Question: Why does say 70 degrees indoors in the winter feel cool whereas in the summer 70 degrees indoors is typically a warm indoor temp and you'd turn on your air conditioning?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does say 70 degrees indoors in the winter feel cool whereas in the summer 70 degrees indoors is typically a warm indoor temp and you'd turn on your air conditioning?

Is that backwards? I feel like 70 in the winter is warm af and 70 in the summer is cool af. Likely because your body acclimates to the certain temps outdoor, and to heat or cool your house is warmer or cooler, etc. Also, lower humidity in the summer compared to outside and the lower humidity will feel cooler... Around Chicago, 80 degrees F isn't bad in the summer unless you have 60% humidity or more. Florida hitting 100 degrees is way worse than 100 in Arizona, again because the humidity... If it's dryer, moisture on your skin can evaporate faster making you feel cooler.


Question: When you get your Blood drawn or get an IV, how to does the vain or artery repair itself from the puncture wound? How does it not bleed internally all into the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you get your Blood drawn or get an IV, how to does the vain or artery repair itself from the puncture wound? How does it not bleed internally all into the body?

The same way it would heal if it was just a cut, platelets in the blood cause it to clot at the site of the wound, and stop bleeding, then the cells that make up the blood vessel's lining replicate and fill the gap. By the way it does bleed into your body, that's what a bruise is.


Question: How do internet cookies work? Example: How is youtube able to know I visit disc golf sites and then give me ads for the sport?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do internet cookies work? Example: How is youtube able to know I visit disc golf sites and then give me ads for the sport?

The cookies themselves tend to be teeny tiny little text files. They almost never store much data. They usually are a couple configurations for some visual settings then the real important thing is an ID number. Like a site will say "this guy is #214412" then all the other sites they partner with can say "ah here is that #214412 guy" and then can look up in whatever database all the partner sites share all the other stuff they know about you. Like basically cookies have very little actually stored in them, but they store enough so the site knows who you are, then they can look it up on their end in whatever database they have made.


Question: Explain to me why crude oil price plummeted from $110 to $30 in a matter of months recently?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Explain to me why crude oil price plummeted from $110 to $30 in a matter of months recently?

Two big reasons: 1) The Saudis want to screw Iran and since Iran's primary income is from oil exports, the Saudis opened up their oil spigots to 11 and flooded the market. This pushed the price way down because of oversupply. 2) The price of oil was getting to the point where it was going to be worth exploring the harder to reach domestic supplies like tar sands, oil shale, and extreme deep offshore drilling. OPEC didn't like this, so they increased production to drive down prices.


Question: how can we see photons emitted at the time of the Big Bang (the Cosmic Microwave Background) if everything, including us, was contained within the same location during the Bang? Shouldn’t these photons be at the edge of the Universe by now?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can we see photons emitted at the time of the Big Bang (the Cosmic Microwave Background) if everything, including us, was contained within the same location during the Bang? Shouldn’t these photons be at the edge of the Universe by now?

If the Big Bang had happened at a specific place and propelled matter into an empty void, then photons from it would always be at the edge of the universe. But it didn't. The universe was infinite (as far as we can tell) both before and after the BB. Instead of matter exploding out from a point, the BB was a rapid growth of spacetime itself, increasing the distance between parts of the universe faster than light could traverse it. Since the BB happened everywhere at the same time, the photons are everywhere in the universe traveling in all directions.


Question: How does HTML5 differ from Flash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does HTML5 differ from Flash?

The top answer here does a pretty good job at explaining how they are different from a technical perspective. I'd like to take a different approach and describe how we got to where we are, and why you hear the two in the same sentence so often these days. Back in the 2000s era (and perhaps earlier) the web was a pretty lawless place. HTML version 4 was fresh on the scene and it didn't really offer much in the way of dynamic web content. HTML was, and still is, largely just a way to structure static data. If you want things on the page to change, move, or even just look halfway decent, you're going to need some outside help. This is the role that JavaScript and CSS play -- JavaScript is a web designer's primary tool to manipulate the page dynamically, and CSS is their tool to make pages look snazzy. But even then, the offerings of these two were rather weak, especially compared to today. If you wanted to do anything *really* cool, you needed some really specialized tools. These would either come in the form of software you had installed on your machine that webpages would download small programs for (which is what Java, not to be confused with JavaScript, was originally designed for), or in the form of small plugins you installed into your browser to render special content. Flash came about as the latter. Flash was a plugin from Adobe that was able to do a shitload of things. Most notably to the common user would be full motion video, flash animation, and those crazy flash games. And it was crazy easy to write software for, too. Flash just simply made so many more things possible on the web that the current tools didn't offer, and it smoothed out a lot of things by offering some common, stable ground in an ecosystem where browsers didn't really follow feature standards. Lots of hacky workarounds for things that would seem so trivial today, like automatically copying text to the clipboard, were possible thanks to Flash. This hubris, though, would ultimately be its weakness -- it was hella exploitable. Even to today, Flash has been riddled with security vulnerabilities. It was a leaky ship that never stopped leaking despite constant patching. But people used it anyway, because the features it offered were unparalleled. HTML's next successor, HTML 5, was in planning for a long time (since 2004!), but it finally rolled out in 2014. Not long after, JavaScript's latest advancements were also being published, starting in 2015. And CSS was also chugging out some releases around this time too. All these new publications were a call to action for browsers, which had historically been pissing about doing their own things, to start putting on their adult pants and adopting some universal standards, so that developing for web wasn't so hellish and fractured. HTML 5 was the kingpin in a lot of these. Need a video player? We got a new ` < video > ` tag for that. Need to draw some pretty pictures? ` < canvas > `. Wanna play some sick tunes? ` < audio > `. I should take care to mention that it's not actually HTML *itself* that's allowing these things to work. HTML is still just a way to arrange static data. What it has done with these fancy new tags is it created a standardized way for webpages to say something like, "put a video in the page right here", which all complying browsers would simply know what to do with. What Flash did was it held the browser's hand, doing all of the heavy lifting of displaying multimedia content. Modern browsers today are advanced enough that they can do most of it themselves now. All they need is to be told is where to get the data and where to show it, which is what HTML 5 allows. Flash had already been on the downturn for some time. Adobe said they were abandoning it as early on as 2008. They also refused to support it for mobile devices. Adobe found it far more advantageous to instead try to get on the rolling ball that would become HTML 5. They claimed they would cease support for it altogether in 2020. And thus, that brings us to now in that very year, where most major browsers have all but eradicated Flash from themselves. Firefox plans to ban Flash for good by December of this year, and Chrome intends to do the same by early next year. By mid 2021, Flash will be all but gone except in the most niche applications. So, to briefly summarize, webdev in the 00's was a wild west hellscape, and Flash was there guns blazing performing black magic, which made it super popular. But HTML 5's development and eventual entry onto the scene, along with all of the other standards developed for CSS and JavaScript, made a lot of the selling points of Flash obsolete. There's a number of things Flash was always able to do that the combined trio of web tools still cannot do today, but there's no shortage of fancy tools to fill those niches, including some technologies being developed by Adobe themselves.


Question: Why does your chest and head physically hurt when you are sad or heartbroken?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your chest and head physically hurt when you are sad or heartbroken?

These are all symptoms of stress: muscles tightness or contraction, increased heart rate and intensity, shortness of breath, and blood concentrating to one's core in a fight or flight response. Scientists arent totally sure they know why this happens but they believe the vagus nerve can be so overstimulated that it causes one pain and nausea. URL_0


Question: Why do lorries parked in parking bays on dual carriageways have one of their black doors wide open?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do lorries parked in parking bays on dual carriageways have one of their black doors wide open?

Parked up Lorry's are particularly easy prey for thieves, who, during the course of breaking into a lorry will either smash the locks off the back door or cut through the sides, particularly on curtain sided vehicles. This damage needs to be repaired at a cost and takes the lorry off the road, while the repair is carried out, which also costs the company. Parking up and opening a rear door shows any potential thieves that there is nothing inside to steal.


Question: Why do some containers pour better than others? Is it technique?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some containers pour better than others? Is it technique?

It's the Coanda effect. A fluid tends to follow a curved surface when flowing, so if the edge of the vessel is curved, the flow curves around it and down the side of the vessel. If the edge is sharp, however, the flow "lets go" and flow out in a nice stream.


Question: why do 220v circuits not need a neutral?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do 220v circuits not need a neutral?

Circuits need a return path. In a normal circuit one uses a hot leg that swings to the max positive and negative voltage and a neutral that is nominally at 0 volts. This is partly because it means you only have 1 leg that has potentially dangerous voltage on it. & #x200B; For 220, instead of using a neutral as a return path, we use another hot leg that has opposite phase. The reason for this is because we can get twice the voltage and it's easy to generate this second hot opposite phase leg with a transformer. The trade off is that now we have two hots that have potentially dangerous voltage on them. However a safety ground is still used so steps are taken to minimize the risks.


Question: I keep hearing in the news that the American economy is “due” for a recession. Is this true? What forces are at work that make it that way? What things are/can be done to prevent it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I keep hearing in the news that the American economy is “due” for a recession. Is this true? What forces are at work that make it that way? What things are/can be done to prevent it?

There is no fixed "due" date for recessions but economists do look out for signs that one may be on the horizon. These signals used to be "easier" to see in the past but perhaps (IMHO) globalization and the interconnectedness of economies have made these signals more confusing. In periods of low unemployment and rapid growth, economies tend towards higher inflation. Businesses individually may get overenthusiastic and over invest (and borrow) in equipment and labor. Higher interest rates are supposed to signal businesses to invest less (debt is more expensive) and for consumers to save more (higher returns on savings/investment) but these signals may lag. Typically there will also be signs of rising inflation and rise in asset prices. If the situation persists, businesses may have too much capacity and insufficient demand (if consumption decreases) which signals a slowdown. Because the signals lag, there is an "overshoot" (over optimism, bubbles etc) and economies may enter a period of correction (slowdown, or small drops). Technically a country is considered in recession if the economy (GDP) shrinks for 2 quarters. The Federal Reserve (and other Central Banks) try not to allow the economy to overheat by controlling the money supply (and other monetary policies). They have very sophisticated measures to try to detect signs of an overheating economy. In recent decades (possibly due to the rapid growth of China and the impact on lowering costs) indicators like inflation no longer appear to react normally even though long periods of low unemployment and low interest rates typically lead to inflation. There is almost always tension between businesses, government (politicians) and the Central Banks (which is why the Fed in USA is supposed not to take instruction from the President). Politicians of course, don't want the Fed to try to slow down economies if they're up for re-election. The danger of letting the economy overheat is it may lead to a prolonged period of low demand, high unemployment and very high inflation (a situation called stagflation) - at which point the normal tools of monetary policy (interest rates, money supply, etc) may become ineffective. At this point most, but not all, economists believe that fiscal policy (government spending) where the government essentially spends (and prints) money to stimulate demand is necessary. \[this kind of fiscal policy is "expensive" driving up debt significantly\] A current example of an economy that is essentially destroyed is Venezuela.


Question: How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

There's no single answer to this because it really depends what specific example we're talking about. The most common material we see misidentified as rocks on /r/geology is slag, which is relatively straightforward to identify if you know what you're looking for and it looks fairly distinct from rocks you will naturally find in nature. It can, however, be much more difficult, since it's possible to grow minerals synthetically that mimic the natural processes that form them, to the extent that it's extremely difficult to distinguish the artificial product from a natural example, physically (and potentially even chemically). For instance, experimental petrologists will create artificial rocks in special furnaces which can be essentially impossible to distinguish from a natural rock.


Question: How does the "ping" command on the terminal actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the "ping" command on the terminal actually work?

Simpler explanation: I write you a letter that says "This letter was sent from < my address > on < date > and < time > . Please send me a letter back as soon as you get this, with the exact time and date you received this. You follow the instruction and send the second letter back to me. When I get your letter, I know exactly how long it took for the letter to get to you, and how long it took the letter to make the round trip. If I don't get a letter back in a reasonable amount of time, I know that something has gone with the postal service between my address and yours. Now imagine that we're two computers, and instead of a letters we're sending data packets. That's basically how 'ping' works.


Question: How do people make money by investing theirs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people make money by investing theirs?

I wanna open a lemonade stand. I need $10 for lemons, sugar, and cups. I have $0. You have $10. If you give me that $10 to open my stand, i'll give you a percentage of my profits from every cup. Over the summer you'll make more than your $10, and obviously anything I make is great for me, cause i didnt put in any money. I'm now a businessman, and you are an investor. Thats the core idea of investment. Obviously it gets more complicated with stocks and other types of different investments, but thats how i would explain it to a 5 year old.


Question: How do video streaming services work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do video streaming services work?

The same way that anything on the internet works, they download the files :) With streaming video a compressed video is usually broken into a number of chunks say about a half second long each. The actual entire video file is in one piece but each chunk can be downloaded and played independently. On the viewing side as long as the the player can download some basic data like how long a movie is, title, possibly thumbnails for different parts of the movie, it just needs to download chunks as it needs to play them. Now with streaming video compression there's an interesting consequence that results because not all computers will support the same compression formats. The server will usually have multiple copies of a single video all encoded in different formats and qualities to match the users connection speed and encoding needs. The player will figure out what format and quality it needs and request the matching video. With live videos the video is just uploaded to the a server right before players can request to download it. For really popular stuff load balancing gets a bit tricky because a single server can only handle so many clients at once. So usually there are a ton of servers with the exact same copies of the video in different places.


Question: When exhaling underwater, why does the air go up in loads of smaller bubbles rather than one big bubble?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When exhaling underwater, why does the air go up in loads of smaller bubbles rather than one big bubble?

There are multiple reasons. First of all, you can't exhale that fast. The most important thing is however the surface tension. Water "doesn't like" having big surfaces, so it wants to minimise the surface ot has with the bubble(s). The orb is the 3D body that has the smallest surface compared to its volume, so the water tries to form the big bubble into an orb. It doesn't work because the water is relatively dense and the bubble has high lift, so it brakes into smaller bubbles. However, in theory, if you somehow generate a huge, perfectly round air bubble, it will stay together.


Question: Why is it inappropriate to compare the goodness of fit between non-linear regression models based on their values of the coefficient of determination?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it inappropriate to compare the goodness of fit between non-linear regression models based on their values of the coefficient of determination?

In linear models, SST = SSR + SSE, which we can rearrange as SST = SSR + SSE 1 = SSR/SST + SSE/SST 1 - SSR/SST = SSE/SST SSE/SST is a handy metric for comparing linear models, so much so that we gave it its own name: r^(2). However, the underlying equation (and thus, the meaning of r^(2)) doesn’t hold in nonlinear models. Thus, it doesn’t make sense to compare nonlinear models using an r^(2) calculation because that calculation relies on a false assumption being true.


Question: Why video game companies make such beautiful cinematic trailers about their video games, but they never lead to a full fledged movie on the big screen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why video game companies make such beautiful cinematic trailers about their video games, but they never lead to a full fledged movie on the big screen?

A lot of it comes down to budget as well. Blizzard puts out crazy sexy looking cinematics and it would look great on the big screen but Blizzard has also said that if they were to make a full length feature film that looked as good as the cinematics that it would be the most expensive movie ever made. At the end of the day the only reason companies don't make something is because it wouldn't make enough money to be worth it.


Question: What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are imaginary numbers and what are they used for?

Squaring a number means taking a number and multiplying it by itself. So two squared would be 2\*2 = 4 The reverse of this is to take the square root, When you take the square root of a number, you're asking: "What number can I multiply with itself to get this solution?" So if I ask for the square root of 4, I'm asking what number can I multiply by itself to get 4. Which as we saw is 2. What happens if we toss negative numbers into the mix? Well, a negative times a negative is a positive (for reasons not discussed here) so (-2)\*(-2) is also 4. This means the square root of 4 has *two* answers, 2 or -2 (though usually we default to the positive answer). But what if I ask about the square root of a negative number? Like, the square root of -4? Well, we want a number, multiplied by itself equals -4. But it can't be any positive number, because a positive times a positive is a positive. It can't be any negative number, because a negative times a negative is also a positive. No number times itself can equal a negative! We might think this is the end of line, but it turns out the square roots of negative numbers exist and can be used! When we were looking for solutions to certain kinds of math problems, they involved using the square roots of negative numbers. These square roots eventually cancelled out in the end, but it was clear that getting from point A to point B required using them. Eventually, we codified them and labeled them. They were called "imaginary" in a derogatory sense and unfortunately that label stuck, because they are no more or less "real" than any other number. The most fundamental imaginary number is *i* which is defined as the square root of -1. All other imaginary numbers can be represented as some multiple of *i* such as 2*i* or -4.5*i.* Mathematically they are used any time you need the square root of a negative number. They can also be used in various types of engineering fields to represent electric currents and signals in convenient ways.


Question: Why does pouring hot (just boiled water) sound different than water that cooled down a few minutes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does pouring hot (just boiled water) sound different than water that cooled down a few minutes?

Because sound is influenced by the air (or other medium) it travels through. In a hot mug there's two big things that change the air compared to a cooler mug (or just not having a mug at all). The first is the temperature, and the second is the steam. Hot air is less dense than cold air, and that makes it easier for the sound to travel through it. Steam is also less dense than air (which is why it floats out of the mug), and that also makes it easier for sound to move through it. This can cause the sound waves to echo around inside the cup differently and can produce a noticeably different sound. The hotter the water is the more it will heat up the air and the more steam it will give off, which in turn will create a more noticeable effect on the sound it produces.


Question: How come we see weird patterns when we close both our eyes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come we see weird patterns when we close both our eyes?

The cornea or outer transparent layer of eyes are made up of living cells. They have nucleus, which along with scratches and dirt leads to the patterns you see in the dark. There is also the aspect of blood vessels in the eyelids which are visble with eyes closed in certain conditions.


Question: How do we know that neural network can solve ANY problem? (is that a right sentence at all?)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that neural network can solve ANY problem? (is that a right sentence at all?)

Neural networks, as they are currently used, can be used to approximate any **function**. Function takes input of specific form(say, GPS navigator may take input as GPS signal to tell your current location, and text input telling where you want to go), and then gives output of some form(like, GPS navigator may tell you where to go next). Neural networks are capable of emulating any computable function(computable basically means it's a function some computer could possibly compute it. It's a very very very general notion). Even better, you could use neural networks to emulate any **program**. This is very rare use for neural networks these days, but it's been done, and it will probably get more common in the future. Programs are different from functions in that, they may keep on running for as long as they want, sometimes accepting further input as they go(like your internet browser which accept your mouse clicks as input constantly). The question however is in training these neural networks. You don't typically program them yourself, you merely show how the intended program or function is supposed to work, and use some mathematical methods to change the neural networks behavior slightly towards producing the correct output. So after millions of training sessions, you have a neural network that very closely does the right thing in the cases which you've used to train it.... But does it actually do what you want it to do? We don't really know. There are some methods of trying to ensure there is enough training data so that neural network can't "cheat" in its learning to only repeat the training data... But aside from testing it a lot, you don't really have any way to guarantee it's doing what you want it to be doing.


Question: What does Walmart gain by not price-matching their own Websites prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Walmart gain by not price-matching their own Websites prices?

* It costs a company more to operate a retail store than an online store, they'd rather you buy things online. * Some people are willing to pay more in order to have an item immediately rather than wait for shipping. * Not everyone will do the research to see if there is a cheaper price online, so will just pay the in-store price. All of these options lead to more money for Walmart. A better question is what would Walmart gain by allowing price-matching on their online store?


Question: how did telephones work in the early 1900s?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how did telephones work in the early 1900s?

Do you mean the decade the 1900s or the century the 1900s? If you're talking about the old timey box on the wall with a crank telephones, The crank is a generator that rings a bell for the operator, you tell the operator who you want to talk to, and the operator then plugs your line into either the line you want to call, or a line to another telephone exchange, closer to the person you want to call. If you're talking about the rotary dial telephones, there were automatic relays triggered by the number of pulses generated by the dial as it rotates.


Question: How is 'Selective Perception' different from 'Confirmation Bias'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is 'Selective Perception' different from 'Confirmation Bias'?

Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. So they are two sides of the same coin. Selective perception typically refers to not perceiving information that contradicts you, while confirmation bias is strongly noticing or seeking out only the information that supports you.


Question: How were the first metals mined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were the first metals mined?

Copper the first. You can find its ore in fairly pure forms and cold work it(beat it into shape with a big rock) into stuff like bowls. Then they discovered that heating it made it softer and easier to work Then it was found that melting it and mixing it with tin(also easy to find on the surface) resulted in Bronze which was much sturdier than copper or tin, and thus began the Bronze Age. All of the first metals have relatively pure and easily accessible ores. Metals like aluminum require significant processing to turn from ore into metal which is why they only started being used relatively recently.


Question: Why do luggage wheels make so much noise?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do luggage wheels make so much noise?

Most of them are hard plastic, especially in cheaper luggage, and usually in wheels that swivel. That hard plastic rolling along hard tiles and cement makes a lot of noise. Look for ones with the rollerblade wheels and non swiveling wheels for a much quieter ride, the wheels are softer and that makes them quieter. Trust me, I've done the research.


Question: Why do scissors only work if used with a specific hand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do scissors only work if used with a specific hand?

They work with both hands.. Using the wrong scissor for your main hand, makes it hard to see where you are cutting since the top part is covering your eyesight.. To compensate for this, you tend to tilt the scissors so that you can see, cutting the paper from a steep angle.. If the pressure between the two scissor parts aren't sufficiently strong - the paper can be trapped between them, instead of being cut..


Question: Why do hangnails happen, why do they happen, and how can you prevent them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do hangnails happen, why do they happen, and how can you prevent them?

I have no special knowledge on this, but I was told by a friend-of-a-friend who is a manicurist that hangnails (small bits of peeling skin around the fingernails) are mostly caused by dry skin and that the best preventative is to use a moisturizer daily and avoid exposure to conditions that strip oils (exposure to detergents or chemicals that break down or wash away fats and oils, notably acetone which is often used in removing nail enamel, but also harsh weather conditions like cold dry air). She also recommended seeing a professional regularly to keep the skin and nails properly maintained, but I figure maybe as a manicurist she's got a bit of a vested interest in recommending that.


Question: If an off-duty ambulance (or any response unit) witnesses an accident are they at liberty to respond?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If an off-duty ambulance (or any response unit) witnesses an accident are they at liberty to respond?

Cop here: Not legally, but policy may dictate what they're supposed to do. If I see a bad accident in front of me I could face "dereliction of duty" by not responding. However if I'm carrying a prisoner, I'm not allowed to stop and assist by policy. If I see a fender bender on the opposite side of traffic and can't safely stop, or I'm on my way to something else, I'd be fine just radioing it in. However there are 50 states and 50 different sets of laws.


Question: At which point can we be scientifically considered dead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 At which point can we be scientifically considered dead?

Biologists here: This is an awesome question! And a complex, tricky one. A exact moment or thing we can point to and say “this person is dead” would be what we call “Biological Death” or Biologically dead instead of Legally dead or Medically brain dead. Biological death is measured by A few criteria that have to be met. 1. No electrical activities inside the brain and brain stem, or any sort of activity within the spinal column (brain dead patients can have no brain electrical activities but still have random electrical pulses created in the spinal column or brain stem) 2. Pulmonary circulation can not be maintained naturally or artificially (We are unable to keep the heart pumping and blood oxygenated, either naturally or by the use of machine or medications) 3. Respiratory function cannot be maintained, naturally or artificially (We are unable to get your lungs to absorb oxygen and transfer carbon dioxide, we can inflate and deflate them, but they aren’t oxygenating your blood) If all 3 of these are met, we consider that to be Biological Death, theres no way to keep the brain, or the body alive by modern scientific means. But, this is constantly changing, as we advance and understand more, we push the definition of “death” further and further back.


Question: Why is the water in our drinking glass clear and colorless but all the water in Earth’s rivers /lakes/oceans blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the water in our drinking glass clear and colorless but all the water in Earth’s rivers /lakes/oceans blue?

Normal white light is made up of a mixture of colours. Water absorbs the red light a bit. Only a tiny amount of red light gets absorbed by a 2 inch wide glass of water. But when you look across even a few meters, like a swimming pool or even bigger, almost all the red light is gone, and it looks blue. This absorbing behaviour is called 'attenuation' and lots of water means lots more distance for the light to travel through, and so lots more distance for the colour red to 'attenuate'.


Question: How does services like Xbox Game Pass and PS Now generate money for Devs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does services like Xbox Game Pass and PS Now generate money for Devs?

Have you ever watched TV, listened to the radio, or used Netflix? You don't pay individually for each song you listen to on the radio. You don't pay individually for each show you watch on broadcast, cable, or Netflix. In the news recently, HBO Max paid $500 Million for the right to stream South Park. These servers of content make a licensing agreement with the developers of the content. They pay the developer for the right to have the content on their service, and then their customers pay for the right to watch/listen/play that content.


Question: Dispel the myths and misconception of GMO, Organic and Hormone injected(?) food for me once and for all.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 Dispel the myths and misconception of GMO, Organic and Hormone injected(?) food for me once and for all.

GMO, organic, and hormone-injected are buzzwords that have little relevance with actual food. Opponents to GMO food make many negative claims about them, but there has never been any actual evidence of these claims, nor any evidence that genetically modifying food in the lab is all that different from genetically modifying food via selective breeding, the latter of which is the basis of almost everything we eat. Organic foods likewise have no proven health benefits, and the organic label is not applied consistently and is not actually a guarantee of any specific quality. In addition, by restricting themselves from using the newer synthetic pesticides, organic farmers have to instead use older, more environmentally dangerous organic pesticides in larger quantities, which is actually worse for the environment. You're basically paying more for a crop with more pesticides used and a larger environmental impact. Hormones again have no proven negative effect in food, and the minuscule amount that actually makes it into meat is a drop in a bucket compared to what your body makes every single day. The bottom line is that people making noise over these are making big claims with no evidence. It's a reaction based on fear to farming technology they do not understand. And this technology has actually made us more capable of feeding the world today than we could 100 years ago, despite having billions more mouths to feed.


Question: What is happening to us physically when we hear the ‘nails on a chalkboard’ sound?

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 What is happening to us physically when we hear the ‘nails on a chalkboard’ sound?

The part of the brain that analyzes sounds we hear and turns it into useful information is right next to a part that handles emotions. Sometimes activity in the one area can stirs up activity in the other area. People with a condition called Misophonia actually feel anger, sometimes extreme, when triggered by particular sounds, most often chewing or clattering sounds.


Question: How do nosebleeds occur suddenly and why is the blood often so thick?

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 How do nosebleeds occur suddenly and why is the blood often so thick?

Why they happen is multitudinous and varied, any thing from a dry sinus to a brain tumor, it's hard to say for sure without more information there but they're usually nothing serious (except when it is) As for why they bleed so much, the nose is very vascular, it has many blood vessels very close to the surface so and damage or irritation to the nostrils can very easily lead to ruptured vessels, compared to say your arm which has much thicker skin.


Question: why does the radar on big boats spin?

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 why does the radar on big boats spin?

A radar not omni-directional. Just like a satellite TV dish it must be pointed in the direction of the signal in order to receive it. So in order for the ship to know what's going on around it it has to point in all directions. It spins 360° and scans all the signals around it.


Question: How are we so sure that all the wireless communication is not harmful to us?

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 How are we so sure that all the wireless communication is not harmful to us?

There are lots of different of kinds of radiation. There's alpha, beta, gamma, cosmic, all that, but the kind you're talking about is *electromagnetic* radiation - physically speaking, the same stuff as visible light, a particle/wave called a photon, but whose frequency is in another part of the spectrum. Broadly speaking, you can divide all the types of radiation into two groups: ionizing and non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation is any radiation energetic enough to knock the electrons off an atom, thus making it an *ion*. For electromagnetic radiation, gamma rays, x-rays, and the high end of the ultraviolet part of the spectrum are ionizing, and those rays are the dangerous ones. Exposure to enough ionizing radiation can cause cell damage, cancer, death by radiation poisoning, the condition known as "hot dog fingers", children born with the head of a golden retriever, all sorts. However, ultraviolet and nastier kinds of electromagnetic radiation are all "high frequency" or "short wavelength" radiation - whereas the radio signals used by phones, wifi, radio stations, tv, etc, are all in the microwave (yes, like the oven) area, which is *non-ionizing* radiation. While intense microwave radiation *can* cause water molecules to heat up, which is how a microwave oven works, it *doesn't* do the kind of damage ionizing radiation can do, and anyway, the *amounts* and *intensity* of the radiation put out by those devices is relatively tiny - your router puts out nowhere *near* what it takes to warm up a room temperature chimichanga, let alone cook your eyeballs like a hard boiled egg or give you cancer.


Question: why does 68 degrees F feel great outside but freezing indoors?

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 why does 68 degrees F feel great outside but freezing indoors?

Probably a couple reasons: When you’re indoors you’re likely at rest, meaning that your body temperature will drop. When you’re outside, you’re more likely to be moving, meaning your body temp is higher, and so the coolness of the air feels comfortable. Also, outside you’re more likely to be getting sunlight, which comes with warmth. Sitting in the sun, even on cold days, feels warmer than sitting in the shade. The radiation from the sun will warm you up. Inside you’re less likely to be getting that sunlight.


Question: When one drinks a glass of water, how is it absorbed into the human body?

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 When one drinks a glass of water, how is it absorbed into the human body?

So the liquid you drink will eventually enter your blood (as will the food that gets broken down and absorbed. The rest will come out as poop). Once it's in your blood, it will pass through the liver first (with the rest of the food), then will go to the heart and circulate everywhere like normal. Let's say you drank a LOT of water at once. This causes an issue because your body is very particular about maintaining its salt concentration. So now your kidneys will increase its ouput so that the salt concentration stays normal. (Note that this is why IV is usually given at 0.9% NaCl, so that your body doesn't immediately kick out the fluids) Another mechanism that will increase your urine is if there is too much blood volume or pressure. If the heart has to expand too much, it will release signals (ANP/BNP) that tell the kidney to increase output as well. There are plenty of other mechanisms, including sensors within the kidney that detect BP, to either increase or decrease urine output. Some of the water you drank may come out the next time you pee. Other parts will float around in your blood for much longer.


Question: Why does brief lack of oxygen to the brain often feel good?

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 Why does brief lack of oxygen to the brain often feel good?

Ok, this is only a guess (until other, more knowledgable people answer your question), but first to clarify: your vision fading after standing up too quickly is due to low blood pressure, not lack of air. I think perhaps much of the euphoric feeling is actually just adrenaline in response to your body being worried about what's going on. Same reason people get a rush on roller coasters or watching horror movies, for instance. Our bodies know that if we are losing air, it's likely not because we are dumb and don't know to avoid it, it's because we need more energy and ability to get out of a scary situation, hence adrenaline. Additionally, getting oxygen after being deprived of it can feel incredibly relieving, which might be where the "high" comes from, in addition to the adrenaline.


Question: What makes Earth's atmosphere sustain?

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 What makes Earth's atmosphere sustain?

> I have wondered why the atmosphere is there, and how it does not dissipate. It is stuck on Earth for the same reason everything else is, because of gravity. Air is composed of materials with mass which means it has weight; not as much weight as many other things but still it is attracted to Earth. > It seems like a snow globe with a hard cutoff point somewhere a few miles from earths surface. There is no hard cutoff, it gradually gets thinner and thinner. In fact the height at which the International Space Station orbits there is still some slight bits of air that would gradually slow it down, meaning it needs to be boosted every so often with nudges from rockets to stay in orbit. > Are there any illustrations or anything explaining what it is really made up of? [Here is a graphic which illustrates what is going on.]( URL_0 )


Question: Why was the US in Vietnam for 20 years?

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 Why was the US in Vietnam for 20 years?

After the US's World War II alliance with the Soviet Union dissolved, the Soviets resumed their push to establish communism in other countries around the world. In Eastern Europe, the US had little choice but to watch this happen, as that was territory that had been occupied by the Soviets in the process of defeating Germany. The Soviets soon built their own atomic bomb, and their new belligerence was symbolized by Khrushchev's famous threat: "we will bury you." Meanwhile, the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Communists in control of that huge landmass and population, and the cry "who lost China?" was much heard in American politics. The end of colonialism in Southeast Asia meant the rise of Communists, among other political parties, in several countries. But they were particularly strong and successful in Vietnam. In hindsight, we've come to laugh at American officials who believed the "domino theory"—that if Vietnam went communist, Thailand or even Japan or the Philippines might follow, threatening American military bases and interests in the region. But this wasn't an entirely baseless fear at the time. Alas, the Americans were forced to defend against Communism by working with a series of ineffective and corrupt South Vietnamese governments, and it eventually became clear that there was no clear way to win without risking Soviet or Chinese involvement, nor was there any way to gracefully withdraw.


Question: What physically happens when we get a cramp in a foot?

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 What physically happens when we get a cramp in a foot?

The muscles involuntarily contract and stay that way. But none of the other muscles do. so your entire foot except this one area is trying to function right but can't. So nothing works right and everything is painful, and just locks up. Its usually caused by damage through exercise and the various chemical reactions associated with muscle growth, repair and relaxation going a bit wrong. Considering how complex our bodies are, its amazing it doesn't happen more often.


Question: Why do toddlers embrace saying "no" and lying quicker than saying "yes" and telling the truth?

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 Why do toddlers embrace saying "no" and lying quicker than saying "yes" and telling the truth?

It is much easier for a young child to comprehend the present than the future. They understand that they are in trouble and want to avoid the consequences of now. Recognizing that being truthful will lead to trust in the future is too abstract of a concept for a young mind to comprehend. Source: My 3 year old son drives me nuts every day with this behavior!


Question: Why would a solar storm's sustained magnetic field NOT destroy all data-even tape drives? If a degausser wipes data with powerful sustained magnetic fields, why would a weeklong solar storm not have the same effect on our data?

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 Why would a solar storm's sustained magnetic field NOT destroy all data-even tape drives? If a degausser wipes data with powerful sustained magnetic fields, why would a weeklong solar storm not have the same effect on our data?

A really strong solar storm causes changes of > 250 nanoTesla in the magnetic field. The absolutely worst geomagnetic storm is estimated to have peaked at 1760 nanoTeslas. For reference, the Earth's magnetic field is around 50 microTesla or around 25x stronger than the strongest storm Those degaussers use electromagnets that can put out magnetic field strengths in the 1-10 Tesla range, or 20,000-200,000x stronger than the Earth's magnetic field