Question: How come that the steering wheel of a car is much more sensitive at high speeds than at low speeds?

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 How come that the steering wheel of a car is much more sensitive at high speeds than at low speeds?

I'm not sure how low you mean by low speed, but the steering wheel just angles the wheels of the car. If you are moving at a high speed, then you begin moving in that angle more quickly than at a low speed, so each angle of movement of the steering wheel translates to more movement overall.


Question: Why does our brain find patterns in random events?

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 Why does our brain find patterns in random events?

Suppose someone eats a berry, dies. Another person eats a berry, dies. The man who sees that there is a pattern here does not eat berry for fear of death. The person who does not see a pattern eats a berry and might die. So the pattern-finders survive and we keep this trait. If the man was wrong, worst case scenario is we don't eat the berry until we're about to die anyway, so being wrong doesn't really punish people nearly as much, which is why you can overanalyze things sometimes


Question: How do statistical tests prove significance?

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 How do statistical tests prove significance?

"Significance" in this context doesn't mean "this is true", it means "The chance this is true is pretty damn high". Generally speaking, the stronger the correlation, the more true it's likely to be. The P value is essentially a value of how likely it is that the results you got were just a fluke - that there's no pattern at all and the data just happened to come out looking like there was. The tests that determine P value just look at the data in the abstract and the amount it deviates. The lower the deviation, the lower the P value, because it's very unusual for random chance to produce results with very low deviation. It could still happen, which is why the P value isn't 0, all you're doing is saying "The chance random chance produced *these* results is sufficiently low that we can decide the correlation is significant and therefore reproducible". Also, there are cases where a P value of 0.05 is still too high to be confident the correlation is actually there. In some cases, the results won't be considered significant until the P value is 0.01, or even lower.


Question: Why do mobile apps have almost daily updates, what's being changed so often?

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 Why do mobile apps have almost daily updates, what's being changed so often?

On mobile devices, usually every app you have is managed by the same update system. This means that product improvements and bug fixes will trigger an update on the system, as will any changes in the development chain. So if you have 30 apps installed, chances are, at least one of them is going to be involved in some update every day or two. Additionally, dev teams tend to work on agile sprint-based release cycles, which result in more incremental updates instead of scheduled monthly roll-ups. The app update process is designed to support this. And beyond those two things, apps that have had recent updates show up higher in the App Store search results.


Question: In the Apollo 13 mission, how did the command module become freezing in the return trip from the moon?

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 In the Apollo 13 mission, how did the command module become freezing in the return trip from the moon?

It's absolutely true that the command module reached temperatures not much above freezing after the equipment was shut off. You're correct that it's hard to radiate heat in space, but on the same hand, it's hard to absorb heat radiated from the sun (radiation is the only method of heat transfer in space as it does not require a medium). The equipment in the command module and lunar module generated a lot of heat, and the spacecraft were designed to dump this heat to keep the cabin temperature comfortable *with all of this equipment running*. With almost no heat-generating equipment on, it got very cold inside. This was exacerbated by the fact that for most of the return trip, the spacecraft was oriented in such a way so that all the windows were facing away from the sun, meaning there was no sunlight entering the cabin to warm anything.


Question: How does reverse psychology work?

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 How does reverse psychology work?

Reverse psychology is defined as "the principle or practice of subtly encouraging a behavior or belief by advocating its opposite." For example: If your parents wanted you to go to college, but you didn't want to, they could say something like, "That's okay. You should just become a plumber, you probably don't have what it takes to get a degree." For the reverse psychology to work, you would then have to try and prove them wrong. So you would go get a degree to say, "See, I can do it" , and that would have been your parents goal the whole time.


Question: What do some stores have a minimum charge?

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 What do some stores have a minimum charge?

Credit/debit card transaction fees billed to merchants are often composed of a fixed amount per transaction plus a percentage of the transaction. For small transactions, that fixed amount can become a large portion of the overall transaction amount to the point where it can place the merchant into a position where they would be losing money on all small card transactions.


Question: what's the differences between anti-bacterial, anti-septic, anti-germ, and anti-microbial?

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 what's the differences between anti-bacterial, anti-septic, anti-germ, and anti-microbial?

Anti-bacterial - Kills bacteria or otherwise messes with them in some way (e.g. prevents them reproducing). Antiseptic/anti-germ/anti-microbial - Kills bacteria, viruses, likely also fungi and parasites like protozoa. This is stuff like strong alcohol (60-70%), bleach, chlorhexidine, iodine, etc. which will kill most things. May or may not work on particularly hardly things like prions or bacterial spores.


Question: Have we ever reached absolute zero? Why/Why not?

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 Have we ever reached absolute zero? Why/Why not?

No Absolute Zero is just a theoretical concept think of temperature in terms of transfer of heat from hot to cold. When an object cools down, what it's really doing, is losing some of its heat until it is equal to the surrounding area. AZ is an asymptote, which means you can exponentially approach it, but will never reach it.


Question: What gas is used to push gas out of compressed cylinder?

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 What gas is used to push gas out of compressed cylinder?

Usually for a compressed cylinder, there is no gas specifically for pushing. They just compress whatever gas they need so it's at a much higher pressure than the outside air. So when you made an opening, it would rush out. For something like an aerosol spray can (like most spray paints or bug spray) they mix the liquid with something that boils at close to room temperature. As it boils it turns to gas and increases the pressure. Things need to be hotter to boil if the pressure increases, so eventually the pressure is high enough to make it not boil. CFC used to be that stuff that boiled, but they stopped using it because it was bad for the ozone layer. Now a days they use stuff like Hydrofluoroolefin. For something like a rocket, they kept a bunch of helium to pump into the tank after the rocket fuel got used up.


Question: How does electricity move along a wire? How does it know which way to go? Am I getting the same exact electron in my device as what was generated at the power plant?

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 How does electricity move along a wire? How does it know which way to go? Am I getting the same exact electron in my device as what was generated at the power plant?

It’s basically similar to how water flows. Imagine you have a container of water. Raise said container of water. The height here is your voltage. Poke hole at bottom of container. You start a flow of water, like a flow of electrons. Now this falling water has speed, therefore it can do stuff. Turn a wheel, flip a switch, ect. Now, this energy stops when it hits the ground, similar to water, because you can’t go any lower, which is required to power things. Main difference is that instead of gravity, the force is the electromagnetic force. You do not necessarily get the same electron from the power plant. The power plant electrons gain speed with which they travel along the wire. This bumps other electrons, which bump others, all the way to your house.


Question: Do small people wear out their shoes faster because they take more steps or do large people because they weigh more?

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 Do small people wear out their shoes faster because they take more steps or do large people because they weigh more?

Larger people wear out shoes faster than smaller people, regardless of shoe size. Friction is independent of surface area when examining the wear and tear on shoe soles. The size doesn't matter as much as the weight of the person wearing them. For other items internally, like the cushion, or the stitching, those factor in the size of the person's foot. A heavier person on a small foot will wear out the cushion more quickly because their heel applies more force per area than a person with a larger foot of the same body weight. And the stitching has the same tensile strength regardless of the size of shoe or weight of person, so whichever combination provides the highest tension on the stitches will damage them most quickly. I'd say heavier people wear out shoes more quickly than smaller feet.


Question: How do they determine the distance written on road signs advising drivers of wildlife in the area?

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 How do they determine the distance written on road signs advising drivers of wildlife in the area?

My understanding is they keep a map of places where someone has hit a deer, dead deer are seen by the roadside, they note natural deer corridors, etc. They plot them on a map, highlight the densest areas, and that's how they get their measurements. If it says 4.2mi instead of 4.5mi, presumably they don't tend to find many deer accidents past 4.3mi so they mostly want you to focus on the major hotspot instead of just saying "everywhere".


Question: Approximately 20% of the items I order from Ebay never show up. I live in Denmark and mostly order small items from far-east Asia. Where do they end up?

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 Approximately 20% of the items I order from Ebay never show up. I live in Denmark and mostly order small items from far-east Asia. Where do they end up?

You're not having a unique experience at all; that's a pretty common complaint. A little internet searching can give you all the ins and outs but I'll give you a general summary of what's going on: Chinese E-bay vendors are particularly notorious for having a high percentage of items not delivered to western buyers. Many sellers are little upstart enterprises operating with entirely different business practices than we are used to in the west. Western sellers typically acquire their inventory on spec in hopes of reselling it, or at least have a reliable way to supply it in a timely manner as needed. Often Chinese vendors won't. They will list and sell items on the assumption they'll after the sale be able to acquire them locally and simply don't hold any actual inventory on hand or guaranteed way of acquiring it. Sometimes that doesn't pan out and they can't get the item they thought they would be able to (or more often they listed and sold a larger quantity of the item than they can acquire) and they just ignore your order and hope (since often purchases from there will be pretty cheap) it isn't worth your time to go through the necessary steps to file a claim with Ebay. Unfortunately user feedback is also notoriously unreliable for Chinese based vendors as buying fake feedback is widespread and incredibly cheap there. I'm not saying never buy anything from a Chinese Ebay vendor, I've personally had good experiences, but some common sense risk management is worthwhile. You should only buy items from China that are cheap enough that you're willing to occasionally eat the cost of a purchase that you'll never get. You can always go through process of filing a claim with Ebay to try to get refunded, but such sellers are also notorious for dragging that process out. They claim they re-shipped the item or such. Sometimes they'll even forge shipping documents. They try to make it a hassle so you to just give up and drop the claim. Many buyers will. That paired with the orders they are able to deliver allows them to tell Ebay your experience must've been due to your local customs/mail/etc and not their fault because look at all the orders they filled that didn't end in a founded claim. So Ebay lets them remain a vendor. For what it's worth Amazon vendors based in China don't really have this problem associated with them (at least no where near as widely) since Amazon is known to be much more scrupulous with it's vendors.


Question: what it means that apple hit the $1trilliom market cap. What does this mean for consumers and the company?

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 what it means that apple hit the $1trilliom market cap. What does this mean for consumers and the company?

What does it mean? The company is valued at over $1,000,000,000,000. It is the first company to cross that line. What does it mean to the company? Basically nothing. What does it mean to the company? Literally nothing. What does it mean to the owners? Well they are richer than they were yesterday so that is nice, but most people would say that splitting $999 billion isn't that different from splitting $1 trillion.


Question: If there are infinite numbers between 1 and 2, how could there possibly be a 2?

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 If there are infinite numbers between 1 and 2, how could there possibly be a 2?

The simplest way I can think to put it, is that numbers are not "objects", but rather "names" that describe a "location". Every location's name describes how far it is from another location. You can give that location an endlessly long name to be endlessly precise about how far away it is, but that doesn't stretch or shrink anything. So if I tell you where to stand in a city, I can describe it by how many blocks you have to walk, or by how many blades of grass you have to pass, but just because I gave it to you in terms of grass, you're still going the same distance right? If I tell you a story about my 20 min trip to the store, I could talk to you for a hundred years about it, but that trip was still 20 min. So you can "say" an infinite amount of information about a finite thing. The thing itself is not infinite. So between two locations, infinity just says: there is no limit to the amount of descriptiveness you can put in a name, therefore there is an endless number of names you can make. Or another way of putting it, if you cut 1-2 into tenths, you have 10 "numbers" (names) that exist, but you didn't add anything to that region, you just attached names to some locations (and didn't name everything in between those chunks). If you cut those chunks onto a million, it's just more "names" for what was already there. If it settles your mind, this doesn't really exist physically in nature as far as I can think of. Meaning that, if you cut a stick into smaller and smaller pieces, you'll reach a certain number of atoms that make up the stick. There won't be an infinite number of "actual objects". In real life, we invented "precision" (longer, more detailed names of locations) so we could go from talking about number of inches to number of micrometers, and then stop when we can accurately describe the tiny object we're interested in. When people say "there's an infinite amount of numbers" they're really just saying "there's no rule that says we can't make smaller names forever". That's all it is.


Question: How does an outbreak of E.Coli or other deathly bacteria spread through meat/food factories? Is it through unhygienic practices or something else?

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 How does an outbreak of E.Coli or other deathly bacteria spread through meat/food factories? Is it through unhygienic practices or something else?

Yes, essentially it boils down to bad sanitation/butchering practices at the processing plant. E.coli is present naturally in intestines. If it gets into the meat, it can be spread to the machinery that processes the meat, and then spread from the machinery to previously uncontaminated meat that gets processed by that machinery. Also its present in unpasteurized milk, so similarly you can get cross contamination if pasteurized milk is stored or shipped in a tank that had unpasteurized milk in it. Or pigs can just poop on your lettuce/other vegetables while in the field, and some veggies are hard to clean thoroughly so you end up eating it. Or agricultural runoff can contaminate the water supply, which is then used to irrigate the veggies, contaminating them..... There are lots of ways E.coli can get in the food supply unfortunately.


Question: how does e differ from 2^x ? Does both the graph have 100% growth ??how do they differ ?

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 how does e differ from 2^x ? Does both the graph have 100% growth ??how do they differ ?

The main diffrence is that the rate it grow is the same is the value of the function. & #x200B; It is called the derivative and the derivative of e\^x is e\^x but the derivative of 2\^x is ln(2) 2\^x Where ln is the Natural logarithm and is the related to e so e\^ln(x) =x & #x200B; So the functions e\^x at the point 2 have the value 7.389056... and the rate it grow is 7.389056 & #x200B; But for 2\^x at 2 have the value of 4 but the rate of growth is 2.772588722 & #x200B; The fact that the rate of growth and simple derivative make it very useful in calculation & #x200B; & #x200B;


Question: Utility locators - why do you put paint and flags on everybody’s lawn in an area and not just in the area where the actual work is being done?

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 Utility locators - why do you put paint and flags on everybody’s lawn in an area and not just in the area where the actual work is being done?

Yes, clear up to your meter. The city owns and maintains water lines up to the meter. The meter itself is (should be) within the street right of way, ie. city property. When they replace the service line they will replace up to the meter. When they design the new lines they need to know where to make the service connections.


Question: Why is gravity now not considered a force, but a space-time curvature?

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 Why is gravity now not considered a force, but a space-time curvature?

Let's say person A is in a windowless elevator on the ground on Earth, and person B is in a similar elevator in space (no gravity) accelerating upwards at 9.8 m/s/s. Both people toss a ball horizontally and it travels in an arc (a parabola) as it falls towards the floor - even though for person B the ball is not actually falling - it's traveling in a straight line while the elevator is accelerating up towards the bottom of the ball. It would be impossible to tell the difference between person A's ball and person B's ball even though person A's ball is traveling in an arc and person B's ball is traveling in a straight line. The implication from general relativity is that person A's ball is also traveling in a straight line, but in curved space, and that curve comes from gravity. So, how do we know this is true? We have multiple examples, but a simple one is that we know that light itself - which is massless and should be unaffected by the force of gravity (which depends on mass), does in fact bend around gravity sources. This means that space itself is curved.


Question: How does the musical/broadway community standardize their thresholds of excellence if nothing is typically recorded and people are only able to see shows live?

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 How does the musical/broadway community standardize their thresholds of excellence if nothing is typically recorded and people are only able to see shows live?

Are you talking about for awards like the Tonys or for long runs of the show? For the Tonys, Tony voters are given tickets to every show. They are certainly not required to see every show, though. I have been given Tony voter tickets in the past. There are no super secret video recordings that Tony voters get (there are recorded versions of the show but they are for archive purposes). To keep up the standard during the run of the show, that is the stage manager and associate director's job. Their job is to execute the vision of the director and give notes as things change. The SM sees the show every night and can give notes on small performance things. The associate director usually stops in every so often to give notes as well.


Question: Why every number n^0 is equal to 1?

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 Why every number n^0 is equal to 1?

It follows from: n^a * n^b = n^(a+b) n^a * n^0 = n^(a+0) = n^a So n^0 = 1 Another way to look at it is to follow the pattern: To get from n^5 to n^4 we divide by n To get from n^4 to n^3 we divide by n To get from n^3 to n^2 we divide by n To get from n^2 to n^1 we divide by n And finally to get from n^1 to n^0 we divide by n. But n^1 = n, and n/n = 1. So n^0 = 1


Question: Shouldn't large corporations in the US be in favor of socialized healthcare since it shifts they health care burden from them to government?

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 Shouldn't large corporations in the US be in favor of socialized healthcare since it shifts they health care burden from them to government?

When employees depend on their employer to provide healthcare then they are much more likely to stay in a terrible job with abusive management. It's the same with foreign employees with a corporate sponsored work visa. Those employees will get kicked out of the country of they lose their job for whatever reason. That's why big corporations are always pushing for more H-1B visas (in addition to pushing down salaries for highly trained personnel).


Question: Why isn't table salt dangerous?

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 Why isn't table salt dangerous?

OK Really simplified version here. You can think of chemicals in terms of energy levels. Some chemicals have very high energy levels. It's really easy for them to turn into other chemicals and dump that energy out. Some chemicals have low energy levels. If you want to change them into other chemicals you need to add a bunch of energy. Sodium and chlorides have tons of energy. They have so much energy that if you put them near the right other chemicals they'll just release the energy and turn into other stuff. Sodium Chloride, on the other hand, has very little energy. If you want to separate it into Sodium and Chloride you need to add a whole bunch of energy to it. So if you just eat salt, not much happens. But if you eat sodium you'll get a literal explosion of flavor (and possibly death).


Question: What makes medical grade skin adhesive patches so sticky, and how are they able to stay in place for weeks at a time?

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 What makes medical grade skin adhesive patches so sticky, and how are they able to stay in place for weeks at a time?

Really strong glue chemically bonds to the surfaces it's applied to. Scientists found a glue that chemically mixes with the skin permanently. But it only reacts with the top layer of skin. As your skin cells die off and shed, the chemically bonded cells are shed too. So when the patch comes off, it's not really the glue that wore off, but the skin it bonded to.


Question: In regards to mimicry in nature, how do the cells of an organism know what something looks like so that they can mimic it?

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 In regards to mimicry in nature, how do the cells of an organism know what something looks like so that they can mimic it?

It has no idea. DNA makes cells arrange themselves in a certain way. If that way made the animal more likely to survive and reproduce, the animal survived and reproduced leading to more animals with DNA that made their cells arrange themselves that way. If it didn't, the animal died. Notice how I didn't specify how it made the animal better? Because to DNA it doesn't matter, it doesn't know anything. It could have been the pattern so happened to mimic a stick (or more stick like, then repeat 1,000,000 times until it looks like a stick), it could have been the pattern so happened to make it jump faster and higher. Or anything else. Evolution doesn't care for the means, only the result.


Question: Why does something sound louder at the same volume at different times?

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 Why does something sound louder at the same volume at different times?

It is likely to be a brain and instinctual mechanism from our evolutionary past. In the wild, it is UNUSUAL noises that alert an animal to danger. The brain can only focus on a few things. If it tried to process every sound at "equal" priority, it would risk missing out on the important ones. In a super low background noise environment (google anechoic chamber) a person can even start hearing their heartbeat and blood flowing in their ears. This is your brain adapting its perceptive resources on the critical stuff. You don't want to hear the wind blowing on leaves if it means not hearing a predator coming to get you, basically. Even sight works in a similar way. Many animals detect motion much better than they can perceive still objects. Again, this is the way brains work to improve survival.


Question: Why do TV manufacturers turn on the "Soap Opera Effect", or motion smoothing, by default?

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 Why do TV manufacturers turn on the "Soap Opera Effect", or motion smoothing, by default?

Because they use it in the advertisement, and a certain percent of consumers are too dumb to enable it. Because it’s more likely people who care will seek out disabling it, and people who don’t know any better will get mad if they don’t know how to use it. Just like how my last phone came defaulted to a super vivid awful display setting and nothing looked real, or how most TVs I’ve used look like trash when I plug a computer in because the sharpness or contrast is turned up to high. All these are things designed to make the image look “more appealing”. It would be nice if movies just made the jump to 60fps. I understand many of the reasons why it doesn’t make sense but you don’t get the soap opera effect when the extra frames are actually real.


Question: Why do we have decussation (cross over of nerves) in our nervous system?

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 Why do we have decussation (cross over of nerves) in our nervous system?

This is one of those questions that science currently doesn't have a concrete answer to. One of the most popular hypothesis is that nerve crossover occurred when animals went from ventral to dorsal nerve cords. A long long time ago, a rudimentary nervous system developed in some animals. This is usually a kind of neural net, like the one starfish have. This would eventually develop into a hollow tube. This tube first started at the ventral side of an organism. Like crayfish: URL_2 the hollow nerve chord is on the ventral (bottom) side. Humans are one of the very few animals that stand upright, so our ventral is side is the front. Later, this tube moved to the dorsal side of the organism (organisms that have this are called chordates). In this human embryo: URL_1 you can see that the dorsal hollow nerve tube is in the "back" or dorsal side. When this switch occurred, it's hypothesized that chordates basically underwent a 180 turn from their brain-stem or equivalent down. As a result, you have the left side of the brain controlling functions on the right and vice versa. If you'd like to read a bit about this, here's two research papers that deal with the topic: URL_0 URL_3


Question: How do we know that neural network can solve ANY problem? (is that a right sentence at all?)

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 How do we know that neural network can solve ANY problem? (is that a right sentence at all?)

Neural networks, as they are currently used, can be used to approximate any **function**. Function takes input of specific form(say, GPS navigator may take input as GPS signal to tell your current location, and text input telling where you want to go), and then gives output of some form(like, GPS navigator may tell you where to go next). Neural networks are capable of emulating any computable function(computable basically means it's a function some computer could possibly compute it. It's a very very very general notion). Even better, you could use neural networks to emulate any **program**. This is very rare use for neural networks these days, but it's been done, and it will probably get more common in the future. Programs are different from functions in that, they may keep on running for as long as they want, sometimes accepting further input as they go(like your internet browser which accept your mouse clicks as input constantly). The question however is in training these neural networks. You don't typically program them yourself, you merely show how the intended program or function is supposed to work, and use some mathematical methods to change the neural networks behavior slightly towards producing the correct output. So after millions of training sessions, you have a neural network that very closely does the right thing in the cases which you've used to train it.... But does it actually do what you want it to do? We don't really know. There are some methods of trying to ensure there is enough training data so that neural network can't "cheat" in its learning to only repeat the training data... But aside from testing it a lot, you don't really have any way to guarantee it's doing what you want it to be doing.


Question: What is going on with the human body during Sleep Paralysis?

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 What is going on with the human body during Sleep Paralysis?

When sleeping, the brain releases a chemical that prevents the body from moving, so that actions taken in dreams will not cause you to for example, lash out your arm and break it against something. Sometimes, you come to Consciousness before the brain releases the chemical required to enable movements. That's all that's really happening during sleep paralysis. Signals from the brain to move the body are unable to go because they're being blocked by the chemical.


Question: How does my TV remote work even though it's pointed the opposite way (not towards the TV)?

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 How does my TV remote work even though it's pointed the opposite way (not towards the TV)?

Your remote operates via a directional infrared signal. The infrared light combined with a sensitive receiver can allow the infrared light to bounce off of the walls and objects behind you and still hit the television. If there are mirrors or paintings with glass on the wall it will help dramatically.


Question: How do we know π is never repeating when could be just a really big series/pattern of numbers?

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</answer>
 How do we know π is never repeating when could be just a really big series/pattern of numbers?

This is a bit complicated so I'm going to trh my best to break it down in a way that will at least give you something! I'm also not a professional mathematician (though I do have a degree in math). I hope this helps somewhat! Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. This means their decimal sequence never ends or repeats. However, there are two major classes are irrational numbers that are each a little different. The first are [algebraic numbers]( URL_4 ), which are numbers that are the solution to some algebraic expression with integer coefficients. All integers and rational numbers are algebraic numbers as you can simply construct an expression such as m*x=n, therefore giving you solutions of the form n/m where n and m can be any integer. However, what is really interesting to us here are irrational algebraic numbers. The square root of two is an irrational algebraic number as it is the solution of x^2 =2. It can be shown that this number is irrational quite easily by a proof of contradiction shown [here]( URL_2 ). The second major class of irrational numbers are known as [transcendental numbers]( URL_1 ). These are numbers that do not satisfy any finite length algebraic expression, and so they can be thought of as "transcending" algebra. The [Lindemamm-Weierstrass Theorem]( URL_3 ) allows for a proof that pi is NOT an algebraic number. The proof essentially goes as follows: - First, it was shown the e^a (where e is the base of the natural log) is transcendental if and only if **a** is algebraic. (A sketch of this proof is shown [here]( URL_0 )) - Euler's identity is used to show us that e^(i*pi) =-1 - Because -1 is a rational number, then that means (by our first step) that i*pi is NOT algebraic. - i is the imaginary unit and is algebraic (it is the solution to x^2 =-1) - Therefore pi is not algebraic. - If pi is not algebraic then it must be transcendental, and so it is irrational. An interesting thing to note though, is that even though pi is transcendental and thus has a never ending non-repeating decimal sequence, it has NOT been proven to be "normal". What that means is that we dont know if every digit appears with the same regularity. If pi isnt normal, then it means that even though it is never ending and non-repeating, there are sequences of digits it would NEVER contain. As an extreme example to illustrate this: imagine that at somepoint, a trillion trillion trillion digits into pi, it stops containing the number 5. No more 5's appear. The rest of the digits (0-4 and 6-9) still appear infinitely and non-repeating, but you'll never get another sequence that contains a 5. What this means is that those quotes claiming that pi contains every sequence of digits and thus contains the information for "anything and everythjng" aren't actually substantiated as of yet. If pi is normal then that would be true, however we just dont know! (And it should be pointed out that this property is not actually mysterious or unique. Most numbers are transcendental and normal. We just have a difficult time finding/proving them to be such because so much of our mathematical foundation is based around algebra) **TLDR:** The basic idea is that it is possible to show that the number e is transcendental as it cannot be expressed as the solution to a finite algebraic expression. By using ruler's identity, you can conclude that the same must also be true for pi. This is rather complicated stuff.... maybe someone with more insight than me can give a better answer, but i hope this helped at least a bit! Let me know if you've got any questions about this.


Question: Why African Americans are not given the prefix of their country of origin while European's are?

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 Why African Americans are not given the prefix of their country of origin while European's are?

Because Black Americans who are descendants of slaves usually don't know their family's country of origin. Slave owners and traders were not interested in the ethnic origins of their slaves and kept only the most rudimentary records. Many Black Americans find it impossible to trace their families back more than a few generations.


Question: How do scientists know the half life of a substance when the half life is longer than the time we have known about the substance?

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 How do scientists know the half life of a substance when the half life is longer than the time we have known about the substance?

The half life is just a standard measure of how fast unstable isotopes decay. It is possible to convert between half time and say 90%time or 99.9%time and back again. So you measure how many isotopes decay in say one hour versos how many isotopes there are in the sample and then you can extrapolate from this the half time of the specific isotope in millions of years.


Question: what is the Fibonacci sequence and why is it so important?

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 what is the Fibonacci sequence and why is it so important?

its a sequence that starts with 0, 1 and then each number is an addition of the previous term. 0,1, 1,2,3,5,8,13 etc. It's important for a few reasons. 1 - it happens to show up in nature frequently with flowers. 2 - it is relevant to calculating phi, the golden ratio. This ratio is known to be aesthetically pleasing and shows up frequently in architecture. There's not a lot of science to back this but its commonly agreed. 3 - it appears in spirals and you can find youtube videos of fibonacci spirals 4 - and probably most important, its useful in computer science as a teaching point. it teaches recursion and memoization which are very important computer coding techniques.


Question: How do devices like weight scales and body fat measuring machines figure out the percentage of things like muscle, fat and water in your body?

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 How do devices like weight scales and body fat measuring machines figure out the percentage of things like muscle, fat and water in your body?

The scale detects water by putting a voltage across your feet. Because stuff dissolved in water conducts electricity, the more water you have, the more current makes it through. Fat requires the scale to know your height. The scale just compares your actual weight to the weight of a person as tall as you, but with pure muscle.


Question: What is so bad about the waste of nuclear power plants? Why are many governments so against it? What is so hard about storing the waste in a safe place?

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 What is so bad about the waste of nuclear power plants? Why are many governments so against it? What is so hard about storing the waste in a safe place?

I'm a nuclear engineer. Elements can have different weights when they have different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. A reactor is a neutron throwing machine. Certain atoms split into pieces when it absorbs a neutron, making smaller atoms, while others hold onto the neutron and get bigger. Generally, more neutrons make the atom radioactive, meaning it spits out energy and/or parts of the atom to be more stable, like a ball rolling down a hill. So, after running for 3-4 years, nuclear fuel has made some of every element in different weights. That includes toxic metals, which makes it chemically toxic, and many radioactive versions of atoms. People have long been conditioned to be afraid of radiation, though compared with most industrial hazards it is pretty easy to manage. In fact, the atoms that decay slowly ("they last for hundreds of thousands of years") release radiation slowly, and is of little risk. The real problem ones last a hundred to two hundred years, which is relatively easy to store. The short answer is fear and lack of perspective. Basically, reactors make a chemical soup that is capable of putting out a lot of energy for a couple hundred years, and after that you're left with a weird mix of elements. We have multiple techniques for reusing, recycling, and safely storing the used fuel, but fear keeps hitting those ideas down and we're left in a weird limbo as an industry. Essentially, a technically challenging but solved problem is being confused with the politically challenging and unsolved problem.


Question: Why is the wind so loud when you drive fast and have the windows open?

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 Why is the wind so loud when you drive fast and have the windows open?

The air in our atmosphere is made up of extremely small molecules of nitrogen (\~78%), oxygen (\~21%), and trace amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide, argon, water, etc. When you are driving fast, the car is hitting all these molecules and those collisions create many small vibrations which is what our ears sense and our brain interprets as sound. Cars are fairly sound proof when the doors and windows are closed so you don't hear the collisions outside the car very well. When you open a window though, these millions and billions of molecules enter your car's interior and collide with things inside the car. With no sound barrier between you and the vibrations from collision, you can easily pick up the sound. The loudness of this sound is also correlated to how fast you are driving. This is because the speed that your car hits the air molecules affects how strong the collisions are. That's why driving in a neighborhood is much more quiet than driving on the highway. Now this isn't technically the same as "wind" because it's sort of the opposite cause, even if it still has the same effect. When wind hits you it is also loud for the same reason, the molecules hit your head and ears and you pick up the vibrations from these collisions. But in the case of wind, the air molecules are what's moving fast and hitting you whereas when you drive, you are the one moving fast and hitting the air. It's a small difference and depends on how you define wind, but they both sound the same cause it is just the vibrations from the collisions you hear.


Question: it's said that we're not really touching anything because our atoms doesn't touch, so what it is that we're actually feeling when we 'touch' something?

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 it's said that we're not really touching anything because our atoms doesn't touch, so what it is that we're actually feeling when we 'touch' something?

> it's said that we're not really touching anything While you can find this claim often, it is highly misleading and needs a very weird definition of "actually touching". For all reasonable definitions, we do touch things. The electron clouds that make up most of the volume of atoms even overlap a bit. You are more than just touching an object, you are entering it a tiny bit!


Question: Why are "Say this 5 times fast" phrases so hard to say?

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 Why are "Say this 5 times fast" phrases so hard to say?

This has everything to do with the actions your mouth and tongue must make. The seashell saying requires the speaker to move between a soft c and a “sh”. The soft c, (or s) requires a small opening of the mouth and raised cheeks - the tongue right behind your lower teeth. The air is pushed out of the corners of your mouth. The “sh” is the same tongue placement, but lips squeezed in (like giving a kiss). The air comes through that opening. The difference is very subtle, but obviously produces very different noises. When trying to switch between them quickly, one may mix them up.


Question: What does a bank specifically do?

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 What does a bank specifically do?

There are various kinds of banks. There are investment banks, other banks deal with international banking. Lets go to the standard bank with multiple branches serving customers. Banks make loans. They like the loans to be large. But they are quite willing to help customers purchase new or slightly used cars. They also loan money to help the purchase of houses. They help their customers secure mortgages. There are fees and interest paid on these loans and the banks require insurance to be sure they do not lose if the asset burns. Banks allow customers to open checking or savings accounts. They help customers get credit cards. There are fees associated with all these services. Banks can make loans based on how much money they have deposited. So they are making money taking in money and loaning it out.


Question: How is it that scientists were able to completely eradicate smallpox, but they cant do that with other diseases?

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 How is it that scientists were able to completely eradicate smallpox, but they cant do that with other diseases?

There's several factors: Smallpox only had a couple of strains to worry about and the vaccine worked against both. The vaccine was cheap and really easy to produce. The vaccine itself was infectious, which helped spread immunity. Smallpox is such a nasty disease that many countries already had vaccination programmes or even compulsory vaccination, making it easier for so many countries to agree to the massive eradication effort. The fact that there aren't really any other diseases which have pushed us to such effort is probably a good thing!


Question: Why does the European GDPR mean I'm not allowed to view some American based websites?

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 Why does the European GDPR mean I'm not allowed to view some American based websites?

It means that this website is not compliant to the GDPR regulations and choosing to operate in the EU would likely result in a fine for that company. Rather than modify their site to comply with the regulations, or possibly because it's in progress, they've decided to simply disable access to the site from the EU. Specifically that website does not have the infrastructure in place to comply with GDPR requirements like the "right to be forgotten" (ie they can't go into their database to delete your info on request), the site doesn't have a prompt for cookies, and other requirements.


Question: How does stretching before sleeping work?

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 How does stretching before sleeping work?

Tight muscles and joints cause general stimulation (or even pain). Stimulation during sleep or attempting to sleep keeps you awake, and causes you to need to adjust your position to relieve the extra tightness in the night. Chemically, this would mean extra norepinephrine in the brain from the stimulation, and the stretching causes more cannabinoid and endorphin signaling and reduces norepinephrine signaling. I'm sure melatonin and serotonin signaling are also altered, but I'm not sure how.


Question: Why do some survivalists hoard gold and silver?

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 Why do some survivalists hoard gold and silver?

They seem to think that gold and silver are valuable all by themselves, as opposed to money - which is valuable because the government/banks *say* that it is valuable. What they fail to see is that they are valuable because they are rare *and* that lots of people want it only because it is rare, and they have time to sit around and think about stuff like that. But if there is some sort of near-doomsday scenario, that stuff is going to be useless. You can't hunt food, keep yourself warm, or fend off wild animals or attacking humans with gold and silver. The stuff that does will be what's valuable.