Question: How come you can call emergency services when you have no signal but not anybody else?

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 How come you can call emergency services when you have no signal but not anybody else?

Because when you call the emergency services, the phone can use any carrier service. So say you are on O2, and you have no signal, you can’t call anyone. But there might be Talktalk coverage. Calling 999/911 ect allows you to use any service provider’s network regardless of which provider you pay for.


Question: When launching a rocket, does a nation have to notify other nations so as to not be regarded as a missile launch?

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 When launching a rocket, does a nation have to notify other nations so as to not be regarded as a missile launch?

Each airforce has an airspace they own. What they do within their own airspace is their own business. Do not need to tell anyone But there is an upper limit. Past that limit, no one owns that space. So if you fire a rocket through your own airspace, past the upper limit and into space, then it doesn't matter But if you go into another airforces airspace unannounced, that's breaking an international law and could be received as a threat. You'd be shot out of the sky and killed. Well probably not, but they have the right to shoot you if you don't communicate with the owner of the airspace your intentions. I had a mate that flew planes and went across an airspace boarder for a few seconds and they banned him from flying for a few months and he had to go through all the mental health checks and all that initiation stuff all again, just for a few seconds across the boarder. In a glider. A plane that doesn't have an engine or any sort of weapondry, just a 1 man glider that uses the air flow to stay up in the air. It's kinda a big thing breaking an international law.


Question: Once meat is defrosted, why do people say that you shouldn't refreeze it again?

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 Once meat is defrosted, why do people say that you shouldn't refreeze it again?

Freezing doesn't kill microbes, only suspend their reproduction. Defrosting brings the temperature of the product up to a level where microbial action starts up again. Add to this, many people defrost food on bench tops where at least parts of the food are at room temperature. Defrosting should be done in a fridge. I will refreeze meat if it has been defrosted and kept in a fridge all the time.


Question: How exactly do VPN's block internet history/usage from ISP's?

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 How exactly do VPN's block internet history/usage from ISP's?

Imagine you live in a City with guard posts all around. When you hit the road (connect to a website), the guards (the ISP) try to see which roads you take each time you leave and watch you come and go to the neighboring cities (websites). They also have binoculars so good they can read your GPS instructions. Now, there's also a tunnel between your home city and another city that is in a country outside the guards' view and jurisdiction (the VPN server). The guards will only see that you left your home at XX:XX and came back at YY:YY through the tunnel. And even if they can read your GPS instructions, they're always the same: *1. Take the tunnel to FarAwayCity*


Question: What is illegal about government officials selling stocks before a major market crash?

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 What is illegal about government officials selling stocks before a major market crash?

Insider Trading is the illegal part. Basically, it's illegal to use information not available to the public when selling stocks, because it's unfair to the people buying your stocks. If you work for a company, let's say Apple, and you know that the new iPhone 50 is buggy and going to be released anyways, you may want to sell your Apple stock to a bunch of people who think that the new iPhone 50 is going to be a huge hit and earn tons of money for Apple. They don't know that the new iPhone is going to be bad, so they're going to spend a lot of money on buying that stock from you, and then that stock will very quickly become worthless. It's like if you had a car, that you knew had engine problems, but sold it to someone without telling them about it. It wouldn't be fair. It's like fraud. So, the idea here is that the government officials got a private briefing about how bad the virus was going to be, and sold stocks with that knowledge in mind before the general public knew. Likewise, most of the officials in question were ones who didn't actively warn people about the problem, so it seems that they cared more about protecting their investments than they did about protecting the American people they serve.


Question: Why do things in space group in discs rather than spheres (solar system, galaxies, etc.)?

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 Why do things in space group in discs rather than spheres (solar system, galaxies, etc.)?

There's a number of forces here at work. First, when a lot of celestial objects form, they often have spin. This spin flings matter in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, thus you have a larger amount of mass orbiting within the same plane to start with. Furthermore, as orbiting things pass near each other, they both pull on each other, causing the orbital axis of both to align ever so slightly. Repeat this for a significant amount of time, and they will eventually move towards the same orbital plane.


Question: How are there so many million dollar homes in California if the median income is only about $70K?

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 How are there so many million dollar homes in California if the median income is only about $70K?

Because most people in the area aren't selling their houses, but a lot of people want to buy. If there's more people willing to spend a million dollars on a house than there are houses for sale, then you end up with a ton of houses worth a million dollars and a lot of people who can't afford to buy a house.


Question: How does overcapacity hinder the steel/aluminum industry? Why is overcapacity seen as a bad thing worldwide?

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 How does overcapacity hinder the steel/aluminum industry? Why is overcapacity seen as a bad thing worldwide?

Overcapacity is basically when a product (steel in this case) is so overly produced that it causes the price to fall across the board. So if the market wishes to purchase 100 lbs of steel and company A makes 50 lbs and company B makes 75 lbs the market will still purchase 100 lbs, but because both companies wish to get rid of their product they will lower their prices. This is good for consumers of steel and anyone done the supply chain. Woo! How can this turn ugly? In a nice stable market, company A and B together would make exactly 100 lbs of steel and the price would remain constant. However if they both keep their production levels higher than 100 lbs the price of steel may drop below what it costs them to product steel. So instead of making a profit they actually sell steel at a loss. Eventually this will catch up to them and cause them to go bankrupt. How can this turn even uglier? If there were only 2 companies producing steel and 1 goes bankrupt then you now have a monopoly, Company A dies and thus Company B can charge any price it wants for its steel, thus harming consumers. Because of this outcome overcapacity is a tactic that firms can use to put their competition out of business simply because they have more money or have subsidies from their government, not because they have a superior process or product.


Question: Why are there many free art software, but no free music making software?

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 Why are there many free art software, but no free music making software?

It's a fair question, although Sunvox exists. I think part of the cost is most music creation software depends on samples. Unless you're digitally creating the effect totally from scratch, those drumrolls and piano notes were probably lifted from the real thing and cleaned up. That took someone's major time and effort and they probably wanted to get paid for it. So a FOSS music app would take a coder working for free AND musicians (likely multiple) working for free.


Question: What is new about Roger Penrose's proof about blackholes? And how does that prove how our universe started from another? Does that mean singularity is wrong?

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 What is new about Roger Penrose's proof about blackholes? And how does that prove how our universe started from another? Does that mean singularity is wrong?

I believe you meat of his idea is that we know the universe was very uniform in its early state because we see matter spread fairly evenly throughout the universe we currently observe. If we go forward in time to the heat death of the universe, where all of the stars have long since burned out and black holes have evaporated due to hawking radiation, the universe will become a sea of uniform radiation, much like we expect to see at the beginning of our universe. Basically the death of the universe seems to produce similar conditions needed at the start of the universe. What Penrose is suggesting is that unusually warm spots in the cosmic microwave background are indications of the last blackholes evaporating at the end of the universe before this one.


Question: How does "liquid breathing" (with perfluorocarbon) work?

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 How does "liquid breathing" (with perfluorocarbon) work?

I have an answer and a few questions myself. I still remember the image in my chemistry book of the mouse they had submerged in the clear perfluorocarbon solution. It seems oxygen can dissolve quite well in the perfluorocarbon. Not only can it dissolve but when in an environment of lower oxygen tension it can give up or allow the oxygen to diffuse out fast enough to actually supply enough to the living mouse. Two problems arise. 1. The perfluorocarbon has to not only allow the O² to diffuse out but more importantly has to allow CO² to diffuse in, otherwise we'd die very quickly of CO² toxicity. When holding your breath, it's not the decrease in oxygen tension that makes us writhe to breathe again. That burning feeling in your diaphragm is from the quickly rising CO² levels and dropping pH. 2. The perfluorocarbon has to have a low enough viscosity such that the mammal can move it in and out of its lungs. The initial intake of that first liquid breath must be incredibly uncomfortable. 3. I just thought of this as I wrote 2: Somehow the laryngeal reflex to spasm shut (which happens whenever basically anything other than a non irritating gas passes them) is averted. Sorry for the lack of true insight. Hopefully someone smarter can come by and explain it to us.


Question: Why does inbreeding cause birth defects?

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 Why does inbreeding cause birth defects?

People have genes that make up everything about them. Some of these genes are 'good' and some are 'bad'. When 2 relatives procreate, the chance of 2 'bad' genes combining into one really bad gene are a lot more likely, hence creating a higher chance of being born with a defective gene.


Question: How does pain medicine work?

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 How does pain medicine work?

"Analgesics," the technical term for pain relief medications, actually refers to several different *categories* of medication, each with a *very* different mechanism of action. TL;DR: we're not really sure how the most common over-the-counter pain medications work, but have a pretty decent idea how opioids work. One of the more common categories is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ("NSAIDs"). This includes ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve), and good, old-fashioned aspirin, among many others. These all work by interfering with a specific category of enzymes that are involved in the production of certain hormones. . . which in turn has anti-inflammatory and pain relief effects. We're not exactly sure why, but there you go. Then there's acetaminophen, also called paracetamol, the active ingredient in Tylenol. We're even less sure how that one works. It's *not* the same mechanism as NSAIDs, we know that much. Also, whereas NSAIDs have anti-inflammatory properties in addition to analgesic properties, Tylenol and related medications have "anti-pyretic" (i.e., fever-reducing) properties, again via a mechanism we don't really understand. *Then* there are opioids. Morphine. Codeine. Hydrocodone. Oxycodone. Opium. *Heroin*. Etc. These directly bind to "receptor" sites (i.e., locations on the surface of cells that detect the presence of particular proteins) in the brain and nervous system generally having a variety of effects. One of the most notable is pain relief, as opioids basically block your nervous system from registering pain by occupying all of your pain receptors. But they'll also do a number on your gut and suppress your breathing to the point that you'll *die* if you take too much. Far, *far* more powerful drugs than either of those discussed above. Which is why they're very strictly controlled in most jurisdictions, and some of them are just outright illegal pretty much everywhere.


Question: Do movie directors write the story that have on their mind, or do they get someone to write it for them?

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 Do movie directors write the story that have on their mind, or do they get someone to write it for them?

Directors direct and writers write. The director can ad lib small things but script rewrites need to go through the writers first. Sometimes there’s a writer on set that will change things or sign off on changes. I guess a director could also have written the story too but more commonly the just direct. Source: I work in the film industry.


Question: Why do bulbs get brighter before burning out?

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 Why do bulbs get brighter before burning out?

The filament (glowing wire) in a lightbulb does not actually burn because there is no oxygen inside the bulb. In fact, that is why there is a bulb in the first place, so the filament glows without burning. If the bulb develops a crack oxygen can get it and there's a flash of light when the filament burns up and the bulb becomes useless.


Question: Okay, so most of our bodies are covered in fine hairs. But why have the tops of our heads, armpits, and genital regions evolved to have more hair?

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 Okay, so most of our bodies are covered in fine hairs. But why have the tops of our heads, armpits, and genital regions evolved to have more hair?

Armpits and groin hair catch pheromones. We have an unconscious attraction to the scent of the opposite sex. Top of the head is probably just for display. Just like some birds have flashy feathers, we have hair. Considering how much attention a persons hair can get...a good question would be which set of hair is more effective at attracting mates.


Question: How do snipers make kill shots over 2 miles away? Hiw do they correct for all the variables that come into play with a shot that long?

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 How do snipers make kill shots over 2 miles away? Hiw do they correct for all the variables that come into play with a shot that long?

An incredible amount of training, a shitload of experience, and not a small amount of luck, in some cases. At that distance, there are so many variables to take into account that they make computer programs to help get the math right. If you look really closely at the movie *Shooter*, in the scene in the beginning where Mark Wahlberg shoots at a can of soup, he has such a computer next to him to help him aim. If you really want to learn more about it, several military snipers have written books that speak on their training. *American Sniper*, of course, by Chris Kyle, but you can also read *Shooter* (no connection to the movie) by a Marine sniper named Jack Coughlin, or *The Red Circle* by Brandon Webb, who ran the Navy SEAL Sniper School when Chris Kyle and Marcus Luttrell went through.


Question: Why do objects leaving the atmosphere not burn like they do when entering the atmosphere?

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<answer>
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</answer>
 Why do objects leaving the atmosphere not burn like they do when entering the atmosphere?

Orbiting is all about going fast, less about going high. When going into orbit you usually start by climbing mostly straight to get out of the thick atmosphere--that just slows you down with drag. Once you're mostly to orbital altitudes there's essentially no friction so it's possible to accelerate horizontally for a few minutes to achieve orbital velocities. You never wind up traveling at orbital velocity while in the atmosphere. When coming back from orbit you could, in theory, do the same thing in reverse. You could fire a rocket for a few minutes to slow down, then come through the atmosphere at only a couple times the speed of sound. The problem with that approach is that it takes an *enormous* amount of fuel. What's far, *far* more efficient is to alter your orbit just a little so that you go through the atmosphere which will slow you down for free. That means you hit the atmosphere at essentially orbital velocity which causes a huge amount of heat due to the air in front of you being compressed (not primarily due to friction as is often assumed; friction is a significant factor, but compression is the main component).


Question: Why do the stars stay still in the sky if we are rotating so fast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do the stars stay still in the sky if we are rotating so fast?

Imagine you’re on a road trip. When you look out the window of the moving car, you can see the side of the road absolutely flying by. Small things close to your car, like grass, are basically just a blur. But bigger, farther features that you can se in the distance, like large buildings or mountains seem like they’re staying still. It’s like that with the stars too. They appear to move very, imperceptibly, slowly because the scale is so large. Stars are trillions of miles away and absolutely massive in real size. They are the large mountains that take hours to pass on the road trip.


Question: Why do our hands sweat when we see something scary?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our hands sweat when we see something scary?

Seeing something scary causes your brain to think that you are in danger, or will soon be. Sweating at the sight of a fearful thing is your body preemptively activating it's cooling system so if that danger comes you are in a good state to either run or fight (both generate heat that needs to be dissipated). It is just a precautionary measure get you into a good state to act, if needed. On hot days I will turn on my room's AC even if I am not really that hot. Why? I predict that I might be hot in the future. Turning on the AC so it can start cooling off my room before it gets too hot is preferred to waiting for me to actually be too hot, and then working on fixing my problem.


Question: what happens during a Government Shutdown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens during a Government Shutdown?

Non-essential services are suspended...like parks and stuff like that may close. Essential services continue but the workers may not be paid until the issue is resolved. The government budget is adjusted to pay for everything to "turn on" again. Pretty much nothing that'll effect most people very much. Your military/law enforcement personnel may have to wait longer for their paycheck while your Department of Musical Chairs type crap will probably use their vacation days in order to continue to be paid through the down time.


Question: Why is Multiplication called an elementary operation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Multiplication called an elementary operation?

Elementary operations does not have to be atomic. In fact it is possible to define addition based on more simple operations like the increment operation. Elementary operations are the four operations used in elementary arithmetic which is a simplified subset of arithmetic that is the foundation of modern math. It is mostly used for educational purposes and as such the "elementary" means that it is something that everyone should know.


Question: - What is the reason the moon’s light makes an X shape sometimes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - What is the reason the moon’s light makes an X shape sometimes?

Oddly enough, it's biology and not earth science. Assuming you're not squinting, it's caused by minor defects in the lens of your eye. When your eyes were growing in utero the lens grows from the outside towards the center. This creates a 'seam' where the light isn't perfectly focused which causes the streaks or starbursts. The fun takeaway from this is that the moon's light isn't making an 'X', but you eyeball itself is. Different people will see slightly different patterns when looking at the same stars. I'm guessing yours have four rays, but other people may have three, five, or some other number. For an experiment at home, see if both eyes see the exact same pattern by only looking with one at a time. They may be slightly different!


Question: If satellite phones provide near universal coverage and have been around for such a long time, why didn't they become the norm?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If satellite phones provide near universal coverage and have been around for such a long time, why didn't they become the norm?

There are multiple reasons but one of the biggest is the cost to make and receive calls. From Wikipedia: > > > The cost of making voice calls from a satellite phone varies from around $0.15 to $2 per minute, while calling them from landlines and regular mobile phones is more expensive. Costs for data transmissions (particularly broadband data) can be much higher. Rates from landlines and mobile phones range from $3 to $14 per minute with Iridium, Thuraya[22] and Inmarsat being some of the most expensive networks to call. The receiver of the call pays nothing, unless they are being called via a special reverse-charge service. > > > Making calls between different satellite phone networks is often similarly expensive, with calling rates of up to $15 per minute. > > > Calls from satellite phones to landlines are usually around $0.80 to $1.50 per minute unless special offers are used. Such promotions are usually bound to a particular geographic area where traffic is low. > > > Most satellite phone networks have pre-paid plans, with vouchers ranging from $100 to $5,000. Most people are not going to pay that much for themselves much less buy satellite phones for their kids.


Question: Why are nighttime insects drawn to light, seemingly obsessively at times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are nighttime insects drawn to light, seemingly obsessively at times?

These insects use the sun to navigate. The sun is, to them, essentially a giant bright spot in the sky. The light at night, however confuses them. For starters, it's the brightest thing in the sky, so they try to use it to navigate with. However, it's much, much closer than the sun. They try to navigate around it as if it's millions of miles away, which causes them to spiral inwards. Suppose you try to keep the light on your right at all times. At best, you'll circle it endlessly until it goes out. At worst, you'll slowly spiral inwards until you bounce off of it.


Question: Why are the atomic numbers of elements unique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the atomic numbers of elements unique?

If two atoms have the same number of protons, that's what makes them the same element. We identify elements primarily by the number of protons, as that's what makes them what they are. The number of electrons in a given element atom dictates whether or not it is charged, but electrons are much more fluid than protons, so will change from instant to instant. The number of neutrons in an atom can alter slightly within the definition of an element. For example deutrium is an isotope of hyrdogen consisting of a proton, a neutron and an electron. Because it has one proton, it's still considered hyrdogen, and can still form compounds in the same way that "normal" hydrogen can. Looking at it the other way, Deutrium is esentially another element with the same number of protons as hydrogen, but as a result it behaves so much like hydrogen, that it's called hydrogen.


Question: How do natural fields exist? (More specifically, ones found in the middle of forests.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do natural fields exist? (More specifically, ones found in the middle of forests.)

It's part of ecological succession. Environments are constantly changing. It's a system that is complicated by an almost infinite amount of factors and conditions. Usually a glade represents an area that recently changed so that it could no longer support the other surrounding plants. This could be because of poor soil, a forest fire, aggressive feeders, disease, strong wind or snow. When an area is cleared, pioneer plants take over. This will include some trees, but it will take awhile for them to grow tall enough to be more permanent fixtures. Eventually, enough trees will grow so that canopy cover is achieved. At that point, the trees might have grown so dense that they block too much sun and the soil becomes poor. This will cause some trees to die. Shade tolerant plants will start to make a significant appearance once the trees' population dynamics even out around their carrying capacity. After the shade plants, more plants will arise, each changing the former glade in some way that allows more species to grow and some to die back. Eventually, climax community is reached or another dramatic change happens that causes a significant portions of plants to die.


Question: Is happiness "real", or just a bunch of chemicals and hormones triggered by something? How does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is happiness "real", or just a bunch of chemicals and hormones triggered by something? How does it work?

This is a philosophical question as no one knows the answer. As you can feel "happiness" there must be something real to it. And there also must be something more than chemicals and hormones that produce genuine happiness as it can be observed that substances that produce "happiness" used long term often lead to depression. Happiness is something we feel which can be reflected in our physiology(brain chemistry) but no one knows if the brain chemistry(i.e. dopamine) produces this feeling or if this feeling produces the physiology. There have been many studies that show that people can change their physiology(brain chemistry, brain structure etc.) through different practices (i.e. meditation), so this would suggest that you can produce happiness and in effect the chemicals associated with it. But what is also important is how you define happiness. I know I did not really answer the question but anyone who claims they can would be misinforming you.


Question: How does the carbon in carbonated water/soda get and stay inside the liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the carbon in carbonated water/soda get and stay inside the liquid?

It’s carbon dioxide (CO2) that’s in the liquid, which is a very common gas in our atmosphere. It’s what we breath out and plants breathe in. It can dissolve in liquid just like sugar can (weird, I know!), and you can coax it in the liquid using a combination of high pressure and low temperatures. You basically force it into the container that’s holding the liquid, and the CO2 will dissolve. A bottle hisses when you open it because CO2 is or has escaped the liquid because the bottle has warmed up and pressure in the bottle has gone down (because you opened it!).


Question: If red and purple are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why does red seem to fade into purple just as well as it fades into orange?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If red and purple are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why does red seem to fade into purple just as well as it fades into orange?

This question leads down a rabbit hole. Ready? **Purple is not on the visible spectrum** ROYGBIV. No P at all. Violet =/= purple. Violet is not the same as purple. Let that sink in. The similar color is an illusion. Violet is actually a color we can't really precieve (directly). Purple is a mix of red and blue pigment. Violet is the thing to the right of blue on the rainbow. Purple is a fake color - so is brown. We "see" violet because of harmonics. We don't have a violet color receptor; just red blue and green. There is a sensitivity in the red cone that makes it activate a tiny bit from violet light. Thus is essentially a harmony like in music - because the wavelength is almost doubled. Notes have the same similar sound to their harmonic partners. Because this is similar to a red mixed with a blue (purple) our brains use the same sensation to represent them. In reality, they are as different as yellow and indigo. **Edit: people seem interested so here is more of the rabbit hole** They sky isn't blue. Ever heard of Rayleigh scattering? This is the explanation often given for why the sky is blue. It states that nitrogen and oxygen (thanks /u/rrtk77) refract light to favor shorter wavelength and it's true. But violet is shorter than blue. So why isn't the sky violet? **The sky is violet** If you hold a colorimeter up to the sky, it will tell you that your eyes are lying to you. The sky is actually violet but our eyes don't see violet very well (for the reasons above). **Edit 2: pink is also not real** URL_0


Question: - How do companies make money when we waste our time on their apps/websites?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How do companies make money when we waste our time on their apps/websites?

Before the ad era there was no social media. Its realy only advertising or selling advertising spots on the website to others to be more precise. Facebook knows alot about you, like where you live, your relationship status and your education. This is why they offer the best quality to any company who wants to advertise. Only facebook is able to display the advertising for a fertility clinic to young woman who are in a relatonship since a minimum amount of time. Thats why advertising on facebook or other social media is so much more worth compared to a street sign. And facebook does do just that: selling space on your devices screen in real time based on what facebook knows about you.


Question: Why can't flies get out of open windows as soon as you open them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't flies get out of open windows as soon as you open them?

Imagine being in a very large room, and you can only see a small part of the room at any time. Someone makes a small opening (door, window) in one part of the room. You can't leave immediately since you don't know it's open until you explore it. On top of that, flies are very bad at figuring out transparent obstacles. A window might look open, but is actually closed.


Question: What a Sundog is and how they're formed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What a Sundog is and how they're formed?

Sundogs are bright spots that can sometimes be seen to the left and right of the sun, typically when it's near the horizon. They're caused by flat-edged hexagonal ice crystals. The ice crystals act like a prism, deflecting and separating the light. Due to the shape, the deflecting and separation is not very strong. If the orientation of the crystals is random, this forms a 22 degree ring around the sun. If the crystals are mostly horizontal (due to air resistance), then light gets mostly deflected sideways, creating sundogs. It's basically the same thing as a rainbow, but with different-shaped prisms. Sundog: URL_0 Rainbow: URL_1


Question: ; Why things more funny when very tired?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why things more funny when very tired?

Good question! There are two major things involved, but the short answer is "your brain doesn't work as well when you're tired." First - humor is incredibly subjective, so it's hard to say what is or isn't funny. But a common thread in most things that are "funny" is that it is unexpected. Think - a joke isn't as funny if you can guess the punchline. Think - a joke isn't funny if you have to explain it. When you are very tired, you're not as good at predicting things. So everything is a little bit funnier, because it's less expected. Second - emotional regulation is one of the first things to go when you're tired. When you're very low on energy, your brain isn't as good at higher-level things. (Try doing complex math when you're very hungry, for example.) Emotional regulation is a higher-level brain function, and it takes a lot of energy. All of your emotions are a little more intense when you're tired, because your brain is "budgeting" your remaining energy elsewhere. (This is also why people tend to get grouchy when they're tired, or why kids throw tantrums when they're tired.) So you're not as good at going "Okay, that was funny and I had a good laugh over it, but that's enough." Those two things work together. Your brain isn't as good at predicting outcomes, so everything is funnier. And your brain isn't as good at regulating your emotions, so you get more intense responses to funny things. And that's why you get the giggles when you drop a spoon at 3AM.


Question: If the Foucault Pendulum works, then why can't something hover in the air and see the world moving under it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 If the Foucault Pendulum works, then why can't something hover in the air and see the world moving under it?

The Foucault pendulum works because of the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force on an object stationary with respect to the surface of the Earth is zero. So there is no Coriolis force on a helicopter which is hovering perfectly still. The Coriolis force is proportional to the velocity of the projectile, so it has a stronger effect of things which are moving fast, all else constant.


Question: Why do some fabrics become more comfortable the more they are washed (such as bedsheets) and some fabrics get less comfortable (such as fleece)?

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 Why do some fabrics become more comfortable the more they are washed (such as bedsheets) and some fabrics get less comfortable (such as fleece)?

I don't know about the more comfortable part, but I know why fleece gets scratchy and uncomfortable the more it's washed. It's because you're not washing it properly. Fleece should be washed inside out if possible, on cold, and never ever dried on a high heat. The problem is that the fibers in fleece fuse together and melt when it's not washed/dried properly. That's what makes it feel like that. If it's washed properly it can stay nice and soft for a long time. It took me until I was in my mid 20s to learn this because my mother never taught me to was clothes properly. Always read the washing instructions on the labels too. I hope someone else has a better answer for you.


Question: why do some lightbulbs flicker on and off for a second when you turn them on?

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 why do some lightbulbs flicker on and off for a second when you turn them on?

Are you referring to the initial flickering and clacking of fluorescent tubes? That is because the gas inside needs to be ionized before it can glow, and ionization requires quite a bit of energy. So they build up energy slowly, then release it in a spike which ionizes some of the gas, rinse, repeat. Each of those energy spikes will cause a brief glow of the ionized gas. Only after most of the gas is ionized, the tubes' glow can be sustained with the small amount of energy supplied to them.


Question: How do "division tricks" work?

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 How do "division tricks" work?

For division by 9, it works because we count in base 10. Each digit has ten possible settings 0-9, and when the number wraps to zero, you add one to the next digit up. 9+1=10. Add the digits of 10 and you get 1, which is also what you get if you drop all the nines. Three works because 9 is evenly divisible by 3, so adding 1 to three 3s gives you 10, same as before. Ten is easily divisible by 2 and 5, meaning you can get rid of any number ending in the wrong digits, like 3 or 7. 6 combines the rules for 2 and 3. 4 and 8 work the same as 2, but you need more digits to check. And 7 is a pain in the ass, but it has some tricks that can be used. One trick that will work every time, but it might be more trouble than it's worth, is to convert the number to a base one digit higher than your check digit, and pulling the 3/9 trick. Take a number, 364, and convert it to base 8, and you get 554, add the digits and you get 16 (14 in decimal) and again to get 7. So, you would know that 364 is divisible by 7.


Question: Why and how to we get bags under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?

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 Why and how to we get bags under our eyes when we don't get enough sleep?

from URL_0 : Sleep deprivation can cause your skin to become dull and pale, allowing for dark tissues and blood vessels beneath your skin to show. Lack of sleep can also cause fluid to build underneath your eyes, causing them to appear puffy. As a result, the dark circles you see may actually be shadows cast by your puffy eyelids


Question: How do 3D computer graphics render something that is smaller or thinner than a pixel?

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 How do 3D computer graphics render something that is smaller or thinner than a pixel?

When rendering something smaller than a pixel, there are two choices, either pick an object that occupies that pixel space and render that color, or render that pixel as a combination of all the colors in that pixel. Most go with the latter. [Consider this image]( URL_0 ). There are pixels with the woman's black hair and the red background, so renders them as somewhere between black and red. From a distance, this looks like a smooth transition from her hair to the background. If they rendered the pixels either black or red, you start to notice the blockiness of the pixels, even from a distance.


Question: Do we really have the ability to choose whether to or not to be sad/happy/any emotion?

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 Do we really have the ability to choose whether to or not to be sad/happy/any emotion?

Both Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in the modern world, and Stoicism, with roots in the ancient world, hold as a fundamental principle that the precursor to a feeling is a thought or interpretation. It is possible to change the thought, which results in a different feeling as a result. So while that's not directly "controlling" the feeling, it ultimately has that outcome. For example, imagine that someone cuts across 3 lanes to exit the highway, causing you to hit your brakes and spill your coffee on your clothes. Because of this negative effect, you get mad at him and start swearing. This is the beginning perhaps of a road rage incident. What precedes the feeling of rage is the thought that this person deliberately and maliciously cut you off. Or perhaps the thought is that this person is so inconsiderate and rude that it makes them a bad person, at least for the time being. Ultimately our judgment is that this other person is either stupid, bad, or crazy. That thought is what gives rise to our anger which leads to rage. But deliberately changing the cognitive frame can change the feeling before it gets rolling down the track. CBT would counsel inventing an alternative explanation for the other driver's motivation, which would result in a different feeling track. Say, perhaps, that the other driver just dropped a lit cigarette onto their crotch and had to get off the highway quickly and find it before their nether regions caught fire. That would result in the thought that although my pants have coffee on them at least my groin isn't on fire. Such a thought might bring a feeling of relief and even a chuckle at the image the guy who cut me off having to extinguish a crotch fire.


Question: How are IMEI numbers tracked?

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 How are IMEI numbers tracked?

okay so I am just going to answer your questions and not go much further then that.... IMEI's are only, by default transmitted through cellular. If you have wifi on you will likely still broadcast to the cell tower unless you specifically turn off the cellular antenna. If your phone is an "airplane mode" and you have turned on your GPS antenna then you should be able to use GPS just fine, but it might be slower then using network based techniques. If you turn on the wifi the GPS could be faster, but you can't be tracked through IMEI if your cell antenna is off. No the IMEI itself cannot give a location. GPS isn't needed to determine your location at all. that can be triangulated based on your signal strength based on your proximity to cell towers. Your phone MIGHT transit metadata to that could conceivably have GPS coordinates to a cell carrier, but as far as i know that is unlikely. Generally, for the purpose of figuring location triangulation is good enough. There really is not "registration" IMEI's are serial numbers and their can either be a database of them that a carrier is allowed to use and then once a sim card handshakes transmits that IMEI the carrier will say "this IMEI is good/bad" and that is the whole of the registration process. Some carriers do not care what the IMEI of a device is and will not check it against any database EXCEPT for the lost/stolen/not paid for blacklist. NOW I AM SURE that there are people out here that are going to throw a million conspiracy theories out here. I am just telling you how its meant to work. Law enforcement will regular set up fake cell towers to intercept metadata and unencrypted info associated with any IMEI's that connect to the fake cellsite, but in reality that data is just limited to the unencrypted metadata allowing them to instantly collect that data without a warrant. That data does should not contain location data (it is not required by organizations that set the GSM standards) Also your IMEI is regularly transmitted to third party services like google and apple to identify your device easier. But that data should be encrypted but obviously available with a warrant. Technically, so long as you never activated the cellular radio on the phone or kept it off regularly it would remain "off the grid" or as close a possible. However third party services might still see your devices IMEI. I would say that if you kept your cell antenna off it should remain off the grid even if you use wifi and GPS as you could not have your location "triangulated" based on cell tower location. Simply removing the sim card is not good enough, the cell antennas MUST be off.


Question: Why is most food acidic rather than alkaline?

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 Why is most food acidic rather than alkaline?

I'm not an expert but there are at least a couple reasons: 1) Alkaline stuff tends to taste really bitter, rather than sour (acidic) and people tend not to like that 2) Alkalinity (at least on the scale of alkalinity where you'd have something not harmful to eat) is not generally as good at stopping harmful bacteria from growing as acidity. Again, not an expert, might be wrong.


Question: Why is a poll or study where only 1,000 people were surveyed a good representation for a much larger group of people?

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 Why is a poll or study where only 1,000 people were surveyed a good representation for a much larger group of people?

It might be a little easier to think of this in reverse: what are the chances that a given sample does NOT mirror the overall group? With a sample of only 1, the odds are really high. If we're talking about political views (a very common topic for polling), maybe you managed to pick my crazy uncle, who believes taxation is theft and keeps gold bars for the coming apocalypse. But if you pick two people, the odds are much lower that you'll get my crazy uncle AND one of his crazy fellow believers. That AND is key, because when you're calculating probabilities, the chances of one thing happening AND another thing happening is the odds of the first times the odds of the second. So if the chances of picking someone like my crazy uncle are 1 in 100,000, the odds of picking two such people are 1 in 10,000,000,000. That probably isn't gonna happen. So, remember, we're working toward an intuitive sense of the likelihood of 1000 people NOT closely mimicking the overall group. What are the odds of picking a whole bunch of weirdos? It's like trying to pick my uncle over and over again. Or even if you define "weirdo" much more narrowly, the odds of picking 1,000 unusual people in a row are really low. It's kind of like how taking 0.9 the the power of 1000 - i.e. (0.9)*(0.9)*(0.9)... a thousand times - gets you a really small number. The situation gets more complicated when you start looking at smaller sub-groups (gender, race, education, wealth, etc.) within the 1,000 people. During the 2016 election, I remember reading about polls of Trump's African-American support with 1,000 or 2,000 respondents that had gigantic margins of error because most polls couldn't find a *single* African-American who supported him. How do you interpret a whole bunch of zeros and then one isolated 1? Statistics get weird at the edges. But this captures the basics of the ideal case.


Question: What is the effect of sinking ships on the sea floor and surrounding marine life? For example the titanic, when it sunk, was it damaging in anyway? So sinking ships cause any specific effects or change the ecosystem? Does the impact of large sinking objects have any large effects?

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 What is the effect of sinking ships on the sea floor and surrounding marine life? For example the titanic, when it sunk, was it damaging in anyway? So sinking ships cause any specific effects or change the ecosystem? Does the impact of large sinking objects have any large effects?

While you might consider a ship to be "large", they are *tiny* compared to the ocean. Yeah, they might crush whatever was directly underneath them, but again, that's negligible. Now, if an oil tanker breaks and leaks a crazy amount of oil, we have documented cases of the harm that does. But a regular ship, even a large luxury liner, that's a tiny, localised issue.


Question: if blue and red are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why do they combine to make a darker color (purple) rather than something in the middle of the spectrum?

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 if blue and red are at opposite ends of the visible spectrum, why do they combine to make a darker color (purple) rather than something in the middle of the spectrum?

you're mixing up paint colors and light wavelengths. Red and blue light actually create magenta (pinkish), not purple. [ URL_6 ]( URL_6 ) Paint colors are "subtractive." Blue color paint (pigment) is blue because it is absorbing all other wavelengths of light. If you mix blue and red, you are reducing the allowable wavelengths (e.g., if you mix 1 red and 1 blue you get .5 red and .5blue, which appears purple). That's why when you mix all colors together, you end up with black (the absence of color; you've absorbed them all). Pure light sources ADD together instead of subtract because they are generating wavelengths, not absorbing them. If you mix blue and red together, you activate both your blue and red vision cells. And this creates the sensation of magenta. [ URL_2 ]( URL_4 ) magenta is in between red and blue on the SPECTRAL color spectrum. I guess I should have defined spectral: that just means the color that we see from photon wavelengths. And here's a better image: [ URL_5 ]( URL_0 ) And the wikipedia page: [ URL_1 ]( URL_3 )