Question: How are there so many different "world champions" for the same weight class in boxing? How does it work?

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 How are there so many different "world champions" for the same weight class in boxing? How does it work?

WBA, IBF, BO and IBO are all different boxing organizations. Imagine it more like there was an NBA, and a Southern Basketball League and a Northern Basketball League and a World Basketball League and a International Basketball League and all of the same teams played. You could have one team hold the titles for all of the leagues. With boxing, there are different federations, organizations, associations etc with different monetary backers and different prestige. What tends to happen, is that champs from different organizations fight each other to "Unify" belts. So one fighter will take 2 or 3 belts off of one champ to "unify" them under one holder.


Question: Why are zero-calorie sweeteners used mostly just for beverages rather than food?

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 Why are zero-calorie sweeteners used mostly just for beverages rather than food?

Zero calorie sweeteners are hundreds or thousands of times as sweet as sugar. If you make something where sugar is part of the bulk ingredients, like chocolate chip cookies, suddenly you're missing the cup or two of sugar which was a big part of the total volume of the dough, plus it affects the chemical reactions that occur when cooking (sugar browns and caramelizes, this greatly affects the flavour) and overall can affect the texture. So it's easy to use non-sugar sweeteners in say, bubblegum, where the bulk ingredient is gum base, but harder for say a cookie.


Question: Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

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 Why corporations with CEO's and executives who individually make well over 5 million dollars a year are able to get government subsidies for their business still?

Subsidies for businesses are not based on the need of the business, but the need of the government. They are given to attract specific industries, and even specific companies to come and work in a specific region thus providing employment there and to encourage them to produce specific things that the government needs.


Question: Why would muscles feel fatigued after alcohol?

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 Why would muscles feel fatigued after alcohol?

Alcohol can play a role in interfering with the breakdown of lactic acid. This causes your muscles to increase in soreness after physical activity Alcohol damages amino acids in yourbody that are needed for energy. The interference of amino cause a decrease in energy and muscle recovery that your body needs.


Question: How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

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 How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

Simply put, it's the percent of the area that they expect rain to occur. Oftentimes, a band of showers will come through, but they aren't a homogeneous mass, there are pockets of lighter or heavier activity, and sometimes nothing at all. So, the meteorologist will run the data, see if they expect the band to grow, and come up with a percent chance of showers for the area. A 90% chance means that in ~90% of the area, it's going to rain < which essentially means simply, "I might be wrong, but it's *going* to rain"


Question: Why are Chinese buying up so much American property?

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 Why are Chinese buying up so much American property?

Land is one of the few commodities of which there will never be, for all intents and purposes, more. And while not all land has the same worth, all land has value. A vast majority of wealthy people and corporations made and invest their wealth in real estate. China’s economy is now such that Chinese investors can start investing their wealth abroad, which helps protect and grow their earnings and America is a country where land and its potential has the greatest room for growth, based purely on size and population.


Question: How does antibacterial soap work? Why isn't every soap antibacterial?

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 How does antibacterial soap work? Why isn't every soap antibacterial?

Soap contains agents which will chemically dissolve dirt from your skin. However it will not directly attack cells. There are a few ways to make antibacterial soap. Firstly is to add poisonous chemicals like for example high levels of alcohols. This will kill anything and not specifically bacteria however the outer most layers of skin is already dead so it does not have an impact on healthy skin. But these chemicals can be expensive, dangerous or reduce the effectiveness of the soap to clean dirt. The other way to make antibacterial things is to add antibiotics. This is substances that is poisonous to bacteria but not animals. However if you expose bacteria to low levels of antibiotics they can become immune to it and then it is hard to treat infections. So the widespread usage of antibiotics is very controversial.


Question: the EU customs union, and why people want the UK to stay/leave it?

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 the EU customs union, and why people want the UK to stay/leave it?

The EU customs union allows goods to travel freely around the EU without being charged customs tariffs. It also means all countries within the customs union charge the same tariffs on goods coming from outside the customs union. One reason some people want to leave it is so the UK can make its own trade deals and decide its own customs tariffs, rather than being dictated by the EU (which of course it won't be a member of any more, so won't get much of a say). However there is one big problem with leaving the customs union. The UK has a land border with Ireland, which is in the EU. At the moment there is no physical border between Northern Ireland (part of the UK) and Ireland. That's possible because right now they are both in the customs union (so no need to do customs inspections), and the single market (both sides have the same regulations on goods, so no need to check them for that). Leaving the customs union means that somehow goods going across that border will have to be checked. But no one wants to put up physical border controls. For various reasons it's very important that there is no physical border between Northern Ireland and Ireland. It's not clear how it could be possible to leave the customs union without border checks. One solution that has been proposed is keeping Northern Ireland in the customs union, while the rest of the UK leaves it. But many people in Northern Ireland consider it unacceptable to effectively put up a sea border between NI and the rest of the UK. In particular the Democratic Unionist Party is strongly against it, and the current UK government is depending on their support to stay in power.


Question: How do wealthy people benefit from charitable donations?

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 How do wealthy people benefit from charitable donations?

Yes, the donation is bigger. However that is true of all tax write offs because we don’t have a greater than 100% tax rate. Lets say you are rich and you want to hang out with other rich people so you donate to a charity and that charity throws a party for all the donors. At that party you meet someone who can make you richer. You paid the $1 but you got social credit, business contacts, community, etc. Where it gets really dicey is when you create your own charity some sort foundation you name after yourself. Then you donate too it and hire your kids to run it. Now instead giving them money which would go against your gift tax allotment and give you no benefit. You get a deduction on it.


Question: How do grease fires get larger when water is added to them?

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 How do grease fires get larger when water is added to them?

The heat of the fire makes the water want to evaporate, but the oil floats on top and traps it. When the water builds up enough pressure as steam, it ejects the oil as well. If it happens to be on fire at the time, that's why the flame appears to get bigger.


Question: What does the flame of a fire consist of?

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 What does the flame of a fire consist of?

Combustion occurs when you have a fuel, heat, and oxygen. When it combusts it gives off even more heat as well as smoke and carbon dioxide. The even-more-heat part is what matters. The heat causes all the gas molecules to get “excited” which is where the electrons start acting at a higher energy level. Soon after the electron pops down, but releases energy in the form of a photon. The orange is basically the plume of hot gas emitting all those photons


Question: If the Krakatoa eruption was loud enough to circle the earth multiple times, why does a supposedly louder 1 ton TNT explosion not?

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 If the Krakatoa eruption was loud enough to circle the earth multiple times, why does a supposedly louder 1 ton TNT explosion not?

From URL_0 : > Closer to Krakatoa, the sound was well over this limit, producing a blast of high pressure air so powerful that it ruptured the eardrums of sailors 40 miles away. As this sound traveled thousands of miles, reaching Australia and the Indian Ocean, the wiggles in pressure started to die down, sounding more like a distant gunshot. Over 3,000 miles into its journey, the wave of pressure grew too quiet for human ears to hear, but it continued to sweep onward, reverberating for days across the globe. The atmosphere was ringing like a bell, imperceptible to us but detectable by our instruments. So it "only" was only up to about 5000 kilometers furthers hearable, but still measurable. This is the same as earthquake measurement which is too weak to be felt by you, but still can be measured by instruments and multiple measurement locations can be used to pinpoint the original centrepoint.


Question: Why haven’t any other animals developed opposable thumbs to the degree that humans have?

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 Why haven’t any other animals developed opposable thumbs to the degree that humans have?

There were other apes that did but they've gone extinct. Having opposable thumbs means that our grip strength isn't as good as it would be if we didn't have them. But at some point in humanity's past having opposable thumbs became much more of an advantage than being able to climb trees faster.


Question: What is wrong with genetically modified plants?

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 What is wrong with genetically modified plants?

Health wise, nothing. Genetically modified crops are perfectly fine to eat, and the backlash against them basically boils down to fear mongering and/or people assuming that anything man has messed with must be inferior. They do however lead to some potential legal issues that I don't care for. Monsanto has copyrighted gene sequences, and have actually sued farmers whose plants cross pollinated with a neighbors Monsanto crops.


Question: When watching football/soccer why can you hear the sound of the ball beeing kicked but not the players shouting/talking to eachother?

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 When watching football/soccer why can you hear the sound of the ball beeing kicked but not the players shouting/talking to eachother?

The cocktail party effect: The cocktail party effect is the phenomenon of the brain's ability to focus one's auditory attention (an effect of selective attention in the brain) on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli, as when a partygoer can focus on a single conversation in a noisy room.


Question: Why the common logarithm base is 10?

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 Why the common logarithm base is 10?

It comes from the days of slide rules. To see how a slide rule works, imagine trying to perform basic addition by using two normal rulers. To add 2 + 3 you could find 2 on the first ruler, then line the end of the second ruler up with it. You then find the 3 on the second ruler and see what number it lines up against on the first ruler: 5. Slide rules use the same concept, but instead of adding simple numbers it adds the log of numbers. This is useful because of the identity that Log(A) + Log(B) = Log(A\*B). That means that we can convert a multiplication problem into an addition problem, then solve that addition problem using the ticks on a scale. There's an issue with this, though: what happens if you try to add 13+13 using 12-inch rulers? You run out of space! To avoid that same problem from happening on a slide rule the operator is expected to keep track of the powers of 10 themselves. This is why scientific notation is used–it's the exact format that's conducive to using a slide rule! This means that instead of computing 127\*7,891 you would use the slide rule to compute 1.27\*7.891 and then manually compute 10^2 \* 10^(3) (which is just 10^(5)). You split the logarithm up into an easy-to-compute whole number and a difficult-to-compute but finitely sized decimal. That only works when it's really easy to compute the whole number. If we use base 10 for the logarithm then that's as simple as counting the digits (or, in scientific notation, it's just given to us). This makes the base-10 logarithm the obvious one to use. It's also worth noting that once you can compute one logarithm you can compute any logarithm. If you want the base 2 log just take log(n)/log(2). Since you only need one logarithmic scale on a slide rule it makes sense to use the one that helps other operations most directly.


Question: We inhale O2 and exhale CO2, so does that mean we just add carbon and exhale the same oxygen we just inhaled? Why cant we just exhale carbon?

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 We inhale O2 and exhale CO2, so does that mean we just add carbon and exhale the same oxygen we just inhaled? Why cant we just exhale carbon?

There's no such thing as gaseous carbon at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. If you want to expel carbon as a gas, you'll need to find a form of carbon that will be a gas in these conditions, and is also exothermic (generates energy) to produce. Carbon dioxide is simply the best option to do that. You also seem to be under the impression that we are "wasting" the oxygen we take in by expeling it back out as CO2. The CO2 isn't being created purely to cart carbon away, it's just the unusable "ash" left over from using that oxygen to make energy. It has oxygen *in it*, sure, but you can't use that oxygen anymore. It's spent.


Question: Why do very successful actors/actresses do seemingly extraneous commercials?

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 Why do very successful actors/actresses do seemingly extraneous commercials?

There's a very simple explanation for this. Money. Even A list hollywood stars will do commercials, although generally not ones that are shown in the US. Now you might think they have enough money but nobody has enough and actors in particular are not known for having secure jobs. So, if you're on TV (not hollywood) then you want to parlay your 5 minutes into a brand that can keep you employed and earning even if your show is cancelled.


Question: How do we know how many protons, neutrons and electrons each element has?

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 How do we know how many protons, neutrons and electrons each element has?

Before any concept of subatomic particles, people knew about atoms and elements via a wide array of experiments (which could be detailed, but isn't really relevant to this story). When you have a purified sample of an element, you can determine how much an atom of it weighs, and so we start with knowing a bunch of elements and their atomic weights. Enter Dmitri Mendeleev. He notices that if you arrange the elements by increasing weight, you end up with repeating groups of elements that are chemically similar. This was nice, except people knew something wasn't quite right with it, because you had to do a couple tricks to make similarly-acting elements end up in the right groups (such as swapping the by-weight ordering of tellurium and iodine or cobalt and nickel). Once this was done, the elements gradually got numbered using their place in the table: 1 is Hydrogen, 2 is Helium, etc. The numbers didn't mean anything to anyone, they were just useful identifiers, and they were called atomic numbers. Later, Joseph J. Thomson is working on figuring out what is going on in electric discharge tubes. He discovers that tiny particles are being discharged from the cathode in those tubes, and he managed to measure the ratio between their charge and mass. He calls those particles electrons. Next we go to Ernest Rutherford. He had an experiment where he fired a bunch of positively-charged particles at a thin sheet of gold leaf, and he noticed that the vast majority of them made it through without interacting with anything, but a few of them got deflected. This led him to hypothesize that atoms had a dense central core of positive charge (the nucleus) and then a diffuse cloud of electrons around it. Since atoms overall usually have neutral electric charge, the number of electrons and the charge of the nucleus had to be equal. Following on from this was Henry Moseley. He measured the wavelengths of X-rays sent off by various elements in a particular kind of experimental setup, and he determined that the wavelength was proportional to the square of the atomic number. That indicated that the atomic number actually indicated a physical quantity, which was then hypothesized as the amount of charge in the nucleus. One of the neat things this did was conclusively show where there were gaps in the periodic table: elements that should exist, but hadn't been discovered yet. In the course of time, all those gaps were filled in, once people knew what to look for. Back to Rutherford again, a few years later. He succeeds in experimentally stripping out everything but the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, which has a charge of 1 and a weight of 1. He calls what he ends up with a proton. Finally, we need to discover the neutron. We already know that the nucleus has a positive charge of the atomic number, and thus there are that many electrons as well, but the problem is that most atoms have a much higher weight than their atomic number, so something more than protons had to be in the atomic nucleus. A leading theory was that there were a bunch of extra proton-electron pairs just hanging around in the nucleus, but that was shown to be impossible. Enter James Chadwick, who shot a weird kind of radiation others had discovered at paraffin and other substances and measured what happened, and concluded that the radiation was in fact made up of neutrally-charged particles that had about the same mass as a proton. He's discovered the neutron. So, now that we know everything, we can gather up our data on elements. The number of protons in an atom is the atomic number of that element. That's also the number of electrons, since atoms are neutrally-charged. Finally, the difference between the atom's weight and the atomic number is the number of neutrons.


Question: Why can you hold water, or any liquid, in a straw by placing your finger over the opening?

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 Why can you hold water, or any liquid, in a straw by placing your finger over the opening?

Because you're creating a vacuum in the straw. The space inside of the straw has to be filled with something lighter than the liquid (air) in order for it to escape through the bottom. Your thumb is preventing the air from being sucked into the top of the straw as the liquid leaves, which in turn causes the created vacuum to hold the liquid in place.


Question: I get what Deepfakes are used for, but Wikipedia went right over my head explaining how they are made - so how is this done, exactly?

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 I get what Deepfakes are used for, but Wikipedia went right over my head explaining how they are made - so how is this done, exactly?

Basically it uses a few data points to infer the rest. Like if you had to guess the next numbers in this series. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15... you use the data and you have to guess the rest. Deepfakes takes actual footage of those people and notes their facial expression, lip movements, voice, etc and then it basically fills in the gaps of whatever you want it to say or do. For speech, it's all sound waves and transitions. So you get a sample of their voice and you can basically fill in the gaps. Same thing for facial expressions and lip movements. It's not always perfect but with feedback it can fine tune itself.


Question: why does it become so much harder to fall asleep when you’re thinking of falling asleep?

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 why does it become so much harder to fall asleep when you’re thinking of falling asleep?

I think there's 2 plausible explanations here; 1. You start to worry which gets your blood pumping and pulls you out of a relaxed state ("Oh no, i've got to get up at 6:00 i need to sleep now or i'll be exhausted) Or my second guess, you might be linking it backwards. Perhaps it doesn't get difficult to fall asleep when you think about falling asleep but instead you think about falling asleep when already have difficulty falling asleep? Could also be that you think about it so intensively that you focus too hard to let your mind wander off and away


Question: So what exactly IS Separation of Church and State?

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 So what exactly IS Separation of Church and State?

> all generally saying that the wording is vague in the actual document It is vague because of separation of church and state is a principle, not an explicit law. The closest thing to law in the US is the 1st Amendment that prevents the government from endorsing a religion. > It means the government can't enforce/endorse any religion and no religion can control the government This is probably the closest to what the 1st Amendment says. Note that some people believe it only applies to different forms of Christianity or belief in gods, and not theistic beliefs are not covered. > The government can't endorse the church but the church can influence the government This is where a lot of people get confused. Most churches are also non-profit organizations and must follow the rules of non-profits in order to qualify for the tax exemptions. Many of those rules limit political activity. Churches are free to try to influence the government as much as the like, they would just lose their non-profit status. > Churches are allowed to do whatever and the government can't stop them Only to the same degree as any other organization. Most of a church's special status comes from being a non-profit and are things any non-profits can do as well. Legally speaking, there is almost no difference between a church and the Kiwanis or an archery club, they follow most of the same rules for non-profits. Discrimination laws are often applied more loosely to non-profits, because their mission is often affiliated with a specific group. The Sons of Norway are allowed to reject non-Norwegians, becasue that is what they are all about. Any religiously affiliated group can claim the entirity of their religion to be part of their mission, and use that as the basis of discrimination. But again, that is about being a non-profit, not a religious organization.


Question: How is a 4D object any different than a 3D object?

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 How is a 4D object any different than a 3D object?

I'm going to assume by 4D you mean an extra spatial dimension (and not time). Imagine a square drawn on a piece of paper. The square is 2D. A 3D object, like a cube, is different from a square because it comes out of the paper at a 90 degrees. The same kind of difference is true for 4D objects. A 4D cube would come out at a 90 deg from our 3 spatial dimensions. Humans can't visualize more than 3 dimensions because we live in a world where there are only 3 dimensions. I'm going to guess you were a bit confused by the previous paragraph. That makes sense since humans can't intuitively picture more dimensions than we live in. The best we can do is compare 2D to 3D, and imagine a similar difference between 3D and 4D. For example, to describe a position in 2D you only need 2 numbers. Like, the square is 2 inches below and 5 inches to the right of the paper's top-left corner. But this isn't enough in 3D. To describe a position in 3D you need 3 numbers. Like the light in your room is 2 feet in front, 5 feet to the left, and 1 feet above your head. Then in 4D you would need 4 numbers to describe position. And so on.


Question: If we kill bacteria using medicine, how do they become resistant to the medicine if they're dead?

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 If we kill bacteria using medicine, how do they become resistant to the medicine if they're dead?

Evolution. Imagine a house that has a rat infestation. So as the disgruntled homeowner, you buy a bunch of mousetraps and lay them down. You find great success with eliminating the rodents at first, but there are some smaller and nimble mice that can contort their bodies to get out of the mouse traps. Over time, all the fat mice die out while the nimble ones survive. Then, the nimble mice reproduce with each other, producing even more nimble mice that can wriggle out of the traps almost effortlessly. By this point, almost all the fat mice have died out. Once the next generation of nimble mice reproduce with each other, this new generation produced is *sooo* nimble that the mouse traps are basically useless. So now there are the same amount of rats as there were originally, except the mouse traps don't work. Now you have to go out and buy even stronger mouse traps. In the case of your question, the rats are bacteria, the traps are antibiotics, and the house is your body. It's not the dead ones that become resistant, it's the ones that survive that reproduce to breed a resistant strain. Except since bacteria is constantly multiplying, it creates new generations very quickly. It's essentially evolution on steroids.


Question: How does lightning not strike homes more often? Houses and apartments are everywhere , surely some stray lighting strikes should hit them and cause them to burn up. Even if they're not the most conductive objects in the area, shouldn't at least more be struck?

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 How does lightning not strike homes more often? Houses and apartments are everywhere , surely some stray lighting strikes should hit them and cause them to burn up. Even if they're not the most conductive objects in the area, shouldn't at least more be struck?

They do hit them pretty often. Usually houses have lightning rods in them. They are usually steel rods on the roof which goes down all the way into the earth a few meters deep, where it is grounded. This protects the houses from any harm that a lightning would do to it.


Question: What exactly is a Tensor?

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 What exactly is a Tensor?

For ELI5, it's better to give an example of a tensor than the actual definition. Suppose you have a cube made of clay. How many different ways are there to stretch it? Well, you could pull out on the top and bottom, stretching it vertically. Or you could pull on the left and right sides, or the top and bottom sides. So that's three different directions of stretching. But you could also push the top side to the left while pushing the bottom side to the right, shearing it out like spreading a deck of cards. Or you could push the top forward and the bottom backward. Or the left side up and the right side down. Or ... Anyway, you can push/pull in three different directions, for each of three different pairs of faces, for a total of nine unique possibilities. You could also have a combination of more than one of these at a time. This example is known in materials science as a "strain tensor". You could express this as a "direction that also has a direction", which is what /u/Depressed_Maniac is saying. You could also make a 3-by-3 table with an amount for each of the 3 sides and 3 directions, which is what /u/Kayuwaii is saying. There are lots of different cases in which this comes up, and some of them have more than 3 different directions (rows/columns in the table), and some of them involve directions that have directions that have directions (!), so you'd need something more complicated than a 2-d table to describe them. But they're all tensors.


Question: What is Altitude Sickness and why do people get it?

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 What is Altitude Sickness and why do people get it?

Oxygen pressure lowers the higher up you go, the lower the pressure, the less oxygen available so less gets to your brain and other vital organs. This leads to bad effects over a short time from not being able to think straight to physical weakness. Edit: for more in depth than ELI5 this would be a useful link: URL_0


Question: If fish are cold-blooded how do they move so quickly in ice-cold water?

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 If fish are cold-blooded how do they move so quickly in ice-cold water?

There are different methods depending on the fish species. Some are adapted to the colder water, their body's proteins most efficient at the lower temperature. They can idly swim and save energy for short bursts of speed when needed. Combine that with colder water often holding more oxygen and it can be quite the system. Some fish, such as tuna and some sharks, have a form of warm-bloodedness. They use the heat created from moving their muscles to raise their body temperature above the surrounding water. The fastest fish in the world use this method. It's also why tuna steaks are such a deep red.


Question: How do non-stick frying pans work at a molecular level?

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 How do non-stick frying pans work at a molecular level?

Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, aka Teflon is a fluorocarbon molecule. Made from carbon atoms and fluoride atoms. It doesn't like to stick to anything, forms no atomic bonds with other atoms, because it's stable as it is, carbon-fluor bonds take a lot of energy to break, so it likes to stay that way. Then how does it stick to the pan? The aluminium that most Teflon coated pans are made from is pitted with tiny tiny holes all over it's surface, and the Teflon gets stuck in there. But it's not a strong adhesion, which is why you needed to treat those pans gently, no scratching, and no cold water intro a hot pan, the Teflon will detach over time. TL;DR Strong independent molecule that don't need no man.


Question: Why are all the planets aligned on the z-axis?

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 Why are all the planets aligned on the z-axis?

This is because all the planets in the solar system, as well as our star, formed out of the same cloud of dust and gas with the same preserved rotational momentum. This is why they all orbit in the same direction and generally on the same plane. It is no coincidence they all ended up that way, it is just physics at work.


Question: how does a p-value accept or reject a null-hypothesis?

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 how does a p-value accept or reject a null-hypothesis?

Let's say you have a die you believe is loaded. You want to prove it, so you do an experiment and start rolling. Your hypothesis is: the die is loaded The null hypothesis is: the die is fair You roll it once and get a 6. Is it loaded? Maybe, or the null hypothesis might be true, and just got lucky. **That's what the p value is, how lucky would you have to be in order to get that result by chance.** In this case, chance is 1 in 6, so p = 0.17. You roll it again, and another 6. The odds of two 6's is 1 in 36, or p = 0.028. p < 0.05 is considered scientifically interesting, so now we are on to something. Does that mean the die was loaded? No! First and foremost, a low p value just means the null hypothesis probably isn't true. We could have just easily been testing for telekinesis, and you'd need a lot more than two rolls of a die to prove that. We know something is going on, but the p value doesn't tell us what. Also, you have the possibility of experiment and methodological error. Is the way you are rolling affecting the outcome? There is a reason they make backgammon players use dice cups. Are you analyzing the data properly, or are you picking and choosing your results?


Question: Why does plugging a mutiple-plug extension cord into a single-plug outlet and using all of the plugs not burn out a wire or something?

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 Why does plugging a mutiple-plug extension cord into a single-plug outlet and using all of the plugs not burn out a wire or something?

Most home receptacles are on 15 amp circuits. 15amp x 120volt = 1800watts, so you can safely pile on up to 1800watts (+/- some tolerance) of total power on single receptacle before you pop the breaker. 15A circuits on 14Ga wire technically have an ampacity greater than 15A, but the breaker will pop before you ever max out the wires. Well, _should_ pop...


Question: Studies show boxers can punch with 776 pounds of force (source inside). How is it that humans can withstand several of these and remain conscious, but if 776 pounds were dropped on our head we’d die instantly?

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 Studies show boxers can punch with 776 pounds of force (source inside). How is it that humans can withstand several of these and remain conscious, but if 776 pounds were dropped on our head we’d die instantly?

776 pounds of force a boxer is hit with represents setting (not dropping) that much weight on your head for a fraction of a second while laying on a really soft mattress. It wouldn't be pleasant, but very survivable. Dropping that much weight represents a significantly larger amount of force. 776 pounds might sound like a lot, but when we are talking about instantaneous force, it really isn't. An adult male runner exerts about 1000 pounds with each step, but his feet and ankles handle it just fine.


Question: exactly what is in stomach acid that breaks food down? i was always just told that our food is broken down by stomach acid but i literally was never told what is in the stomach acid that breaks it down

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 exactly what is in stomach acid that breaks food down? i was always just told that our food is broken down by stomach acid but i literally was never told what is in the stomach acid that breaks it down

Mainly it is an Enzyme named pepsin. It gets activated by the Acid and Breaks down Protein. The acid itself kills all Kind of germs and has a more a protectice than a digestive function. Plus the stomach mechanically breaks down the good chunks and makes a Happy little acidic mash out of IT.


Question: How do neural networks work?

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 How do neural networks work?

[This]( URL_0 ) video explains it very well. Basically, a neural network consists of nodes which receive inputs, perform a calculation, and return their result to the next nodes. These nodes are ordered in layers. The nodes in the first layer receive the input data - for example the colors of the pixels of an image. The nodes in the last layer represent the 'answer' the neural network gives. I think there are more complicated types of Neural Networks but I don't understand those yet.


Question: What is interest rate and why does it matter?

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 What is interest rate and why does it matter?

Interest rates are how much either someone pays to hold on to someone elses money. So a bank can pay you interest (usually a couple percent) to have a bank account with them. They also can charge you interest on your bills (credit cards have pretty high interest rates for example). Thats really about it. In most countries the state sets fixed interest rates on large loans.


Question: Are we ABSOLUTELY sure or PRETTY sure that nothing can outspeed light?

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 Are we ABSOLUTELY sure or PRETTY sure that nothing can outspeed light?

The laws of physics, as we currently know them, absolutely forbid going faster than light. Relativity is a hard concept to wrap your head around. But since we are talking about relativistic speeds, relativity is the law that applies here. I'm not sure I understand relativity well enough myself to accurately ELI5 it, but let me try. Going at relativistic speeds "bends" time. While from our point of view, light from distant stars travels many, many years before it reaches us - no time passes for the light itself. Zero. It is on every point of its path simultaneously, and at it's destination instantly. And you just can't get faster, than being anywhere in the universe in an instant. If you were faster than that, you would arrive before starting the journey (and in case of light, it would arrive before it even exists) - and by our understanding of the universe that just is not possible. It would break multiple laws of physics which we currently have no reason to believe are inaccurate. (And they'd probably have to be utterly wrong - not just "inaccurate"). Due to relativity though, light travels at a constant, measurable speed, when observed by an external observer. And the funny thing is, if I "stand still" - and you move very fast (compared to me) - the same ray of light goes the same speed, whether you look at it, or I do. If you fly at the speed of light, and turn on a lamp - the light from that lamp will depart from you position at the speed of light. But from my "stationary" point of view, you seem frozen in time, and the light of the lamp moves the same speed as you do - which means it never leaves the lamp. And this total freeze or"absolute stop" is - by our current knowledge - just the furthest you can bend time. Relativity does allow for one method of traveling faster than light though: bending space. Bending space would effectively shorten the distance you have to travel. That's the theory of wormholes. The forces needed to achieve that (black hole levels of gravity) would tear you apart on a subatomic level though, if you just went anywhere near the wormhole.


Question: How do you calculate percentage probability of an incident with an unknown number of occurrences?

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 How do you calculate percentage probability of an incident with an unknown number of occurrences?

Say there are 7.5 billion humans. You pick out 100,000 people who got the procedure at random and see how many die. If 200 out of the 100,000 die, you know that 1/500 would die, or if all humans got the procedure, then 15 million out of 7.5 billion would die. The more people you have in your sample, the closer you get to the real number. So if you pick out 500 people and 2 happen to die, you'd mistakenly think it was a 1/250 chance when 1 death was just a fluke. If you pick out all 7.5 billion people, you'd know exactly how many people would die. You want to use the largest size sample you can realistically get. If you can't get a large enough sample, you won't know for sure.


Question: In the fall in the Northeast USA, why does the sunrise rise later in the morning faster than the sunset sets earlier in the evening?

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 In the fall in the Northeast USA, why does the sunrise rise later in the morning faster than the sunset sets earlier in the evening?

The orbit of the earth is an ellipse, not a circle. Depending where the earth is along the ellipse, the angle between earth and sun changes at a different rate. This causes the length of a day to vary by about 50 seconds over a year. We say on average a day is 24 hours, but it could be 24 hours 30 seconds or 23 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds. When the days are shorter (noon to noon time, not amount of sunlight) this causes solar noon to move earlier in the day. As they get longer it moves back. So as noon moves backwards, you lose less light in the evening than in the morning.


Question: Why is to dangerous to connect to an insecure network and how would they access my information?

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 Why is to dangerous to connect to an insecure network and how would they access my information?

Dangerous is an exaggeration, an insecure network means that anyone within range can see or manipulate your internet traffic. Depending on the type of traffic it may or may not be secured in other ways. For instance most websites use HTTPS and these would be fine. Other apps like e-mail may not be secured and completely readable. A secure wireless network in a coffee shop where everyone knows the password is basically the same as an insecure network. From a security stand point you are better off using an insecure wireless network to connect to an HTTPS website, then a secure one to connect to an HTTP website. tl;dr Security is a multi-faceted thing, and secure wireless networks are better than unsecured ones.


Question: Why are horses still so sound-sensitive, even though they were used in wars years ago? How could they have been used in wars?

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 Why are horses still so sound-sensitive, even though they were used in wars years ago? How could they have been used in wars?

They were trained. Horses aren't natural soldiers any more than people are. They had to be exposed gradually to the sights and sounds of battle, and taught what to do. There's a video on YouTube of a guy who demonstrates this; I'll see if I can find it. Here's one and I think he has a few more. URL_0


Question: Why is it a really bad idea to put dead or mostly dead batteries in a device with fully charged batteries?

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 Why is it a really bad idea to put dead or mostly dead batteries in a device with fully charged batteries?

As battery charge is used up, resistance increases. Fresh batteries with low resistance, pushing voltage through dead batteries with high resistance may cause it to heat up and leak. It could also cause a short in the battery, which would rapidly discharge the battery and possibly damage the device. The best outcome is just reduced power. Additionally: You shouldn't mix battery types, such as LiPo and Alkaline. The chemistry and voltage differ and may cause problems. You shouldn't mix brands. The overall chemistry and voltage may differ enough to be a problem.


Question: How does something like a towel dry? Shouldn't it be hot to convert from liquid to gas?

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 How does something like a towel dry? Shouldn't it be hot to convert from liquid to gas?

The boiling point is the temperature where the average molecule in the substance has enough kinetic energy to break free from the liquid phase and become a gas. However temperature within a liquid isn't as simple as it might appear because not every molecule is moving around at the same speed. Some are slower than average and some are faster, and the fastest ones can break free from the liquid while the bulk cannot. In fact every liquid has a "vapor pressure", a point where the pressure of those escaping particles is matched by that of the vapor on the surface of the liquid. Any liquid then has some portion of the molecules escaping into vapor, which of course is evaporation.


Question: Why is plastic bad for the environment?

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 Why is plastic bad for the environment?

Animals ingest plastic believing it to be something else. For example, sea turtles think plastic bags look a lot like jellyfish. Once ingested, the plastic can't be digested so it just takes up space in their guts without providing any nutritional value. Because they can't break it down, it can often get lodged in their guts for a long time, slowly starving them. This is especially dangerous with microplastics, which are tiny, often microscopic pieces of plastic released into the environment as large pieces grind down and erode. Filter feeders looking for plankton ingest the microplastics and can't do anything to get rid of them, so they accumulate them in their tissues. Then those get eaten by bigger predators, and the same thing happens, and so on. The plastic can break down into toxic byproducts that slowly poison the organisms, especially when it pollutes a waterway. Killing the bottom level of the food web, like the plankton in an aquatic environment, collapses the whole food web. Some plastics become habitat for organisms that shouldn't have it. Plankton species in the open ocean use microplastics as habitat to attach to, and other species are using plastics as places to lay eggs. This creates a different problem in the food web, because those species that shouldn't be as populous suddenly drastically increase in population, which means they consume resources that other species need to thrive. Those species fail and die, further disrupting the food web. And plastics *just don't go away*. They last for decades, so environments disrupted by plastics can't recover. If you dumped thousands of gallons of bleach into the ocean, that particular part of the ocean would get really messed up. But, within weeks the bleach would break down and dissipate, so that area could begin recovering very quickly. Plastics take longer to affect the environment, but since they never go away they just keep going.


Question: What is the difference between foreclosure, pre-foreclosure and auction?

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 What is the difference between foreclosure, pre-foreclosure and auction?

Pre-foreclosure: The homeowner is way behind on payments, the paperwork has been filed with the court to proceed with the foreclosure but it hasn't actually been processed yet. Foreclosure: The point at which the court processes the foreclosure. At that moment, the house no longer belongs to the homeowner, but to the bank Auction: The bank now tries to sell the house at an auction to try to recoup some or all of the defaulted loan amount. & #x200B; Buying a pre-foreclosure or foreclosure is the same as regularly buying a house. You make an offer, either to the bank or owner depending and it gets accepted or not. If you're buying a house at an auction, you'll need to have funds 100% available either through a fat stack of cash in your bank account or through something you can immediately draw from. You cannot buy a house at an auction, then try to apply for a mortgage.