Question: Kitchen tips claim you can mix baking soda and vinegar for cleaning, but don't you just get water and salt by mixing them?

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 Kitchen tips claim you can mix baking soda and vinegar for cleaning, but don't you just get water and salt by mixing them?

Salt is not necessary the same as table salt. When reacting an acid and a base the resulting compound that isn't water is a salt. HA + BOH - > H2O + AB This is true of any acid and base. Table salt is a type of salt called sodium chloride (NaCl). We just call this salt because its the salt we use most often. It is a product of reacting sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) NaCl will dissolve into Na^+ and Cl^- and stay dissolved in water. It will not effect the cleaning power of the water. Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). When you dissolve baking soda in water you get Na^+ and HCO3^- . Vinegar is acetic acid (CH3COOH). When dissolved in water, vinegar becomes CH3COO^- and H^+ . When reacted you get: CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2CO3 The H2CO3 then breaks down into water and carbon dioxide H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O The CO2 is what you see bubbling in science fair volcanoes. It bubbles out of the cleaner and can help with cleaning by bumping into the stain or clog. This is usually most effective in confined spaces like drains. I don't know of effective it would be outside of a confined spaces but I would suspect it to have minimal impact. You also have sodium acetate left over (Na^+ CH3COO^-). It is a buffer. That means that it keeps the pH of the cleaner between 4 and 6 if there is excess vinegar. This means that the cleaner would be mildly acidic. Acids are great cleaners. It's less acidic than plain vinegar though. Vinegar you would buy in a store has a pH of around 2.4. So that's what happens when you mix the two together in equal quantities. If you have more vinegar, you'll have some unreacted vinegar left over. The same is true if you add more baking soda than vinegar. When mixing vinegar and baking soda, I'm going to guess there will be left over vinegar, especially if you're not adding much to straight vinegar. Conclusion: I doubt its a more effective cleaner than vinegar alone, but it would be a more mild one which might be safer to use on more delicate surfaces and less irritating to the skin. TL;DR: Acids are great cleaners. The baking soda makes the vinegar a more mild acid so that it can be used on more sensitive surfaces and less irritating to the skin.


Question: Why do lipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?

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 Why do lipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions?

well depends on the lipid. i assume your talking about phospholipids in the cell membrane. the hydrophobic region (on the inside) acts as a protective barrier between the inner and outer cell-so that everything within the extracellular fluid can't just seep right into the cell. In layman's terms the cell can "select" what goes in and out of the cell based on what it needs. The hydrophilic region can interact with the fluid and its solutes within and on the outside of the hydrophobic region, allowing things to pass through. Nothing really happens if you put a hydrophobic region of a lipid in water. It just won't mix, or interact with the water. a good analogy is oil (which is hydrophobic) and water. They won't mix they just stay separate. Hope I kind of explained it understandably - i copied this answer from your first post that you deleted. hope it helps


Question: Why does water have no calories?

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 Why does water have no calories?

Calories are a way of measuring the metabolic energy which can be derived from the consumed food substance. Water, while necessary for life as a solvent, does not confer any metabolic energy and so has no calories. To make an analogy consider engine oil vs gasoline. If you have no lubrication for your engine it won't work, but the engine only uses gasoline for powering movement.


Question: Where does the energy needed to break things by expanding ice come from?

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 Where does the energy needed to break things by expanding ice come from?

The energy comes from the bonds that are trying to form in the ice. It's like having a [bunch of magnets]( URL_0 ) on the verge of connecting with each other pushing against the container holding the water. If the collective pull of these magnets is stronger than what the container can contain, the container gives. If the container *is* strong enough to resist this force, effectively it increases the pressure inside since what ice can form squeezes the rest of the water. The temperature ice freezes is also dependent on pressure. Higher pressure lowers water's freezing point, so a strong enough container would keep it's water liquid longer than an open container in a freezer.


Question: - What makes peanut butter stick to the roof of your mouth, and throat?

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 - What makes peanut butter stick to the roof of your mouth, and throat?

Peanutbutter is viscous. The viscosity of peanutbutter means that it will take longer to flow than other fluids. Aside from that, peanutbutter is not only viscous, but is able to squish between nooks and crannies in a surface, allowing it to act like a glue. It's a good adhesive. On top of that, peanutbutter is made mostly of fats, so it's not very soluble in water, and water doesn't want to interact with the fats in peanutbutter, so it takes time to go down with the help of friction from your tongue and esophagus. Also, peanutbutter should be one word. It's one thing, and it's easier to type it that way. I vote 'yes' on *peanutbutter*.


Question: what exactly is the E-Sports Bubble, and what happens when an economy "bubble" bursts?

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 what exactly is the E-Sports Bubble, and what happens when an economy "bubble" bursts?

Not every game needs to be an "eSport". Destiny 2 has learned this the hard way: they made significant changes to the functionality of the game's PvP mode between Destiny and Destiny 2 in an attempt to forge an eSports-friendly mode. The player base hated it, and they eventually reverting a number of the most jarring changes they made. The 'average user' is likely not going to want to buy "eSports-branded" gear (as in hardware components, keyboards, and mice). Items such as apparel and mousepads are iffy as it is. Computer equipment is expensive enough without tacking on an extra percentage because of a 'special coat of paint'. And keyboards and mice selection is a personal preference item, and a number of people don't like having to adjust to something new, so the market for keyboards and mice is often smaller than the market for other components. Another issue with "eSports" is that games become 'outdated' at a relatively rapid pace. To compare to other sports, the National Football League (professional American football) has been celebrating its 100^th season this year. Fortnite, Counter-Strike, and Rocket League are likely not going to still be around in 100 years, at least not in their current iterations. Any time a new game releases, even if it's a sequel to an established franchise, *something* will be different, which takes some time for players to learn and adjust to. Finally, for a spectator sport to be successful, you need not only established teams, which apparently eSports has, but established personalities. I wouldn't be able to tell you any eSports players, nor would I be able to recognize them either.


Question: Why do headaches accompany nausea/vomiting/upset stomach, and vice versa?

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 Why do headaches accompany nausea/vomiting/upset stomach, and vice versa?

My daughter suffers from complex migraines, and her neurologist explained it like this. The network of nerves in your stomach are as complex as the ones in your head, and they suffer from the same instability during migraines. Chronic stomachaches can be caused by these nerves being unstable, or they can be impacted at the same time as the nerves in your head and cause stomachs and vomiting.


Question: How do NASA scientists know that a spacecraft is completely air sealed before it goes into space?

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 How do NASA scientists know that a spacecraft is completely air sealed before it goes into space?

The same way we test any other pressure sealed system, raging from big tankers to tanks, to the gas pipe systems. Every valve and opening is sealed, then we pressurise the system, if the pressure doesn't drop then it is sealed. Once they close the door to the spacecraft, they can pressurise it and check whether the pressure stays stable.


Question: Why does burned / charred food give you cancer?

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 Why does burned / charred food give you cancer?

There's a couple reasons, but they come down to the fact that when food burns, it's a chemical reaction that produces new molecules that act differently than the food molecules they came from. Some of them make good tastes and smells, but some of them can harm your DNA. Some of the new molecules that get made when food burns are kinda flat and pancake-shaped. Some of these flat pancake-shaped molecules are just the right size to fit between your DNA bases. When a cell divides it has to make a new copy of its DNA (so both cells can have a copy), and if the gizmos copying the DNA find one of these pancake molecules jammed in there, they don't know what to do and just kind of wing it when making the new copy. This introduces mutations into the new cell's DNA. **Most of these mutations are harmless.** Our genetic code has a *lot* of redundancy built in for these sorts of things, but if one happens in the wrong place in the wrong gene, it can turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell.


Question: Why do cigarette butts smell stronger than actual burning cigarettes?

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 Why do cigarette butts smell stronger than actual burning cigarettes?

The entire time you’re smoking a cigarette, you’re bringing the smoke from the burning tip through the cigarette to the filter. By the time a cigarette becomes a butt, a lot of smoke and tar is concentrated at that end and in the filter. That, combined with the remaining tobacco going stale, makes them smell worse


Question: why do your pupils go big when you do drugs?

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 why do your pupils go big when you do drugs?

Certain kinds of drugs either mimic adrenaline (and similar chemicals in your body) or cause the release of those chemicals. These tend to be things like amphetamines, meth, MDMA (the A stands for amphetamine which is part of the structure of that drug). Adrenaline is the chemical that causes the fight or flight response. Part of that response is dilated pupils. The muscles in the iris contract in the presence of adrenaline.


Question: What makes one companies AA batteries better than another’s? Ex. Energizer vs Duracell

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 What makes one companies AA batteries better than another’s? Ex. Energizer vs Duracell

I’m no expert, but my understanding is that there are several elements that go into a battery, like graphite and magnesium and zinc. The level of refining and purity of those elements affects the capacity of the battery. More refined elements mean more stored energy and a more predictable lifecycle, but comes at the cost of more expensive equipment and processes and that drives up the cost to produce the batteries.


Question: Why, when slowly opening a plastic soda bottle, does a little air come out when you Crack it a little open, but then more comes out when you open more?

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 Why, when slowly opening a plastic soda bottle, does a little air come out when you Crack it a little open, but then more comes out when you open more?

Your whole high school is in the gym for an assembly. The presentation comes to an end and everyone needs to leave all at once. If you never open the doors, people will never leave. If you open one door, how long will it take for everyone to leave? If you open all the doors, how long will it take for everyone to leave? Relate this to your problem. Basically, it doesn't matter how fast or slow you open the bottle, the air will equalize anyway. It's only a function of how fast it equalizes.


Question: Why does beer overflow when you hit the rim of the bottle with another bottle?

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 Why does beer overflow when you hit the rim of the bottle with another bottle?

Little explosions!!! Rodriguez and his team have figured out that a stiff hit on the bottle's top sets off miniature explosions inside the beer. These tiny blasts create mushroom clouds similar to those generated in the air by an atomic bomb. "Actually, the laws of physics that control the development of these beer mushroom clouds are the same as [those that drive] the development of the cloud in an atomic bomb," Rodriguez tells The Salt. "Obviously, there's no nuclear stuff in the beer. So the source of the explosion is very different, but the mushroom cloud that you see is very similar URL_0


Question: What does "breaking a sound barrier" mean? RIP Chuck Yaeger

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 What does "breaking a sound barrier" mean? RIP Chuck Yaeger

The "sound barrier" is a nickname for the speed of sound in air. For a long time it was a major technological hurdle for aerospace engineers to design an aircraft able to exceed that speed, and many people suspected it might not be possible because of the crazy way that air interacts with something moving at that speed. Obviously we were able to overcome those challenges and design aircraft that could exceed the speed of sound, and Chuck Yeager was the first man to fly an aircraft beyond that speed in level flight.


Question: Why does strengthening cars' structures make them faster around corners?

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 Why does strengthening cars' structures make them faster around corners?

In cars with softer suspensions and less rigid bodies the whole car "rolls" to the outside of the corner when turning sharply and the body of the car can twist. In extreme cases this can lift one or both of the inside wheels off the track surface or even flip the car over. Stiffer suspensions and stiffer frames minimize body flex and roll, allowing for greater cornering speeds before the inside wheels lose traction. The tradeoff is a dramatic decrease in ride comfort and a greater risk of damaging the vehicle on rougher surfaces. You're feeling every pebble in a car with a race suspension setup.


Question: RFID Systems, how do they work, how do you make them, etc. (What's the best resource to use to learn more?)

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</answer>
 RFID Systems, how do they work, how do you make them, etc. (What's the best resource to use to learn more?)

An RFID tag is basically a storage device, it's a chip that can only hold a small amount of data, like in the order of 2 kilobytes. But the advantage of it is, it can be read wirelessly, and it's also powered wirelessly by the RFID reader (passive tag), though you can get powered ones that can transmit further if needed (active tag) but they obviously require a power source. They can also be reprogrammed, and some standards allow for things like encryption. Because of the small storage space, generally they're only storing data like unique identifiers or URLs, much like a barcode or QR code. Their use case is also pretty much the same, they can be used to keep track of stock in a warehouse, movement of freight etc. In commercial usage, the RFID reader will usually be connected to an enterprise management system of some kind and take action based on the system's requirements and business rules. For personal usage, one might use it for asset management, or home automation, though consumers would usually use NFC, a subset standard of RFID. That's the general idea, at this point you'd need to ask about a specific RFID system implementation to know more about how they work. Of course the exact usage is limited to your imagination. Nintendo's Amiibo and other toys-to-life products are one example. How do you make them, well it depends what you want to do. But the basic steps are: 1. Buy a bunch of RFID stickers/tags/chips 2. Affix them to the stuff you want to keep track of 3. Buy an RFID scanner (or use your NFC-capable smartphone) that can read and write tags 4. Download or develop software that does stuff with the scanned data You can find info about how RFID/NFC work just by googling, but the technical detail isn't really important, what you need to know first is, what are your requirements, what do you want to use RFID for? And once you've worked that out, search online for existing apps/software for that use case, or get to work developing your own. You probably don't want to buy the actual tags until you've worked out the rest of the solution first, because the solution might require a particular type of RFID tag.


Question: Why is it easy to blink but hard to wink?

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 Why is it easy to blink but hard to wink?

I didnt realize winking was so hard until I found out that my daughter could only wink one eye. I told her that her face was broken. Turns out, my husband can only blink that same eye. And my son too. I wonder if it's hereditary. I'm holding out hope for the baby though. Let's hope his face is not broken. Lol.


Question: What is the purpose of fainting? What are the benefits of this mechanism? In extreme situations (e.g. being under attack) humans and animals sometimes faint but I see this as counterproductive and it would probability be better to become more alert in these situations, right?

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 What is the purpose of fainting? What are the benefits of this mechanism? In extreme situations (e.g. being under attack) humans and animals sometimes faint but I see this as counterproductive and it would probability be better to become more alert in these situations, right?

Our brains need a *lot* of blood to stay alive. Normally, our bodies work just fine pumping blood against gravity and up to our noggins, but sometimes things go wrong. If for any reason there's a drop in blood pressure or heart rate or reduced level of oxygen to your brain, your brain is going to make you faint. Why? Because it will make you horizontal very quickly, and that will help restore blood flow to your brain since your body is no longer working against gravity. So fainting (technically called syncope) is about preserving bloodflow to the brain, which will prevent brain damage. Preserving your brain is the paramount consideration. If your brain thinks it's not getting enough oxygen, it doesn't care about anything else in that moment. Anything that causes a sudden drop in blood pressure, or heart rate, or blood oxygenation can trigger fainting. Some of these things are physical, and some are psychological.


Question: Why can we dig up old graves(like Egyptian mummies), is there a number of years to wait before we can dig up what we want?

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 Why can we dig up old graves(like Egyptian mummies), is there a number of years to wait before we can dig up what we want?

It depends on the local laws, but for example there's often need to re-use old graveyards, and there will be a (local) rule of for how old it should be before it can be re-used. Grave diggers in my country are known to sometimes find jewlery for example when digging new graves around churches, in old graveyeards :)


Question: Why does a large bolt of lightning split apart like a root of a tree or veins when it strikes?

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 Why does a large bolt of lightning split apart like a root of a tree or veins when it strikes?

When charges build that cause lightning, the air gets ionized... However air isn't static, it's constantly moving and flowing causing these ionized channels to spread out. Non ionized air has a resistance of infinity meaning that no current will flow through that path and will instead be limited to the channels of ionized air. Once the current flows through ionized air it turns it into plasma and its the plasma that you see.


Question: - How do we determine cosmological distances?

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 - How do we determine cosmological distances?

For stars that aren't ridiculously far away, we use trigonometry. We look at the stars position at one time (say, spring), then look at it again six months later (autumn in this scenario). We then very very accurately get the difference in angle (it can be as little as 1/3600 of a degree -called a parsec- difference) of the star from those positions, and can use that (with our known distance from the sun) to calculate how far away the star is from us. Once we know that we can get distances between any other stars from knowing their distances from us (again, using trigonometry). There is a different way for calculating distances for far away stars/galaxies, but I'm not knowledgeable enough to explain it.


Question: Why can’t newborns drink normal tap water?

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 Why can’t newborns drink normal tap water?

Newborns have very small stomachs and only drink when they're thirsty. Everything that goes in has to have nutrients, calories, vitamins, and protein. Drinking just water is very bad for newborns because they get full and won't drink formula or breast milk which has those needed nutrients. Also, being so young, their immune system hasn't developed yet. This means that anything that's inside that unfiltered tap water, and there are lots of things in it, can harm the newborn.


Question: Does the world get heavier as more people are born?

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 Does the world get heavier as more people are born?

No, people are made up of stuff from the earth. To grow a baby a mother has to eat more food, plants and animals(the animals in turn are eating other animals and plants), the plants are literally made up of a combination of soil(the dirt under your feet) and carbon they *extract from the air.* For every 200 lb person walking around alive there is simply 200 lbs less dirt and carbon in the air. When we die our bodies decompose or are eaten and become other things.


Question: How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

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 How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

Because a Rubik's Cube has a finite and equal number of facings. While staggering to think of, there are roughly 43 quintillion moves that can be made on a standard Rubik's Cube. With each facing assigned a numeric value, solving it becomes a mathematic equation where you have color groups (white 1-9, blue 1-9, etc.) and can then solve the puzzle using these assigned values. Now, 43 quintillion sounds like a lot to math out, but 99.99% of those moves are unnecessary. When I was a kid they taught a computer system the mathematic formula and from there they determined you could resolve the puzzle from any point in just 42 moves! What's more impressive is that as computers advanced we got better at teaching them to solve the Rubik's Cube. We now know, after Google decided that 42 moves was too many, that you can solve the puzzle from any starting point in just 20 moves. Edit: sp/format


Question: What is the "blood brain barrier," why is it there and how does it work?

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 What is the "blood brain barrier," why is it there and how does it work?

The blood brain barrier essentially isolates the brain and central nervous system from the rest of the body. The (endothelial) cells lining the blood vessels in the brain form special "tight" junctions where the spaces between cells are much smaller than anywhere else in the body, by an order of magnitude. Thus most of what enters into the brain has to go through specialized transporters that are specific to the molecule, or class of molecule, being transported. This helps keep out toxins that may be circulating in the blood (such as certain drugs) and maintain a specialized environment that optimizes neuronal function. Notably, water and gasses (O2, CO2) cross freely. The area of the brain that triggers nausea/vomiting, called the area postrema, lacks a blood brain barrier and therefore is responsive to toxins in the blood.


Question: Why do some people look "good" fat, and others look "bad" fat?

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 Why do some people look "good" fat, and others look "bad" fat?

Confidence goes a long way in this respect. If you feel less confident when you gain weight, you'll feel like you look less attractive. As for others, the ones that look good to you are likely not only confident but also dress for their body in a way that is flattering. Personal grooming goes a long way, too. Different people have different body shapes, too, and society has deemed some more attractive than others. For example, there's the classic female hour glass that is largely considered the sexiest of female shapes because bigger hips are a sign of fertility. For men, even if they have a heavier midsection, having muscular arms and shoulders tend to make them more attractive because it is a sign of strength. That attraction is partly influenced human nature (the desire to survive and reproduce) and partly by traditional gender roles, but still very present today in determining what society deems attrative. In the end, it's all about working with what you've got.


Question: Is there a reason why suicide rates are SO much higher for men than women?

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 Is there a reason why suicide rates are SO much higher for men than women?

One reason is that while women actually attempt suicide more frequently than men they choose methods which are less immediately lethal so there is more opportunity for help to arrive or for them to change their mind and call for assistance. Men tend to attempt suicide in much more immediately lethal ways.


Question: What does it mean to claim redundancy pay in the UK?

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 What does it mean to claim redundancy pay in the UK?

Labour laws in the UK mean that you can't be fired without justification, you have to have done something very wrong or proven unfit for the job. But obviously there are some cases where a business just needs to let staff go, so there is a way of doing that called redundancy, and it involves the employer giving the employee a cash settlement as compensation for losing their job. That's what redundancy pay is.


Question: How is a crop domesticated?

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 How is a crop domesticated?

Get some wild seeds and plant them. Get seeds from the plants that thrive and have the characteristics you want and plant those. Repeat many, many times. The wild plant corn comes from has just a few rows of kernels surrounded by spikes, and those kernels pop off the plant when they're ripe. Eventually, breeding turned this into a spikeless cob covered in kernels that stay put.


Question: Why is it that BigBox retailers are considered to be struggling because they missed their sales plan , even though they are a multi-million dollar company ?

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 Why is it that BigBox retailers are considered to be struggling because they missed their sales plan , even though they are a multi-million dollar company ?

Let's say you come into some money and you purchase Star Wars from Disney. Episode 10 (Ackbar's Revenge) is already made, and experts are expecting it to make $1 billion at the box office. So you pay $1 billion for Star Wars. But then the movie only makes $900 million. Sure, it's still $900 million in your pocket, but you were expecting a billion (and paid a billion), so you're down $100 million.


Question: Could a highly trained martial artist beat a chimp or other strong ape?

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 Could a highly trained martial artist beat a chimp or other strong ape?

The difference is in the insertion points of their muscles. A chimp's biceps inserts halfway down its forearm where yours is just below the elbow. That gives it a lot more strength. A gorilla's glutes originate way up their back. The levers are just way longer. Then you have to think about this too: pain compliance is a big deal in a lot of martial arts. But these guys won't comply, so you have to go to what will debilitate or kill. And we're at a disadvantage there too. Wild animals will just fight harder if they're injured. What do they have to lose?


Question: Why do some childhood memories seem so clear and feel like they happened “just yesterday?”

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 Why do some childhood memories seem so clear and feel like they happened “just yesterday?”

You might be describing flashbulb memories. These are events that you interpret as emotionally salient, that get burned in and never fade. Not sure how old you are, but do you remember what you were doing when you heard about 9/11? That’s a common flashbulb memory for people over the age of 25


Question: how does soap create bubbles when agitated and why is it different than other substances?

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 how does soap create bubbles when agitated and why is it different than other substances?

Soap has chemicals in it that act as surfactants, which are substances that reduce surface tension of a liquid. In other words, lower surface tension means that the molecules in the liquid don’t attract each other as strongly. Since they don’t attract very strongly, bubbles become more stable. This is because the surface of a bubble is always in tension, like a rubber band that’s stretched out. Surfactants reduce surface tension, which, in our rubber band analogy, is like stretching a much weaker rubber band. This means the bubbles will be less likely to burst open. As a point of interest, surfactants are also used in things like cooking sprays. This is because oil that’s made to have a low surface tension will spread more easily across your pan instead of bead up like oil normally tends to. Edit: I didn’t answer the agitation part of your question. The agitation is mostly just to introduce air into the liquid so bubbles can form.


Question: Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

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</answer>
 Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

In the old days legal stuff was written in latin. When writing it in english was new they would put the english word but then always say the latin word too. At some point that mutated into skipping the latin and just writing everything with two different english words. So there is dozens of examples of legal terms that are just the same word twice. "any and all" , "cease and desist" , "terms and conditions", "law and order", "null and void", "will and testament" Sometimes the words mean slightly different things, and there is a point to it, but a lot of the time it's just "this is how legal words are supposed to sound so it's 'breaking and entering' instead of just 'breaking into'"


Question: How does your immune system make an antibody that perfectly fits the antigen that is on the attacking pathogen?

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 How does your immune system make an antibody that perfectly fits the antigen that is on the attacking pathogen?

Your last comment is closest. The DNA that codes for the protein interaction domains of different antibodies is actually mutated highly. So you have many antibodies which probably do nothing and a few which will recognize certain things by chance. It gets pretty complex and this is just a basic explanation, but when one of those randomly binding antibodies binds an antigen the immune response makes it so you make a ton of copies of that particular antibody.


Question: Why is it impossible to default on student loans even through a bankruptcy?

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 Why is it impossible to default on student loans even through a bankruptcy?

It is about making the loans attractive enough that people will want to give money for them. Loans for education are very risky - there is no tangible product to repossess and even if you do declare bankruptcy, you retain 100% of the benefit of your education. You could, theoretically, run up a $200k tuition bill and declare bankruptcy right out of college to wipe the debt clean. Sure, you'd be unable to get a good loan for 7 or so years, but you've just wiped out a massive amount of debt - for most people, that would be the smart move. To prevent this, they are non-dischargeable.


Question: What’s actually happening to your throat when you lose your voice? How does this happen?

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 What’s actually happening to your throat when you lose your voice? How does this happen?

To produce sound, your vocal cords need to be able to swing freely. When you lose your voice, they're not moving freely, either due to the swelling of the infection, or other obstructions. Real ELI5 : your voice works like a guitar. If you press a pillow down on the guitar cords, their aren't going to make noises. Edit1: Gramar Edit2: To all of you who want to know more about how the voice is produced, here is more of a ELI15 explanation. For the sake of this explanation, I'm going to use the latin names of the anatomical structures, as english isn't my native language. The Larynx has 3 stages, and sits on top of the trachea : - The Vestibulum Larygis, with the Plicae vestibulares - The Ventriculus larygis, with the Plicae vocales - The Cavitas infraglottica The Plicae vestibularis humidifie and clean the plicae vocales during swallowing. It's possible to use them as "backup voice generators" with a lot of training if for any reasons the plicae vocales are paralysed. Lets have a closer look at the plicae vocales, our actual voice generator. Beneith the tunica mucose, medial you'll find the ligamentum vocale, and lateral the M. vocalis. The M. Vocalis can, if the contracts, bring both sides closer together and even close the rima glottidis. Between the Tunica mucosa and the lig. vocale you'll find a thin layer (The Reinke's space) of loose connective tissue, enabling them to shift. [A chronic edema]( URL_0 ) in the reinke space causes the smokers voice. Of course, this is only the basics of where the voice is generated. To produce sounds, the air rushing through the larynx coming from the lungs pass by the small gap made by the Plicae vocalis, making them vibrate, similar to the single reed of a woodwind instrument. The more relaxed the Plicae vocalis are, the slower they vibrate and therfore the deeper the sound produces. The sound is then modulated in the rest of the Larynx, Pharynx, and Sinuses, lips and tongue, to exit as voice. Source: Am a 3rd year med student and looked it up in my anatomy atlas because it's been ages since I passed macroscopical anatomy.


Question: what happens to those cars in movies that go into pools?

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 what happens to those cars in movies that go into pools?

Stunt cars used in movies are not going to be useable by avg Joe to drive to work. In water dives, the car used has been stripped of all things that make it a running car. Engine, gas tank, fuel lines, electronics. You don't want to have any fluids contaminate the water or you risk getting a huge fine. Once a car has been thru enough water to reach the floorboard and seat, it's considered flood damaged and value becomes about scrap metal.


Question: Why isn’t the longest day of the year also the hottest?

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 Why isn’t the longest day of the year also the hottest?

The Earth's longest day is not the hottest day because a significant area of the Earth's surface is water, and water takes a long time to heat up or cool down. This causes what astronomers refer to as "Seasonal lag," where the warmest day lags behind the longest day. On Earth the lag varies from 15 days to as much as two months. On other planets in the solar system, particularly the gas giants, there is also a great deal of seasonal lag. But on Mars, where there's not much atmosphere and no liquid water, there's basically no seasonal lag. The hottest day on Mars is the longest day.


Question: How do cable companies or satellite services get their program descriptions into their online guide and who writes them?

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 How do cable companies or satellite services get their program descriptions into their online guide and who writes them?

Most use an company like Gracenote (think a commercial version of IMDB without ratings but has future programming) as a base. It has program names with descriptions, when it will show, what channel, and even art. Then for services like DirecTV and Dish they add any special programming they have (like music channels, Pay per View) then encode the guide as part of the signal you receive as while watching TV on every cnannel. Over a few minutes you download 2 weeks of guide content. Source: I work in the industry and have built Set Top Boxes Side Note: most new set top boxes are internet connected so they just download the guide on demand. However if you have one that is not internet connected you can sometimes watch it build the guide. Just unplug the box for 30 seconds, plug it back in and once you see tv open the guide. Most cheeper units will have missing pieces and then over a minute or 2 you will see pieces get filled in.


Question: Why would a temperature shift of +2º C be so catastrophic?

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 Why would a temperature shift of +2º C be so catastrophic?

It tips the balance between spring melt and snow pack at the poles. The ice ends up melting more than can be replaced by snow/ice in the winter. Eventually, the water currently locked up at the poles in the form of ice would run into the oceans. Because the amount we're talking about, this would raise ocean levels world wide. Along with the availability of more waterfront property thanks to the rising oceans, the melt would also release the carbon dioxide currently trapped in the ice pack, further accelerating global warming. The cherry is that our weather is created by the energy found in warm ocean currents. More warm ocean currents (more water/warmer water) and the weather, specifically wind, get's a nice little nitro boost.


Question: If we have taxes deducted from paycheck, why do we have to file?

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 If we have taxes deducted from paycheck, why do we have to file?

The funds withheld from your paychecks are **estimated** payments based upon how much you might owe at the end of the year. These estimates aren't always correct, especially if your income is variable, you have tax payments (credits) that might reduce the owed amount (or potentially paying all your owed taxes just from credits alone), or if you spend money in a way that makes that income tax exempt


Question: How could governments keep getting loans/ increase their debt if some never paid it back in the recent history? Who is loaning all this money and how are they hoping to make profit of it?

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 How could governments keep getting loans/ increase their debt if some never paid it back in the recent history? Who is loaning all this money and how are they hoping to make profit of it?

The vast majority of government debt is paid back. It is very rare that they don't. Most debt is issued through bonds and these bonds all have specific maturities (1 year, 3 years, 10 years etc etc). At the maturity date, these bonds are repaid (and in some cases they are even retired or bought back before maturity) Of course if a government issues more bonds than retires them, the total debt is increasing. But this isn't the same as saying that they never pay it back. It is very much like a credit card where you make some payments but continue to use it - except these credit cards come with very high limits. Anyone who purchases government bonds is lending the government money. Pension funds, everyday folks who want to save, investment funds and especially banks. Because these bonds are guaranteed by the government, in most cases they are considered "risk free" investments. In nearly all countries, banks are required by law to hold certain amounts of their assets in a very liquid form. The most liquid is cash, of course, but government bonds are also usually included. Since cash earns no interest but bonds do (until some very recent examples!), banks generally hold some of their liquidity requirements in bonds.


Question: Why is it some North American plugs have 3 prongs while some have 2?

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 Why is it some North American plugs have 3 prongs while some have 2?

Reddit won't show me the other 4 comments for some reason, so I may be just repeating the same thing as others, but it has nothing to do with how much electricity an appliance uses. It has more to do with the grounding requirements of said appliance. If there are exposed metal chassis parts that *may* become energized in the event of a short circuit, they will be grounded, which utilizes the third prong. The device will function without this safety ground, but if something inside shorts to ground, well, you're on your own.


Question: How can you determine the location of a fault line by just looking at a topographical map?

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 How can you determine the location of a fault line by just looking at a topographical map?

Not all mountains are directly the result of a fault. The Cascades in Washington state are mountains, but the fault causing them is off the coast. Mountains in Hawaii are not the result of a fault, and some of the mountains in SoCal are traced by faults. One of the best places to see the effect of a fault is to look at the Wallace Creek formation in eastern San Diego county. The creek bed is offset, as are some of the mountains. In other words, if you imagine a hill like your finger, the tips are moved left/right from where they used to be, and it is obvious.


Question: Why do poles reverse themselves and how disastrous would it be for living things?

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 Why do poles reverse themselves and how disastrous would it be for living things?

It is likely a product of the Earth's magnetic field being created from the movement of liquid metals in the core. Lots of simulations find reversals happen when you have a combination of fluid dynamics and electromagnetics. We don't know much about the effects on living things, as we have never seen one in written history. However, it is likely they take place over thousands of years, leaving little effect on individual organisms. In all, we don't know much, but you shouldn't be worried about it.


Question: How can computers solve algebra without dedicated hardware for it?

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 How can computers solve algebra without dedicated hardware for it?

One of the fundamental concepts of computer science is that, with some caveats, any general-purpose computer hardware can be programmed to do anything any other computer hardware could. Practically speaking, there are cases such as graphics cards or sound cards that are designed to do perform large amounts of specific calculations more efficiently than a general-purpose processor, and then there's quantum computing which seems to be able to do certain tasks astronomically faster than traditional computers, but in all of those cases there's still nothing stopping any old processor from doing those tasks, it'll just take longer. In the case of, say, breaking cryptography, that might end up being billions of years longer, but things like that seem to be the exception rather than the rule. The bottom line is that there are very few situations in which you *need* dedicated hardware to do something.