Question: ATM, OTM and ITM (calls?)

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 ATM, OTM and ITM (calls?)

Stock options (calls) are the right to buy a stock at a pre-set price by a certain date. If a stock costs $100 today, you could, for example, pay $10 for the option to to buy that stock for $105 6 months from now. If 6 months from now, the stock's price is $120, you can exercise your right to buy it for $105, and once you subtract the $10 you paid for the call option, you're up $5. If the stock price went down to $80, you wouldn't exercise the call option. You'd still lose the $10 from buying the option, but that's less than the $20 you would have lost if you bought the stock at $100. In/At/Out of the Money refers to whether the pre-set price of the option is Lower/Equal/Higher than the actual price of the stock at the moment. ie, if the actual stock costs $100, and you buy an option with a pre-set price (called the strike price) of $90, that's In The Money. A strike price of $100 would be At the Money, and $110 would be Out


Question: how can we determine what the behaviors of animals were in a time we weren’t around in?

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 how can we determine what the behaviors of animals were in a time we weren’t around in?

Well, we can't for sure. But we can extrapolate based on the behavior of their modern cousins, and based on things we find in fossils and anatomy. For example, sometimes large predators die with a full stomach, and we can get a sense what the contents were from a fossil (few fossils are this high-quality, but some exist). More reliably, we know that anatomy adapts to behavior and vice versa. For example, modern animals with sharp teeth eat meat, and animals with wide, blunt teeth eat plants. You'll notice that humans have both, and we eat both. So when we find a fossil with sharp teeth, we know they ate meat. If they ate meat, they had to either hunt or scavenge, because those are the two ways to eat meat, so which do we think this one was? Well, if it has very thick leg bones, the purpose of those would be to support powerful leg muscles and a lot of impact, so we can guess that it was probably a hunter, because it needed to be fast and powerful. We also know that predator species tend to have eyes facing the same direction and prey tend to have eyes on opposite sides of their head; predators need depth perception, and prey needs to see a wide field. So if their eyes are facing the same way, we can guess predator, which also points to hunter. Are their claws and feet big and powerful, with long claws and thick bones, or are they small and nimble? Modern raccoons are largely scavengers, and they have small, nimble hands. tl;dr We can't, but we can make guesses based on modern animals with the same physical features.


Question: Why is recycling items made of cardboard so essential when they will degrade anyway?

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 Why is recycling items made of cardboard so essential when they will degrade anyway?

You are using them again, saving the use of other materials to make new cardboard. All forms of recycling prolongs things and saves us using up raw materials unnecessarily. That is why we do it for anything we recycle. Eventually something will get to the point where it can't be used again, but we will have got better use out of it.


Question: how can a layer of metamorphic rocks be on top of a layer of sedimentary rocks? Shouldn't the deepest layer have higher pressure and temperature?

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 how can a layer of metamorphic rocks be on top of a layer of sedimentary rocks? Shouldn't the deepest layer have higher pressure and temperature?

You are absolutely right, the deeper a layer gets buried, the higher pressure and temperature it is subjected to. However, there are two ways to explain your question. Compressive tectonic forces can fold or fault rock layers which would place metamorphic rocks above sedimentary rocks. A thrust fault is a type of fault that pushes deeper, older rocks over younger rocks. Imagine pushing two pieces of paper together on a flat surface. One would slide on top of the other, which is exactly what happens in a thrust fault. There are places in Canada where very old granite has been pushed up on top of young sedimentary rocks via thrust faulting. For the folding example, think about a tablecloth pushed over a smooth table, it would bunch up in a series of small folds. The same thing happens with rock layers. Sometimes rock layers get folded so much they become overturned, which means a "lower" layer would be on top of an "upper" layer.


Question: Why do newspapers, radio and evening tv news still state the DOW, S & P, and NASDAQ closing points when the people who care already know from following real-time ticker feed all day?

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 Why do newspapers, radio and evening tv news still state the DOW, S & P, and NASDAQ closing points when the people who care already know from following real-time ticker feed all day?

It is not only the day traders who are interested in those numbers. Looking at the tickers you can usually predict a lot of the headlines in the financial section of the newspaper. The key numbers are a general indication of how the financial markets are doing and the financial markets are mirroring productivity and profits of the country and the world. Say for instance that you are the head of a company and your employees are telling you that you are getting close to capping out production and need to invest to increase your production capability. However you are looking at the key numbers on the news that the markets where your customers are in is not doing as well so you may want to delay the investments for a while as you anticipate to not need it yet.


Question: why does a sphere fit into a cube more efficiently than a circle into a square?

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 why does a sphere fit into a cube more efficiently than a circle into a square?

Your math is incorrect. The area of the enclosing square isn't r^(2), it's (2r)^(2) = 4r^(2) (the length of the square is equal to the circle's diameter, not its radius). Similarly, the volume of the enclosing cube isn't r^(3), it's (2r)^(3) = 8r^(3). Therefore the ratio between the circle and square areas is π/4, while the ratio between the sphere and cube volumes is 4/3 \* π / 8 = π/6.


Question: Why does mic feedback always present itself as high pitched ringing?

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 Why does mic feedback always present itself as high pitched ringing?

Audio Engineer here: & #x200B; It doesn't always. Sometimes it's low end frequencies feeding back from a subwoofer into a mic stand or similar. & #x200B; The reason that *most of the time* it's high pitched is because: * The speakers are better at reproducing high pitches * The mics are better at picking up high pitches * High pitched sound waves don't need as munch energy to get from point A to point B as lower frequencies do, so they don't die out as fast as lower frequencies. When I tune a sound system to prevent feedback, there are usually at least 3 or 4 frequencies I have to filter and they are pretty well spread across the audio spectrum.


Question: how do mathmeticians discover new formulas?

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 how do mathmeticians discover new formulas?

My degree is engineering, not mathematics, but I know enough about math to *begin* to answer your question. Sometimes a relationship is discovered because people recognize it's true for *some* numbers, and they then devote themselves to trying to prove (or disprove) that it's true for *all* numbers. (EDIT: "Every number I try fits this rule" isn't proof when you have an infinite set of numbers to try.) Here's an example. The Pythagorean Theorem. Take a right triangle. Square the lengths of the two shortest sides, add those numbers together, and that sum will be the square of the longest side. It was probably known for a very long time in ancient history that this was true of *some* right triangles. A right triangle with sides of lengths 3, 4, 5. One with sides of lengths 5, 12, 13. But today we credit a Greek man named Pythagoras for proving that this relationship is true in *all* right triangles. And he did it by arranging and rearranging triangles into squares and rectangles and showing that the areas had to be equal no matter the lengths of the triangles' sides. That's just one example. I'm sure there must have been lots of relationships that were discovered by accident in the thousands of years we have been using numbers.


Question: if an old person gets a lung transplant from a teenager who dies, can they live a longer life because the organ is younger? (Longer than say if they got a persons lungs who was older) Same goes for a heart or liver etc.

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 if an old person gets a lung transplant from a teenager who dies, can they live a longer life because the organ is younger? (Longer than say if they got a persons lungs who was older) Same goes for a heart or liver etc.

If we're talking about flawless transplant with no problems, then yes, people with younger organs have a certain chance of living longer. For example, if you have a new heart. But don't forget that your brain and the rest of your body will still be old and prone to various failure. And you can't transplant your conciousness to another brain.


Question: Why do kids and teenahers find every sexual term or word, or anything to do with intercourse funny?

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 Why do kids and teenahers find every sexual term or word, or anything to do with intercourse funny?

The leading question aside... Part of it has to do with something being a social “taboo,” what with the high social stigma involved with sex. It’s an awkward transition to make if we always tell children and teenagers that sex is an adult thing, but still bring it up in their presence. The healthiest way to deal with that awkwardness is usually going to be a sense of humor, even if it sometimes seems out of place.


Question: What does Fourrier Transform do?

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 What does Fourrier Transform do?

A Fourier transform lets you take a signal that shows you how something changes as a function of time, and instead express it as a function of how much energy is represented by each frequency. The input is a waveform. Imagine that you've got some digital audio. If you don't understand how digital audio records *samples* of a waveform, read [this tutorial]( URL_0 ) first. Imagine you've got a sample of some audio, about 1/10 of a second long, or about 4000 samples of audio. What you want to know is how much energy is contained at each frequency - is it mostly bass, or treble? What's the fundamental frequency, what note is playing? Stuff like that. The Fourier transform takes the 4000 numbers representing the audio sample, and returns 4000 pairs of numbers. Those are usually described as complex numbers, but that's confusing. It's equivalent to say that they're coefficients that you can apply to the cosine and sine functions. Essentially what the Fourier transform does is say let's take both a sine wave - f(x) = sin(x) - and a cosine wave - f(x) = cos(x) - then have one of these for each frequency from 1 to 4000: f(x) = a * sin(1 * x) + b * cos(1 * x) + c * sin(2 * x) + d * sin(2 * x) ... + z * cos(4000 * x) What the Fourier transform does is give you those numbers a...z (actually 8,000 of them) such that the resulting waveform is EXACTLY THE SAME as the input waveform. The cool thing is that the Fourier transform is guaranteed to work, and it's invertible. If you just want the energy at each frequency and not separate coefficients for sin and cos, just add their squares, like a^2 + b^2. You can plot that and it will look like a spectrum or a graphic equalizer. Another cool thing you can do is modify the values in frequency space, then do an inverse FFT back to a waveform. That allows you to manipulate sounds and change how strong each frequency is.


Question: Why are internet, water, and electricity not public utilities like education and healthcare in the UK?

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 Why are internet, water, and electricity not public utilities like education and healthcare in the UK?

Why? Because the Conservatives decided to privatise them, mostly. All three of those are heavily regulated though, with price controls and other control being exerted by regulators. Competition in internet works quite well in the UK, with most of the back end owned by BT Openreach and compulsorily has access rented out. Do not know enough about the way electricity works, but you have competition on generation / selling, and then the national grid which is privately owned but presumably strictly regulated. Competitions for most healthcare and schooling really would not work. Economies of scale mean any area will only have a limited number of schools or hospitals, and the information costs on which ones are good and which are bad would be horrific. League tables are a terrible idea - for instance, a lot of the best surgeons in the world will have bad survival rates, because they get given the worst patients because they have the best odds of saving those patients. Comparing the costs of electricity meanwhile? Very easy. TL;DR: Easier to create competition, lower moral hazard, lower information costs.


Question: Do brands like Coca Cola, Pepsi etc. still work on refining their recipes, or are they using the same they did 10 years ago?

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 Do brands like Coca Cola, Pepsi etc. still work on refining their recipes, or are they using the same they did 10 years ago?

History (such as "New Coke" and various other products which come and go) suggests that they do, but that such experiments are incredibly closely guarded. I think that after "New Coke" it's fair to say that they don't fuck with their core recipes anymore, but they spin off new flavors and variants from them, which probably comes from fiddling with their core recipe. So yes, and no.


Question: How were CDs and DVDs professionally made? What computers, software, and printers are used?

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 How were CDs and DVDs professionally made? What computers, software, and printers are used?

They use a clean room and production line. Sound typically came from digital audio tape (in the '90s) and was then transferred on a glass disc called a master, using lasers. This master was then plated with metal to create a stamper. This entire process was relatively slow and took place in a clean room. The stamper was used to mould large amounts of cds (which are made out of plastic) on a production line. This is a quick process that only takes a few seconds per cd. Afterwards reflective material was dampened on the disc and the disc was coated with lacquer for protection. It is a different process compared to burning cd-recordables, as recordable discs have a layer with organic dye that can be burned using a laser. This also gives cdrs their distinctive color.


Question: why are smaller guages actually bigger such as on shotguns and wire?

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 why are smaller guages actually bigger such as on shotguns and wire?

gauge is the measure of how big a lead ball will fit into the barrel. 12gauge means that a spherical 1/12 pound of lead will fit into the barel. 16gauge means that a spherical 1/16 pound of lead will fit in. less lead, smaller barrel 10 gauge means that spherical 1/10 pound of lead will fit in. more lead, bigger barrel. however this does not measure how much lead is actually being propelled for a specific shell. the size of lead shot in the shell is scaled by the number shot it is. 00 buck or #7 bird. the amount of lead that's in the shell is measured in ounces. 1 1/8 oz. of #7 birdshot


Question: How does the water of an oxbow lake stay there despite it being cut off from a supply of water? What stops it evaporating like a giant puddle?

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 How does the water of an oxbow lake stay there despite it being cut off from a supply of water? What stops it evaporating like a giant puddle?

It's cut off from the river as a supply of water, not from any source of water. There can be groundwater that's coming across underground from the river. There can be runoff from the land higher than the lake that will drain there instead of into the river. Water is one of those insidiously persistent things. If there's a route to a lower spot or an area of lower pressure, the water will find it's way there...


Question: How are underwater rivers formed and is the water in them any different than the regular ocean/lake water?

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 How are underwater rivers formed and is the water in them any different than the regular ocean/lake water?

its just a difference in the content of the water. if you have very salt dense water it will sit on the bottom, where as the more pure water will sit on top. Very similar concept to vinaigrette dressing in a bottle. the layers separate based on their chemical structure and density.


Question: How did Alan Turing's first conception of a "computer" work?

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 How did Alan Turing's first conception of a "computer" work?

The way that a Turing machine works is that it has a long tape with information on it and a device that reads information off of the tape and can also write information onto it. The tape is divided into small blocks that each contain a piece of information. At some point in the tape there's a series of instructions, and the device reads the instructions one at a time and follows them. The instructions contain commands about what to do with other information on the tape, and can sometimes tell the device to skip over instructions or jump back to previous instructions. There are many different sets of instructions that a theoretical device could understand, but Turing was interested in finding out which set of instructions was the absolute smallest while still making it possible to write instructions for basically anything. The bare minimum set of instructions a device must understand to be able to follow basically any kind of procedure is called "Turing complete." Turing complete sets of instructions have commands for doing basic math on numbers on the tape, moving information from one part of the tape to another, comparing two things on the tape, and jumping from one instruction to another based off of that comparison. Any Turing machine which has these instructions can, in theory, be given instructions on how to do literally anything. It can be given instructions on how to clean a room (obviously with the addition of some instructions that talk to other circuits the Turing machine is connected to), to come up with a theory for the most efficient way to clean a room, to simulate every atom inside of a messy room, or even simulate a human brain which will ponder the philosophy of cleaning rooms. Turing complete instruction sets can contain more instructions than that, but they must have those kinds of instructions. An example of an architecture which is not Turing complete would be one that can only do math calculations but offers no way of skipping over instructions. If there is no way to skip over instructions then it can't make decisions because it always has to do every instruction and can't skip over the ones that are irrelevant. In the modern world Turing machines are used universally for computing. Real world Turing machines do not have infinitely long tape like the theoretical version did, instead they have memory circuits. They store information as ones and zeros instead of just drawing it on the tape, and the device that deals with the instructions is the processor. Sometimes there will be more than one processor and they will cooperate to run multiple programs.


Question: How do enemies not hear an apache (or similar heli)?

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 How do enemies not hear an apache (or similar heli)?

This is going from my experience as an infantryman and radio operator in an Airborne unit. In peacetime, never in combat. There are a few things going here: 1) Wind direction. Wind can carry and mask sound, just like it does smell. Pilots will often approach from upwind for this reason. 2) Terrain. Being down in a valley can change the direction of the sound and muffle it. You may hear the helicopter, but because of hills and echoes, you won't always know where the sound is originating. This is also why riding as a passenger in a combat helicopter is no fun. Helicopters will spend hours racing at high speed, following every curve and contour of the terrain to stay as low as possible to mask sound and remain undetected radar. I don't know the exact height they aim for over the ground but it looks close enough to brush the treetops with the helicopter skids. It's like being stuck in the worst, scariest, and most uncomfortable roller coaster you can imagine in pitch darkness in the middle of the night. My job in the Army involved jumping out of airplanes, but it was helicopter rides that scared me. 3) Environment: battlefields are loud. A helicopter isn't all that unusual of a sound in a modern combat environment. So it may just blend in the way birdsong blends in when you're hiking. 4) Distance. When you're talking about a modern attack helicopter, you might notice the big ball sitting above the rotor. That little device enables the pilot and gunner to detect and fire on targets from very far away while keeping most of their helicopter behind sound masking terrain, far away. 5) Speed. Pilots know they can't mask their sound forever, so they do so as long as possible and plan to hit the target fast and hard so that it's too late for them to run. 6) Rotor technology. Millions go into developing rotor systems that are just a few decibels quieter. Or, sometimes, just don't sound like a helicopter. 7) Planning. A good mission planner will take all of these ideas into account when planning the mission. 8) Fatigue. When you're tired, and almost everyone in a war zone is, you sometimes miss things or are just too tired to care if you do catch them. 9) Misdirection. Sometimes other assets are used to mask sound or get people looking the wrong way at the right time. Or for that matter, getting them to put their heads down altogether. A well timed mortar attack from the East before the birds come in from the West, for example. 10) Electronic and signals warfare. Radios are sometimes jammed at key moments just to keep people from alerting others once the helicopters are secure. The result is that an enemy may feel safe, miles and miles into friendly territory and suddenly find themselves crispy. In training, I was sometimes the guy calling in helicopters on the radio, and even knowing where they were coming from and when, I was sometimes surprised by their arrival. Especially at night with little birds like the Kiowa. Speaking for the US military at least, I can tell you that our forces are extremely adept at the use of helicopters in combat.


Question: - How/why do bubbles form in carbonated beverages and why do they only seem to come from the bottom of the bottle?

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 - How/why do bubbles form in carbonated beverages and why do they only seem to come from the bottom of the bottle?

So... Carbonated beverages are an unstable solution kind of like a wagon stacked sky high with swaying boxes. Even though this system is unstable though it does need something to trigger the instabilities to make the boxes fall. In the case of the wagon its tiny bumps in the road or imperfections in the wagon's wheels and bearings that start things a swaying. In a soda bottle it is tiny microscopic imperfections in the surface of the bottle. This is why bubbles seem to form streams. Tiny imperfections in the bottle provide points for CO2 to form up on and then make a bubble. You know the mentos in coke trick? That isn't a chemical reaction. That happens because the mentos has a very rough surface texture and the CO2 just goes crazy for it. To answer your next question - "what happens if we made an absolutely perfect bottle?" Happy googling, you're going to have some fun there. Short answer - explosions.


Question: How do devices transfer information wirelessly and how can the transfer speed be altered?

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 How do devices transfer information wirelessly and how can the transfer speed be altered?

Radio: Your phone, laptop, etc. have radio antennas on their Wi-Fi cards. It's the same mechanism that TV, conventional radio and Bluetooth use. Wi-Fi has a problem, though: If you have 100 devices in the same area, they constantly interfere with each other. Imagine 100 people on a basketball court, trying to scream messages to each other - they will constantly talk over each other. So the more devices in an area, the slower thr connection, as they have to wait for each other all the time. Something similar happens with cell phone connections, but these are slower anyway. So how do you improve it? First of all, some Wi-Fi standards are simply faster than others due to better encoding (think the "language" the devices speak needs less words per message), so if your router is 10 years old, changing it would help. Wifi also has two bands: 5GHz and 2.4GHz, with 5GHz being less common (so less inteeference from neighbors) and in general much cleaner signal-wise. See if your router and devices support it, newer ones most likely do.


Question: What is a strawman argument?

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 What is a strawman argument?

A straw man is when you present someone else's position badly as an attempt to refute it. It generally takes the form of arguing against positions the opposing party never took or phrasing those positions in an inaccurate, easily refuted way that they never used. Essentially, the fallacy is you're not arguing against the opposing party but against a 'straw man' you've created to make your own arguments look good.


Question: If we are clean after a shower, why do we need to clean towels?

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 If we are clean after a shower, why do we need to clean towels?

Towels are designed to absorb the water on your body after a shower. Even though the water itself is clean, and your body is clean too, the towel will be wet and will need to dry up during that process the towel is moist, if you took a hot shower, your bathroom is probably relatively hot and humid too these are the perfect conditions for mold to grow, therefore, over time, your towel will be filled with mold if you do not clean it up, even though you are clean when you use it By the way, you're not completely bacteria free even after a shower, soap and shampoo is not made to kill everything on your skin, it would be too aggressive


Question: How do front facing "Virtual surround" speakers sound like they are surrounding me?

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 How do front facing "Virtual surround" speakers sound like they are surrounding me?

The folds of your outer ear mean that sounds from behind you bounce off those folds before entering your ear. The effect of the extra bounce is that there's a short delay and that the frequency content gets modified. So we can instead modify the sound played from the front speakers to have the delay and frequency modification that the extra bounce off the folds of the ear would produce.


Question: How does one learn to think internally?

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 How does one learn to think internally?

"Inner monologue" is related to "sense of self" - people develop it over time, but just because they aren't describing it in the same terms doesn't meant they don't have the same thing happening. But inner monologuing is most closely associated with tasks of self-planning and problem solving ("What do I want to do later, and how can I make it happen?"), self-reflection on feelings ("What am I feeling and why?"), and critical evaluation (judging things, judging people, critical assessment of a thing, etc), but then it *combines those skills with language development and expresses it internally*. For some people, its a method of keeping internal thoughts organised, but however good you are at it, its passing part of your overall conscious cognitive-state through your language processing bits.. Mostly those tasks aren't things you'll ask a child to do, because they haven't yet developed necessary cognitive tools, and they may not have yet developed the necessary language development (or cognitive balancing act between senses...) to pull it off. EG: Ask a child to visualise something and they can probably do it, ask them to draw the thing they've visualised, and they simply *may not have the skill* - ask them to describe the thing they're visualising, and they *may not have the vocabulary yet, nor all the mental tools*. Ask them to sniff a flower, then describe the flower to you. They can probably do that. Ask them to imagine a smell, then describe the imagined smell to you; the problem is the *abstraction from a direct experience* is something occurring in their heads, and most kids havent yet worked out how to turn that abstraction into language. "Using your inner monologue" is equivalent to "visualise and articulate a thing you may or may not understand, process it through your experiences of environment and self, express it back to yourself through your understanding of language, without talking to me about it" - some people will find that process harder than others. The other difficult bit of abstraction is somethign that comes with a more robust sense of self - ask a child to imagine themselves being better at something tomorrow than they are today, and they can do it - tell them to imagine the steps they need to get there, and although they might be able to list some things in their head, explaining what those steps are to anybody will something they are really bad at (compared to adults). Amongst adults though, that process is just called "Psyching yourself up for something and working out a plan." PS: Not saying your niece is slow or in any way disadvantaged by lack of monologue, everybody develops and experiences the world differently - some people never get one, they just get really good at abstracting in **ways that don't come to them as words**. PPS: I know this is not quite ELI5, but I really don't know how to describe "Sense of Self" as an ELI5. Five-year-olds have a very weak Sense of Self.


Question: What does it mean to "master" a song/track?

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 What does it mean to "master" a song/track?

A lot of people confuse mastering with mixing. Mixing is actually the part where you adjust levels on each track of the song. Most songs have a track for each instrument, sometimes recorded at the same time as other instruments, and sometimes recorded separately. Mixing is adjusting the levels on every track, adding sound effects, etc. Mastering is actually the final step when publishing the music to a medium like CD. You render all the tracks into one single track that is in the correct format, in the correct song order, maybe apply effects, make sure the volume is consistent across all songs, etc. So mixing is more to do with adjusting a single song's tracks, while mastering is adjusting a bunch of individual songs to make one coherent final result or performing final post-production after you're done mixing the song.


Question: What does “ethically non-monogamous” mean?

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 What does “ethically non-monogamous” mean?

It means that they are in an open relationship but do so in an ethical manner, where all parties involved are aware of what is happening. This is stated to help differentiate them from people who are using "I'm in an open relationship" as a way to cheat on their partner, who may not be aware that the relationship was in fact open.


Question: Why is the smell foul when things decompose?Why isn't it pleasant?

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 Why is the smell foul when things decompose?Why isn't it pleasant?

Thinking about it logically, I would have to assume this is more biological instead of chemical (yes, there are chemical reactions taking place, but they are subsequent to biological processes). I don't know exactly what happens chemically, but I think that our bodies have evolved to find the smell of decomposition repulsive so as not to indulge in it. It's the same with other animals. Obviously humans have natural predators. No animal wants to eat a decaying body, because it's filled with bacteria and other harmful things. But an animal can't tell the difference between sleeping and dead, so the "smell" that comes off of decaying animals indicates to them that they are already dead and decomposing, and are not to be consumed. Back in our Hunter-gatherer days, this was a useful adaptation, so that we didn't consume things that were decaying and bad for us. Our bodies naturally evolved to find the smell of bacterial decomposition repulsive and unappetizing. Does this make sense?


Question: what happens to the blood on a corpse when someone dies, it goes downwards or stops its flow or goes somewhere to the body? what happens?

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 what happens to the blood on a corpse when someone dies, it goes downwards or stops its flow or goes somewhere to the body? what happens?

It sorta pools at the bottom. It's called [Livor Mortis]( URL_0 ) (warning that link has a picture of dead person in it) Within 2 hours you can start seeing something that like a bruise on the entire bottom side. Normally your body pumps blood out of the little blood carrying capillaries. Since your body isn't doing that any more the blood gets stuck, making it look like a bruise.


Question: If space and time most coexist together and one can’t exist without the other, why can we convert space to time (i.e. 1 year = 12 miles)?

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 If space and time most coexist together and one can’t exist without the other, why can we convert space to time (i.e. 1 year = 12 miles)?

You absolutely can use vectors for time. Your question doesn't really make any sense tbh. It sounds like a misunderstanding of what spacetime is. Before Einstein we had classical physics with classical relativity. In classical relativity we cant assume a single coordinate system is best. Take the example of dropping a ball on a moving train. If you are on the train the ball falls in a straight path downward. If you are outside of the train and not moving relative to it the ball follows a parabolic path. Neither of these is more correct and completely depend on your chosen coordinate system. However time in classical relativity doesn't change when you change coordinate systems, t' = t. Special relativity showed us we cannot treat time this way and must consider the coordinate system just like we do for spatial dimensions. This is why we call it space time.


Question: How is professional porn still profitable these days?

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 How is professional porn still profitable these days?

Porn is cheaper to make today, duplication of discs and tapes is expensive. Sturgeon's law = "ninety percent of everything is crap" That means that amateur video of any kind is not as good a professional video of that kind, even when the type of video is "amateur style porn". That small margin can offset the small distribution costs to make a profitable business.


Question: - Why does peroxide poured into a cleaning case to clean your contact lens turn to water overnight, but the peroxide left in the bottle does not?

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 - Why does peroxide poured into a cleaning case to clean your contact lens turn to water overnight, but the peroxide left in the bottle does not?

Peroxide, given the chance, will slowly decompose into water and oxygen. This process can be sped up by a catalyst (the platinum disk in the case), especially if the catalyst is heated. At low concentrations, this is fairly slow and pretty benign. However, more concentrated peroxide (sometimes referred to as high-test peroxide) decomposes so violently that it can be used as a monopropellant in spacecraft, such as Soyuz descent module. It also powers the turbopumps and vernier thrusters on the R-7 (Soyuz) booster.


Question: What is so special about primes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is so special about primes?

Effectively they are special because they are the building block of multiplication (and therefore all multiplicative properties of numbers). You can think of 1 and 0 as the building blocks of addition, i.e., every additive transformation is the result of adding 1 (or many 1's) or 0. In this way, the prime numbers are similar for multiplication. Every multiplicative transformation is the result of multiplying by a prime number (or the number 1, or the number 0). So, any time multiplication begins to be mathematically useful, the prime numbers become important. And since multiplication is super useful...the primes are very, very important. Another reasons prime numbers have become so well known popularly, is even though they are simple to understand - we may even learn about them in middle school - they are notoriously difficult form a theoretical perspective, and there are lots of unproved theorems out there having to do with prime numbers. So in this way they are considered by laypeople to be a bit mysterious.


Question: Who decided to multiply matrix in such a weird way and for which reason ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who decided to multiply matrix in such a weird way and for which reason ?

A matrix is one possible way to represent a system of linear equations. So if you have a vector of numbers v and a system of linear equations represented by A, then applying that system of linear equations to the vector results in the vector Av. But what if you have two systems of linear equations and want to apply one after the other? This can actually be done with a single system of linear equations. Matrix multiplication is defined such that it performs this combination. So if your systems of linear equations are represented by matrices A and B and you want to apply first B and then A to a vector v, then matrix multiplication is defined such that A(Bv)=(AB)v. So essentially, matrix multiplication as defined as it is allows you to combine multiple sequential systems of linear equations into a single system of linear equations.


Question: why sometimes projects encourage you to check several checksums instead of just one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why sometimes projects encourage you to check several checksums instead of just one?

It is possible, through some very meticulous manipulation, to create something that looks extremely similar to the original product, but has something malicious injected, and some extra stuff just to make the MD5 value match. In theory, you can also do the same for a SHA1 hash. Making something that can break both of those simultaneously? That would be incredibly tricky.


Question: How can Netlifx offer a great selection of movies and series without ads running ever fifteen minutes, yet traditional cable tv can’t, even though they charge customers much more than Netflix does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can Netlifx offer a great selection of movies and series without ads running ever fifteen minutes, yet traditional cable tv can’t, even though they charge customers much more than Netflix does?

Netflix offers a very similar value proposition to HBO. Subscribers pay a monthly fee and get a selection of movies and original programming and neither show ads. The monthly price of premium cable channels is very similar to the price of Netflix. Cable is a bundle of channels, offering in total far more content than Netflix (though it's a very broad bundle so only a small portion of the channels appeal to most subscribers). While the bundle price is higher, but each channel gets far less than Netflix gets (most channels get less than a dollar per month from each subscriber's cable bill) which means they supplement the monthly fee with ads. The other major difference is a cable bill also bundles together the content and delivery of said content. To fairly compare the price of cable with Netflix, you'd have to include some or all of your ISP bill too.


Question: how does snow cause potholes on the road?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does snow cause potholes on the road?

Its a combination of two things that come with snow. Freezing temperatures, and snow removal. When you have a road there are always going to be at least small holes/cracks in the pavement. these holes/cracks let water in/underneath the pavement. During warm months, this doesn't really matter and the water eventually drains away. But when there's water in/under the pavement and freezing temps come along, that water freezes. And when that water freezes, it expands. It expands enough that it can actually break up concrete, especially if there are already small cracks/holes to make bigger. Since the water is under these pieces of pavement, it also can push these cracked pieces of pavement up, which leads to the next cause. Snow removal. Snow plows do their best to not tear up the road, but at the same time they're trying to get as much snow off of the road as possible, so that big metal plow is ideally just skimming the top of the pavement. But say it goes over a cracked up section where the pavement has been pushed up 1/4 of an inch by water freezing beneath it. That big metal plow in front of a 15+ ton vehicle is just going to tear up that already broken up pavement and toss it to the side just like it would snow. So you get this 1 2 punch of the freezing temperatures breaking up the pavement, and then large vehicles moving that broken up pavement around.


Question: 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

Galaxies *are* connected like a web or something [if you zoom out enough to see it]( URL_1 ). It's important to note that the blobs of light in that image are *not* galaxies. They're *clusters* of galaxies, or superclusters, which can contain *thousands* of galaxies. Consider the organization of the solar system. Most of the matter that formed the solar system became the Sun, and the rest spread out over a [huge distance]( URL_2 ). That matter is pretty concentrated in local spots, which are the planets. The space between planets is pretty empty, of course, but it still has a lot of stellar dust particles and comets and asteroids and a lot of *stuff*. But compared to the density of matter on Earth, interplanetary space is *really* empty. Then again, compare the density of matter within the solar system to the space between our solar system and the next one. The solar system has a ton of matter. Several planets' worth. But there's less between us and the Alpha Centauri system. It all seems random and empty until you zoom out and look at the galaxy and see the [spiral arms]( URL_0 ) that show the organization of the local groups of solar systems. It doesn't look like there's a lot of stuff between us and Alpha Centauri, and there's not, but when you look at the bigger picture you see that, in fact, there's still a *lot* of stuff pretty close together. And there is a lot of dust and rocks and stuff out there, too. And you can zoom out again to see the nearby galactic local group. Then the Virgo Supercluster. Then, finally, the structure of the universe as far as we know it. In the empty voids between galaxy superclusters, there's sparse traces of dust and gas, but that's it. The rest of the matter is concentrated in the superclusters. And within the superclusters, most of the mass is concentrated in the galaxies. And so on.


Question: Why is "no antibiotics" a big selling point for meat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is "no antibiotics" a big selling point for meat?

Animals raised for meat are often given constant doses of low levels of antibiotics. This keeps them healthier in unsanitary conditions, and boosts their growth so you get more meat from each animal. The problem is that bacteria are really good at evolving to resist antibiotics, *especially* when exposed to constant low doses of those antibiotics. So pumping our livestock with them is basically creating a "boot camp" for bacteria. Anytime we come up with a new type of antibiotic, a resistant strain of bacteria shows up within two years, because farmers buy the new drug and start filling their cows with it, training the bacteria in the cows to fight it. We saw this recently with [colistin]( URL_0 ). Colistin is supposed to be a "drug of last resort", the thing doctors hold in reserve until you *really really* need it. It's the antibiotic equivalent of a nuclear bomb, and if bacteria become resistant to it, we're fucked. We don't have anything more powerful. And you know what happened? They found colistin-resistant bacteria spreading around, because farmers in China and India were pumping colistin into their cows.


Question: Why is it that after eating spicy food, eating hot (as in temperature) food is so much more painful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that after eating spicy food, eating hot (as in temperature) food is so much more painful?

Capsaicin (the thing that makes peppers spicy) makes the TRPV1 protein activate and sends "this is hot" siignal to the brain. TRPV1 is the same protein that sends the signal to your brain if you burn your tongue or touch a hot stove. So to your brain, you're burning something that's already burning... Making it hurt worse :)


Question: Where did all the different units of measurement come from? And how did we get a uniformed decision on what is what?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did all the different units of measurement come from? And how did we get a uniformed decision on what is what?

For the most part, somebody just creates a unit, and if it catches on, we use is. One thing that you might find interesting is to read up on the 'Le Grand K'. Basically, the kilogram was (until last year) defined as 'exactly the weight of 'Le Grand K, which is stored in France. This causes some issues. 1. I can't really go there and measure it, and 2, the weight is not stable. Since that object ALWAYS (pre 2019) weights 1 kilogram, as it gains or loses weight, the definition of a kilogram should change. For many practical reasons, it doesn't, which is why there was an effort to replace the standard. Here is an interesting video about it (pre 2019), so this is an attempt to replace the standard. URL_0


Question: How does clicking a link to a malicious website allow hackers to gain control over a computer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does clicking a link to a malicious website allow hackers to gain control over a computer?

There are various ways to break out of the sandbox. Among other things, the webpage can be set to automatically download a file when you load it, with virus files being quite small and quickly completed. Then, it is just a matter of tricking you into opening the payload. Like pretending that your computer has a virus and directing you to download their super awesome virus remover tool. Don't worry, it is all legit, the virus in your computer is just manipulating Windows into thinking our antivirus is a virus, really. Other fun tricks are to spread cheap casual games with an installer that installs special web browsers that allow for foreign code to be run. And yet another exists that runs a Macro (a prerecorded set of instructions) on Microsoft Word, which (you guessed it) runs a virus program. The best way to avoid many of these attacks? Vigilance. 1. Never click any sort of links in an unsolicited email. Not from a stranger, not from a bank, not even from your parents (until you have a chance to confirm they sent it). If your bank sends you an email about your account, type your bank website into the address bar. 2. Never click on ads. Like ever. But especially not when that ad is saying you won a contest, may be infected with a virus, or has a big blinking button that says "Download" 3. Never do your personal business on your work computer. That way, if you screw up, it doesn't affect your work, and if someone else screws up work, it doesn't affect your personal business.


Question: How does binary trigger current in hardware?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does binary trigger current in hardware?

Is it your hand which grasps, or is it your fingers doing all the work? Is is software which puts those icons on your screen, or is it currents? The thing to understand about the computer is that it's *all* just electrical currents. All the logical, visual stuff you see represented on the screen and in the computer's abstractions ilke "icon" and "desktop", all of those things are just different arrangements of currents flowing through that big array of logic gates. So to ask how clicking the icon 'triggers' a current, well, it's just currents triggering other currents. That's really what a logic gate is, is a voltage trigger. There are various logic gates such as "and" gates and "or" gates, and their job is to trigger in a certain if-then scenario. It performs a rule like "If input voltage A is high *or* input voltage B is high, *then* set output voltage C to high." The job of a CPU maker, is to wire these gates up to each other in ways so that physical if-then scenarios concerning the voltages on the wires between them, will map cleanly onto *logical* if-then scenarios that are useful for computation, such as the 'carry rule' for binary addition: "if both addends have a 1, then carry a 1 over to the next digit." The software in the computer can be looked at in two different ways. Looked at in one way, the meaning of a particular software instruction could be: Store the value "hello" in a string starting at memory location 15. But looked at in another way, the meaning of that instruction is: "Set the following voltages on the RAM data bus: high low low high high [...] high high". It's kind of like the difference between saying "write 'hello' on this piece of paper" and "deposit ink on the paper in the following shapes." The same physical thing is going on, but you're describing it at a different level of meaning. That's the difference between "saving a file" and "triggering currents."