Question: Why do snails have shells if slugs are fine without them?

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 Why do snails have shells if slugs are fine without them?

Shells help protect against predators however cost energy and resources to grow and extra energy to haul around. & #x200B; If a species of slug and a species of snail had similar diets and inhabited similar environments the slugs would have an advantage and become more common when predation is lower but snails would have an advantage and become more common when predation is higher. The change in the populations would likely then cause a change in predator behavior and population, which then has an effect on snail & slug population, and so on and so on. & #x200B; People get too hung up on the phrase 'survival of the fittest', thinking it means that between two animals one is objectively better. Really it's a continual balancing act between uncountable factors that keep changing all the time. Something that is an advantage today always has a cost associated with it, and when circumstances change that cost can outweigh the benefits to the point where the advantage is lost.


Question: Why does someone scratching your back feel better than any other part of your body? I ask my husband several times a day to scratch my back bc it feels great but it wouldn’t feel great for him to scratch my arms.

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 Why does someone scratching your back feel better than any other part of your body? I ask my husband several times a day to scratch my back bc it feels great but it wouldn’t feel great for him to scratch my arms.

It feels good getting your back scratched because it's the one part of your skin very difficult to reach on your own. Your arm itches, you can easily scratch for quick relief. But if you ever had a cast on your arm, making your arm "unreachable", it may suddenly feel great to stick a pen in there to scratch your arm. Maybe even more than your back 😉


Question: What is the physics behind laundry drying in the wind? How does air flow dry up moisture?

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 What is the physics behind laundry drying in the wind? How does air flow dry up moisture?

So if the laundry is wet, and the air dry (well more dry than the laundry anyway) the moisture will slowly evaporate into the less wet air even if the air is totally still. Having the wind blowing helps to speed up this process by constantly bringing drier air to the fabric. And a bit of sunshine helps to warm the clothes and speed up the evaporation.


Question: How would UBI (universal basic income) be good for a capitalistic society?

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 How would UBI (universal basic income) be good for a capitalistic society?

Some jobs are valuable to employers because they can make a profit by charging more for a product than their costs. However, there are other jobs, like kindergarten teacher, where it's very difficult for employers to turn a profit. As a result, it's very difficult for an employer to financially motivate someone to be a kindergarten teacher. But wait, what if there are people that **want** to do that job because it's personally satisfying to them? Well, there isn't a good system to make sure they earn enough that they don't have to live on food stamps. Many reasonable people do a job they like less that pays a living wage. What if we could take wages off the table? UBI would pay everyone a living wage, and then employers would be free to pay more if they wanted to. Thus someone who likes teaching kindergarten could work in one, even though the operator could not afford to pay them very much, rather than work in a grocery store for a little more money doing a job they hate. Once everyone has enough to live on, other factors of the work are relatively more important. People with high-paying jobs are paid less by their employer, probably a UBI less, because somebody has to pay lots of taxes to make UBI work. But, they get to live in a world where there is a lot less crime because folks in precarious positions often make poor choices.


Question: How does metronome work? To be precise, how does it maintain tempo over a long time, when it should lose energy with every swing?

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 How does metronome work? To be precise, how does it maintain tempo over a long time, when it should lose energy with every swing?

> when it should lose energy with every swing It does. All metronomes do need a way of replacing that energy. The mechanical ones require the user to wind them up. The energy used to wind it is stored in a spring. From there just think of it as a wind up pocket watch, but one where you can adjust how quickly the seconds tick. If they are not mechanical like the ones we just talked about, then they use electrical energy to operate. They can get that from batteries, or a power plug if they have a transformer. From there just think of them as a digital watch, but one where, you guessed it, the speed of the seconds can be adjusted. There are variations, but the bottom line is your intuition was correct, they do require their energy to be restored in order to operate correctly.


Question: is it true that the edge of the Universe can’t be seen from any place in the Universe ? If so, why ?

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 is it true that the edge of the Universe can’t be seen from any place in the Universe ? If so, why ?

We can only see things inside what's called the observable universe. It's a sphere centered on us with a radius of 46.6 billion km. Beyond that distance, light emitted from objects hasn't had time to reach us yet, or the objects are moving away so fast that their light can never reach us. This means we'll never be able to see the entire universe, only our little section of it. As it turns out, the universe is probably infinite anyway, which means there's probably no edge our boundary in the first place.


Question: How can soft drinks, with many ingredients, be cheaper to purchase than water?

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 How can soft drinks, with many ingredients, be cheaper to purchase than water?

It's what people are willing to pay. Your example isn't always true (it's one of those "every square is a rectangle, not every rectangle is a square" thing). If you buy a case of aquafina water, you're paying about 10 - 15 cents per bottle of water. You're not going to find a 500 mL soft drink at a grocery store that costs that money. But if you are deliberately choosing an expensive water (which is expensive because people are willing to pay that price), you are creating the situation you mentioned where water is more expensive than soft drinks.


Question: Why does our perception of time change so drastically when we grow up, with a year crawling by at a snail's pace in childhood, only for it to go by way too fast later on?

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 Why does our perception of time change so drastically when we grow up, with a year crawling by at a snail's pace in childhood, only for it to go by way too fast later on?

Just that, perception. when you're a child a year is a HUGE amount of time. For a 5 year old kid that is a full 5th kid their life! And on top of that with how memory hasn't really taken hold yet they dont even remember all 5 of them so it is even larger. But as you age you've experienced many more of them and remember them too. As such time feels less and less and as you age it feels faster and faster.


Question: How do tranquilizers work? Why can't we use tranquilizers on humans? What would happen if we did?

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 How do tranquilizers work? Why can't we use tranquilizers on humans? What would happen if we did?

If an animal accidentally dies due to tranquilizer it’s not really a crime if someone dies because you tranquilized them it’s man slaughter. Each persons dosage needed is different due to bodyweight so it will be easy to under or overdosed them. Meaning you can either kill them or do little to nothing most of the time. Also you run the risk of it reacting to drugs or medications they may be on. plus they are temperature sensitive so you have a very small window after you take them out of the case and you only get one shot because the gun shooting it makes the barrel hotter so the subsequent shot will get too hot.


Question: Why do you need non-linear activation functions in neural networks? What is the problem with linearity?

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 Why do you need non-linear activation functions in neural networks? What is the problem with linearity?

Okay, you are asking for an ELI5 for a pretty advanced statistics/computer science topic. Hope you will settle for a “ELI Freshman in College” instead! It has been shown that neural networks are forms of nonlinear regression analysis. A linear neural network would just be a form of linear regression. But we also know that for a liner system so-called “ordinary least-squares” (OLS) regression analysis is the Best Linear Unbiassed Estimator (BLUE) and that all other linear estimators are either biased, statistically inefficient, or have other statistical problems. In the case of a liner neural net, the estimator would be statistically inefficient. In short, we don’t use linear neural nets because there are better techniques (OLS) with which to analyze the data.


Question: why does gas prices fluctuate so dramatically so much?

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 why does gas prices fluctuate so dramatically so much?

Gas is a commodity with very high price sensitivity. Customers will drive stupid distances to save a few cents per gallon. This means that profits are razor thin and competition is cutthroat with very little brand loyalty. Anything that affects production, processing or transport must *immediately* be reflected in the price so as not to lose those margins altogether to a competitor for being too high or to suppliers for being too low. Also, politics and speculation can also play into it. When summer vacations approach, governments and large buyers such as airlines can play with supply and reserves to influence prices downward so that people travel and spend money and drive the economy.


Question: Splitting an atom releases a ton of energy. Why can't we use the energy from atoms to power things like cars?

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 Splitting an atom releases a ton of energy. Why can't we use the energy from atoms to power things like cars?

We can. And to an extent we do now if you consider electric cars powered by energy from Nuclear plants. As for why we don’t have mini-Nuclear Reactors in vehicles. Well, because then we’d have a bunch of mini Nuclear Reactors zipping along at high speeds. An accident could cause a dangerous release of radiation. Edit: To add on, a nuclear automobile *was* considered at numerous times. However it’s just too damned dangerous.


Question: Why does ice stick to your tongue?

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 Why does ice stick to your tongue?

Your cells have water in them, your tongue has saliva coating it. When the cold ice touches the saliva it causes it to freeze to the ice (which is a crystal structure) and the saliva then freezes the water in the cells. Because of the crystalline structure the ice “bonds” with your tongue and gets stuck.


Question: How do shopping bots exactly work and what’s the best way to get rid of them?

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 How do shopping bots exactly work and what’s the best way to get rid of them?

It's usually just a form of automation. They watch the store page for an item to be in stock, possibly with some limits like max price or something, and complete the order form with pre-configured information (like address, payment info, etc). Because it's an automated system, they can do this 24/7 without taking any breaks, which greatly increases the chances they're able to make a purchase before regular customers are. As for getting rid of them - you ultimately can't. You can add measures that make it more difficult to automate (like CAPTCHAs - those annoying images you sometimes have to decypher, or find all the images with a mountain in them or whatever)....but as with most software systems it's a constant cat and mouse game. Unless you involve real people being face-to-face to make a purchase, a vast majority of anti-bot measures can be defeated with more complex bots if the author is determined enough.


Question: Why are animals with slightly different genetic traits considered separate species but humans with slightly different genetic traits are not?

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 Why are animals with slightly different genetic traits considered separate species but humans with slightly different genetic traits are not?

The general test is do they normally interbreed in the wild in a way that results in offspring that are health enough to breed in turn. If they do, species, if not 2 species. Human can all interbreed, so all the same species. And our genetic diversity is shockingly small compared to most species dues or a fairly recent evolutionary bottleneck. ONe of the reasons racism is stupid. An average family group of chimps had more generic diversity than all of the human race.


Question: How do companies like Apple and Qualcomm continue to produce faster and more powerful chips year after year? Are engineers still making new discoveries in the industry or have we had this technology all along and are controlling the rate at which our technology improves?

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 How do companies like Apple and Qualcomm continue to produce faster and more powerful chips year after year? Are engineers still making new discoveries in the industry or have we had this technology all along and are controlling the rate at which our technology improves?

Apple and Qualcomm depend on the chip foundries like Intel and TSMC. They have engineers and physicists trying their best to fit more and faster transistors on to chips ASAP, while keeping power usage manageable. Then you have CPU designers like Intel and AMD trying to make the best use of those transistors to achieve the best CPU performance per watt. It takes time for advancements in etching transistors on silicon to make their way through to consumer products. At times, if one manufacturer has had a lead over its rivals, there have been suspicions that they were sitting on advances until the others caught up but this doesn't seem to have caused drastic slowing of progress. One problem is that it's now so expensive to be in the market that there are fewer and fewer competitors.


Question: What is the purpose of a video game disc?

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 What is the purpose of a video game disc?

These days, one of the main uses is essentially digital rights management: the game can only be played if the disc is inserted into the console, allowing the game to be transferred between users. It's also nice when the whole game doesn't have to be downloaded from the internet, since that can take time and/or be expensive as well


Question: How can some trees survive in snowy, freezing cold climates but some can not?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can some trees survive in snowy, freezing cold climates but some can not?

There are a couple issues with cold climates which make things difficult for plants. The most obvious one is freezing. If the water inside a plant's cells freezes, the ice crystals could rupture the cell and nuclear membranes of both the cell itself and the membranous organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts), killing the cell. Creatures, including plants, evolved for cold temperatures handle this in one of several ways. For areas with light freezes, or where it doesn't get too terribly below freezing, having high solutes in the cells will do. The reason salt melts ice is because dissolving stuff in water reduces its freezing point, and the same principle is at play here. Antifreeze chemicals produced by the plant can prevent it from freezing, saving the plant as long as it doesn't get too cold. What if it does get too cold? There are several ways to handle that. The most common is probably the tuber. Plants like potatoes and casava don't grow highly energy-dense roots for nothing, they do it to save up energy during harsh conditions so they can grow back when things get better. The most hardy plants like this will be fine if the entire plant above the ground dies. They can just hibernate through the winter, and the stored energy can re-grow the leaves at the end to repeat the cycle next year. An additional bonus of this is that the underground stays a mostly constant temperature, so tubers don't need to worry about freezing. Other plants survive by having particularly hardy seeds which will only germinate after going through freezing. The entire population of adult plants dies every year, but it doesn't matter because their seeds have already been spread. Large plants like trees can insulate themselves with bark. The outer layer may freeze solid and die, but it doesn't matter as long as the heartwood is fine, and it would take an incredibly harsh winter to freeze an entire tree out like that. However, freezing isn't the only issue for plants. Cold air holds water very poorly, which means leaves will hemorrhage water into the air through diffusion. This would dry out the plant very quickly...which is why trees lose their leaves in the winter. No leaves means no photosynthesis, but they can store enough energy in their massive root systems to last through the winter, and they don't need to worry about losing water through bark. Evergreens like pine trees don't need to do this because their needles are covered in a waxy substance which holds water in, and their high-density sap does not freeze easily. All of these adaptations come with pretty severe costs, which is why you only see them in areas where they are necessary. Life finds a way, but if the way is easy it gets lazy.


Question: Why are so many things 99.9% effective? Why not 98.9%?

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 Why are so many things 99.9% effective? Why not 98.9%?

I seen this with bleach. It was proven that Bleach is so destructive to germs that it is (in theory) 100% effective... However, legally you can't say 100% effective due to the possibility of Human error when using the product which may take away from its god tier destruction. Also that remnants after use are so small that they are unquantifiable. So saying 99.9% is effectively saying "I am 100% effective but want to protect myself from Lawsuits when people dun goof using me"


Question: How do I calculate these probability situations if my math skills end around algebra?

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 How do I calculate these probability situations if my math skills end around algebra?

1. This one's the easiest: just multiply them together. The odds of getting a 6 five times in a row are 1/6 \* 1/6 \* 1/6 \* 1/6 \* 1/6, or about 0.000129. 2. For this one, use the fact that the probability of something *not* happening is 1 minus the probability of it happening. The probability of not rolling a 6 is 1 - 1/6 = 5/6. Apply the idea from point 1, and we have the probability of not rolling a 6 five times as 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6, or about 0.402. 3. For this one, we need to split it up into a few cases. What are the odds of getting a 6 on the very first roll and not a 6 on the next 4 rolls? Multiplying them together: 1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6, or about 0.080. What are the odds of getting a 6 on the second roll and a 6 on every other roll? Again, 5/6 \* 1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6. Continuing on, we have 5 different ways to get precisely one 6. Because these are mutually exclusive events, we can add them up to get the total probability: (1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6) + (5/6 \* 1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6) + (5/6 \* 5/6 \* 1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6) + (5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 1/6 \* 5/6) + (5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 1/6), or about 0.402. If we wanted to simplify things slightly, we could notice that all five of these ways of getting one head have exactly the same probability, so we could jump right to the probability of 5\*(1/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6 \* 5/6). 4. Use the same idea as points 1 and 2, but remember that the probabilities may be different. For example, with a standard deck we have a 1/52 chance of pulling the ace of spades on the first attempt and a 1 - 1/52 = 51/52 chance of *not* getting the ace of spades. If we don't get it on the first try, there are 51 cards left and a 50/51 chance of not getting the ace of spades. Extending this out to a 5-card draw and multiplying the probabilities together, the probability of not getting the ace of spades is 51/52 \* 50/51 \* 49/50 \* 48/49 \* 47/48, or about 0.904. Again, we can simplify this somewhat by thinking about it differently. The ace of spades is *somewhere* in the deck. The odds of it being somewhere in the first 5 slots out of 52 are 5/52; the odds of it *not* being in the first 5 slots are 1 - 5/52 = 47/52.


Question: why are shadows seemingly pixelated when street lights shine through trees/bushes?

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 why are shadows seemingly pixelated when street lights shine through trees/bushes?

Have you ever seen a pinhole camera? Small gaps letting light through went like a lens of a camera, only instead of an image of something it is an image of the light source itself! LEDs are typically lots of small bulbs packed together in a grid, so when you cast lots of tiny pictures of a grid, overlapping each other you get the pixelated effect! Tada


Question: Why is the hole in the ozone layer above antarctica if the chemicals making it are mainly from western nations and asia?

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 Why is the hole in the ozone layer above antarctica if the chemicals making it are mainly from western nations and asia?

Ozone-depleting substances are present throughout the stratospheric ozone layer because they are transported great distances by atmospheric air motions. The severe depletion of the Antarctic ozone layer known as the “ozone hole” occurs because of the special atmospheric and chemical conditions that exist there and nowhere else on the globe. The very low winter temperatures in the Antarctic stratosphere cause polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form. Special reactions that occur on PSCs, combined with the relative isolation of polar stratospheric air, allow chlorine and bromine reactions to produce the ozone hole in Antarctic springtime. URL_0


Question: How does one work out what key a tune is in?

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 How does one work out what key a tune is in?

You can use a piano to play notes up and down. When a note doesn't sound like it matches the song try another one close by until you have a full range of keys that match your song. Find the number of black keys you are pressing and look up their note names. Write them down and search. For no black keys it's key of C or A minor. The way to find major or minor is to say does his song sound happy or sad. Happy is usually major and sad is usually minor.


Question: Why are there minimum donation amounts?

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 Why are there minimum donation amounts?

There are material costs involved in donation processing. If for example you gave me a cheque for ten cents, it would cost both you and me more money in bank fees than 10 cents to process them. So especially if its a non cash donation they want you to spend enough that they dont lose almost all of it to transaction fees.


Question: If the sun were to suddenly disappear, why would we keep orbiting for eight minutes?

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 If the sun were to suddenly disappear, why would we keep orbiting for eight minutes?

The speed of light is universally the maximum speed. However, it's not just the speed of light. The same constant, C, also represents the fastest speed any 'influence' can travel, as far as we know. Not only light, but magnetic force, gravity, and everything, is transferred only at the speed of light. This means that an event taking place anywhere will take the distance divided by the speed of light to have an influence on a further object. Remove the sun, and it'd take the same time it takes for light to reach us - about 8 minutes - for the Earth to "realise" the sun is gone, and stop being affected by its gravity.


Question: what is hormone exactly? How did the first people discover the existence of hormones? [biology]

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 what is hormone exactly? How did the first people discover the existence of hormones? [biology]

Hormones are chemical signals. Every cell contains a variety of proteins. Proteins are the things in the cell that do things. They break down some chemicals, build other chemicals, break down some things to build other things, release energy, store energy... Proteins generally work by passive activity. Keep in mind that a single gram of hydrogen gas (H2) contains over 300,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules. If something is in the cell, then there's a lot of it in the cell. So some chemical X bumps into the protein just because there's a lot of X there...and if the protein is able to fit X then it's going to do whatever it does to X. Let's say it breaks X into Y and Z. Well, if the protein does this for every X that hits it, there's also a lot of Y and Z. If you increase X, you increase the amount of Y and Z. MOST PROTEINS also work in reverse, so that if Y and Z both hit the protein it makes X. This means most cells balance X, Y, and Z just because too much Z and Y means they hit the protein more than X hits the protein....making more X than it makes Y and Z. Likewise when too much X exists, it hits the protein more than Y and Z and thus makes more Y and Z than it makes X. This is called **DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM**. ----- Now, most of the time things enter and leave the cell. Let's say X enters the cell...now the cell has more X than Y or Z so it makes more Y and Z. If either Y or Z leaves the cell, then it will also make more Y and Z as it attempts to regain equilibrium. When X or Y or Z leaves one cell and enters another cell, which happens because they are small and there's lots of them, the first cell wants to make more of what left it and the second cell wants to get rid of whatever entered it. This leads the proteins to do the things they do. That second cell, however, now has more of things so those things leave the cell...and enter another cell that does what it does, making more things...and then those things leave the cell and enter another cell...until eventually the process ends because some other protein in some specific uses X or Y or Z to do something else. It's kind of like the game "Mouse-trap" or dominoes. One domino falls, it knocks the next, which knocks the next, until everything is fallen. Hormones are those chemicals that are involved in such chains, the "dominoes", if you will. ----- Because they are so small, they can't singularly be seen with the eye...but we can inject cells with large visible quantities. For example, melatonin is a liquid that people use to fall asleep. Steroids can be eaten or injected and yield noticeable effects on the body. Cholesterol is a well-known often-natural element of food that contributes to fat content...often being interchanged for specific and non-specific fats in terms of nutrition information. It's like how you can't see a single molecule of table salt, but can pour a lot of table salt and because of chemistry the HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF BILLIONS OF BILLIONS of molecules interact with each other to yield a visible solid.


Question: How does software "improve" a phone's camera quality? If it does, can it (software) be used on cheap 2MP phone cameras and make it look really good?

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 How does software "improve" a phone's camera quality? If it does, can it (software) be used on cheap 2MP phone cameras and make it look really good?

One of the ways this can help is by noise reduction. Instead of simply taking one picture which will have a certain amount of graininess due to random noise, you can take a series of pictures over a short space of time. You can then average between them (using software to make sure the images are lined up), and that can help reduce the noise in the image. Because the noise is random, it'll be different from image to image. By contrast, the actual stuff in the image will be in the same spot. This is essentially what Google's astrophotography mode does, but here it takes a decent camera and makes it look epic!


Question: How do cables like HDMI and USB keep increasing data throughput regularly while keeping similar connectors?

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 How do cables like HDMI and USB keep increasing data throughput regularly while keeping similar connectors?

The cables just carries patterns of electricity. The more important part is the stuff on the end that interprets the patterns. Newer standards can read shorter, more compressed signals. Think of it like writing on a piece of paper. With the same size paper, you could fit more data if the person writing could write very small letters and the person reading had a magnifying glass. You could fit even more data by overlapping different colors ([like this]( URL_0 )) as long as the reader can filter out one color at a time. It's all still the same sized paper, and it fits in the same envelope but one carries more data than the other.


Question: What causes hyperactivity in ADHD?

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 What causes hyperactivity in ADHD?

Well, its all about where in the brain you're talking about. Low dopamine in one area might cause depression and apathy, but low dopamine in another area is seen in Parkinson's. Dopamine modulates things, its not strictly "increase" or "decrease" but both, and it depends on what's targeting. Our understanding in the brain is pretty rudimentary at the higher levels, and its not so simple that we can completely narrow down what's going on. But the hyperactivity we're seeing isn't the same as hyperactivity that's more "physiological" like hyperkinesia. It looks like its "higher up". Executive control is an important part of everyday life. It's done by prefrontal cortex (in many models) which is the very front part of your brain. It connects with other areas, which have to do with cognitive function and motivation (like ventral tegmental area). It basically acts like your mum when you were 6. It tells you to not do certain things and inhibits parts of your brain to do that. In ADHD, people usually have problems with executive function. Because of this, they can't suppress urges that stop them from doing things that they need to do. And that leads to poor focus. But it also leads to the hyperactivity, because normally these urges to move around are suppressed by executive control. Removing that suppression means you get a lot fidgety behaviour that the person feels as an urge.


Question: We see all those layers from millions of years ago... but how is new dirt constantly and consistently added to the surface? Where does it come from?

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 We see all those layers from millions of years ago... but how is new dirt constantly and consistently added to the surface? Where does it come from?

Dirt is mainly decomposed organic matter and eroded sediment from rocks. So, it kinda comes from everywhere. In an environment that only has eroded material and no organic material, you get a sandy desert. In an environment lush with life and with few exposed rock areas, you get rich dark soil.


Question: If terminal velocity exists why do things burn up when entering the atmosphere?

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 If terminal velocity exists why do things burn up when entering the atmosphere?

Terminal velocity is reached by two opposing forces in balance: gravity and air friction. Air friction is proportional to air density and speed squared. Air density reduces with altitude all the way ro zero. There is no terminal velocity in space except the speed of light for totally different reasons. So if you drop your object from high enough, it can achieve much higher speeds and as air density rises, friction does too and the terminal velocity decreases. So, something that burns up in the atmosphere is coming from a place without terminal velocity into one that does, so must slow down, and any slowing down based on friction exchanges speed for heat.


Question: Why fusion reactions stops when final product is Iron ?

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 Why fusion reactions stops when final product is Iron ?

Elements with higher atomic numbers than iron actually use up net energy in order to fuse rather than releasing net energy. They also release energy when they break apart (fission) unlike elements with lower atomic numbers than iron (which use up energy to break apart). Iron is basically at balance - it takes up energy to either break it apart *or* to fuse it with something else.


Question: Can bullet proof vests actually increase your chance of dying?

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 Can bullet proof vests actually increase your chance of dying?

> If the best type of bullet wound is one that goes straight through the body That's mostly a product of old cowboy movies rather than any kind of evidence-based science. In the past, a wound with the bullet (and other debris) in it was likely to result in sepsis and death from infection. In 2019 you want to get hit with the slowest bullet possible if you get hit with anything at all. The less energy the bullet carries into your body the better.


Question: If someone working at my ISP wanted to see what I'm doing online, what would they actually see?

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 If someone working at my ISP wanted to see what I'm doing online, what would they actually see?

Essentially anything that goes over the network with some caveats. Generally, they can see any content you visit over http (unencrypted), and they can see the domains you visit over https (encrypted) but not the actual content (so they would see URL_1 , but not URL_0 ). They can also see other non-web traffic (such as FTP, SSH, SMTP, any known video game traffic, etc) depending on whether or not that traffic is encrypted (and even if it is they can see you are utilizing it, but not details about it). Banks are a good example, they would see that you use Bank of America, but they wouldn't be able to see your username/password, or anything else that comes over the connection. That is unless they require you to install software on your computer, in which case that software might give them the ability to see what your browser sees (and effectively defeat encryption). EDIT: It also kind of depends on your ISP, they can technically act like a middle-man by using a proxy type of connection, creating a secure connection between you and their servers, and their servers and the place you are trying to visit. But that's a lot of overhead and almost certainly illegal in most instances, so ISPs don't bother attempting to do that.


Question: Why do songs or thoughts pop into our heads randomly even though we haven't been thinking/listening to them in years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 Why do songs or thoughts pop into our heads randomly even though we haven't been thinking/listening to them in years?

Because your mind isn’t you. Your mind is a TV that randomly brings up images you didn’t necessarily ask for. (If you controlled your mind, why would you ever think a negative thought?) Once you realize that you aren’t your mind, you see thoughts like a random itch or tingle on your arm. Why does your arm itch or tingle sometimes? Not sure. Something is going on. But it’s not me, and I can choose how much attention I pay, and what importance I give that tingle.


Question: When we want to emit a signal, how do we pick a certain wavelength? What are the advantages and disadvantages of short and long wavelengths?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 When we want to emit a signal, how do we pick a certain wavelength? What are the advantages and disadvantages of short and long wavelengths?

The old way was crystal oscillators, when electricity is applied it resonates at a frequency determined by its size, shape, and composition. Longer frequencies like AM radio can travel through and around manmade obstacles easily while higher frequencies begin to struggle to get through thinner and thinner things depending on how short the wavelength is. On the electromagnetic spectrum, radio is below/longer than microwaves which, broadly speaking, is anything from cordless landline telephones at 2.1 ghz to 2.5-5 ghz for wifi, and up to cellphone towers operating at higher wattage outputs to compensate for needing a better line-of-sight between emitter and receiver. Infrared is above that which television remotes use and need true line-of-sight, and some parts of IR can only go through some forms of cloth or dust/haze. Once you get to visible light you pretty much have to use fiber optics but this allows so much tighter wavelengths that you can modulate signals with much more dense packets of signal fluctuations which is why the internet currently runs on it.


Question: What is the difference between weeds and other plants? Do they negatively affect the growth of other plants somehow, or is it a matter of aesthetics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is the difference between weeds and other plants? Do they negatively affect the growth of other plants somehow, or is it a matter of aesthetics?

"Weed" isn't a specific category of plants. It is simply a plant that is not wanted in a particular situation. Plants that are not weeds in some circumstances may be weeds in others. As an example, grass in a flower bed vs grass in a yard. Reasons they are considered weeds can be aesthetics and/or competition, as you note. Often plants we refer to as weeds are hardy and fast growing, making them more of a nuisance.


Question: How does Euler's formula actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 How does Euler's formula actually work?

This is a bit like magic trick and when all the moving parts and behind the scenes preparation are revealed the result is clear, magic evaporates, and, in this case, follows from the uniqueness of the complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1 but that fact is often obscured by our intuition regarding exponents. *Start with some background* Recall that 3^4 is 3 multiplied by itself 4 times. With suitable mental gymnastics, e^pi is e multiplied by itself pi times and we accept that e & lt; e^2 & lt; e^3 & lt; e^pi & lt; e^4 All of that intuition fails when we first encounter e^(i). Maybe we start telling ourselves... I don't know what e^i is but my intuition is telling me that e^i & lt; e^2i & lt; e^3i & lt; e^i\*pi & lt; e^(4i), and, as it turns out, nothing could be further from the truth... imaginary exponents do not work the same on real numbers as real exponents, not in terms of thinking about 3^4 is 3 multiplied by itself 4 times. Imaginary exponents, in order to make mathematical sense, have to be thought of differently and there are many ways to do this but one of the quickest ways to get the desired result is to appeal to basic calculus. In calculus, one of the defining properties of the real valued function f(x) = e^x is that it is equal to its own derivative. That is, e^x is the unique real valued function f(x) satisfying f'(x) = f(x) and f(0) = 1. That derivative equation and one value, f(0) = 1, is enough to uniquely define e^(x). From that particular definition (there are many ways to define e and e^(x), this is but one way) you can build up all the familiar properties of exponents and eventually see how our intuition with e^(pi), e^(3), e^(4), and even 3^(4) are all connected. All of that intuition can be recovered from *the unique real valued function f(x) satisfying f'(x) = f(x) and f(0) = 1*. Well, it turns out you can do all that calculus stuff with complex numbers and that there is a unique complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1. And for the sake of familiar notation we call that function f(z) = e^(z). It turns out that whenever *z* is real, then everything we know about the real function e^x is exactly true for e^z and that is where our intuition starts to betray us... we begin to think of complex and imaginary exponents a little too much like we think of real exponents and we might even start to think e^(i) & lt; e^(2i) & lt; e^(3i) & lt; e^i\*pi & lt; e^(4i). It cannot be further from the truth because with complex numbers we cannot expect to order the numbers like we do real numbers. So, in order to make sense of e^i\*pi + 1 = 0 we really should get a sense of e^(z) for complex numbers *z* and one place that comes from is by accepting (really by proving) that e^z is the unique complex function e^(z) = f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1. *Now for the reveal* Write the complex number z = y + i\*x where y and x are real then notice that the complex valued function g(z) = e^(y)[cos(x) + i\*sin(x)] satisfies the very same conditions for e^z = f(z), that is, satisfying g'(z) = g(z) and g(0) = 1. This means that g(z) = f(z) and therefore e^z = e^(y)[cos(x) + i\*sin(x)] where z = y + i\*x. Next, setting y=0 we get g(i\*x) = e^i\*x = cos(x) + i\*sin(x) and letting x = pi we get the seemingly magical statement e^i\*pi + 1 = 0. So, it turns out that the astounding formula e^i\*pi + 1 = 0 really is a near immediate result following from the crucial fact of the uniqueness of the complex function f(z) satisfying f'(z) = f(z) and f(0) = 1 what seems like magic is really the result of powerful machinery and lots of work, not unlike stage magic.


Question: Why do some devices and programs need to be rebooted/restarted when a new setting or update is applied to them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 Why do some devices and programs need to be rebooted/restarted when a new setting or update is applied to them?

If your operating system is like a running car, it would be dangerous to replace parts while the car is running. So you shut the car off. Replace the parts, then start it up again. Basically when your computer starts, it has a chance to replace files and do other things before anything else is started and needs those parts in the system.


Question: Why is it that when it is really cold outside, you can see steam coming from a vehicle's exhaust for several minutes, but then it becomes much less visible after the vehicle "warms up"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 Why is it that when it is really cold outside, you can see steam coming from a vehicle's exhaust for several minutes, but then it becomes much less visible after the vehicle "warms up"?

One of the main components of exhaust is water. As the exhaust cools the water vapor becomes visible. For the first bit of driving the exhaust system is cold and this point happens inside the exhaust. After the vehicle warms up this point happens outside of the car and the effect is minimized. In addition water usually accumulates in the exhaust and it takes a while to "dry out" the muffler and tailpipe.


Question: Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

It has to do with the *way* that we see color. Inside your eyes are little structures called cones and rods. There are cones and rods for blue, red, and green. * When blue light hits your eyes, it activated the blue receptors strongly, but very poorly activated the others. * Red light activated the red receptors strongly, and a little bit of the green receptors, and very poorly with the blue receptors. * Green light activated the green receptors strongly, and a little bit of the red and blue. * Yellow light activates the green receptors strongly, the red receptors moderately, and the blue receptors very poorly (often not at all). There’s more to it, though. We perceive different luminosity of the colors themselves. Red is about twice as “bright” as blue, and green is about six times as bright as blue. When you want to specify the luminosity of a color, you take a ratio (59% green value, 30% red value, and just 11% of the blue value). This is because of how the light activated receptors. More active receptors means it’s brighter, but since each base color has its own brightness, we need to add it up to find out! This means that yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors, and active on multiple receptors, so it appears even brighter than either on their own. If you care for the formula: L[Y] = (0.30R x 1) + (0.59G x 1) + (0.11B x 0) = 0.89 This is a fancy way of saying that it has a luminance of 0.89 out of a possible 1. Red would have 0.3 on its own, green would be 0.59, and blue would be 0.11. ##Too Long Didn’t Read; I’m Not A Scientist Basically, your eyes see different colors at different brightnesses because they’re more or less efficient at absorbing those colors. Because yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors that we perceive with cones and rods added together, it appears much brighter than other colors. It’s like you have three buckets. One filled with water, one filled with wine, and one filled with Gatorade. This isn’t a party I want to go to, but all right. Each bucket has a hole in the bottom. The water hole is 1 inch, the wine hole is 3 inches, and the Gatorade hole is 6 inches. If you open the holes for 1 second, you don’t get the same amount of liquid from each bucket. The size of the hole limits how much gets through. Bummer. But! If you hold the buckets over a bathtub and open multiple buckets, you end up with more than either bucket let out! Also it tastes terrible, don’t drink it.


Question: How do we know that the numbers of Pi aren't just made up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 How do we know that the numbers of Pi aren't just made up?

One of the first ways was to use polygons. First, draw any circle. Then, draw a regular polygon (ex: a regular hexagon) inside the circle, such that all the vertices of that polygon are on the edge of the circle. Then, draw a regular polygon with the same number of sides *outside* the circle, such that the edges are all tangential to the edge of the circle. [Like this.]( URL_0 ) As is apparent, the perimeter of the outer polygon is more than the circumference of the circle and the perimeter of the inner polygon is less than the circumference of the circle. So we essentially have placed upper and lower bounds on what that circumference can be. Since pi is *defined* to be the circumference divided by the diameter, and since we know the diameter (when we constructed the circle), then we have placed upper and lower bounds on what pi can be. If we use regular polygons with more and more sides, we will narrow that range and come up with ever increasingly better estimates of pi. Today, however, this is very inefficient. We have, through various complicated mathematical proofs, shown that pi is equal to certain kinds of infinite sequences. On example is: pi/4 = 1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 ... You alternate adding and subtracting fractions whose denominators are the odd integers. The further out you complete the sequence, the greater degree you will have approximated pi/4. Proving that this series (if you were able to extend it out infinitely) is *exactly* equal to pi/4 is a bit beyond the scope of this sub, but take note that it has been proven mathematically, so calculating the digits of pi is merely an arithmetic exercise of computing more and more terms of sequences like these.


Question: the difference between center of mass versus center of gravity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 the difference between center of mass versus center of gravity?

center of mass is the point at at which the distribution of mass is equal in all directions. center of gravity is the point as which the distribution of weight is equal in all directions. two important aspects here. mass vs weight. weight requires gravity to act on it. next, center of mass will never change. while center of gravity will depend on how the gravitational field is affecting your object. on earth, center of gravity and center of mass, are generally the same point.


Question: how does bone marrow actually manufacture blood?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 how does bone marrow actually manufacture blood?

Pharmacist - Bone marrow contain a special type of stem cell. These divide and multiply. Under the influence of various hormones, some of them mature into the various cellular components of blood. While there are many types of such cells they are generally referred to as white or red blood cells. One of the treatments they use for kidney dialysis patients is the hormone that tells the body to make "red blood cells". One of the treatments they use for chemotherapy patients it the hormone that says make "white blood cells" Other parts of the blood are made and regulated elsewhere. Your digestive and kidney systems handle the salt and water balance. Your Liver makes all the proteins you need to make blood clot and keep the water from leaking out of your veins.