Question: Why is the price on small retail purchases usually fixed (groceries, etc.), but on large retail purchases (cars, houses) it's negotiable?

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 Why is the price on small retail purchases usually fixed (groceries, etc.), but on large retail purchases (cars, houses) it's negotiable?

Major purchases (though I'm not sure if a house counts as "retail") are big deals for the players involved. The car dealership doesn't sell nearly as many cars as the supermarket does loaves of bread. The dealership has a strong interest in getting you to commit to buying a car (it may only sell a handful of cars a day, and losing your business could be a significant fraction of that day's business). Taking a hit on the profit margin is worth *having* a profit margin that day. A supermarket, on the other hand, may sell hundreds of loaves of bread a day, and thousands of items. The "threat" of "give me a better price on this car, or I'll go elsewhere" is stronger than "give me a quarter off this bread or I'll go elsewhere". It's worth having an employee devote a significant amount of time to get you to buy the car, but it's literally not worth paying an employee for the time to let you talk down the price of bread. Plus, on commodity items like groceries, the profit margin is already razor-thin, and they're already giving you close to the best price possible.


Question: how is it possible that a chess grandmaster can beat an advanced computer that can predict and simulate thousands of moves at once?

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 how is it possible that a chess grandmaster can beat an advanced computer that can predict and simulate thousands of moves at once?

First, humans have not beaten the best chess programs in years. [Relevant XKCD]( URL_0 ). But, when they still could it came down to humans being much better at knowing where to focus their efforts. Computers can evaluate thousands of moves per second and the best human can only evaluate a few. But, the human is much better at deciding which moves to analyze. They can more intuitively look at a board and know which moves makes sense and which ones aren't even worth thinking about.


Question: Why do scars appear and why dont they disappear with time?

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 Why do scars appear and why dont they disappear with time?

So your skin is actually a very organised thing. It has a bunch of layers, and each layer has a job. Generally speaking, baby skin cells start at the bottom, and do one job. They grow older and move upwards, changing jobs as they go. Then they die and deflate, making a flat barrier - this is the top layer of your skin. Once these dead skin cells start to fall apart, they fall off. All these layers are held together by a web of this stuff called collagen. In normal skin, the collagen fibres are in a kind of random weave that looks a bit like a 3d basket weave. Collagen is kinda stretchy, so having it in the random weave makes your skin stretchy in all directions. It also means there's plenty of space inbetween the fibres for your skin cells to move through and live in. When you have a wound, your body's main priority *isn't* to recreate this complicated structure. Its main priority is to *close the wound as fast as possible*. The first, super fast thing it does is it makes a scab. A scab is like a dam made of blood cells, with other fibres acting like ropes and glue to hold it all together. This is meant to be very temporary, since scabs are too stiff to be useful. Once a scab is formed, your body will start stitching things up with a collagen web. It'll stich this web *through* the scab, for skin cells to attach on to. But like I said, it wants to do this *fast*. Making a collagen Web that's random and well distributed would take time. It's much faster to make all the collagen in the same direction. Collagen is also much faster to make than skin cells, so your body will make a lot of it in the healing wound. The result is a patch of skin that has much more collagen than normal skin, and has its collagen all aligned, making it much less flexible. This skin will develop the same kinds of skin layers, but since stuff stacks less well, it doesn't work as well. This can have a variety of effects - the colour could be lighter or darker, the scar can be thicker or more sunken than surrounding skin, they don't protect against sunlight as well, and other stuff. Many scars do gradually go away. But deep scars go away so slowly that you won't really notice much difference over a lifetime. We can deal with this in two ways. Some treatments try to prevent scarring. Many of these do so by *slowing down* healing. This buys time for more skin cells to be grown and take up space, which means the scar has less collagen in it, and is more similar to surrounding skin. This sort of treatment is mostly used for wounds where scarring would cause big problems, like eye wounds. This is because the necessary medicines aren't exactly great for you. Most scar removal treatments work by actually doing small amounts of damage to the scar, spread out. Basically breaking up the collagen. This creates space for more normal skin to take its place. In these treatments, the wounds are really small, so your body won't be in such a rush to patch them up.


Question: How does so much plastic actually make its way all the way into our oceans?

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 How does so much plastic actually make its way all the way into our oceans?

Most plastic ends up in landfills or in incinirators. There are orders of magnitude difference. So if you were to throw away an entire bin of compacted plastic waste but accidentally a single plastic bag gets caught in the wind and some how ends up getting washed out into the ocean you will still contribute more to the plastic ocean waste then the average human. The problem is that there are lots of humans and we produce huge amounts of waste. And plastic does not disappear so the trash in the oceans just accumulate. It is also worth mentioning that a lot of the plastic waste in the oceans are from boats. A lot of fishing equipment is made of plastics and when a fishing net snaggs the fishermen often just cut it and leave it in the ocean. But there are also lots of plastic bags, food containers, plastic bottles, etc.


Question: How do banks trade physical money with each other in regards to online transactions/transfers?

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 How do banks trade physical money with each other in regards to online transactions/transfers?

Only a very small amount of money in the modern world is actually represented by hard physical cash - most of it is just numbers on a digital ledger. Banks just need to hold enough cash to be solvent for when people actually want to withdraw hard currency - something that is actually becoming less and less common. When banks transfer money between each other it's done entirely electronically - there are two common methods. Some banks with have what's known as correspondent bank arrangements - it's simply when they have an agreement in place to directly transfer money between each other. In that case they just simply transfer the money from their account directly into the other banks account. Or if no such arrangement exists they will go through a "Central Bank" (e.g. the Federal Reserve) which underpins their accounts. The money is deducted from the source banks account with the central bank and deposited into the destination banks account. As long as all this is being done online it's all just numbers on a screen. What happens if you make a cash deposit into a bank and then want to transfer that. When you make a cash deposit the bank records this as having been made and simply adjusts it's records that that amount is deducted from their "electronic store" and now recorded as being stored as physical cash. Then it's all just done as numbers on a screen.


Question: what's the difference between franchises and chain stores? And when is it more profitable to use one or the other ?

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 what's the difference between franchises and chain stores? And when is it more profitable to use one or the other ?

A chain is any retailer/restaurant with multiple locations. Franchises are when locations are owned by individuals who license the rights to use the name and agree to abide by the requirements, standards, set out by the franchiser. So you have $1 million and buy a McDonalds franchise. For that fee they build a restaurant and set you up with the equipment, training, etc. to operate a McDonalds. You agree to buy ingredients and materials from their suppliers, and pay them fees -- annual fees or. Percentage of sales, or both. You benefit from a proven system and a brand that is actively marketed, but have less flexibility than if you ran an independent business.


Question: How do pointers in C++ work, and why are they different from references?

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 How do pointers in C++ work, and why are they different from references?

A pointer is simply a variable that holds a memory address. You can pass a pointer to a function, which allows you to modify the contents of that memory address without having to return anything. A reference is similar. Normally when you pass a variable to a function, it's passed *by value.* This basically means that the function gets a copy of the variable. If the function modifies the copy, it doesn't affect the actual variable. However, C++ also allows passing *by reference*, which passes the actual variable to the function, not just a copy. This allows the function to modify the variable. In the code below, the first *cout* statement will print "5, 6, 7" while the second one will print "5, 8, 10". The x parameter is an integer passed by value, y is an integer pointer, and z is an integer passed by reference. #include < iostream > using namespace std; void modify(int x, int* y, int & z){ x += 1; *y += 2; z +=3; } int main() { int a = 5; int* b = new int; *b = 6; int c = 7; cout < < to_string(a) + ", " + to_string(*b) + ", " + to_string(c) < < endl; modify(a, b, c); cout < < to_string(a) + ", " + to_string(*b) + ", " + to_string(c) < < endl; return 0; }


Question: This is for the geologists out there, what happens when the poles flip?

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 This is for the geologists out there, what happens when the poles flip?

In respect to earth's age this happens pretty often. (last one 0.72 million years ago, Source: 'Geodynamics' by Turcotte and Schubert, 2014) The flipping combined with the paleomagnetic properties (ability of material to "store" an outer magnetic field after being cooled down below the [Curie Temperature ]( URL_0 )) of some materials in earth's crust are e.g. used to recreate the motion of the contients. While the flipping is rather fast geologically speaking, the whole process still takes at least a couple thousand years. I doubt there are any significant changes to daily life. Also all animal life that depends on earth's magnetic field would adopt way too fast to be confused by a upside-down magnetic field. Perhaps some ancient compasses in museums would point in the wrong direction :D


Question: No wrong answer penalty on SAT?

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 No wrong answer penalty on SAT?

Before the guessing penalty was modified/removed, every wrong answer carried a 0.25 (or similar) point penalty (in addition to not earning points on a wrong/blank response). Because questions had 5 answer choices, random guessing would yield no net benefit versus not answering a question where no choices could be eliminated. With the new changes, a wrong answer and a blank response are scored the same, so random guessing any unanswered question is advantageous.


Question: Why does the brain build immediate tolerance to certain drugs but gradual tolerance to others?

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 Why does the brain build immediate tolerance to certain drugs but gradual tolerance to others?

Tolerance build up is gradual to all drugs. It's just that some drugs are close enough (chemically speaking) to naturally occurring narcotics in the body (like endorphins). So the brain either already has a degree of tolerance (ex. dopamine), or it simply likes it so much that it asks for a lot more (ex. sugar).


Question: How do animals know how many offspring they have?

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 How do animals know how many offspring they have?

> afaik animals can't really count so how do they know if they have all their little ones accounted for? Suppose you have four children, Bobby, Billy, Sarah, and Sally. You cannot count, you don't know any numbers. But you look at your pack of children and see Bobby, Sarah, and Sally. You don't see Billy. Where is Billy? See, that didn't require counting.


Question: why does putting "www" before the address matter for some sites but not others?

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 why does putting "www" before the address matter for some sites but not others?

Originally, the world wide web was just a small part of the internet. The internet included the world wide web, but it also included FTP (file transfer protocol), e-mail (okay, we still have that), Usenet (bulletin boards), and more. So, if you buy a domain, say URL_4 , then you would put your webpage on URL_1 , and you would put your files on URL_2 , and your email address might be at mail. URL_4 . But as time progressed, the world wide web eclipsed much of those, so we figured it would be easier to type in URL_0 as opposed to www. URL_0 , and here we are!


Question: How does destructive interference work?

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 How does destructive interference work?

Imagine there is a big heavy box that you have to drag across the floor, so you call a buddy to help you out. If your friend is pushing from the same side as you, the mix of efforts results in a bigger push, but if he's on the other side pushing againts you, then the efforts cancel each other out. That's basically destructive interference.


Question: Why compressed air duster feels like it has liquid in it when you shake the bottle?

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 Why compressed air duster feels like it has liquid in it when you shake the bottle?

It feels like it has liquid in it because it has liquid in it. The liquid is a propellant that has a very low boiling point (as in, it boils at something like -20°C). The pressure in the canister keeps it a liquid even at "high" temperatures, but when you press the nozzle or pull the trigger, you allow the propellant to expand and turn into a gas.


Question: what is the science/psychology behind why we get sick of a song after hearing it a lot? Even if we love the song at first.

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 what is the science/psychology behind why we get sick of a song after hearing it a lot? Even if we love the song at first.

Emotion is a physical response you can feel that is triggered by external stimuli. Like a song making you feel happy or intense or wistful or whatever. But repeated exposure to the stimulus causes what's called habituation, meaning the same stimulus doesn't trigger as strong a response. Think of Pavlov's dogs. Keep ringing the bell without presenting the meat and eventually the dogs stop salivating to the sound of the bell. You may notice yourself enjoying the song again sometime in the future after you haven't listened to it for a while.


Question: How is it that when multiple animators are making something, they all have the same style?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How is it that when multiple animators are making something, they all have the same style?

The same way classical musicians can play the same Beethoven piece in the same style—they’re pros who are good enough at their craft that they can form their art into whatever is necessary. Computer animation is another step away, as there are literal computer animation algorithms that perform actions for characters. The “animators” in this sense are quite literally programmers who are assigning commands to the animation software. Even still, “Style” and “form” are constantly monitored during the animation process, and always double-checked to conform to creative standards.


Question: What does shorting a stock/shorting the market mean?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does shorting a stock/shorting the market mean?

Normally, when you buy stocks, you want to buy low, and sell high. So I buy 100 shares of Company X at $10/share (total value: $1000), wait for it to go up to $11 and sell (total value: $1100), then I've made $100. If the price dropped to $9, the stock would only be worth $900 total and I'd have lost $100 in value. Buying stock is basically a bet that the stock will *increase* in value. Shorting stocks is the reverse; it's a bet that the stock will *decrease* in value. Suppose I think Company X is going to have a bad quarter and their stock price will go down. I can "borrow" some shares of stock in Company X from a broker for a fixed period of time with the agreement that I will give them back the exact same number of shares by a certain date. (Let's say June 30.) I *must* give them back those shares, no matter what the price is. (Don't worry about how the "borrowing" works -- that's all handled by a broker.) So now I have a borrowed 100 shares of Company X that are selling at $11/share. I run out and sell them all quickly for $1100. I now have $1100 in my pocket, but I've got to use that money to buy back the same number of shares of the stock before June 30, so I can give them back to the broker that let me borrow those 100 shares. Fortunately for me, Company X's stock drops to $8/share! I run out and buy 100 shares at that price, which costs me $800. June 30 comes around and I give those 100 shares back to the broker. I have $300 of my $1100 left over, so that's the amount I made from shorting the stock. Of course, if Company X's stock had *gone up* to, say, $12 a share, I'd have been *required* to buy those 100 shares back at *that* price, costing me $1200 which is more than I sold the borrowed shares for, losing me $100. So, yeah, shorting stocks is a bet that the stock will *decrease* in value. There are a lot more rules/laws around shorting stocks than there are around buying stocks, because you're basically borrowing someone else's shares for a period of time, so it's a lot more complex process.


Question: If electric cars are more cost effective to drive than fossil fuel cars, why aren’t all houses heated with electric heat?

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 If electric cars are more cost effective to drive than fossil fuel cars, why aren’t all houses heated with electric heat?

The part your missing is how efficiency is determined. Heating is 100% efficient once you have the fuel there across all systems (absent some minor exceptions, like the energy a heater uses on a fan technically reduces the heating efficiency), but for the most part once the energy source is in your home, it is 100% efficiency at converting to heat. The real distinction for home heating, then, is whether it's more efficient to convert a fuel source to energy (*not* 100% efficient at producing electricity) and transport that energy as electricity to you, OR prepare a fuel source and transport the fuel source to you (100% efficiency when it reaches you). In most cases, it is more efficient to send the fuel to your home as a chemical than as electricity. Compare that to the situation with a car. A gas car takes a chemical fuel source and converts it to usable energy. However, since a car needs kinetic energy and not just heat, it is way below 100% efficiency. In contrast, with electricity, the conversion is much closer to 100% efficient. The comparison for transportation, then, is the difference in efficiency between a power plant converting energy (they're much more efficient than internal combustion engines) and your car, counting the difference in costs of transporting electricity and chemical fuel. The short story is that: 1. For heating, burning stuff in your home is very efficient. Converting the fuel to electricity and then sending the electricity to your home loses the heat during the conversion, whereas that heat is usable in your home (you know, for heating). 2. For transportation, power plants are more efficient than cars, and transporting/storing the electricity is viable now.


Question: Why a critically acclaimed show like Rick and Morty can seemingly be on the chopping block?

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 Why a critically acclaimed show like Rick and Morty can seemingly be on the chopping block?

Viewership doesn’t mean a show is financially solvent. Just a quick check on Wikipedia showed the season three finale had 2.6 million viewers (compared to say South Park who’s last season ended with .97 million viewers). The difference lies in which advertisers want their ads running on. I won’t pretend to know what the R & M revenue stream looks like, but if a show is on the chopping block is like 90% advertisers avoiding it. (A made up percentage but money talks and bullshit walks)


Question: Why does stretching your muscles feel good?

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 Why does stretching your muscles feel good?

Stretching feels good because muscles, like joints, tend to get stiff if left unused, as most of our muscles are in our sedentary lifestyles. Also, due to the way we have become (sitting for a big portion of the day, taking cars / ubers around rather than walking to and from places, on our phones and computers all day), our muscles tense up and shorten over time in the position where it finds it easiest to do so. Stretching helps open them out and give them a little more flexibility and motion-ability. The increased range of motion and flexibility makes you feel more open and nicer overall.


Question: Why does scar tissue sunburn more easily than normal skin?

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 Why does scar tissue sunburn more easily than normal skin?

Scar tissue differs from regular skim in a few ways, it's the same ingredients but it's built and layered differently because one is grown at a steady rate and scar tissue is an emergency response so develops differently. If the scars are lighter in color to your normal skin tone then we can see that this tissue has less melanin so will react differently to the sun. If the scars don't have hairs then you can tell how deep the wound was. (Deep enough to damage/remove the hair follicles) which might also mean the sweat glands are damaged meaning the skin is drier and less supple and more prone to burning. I'm sorry how I wrote this, I'm having brain fog lol I swear English is my first language but uhm I'm struggling to sentence rn lol Fun fact; severe scurvy (vit c defieciency) can cause old scars to reopen. Because scar tissue isn't ever done healing, skin is always replenishing itself and scurvy interrupts that process.


Question: How do pyramid schemes work?

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 How do pyramid schemes work?

I come to you and say, "Hey bud, I've got a guaranteed get rich quick scheme. If you give me $1,000, I'll let you in on it". You are stunned by my business acumen, and immediately pony up the cash. I say "Okay, cool, here's the deal. You're going to go out and tell five people that you've got a guaranteed get rich quick scheme, and if they give you $1,000 they'll let you in on it." I give you a Box of Widgets™. "You're going to sell these, but mostly you're going to get other people to join in selling the Widgets™. In exchange for giving you this product and great idea, I get 10% of whatever you make doing this, as soon as your recruits have recruited five people each." You think this is the greatest thing you've ever heard of, and go out to get your friends onboard. You use you incredible charisma and musky scent to lure in five ~~unsuspecting victims~~ new business partners. I've now made $1,000 from you and I've got $500 potential future earnings once the next recruit quota is filled. I did this to four other people too, so I've now made $5,000 total for having five conversations, with possible future earnings of $2,500. You've made yourself $4,500 in the process, for having a different five conversations. But that's not all! Your ~~suckers~~ partners now go out and recruit five people each, so another $25,000 comes into the scheme. You get 10% of this ($2,500) set aside for when the next quota step is filled, but 10% or $250 of that will go to me for introducing you to this incredible business. The ~~blind fools~~ new partners make $4,500 each. Because I've got another 4 people like you, this stage has potential earnings for me of $1,250. Your potential earnings from this step is $2,250. **As your recruits have recruited five people each, my bonus from the step before gets paid and I make $500 for each of my ~~gullible fools~~ initial recruits, for a total of $2,500** Finally (for this example), the ~~turnips at the bottom~~ new new partners go out and get another 5 recruits each, so another $125,000 comes in. You will get 10% of 10% of this ($1,250) of which I get 10% ($125) when the next pyramid level is filled. The ~~mouthbreathers~~ new new partners get $4,500 each. Because I've got another 4 people like you, I will eventually earn $625 from this step. You will eventually earn $1,125. **Because this step has been completed, the previous layer pays out bonuses. I get $1,250, and you get your first big bonus payday of $2,250. Good work!** At this point we're feeling pretty awesome. But unfortunately, there are only 626 people in our town, and they're all now involved in the scheme. This means that the people at the very bottom have paid $1,000 into a scheme but can't find anyone to buy into. The people one level up from this have made some money, but their bonuses won't pay out because the level below them can't recruit anyone. The pyramid scheme collapses, as no new members can be added. At the end of the scheme, I've made the initial $5,000, plus $2,500 from my first bonus and $1,250 from my second bonus, for a total of $8,750. You've made the initial $4,500 plus your first bonus of $2,250, but you don't get your second bonus as the scheme has collapsed. You make $6,750, but paid $1,000 to get into the scheme so make a net $5,750. Your recruits made $4,500 each, but paid $1,000 to get into the scheme. None of their recruits recruited anyone, so no bonuses for them! They make $3,500 each. Everyone has made $6.29, a pack of gum and some lint from selling the Widgets™. Your recruits' recruits paid $1,000 for this super awesome mega get rich quick scheme. They cannot recruit anyone to recoup their losses. They die alone, poor, neglected, and hating me and you for getting rich at their expense. We drink champagne by their graves while somewhere, deep down, hidden under layers of giddiness at our newfound wealth, we feel a tiny bit bad* ^*Not ^actually ^true Edit: Slight amendment to more clearly differentiate the example from a Ponzi scheme.


Question: How does a vinyl wrap (e.g. for a car) wrap around the curves of the car so seamlessly without folding over itself?

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 How does a vinyl wrap (e.g. for a car) wrap around the curves of the car so seamlessly without folding over itself?

When they make the wrap it gets cut and scored so that it doesn't kink when it gets applied. Its also fairly stretchy so as they apply it they can stretch it to prevent bubbles and kinks. As they apply it they keep the sticky side wet so that it only actually sticks after they squeeze all the water out from under it and it is completely flat against the car.


Question: why after eating good all week then having a huge cheat day do you sometimes wake up more muscly and lean after the cheat day than the previous ones?

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 why after eating good all week then having a huge cheat day do you sometimes wake up more muscly and lean after the cheat day than the previous ones?

The theory is that the 'cheat day' keeps your metabolism active. If you eat reduced calories for many weeks in a row, your body will begin to adapt to the reduced calories by slowing your metabolism. This means you will burn fewer calories in an effort to conserve energy. This is great if you are starving but not great for losing weight. The 'cheat day,' provides a temporary calorie boost so the body assumes everything is fine and allows the metabolism to return to the previous levels. Over-eating one day out of the week doesn't do much to sabotage your diet, especially if it means the other six days you will improve your resting metabolic rate.


Question: What is happening when you can feel the weather change in your joints or old injured areas?

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 What is happening when you can feel the weather change in your joints or old injured areas?

It’s a change in barometric pressure. Many fluids in your body (and particularly the synovial fluid in your joints) contain dissolved gases which stay dissolved in your fluids due to a constant air pressure around you. When that air pressure changes, usually the weather does as well, as does the pressure balance in your body.


Question: How is gravity both the "strongest and weakest force in the universe"?

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 How is gravity both the "strongest and weakest force in the universe"?

Gravity is a very weak force, in comparison to the electrical or magnetic forces, on a unit by unit basis. That's why if you set a rock on the sidewalk, gravity tries to pull it to the center of the Earth, but the electrons on the outside of the sidewalk have no problems repelling the electrons on the outside of the weight to prevent this sinking. That's the electrons in a one atom thick layer overpowering all the mass in the entire weight. The "strongest force in the universe" statement is more poetic than physics. Gravity shapes galaxies and star systems, giving them their attractive shapes.


Question: WhatsApp, Signal, Telegram. What's the difference between WhatsApp and the others, is it really worth changing?

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 WhatsApp, Signal, Telegram. What's the difference between WhatsApp and the others, is it really worth changing?

Messages sent by WhatsApp and Signal are both encrypted by default, while with Telegram not always. WhatsApp is owned by Facebook and they collect all sorts of data that they can, like location and contacts. They might also read your messages, we cannot be sure. That's because WhatsApp is closed source, while Signal is open source. Every application is built from a source code. That's like a recipe that tells what exactly the given app should do and how it should look. With Signal people like programmers and security experts can check this recipe and make sure that it indeed does what it promises to do and it doesn't have any security problems. They can also check exactly what kind of data Signal collects (as far as I know, they don't collect anything). While with WhatsApp you have to trust Facebook, and given the recent problems that they had with data leaks, people are reluctant to do so. This is purely anecdotal but some people allegedly experienced ads being shown to them about topics that they only mentioned in WhatsApp conversations. Edit: I should have specified that by encryption I meant full end to end encryption


Question: How do flat currencies and currencies backed by gold/silver work?

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 How do flat currencies and currencies backed by gold/silver work?

"Fiat", with an 'i' not flat. The only reason anything has any value is because it's rare. You can't just go get more of it whenever you want. Gold is more rare than silver, so it's worth more. Gold and silver also have "utility", reasons to want it beyond it being rare. A currency backed by gold or silver can theoretically be exchanged for the actual gold or silver. The paper or coin or number in a server is just a convenient way of trading it about. Fiat currency is backed up by nothing. You can't exchange it for anything other than what someone think's it's worth. But as long as the people controlling the supply of money keep it rare, it'll continue to hold it's value. (In the USA, that's [The Federal Reserve]( URL_0 ), shockingly not part of the federal government). Nations demand taxes in their currency, and so people have a reason to want the currency. But it mostly has value simple because people believe it has value.


Question: How was the height of a hill or mountain measured before GPS?

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 How was the height of a hill or mountain measured before GPS?

For regular field use you would use a barometer. This measures the pressure in the air and the higher up you are the lower the pressure. This would have to be calibrated on a regular basis as it is also affected by weather patterns. & #x200B; However for accurate surveying you would use triangulation. By measuring the angles between known points and an unknown point you can get the distance to that point. And measuring the angle from the horizon (or a spirit level) to the point you can find the height when you have the distance.


Question: Can someone explain money laundering?

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 Can someone explain money laundering?

Let's say that you're a drug dealer. You make money illegally by selling drugs. You're rich, BUT you have a problem. If you want to make a large transaction, like buying a house or a car, you need to go through a bank. And the bank has to check where you got your money from, to make sure that you're not a criminal. If a bank has reason to suspect that you're making your money from crime, they'll ask the police to investigate. So, if you want to spend your "dirty" money that you made through crime, you need to "clean" it. Traditionally, a laundromat was a good way of doing this. You would buy a laundromat, or become partners with the owner of a laundromat. Then, you'd lie and claim that the money you earned by selling drugs was actually profit that your laundromat made. Now, the bank will go "You made this money legally, good for you!" and let you use that money to get a fancy house or car. Many money laundering tricks are more complicated ways of making it seem that a business is really profitable when really it's not, so that you can pretend that it's earning enough money that the banks won't get suspicious. Because if you earned $1 million selling drugs, but claim that you made it with a week's work at your laundromat, the bank will go "No, that can't be true. We're getting the police to investigate you."


Question: Why are things elastic and why are some materials more so than others?

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</answer>
 Why are things elastic and why are some materials more so than others?

This all pertains ro the realm of materials science. I can see you are familiar with elastic deformation and plastic deformation so I won't use vocabulary for a 5 yo. Depending on what kind of material you consider, the answer will differ a bit. Typically you can distinguish Metals , Polymers and Ceramics. Metals have a cristalline structure: metal atoms are organised in a specific way depending on the metal/alloy and its manufacturing process. This structure can be slightly deformed without altering it in any way: this is elasticity. The more you can deform the structure without altering anything, the higher the maximal elastic deformation. Also metals atoms pull/push on each other, the more cohesive the structure is, the harder you have to stress it to deform it. Now if you stress it too much, the structure may be irreversibly changed: this is plastic deformation. For metals it basically involves defects within the structure that “move around” as the metal is deformed. For Ceramics there is typically no plastic deformation: the structure of a ceramic is such that when you overcome the maximum elastic deformation, a defect propagates throughout the whole structure very quickly, inducing a fracture of the ceramic. For polymers, the structure is basically an entanglement of long strands. If you pull just a bit, the entanglement is not changed: there is no relative movement of a strand relative to any other and as such, when the stress subsides the polymer reverts to its original shape. If you stress it hatder, the strands starts moving relative to one another and their entanglement becomes looser or tighter but is not the same anymore.


Question: Why does curly hair get even curlier after swimming in the ocean/sea/any salted body of water?

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 Why does curly hair get even curlier after swimming in the ocean/sea/any salted body of water?

There's nothing special about salt water that causes hair to curl. Hair tends to retain its shape as it dries. Defined waves and curls happen because individual hairs will stick to other surfaces, usually the neighboring hairs but also skin and glass or whatever smooth surface it can find, when wet. People with naturally curly or wavy hair have a pattern that each individual hair tends toward. When they get wet, they stick together and all of the patterns sort of match up. So people who walk out of the ocean with beach waves will have hair like that right out of the shower. But most people have to style their hair like that by forcing their hair to dry in that position or by heating it. I also wouldn't suggest trying to style your hair with sea water, since salt water damages hair.


Question: Why do humans have long hairs on their heads while other primates don't?

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 Why do humans have long hairs on their heads while other primates don't?

We don't actually know, however some theories are available: One theory is that we have the capacity for long hair for the sake of thermal regulation. Our brain uses a literal fuck ton of energy, which also means that we lose a *lot* of our heat through our head. As we migrated to colder climates, we started selecting for long hair as it helps keep the head warm. We didn't do this as much for body hair because we were already using clothes to deal with this. Another theory is that it plays a role in mate selection. Past a certain point, hair doesn't have too much of a benefit, so the body won't assign resources to hair growth unless it has an abundance of them. Long, high quality hair is a sign of good health not only in the present but over the past 2-3 years. This theory seems like one that makes a lot of sense, given that longer hair is seen as attractive, especially on women, across many, many cultures. Another theory is that long hair protects us from ultraviolet radiation. This could explain why African people tend to have very curly hair, which is better at intercepting UV radiation than straight hair is, while straight hair became more common after the out-of-Africa migration, as people moved into climates where sunlight was less intense. I also found a theory that hair is an extension of the nervous system and emits magnetic fields that give long haired people a sixth sense, something that was employed in the Vietnam war. But you probably shouldn't believe that one, because one of its key supporting evidences is the story of Samson from the bible.


Question: How do video compressors work?

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 How do video compressors work?

By getting rid of information that isn’t too important. There are two types of video compression, intraframe and inter frame. Intraframe works like image compression, it looks at each frame of video and tries to reduce the information it needs to store. For example if the image is of the night sky, instead of storing the very low brightness of each black pixel it can just say ‘all of this group of pixels are black’. You lose some information because they likely weren’t all exactly the same colour but it’s close enough. This loss of information is why highly compressed images or video have blocky patches of colour. Inter frame compressions is also important, storing every frame of video would take gigabytes of space for even a short HD video. Instead we start with a frame and then store what transformations need to happen to get each new frame. I.e if someone is waving then you don’t need to store the entire image every frame, just store it once and each new frame the video says to move the block of pixels corresponding to the hand by some amount. Every now and again we need a new frame but doing this can cut down the file size by an order of magnitude. Your compressor is likely doing both to the video file, increasing the space between stored frames and also compressing those frames.


Question: How is access to the internet not yet considered a utility, and what would it take for it to become one?

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 How is access to the internet not yet considered a utility, and what would it take for it to become one?

The standard utilities - water and power primarily - are fundamentally services. As a result, they are much easier to regulate at a state/local level. Over time, this meant that they developed organically into public utilities. In contrast, telecommunications services are non-local almost by definition. So they developed into national level companies that were beyond the ability of state/local bodies to effectively regulate. This creates two major issues. The first is that it takes an enormous amount of political will to overcome the vested commercial interests in the field. Comcast and Time-Warner don't *want* to become public utilities and they've got significant amounts of clout to prevent it from happening. The second is that public utilities don't work very well on a grand scale. When you've got dozens of little utilities scattered across the nation, they effectively provide a balancing effect on one another. If your utility starts becoming inefficient at providing services, you notice pretty quickly because the utility down the road is doing so much better. Moreover, there's a degree of competitiveness on the boundaries of utilities that keeps them in line. On a national scale, this doesn't happen. You have a single, nation-wide monopoly that tends to slowly be overtaken by rent-seeking behavior. Few people notice because the decline is incremental - and those who do notice are faced with a massive barrier to change in terms of the vested interests within the utility.


Question: How do electric eels shock others but not themselves?

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 How do electric eels shock others but not themselves?

They do risk shocking themselves, and they can be hurt if they do. In fact, it's not uncommon for them to shock themselves too! In fact sometimes they actually die as a result. They do however seem to manage to have a relatively high resistance, and they're only releasing big shocks in controlled ways. They discharge through organs in the tail, and when in "predator" mode they curve in a U shape with the prey between head and tail. This maximized the current for the prey, and minimizes it for the eel. When threatened by a wading animal, or hunting prey that isn't a fish, they *LEAP* out of the water and tough their head to you, and discharge. They use *you* as the easiest path to ground, not themselves. The fact that the electric organs are in the tail also means that the fish (it is a fish by the way, and a damned big one full grown) isn't discharging into its vital organs. Beyond all of that though... no one really knows! In particular no one is quite sure why the eel is so reliably higher resistance than its prey and predators.


Question: why is desert sand not good enough for glass and concrete?

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 why is desert sand not good enough for glass and concrete?

Glass ≠ Concrete Concrete can use desert sand, but some desert sand is finer than the concrete process needs. Glass, on the other hand, needs sand with almost no iron atoms in it. This isn't as common as low iron sand from other sources. While desert sand is cheaper in some places, it's not enough cheaper to make a viable substitute.


Question: Why are there so many more Democratic seats than Republican seats up for re-election in the U.S. Senate?

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 Why are there so many more Democratic seats than Republican seats up for re-election in the U.S. Senate?

Because only 1/3 of the Senate is elected every other year. The current seats up for election were last elected when Obama's second term election occured, and that type of election tends to lean very highly towards the party of the president. (In addition, a majority of seats in this cycle are from what are typically considered "blue" states.)


Question: Why can’t people crack AES 256 encryption if they know the type of encryption it is?

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 Why can’t people crack AES 256 encryption if they know the type of encryption it is?

Imagine a combination lock...knowing that there are 3 numbers in the combination doesn't tell you what those numbers *are*, so it doesn't help you open the lock. 256 bit encryption is kind of like that, but better. There are 256 numbers to guess, and each one could be many different things. The fastest super computers on earth would still need millions of years to crack it just by guessing.


Question: What is the butterfly effect?

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 What is the butterfly effect?

Even the slightest flap of a butterfly's wings can significantly change the way things will happen on a large scale or time. That's where the name comes from. In meteorology, the slightest change in temperature/pressure/humidity can drastically change the weather forcast for the following days. Thats why, past a week, it is not 100% certain, and the accuracy is decreasing so on.


Question: Can someone please explain how Jurassic Park (1993) was visually so ahead of its time, it seems almost comparable todays visual effects?

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 Can someone please explain how Jurassic Park (1993) was visually so ahead of its time, it seems almost comparable todays visual effects?

They spared no expense. But seriously, there's a lot less CG in Jurassic Park than most people think. Today, it's quite common for the only live action element in many shots to be the actors. If JJ Abrams (hardly the most CG reliant director currently working) were to remake Jurassic Park today, he'd probably feel forced to engage in a full-on CG fuckathon for sequences where Spielberg simply did not have that option. Spielberg was, instead, forced to use every cinematic trick in the book to hide the short-comings of the comparatively awful CG elements he had available to him. Dark lighting, practical effects (models and animatronics), clever cutting... Jurassic Park is a tour de force in all of these things because the CG was still quite primitive. There are only a couple of full-CG shots that take place in brightly-lit daylight (e.g. the Brontosauraus reveal) and these are probably the weakest shots in the film. People today watch Jurassic Park and think they're seeing flawless, state-of-the-art CG, but what they're really seeing is mostly models and animatronics with only flashes of CG to tie the shots together. The CG was weak, but Spielberg hid it's weaknesses like the master he is. Bonus example: Consider the cup of water in the Jeep when the T-Rex is first approaching. > > One other issue that was initially seen as very small turned into a big puzzling problem. As the T-Rex approaches our main characters, we hear it before we see it. In particular, we see a cup of water start to form “rings” from the T-Rex’s approaching footsteps. Spielberg got the idea after listening to loud music in his car and seeing his rear-view mirror vibrate from the heavy bass. He quotes, “I was on my way to do storyboards for Jurassic Park and I never forgot what it looked like when the bass rhythm went off. I thought in the middle of storyboarding ‘hey wouldn’t it be cool if, when the T-Rex began to approach, the low-end vibration of all that tonnage hitting the ground was causing these little concentric circles.’” The crew thought the gag would be really simple to pull off. As it turned out, however, forming these “concentric circles” proved to be much more arduous than anticipated. Everyone on the production team was puzzled. Sound engineers, physics specialists, and wave tank generators were called in and used to try to achieve the circles, but to no avail. Finally, a solution was found. Michael Lantieri, who was part of the special effects team, quotes, “The night before the shot, I’m at home and I’m still playing around and I took a guitar that I had at home and set a glass of water on the guitar and plucked the string, and it vibrated and did it.” So in the end, the gag was achieved by feeding a guitar string from the cup through the tour car down to the ground, where a guy laying under the vehicle plucked the guitar string (Jurassic Park DVD). [Source]( URL_0 ) Directors often have a vision and go to great lengths to see it realized. However, I guarantee you that Michael Bay isn't going to call in physicists to help him make concentric rings in a cup of water (or to make realistic action scenes, apparently). He's just going to CG that shit and, most of the time, people won't even notice. CG has gotten really good at fixing seemingly small things that cause great pain for the production crew. I don't point this out to denigrate CG or directors today (except maybe Michael Bay), but rather, to illustrate how impressive it was for a director like Spielberg to pull off a film like Jurassic Park that still holds up so well, in spite of the technical limitations of his day.


Question: How did we come up with the concept of math and the symbols we use for it?

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 How did we come up with the concept of math and the symbols we use for it?

Math as we understand it is made up of 3 different things. 1. Humans can naturally count and track small quantities of things say 3-4 without external instruction. This concept appears to be built-in to our brains. 2. Memorization: I know the numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10... and 2+2 = 4 because I have that memorized 3. Algorithms: This is the key part of math. We can count complex numbers and perform equations because we have developed methods for doing so and memorize those routines. Running through these routines we are able to count, add, subtract, multiply, divide etc. The basics of math probably were developed while we were an early farming culture. The need arose to track larger quantities of things, and as humans began to specialize in jobs, trade between people and families became an increasing important part of our daily lives. The development of currency either facilitated math, or was inspired by math. Different cultures developed different systems of numbering systems all based on the ability to track quantities of things. But today the Arabic numerals have become the defacto standard because of the ingenious concept of base 10 numbering making everything easier. While the Indian's were the first to create the mathematical concept of Zero. Before this people knew what 'nothing' was, but the Indians were the first to create a symbol and mathematical concept for it. Compared to performing math with Roman Numerals for example which is very complex and clumsy and has no zero. Geometry as we know it was developed in ancient Greece, likely as a method to understand engineering as we began to construct ever more complex structures. Isaac Newton is credited for creating calculus, although it's likely his work was at least partially inspired by someone else. He developed calculus to be able calculate and understand the orbits of planets. Boolean algebra and logic, which computers are based on, was developed by a mathematician named George Boole in the 19th century. It was purely an exercise in fun on his part, he was fascinated by the idea of using only 1's and 0's in math and developed an entire system to make it work. His contemporaries described his work as "interesting, but a shame that it is ultimately serves no value to society." Boole's work was taught in universities and early pioneers of computing realized that Bool's work basically defined how future computers would work without knowing it. Unfortunately he didn't live to see this happen.