Question: Is there a difference between "not having" something and "having zero" of something?

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 Is there a difference between "not having" something and "having zero" of something?

In a practical sense? Not really. They both identify that there's something that I don't have in my possession. In a colloquial/connotative language sense? I don't have a Lamborghini (it's not something I own at all). I have zero boxes of Cap'n Crunch in my cabinet at home (I sometimes have Cap'n Crunch, I just don't have any right now).


Question: So why aren’t we meant to drink water from the hot tap? Or can we?

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 So why aren’t we meant to drink water from the hot tap? Or can we?

In some countries, notably England *in the past* water heaters were open tanks. When you heat up water inevitably some of it will evaporate into water vapor, which expands far more than water. Modern water heaters are designed to safely handle this pressure and even have emergency valves that will vent if the pressure gets too high. Back before that, though, there was no way to contain that pressure that was both safe and cheap, so...they didn't. The boilers had openings so no pressure could build up inside. Since the boilers were open to the environment, anything could potentially get into the water. Given that it's a nice, warm environment it was possible for bacteria to grow inside the tank. This made hot water somewhat unsafe to drink and was meant to be used only for external washing and the like. Since modern heaters are entirely closed, this risk doesn't exist. [Mostly] sterile, chlorinated water goes from the pipes to the water heater and stays clean. You *may*, however, find that hot tap water has a bad taste or contains more minerals because it sits in the heater for a while until you use it. That said, the cold water sits in the pipe for a while, too, so you may not notice any difference at all. If you live in the US or most Western nations and/or your cold tap water is considered safe to drink, you can almost certainly safely drink your hot tap water, too, as long as you don't live in a historical home that never bothered to update the water heater.


Question: Why is the "Wow! signal" so significant?

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 Why is the "Wow! signal" so significant?

As part of SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), some scientists had radio telescopes listening for signals around a certain frequency, which they speculated might be used by aliens trying to contact us. Let's look at [this image]( URL_0 ) of the Wow! signal data. Each column represents a different frequency near this special frequency. As we go down the rows, we go forward in time. The number or letter represents how loud the signal was. The number indicates how many standard deviations away from background noise the signal was at that moment. So, a blank or a 1 means the signal was basically just baseline background noise. A 2 or 3 means there was a bit of signal, probably just noise. But as the number gets higher, it becomes extremely rare to see such high numbers. If the number is higher than 9, its starts printing letters instead. A is 10, B is 11, and so on. So, the circled part goes 6, 14 (E), 26 (Q), 30 (U), 19 (J), 5. These are crazy high. This signal was super loud. And they only appear in one column, so this signal was only at one very specific frequency, not any nearby frequency. We never really figured out what could have created this super loud, very specific signal, so it's an interesting mystery.


Question: How does the codes from authenticator apps like (Google Authenticator) works even offline ?

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 How does the codes from authenticator apps like (Google Authenticator) works even offline ?

The codes are generated based on an algorithm that has two key data inputs: - Your unique code (which was included in the QR code you scanned) - The current time Since both the app and the site requesting the code know both of those pieces of information, the app can generate a code the site will accept. If the app goes offline, the current time should still be the same, so it is still capable of generating a code the site will accept.


Question: why can’t we just make the happy chemicals our brain makes?

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 why can’t we just make the happy chemicals our brain makes?

There are three main reasons: 1. There aren't really any "happy" chemicals. There are chemicals whose presence correlates with happiness, but they serve many functions and may cause entirely different effects in other parts of the brain. Serotonin, for example, is thought to cause depression if levels are low, and there's some indication raising the serotonin level alleviates depression. But there's also some evidence *lowering* the serotonin level can alleviate depression. The brain is really complex, and it can't really be treated like an engine that is low on oil. 2. Some brain chemicals have unintended consequences. Chemicals that increase the amount of dopamine in the brain, for example, makes the patient feel *really* good. But it creates the risk that the patient will crave that chemical enormously, and lose interest in everything else. Some chemicals can cause reckless behaviour, or impair reaction times. Basically fiddling with the brain to make me happier can make it worse at keeping me alive. 3. It is hard to get chemicals into the brain. If the chemical is eaten, it must pass through our digestive system which is really good at breaking down complex chemicals. Once it's in the blood it must avoid the immune system and avoid being filtered out before it has time to have an effect. Finally it must cross the blood-brain barrier, which adds an extra level of protection for our central nervous system.


Question: Why does inflation happen and what causes it?

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 Why does inflation happen and what causes it?

This is a frequently asked question. See the [search tool]( URL_0 ) for many previous responses. My only addition is the discussion is that many responses focus only on the supply side (printing money causes inflation). There is a demand side aspect as well. When the economy is doing really well, people can bid up the prices of resources. Not that that is the only reply either. Just remember both supply AND demand. Happy reading!


Question: What would happen in the world if all debts that countries have would be forgiven?

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 What would happen in the world if all debts that countries have would be forgiven?

I love the idea, but the thing is: somebody put their money into that debt. The money needs to come from somewhere. Granted, some of that money comes from other states/nations, so you could theoretically remove them equal worth from both the lender and the lending country. Unfortunately that isn’t really feasible due to different terms etc. But if we ignore all of that, it’s highly likely that post reset to zero governments soon will acru new debts. Just hopefully not so much. This due to money flow. The taxes etc are not always available when the government needs money, so they might need to get money temporary elsewhere. On the plus site, most governments pay interest over their debts (NL and Germany for instance don’t, they get money, they pay -0.5%). If you remove that, there will be money available to pay for other things. On a related note: That interest actually what scares me most, as a lot of nations increased their debt immensely during the 2008 crisis eg NL had 227 billion in 2001, 434 billion in 2013 and thats “hidden” because gross national product increased and the interest rates for the Netherlands are extremely low. I worry about the next crisis and/or increased interest rates. Anyway HTH.


Question: If I make two different size cups of tea using the same kind of tea bag, will they contain the same amount of caffeine?

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 If I make two different size cups of tea using the same kind of tea bag, will they contain the same amount of caffeine?

Most likely not; you've got a number of variables at play: the heat curve of the water, the saturation of the water, and the volume of liquid surrounding the bag. The smaller the cup, the faster it gets saturated and the faster it cools. But if you're dunking instead of a regular steep, you can infuse the caffeine to its saturation point faster, so if you dunk for a short amount of time, the smaller cup will have more caffeine. Due to all this, you generally end up with more caffeine per square inch in a teapot's tea than in a cup of tea, when both are using the same tea bag, even though that's a bit counter-intuitive: the hot liquid is able to extract more from the bag, and being hotter has a higher saturation point. Plus, it usually steeps longer.


Question: How does an air conditioner work?

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 How does an air conditioner work?

There is a 'refrigeration cycle'. You cycle a 'refrigerant' through a tube. This is what used to be called 'freon' before the most common type of refrigerant was banned because it was bad for the ozone layer. 1. compress the refrigerant -- it warms up! This step takes up most of the power required to run the AC 2. vent excess heat out the *back* side of the AC -- condensing the refrigerant. 3. pass refrigerant through expansion valve. *Greatly* cools it! 4. pass the air you want to cool past the newly cold refrigerant. The refrigerant absorbs the heat out of the air and the refrigerant evaporates back to a gas. 5. Return to step 1! This cycle is sometimes called a "heat pump". It removes heat from one side (the evaporator) and vents it out the other (the condensor). For a home air conditioner the condenser is what sits outside the house. On a refrigerator, the condenser is the hot coils on the back.


Question: why are all bodybuilders too tanned when most don't find this aesthetically pleasing?

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 why are all bodybuilders too tanned when most don't find this aesthetically pleasing?

Dark/black shows shadows from muscle definition better. White just looks white/less white. If they get it right it will look dark brown in the light and black where the ripples cast a shadow. Basically the human eye is better at telling the difference between a 15w and 10w light bulb than a 100w and a 95w light bulb. So they use that to their advantage.


Question: Why do airtags need to be special Bluetooth tags to track instead of smartphones tracking any Bluetooth device?

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 Why do airtags need to be special Bluetooth tags to track instead of smartphones tracking any Bluetooth device?

Some of the features on the AirTag have been around on different devices for a long time. Things like activating a sound, blinking a light or showing the name and phone number of the owner. They are usually not killer features of things so they are not included unless it just involves a small software update. If AirTag proves to be a success then it might be something that can be integrated into more things quite easily at just a small increase in hardware cost. One of the innovations we have not seen that often before is the way the phone can locate the AirTag. This can not be done with Bluetooth though and requires modified Bluetooth tranceivers that is capable of switching from Bluetooth mode into a wideband locator signal. This is an old technology which have been used for a long time in purpuse build locator devices however they have not been built into a Bluetooth transceiver before. But it is something which might become more common over time as we see new hardware being developed for it.


Question: The difference between banks and credit unions?

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 The difference between banks and credit unions?

A bank is a for-profit entity. It's goal is to make money off it's customers. A credit union is a non profit entity. It's goal is to provide the service to it's customers at minimal overhead. They do the same thing except the bank adds extra margin on top to make profit.


Question: What is snot? Why is it sometimes liquidy and sometimes hard?

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 What is snot? Why is it sometimes liquidy and sometimes hard?

Your body creates mucus as a defense mechanism against particulates and harmful organisms. This is excreted through the nose in order to clean the nose hairs that also catch stuff, as well as bring up anything that may have made it into the throat, esophagus or lungs. Mucus can also help protect against the acid burning in your stomach, but is a much thicker lining than in your throat and lungs. Being liquid or hard depends on moisture and what’s caught in it. If it’s chunky, the mucus has likely captured something and you cough or sneeze or spit to expel it. If it’s dried in your nose, it’s because it’s lost moisture. Otherwise the body initially adds water to it to make it liquid, and if there’s something invasive (like bacteria or something) it produces a lot of it quickly and tries to get you to sneeze or excrete it to prevent further infection. One of the many reasons hydration and fluids is so important when ur feeling ill.


Question: How would it actually look, if you were instead a spacecraft traveling warp-speed?

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 How would it actually look, if you were instead a spacecraft traveling warp-speed?

First the answer you want: because of the doppler effect the light coming from the front gets blueshifted to higher frequencies, light coming from behind and from the sides will become redshifted gradually to zero frequency (e.g. become invisible to you), and the faster you go, the narrower your field of view will become. At c the FoV is theoretically is a 45 degree wide cone with dark edges. Now the answer you need: It'd hurt and kill you. Because of the doppler effect, the wavelengths coming from the front are compressed to infinitesimal small lengths which translates to infinetely high frequencies, which means they contain infinite amounts of energy. Since energy equals mass, you'd be hitting an infinitely heavy object at lightspeed with every particle or photon in your way. That's why warp-travelling klingons have naturally evolved thicker forehead bones to protect their brains.


Question: Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

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 Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

Unless the environment is below freezing, mammals need to have heat constantly moving out of our cores in order to maintain the core temperature range where our biochemistry works right. In cool environments we don't have to do anything to maintain this heat movement - heat naturally has a net flow from hot to cold. In environments closer to our core temperature, our waste heat doesn't naturally leave (well) because we're not much warmer than the environment. We have to put effort into moving the heat away, mainly by sweating.


Question: How do companies make money by selling shares?

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 How do companies make money by selling shares?

When a company does an IPO (Initial Public Offering) they sell the shares on whatever exchange they listed on (NASDAQ, NYSE, etc). The company gets this money. What's happening is the owners of the private company are selling some or all of their ownership of the company to the public. After that, they don't get money when the shares are sold. The only way they can make more money by selling shares is by releasing more shares. However, there are consequences to this because it can dilute the value of existing shares, making them worth less. The reason they do this is it can raise a crap ton of money to invest back into the business.


Question: Why does saliva gain viscosity after beginning physical activity?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does saliva gain viscosity after beginning physical activity?

Saliva is a mix of mucus and water. When your body wants to rest and digest, it secretes more saliva to help with eating food. When your body wants to get ready for fight or flight, it wants to save water and it stops secreting water as saliva. This means there is the same amount of mucus floating in less water, which makes it feel more viscous.


Question: When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

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 When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

Ticket price is a good contender, but the culprit in some of the more public cases was an airline employee that needed to be shuttled to another airport to then fly. So even if everyone on the plane paid top dollar, getting a pilot to work on time (effectively) takes priority. It's shitty planning on the airlines' part, but they're allowed to do it, so they do.


Question: What's with the sudden increase in number of cameras lenses on mobile phones?

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 What's with the sudden increase in number of cameras lenses on mobile phones?

In two words: [Computational photography]( URL_1 ) Phones are too small to capture high quality images by classic photographic principles. So what they do instead is use multiple lenses as a more general "information capture", the final photograph is a computer render based on the information and not the direct result from any one lens or even of a single exposure. The exact degree on how much computational photography is used can vary from phone to phone, but the general direction is doing more of it. For an extreme example, see the [Light L16 camera]( URL_0 ) or the [Lytro cameras]( URL_2 ).


Question: How does entropy prove why time only goes forwards?

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 How does entropy prove why time only goes forwards?

Think about burning a piece of toast. Can you unburn the toast? No. Why not? Because we didn’t change the toast into a new thing called burnt toast, we just burned up part of the toast. The way our universe works, so far as we can tell, this only goes one way. Once you burnt the toast you can’t make it back the way it was. Even if you had a way or rebuilding it, it wouldn’t be the exact same toast. Even if you found a way to rebuild it with the exact same stuff and it was the same toast (impossible as far as we know) then you would have needed to spend lots and lots of energy to do that, which means we still lost something, right? Not quite. We didn’t lose anything, really we didn’t even lose anything when we burn the toast. We just converted what was toast into other things. The universe didn’t lose anything, it still has the same amount of stuff it had before. We see it as loss because the heat and burnt crumbs aren’t as useful to us. The universe doesn’t care for toast, it’s not picky at all, it just wants to keep all its stuff. So it’s not that stuff disappears, it just gets turned into less complicated stuff by breaking it down into its most basic parts, including just plain old forms of energy like heat and light. This may not seem like a big deal, but stretch it out of millions and billions and trillions of years and it starts adding up. Eventually everything get’s less complicated, which means eventually everything becomes the same thing. To put this in human terms, everything dies. When we see this happening we call it time passing. Time and Entropy are twisted together, one has to be that way because other is. Break one and you break the other.


Question: Why are borders between states/provinces/countries etc. all jagged and crooked and such, as opposed to straight and even lines?

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 Why are borders between states/provinces/countries etc. all jagged and crooked and such, as opposed to straight and even lines?

When they drew state lines, the wiggly ones are where lots of people were already living. They fought for the land that was important to them to be included in their state. That’s why you see more straight lines in the western US - not a lot of people lived in those areas when lines were drawn, so they were drawn more simply. Lines can also be wiggly when landforms are used as a state line, such as mountain ranges or rivers.


Question: How is light bent by gravity if photons have no mass?

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 How is light bent by gravity if photons have no mass?

In the theory of General Relativity (GR), gravity is not a force at all, but a curvature of spacetime. To understand how a curvature of spacetime can lead to the effects we observe around us, we have to understand how curved surfaces change the behaviour of straight lines. First things first: an object that has no force acting on it is force-free. Force-free objects do not accelerate and, therefore, move along straight lines. In a flat geometry, two straight lines which are parallel at one point will remain parallel for all times. That is, two parallel straight lines will never cross on a flat surface. So far so intuitive, right? But what happens, if those straight lines do not move across a flat surface, but instead along a curved surface? We call such straight lines on curved surfaces [geodesics]( URL_1 ). Imagine a [sphere]( URL_2 ) with two lines perpendicular to the equator. As they are both perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel at that altitude. Imagine two objects that are moving along the lines perpendicular to the equator. They start out parallel, and move in a straight line upwards. Despite the fact that neither of them is turning, the two objects that started out moving along parallel lines will meet at the north pole. Hence, despite the fact that both objects are force-free at all times, they experience relative acceleration. Such trajectories, that lead across curved surfaces without turning are called geodesics and they can be thought of as straight lines on curved surfaces. Objects under the influence of gravity follow [geodesics]( URL_1 ). As gravity curves spacetime, geodesics can experience relative acceleration despite the fact, that both objects following said geodesics are force-free. And this relative acceleration of force-free bodies is what Newton mistook for the gravitational force. According to GR, though, there is no force, only curvature which causes force-free objects to move along paths that seem accelerated to outside observers. This explains why photons are affected by gravity despite having zero mass: photons travel through spacetime and spacetime is affected by gravity. ----- For a great video on the basics of GR, check out [this]( URL_0 ) video by PBS Spacetime.


Question: What is the difference between Occam's Razor and Occam's Broom?

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 What is the difference between Occam's Razor and Occam's Broom?

Occam's Razor states that for any two explanations that account for all the facts, the simpler is preferred and indeed more likely to be correct. So you're using a razor to cut away unnecessary factors in an explanation. Why did the car crash? Because it was blue and hit a patch of black ice at 70 mph. So what does it matter that it was blue? Occam's Broom is a play on Occam's Razor, invented by Sidney Brenner that states inconvenient facts are ignored (swept under the rug) by the intellectually dishonest. Climate deniers love to use temperature charts from the fall months to show how the earth is cooling, ignoring HUNDREDS OF YEARS of global temperature recordings (thank the Swedes for keeping great historic records for no other reason at the time than "just because"). By focusing in on a period of 3 months, and ignoring all recorded temperature data that contradicts their claim, they're intellectually dishonest. They're cherry picking data that is convenient to their narrative.


Question: Why does being in the sun help with my depression?

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 Why does being in the sun help with my depression?

The sun light is very important because it helps our body to produce serotonin and melatonin, two hormons making us awake and more dynamic. It also configure our internal clock which is crucial for good and stable sleeping. There is even an illness called "seasonal affective disorder" which means that you're depressed because of the time and weather. So if you don't have that light, if you're always in a closed room, you will be lazy, depressed and can have more both physical and psychological troubles (for example gaining or losing weight, being bipolar, etc.)


Question: Why do rockets have to go around in orbit and do a bunch of squiggly maneuvers to get to the moon? Why cant they just go in a straight line?

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 Why do rockets have to go around in orbit and do a bunch of squiggly maneuvers to get to the moon? Why cant they just go in a straight line?

Pointing directly toward the moon and turning as the moon orbits would use soooooooo much fuel. There is no drag in space, so if you can accelerate in a way that gets you to where the moon will be by the time you get there, you can turn the engine off and just wait. Also there are no squiggly maneuvers, I'm not sure what you mean. The process to get to the moon is 1. Orbit Earth 1. Accelerate away from earth at the right time so that you go where the moon will be 1. face backwards and "accelerate" to slow down so that you orbit the moon instead of shooting past it. [Here's a gif]( URL_0 )


Question: Why beer's foam seems more bitter than beer itself?

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 Why beer's foam seems more bitter than beer itself?

Our sense of taste is most sensitive to bitterness because many poisonous things in nature taste bitter. Many poisonous plant alkoloids are bitter to us. It's better to taste the trace amounts of bitterness and spit it out than have it go down the hatch where it is more difficult to get out. Beer foam is effectively trace amounts of beer. Our bitter senses will activate first before the other tastes do. When we drink liquid beer, the liquid flowing over our taste buds activate our other tastes so we taste more than bitterness.


Question: How does just water clean cast iron?

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 How does just water clean cast iron?

It doesn't, fully, but that's part of why cast iron works. "Seasoning" cast iron is just burning layer after layer of oil onto it, which forms a nonstick layer of complicated chemicals. New oils from cooking then fuse onto this layer each time the pan is used, carrying some of the subtleties of the foods cooked in it. You avoid soap because it will wash off this layer, leaving the iron exposed (and removing both its nonstick properties and its resistance to rust). Fortunately, very little is going to grow on mostly-clean metal, and whatever does grow gets quickly cooked off the next time you heat the pan. Plus, you're usually using cast iron at high temperatures, which leaves little opportunity for viable foodborne illness to be present after cooking anyway.


Question: how can there be such high amounts of humidity in the air well below freezing temps?

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 how can there be such high amounts of humidity in the air well below freezing temps?

"High" is relative. What do you mean by "such high amounts"? To what are you making the comparison? First off, freezing air is able to still hold moisture because not all of the air and water molecules are at 0°C. That air temperature is more of a composite/average. So, some of the water remains a vapour. _(Think of it like a pot of boiling water measured at 100°C. If you literally had a pot of boiling water with every molecule at 100°C, you would actually just have an "empty" pot of steam.)_ Air holds more or less moisture based primarily on its temperature & pressure. This is why moisture is measured as _relative humidity_. (The mass of water vapour is expressed as a ratio relative to the maximum amount of water vapour that air at that temperature & pressure could possibly hold.) In general, air at any temperature with a low RH will feel drier than air at any other temperature with a higher RH -- even if the warmer air has a higher mass of water vapour in it! _(For example, 1 liter of moisture in a certain mass of cold air at its saturation point will be at 100% RH and feel damp. While that same 1 liter of moisture in that same mass of air at a higher temperature might be only 10% RH and feel dry.)_ I hope that answers your question. Kinda long for an ELI5, though. :/


Question: Why does erasing an entire hard drive take less time than deleting some individual files?

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 Why does erasing an entire hard drive take less time than deleting some individual files?

* Hard drives keep list of all the files and where on the drive they are located. * When a new file needs to be written, the hard drive controller checks the list to find a free spot. * When you "delete" a file, you are just updating this list to say that spot on the hard drive is now available for a new file. * When you delete the entire drive, you basically just delete the whole file, instead of having to load the file and check for the entry for a specific file that is being "erased".


Question: How does auto focus in digital cameras and mobile cameras work? How does the program know what it is focusing on and how far the object is and whether it is focusing correctly?

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 How does auto focus in digital cameras and mobile cameras work? How does the program know what it is focusing on and how far the object is and whether it is focusing correctly?

Kind of like a trial and error. If the image is too blurry, it will auto-adjust to focus at a further or closer distance, if the image sharpens, and the pixel data from the image becomes more complex (sharpens) than a blurr, it's a good sign that it's adjusting in the right direction. After overcorrecting in one direction and it becomes blurry again, the sensor can determine that it has adjusted too far, and will go back to the sharper image. At least that's how I would design autofocus software on a camera. This may be computationally expensive. I've also heard of range detection like ultrasound in some cameras to determine the objects distance from the lens to determine the proper focus. Then a motor rotates the focus dial on the lens.


Question: why do people (in general) become less tolerant to noise (clubs, crowds, kids, etc) as we grow old?

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 why do people (in general) become less tolerant to noise (clubs, crowds, kids, etc) as we grow old?

I have a theory: 1. Hearing loss occurs in specific frequencies. 2. Brain compensates withneuroplasticity, rewires pathways by increasing linkages to expand or speed up anything related to audio pattern recognition to return to as close to a "normal" response speed as it can. 3. Loud noises and unwanted sounds stimulate these compensationaly-increased pathways, but since the brain is not rewarded with any recognizable pattern, the magnified stimulation is proportionately annoying. 4. This ultimately leads to a conditioned response of hypersensitivity to noise.


Question: How do icicles form? If it's warm enough for the H20 to be water and drip, how is it also cold enough to freeze?

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 How do icicles form? If it's warm enough for the H20 to be water and drip, how is it also cold enough to freeze?

The snow on the roof of your house is getting residual heat from your house and the sun. Even if the ambient temperature is below freezing it could still melt then it runs down your roofline to the edge where it’s exposed to open air refreezing it slowly extending as more and more water reaches the tip. Also it can come just above freezing in the daylight melt the snow some so it starts dripping then drop back below freezing at night pretty sure this is where you get small ones on trees. When you see crazy coverage on trees it’s usually because of an ice storm mix of freezing rain and sleet that’s coming from higher temp air into below freezing air and it freezes as it coats stuff. Source I live in Maine and have been through several ice storms and 36 winters of breaking icycles


Question: How do we think and act as a whole, a single unit(organism), even though we are made up of other, smaller, cells that "think" and act individually?

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 How do we think and act as a whole, a single unit(organism), even though we are made up of other, smaller, cells that "think" and act individually?

The short answer is that your cells are "talking" to each other. Your cells communicate with each other in a number of ways including endocrine and paracrine signals, but thinking and acting are really easy ones to talk about because this just relies on your brain. Your brain is made up of a bunch of nerve cells or neurons that are specialized for sending fast signals. You could say that they operate at the speed of thought if you wanted to get cute about it. Neurons in your brain are connected to your muscles, and neurons in your muscles are connected to your brain. If you want to wave your hand at someone, the idea originates in your brain, and then the brain sends out a coordinated group of signals to the muscles in your shoulder, arm and hand to contract or relax in the correct way to accomplish this action, while monitoring feedback from nerves in the limb and integrating information about its position from your eyes to ensure that things are going right.


Question: Why do people blackout/see red when they go into a rage, and sometimes not remember much/ or any of it?

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</answer>
 Why do people blackout/see red when they go into a rage, and sometimes not remember much/ or any of it?

Its not just confined to rage. Any emotion that causes vaso-dilation (expanding of the blood vessels) can cause this. Seeing red is caused by the blood vessels in the eye becoming so expanded the brain no longer ignores them. As for not remembering much. The brain sometimes switches off unnecessary parts of the brain, including in some cases short term memory, in times of heightened stress or adrenaline levels.


Question: What do governments gain by spying on their citizens?

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 What do governments gain by spying on their citizens?

depends on the government. if you're north korea, then you can find out anyone who's anti kim or speaks badly against the leadership, then you can send those people to labor camps. if you're china, then you can do the same thing and send them to prison. if you're the usa, then you find people who may be planning an terrorist attack or supporting foreign terrorist nations and then make those people disappear or put them on nofly lists.


Question: Is it possible to be born with YY chromossomes?

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 Is it possible to be born with YY chromossomes?

It would be 100-percent fatal. The X chromosome holds hundreds of important genes that the Y chromosome simply does not have. The Y chromosome has just a couple dozen genes, including the gene that switches embryo development to the male type (instead of the female type, which is kinda the default). So not having an X chromosome would likely cause the cells to not function at all.


Question: why do liquigel tablets (eg: advil) work faster than regular ones?

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 why do liquigel tablets (eg: advil) work faster than regular ones?

You're on the right track! Whenever you take an oral medicine, your body has to somehow turn that into a liquid (i.e. digestion) that can easily slip into the bloodstream (i.e. absorption) and get to where it needs to go. Since liquigels are more liquid (it still counts as a "solid" due to the casing around the liquigel) than solid tablets already, it can get to the blood more easily and go to the part that hurts. Thank you for asking this question! It was fun trying to explain this snapshot of the field of biopharmaceutics with you 😅


Question: How do insects react when seeing or finding another insect of the same species being killed?

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 How do insects react when seeing or finding another insect of the same species being killed?

“Yum, foods for me.” Insects are very simple, they don’t really have the mental capacity to process emotional reactions. Communal insects like ants may react to a dead ant of their colony by going into defensive or aggressive mode as this is an evolved response to threats, but they would react in the same way to synthetic alarm pheromones. Other insects without colony instincts just won’t care. The corpse is food and connecting it to personal danger just is beyond their mental capacity.


Question: What's the working difference between 4G and 5G that will allow up to 100 times faster connections?

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 What's the working difference between 4G and 5G that will allow up to 100 times faster connections?

In addition to all the frequencies that 4G is using, 5G can use very high frequecies as well. These high frequencies can carry more data, but they are also absorbed by air much more easily. They have a hard time penetrating walls, and the highest frequencies can't even get through rain. So over long distances, 5G isn't actually going to be much faster (if at all) than 4G, since it uses more or less the same technology. The new high frequencies will be used mostly in densely populated areas, where the short range is not an issue. This will be particularly useful in crowded areas, such as airports and train stations. Think of it more like a long range W-LAN than traditional mobile internet.


Question: Why does the US use specialized drugs for lethal injection. Wouldn't an overdose of morphine suffice?

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 Why does the US use specialized drugs for lethal injection. Wouldn't an overdose of morphine suffice?

Lethal injection uses at least 3 different cocktails designed to reduce suffering, prevent a ghoulish spectacle, and to ensure immediate death. This is harder to do using drugs than you might think. Morphine overdose does not kill instantly, and a killing dose in one person may be a bad nightmare in another. It would also not guarantee loss of consciousness prior to asphyxiation which would be torture. So we have the 3 cocktail system. 1. Sedate the person to induce loss of consciousness. This is to prevent cruelty or excessive pain or torture. The patient is given an IV dose of a sedative that either renders them completely unconscious, or semi conscious and unaware. 2. Immobilize the person so that there is no ghoulish spectacle. No muscle spasms or shaking as the person dies, no injury to themselves or others as the muscles contract during death. 3. Administer the lethal dose to stop the patients heart nearly instantly. It has a gruesome side effect of causing severe convulsions and a racking spasming gruesome scene if the patient were not immobilized. It would also cause great pain as it burns through their veins and stops their heart were the person not unconscious. This type of 3 cocktail setup is very close to what terminally ill patients might undergo if they request euthanasia. If all 3 cocktails do their job, the person falls asleep, then they stop moving, and finally they die. If they do not do their job, a person could be conscious but unable to move or cry out and they would be in great pain. Or a person may be unconscious and immobile but not die when the last cocktail is delivered. Or a person may be unconscious and dying, but the muscle relaxer may not inhibit movement and they unconsciously writhe and twist as they die. Details on the drugs used, and the problems with reliable drug quality and availability are in the wikipedia article outlining the [botched execution of Clayton Lockett in Oklahoma.]( URL_1 ) You can read up more on the 3 cocktail system in the "Thanatron" section of [Jack Kevorkians euthanasia machine wikipedia entry.]( URL_0 )


Question: Do we need energy to hear, or smell? Or is it just a physical reaction? If not, could we be so exhausted that we can't hear?

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 Do we need energy to hear, or smell? Or is it just a physical reaction? If not, could we be so exhausted that we can't hear?

Sound waves are turned into pressure waves in the inner ear mechanically. The fluid waves in the inner ear move little "hairs" mechanically. Cells sense that motion and generate electrical impulses, that takes energy from food. The electrical impulses trigger neurons in the brain, all powered by food. Neurons are thinking, which takes energy from food. When you have so little energy from food in your blood that you can't think, you pass out. No thinking = no hearing. Often you die after that.


Question: How do we calculate the sizes/masses of stars?

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 How do we calculate the sizes/masses of stars?

Measuring the mass of stars in binary systems is easy. Binary systems are sets of two or more stars in orbit about each other. By measuring the size of the orbit, the stars' orbital speeds, and their orbital periods, we can determine exactly what the masses of the stars are. We can take that knowledge and then apply it to similar stars not in multiple systems. We also can easily measure the luminosity and temperature of any star. A plot of luminocity versus temperature for a set of stars is called a Hertsprung-Russel (H-R) diagram, and it turns out that most stars lie along a thin band in this diagram known as the main Sequence. Stars arrange themselves by mass on the Main Sequence, with massive stars being hotter and brighter than their small-mass bretheren. If a star falls on the Main Sequence, we therefore immediately know its mass. In addition to these methods, we also have an excellent understanding of how stars work. Our models of stellar structure are excellent predictors of the properties and evolution of stars. As it turns out, the mass of a star determines its life history from day 1, for all times thereafter, not only when the star is on the Main Sequence. So actually, the position of a star on the H-R diagram is a good indicator of its mass, regardless of whether it's on the Main Sequence or not.


Question: Why do "simple" online games like Hearthstone have such a big delay?

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 Why do "simple" online games like Hearthstone have such a big delay?

TCP is to make sure all packages of data arrive to destination. UDP just sends them fast not caring if they arrive or not. I suppose HS uses TCP to be sure that no action any player does is lost. And wow needs to go fast to maintain the "real time" illusion, hence that's why sometimes you may see a player do a little skip forward or backwards, that was a lost package.


Question: How did daguerreotypes work? What was the process?

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 How did daguerreotypes work? What was the process?

For that type of early photography you take a dark baseplate coated in silver and expose it to fumes from typically iodine or chlorine. This changes the pure silver to a compound that is sensitive to light. The places where the light hits are turned back into silver by that. So after exposure you get the image in silver upside-down. After exposing the plaque you expose it to mercury fumes. The mercury sticks to the silver but not to the silver compund. After this step you dip the plate into a solution of potassium cyanide which removes the silver compound and you get the image from the shiny mercury on the black plate. This "photo" is very fragile so you need to put it behind a glass plate and and seal it airtight so that the picture doesn't fade.


Question: Why is water "matte" in some places and "clear" in others?

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 Why is water "matte" in some places and "clear" in others?

It's the wind ruffling the surface. Even a small amount of breeze will cause small ripples. Near the bank it's sheltered. With the duck, and even a boat moving slowly, it will move the water sideways it passes and break up the ripple formation. As a dinghy sailor on a fairly calm day, you can look at the water and pick the places with the best wind from the grey areas instead of the reflective ones.


Question: How do rust cleaning lasers actually work?

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 How do rust cleaning lasers actually work?

First, hand damage: the laser inside the device produces a beam of light, basically a point, but in the video you see a bar, and that's because the device uses mirrors to sweep the laser point up and down. Like the scanning devices in a grocery store. So the device detects the hand and turns off the laser beam while it passes over the hand. Otherwise, for rust removal, I'm guessing that the laser just "burns it off". The rust heats up and flakes off the metal surface.


Question: - Why is it bad to throw fruit/veggies into the woods if they don’t grow there naturally?

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 - Why is it bad to throw fruit/veggies into the woods if they don’t grow there naturally?

If they have seeds in them, they will grow and could become a pest. If you are in a set camping ground, and everyone does it you will attract animals to the camp because there is a good source of food constantly. You should leave absolutely nothing behind from your stay, so that it is nice for the next person.