Question: When something is zero sugar and zero calories, what actually is it made up of?

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 When something is zero sugar and zero calories, what actually is it made up of?

If you want specific information you can check the ingredient list, but the vast majority of it is carbonated water. The flavors come from natural or artificial flavoring that has zero calories/close enough for the label to say it's zero, and the sweetness comes from one of several different types of sugarfree, zero (or near-zero) calorie sweeteners.


Question: What is the purpose of a nuclear power plant and is it good or bad for the environment? Why are they dangerous?

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 What is the purpose of a nuclear power plant and is it good or bad for the environment? Why are they dangerous?

nuclear energy is far more efficient at generating energy compared to coal or oil. 1 gram of uranium is equivalent to around 3 tons of coal in terms of energy. it is also a zero carbon emission source of energy, so it is definitely better for the environment considering there is no carbon footprint and we can use less of it to get more than enough energy. there has only been a few nuclear reactor/power plant accidents within the past century and even though is has been getting a bad reputation for being dangerous, the regulations for nuclear energy are by far more secure than coal and oil safety regulations. nuclear energy can be dangerous if we are not careful, but if we follow the right procedures, it can provide us with a very viable energy source that is better than all perishable fuel sources we have now. edit: for a better understanding of the comparison between coal and uranium, according to URL_0 , uranium is 3 million times more efficient than coal. the 3 tons thing i said earlier may not be accurate.


Question: Why is it so hard for a robot to tick the box '"I am not a robot"?

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 Why is it so hard for a robot to tick the box '"I am not a robot"?

There's a lot more going on behind the scenes. In general, you see the simple checkbox captcha because Google already knows you're a human. With YouTube, Google Analytics, Gmail, Google Docs, Google ads, and thousands of other Google apps and sites, they are basically always tracking you. You're also almost guaranteed to be using a real/valid web browser, accept Google cookies, and you're acting like a real human. A bot might not have any Google history associated with it, might not be working inside a browser, might not be running the JavaScript that the captcha needs, might not make external requests that the captcha needs, might not accept cookies, their (possibly fake) user-agent might not match the features of a real/valid user-agent, etc. Google won't trust them, so they get the picture/puzzle captchas.


Question: What does it mean if someone says they’re a Gestalt nihilist?

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 What does it mean if someone says they’re a Gestalt nihilist?

Gestalt is a psychology term for seeing thinks as simply as possible while viewing the whole as greater than the sum, such as in the mind. Nihilism is the believe that nothing has explicit purpose or meaning within a specific context. I guess it means they are nihilist who follows gestalt principles. Honestly, it just sounds like some psuedo-intellectual nonsense to me. They person who said this probably watched a couple Wisecracked videos and thinks they're the second coming of Sartre now.


Question: Why is it we want commitments, but when we get them we often have urges to quit them?

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 Why is it we want commitments, but when we get them we often have urges to quit them?

Oh, that's because we don't want employment. We want the paycheck. And we don't want to workout, we want the good physique and endorphins that make us feel good. What we're after is the reward, and we wish we didn't have to work for it. It was never our intention to be stuck doing something to get it (whether work or workout). But it is what it is.


Question: What causes people to sleep walk?

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 What causes people to sleep walk?

You don’t dream right away during a sleep cycle. Right before your dreaming period begins, your body releases chemicals that have a paralyzing effect. So when you dream, your body doesn’t really move much, just your eyes (REM stands for rapid eye movement). For a typical person, dreaming ends before the paralyzing effect wears off. In a sleep walker, the dreaming period outlasts the paralyzing effect. This is usually caused by high serotonin levels (the natural version of melatonin). Most people’s serotonin levels decrease as they approach puberty which is why most sleepwalkers are children. High stress can trigger your body to produce more serotonin because your body thinks you need more deep, restful sleep.


Question: Why does tap water from the kitchen sink taste slightly different than tap water from the bathroom sink, despite having the same source?

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 Why does tap water from the kitchen sink taste slightly different than tap water from the bathroom sink, despite having the same source?

First step is a blind taste test to see if the effect is real or only in your head. Get someone to fill two glasses, one filled from each source. Then see if you can identify which glass was from which source. If there is an effect, repeat it at other people's houses to make sure that it isnt your house's pipes specifically.


Question: What is the principal agent problem?

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 What is the principal agent problem?

It references the conflict of interest that an agent finds themselves in when they're entrusted to make a decision on behalf of someone else, the principal, where one way of making the decision is better for the principal and the other way is better for the agent. Take for example a financial advisor. Your grandmother brings her life savings down to his office and asks him to manage her retirement funds for her. He is the agent, she is the principal. The financial advaior could put her money in one of two mutual funds. One of the funds is likely to return 3% per year on investment and will give the advisor a 2% commission for each share of it he sells someone. The other is likely to return 4% per year, but only yields a 1% commission. The principal agent problem arises in that the agent, who is supposed to be making decisions in the principal's best interest, *should* put Granny's money in the second fund, but might put it in the first fund because he gets twice as much money for himself that way. It comes up in politics too. Which bill should a politician put his weight behind; one where the government would spend $200 million on needed goods or services, or one where the government would spend $250 million on the same goods and services, but from the politician's frat buddy's business, who will contribute 10% of the difference back into the politician's campaign?


Question: Why is Henry Kissinger considered a war criminal?

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 Why is Henry Kissinger considered a war criminal?

Some of his greatest hits: -helped orchestrate a military coup in Chile in 1973 that overthrew the democratically elected socialist president Salvador Allende and installed brutal military dictator Augusto Pinochet -in the Ford administration, approved Indonesian dictator Suharto's decision to violently invade and occupy East Timor, over time killing up to 180,000 -carpet bombing campaigns in Cambodia during the Vietnam war solely to give the US a better bargaining position before negotiating a withdrawal; the resulting instability and civilian deaths led eventually to support for the Khmer Rouge -sending Pakistanian president Aga Khan weapons so he could ethnically cleanse more Bengalis; this was literally illegal. -encouraged the Argentinian military to start its Dirty War in earnest, killing 30,000


Question: Why does squinting help you read things far away?

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 Why does squinting help you read things far away?

Squinting allows you to limit the amount of light that enters your eyes. It operates similarly to a pinhole camera. If you limit the direction light can travel from and still reach the retina, then it will focus at the expense of brightness. The same principle works if you make a small hole with a finger, and look through it.


Question: Why do we get a sore throat after being in the cold for a while?

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 Why do we get a sore throat after being in the cold for a while?

Well it depends on what kind of cold. But often the air is very dry when it is cold, meaning a low humidity. This means it is easier for water to evaporate into the 'dry' air. What you should also know is that water evaporates at all times but the speed at which this happens differ depending on temperature and humidity. Higher humidity meanind lower evaporation and vice versa, and also a higher temperature gives a higher evaporation and vice versa. Now to why you get a sore throat. Your body is around 37C on the inside and every time you breathe out some water from your throat is evaporated and taken with the air, removing it from your throat. Normally this evaporation happens at a speed that your body can keep up with by 'refilling' the water that's lost. However when the air is really dry, like with cold weather, the evaporation happens at a faster speed and your body can't keep up. This results in your throat quite literally drying up and gives you the sore throat feeling. Also this process happens faster when you breath through your mouth, so to prevent this happening as much as possible try to breathe through your nose. As there is more resistance that way which will recapture some of those water vapors.


Question: Why does the urge to use the bathroom increase when you come in close proximity to a bathroom?

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 Why does the urge to use the bathroom increase when you come in close proximity to a bathroom?

The urge to pee is influenced by visual, tactile and auditory stimuli. Hearing or touching running water can trigger or intensity the urge. Seeing a toilet can do the same. Source: am person with lifelong bladder issues Doesn’t answer your “why” question, but I can tell you from daily experience we are certainly “wired” like that.


Question: How do natural magnets not violate thermodynamics?

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 How do natural magnets not violate thermodynamics?

Natural magnets do not generate energy, just like gravity doesn't. Everything outside the magnetic field has a some potential energy, which is converted into usable work when the thing gets closer to the magnet. This isn't "free" energy, since once the thing has fallen onto the magnet, you need to input energy to get it back. You can see it as a trade: you give something to the magnet and it gives you a small bit of energy, but if you want your magnet or thing back you need to give this energy back to the system.


Question: Why do onions become sweet when boiled?

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 Why do onions become sweet when boiled?

Well, you know, when you step into a spa/hot tub, how you suddenly relax? Well, that's what happens with onions, and they release their bitterness, because they are relaxed. Why be bitter when you're bubbling away? You too could be an onion and suddenly feel sweet and spry! *Walks away because he ultimately has no idea*


Question: (USA) what is mandatory military spending vs. discretionary military spending and why does it matter?

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 (USA) what is mandatory military spending vs. discretionary military spending and why does it matter?

Mandatory spending is spending that is required by law. Usually it's things like entitlement payments (e.g. Social Security). For the military, it would include things like the military's health care program, Tricare, and other benefits provided by the military. Discretionary spending is funded through appropriation bills passed in Congress as part of the annual budget process. This year Congress might decide to appropriate funds for some new planes or to increase the number of personnel, but next year they might choose to appropriate more or less funds for different things. It matters because mandatory spending is predictable and required; you know ahead of time you're going to have to shell out that money. Discretionary spending are expenses you decide on as you go in reaction to other things or just because you want it. Discretionary spending is where you can get into financial debt if you're not budgeting effectively. Another way to think about it: mandatory spending is paying your mortgage, car payment, insurance, etc., while discretionary spending is deciding whether you're going to get a Playstation 5, buy a new car, and splurge on that leather jacket you've always wanted. You're not required (i.e. it's not *mandatory*) to lay out money for a leather jacket, new car, or PS5; that spending is up to your *discretion*.


Question: how can plants can live in the cracks of concrete during a drought, yet you take that same plant and put it in a pot but forget to water it 1 day it will die?

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 how can plants can live in the cracks of concrete during a drought, yet you take that same plant and put it in a pot but forget to water it 1 day it will die?

Not only does it depend on the type of plant (as mentioned, weeds will grow pretty much anywhere) but also the room it has to grow. Putting a plant in a pot grants its' roots a certain amount of space to grow. If that space can not stay maintained (well watered and plenty of nutrients) then the plant will essentially kill itself by trying to grow so many roots in search of water/nutrients. Cracks in concrete limit how spacious an environment the plant has to grow in the first place. The plant will depend on very little because it is only offered such little room to live. Versus a bigger space, such as a pot, that actually requires much care to ensure good growth. This is why some stores sell tomato plants in rather small pots. It is up to the customer to plant them if they wish to harbor the work intended for them to grow bigger than the limits of the pot they come in. This is why it is important to account for just how much work/tending a garden will need before going bigger. Watering everyday, if not twice a day during drought; making sure to pull weeds that grow around your crop(s) so they do not rob your garden of nutrients and water, etc. & #x200B; It's a rather amusing prospect, gardening, because it will blow your mind to realize just how little you really think you knew in the first place once one can see through the unknowing plethora of mystery that we call 'the ground'. It's like this thin layer that keeps us out of the know. Most people just think 'whatever happens down there, just happens for it's own reasons' simply because the top layer masks our views of what's actually underneath. Wish I had my own spot of property by now...


Question: What is Happening with this 'Caravan' coming to USA from Central America? - No Politics Please

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 What is Happening with this 'Caravan' coming to USA from Central America? - No Politics Please

The caravan is a number of migrants leaving Central America, particularly Honduras and Guatemala. They are traveling in a large group for safety; migrants traveling in small numbers face many dangers, particularly if they are women or children. Mexico granted ~~asylum~~ passage (note to self: don't mix legal/casual usage of key words, lol) to these migrants because they are fleeing violence in their home countries. Many of the migrants are LGBT, who face severe persecution in many parts of Central America. Some of the migrants say that they are moving north to seek asylum in the United States due to the life-threatening conditions in their country. This is the correct legal process; anyone is allowed to seek asylum. The legal way to do so is to come to the US border. Detractors claim that the migrants are not seeking asylum, and intend to enter the country covertly and illegally. The group is large and mixed, and in all likelihood there are a wide variety of motivations and plans; some may plan to enter the US illegally, while others may plan to apply for asylum legally. One small group has reached the border already, and appears to be seeking asylum legally. 93% have cleared the first round of their asylum applications, which is much higher than the average rate of 76%, lending credence to the idea that these are legitimate asylum-seekers. It is worth noting that the caravan consists of around 5,000 people. Between 20,000 and 30,000 people are granted asylum in the US each year. [EDIT: I typoed "particularly" as "particular" twice in one comment, I think I have some kind of brain problem]


Question: How did aliens become associated with Area 51?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did aliens become associated with Area 51?

In 1989 a man named Bob Lazar had an interview with a Las Vegas news reporter where he claimed to have worked at Area 51. He said he was tasked with reverse engineering the propulsion technology of an alien craft and described it in a very detailed way. The story got a lot of attention and eventually spawned similar claims leading to Area 51 being intimately tied to aliens in the public's mind.


Question: How do 3d glasses work and what do the red and blue lines have to do with it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do 3d glasses work and what do the red and blue lines have to do with it?

You're able to see the world in 3D because your eyes see things from two different angles which your brain turns into a 3D image. Color filters absorb everything but a particular color. If you look through a blue filter, you'll see nothing but the shade of blue that the filter is colored with. Movies and videos are 2D since the colors/pixels appear in the same place as viewed by both of your eyes. When you cover one eye with a red filter and another eye with a blue filter, you can display a red and blue pixel in two different places which will confuse your mind into thinking it's looking at a single pixel from two different perspectives. When you see the red version overlapping a blue version without the glasses, you're seeing the intended perspective for both eyes, by both eyes at the same time.


Question: Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

Given what we know about hunter-gatherer tribes, it's not all that likely that becoming rich, as an opportunity, preceded the existence of money. Most early societies appear to have had some form of exchange, such as beads and shells. That said, even today, while money is how we keep score, few people are rich in money. Most people are rich in stocks (companies) and bonds and real estate and farm/ranch land. Bonds are recent. Stocks are less recent. There were corporation-like bodies in ancient Rome, but before that a person, family, or a few partners might own a valuable company or resource. Farmers skilled in management could increase their landholding and have others do the work. (There was also a fair amount of conquerors giving their soldiers chunks of conquered land.) There were traders that got rich exchanging Eastern silk and spices for Western gold and jewels, whose wealth could be measured in the value of their inventory. Much like today, people spent their money on servants, nice houses, leisure travel, expensive mausoleums, hot women and pretty things. Mausoleums aren't so popular today because most of us believe that you can't take it with you. Jewelry stood in for conspicuous consumption the way that sports cars do today.


Question: If Tupac is dead, who receives the royalties when someone listens to his music? And same for other deceased artists

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Tupac is dead, who receives the royalties when someone listens to his music? And same for other deceased artists

Tupac's estate was managed by his mother until she died a few years ago. Control of the estate then passed on to a a trustee that his mother appointed before her death. His mother and now the trustee was the beneficiary of all financial gains from his estate as well as empowered to make legal decisions regarding copyrights, release of previously unreleased music...etc. Most artists have similar situations in place. Many artists and musicians continue to make millions of dollars a year even decades after their deaths, and they usually have wills that provided instructions for how to manage their estates. For those who die with no will, a court usually grants control of the estate to the next-of-kin, or may divide it up between close relatives if there's a dispute, although disputes can drag on for years.


Question: Why do standardized tests each have unique and seemingly arbitrary score ranges? (e.g. SAT 400-1600, ACT 1 to 36, LSAT 120-180, MCAT 472 to 528, USMLE Step 1 1-300)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do standardized tests each have unique and seemingly arbitrary score ranges? (e.g. SAT 400-1600, ACT 1 to 36, LSAT 120-180, MCAT 472 to 528, USMLE Step 1 1-300)

The short answer is that it is arbitrary. The longer answer is that the scoring systems reflect the priorities of the test makers. Many test creators intentionally set the lowest score far above 0 to make it more obvious that they are interval scales, not ratio scales. In other words, a score of 900 on the SAT is not "twice as high" as 450 because for something to be double, triple, 1.5x, 0.5x, or any other multiplier you need to be counting from 0, not 400. A lot of tests set the average score to be close to a nice, round number. For instance, SAT standardizes so that 1000 is about average, 500 is about average on MCAT, and 150 is about average on LSAT. The actual average varies from test to test, but they're designed so that it's easy for a test taker to see where they stand. ACT, on the other hand, uses 36 because it factors nicely into the number of questions on each section of the test. Multiplying the percent right by 36 gives you a clean-looking number without repeating decimals. USMLE doesn't disclose how they do their scoring, so I really don't know why they picked 1-300.


Question: What is the survival instinct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the survival instinct?

You’re really asking a nature vs nurture question. With humans, we live in relative safety and usually almost never experience anything that requires our survival instincts to kick in, and on top of that, even if they did, our brains are able to overwrite it in the moment. With animals, they’re constantly living in a live or die situation, as well as being taught survival by their mothers/parents at the same time. Edit: To add to this, survival skills and survival instinct is not the same thing. Survival skills is having the skills necessary to survive in the wild. Example being: knowing what’s edible and what isn’t, knowing how to hunt, knowing how to find water, knowing how to find or build a shelter. Survival instinct is a fight or flight response. Example being faced down by a bear, you either run or you fight to stay alive. It also involves other things but that’s the large majority of it.


Question: Why is the night sky more clear after it rains?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the night sky more clear after it rains?

The air is full of dust, pollen, dander, debris and dirt kicked up from the ground, haze from automobile exhaust, smoke, and factories, and the rain wipes it all clean as it falls the same way it washes your dishes. Dirt and debris cling to the drops and it delivers them to the ground clearing the air as it falls.


Question: If a Canadian gets an acting role from a company in LA and the film shooting takes place in Europe, how would they pay their taxes/with what government?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a Canadian gets an acting role from a company in LA and the film shooting takes place in Europe, how would they pay their taxes/with what government?

You'd still pay taxes in/to Canada. It depends how long you're working outside of Canada and determination of your factual residency. But for a few weeks or months, no, pay taxes as normal to Canada. If in doubt the lovely people at Canada Revenue's help line can sort you out. URL_0


Question: How does Bluetooth Low Energy Work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Bluetooth Low Energy Work?

Bluetooth is a way to communicate to other devices wireless, The most common application on a cellphone is to connect to headsets, spearker etc Bluetooth low energy is the latest bluetooth standard that do what is say and used less power. The amount is usages depend on what you do but it is low. The lower power usage is more important for something you connect to like a headset or a fitness trackers then for a cell phone as the have smaller batteries and you still has to charge the cellphone for other thing is uses energy for. So it can result in standby time on devices like that for days, weeks or even longer. If you look at example for a bluetooth low energy beacon I found tests that show usages of 38 uAh per hour that is 0.038mAh per hour. That would mean that the the battery could power it for 92000 hours or 10 years. Bluetooth low energy is designed so a button cell battery that might have 200mAh could power it for months or years. The cellphone that need to listen for signal uses a bit more but it will be negligibel for a cellphone. That is for standby if you stream to speaker or headphones it might use more power


Question: Why are we scared after having nightmares or watching horror movies when we know that they are not real?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we scared after having nightmares or watching horror movies when we know that they are not real?

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, screens/movies/intense entertainment such as these haven't been around for very long. Anytime an ancestor saw something scary or threatening it's because it was real. Our brains still aren't designed for anything different. Nightmares are different. I read somewhere that our brains practise for life-threatening situations in our dreams, but I don't believe that. I just think our brains' recovery through the night utilizes some wierd neurochemical mechanisms/processes that it's not used to when it's concious, and it experiences this activity in the only way it can or knows how to: the way it processes conscious experience, even though these experiences are two very different processes.


Question: Why does the US vote seems like a mess and badly organized for a European - why don‘t you just count votes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 Why does the US vote seems like a mess and badly organized for a European - why don‘t you just count votes?

Well the first answer is that the US isn't like any single European country. Instead it is more like the entire EU. And that is why our elections seem so disorganized. Because 50 states are holding elections all at the same time and they all have different rules on how the elections work. Next, outside the system it seems like it is a whole lot of effort for just a single election. But you, as a European, might not realize exactly how many things were voted on in the US this past Tuesday. As an example, I live in California. I voted for one of my two Senators (the other wasn't up for re-election), my district House Representative, and a new Governor for my state. Those you probably know. I also had to vote for on my State ballot: * Lieutenant Governor * Secretary of State * Controller * State Treasurer * Attorney General * Insurance Commissioner * Board of Equalization Representative * State Senator (different than US Senator) * State Assembly Member * State Superintendent of Public Instruction There were also 5 judges that I had to vote on and ~~10~~ 12 Propositions that change the laws in my State. **THEN** there is all the local elections. Which included 5 measures, 1 for the county and 4 for the city (could have been more buy the school district I live in didn't have a bond measure this year). But there were the local offices I had to vote on * Sheriff * County Supervisor * Board of Education members (had to pick 3) * City Council member In total that was ~~39~~ 41 things I voted on. And that is just one of 50 states. So yeah it looks disoganized compared to a European election, but it is also on a scale unlike a European election. We had 113 million people vote, that is more than the population of any European country, let alone their voting population. EDIT: Some formatting errors, and I forgot about 2 state propositions


Question: what makes us feel tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes us feel tired?

In a nutshell, our circadian clock and numerous neurotransmitters (chemical messengers/regulators) regulate sleep. The circadian clock regulates sleep timing (in accordance with day/night-time) and the neurotransmitters make it easier for us to fall asleep. One of the main neurotransmitters is melatonin. The more melatonin your body releases, the sleepier you are.


Question: The concept of Dimensions. How do we know there are 12? How do we know which one is which specifically?

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 The concept of Dimensions. How do we know there are 12? How do we know which one is which specifically?

> How do we know there are 12? We don't know whether there are 12, or any more than 4. Current conventional physics only uses 4 dimension (3 space + 1 time). The 12 dimensions you hear from are a prediction (or rather: a requirement) of certain speculative theories in physics like string theory. String theory has not been proven to be correct yet. > How do we know which one is which specifically? In the world of string theory, the other extra dimensions are very very small. They are nothing like the regular dimensions that we are familiar with. You'd have to zoom in to around the Planck length (10^(-35)m) to see them.


Question: What happens to Buttigieg's delegates now that he's out of the race?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to Buttigieg's delegates now that he's out of the race?

Pretty much all the states delegates that are committed to a now-defunct candidate become free to cast their vote as they wish at the convention and are no longer committed to their out of the race delegate. I think one or two states still make their delegates vote for the dropped out candidate but I'm not sure which ones, I think its only one or two states.


Question: What is the relationship between matrices and computer program variable arrays?

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</answer>
 What is the relationship between matrices and computer program variable arrays?

A matrix is a mathematical concept. A computer array is a concrete way of structuring data inside a computer. One way in which they're related is that if you want to use a computer to do matrix math, you will probably implement it using arrays. An array is a general purpose way of keeping track of multiple things of the same type. A matrix is generally a grid of real numbers, so you could use an array of floating point numbers to represent an array inside a computer.


Question: Why is the Amazon Burning and how is the Brazilian Government Implicit in that?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is the Amazon Burning and how is the Brazilian Government Implicit in that?

Farmers set the Amazon on fire to free up land to plant soy and for their cattle to graze. It’s forbidden but the current nationalist government doesn’t care about the environment and doesn’t enforce the law. So the rate of fires have increased because there is no risk of prosecution to the farmers.


Question: what is inflation and what causes it?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is inflation and what causes it?

Inflation is the increase of prices within an economy. Usually people state it in terms of the purchasing power of a currency, but technically it's defined as an increase in price. There are two main causes of inflation. "Demand-push", which is basically economic growth and supply pull, which is when the supply of materials is limited somehow (for example, the OPEC embargo which limited oil supply in the US). Inflation is a strong GDP indicator. If GDP increases, inflation does as well. It's true the other way as well. If GDP decreases, typically you have disinflation. If you get catastrophic events like the Great Depression, you get deflation.


Question: Why're red states significantly cheaper than blue states?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why're red states significantly cheaper than blue states?

Blue is also highly correlated with urban areas while Red is highly correlated with suburban and rural areas. Cities have a very high price of living due to various reasons that can't be paired down to just political leanings. If you're curious this is called a confounding variable. Basically if you wanted to estimate the cost of living in these states a good model would probably use amount of 'urban-ness' but since blue and 'urban-ness' are very related an estimate could also use political leanings. My favorite example is that ice cream sales and number of people drowning, when plotted on a graph match almost perfectly. The reason is really because ice cream sales and swimming increase due to summer and decrease due to winter together, but they aren't that related.


Question: What exactly triggers the burst of an asset bubble? And why would it lead to unemployment, loss of savings etc?

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 What exactly triggers the burst of an asset bubble? And why would it lead to unemployment, loss of savings etc?

An asset has some intrinsic value, so people buy it or hold it. The price need not match with the intrinsic value, it could vary with a lot of different factors as you may already know. A bubble is when the intrinsic value is tiny compared to the price, and this is obvious suddenly in an 'emperor's new clothes' fashion, and the price drops way down due to people trying to let go of it asap. Can we tell the intrinsic value of an asset in advance, though? Well, no, it's hard. So we often don't call things bubbles UNTIL they burst. So to answer your first question: any event or group of events which causes a critical mass of people who own some type of asset to think 'oh shit this is actually worth much less and is going to go down soon'. This spreading of pessimism is rather quick and seems like a quick crash in hindsight. Examples: someone publishes a damning article about tech companies, a big court-case, bad news from outside the country, some scandal, some company releasing its earnings data and it being a rude surprise. To answer your second question: well, a lot of people may have a significant portion of their wealth in that asset! And it's suddenly worthless. If it's shares of a company, it effectively loses people's trust in it and investors' desire to invest their money in it... Which is doom for a lot of small companies. If the employees own stock, they lose a lot of wealth. On broader scales like housing as a whole, this could mean a LOT of people/companies lost a LOT of wealth really quickly, and this has a ripple effect: they will spend less, they will not be able to pay out their debts, it will affect related industries, and so on and so forth.


Question: When you board a plane to a different country, which country are you technically in for law/regulation purposes? For example if I board a plane from Canada to USA, is the drinking age on the plane 18 or 21?

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 When you board a plane to a different country, which country are you technically in for law/regulation purposes? For example if I board a plane from Canada to USA, is the drinking age on the plane 18 or 21?

Generally planes, like ships, will follow the laws of whatever country the plane is registered in. & #x200B; On the ground the local laws still apply but once in the air it's a lot like international waters and international law applies. & #x200B; With alcohol service though it's pretty much up to the airlines to set their own rules (although if they started serving alcohol to children something would probably be said about it). Some airlines are more flexible than others but often the policy they use is to follow the laws of the destination country - so if you're flying to Canada they'll use 18 as the drinking age, but if you're flying to the US they'll up it to 21. If you're flying to the middle east they'll often not even serve alcohol on the flight.


Question: At what point is it statistically favorable to play Mega Millions or Powerball, disregarding split jackpots and tax?

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 At what point is it statistically favorable to play Mega Millions or Powerball, disregarding split jackpots and tax?

> How do you integrate this information in order to determine the jackpot value for a fair bet? You need a complete list of all the possible payouts and their corresponding probabilities. You then multiply each payout by its probability and sum them all up to get the expected pastor of a ticket. If that payout is equal to the cost of the ticket, then you would have a fair bet. (Excluding taxes) So for example say a lottery ticket has the following payouts with the following odds. $1,000,000 payout at 1/50,000,000 chance = $0.02 average return. $1,000 payout at 1/10,000 chance = $0.10 average return. $10 payout at 1/20 chance = $0.50 average return. So if I buy a ticket that lets me win any of those prizes at those odss, then the total statical value of the ticket is the sum, $0.62. it would make sense to but this ticket if it cost less than 62 cents and not make sense to buy it for more than 62 cents.


Question: Why are “poetic” contractions such as (th’), (an’), and (o’) used, considering they’re not exactly easier to say nor write?

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 Why are “poetic” contractions such as (th’), (an’), and (o’) used, considering they’re not exactly easier to say nor write?

Sometimes it's to preserve the meter of the poem. Shakespeare, for instance, liked to write in iambic pentameter. An iamb is a two-syllable unit consisting of an unstressed and a stressed syllable. For example, the word "about" is an iamb: the "a" is spoken with less emphasis than the "bout". "Pentameter" means there are five metrical units per line -- in the case of iambic pentameter, there are five iambs per line. Now then, let's look at the first line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 129: "Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame" If the Bard had written "The expense of spirit...," we would have two unstressed syllables ("the ex-") followed by a stressed syllable ("PENSE"), a pattern known as an anapest, and not an iamb. However since the rest of the line is iambic ("...of SPI-rit IN a WASTE of SHAME"), the anapest throws off the rhythm of the opening line. So instead, he wrote "Th' expense...". The spelling hints at the intended pronunciation: the (missing) e of "the" is elided into the initial e of "expense," resulting in something like "thex" (rhymes with "vex") as one syllable. This preserves the iambic meter of the line: "thex-PENSE of SPI-rit..." Similar use can be seen elsewhere, such as in Sonnet 12: "...And sable curls all silver'd o'er with white;" Again, the line is in iambic pentameter (and SA-ble CURLS all SIL-ver'd O'ER with WHITE). "O'er" is pronounced as one syllable (like the word "oar"). "Over" would have added an extra syllable and messed up the meter.


Question: How has the lava in the earth not cooled?

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 How has the lava in the earth not cooled?

The interior of the Earth is very, very hot mainly for 2 reasons. Radioactive decay. There's a lot of radioactive stuff in the Earth's makeup, and it releases heat as it decays. 20 miles of solid rock is a great insulator. The Earth formed from a lot of extremely violent collisions between bigass space rocks. For a long time it was just one huge ball of liquid rock. Eventually the outside cooled off, but when it did it pretty effectively insulated the inside. 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 tonnes of boiling rock takes a long time to cool off.


Question: Why can spacetime warp faster than the speed of light?

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 Why can spacetime warp faster than the speed of light?

The simplified reason for why things cannot travel faster than light can be seen in the relationship between speed and mass here: URL_0 As the velocity of an object increases towards the speed of light, the value of V^2 / C^2 approaches 1. As this value approaches 1, the square root of 1-this value becomes infinitesimally small. When you divide the mass of the moving object by a ever decreasing number, the relativistic mass increases towards infinity. Therefore things moving at the speed of light, so long as they have mass also have infinite relativistic mass. The more mass something has, the more energy is required to move it. Therefore something moving at light speed would have infinite mass and therefore require infinite energy to move. However spacetime expansion does not rely on the actual movement of an object. The universe is expanding. This means that the physical distance in between two objects is increasing. Imagine two ants sitting on a balloon. As you blow up the balloon, the surface area increases and the distance between the two ants increases. But, from the perspective of the ants, they haven't moved despite going from being right next to each other to on opposite sides of the balloon. Now, take that and apply it to space. If expansion of space between 2 stationary planets A and B occurs at an increasing rate, eventually planets A and B from the view of observer, would move away from each other at a speed faster than the speed of light. As the planets themselves are not moving, their mass does not change. The Alcubierre drive you mentioned works by contracting spacetime in front of the object and expanding it behind. In short, the contraction pulls two relative locations closer together, like deflating the balloon with ants on it. Whereas the expansion behind pushes two things apart, like expanding the balloon.


Question: What are some signs that someone has a personality disorder (sociopathic and such)?

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 What are some signs that someone has a personality disorder (sociopathic and such)?

Personality disorders are really serious and shouldn’t be taken lightly. Symptoms would need to be continuous and persistent. some of them include a fear of being unstable, funny enough. You might be constantly worried there’s something wrong with you. you could also get paranoid to an incredibly stressful point and find it difficult to tolerate being alone. EDIT: Added this to a reply below but i’m adding here to make it more visible. If you’re worried about your mental health there’s nothing wrong with checking in with a professional same way you’d see your doctor if you thought you had strep throat sure, it could just be a sore throat, but it could be something more problematic. in the same vein, sure you could just be having difficult feelings right now, but you could also have some other potentially more concerning issue


Question: Is there a way to describe multiplication of two negative terms vividly/picturesquely/descriptively?

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 Is there a way to describe multiplication of two negative terms vividly/picturesquely/descriptively?

Multiplying by negative one (-1) is like making something opposite, that is turning it around. So taking something like $100 of debt and multiplying it by -1 turns it around to a $100 credit. Multiplying by -2, turns it around AND doubles it... So if you owe me two apples (so you have -2 apples) and I multiply it by -2, it turns it around so that I now owe you AND it doubles it... Now I owe you 4 apples... you have +4 apples... (-2)(-2) = +4 tl;dr Multiplying by a negative makes things opposite


Question: Why electric cars are not regular thing?

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 Why electric cars are not regular thing?

The biggest reasons are probably that they still cost more than regular cars, they rarely have as much range as a gas or diesel powered car (usually less than half) and it takes a lot longer to recharge a car than it does to fill up your tank, there are also very few good places to do it unless you live in certain metro areas. All of that adds up to extra cost and inconvenience that most people don't want to deal with. There are also some people who just don't like electric cars. They enjoy the rumble of an engine or they really relish driving and loving rowing gears in a stick shift. I'm somewhat in that category myself. I recognize all the benefits, but there's something about pistons and gears and shifting a manual transmission that really appeals to me. The nicer electric cars have fantastic performance off the line and great handling, but it's just not quite the same. They don't have that "machine" feel to me. All that said, they are definitely gaining popularity all the time and they are here to stay I believe. The range issue is getting better (and isn't a problem if you have $90k for a Tesla). The recharging is likely to remain an issue for some time to come. If it's a commuter car and you just drive to work each day and plug in at home overnight that's fine. But if you're driving all over the place, there's a scarcity of places to charge, especially with the higher voltages you need to get it done quicker. Even if you do have access to quicker charging, it still takes way longer than filling a gas tank. It's going to be a LONG time before most gas stations have quick charging stations for electric cars. Probably at least a decade or more. So it takes a little bit of sacrifice and special enthusiasm for electric vehicles right now. They aren't going to be mainstream like hybrids are until they overcome those issues.


Question: How does bail work in the US?

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 How does bail work in the US?

A person is caught committing a crime, they get arrested and charged. Said person will go to jail and has the option to post bail (monetary amount set by judge) so they can leave jail while awaiting their court date. If they attend all court dates, they get the money back. If they don’t, the money is kept.


Question: Why is the main camera not positioned on the opposite side of the bench in soccer (Premier League)?

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 Why is the main camera not positioned on the opposite side of the bench in soccer (Premier League)?

The benches take up nearly the entire sideline. The side the cameras face are lined with advertising boards in front of the stands. I'm not sure how the payout goes (if all the advertising revenue goes to the club, or some is pooled for the whole league), but the constant TV exposure would allow higher rates to be charged for that advertising.