1.10 USD, but you don't know what the exchange rate will be in a year. If you want to "insure" that exchange rate, i.e. make sure you really get 1.1 million USD in a year, you can buy a put option on the EUR/USD exchange rate. A put option on EUR/USD with a strike of 1.10, expiring in one year and a total contract of 1 million EUR will guarantee that you at least get the 1.1 million USD in one year. This put option gives you the right, but not the duty, to sell 1 million EUR and receive 1.1 million USD in return. If the exchange rate were to rise, then you just let the option expire (i.e. you don't exercise your right), and do the exchange at the current rate. **Call Option Example**: For this job above, you'll need a part from a Canadian company which costs 100k Canadian Dollars (CAD). Today, that's 75k USD. You'll need that part in 6 month, which is also when you'll pay the Canadian company. Again, if you don't want to gamble with the exchange rate, you'll get a call option on the USD/CAD at strike 1.33 (current rate), expiry in 6 months, total contract of 100k CAD. The Call Option gives you the right, but not the duty, to buy 100k CAD for 75k USD in 6 months.


Question: Why is it so difficult to program reflections in games?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to program reflections in games?

There is so much to take into account because light bounces off of everything which is fine if the scene is static. Once you start moving around, you have to calculate every reflection, color changes, refraction, shadows, etc every single frame for every object in the frame. And this is only one small part of the game environment.


Question: How do Magic Eye 3D illusions work?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do Magic Eye 3D illusions work?

3D vision is caused partially by stereoscopic information- in other words, your left and right eyes seeing two different things. The idea behind magic eye images is that you can force your left and right eyes to look at two different parts of the picture. If your left eye and right eye see a sensible "left eye" and "right eye" image, then you will see it as one image with some depth. You can look up "stereo 3d images" or "stereo 3d videos" to find normal pictures or videos that use this technique, which will require you to either do the magic eye thing or cross your eyes to see the image as 3d (depending on how it was made).


Question: How is it possible for a smartphone to say how much the battery or phone is loaded?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How is it possible for a smartphone to say how much the battery or phone is loaded?

It doesn't actually know how much charge is left in the battery. As a battery charge depletes, the voltage level drops in a predictable manner due to the battery chemistry. They determine this voltage curve through hundreds of tests and attribute a voltage to a percentage, then program that voltage curve to each phone. The phone measures the battery voltage and plots it on the curve to determine a percentage. A new battery has a more gradual decrease in voltage. That's why at first your phone can be at 0% for some time before it turns off. Then as it gets older the battery chemistry changes causing a much sharper decline near the end of battery life, which is why it starts turning off at 6%. Then when you plug in the charger it says 0%.


Question: How come the Basque language has no known roots from other languages?

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 How come the Basque language has no known roots from other languages?

Common languages come from conquest. The Basques are in a very isolated area of Europe and were outside of the common invasion routes. When Papua New Guinean highlands were “discovered” they found hundreds of thousands of people speaking a number of diverse unrelated languages to each other...... invasions and conquest did not happen in that area to any large degree The world used to have many pockets of languages which were destroyed when invading armies came along


Question: Why are Kings/Queens from Europe countries rich when their country is facing serious economy issues?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Kings/Queens from Europe countries rich when their country is facing serious economy issues?

There are only 12 Monarchies left in Europe. Andorra, Belgium, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, UK, and the Vatican. Of these nations only Spain (to my knowledge) is really facing major economic issues. But that said, the wealth of the monarchy is inherited, and depending on the country also collected via taxes or incomes from the lands that they own. For example: The UK Monarch gets a stipend that supports them from the UK government, which makes it look like they are living off of taxes. But in reality they are not. The Monarch is the owner of all of the Crown Estate lands and are therefore entitled to the rents, and income produced from said land. A former Monarch centuries ago ran out of money so made a deal with Parliament to forfeit the operation and incomes from the Crown Estates (not the ownership) in exchange for his current debts being erased and his future income being a stipend. Every Monarch since has kept the deal, and as of 2011 their stipend is set to 15% of the incomes produced by the Crown Estates. So they are not living off of the taxes of their people, they are taxed at 85% of their income. What that example shows you is that Monarchs own a lot of property and goods, sometimes the entirety of a country and so have a lot of income even if parts of their nations economy is suffering. They have also had it for a long time so that wealth builds up.


Question: How are we able to stand up and balance on two feet easily, but it's hard to balance on only one foot?

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 How are we able to stand up and balance on two feet easily, but it's hard to balance on only one foot?

It's a skill, let's say standing wasn't a thing that you do normally so you will have to face the same issues as standing on one leg (different of course). Quick explanation about how you gain a skill (standing, handatand, riding a bike): You just need to do it, time after time and each time you are improving your motion and strength your muscles for that position/movement. And when finally succeeding, unconsciously you work on smoothing it up to use less energy spending for the action - this keep going and going. There is a lot of info about how the brain really does it if you're interested in that.


Question: Why are we able to perform tasks, such as filling a cup of water without looking at it? Is it a learnt experience, or is simply knowing the sound of a full sounding cup enough?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we able to perform tasks, such as filling a cup of water without looking at it? Is it a learnt experience, or is simply knowing the sound of a full sounding cup enough?

It's you brain using a collective sensory input to deliver a particular muscular output, this is more commonly known as muscle memory and used extensively by musicians when the learn a particular musical passage or technique. Once the right sequence is perfected, repetion creates muscle memory so that they no longer need to apply the same level of concentration as when the task was first attempted. The brain is capable of doing this for a wide variety of tasks, other examples are driving a car, riding a bicycle and so on.


Question: What happens when we run out of cemetery space, or when a cemetery in a large city gets full, or when a cemetery gets full and it’s been long enough that no one alive knows anyone buried there?

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 What happens when we run out of cemetery space, or when a cemetery in a large city gets full, or when a cemetery gets full and it’s been long enough that no one alive knows anyone buried there?

In the UK it's common for the plot itself to be owned by a living relative. They are leased for 25-100 years and when the lease is due to expire a letter is sent to the owner with an option to renew or you get dug up and someone else can go on. (Though normally by then you're kinda.. yano.. mulch)


Question: Why do some camo patterns use blue?

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 Why do some camo patterns use blue?

Sometimes is just "branch pride" - Air Forces and Navies do it to stand out. Other times it's because of night and low light conditions in urban areas blue and light blue do blend in. Navies do use blue camo for smaller ships, big ships tend to go grey to blend with the horizon.


Question: What do video driver updates actually "update?" How are Nvidia and AMD able to constantly provide improved performance in games? Where are they pulling these improvements from?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do video driver updates actually "update?" How are Nvidia and AMD able to constantly provide improved performance in games? Where are they pulling these improvements from?

Hardware offers you basic operations. You combine these operations in the software to render game for example. The software uses algorithms. Some algorithms are simpler, for example, it might take 10 hours to implement/test properly but gives you 7/10 on some benchmark. To get 9/10, it might need 50 additional hours of work. When the project starts, you've lots of things to implement but limited resources (headcount/time). So, you go for low hanging fruits. A thing which gives you a big chunk of performance for relatively less work. It does not make sense to put in everything complex in the first version and go over your time budget. The project might get axed and may never see the next version! So, engineers make safe bets. When a project is launched, in next several versions, algorithms are improved, the bugs found (based on collecting user feedback, usage metrics etc...) are fixed. Now, when there is not much else to do during the release of next version. I might go for putting in 50 hours of additional work to implement a complex algorithm to get you last remaining drops of performance from the underlying hardware. That's just one side. Research papers are published - new methods are discovered to do the same thing in more efficient manner, resulting in freed up hardware which might mean more performance.


Question: What is the difference between an Ethernet and a serial connection?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is the difference between an Ethernet and a serial connection?

Computer engineer here, Ethernet is a family of related networking technologies defined by the IEEE as a group of standard known as IEEE 802.3 You may recall that IEEE also defines a set of wireless (WiFi) technologies as IEEE 802.11 Ethernet is primarily concerned with physical standards and data transmission standards. There are Ethernet standards for transmission over coaxial cable, fibre optic cable, and twisted pairs of cable. Regardless of the physical medium used, the [nearly] universal use for Ethernet is to establish wired networks that communicate using the Internet Protocol with a transmission protocol on top of that. A serial connection on the other hand doesn't mean much on its own. All that it means is that the underlying data link protocol transmits only a single bit of data at a time, just very quickly. It describes nothing about the form of the physical transceiver; RS-232, RS-485, USB, Serial ATA, PCI Express, SAS, I2C, SPI, etc... are all mutually incompatible standards that employ serial data transmission in various configurations. Some serial connections are directly between a host and a device (such as RS-232) while others are multi-drop networked (such as USB), yet others require a ring configuration (such as SPI). Each one has its place. Despite the above, in contemporary usage the term "serial" most commonly refers to the use of UART transmission over RS-232. However, that's far from universally true. If I were to ask someone what interface something used and they told me "serial" I'd just ask them to send me the manual instead.


Question: Why do ships leave calm paths in the ocean?

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 Why do ships leave calm paths in the ocean?

Waves are water that's travelling on top of the rest of the water. They don't just form, they are created by something pushing the water (usually wind). So when a ship goes through water, it pushes the waves to the side (due to the shape of the hull being designed to cut through the water) or just flattens the water, leaving a calmer patch behind it. Unless there is really strong wind, once a ship has travelled over a section of water, it'll remain flat until either wind creates new waves or waves from outside the calm zone move into it, which usually takes a while as the wake from the ship (the turbulent water) acts as a barrier.


Question: If you have cancer in a certain organ (like liver cancer) why can't you just remove the infected organ and be cancerfree again?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you have cancer in a certain organ (like liver cancer) why can't you just remove the infected organ and be cancerfree again?

(cancer biologist / oncologist here) * Cancer likes to infiltrate other areas and where this has happened is not always clear. * Removing the organ might pose too much risk (e.g. you need your lungs) - this is why chemo and radiation often occur prior to any surgical removal But yeah generally surgical removal is very effective it just depends on what kind of cancer it is, how far advanced it is, how clear the surgical margins would be, etc. For example, breast cancer is treated rather aggressively with surgical removal of the effective tissue (so much that in some cases like dcis its considered to have an overtreatment problem)


Question: Why does sunlight coming through a car window heat up the seats but not the window?

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 Why does sunlight coming through a car window heat up the seats but not the window?

The glas is transparent and therefore absorb very little of the light compare to the seat that absorb a lot of light and reflect som of if away . It is also in direct contact with the outside air that will be cooler the the inside of the car if you leave it out in the sun for a long time. The cooler outside air will cool down the windows.


Question: How does standard bar soap clean your hands if it does not have any antibacterial additives? Especially when the soap uses animal fat as a base component.

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 How does standard bar soap clean your hands if it does not have any antibacterial additives? Especially when the soap uses animal fat as a base component.

The reason regular non-antibacterial soap still works at _removing_ - not killing - bacteria and virus carrying stuff, is because thats what soap does: soap molecules have a water loving (philic) end and a carbon chain (oils etc.) end. When you wash your hands with soap, oil and other gunk is on your hands. The soap molecules surround the gunk molecules in little bubbles with their water loving ends sticking out and thus all of these little water loving pockets of gunk, oil, grease, bacteria etc. are easily washed away. With enough scrubbing and water, you can do the same, but soap just makes it easier. Your body naturally has a rather robust barrier (your skin, mucous membranes) and it will do most of the work at containing things like the corona virus, hanging out in blobs of saliva, or mucous or whatever that might have come from another person. But when you rub that stuff on your hand in your eyes or put it in your mouth, well, you essentially just opened the door in that barrier to the bad stuff. Yes, if you ARE infected, you stand a really good chance of surviving with nothing more than really strong "regular flu" symptoms; the ones who will die from coronavirus are those who would be susceptible to any flu like thing (elderly, those with already compromised immune systems), its just that this one is so much more contagious than regular flu.... So if you take one thing away here its WASH YOUR HANDS A LOT and don't go licking things.


Question: Why do sites like Youtube and Facebook (but especially Youtube) continuously modify their interface with new skin, color, and features, despite the negative reception of their userbase?

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 Why do sites like Youtube and Facebook (but especially Youtube) continuously modify their interface with new skin, color, and features, despite the negative reception of their userbase?

Because everybody hates change. Week 1-4 of a UI overhaul, everyone hates it. It's all different and you have to find the stuff you want again. Once you figure it out you stop caring and usually whatever new/optimized feature gets a jump in usage, which is why they made a new UI in the first place.


Question: Why is the sound that electricity makes when it encounters resistance a "hum"?

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 Why is the sound that electricity makes when it encounters resistance a "hum"?

US electrical power oscillates (number of times it runs from one peak to another) at 60Hz. As it runs through certain equipment, it causes the material to flex according to the flow of electricity through it. The flex moves the air around it, creating sound. As it's vibrating at 60Hz, the frequency of the sound you hear is 60Hz.


Question: When does a movie "break-even" and why are some movies still considered a flop when they gain money?

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 When does a movie "break-even" and why are some movies still considered a flop when they gain money?

A movie can make money and still be a flop because it is fundamentally an investment. The investors took a huge risk in paying for the production of the movie, and expect to be rewarded in a manner proportional to the risk, just like any other investment. So, breaking even or making a small amount is certainly better than losing money, but could still be considered a failure, since that money could have been used elsewhere and made a much larger return, or achieved the same return in a much safer way.


Question: If you poke your toe with a needle, how does your brain know exactly where you poked after receiving the signal from the spinal column?

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 If you poke your toe with a needle, how does your brain know exactly where you poked after receiving the signal from the spinal column?

Signals from different parts of the body each have their own nerves. When travelling up the spinal cord, they are grouped into general tracts, but each part of the body occupies a certain corner/section of the tract. When the nerve reaches the brain, it stimulates a specific part of the brain that corresponds to the body part. That's how the brain differentiate the signals.


Question: What is the difference between APR and Interest Rate and why are their values so similar but also different?

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 What is the difference between APR and Interest Rate and why are their values so similar but also different?

APR is easy to calculate but it's a bit of a lie. It pretends that compound interest doesn't happen, when in fact it does. Example. Let's say you buy a truck for $30,000, and the interest is 1% per month. For the first year, let's pretend you don't pay anything and just watch the interest tick away. APR version: They charge you 1% interest each month. There are 12 months in a year. The APR is 1% x 12 = 12%, meaning your interest for the year will be 12% of $30,000 or $3600, and at the end of the year you'll owe $33,600. What actually happens: The first month they charge you 1% of $30,000 which is 300 bucks. So now you owe $30,300. The second month they charge you 1% of $30,300 which is $303. The total goes up to $30,603. (ten more months of this) ...when it's over, to the nearest dollar you owe $33,805 - a bit worse than the APR made it sound. The extra money is because of interest that accumulated on the interest - compound interest, in other words. So what was the real interest rate? 33805 divided by 30000 is 1.1268, so the actual interest rate is 12.68%. Lenders like to advertise the APR rate, 12%, because it sounds lower. When interest rates are low, APR and real interest are pretty close together and so the difference isn't a big deal. But for things with high rates, like credit cards...things can get much worse than the APR suggests.


Question: How come astronauts can do space walks even though the temperature in space is -445C?

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 How come astronauts can do space walks even though the temperature in space is -445C?

So, first, the temperature in space isn't -445 C. I believe absolute zero as defined by Kelvin is -273 C. Space has the background cosmic microwave radiation and that's at about 2.5 Kelvin or -270 C. Space is the closest thing we have to an actual vacuum. So there are no particles to carry away the heat. The only way to lose heat in space is by radiation (radiating it away, mainly in the form of infrared radiation) and evaporation/sublimation (a tiny part of heat loss in space). If you insulate a human that is generating enough energy to keep their entire BMI at 37 C or 310 K they will have more than enough heat to keep themselves warm. In fact, if you add to your spacewalk the sun's energy, i.e. you are walking in a sunlit section of the ISS, and depending on the incident angle of the radiation, you will likely need a way to actually whisk away the heat that builds up in your suit! I'm not an astronaut or a physicist. Hopefully this helped though :)


Question: Why is it that the longer you spray a deodorant can, the colder it gets?

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 Why is it that the longer you spray a deodorant can, the colder it gets?

Because as you expel the contents of the can, the pressure IN the can drops. Gas has a direct relationship between its pressure and it’s temperature. If you pressurise gas, it will heat up, infact, check out a ‘fire piston’, its a little thing you can hit that heats the air in it so much it will ignite an ember inside. In this case, the opposite happens, as you drop the pressure, the contents literally get colder. Refrigerators work in a similar manner - they drop the pressure of a circulating ‘coolant’, it gets cold enough to keep the fridge cool. In a detailed level, you’re squashing atoms closer together, they bounce around more, stretch them apart, they bounce into each other less. Atoms bouncing/vibrating around is one of the main reasons for things getting ‘hot’ or cold


Question: Who are the children that the FBI rescue?

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 Who are the children that the FBI rescue?

A lot of them look to be runaways, kids kicked out of their homes, or have been left orphaned and homeless. Some get kidnapped or otherwise lured into the custody of those who manipulate and abuse them and turn them into slave laborers of various varieties. The nature of their homelessness is sometimes due to mental health issues and abuse within the home which makes them particularly vulnerable. These children are eventually noted as missing by someone and end up on a list of lost children/minors that numbers in the hundreds of thousands across the US alone. Read some of the articles. They occasionally explain where the children come from if they have any way of determining it. (I.e. abductions.)


Question: Wouldn't the cost of Donald Trump's proposed import tax be passed on to consumers by raising the price of imported goods? How are American citizens being helped by paying more for the same products?

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 Wouldn't the cost of Donald Trump's proposed import tax be passed on to consumers by raising the price of imported goods? How are American citizens being helped by paying more for the same products?

> Import tax be passed on to consumers by raising the price of imported goods? For any goods that are imported, yes (which is a lot of them, at least in part). The idea is this incentivizes people to buy domestic goods, which will create more jobs domestically. It also tends to hurt exporting businesses, because other countries will retaliate with their own tariffs. In addition, depending on what trade agreements are in effect, we can be fined. > How are American citizens being helped by paying more for the same products? The idea is that making jobs at home is worth the higher prices. It's generally accepted that isn't worth it (at least nationally. on a smaller, industry specific area it can help). Part of the problem with globalization is that certain areas tend to get hit extremely hard. In the U.S.'s case, one big example is manufacturing (because it's cheaper labor). In theory, the decrease in price makes us more than rich enough to help those people who lost their jobs out, and still be richer. In practice, we haven't done a particularly good job of having those people switch to a different job, relying on the market to sort it out (which can often be a long and painful process). tldr: Yes, it will basically just hurt us. But people are extremely upset with the status quo, and it's not obvious to the average person that it won't work. It sounds very compelling. edit: As a couple people have mentioned, i did leave out the impact of automation (for simplicity. Although, it's larger than globalization). While the above explanation still holds, technology just makes things even worse, since tariffs clearly aren't going to put the technology genie back in the bottle.


Question: Why is it considered a huge deal in retail if the register is off by a small amount, but inventory"vanishing" or the count being incorrect is just shrugged off?

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 Why is it considered a huge deal in retail if the register is off by a small amount, but inventory"vanishing" or the count being incorrect is just shrugged off?

The main reason I think shortages in the register get more attention is that there are fewer mistakes that can happen there when compared to inventory control. A customer can't usually reach into your cash register and take money without being noticed, but they can put a product under their coat. Deliveries may be recorded incorrectly, the system that tracks inventory can be faulty or handled improperly by someone, invoices may be ambiguous and recorded erroneously. But if you rang in $1,000 in sales today and there's only $900 in your till... well, those mistakes are less likely to be mistakes.