Question: why does drinking soda cause kidney stones ?

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 why does drinking soda cause kidney stones ?

This is a typical causation vs correlation error. It's not that drinking soda causes the stones, but that often times people who consume mostly sodas consume less water. This leads to less flushing of the kidneys and thus the build up of various things that lead to kidney stones. Thus there is a strong correlation that people who drink sodas also get kidney stones, but the stones are not caused by the soda drinking.


Question: Why are some people naturally happier than others?

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 Why are some people naturally happier than others?

Depends on how you were raised and the environment you grew up in. A child spoiled with toys and had affectionate parents tend to be more optimistic. Where as kids who grow up in a strict household with high expectations from others tend to be more sad/depressed but also more hardworking.


Question: How does a TV show make money?

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 How does a TV show make money?

Well Game of Thrones is different than most shows because it's on HBO. HBO makes money by charging individual households a monthly fee just to get HBO, so its pretty direct link from the show to the money. If you want to see an HBO show, you pay HBO for it. Most shows make their networks money by attracting a large audience, and then the network sells advertising time to companies at the time of that show. Bigger audiences = more money to buy advertising time during that show. (The age range of the audience, gender, income level, etc also all effect advertising prices... If you've ever heard of Nielsen ratings they measure all those things as well as the audience size)


Question: Why is speeds related to tech (like CPU, GPU, RAM speeds) are calculated in Hz? Why is it that we do not say how much data is processed in a given time. Like we do with wifi or network speeds?

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 Why is speeds related to tech (like CPU, GPU, RAM speeds) are calculated in Hz? Why is it that we do not say how much data is processed in a given time. Like we do with wifi or network speeds?

Hz is in cycles/second, or things that happen per second. For example, monitor refresh rates are expressed in hertz as they are # of screen refreshes per second. As such, these speed are indeed the same type of measurement used with WiFi and network speeds (also expressed in things/second, where things is data)


Question: Why do people sometimes get runny noses when they eat?

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 Why do people sometimes get runny noses when they eat?

It's called 'gustatory rhinorrhea' - in some cases a reaction to spicy foods which are an irritant; in other cases, like if your nose runs no matter what you're eating, its a mistaken stimulation of the nerves running to your nose that create mucous - the nerves that control saliva flow upon thinking about eating, or eating, or smelling food smells. The mouth glands are normally stimulated into producing saliva, but in these cases, your nose gets involved by mistake also.


Question: What is a hyperparameter in machine learning?

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 What is a hyperparameter in machine learning?

The "parameters" are usually things to describe the actual pieces of the neural net, i.e. the individual weights between connected nodes. Ultimately those are determined by the algorithm as a result of training. The "hyperparameters" are the settings for the whole setup of the network and training. Things like the learning rate, number of units per layer, etc. They are "hyper" because they are a level above things like the weights between nodes.


Question: How does light pollution work anyways? Like, what causes it and what are its effects?

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 How does light pollution work anyways? Like, what causes it and what are its effects?

Light pollution is the name for the phenomena of a light that is closer to you drowning out lights that are farther away, making it so that you cannot see said lights. The easiest example of this is how the lights in cities at night drown out the stars in the sky making it so that you cannot see them, and often giving the sky a purplish hue instead of the standard night time black.


Question: Why does frozen food (once thawed) taste different from fresh food?

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 Why does frozen food (once thawed) taste different from fresh food?

As the water inherently inside the food freezes it creates ice crystals, and depending on how quickly or slowly it freezes the crystals will be bigger or smaller. If I remember correctly the slower something is frozen the larger the ice crystals, which leads to a bit of a break down in texture and structural integrity of the food item, which will have an effect on the all round delivery of the flavour. This also means the water inside the food is displaced from where it should be, as it ends up more on the surface than dispersed throughout, which means it’s more difficult for the tasty flavour molecules to end where they normally would, and kinda dilutes it.


Question: How does anaerobic energy generation(via ATP) differ from aerobic energy generation?

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 How does anaerobic energy generation(via ATP) differ from aerobic energy generation?

Brushing up on my intro to biochem here, so parts of this may be wrong. Ok, so basically energy generation happens through the mitochondria. In aerobic respiration, you break down glucose, and breaking the glucose releases some electrons. These electrons are then passed through the membrane of the mitochondria and ultimately get added to an O2 molecule to make water, CO2 and 32 ATP (or was it 37? Either way, a fair bit). Cells really like aerobic respiration because they can make a lot of tasty ATP, so if there O2 available (and glucose), they'll do that instead of anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is essentially a stopgap for when the cell needs energy but hasn't got any O2. Essentially, they can't use the electrons because there's nowhere for them to go. So instead, they break down the glucose into lactic acid, which produces 2 ATP. The lactic acid is why you get stiches when you excercise, some of your muscle cells have run out of air and are doing anaerobic respiration instead. Hope that helps :)


Question: How does the Monte Carlo method work, and apart from Pi, what can it be used to approximate?

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 How does the Monte Carlo method work, and apart from Pi, what can it be used to approximate?

Monte Carlo method basically just means: "simulate something a lot of times." For example, let's say you want to know the odds of getting exactly three heads out of 10 coin flips (in any order). Yes, you can calculate this mathematically but let's say you don't want to. Instead, you write a computer program that does 10 coin flips. But also it does this set of 10 coin flips ten million times. Each time a set of 10 flips results in exactly three heads, you note it and count, out of those ten million times, that event happened. This also gives you the odds. The Monte Carlo method can be used to empirically come up with a mathematical result by doing something so many times that variations and flukes due to randomness cancel each other out.


Question: why does gas prices fluctuate so dramatically so much?

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 why does gas prices fluctuate so dramatically so much?

Gas is a commodity with very high price sensitivity. Customers will drive stupid distances to save a few cents per gallon. This means that profits are razor thin and competition is cutthroat with very little brand loyalty. Anything that affects production, processing or transport must *immediately* be reflected in the price so as not to lose those margins altogether to a competitor for being too high or to suppliers for being too low. Also, politics and speculation can also play into it. When summer vacations approach, governments and large buyers such as airlines can play with supply and reserves to influence prices downward so that people travel and spend money and drive the economy.


Question: How do adult movies film in public places like restaurants or laundromats, or outdoors in the park or the beach?

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 How do adult movies film in public places like restaurants or laundromats, or outdoors in the park or the beach?

They get permits for filming. Some of them are just warehouses and houses and other locations just made up to look like wherever the scene is supposed to be taking place, others - like the beach for example is taking place on a beach, just the movie makers have the permit to film there and it's cleared out. Remember Porn is just stereotyped to be some smut with just the stars and some creepy guy with a camera, but it's a actually a whole production with cameras, a Director, Writer, Producer, Sound Guy, Lighting and Wardrobe. There is even a catering part of it, laying a buffet of food for every day filming. It isn't any different to production on TV & Movies save for the budget and content, everything else is the same; hell pornstars even have contracts and a union.


Question: Why is it called real estate? Are there other kinds of estate?

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 Why is it called real estate? Are there other kinds of estate?

Estate used to be a much more vague word - being used as fluidly as to describe something you have a vested interest in. For example, you could say "TaspiWunder's estate in the solid gold dildo they funded on Kickstarter has no effect on the company's decisions, but reflects their belief in the project." You can see that, in this instance, it's not entirely clear that the estate is a concrete *thing* that you *have,* but more describes the relationship you have with the dildo. Financial and legal demand for clarification created a need to add "real" to estates that were concrete and *real,* so your house - a long-term physical embodiment of a financial investment - would be considered *real* estate in that time. The use of estate in this way slowly faded away until the word found a clearer use in describing a complete collection of assets, rather than a financial relationship


Question: Why is the US strike against Al Assad's forces in response to the well-publicized chemical attack by said forces condemned by Russia?

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 Why is the US strike against Al Assad's forces in response to the well-publicized chemical attack by said forces condemned by Russia?

Syria is an important ally for Russia, both economically and politically. Just as Saudi Arabia is a strategic ally of the USA, Syria is Russia's strategic ally in the Middle East. Russia has military bases in Syria to project their global power and influence. They also have strong economic ties. Russia does not want to lose their foothold and influence in the Middle East. They have been supplying Assad weapons, supplies, and Russian military advisors. Russian pilots are actively flying bombing missions on Assad's behalf. Following the chemical attack on Tuesday, the hospital that was treating the victims was then bombed in an attempt to cover up the evidence of the sarin gas attack. The plane that dropped the bomb was a Russing jet either flown by the Russian Air Force or a Syrian pilot using a jet Russia sold them. Either way, Russia had a part in the attack.


Question: Why do millennials earn 20% less than baby boomers did at same stage of life?

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 Why do millennials earn 20% less than baby boomers did at same stage of life?

A factor no one else has mentioned yet is women entered the workforce. We essentially doubled the amount of available workers without doubling the amount of available jobs. When you have a lot more of something, in this case labor, the price decreases. It became an employer's market, no different than when a lot of houses are available it's a buyer's market and when there aren't it's a seller's market. A job is after all nothing more than you selling your labor for a price, your wage. A lot more of the product became available when the entire other half of our population started working. Buyers, the employers, had more to choose from and thus could afford to pay a lower price for the product since more people were looking to sell than there were people looking to buy. Markets are markets, whether it's a job market, housing market, or rare Magic the Gathering card market. More product+fewer buyers= lower prices. Less product+more buyers= higher prices. Jobs are currently in the "more product/fewer buyers" phase and will remain as such until either more jobs are available or there's fewer workers.


Question: - Why does a half moon look like a straight line down the center of the moon while a quarter moon shows the curve of the Earth?

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 - Why does a half moon look like a straight line down the center of the moon while a quarter moon shows the curve of the Earth?

A quarter moon doesn't show the curve of the earth, it shows the curve of the moon! The dark part of the moon is shaded by the moon itself in the same way that if you stood facing a bright light your front half would be lit but your back would be dark so someone looking at you from the side would see you being half lit and someone looking at you from an angle would see an odd line from where your body shades itself.


Question: How do stock options work and what is the benefit/downside of using them over normal stocks?

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 How do stock options work and what is the benefit/downside of using them over normal stocks?

Options are a contract giving you the right (but not obligation) to buy or sell 100 shares of stock at a certain price (strike price) on a certain date in the future. The real use for options is to hedge holdings as a form of insurance. But investors don't have to hold the underlying shares and often use as a primary investment. They can go up/down much more dramatically, so you can make a lot of money, but can also lose a lot of money. There is also the time factor, as they lose value closer to the execution date, and if they aren't "in the money" they are worth $0 at that point. Here's an example... let's say you buy 100 shares of AAPL ahead of Apple's earnings. You pay $188/sh (current price), or $18,800. Let's say they beat expectations, announce more share buybacks, and the stock goes up 3% to $193.64, and you can sell for a 3% gain, or $564. Now let's say you predict they'll do well when they report earnings on 7/31 and buy call options at $190 that expire on 8/17. The current cost is $4.80/sh., or $480 for a 100 share contract. If the stock goes up to the same $193.64 and there are still 3 weeks before the option expires, maybe it goes up to $6 as investors expect continues stock increase. Instead of a 3% gain, you've made 25%. Or they blow earnings out of the water and you more than double your money as the stock crosses $200. On the flip side, if they miss and the stock goes down the options could lose much of their value.


Question: Are organisms that live in water affected by gravity in the same way as their out-of-water counterparts?

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 Are organisms that live in water affected by gravity in the same way as their out-of-water counterparts?

Organisms in water and on land are equally affected by gravity. The earth exerts a downward gravitational force on all organisms. This downward gravitational force is their weight. However for organisms in water, there is also an upward force (upthrust) acting on the organism by the water. So the resultant downward force acting on the organism in water is less. Resultant downward force = weight - upthrust . So the downward force acting on organisms in water is less than the downward force acting on organisms on land.


Question: Can anyone explain me lacanian psychoanalysis in simple terms?

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 Can anyone explain me lacanian psychoanalysis in simple terms?

When you're born, you do not realize you're separate from your mom. You don't have language or a concept of self, so you don't see yourself as an individual. You have access to what Lacan calls "The Real." Then you go through the mirror stage, where you look at yourself in a mirror and start to recognize yourself as a person who is separate. Then you start to get language and truly understand that you are separate because language separates things. (there's some Saussure here but we won't go there right now) You are now in the world of "the symbolic" because that is what language is, a bunch of symbols that attempt to stand in for other things. Think about the fact that the word "tree" isn't a tree itself but a string of symbols that we use for trees. So now you are a person and you'd think that this is dandy and you can feel whole now that you understand you are separate but Lacan says that now you have a "lack." In simple terms, Lacan thinks everybody wants to return to their infancy when they had access to "the real" but there's no going back because the real is pre-language and you can't just forget language. As an aside, we can't even really describe the real because we must use language to do so and it is outside of language. So, we try to fill the lack with a bunch of other stuff. Sex, drugs, rock and roll. None of it fills the lack but simply temporarily relieves the pain of the lack. Essentially, in tackling Lacan, focus on what he's saying about language because that is why English scholars still study him. He's taking discussions that Saussure and other linguists had about how language is always standing in for other things (the word "tree" VS a real tree) and marrying it to psychology and asking how living in a world of symbols on top of symbols on top of symbols makes us feel detached from unmediated reality, whatever that is.


Question: Why do so many things smell much better than they taste?

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 Why do so many things smell much better than they taste?

This should be an interesting one. I don’t believe that I’d agree that things smell better than they taste more often than not. In fact, I’d probably go the opposite way. However, it’s my understanding that we don’t all smell, and taste in the exact same way. Or at least it’s not a given that we do. I’ll hang around to watch this one.


Question: Why cant they just pull the metal pin/rod/wire striaght out of the c4 clay in bombs?

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 Why cant they just pull the metal pin/rod/wire striaght out of the c4 clay in bombs?

Reasonable bomb makers might add a component to sense the removal if the detonator and trigger it; and trigger the backup they molded into the middle of the block of clay. It fact, there is no reason to leave detonators sticking out in a real bomb, that's just a thing they do on TV to signal "BOMB".


Question: What makes a substance inedible or poisonous? And what happens in the body once someone consumes it?

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 What makes a substance inedible or poisonous? And what happens in the body once someone consumes it?

Well a lot of things make something inedible. Something that your stomach can’t dissolve (metals, plastic) will just sit in ur stomach until it gets stuck or passed through ur bung hole. Something can be poisonous and cause cell death when absorbed, or something can have organisms in it that can make you sick (fecal matter, raw meat, etc). What it does in the body, and the damage it causes mostly depends on what the material is


Question: How can you "steal" source code of a program? If the program is already on your device, don't you already have access to it's code?

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 How can you "steal" source code of a program? If the program is already on your device, don't you already have access to it's code?

How can you steal the recipe for a cake ? If I already bought the cake, don't I have access to its recipe ? Basically the same thing. Sure, you can guess parts of the recipe of a cake (like whether it uses chocolate, stuff like that), but you can't find the exact recipe just from the cake itself, because ingredients are too mixed up, and you can't really know the process (like order in which you put the ingredients together), etc... The source code has be "compiled" into an executable, the same way ingredients and recipe are "cooked" into a cake. You can't just reverse it.


Question: How do advertisements on public buses and bus shelters work?

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 How do advertisements on public buses and bus shelters work?

Not in marketing or advertising but I will say that it costs money to put fuel in the buses. It also costs money to have drivers for the buses. The buses sometimes break and so need to be fixed which also costs money. There are a lot of things that need paying for when a company or even the government want to run a bus service. Some of the things that need paying for are covered by charging people to use the bus. But this isn't always enough. So some companies sell the space on and I side their buses to advertisers. The money they make from this goes to pay the rest of the bills the bus company has.


Question: How can autonomous cars work without fail if there are still human drivers on the road?

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 How can autonomous cars work without fail if there are still human drivers on the road?

They can detect and react to human drivers faster and more accurately than a human driver could. They can't work *without fail* ever, since sometimes things happen that simply couldn't be avoided, such as if you're following all the normal traffic laws and going through an intersection just as a speeding car turns around a corner and T-bones you. *Maybe* you could have swerved out of the way or slammed on the brakes or the gas with the one second of warning you might have, but even that could cause you harm. An autonomous car might even be able to do better! The point isn't to make them work *without fail*, but to make them work *with less failure than human drivers*, which is actually already pretty much the case.


Question: How does Stockholm Syndrome work?

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 How does Stockholm Syndrome work?

It seems that dependency can foster warm feelings. Also the propensity for humans to create narratives allows a hostage to spin a story that allows for a more healthy interaction in their mind than what is actually taking place. Also as a tribal mammal there's an orientation to the micro tribe and the leader that can arise.


Question: How does the codes from authenticator apps like (Google Authenticator) works even offline ?

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 How does the codes from authenticator apps like (Google Authenticator) works even offline ?

The codes are generated based on an algorithm that has two key data inputs: - Your unique code (which was included in the QR code you scanned) - The current time Since both the app and the site requesting the code know both of those pieces of information, the app can generate a code the site will accept. If the app goes offline, the current time should still be the same, so it is still capable of generating a code the site will accept.


Question: Do water dams have an impact on the earth’s rotation?

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 Do water dams have an impact on the earth’s rotation?

Of course. It’s a pretty famous fun fact that the biggest dam in the world, the Three Gorges Dam in China increased the length of a day across the world by 0.06 microseconds. The primary reason for this was that water that would usually end up being stored in the oceans was stored at a higher elevation, increasing the earth’s moment of inertia a little bit. 0.06 microseconds isn’t at all significant in all other respects though, no climate impact expected.


Question: Does noise compound with other noise around, or does something louder cancel out quieter things out?

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 Does noise compound with other noise around, or does something louder cancel out quieter things out?

You have to add decibels properly, they do not add linearly as they are a log scale. If you are listening to music through one speaker at 85 dB and add a second speaker also at 85 dB then your total volume becomes 88 dB, not 170 dB because 2x power results in +3dB If you have a speaker playing at 85 dB and you play another song on a different speaker at 40 dB then you just won't hear the speaker playing at 40 dB. 85 dB is a ~30,000x more power than 40 dB and will sound ~20x as loud to you as the 40 dB speaker will. Your ears damp all signal when in a loud environment so you would be hard pressed to hear a 40 dB signal with 85 dB background noise


Question: How does inheritance work when a soldier is Missing in Action, but not conclusively dead?

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 How does inheritance work when a soldier is Missing in Action, but not conclusively dead?

You don't have to be proven conclusively to have died. The Secretary of the branch of the military can declare an MIA presumed dead. (IE Secretary of the Army for soldiers). Once the MIA person is presumed dead, normal inheritance and survivors benefits kick in. Missing in Action is a category of Missing, which is a type of casualty. A person declared missing is categorized as beleaguered, besieged, captured, detained, interned, Missing, or Missing in Action. A number of benefits and entitlements are available to dependents of servicemembers who are declared MIA after being MIA for a certain time period, usually 90 days.


Question: what physically dictates our vocal range when singing?

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 what physically dictates our vocal range when singing?

The length of your vocal cords and diaphragm muscle. Have you ever tried blowing up a balloon and stretched the hole out to [make it squeak]( URL_0 )? Our vocal cords work in a similar way. As far as I understand, the sounds we can make depend on how much air we squeeze out through our cords, and how "tight" we flex them. And someone with shorter vocal cords will have a different range from someone with longer ones, and so on. There's probably a lot of other factors in there as well. Disclaimer: Not an expert, supplementary research may be required.


Question: 5: Why is it so hard to replace plastics with another material with similar properties?

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 5: Why is it so hard to replace plastics with another material with similar properties?

Cost: plastic is extremely cheap to produce (also to recycle), currently nothing as cheap exists so companies will keep using what makes them the most money. Properties: there actually aren't many materials with similar properties: - recycled/compostable plastics aren't as maleable and mess up the recycling of normal plastics. - paper, well just see the outrage of paper straws - metal costs too much and is heavy - the cutting edge "plastic killers" don't currently work on large scale due to lack of technology/knowledge in how to scale (eg. Nanostructures) In actuality plastics are probably the most important, useful and revolutionary material technology in history. It would also be the most environmentally friendly material if we would be able to close the loop and recycle most of it. Problems only arise when it ends up in nature, which I personally believe to just be due to severe incompetence on parts of government, companies and to some extent people. AFAIK "fact" to take forward: Producing paper straws rather than plastic ones is often a net loss in terms of GHG emissions, habitat loss and chemical intensity. Use this to always think about the whole life-cycle of products and on the many different ways the environment can be hurt.


Question: Why do auroras always form as curved lines?

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 Why do auroras always form as curved lines?

Aurora form on curved lines because of the magnetic field of the earth. Above each magnetic pole is a "ring" where the magnetic lines of force are tilted downward enough to pull the high energy particles the sun is emitting down into the atmosphere. It's these particles colliding with the gasses at the upper layers of the atmosphere that cause aurorae. The aurorae are different color because of the different gasses. Oxygen gives the aurora their common green color but also sometimes red. Nitrogen can cause a really deep blue color. It really depends on how energetic the particles from the sun are and how hard they crash into the gas molecules in the atmosphere.


Question: How does capillary action pulling a fluid up a narrow tube result in a more stable state than if the fluid stayed at the same level?

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 How does capillary action pulling a fluid up a narrow tube result in a more stable state than if the fluid stayed at the same level?

Molecules are made of highly electrically charged particles and all interact with each other like little magnets. Some are attracted to each other, some strongly repel, and some are indifferent and neutral. When a liquid is climbing up the inside of a narrow tube, that's an indication that the liquid molecules are more attracted to the tube wall molecules than they are to eachother. They're quite literally climbing all over eachother trying to touch the wall as that's the more optimal energy state. But! As the liquid column grows, so too does the force of gravity. The low energy bonus the molecules are getting by touching the tube is eventually offset by the sheer weight of the column and it can climb no higher. Climbing up the tube is increasing the surface area of the liquid, which typically means an increase in system entropy.


Question: Why do online video streams suddenly freeze but work again immediately after refreshing the stream?

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 Why do online video streams suddenly freeze but work again immediately after refreshing the stream?

Your browser and the provider of the stream talk to each other via a continuous connection, which is initialised when you load the page and press play. This is a constant back and forth between the video service saying “I’m sending you this data, did you get it?” and your browser saying “I got it, and I’m ready for more, do you have anything new for me?” A whole host of things can cause that connection to falter, anywhere from your WiFi connection all the way up to the video service provider’s servers. Given that you stated live sports, it’s likely that they are very busy and receiving many of these connections - if yours gets lost in the process (it takes too long and times out, or their server has a hiccup due to the high traffic) your connection can falter - typically this will result in your browser saying “I’m ready for more, do you have anything new for me?” and not getting a response back, and so your video freezes. Refreshing the browser initialises a new connection. A well built video streaming service might have logic in place to detect this fault, and initiate a new connection behind the scenes to give you a seamless viewing experience. This isn’t as easy as it sounds to develop, and when “the user could just refresh the page” costs zero man hours for the company, it may not be a feature they provide.


Question: Why do policemen have to control traffic sometimes during rush hours, and why are traffic lights not enough?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do policemen have to control traffic sometimes during rush hours, and why are traffic lights not enough?

You might want to add which country/place you are asking about. Here in central Europe (more specifically Vienna) traffic lights are enough. They are controlled remotely through a computer system that is fed information from traffic cams and other sources and allows to adjust traffic lights remotely. They run on a schedule that takes into account the day of the week, time of the day, season and wheather conditions to manage traffic throughout the cities, and control the flow of traffic through the cities. While some congestion and slow downs might occur during rush hours, full on traffic jams only happen when caused by a crash, construction site or other special occurence. Police only ever has to manually regulate traffic when either such a special event occurs - or when a traffic light is broken.


Question: Can someone really O.D. from potassium, and if so, how much would someone have to have to cause negative side effects?

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 Can someone really O.D. from potassium, and if so, how much would someone have to have to cause negative side effects?

The LD50 (the dose that'll kill 50% of people) for potassium is 2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight. For a 80kg person, that is 200 grams. A banana contains around 0.8 grams of potassium. If a 80kg person were to eat 250 bananas, they'd have a 50% chance of dying. However, the body naturally excretes potassium. Assuming you're well-hydrated and very healthy, your kidneys can filter out around 18mg of potassium per kg of body weight each hour. Our 80kg person would be reducing their potassium by 1.4g per hour, meaning that each hour you lose nearly 2 bananas worth of potassium. If you managed to eat 1 banana every five minutes (and keep it all down), then after an hour you'd only retain 10 bananas worth of potassium, not 12. So, if you were to constantly eat bananas for 25 hours, non-stop, you would stand a good chance of dying from potassium intake.


Question: Why do I/people faint at the sight of a cut/injury?

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 Why do I/people faint at the sight of a cut/injury?

I’ve heard a few theories on this. The one that stuck was that it’s sympathetic to possibly avoid injury yourself. (Ie playing dead.) I’m not entirely convinced that’s the case, though. I think it’s got more to do with the stress of seeing something like that. I had an experience when I was learning to butcher rabbits where I almost passed out. It was hot, I hadn’t had breakfast, and the smell of the blood was really getting to me. Do you think it was completely visual? Or could the totality of the situation have gotten to you? Edit: [Here’s an article actually answering your question.]( URL_0 )


Question: Butterflies. Like, from a darwinian point of view, how could the whole caterpillar/cocoon/butterfly be a solution viable enough? How did they make it to today?

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 Butterflies. Like, from a darwinian point of view, how could the whole caterpillar/cocoon/butterfly be a solution viable enough? How did they make it to today?

Having your larval stage and your adult stage not have to compete for food, and live in a different environment, is definitely an advantage. For many butterflies/moths it splits the life-cycle pretty neatly. You get the caterpillar who basically has one job: Eat. Then it turns into a butterfly that pretty much has one job: Mate. It is, in fact, not uncommon for butterflies and moths *not to have a digestive system*. Basically, neither part of the life cycle affects the other.


Question: Why does the US go to war?

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 Why does the US go to war?

Korea, Vietnam, Yugoslavia and Syria. It is very important to remember that these wars happened in different time periods and that there's is different reasons for them. I will try to do this chronologically. Keep in mind that the newer the wars are the less established facts are to be made. Korea: the Korea war happened shortly after ww2. South Korea was a US ally, recently liberated from Japanese occupation. North Korea wanted to unify the country. The US as well as other nato and UN forces engaged in a 3 year war. The main goal was to combat North Korean hegemony on the Korean peninsula and to assists an ally. Vietnam: Vietnam was a colony of France, but the French retreated in face of Japanese advance. After ww2 the French returned to make it a colony. Initially successful they faced a massive insurgency, mainly in the north. The unifying force behind was mainly Viet kong - which was a communist rebel group. At this point the US had obtained a policy to stop the advance of communism. Since the Viet Cong were aided by mainly communists nations it was seen as thread to the whole of South East Asia if Vietnam were to fall. Hence the US tried to helped the French in a largely unsuccessful war that eventually let to a defeat. Yugoslavia was not so much a war as an attempt to keep the warring parties away from each other. Yugoslavia was nation made up by what today is countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia. The state was ruled by Tito. When he died Slovenia declared independence closely followed by Croatia. As the state of Yugoslavia disintegrated several militias were formed as well as the mainly Serbian led military didn't intervene with the militias. This led to widespread bloodspilling and ethnic cleansing. All Nato helped to try and stop the atrocities and in the end succeeded with it. Syria: faced an uprising. This was a part of the "Arabic spring" - the Muslim aspiration for democracy. Needless to say the dictator did not want to leave and as such led to civil war. In the wake of this and the weakening and war exhaustion of the parties involved the Isis took up part of the vacuum left behind. These fanatic goat fuckers must be fought, which is agreed upon by pretty much everyone. US as well as nato has therefore been conducting aerial raids on them to help rebel and government forces to take back territory from them.


Question: Why do bugs like moths and flies love light sources so much?

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 Why do bugs like moths and flies love light sources so much?

A lot of bugs navigate by keeping the sun at a constant angle. You can simulate this by going outside and pointing at the sun, then walking while not moving your arm and keeping your arm pointed at the sun. You'll walk in a straight line (so long as the sun isn't directly overhead). This works because the distance to the sun is so utterly massive it makes the distance you walk insignificant. If you instead repeat this experiment with a nearby artificial light source, like a lamp, then you'll find that you walk in one of three paths: * If you are pointing directly left or right then you'll walk in a circle. * If you're pointing straight forward or backwards then you'll walk straight towards or away from the light. * If you're pointing any other direction you'll walk in a spiral. Directions towards your front will be an inward spiral, while directions towards your rear will be an outward spiral. When bugs navigate in this way they're not drawn towards the light per se. It's just that about half of all directions they could try to fly in result in spiraling in towards the light.


Question: Why does our skin turn red after leaning on something?

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 Why does our skin turn red after leaning on something?

When you lean on it, your skin actually turns whiteish because you're blocking the flow of blood to that area. This causes blood to (in an oversimplified way) build up in your blood vessels that are right before the part of your body that you leaned on. So when you let go all or that blood rushes through. A good analogy would be a hose pipe. Imagine you step on a hose pipe while the water is running. The water builds up right before the area where you stepped on it, and when you let go all of the water rushes out quickly.


Question: Why is Australia so hot when it is so far from the equator?

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 Why is Australia so hot when it is so far from the equator?

It's not far from the equator. It's closer to the equator than Egypt for instance, and on par with much of the Sahara desert. Much of the north is in the tropics, with the south in the subtropics Perhaps the maps you are familiar with are the ones that don't bother showing how much Antarctica there is, and cut it off. That would make Australia feel more southern than it truly is.


Question: Why did European colonizers always seem to transmit fatal diseases but never catch them?

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 Why did European colonizers always seem to transmit fatal diseases but never catch them?

Believe it or not, there were no "Plagues" to catch! (A YouTuber by the name of CPGGrey did a video on this, called "Americapox: The Missing Plague". This comment is based on that research.) Most of the bad diseases are zoonotic, which means they're originally animal diseases which learn to live inside humans. These diseases are so deadly because they think they're inside of animals. A disease doesn't want to kill its host, but instead, keep the host alive and reproduce inside of it. When zoonotic diseases do what would be "normal" inside of a cow or pig, it can kill a human. In Afro-Eurasia, there were several different types of livestock! There were pigs, cows, chickens, horses, sheep, lots of species which we raised in large concentrations, in unsanitary conditions. This is the perfect opportunity for a zoonotic disease to 'jump' from animals to humans. That's what happened with SARS and the H1N1 Virus, for some modern examples. What livestock exists on the American continents? Really only llamas and alpacas. Because of a few reasons, it was difficult to raise these species in industrial quantities. Without the huge concentrations of these animals, there was almost no opportunity for zoonotic disease to spread to humans in the first place! TL;DR: The really terrible diseases are the ones that humans catch from livestock. The American Continents didn't raise livestock in the same way that Europeans did, and therefore didn't have any plagues to transmit!


Question: If the sponge is dirty, how do your dishes become clean?

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 If the sponge is dirty, how do your dishes become clean?

Plenty of studies on the bacteria levels in sponges, and the ways to sanitizer them such as putting a squeezed out sponge in a microwave for 10-15 seconds to superheat the bacteria. A sponge mostly works to mechanically remove food particles from the plate, the soap will break up proteins and fats, the hot water will rinse it off. And any remaining bacteria on the plates will die of starvation and no water.


Question: What are APIs and how do they work?,

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 What are APIs and how do they work?,

APIs are like a phrasebook two different programs use to talk to each other. Each API is a phrasebook for a different program e.g. the Facebook API tells other programs how to talk to Facebook. Each program has its own phrasebook as you ask it different things than you'd ask another program. E.g. The Facebook API will tell you how to retrieve posts on Facebook; the Twitter API doesn't need a phrase for that as that's not something Twitter does. However, both phrasebooks will have a phrase to say "I'm logged in as x account" as both use account login systems. There are different kinds of phrasebook that use the same kind of protocol - REST or SOAP. This is like a shared grammar structure between the phrasebooks; the words might be different but the way you put them together is the same if they use the same protocol. For instance, REST APIs all use http protocols like GET, POST, PUT and use query headers and parameters. This is like how in English, we always have an order for putting nouns and verbs into sentences. The words we put in the sentence are different, but the way we organise the words stays the same.


Question: How do food manufacturers get by with listing "spices" as an ingredient?

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 How do food manufacturers get by with listing "spices" as an ingredient?

The FDA doesn't require manufacturers to list specific spices on the ingredients list. Certain spices and flavorings are part of a group referred to as 'Generally Regarded As Safe' meaning that they are not known allergens, or allergies to such things are extremely uncommon. That's why Garlic and onions are listed separately from 'spices', because those allergies are far more common. This is in part a compromise to allow manufacturers to list 'spices' or 'natural or artificial flavors' on the ingredients list instead of listing specific products so that they can protect their intellectual property. ie the recipes.


Question: Why does your brain tell you to do stupid stuff? Like jumping across a gap you know you can't make.

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 Why does your brain tell you to do stupid stuff? Like jumping across a gap you know you can't make.

High place phenomenon or "a call from the void" is an urge that happens when your brain trips over itself. You see something dangerous and one half of your brain sends an alarm but the other half misinterprets it and instead of hearing an alarm you get an urge to do the thing your brain is saying is stupid/dangerous