Question: How does increasing the heat in the car help against fogged up windows?

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 How does increasing the heat in the car help against fogged up windows?

When air gets hotter, it can contain more water droplets than colder air. Conversely, water droplets in cold air look for other placed to go than the air because the cold air can't hold that much water. If there is a window nearby, they will settle on the window rather than stay in cold air. By heating the air around a fogged window, you enable water that is currently fog on the window to 'jump back' to the air, since the air is now hot enough again to take up the excess water that was previously 'deposited' on the window. Hence you defog a window by putting the heater on. Edit: to your second question, water thus simply wants to go to the place that can hold the most water. Heating normally is sufficient to enable the air to contain more water, but it can also be a good idea to add some fresh air to the air currently in the room/car when this fresh air contains less water than that which is currently in the room. Or, to allow hot air which contains a relatively large amount of water to go out of the room, taking a relatively large amount of water with it. What you are doing then, again, is giving the air around the window 'more room' for water from the window to be taken up by the air.


Question: How do turtles and other Oviparous animals breath inside their eggs?

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 How do turtles and other Oviparous animals breath inside their eggs?

URL_1 URL_0 The egg shells are porous (lots of tiny holes, holes so small that we can't see them without magnification). These pores allow air (CO2 and O2) to move in and out of the egg. Close to the shell are membranes with lots of tiny blood vessels that allow these gases to diffuse across the membranes, and carry these gases to/from the embryo.


Question: A fat molecule is made of a bucket of C's, H's, and O's, whereas a water molecule is just one O and two H's. If a fat molecule is so much more massive than a water molecule, how come oil still floats on top of water?

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 A fat molecule is made of a bucket of C's, H's, and O's, whereas a water molecule is just one O and two H's. If a fat molecule is so much more massive than a water molecule, how come oil still floats on top of water?

Water molecules can snuggle up together more tightly because they like to interact with each other. It's a special kind of molecular interaction called Hydrogen bonding, and it happens between the H on one water molecule and the O on another. Each water molecule can form four of these strong interactions, so the water molecules huddle together very tightly like people crowded in a room. This makes water dense, there's a lot of molecules inside a given volume. & #x200B; Fat molecules can't Hydrogen bond, they only interact weakly with other molecules, even other fat molecules. This is like putting just a couple introverts in a room together. They space themselves out because they don't want to interact. This makes the fat less dense than the water, which is why it floats on top of the water. It's also why water and fat don't mix; water really wants to interact with other water, and the fat doesn't want to interact with much of anything.


Question: How is the lethality of a substance determined in an ethical way?

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 How is the lethality of a substance determined in an ethical way?

> How is that figure determined? Apply carefully measured doses to a series of rats until half of your sample dies. Consult prior research where lethality in rats was compared to more analogous animals such as pigs. From this you determine the LD50, the lethal dose for half of a given population. Then it is just a matter of comparing how much venom the animal typically injects vs the LD50 amount.


Question: what determines wether a flame is yellow or blue?

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 what determines wether a flame is yellow or blue?

The color of a flame indicates 2 things: the temperature, and the material that composes it. The blue color at the bottom of a flame, such as a candle, comes from the spectrum of the products of the reaction. The base of the flame is where the actual reaction is taking place, where the reaction products are being produced, and where they are hot enough to emit light. Carbon monoxide, dioxide, and water vapor tend to peak in the blue range, so the gases released emit blue light before they cool down. The yellow color mainly comes from black body radiation of soot particles. You can see this effect clearly with a gas flame, such as on a gas stove. If the nozzle is clean, the flame will be a pure blue, because there is no soot, it is burning cleanly. Put something like a piece of wood or food in the flame and it will turn yellow above it


Question: Why do some foods taste better cold and some hot? Is it strictly cultural, or are certain tastes more apt to be pleasurable at a certain temperature biologically?

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 Why do some foods taste better cold and some hot? Is it strictly cultural, or are certain tastes more apt to be pleasurable at a certain temperature biologically?

It's more physics, actually. Flavor is as much scent as it is taste. Certain foods taste better because heat allows scent molecules to move faster which mean they move into your nose quickly and you can taste them. Try this experiment: Eat something sweet, chew it up, and focus on how the taste hits your mouth. after you swallow it, eat a piece of the same food again, but hold your nose closed as you chew. You'll notice that it doesn't taste the same way. Cold foods taste the way they do because there's a taste change between when you first put it in your mouth, and when the heat of your mouth heats up the scent molecules to go up inside your nose via the back of your throat. As to which foods are better cold vs hot, that tends to be cultural. You'll see certain cold foods popular in hot climates to help cool the body down. you'll see certain hot foods popular in cold climates because it makes you warm. There are millions of opinions on the whys and the wherefores of the matter and one single theory explaining everything does not exist yet.


Question: So 99% of atoms are empty space, what would it take to squeeze through them?

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 So 99% of atoms are empty space, what would it take to squeeze through them?

At least one of the following: 1) Ten times the mass (and gravity) of the Sun. 2) Six times the temperature of the core of the Sun. 3) Be a fermion without electric charge. 4) The heat of the core of the Sun combined with at least one tenth the mass of the Sun in pure helium to allow quantum tunnelling to occur with significant frequency. 5) Several times the mass of Jupiter and the atoms being a specific mix of isotopes of hydrogen.


Question: Why do objects in cartoons that move/will move appear brighter/more vibrant than objects that are stagnant in that scene?

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 Why do objects in cartoons that move/will move appear brighter/more vibrant than objects that are stagnant in that scene?

If you're talking about old cartoons, then that's because those objects were drawn separately. The background of a scene in a cartoon is generally a single drawing. The moving objects or characters are drawn on a separate transparent sheet, called a "cel", which is then laid on top of the background and photographed. A new cel is made for every frame.


Question: If humans all originated from one place, how did various races end up developing different physical traits?

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 If humans all originated from one place, how did various races end up developing different physical traits?

Partly some minor evolution, as well as bottlenecks. For the evolution part, humans need to absorb a certain amount of sunlight to be healthy. It helps us make vitamin D as well as absorb a bunch of nutrients. When you move away from the equator, the sunlight becomes weaker, therefore humans with lighter skin did better and over time these genes spread to everyone in northern regions. Different traits are helpful in different biomes/habitats. Random mutations can also occur, like blond hair or blue eyes, to further differentiate groups. Bottlenecks occur when a small group leaves to start a new population. Let's say we have a ship of 100 people to colonize Mars. By random chance, there are 25 Japanese people and 5 Caucasian people, and 70 very dark skin African people. After the ship leaves, World War 3 breaks out and no one from Earth goes to Mars for 400 years (it's a long war). Once we reestablish contact, the "Martians" will appear predominantly dark, with slightly Japanese traits (as those are the predominant traits of the group that first established them), even if they number 500 or more. If we left them alone long enough, further mutation and adaption to the Martian planet would make them into a more distinct ethnicity. After thousands of years alone on Mars, they might become too genetically distinct to even have children with Earth humans, and BAM! We'd have another species. If you keep two populations apart long enough, mutation and adaption to their environment will cause them to drift apart, genetically speaking. If this happens long enough, you'll get totally different species. Did that make sense or was it too confusing?


Question: Why do money market accounts generate more interest than a regular savings account?

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 Why do money market accounts generate more interest than a regular savings account?

They do? At my bank, Ally, the interest on a savings account is 2.5 times higher than their money market account. Currently the savings rate is 1.25% and Money Market is 0.5%. Rates have dropped recently due to COVID, but money market rates have always been lower since I joined years ago.


Question: What causes clothes to stink when they have taken long to dry?

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 What causes clothes to stink when they have taken long to dry?

It's mildew. You generally have to rewash everything, including white vinegar or bleach with detergent, and use hot water to wash. Then you dry using a (laundromat) dryer until it's thoroughly dry. You could wait until the monsoon is over with, and hang it dry in the sun. You need heat/direct sunlight with air circulation to prevent mildew when drying clothes, and it must be done immediately after washing. Mildew likes warm, humid places. Another thing that helps a lot to prevent it is A.C.


Question: if produce has a use by date of 2 weeks time and is immediately frozen, when defrosted will it have 2 weeks from that point?

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 if produce has a use by date of 2 weeks time and is immediately frozen, when defrosted will it have 2 weeks from that point?

Freezer burn is the biggest consideration after texture changes from freezing. Spinach will defrost in a state like it had already been boiled, I only find frozen spinach palatable for creamed spinach. Citrus, and some fruits like apple freeze well enough for juicing or use in fillings or sauces. Generally your assumption is correct, because freezing extends shelf life by several months sometimes. But things rot faster after freezing because of lost integrity. Freezing coupled with vacuum sealing can get you a year or more with some fruits, as this minimizes freezer burn. Dried fruits and dry stuff not subject to freezer burn keep indefinitely. Edit: for got to explain after assumption. Edit: dried fruit lasts for years longer in the freezer. Raisins go rancid or dry out, dried apples mold and go stale. Deep freezers are good for buying large quantities. Nuts are the best target after fruit for the deep freeze. Nuts go rancid fairly quickly. But when you live in a rural area, grocery prices are so high trips to stores 60 or 90 miles away are cheaper, and cheaper to buy bulk. karma on reddit though, use the f-word to look smart.


Question: What happens neurologically when dominant hand is switched?

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 What happens neurologically when dominant hand is switched?

So... The science isn't 100% clear on this one, but the short answer is that handedness is a habit, just like driving or typing. If suddenly your keyboard gets rearranged, you'll feel really weird using it until you eventually get used to it. Neurologically? I'm not sure what you mean. Your brain doesn't flip backwards or anything. You just get used to living a slightly different way, and establish different habits.


Question: Why do the instructions on pasta call for you to measure out water?

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 Why do the instructions on pasta call for you to measure out water?

The less water you use the sooner it will boil and the less energy you use maintaining the boil. However too little water and you end up steaming the pasta or even burn the pasta and that is not what you want. So the right amount of water is just so that the pasta starts to appear over the water just as it is done, which is pretty close to the recommended amount.


Question: How does the Cosine Law work?

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 How does the Cosine Law work?

So we can state the law of cosines in it's most common form: c² = a² + b² - 2ab•cos(C) Which it sounds like you've already found. It's important to recognise what the a, b, c and A, B, C terms are - lower case here refers to the triangle sides, and upper case is the internal angle opposite this side. As for how it works exactly, [watch Salman Khan's video on a proof]( URL_0 ) which explains it more intuitively than I can.


Question: With the human population constantly growing and the need for more money, how much and who decides the amount of money made per year in a country?

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 With the human population constantly growing and the need for more money, how much and who decides the amount of money made per year in a country?

Banks do. To clear up some confusion right from the start, when you think of money being created you probably think of the government printing additional bills. This is but mostly isn't the case. In the US, the US Mint (which is federally owned) does indeed print the bills and mint the coins, but physical currency are only a fraction of all the money circulating in our society, and new physical money is typically only issued to replace already existing money that's been lost or damaged. The vast majority of all money is digital and is created by (private) banks through a system called fractional reserve banking. As the name suggests, it means they only need to keep a fraction of what they loan out in reserve. In other words, they're creating more money by giving loans that consist of money that doesn't really exist. Our fictional, one bank has $100,000 in deposits and are only required to maintain at least 10% of that. They then loan out $90,000 to guy A who buys a car from guy B, who then deposits his new money into the same bank. They can now loan out 90% of their new deposits, new goods and services are bought, new deposits are made, new loans are made, and so on and on. That's a very simplified version of how our credit money supply is expanded. In the real world there are thousands of banks and trillions of dollars circulate between them and the people.


Question: Why does refinancing a home loan involve closing fees?

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 Why does refinancing a home loan involve closing fees?

The lender still has to put in the work to process that loan. In fact, it's the same work for them as the first time you got the loan. In truth, though, you're right to be annoyed insofar as the price of the fee is in no way tied to the actual cost of processing the transaction anytime a loan is done, it's just an arbitrary fundraiser slapped on by the lender because they can.


Question: Why is it so easy for a spark from a flint or other source to light a gas such as propane or butane, but the hot from a cigarette won’t do it or struggles to?

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 Why is it so easy for a spark from a flint or other source to light a gas such as propane or butane, but the hot from a cigarette won’t do it or struggles to?

It's because cigarettes burn at a fairly low temperature, around 400°C. More towards the middle of the glowing end, a bit less towards the edges. The spark from from a lighter flint can get up to around 3000°C Butane has an ignition temperature of 405°C. So, a cigarette could do it, but it's borderline.


Question: How does white hat hacking work?

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 How does white hat hacking work?

It's the same as any hacking, it's just done with the express permission of the system's owner. You can hack your own computers, for example, all you want. EDIT: Typically white-hat resolves to reporting problems to the owner, helping them harden their systems against those attacks, and reporting flaws exploited to the software vendors.


Question: Why do we always want the things we can't have? And sometimes stop wanting them the second we can have them?

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 Why do we always want the things we can't have? And sometimes stop wanting them the second we can have them?

Human nature has evolved to increase our chances of survival. One result of this evolution is that many people are constantly grasping for more, more, more. Once you have something, you've accomplished that, so it's time to move on and get something more. The result is that over your lifetime, you acquire lots of stuff, which increases the odds of survival for your children. Especially if, like most historic humans, you are very poor and live in very primitive conditions.


Question: Why does the sound of poured water gets higher and higher as you keep pouring?

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 Why does the sound of poured water gets higher and higher as you keep pouring?

Because the sound you're hearing is sound coming out of a round chamber. When the glass fills with water, the size of the chamber changes, so the pitch changes. Large chamber, low pitch. Small chamber, high pitch. It's why digieridoos are deep and rumbly while ocarinas are high pitched and whiny.


Question: How do websites like Honey make money by finding discounts?

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 How do websites like Honey make money by finding discounts?

They make deals with companies to get special discounts that they can offer to their users. Then they can give part of the discount to the user so they'll use the service, and keep a referral fee from the company. Its worth it for companies to work with them like that because it helps them drive traffic and make sales. I don't think all their coupons are like that though, I think they also make money through ads and I would guess they would be able to get some useful valuable information about what people are buying, but I'm not totally sure on the last thing


Question: How come whenever the banks have network challenges it never affects their deposit-taking activities even though other major activities such as withdrawal may not work?

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 How come whenever the banks have network challenges it never affects their deposit-taking activities even though other major activities such as withdrawal may not work?

For the simple reason that you always make it possible for someone to give you money, but you don't go to extremes to make sure you can give others money. There's more to it than that on the IT side of course, but that's the long and short of it. Always be able to take in funds, don't sweat it if you can't give any out for a while.


Question: Is there a maximum amount of pain you can feel?

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 Is there a maximum amount of pain you can feel?

Well it can really depend on how sensitive your nerve systems are. And many times the most painful sounding things aren't really painful, because they tend to break the nerve system, like being burned alive. The first few seconds of burning are what hurt you the most, because your nerve systems are still alive. Eventually though, your nerve systems will fail, and although you won't as much pain as you initially felt, it doesn't mean it's a good thing. So basically, you can think of it two ways. You can say that there is a maximum amount of pain, because if you get tortured enough, you'll feel so much pain that your body can't take it anymore, and your brain will shut down or major organ will fail. You can also say that there isn't, say if someone were to be perpetually tortured without having body parts fail. Because they'd continually be in so much pain that eventually, they visit a limit of how much they can actually feel due to the threshold of how much the nerve system can handle.


Question: What's in it for people who upload torrents and pirate movies? Why do they take to risk when there's no reward?

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 What's in it for people who upload torrents and pirate movies? Why do they take to risk when there's no reward?

These days, many pirates feel they are doing a service to their "community". A lot of the groups that release pirated movies have names like "CountryReleaseTeam" that garner more reputation and support in the pirating community. It may be a feeling like getting upvotes that appeals to them, hundreds of personal messages and emails thanking them, or access to deeper levels of the internet criminal underworld that makes it worth continuing to pirate and release. Back in the day however, so-called "cam" movies were sold on the streetcorner with a printed version of the movie poster in the package, usually just on a big table mixed in with some legitimate DVDs. This was more of an actual business where a recording is made for the cost of the movie, then cheap DVDs are printed en-mass for thousands of dollars of profit.


Question: The human body is able to heal itself when it has a cold or a broken bone. Does that also work with mental illness like a depression?

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 The human body is able to heal itself when it has a cold or a broken bone. Does that also work with mental illness like a depression?

The simple answer is, we don't know. Something like depression (or any state of consciousness) can't really be explained. It's akin to asking what consciousness is in the first place and we don't know. We do know that consciousness has something to do with the chemicals called neurotransmitters that help pass signals around between brain cells. You can think of human consciousness as "what it's 'like' to be a living brain." And if that's caused by the cells and neurotransmitters in our brain doing what they do when we call ourselves "alive," then we can say that depression is a certain state or pattern of these cells and chemicals. Specifically, we can say that depression is what it's "like" when these cells and chemicals fall into a certain pattern. We don't understand these patterns in normally functioning brains, much less brains that are experiencing mental health issues. There is a lot of research that points to certain neurotransmitters and there being to much or too little of them. Antidepressants generally work to change the levels of neurotransmitters and have some success in treating depression, but the overall results aren't that great. There is also the complication that research says chemicals and brain cells aren't all there is to it. There are personality, choice, circumstance, etc., variables that play roles we don't understand. All that to say, we don't know if depression can heal itself because we don't know what it is. We don't know how much of it is physical and organic pathology, and how much of it is subjective "nature" influences.


Question: Why is there so much focus on saving the middle class?

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 Why is there so much focus on saving the middle class?

There is a general historical and political theory that the presence of a strong middle class protects a society from revolution. Think about a stratified society of the obscenly wealthy next to the obscenely poor. The two groups probably fear and hate each other, and operate with a lot of myths and resentments about each other. This creates the breeding ground for a politician, a faction leader, a military leader, or some other strong but corrupt personality to play the two sides against each other. Lie to one side, appeal to the other, and generally divide and conquer. The rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and sometimes there are bloody revolutions and death in the streets. Whereas historically a middle class, ocuppying the middle ground between the obscenely poor and obscenely wealthy act as a moderating influence. They are not as angry or fearful, have fewer resentments and mythologies about other parts of society, have a generally cohesive education, and are therefore less easily manipulated. *Ideally.* Of course the middle class can be flawed, oblivious, passively racist, and open to manipulation as well. But we're talking about the ideal. In the United States, this was the concept of Jefferson's "gentleman farmer." Self-sufficent, intelligent, relatively educated (reading, writing, history, and bookkeeping) with independent judgement, owing fealty to no lord or lady, humble, but owning property in his own right. Jefferson's phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" was originally "life, liberty, and the pursuit of *property.*" That's important. So the US political and social systems going back to the beginning are built around the ideal of the middle class as a stabilizing influence. This was hearkened back to strongly during the Cold War when people believed things like "a Bolshevik revolution could never happen here because we have a strong middle class, and that protects us from the depravity and exploitation of communism." We are living today in the hangover from the Cold War, and in a new version of it. Whether the middle class protects us from revolution is true or not is another debate. It has been argued that the middle class itself is not a form of liberty, but is a tool used against poorer classes, to keep them in their place without it appearing the wealthy are doing it, while dangling a carrot in the faces of the poor about what they can have (a house, car, dog, and a 401k) if they act like the right kind of poor person. Some have seen this in the American emphasis on "stay in school and get a college degree to get ahead" while saddling graduates with tens of thousands of dollars in debt. That's one argument. Either way, the middle class is an important factor in the relative stability of the US against overt revolutions. It serves a purpose for the elite as ballast against the ship being destroyed in a storm, and it serves a purpose for the poor as a status it feels realistic to strive for (rather than striving to be uber elite one day). The middle class is also phenomenal at building wealth, while also distributing it. The wealthy elite build wealth but hold onto it, just amassing it without it flowing back out of their hands. The very poor distribute because they have to spend everything they can and then some just to survive. They can't keep anything. But the middle class acts like the heart of the circulatory system, building wealth and spending it, moving it to and fro at the same time. Sell a house to buy a new house. Trade in a car for a new car. Build investments that are then spent on college education for the kids or on elder care for oneself. This engine of wealth generation and redistribution is important to a healthy economy with a beating heart. And a healthy economy is also a bulwark against revolution.


Question: Why do companies not purchase debt at debt collector prices and forgive it like Stephen Colbert did every year to massively reduce their tax liabilities?

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 Why do companies not purchase debt at debt collector prices and forgive it like Stephen Colbert did every year to massively reduce their tax liabilities?

For the same reason why you can't just donate $1 million and save > = $1 million on your taxes - that's not the way the tax system works, and for good reason. The company/individual would purchase the debt at debt collector prices, and they'd be able to deduct the COST TO THEM for the debt off of their taxable income. It's easier to explain in detail with a person so I'll do that. You have $100,000 in taxable income. You decide to buy up $20,000 in debt at debt collector prices and pay $5000 for that. You would be able to deduct that $5000 from your taxable income, so your new taxable income is $95,000. That's in the 22% federal income tax bracket for married, so in actuality you have saved yourself only 22% of that $5000 in taxes owed, or $1100. So you just paid $5000 to "save" $1100. Disclaimer: I am not a CPA, and do not rely on internet advice from random strangers (non-CPAs or CPAs) for tax advice. See a professional for tax/financial advice.


Question: How do researchers in the humanities analyze the responses from Likert scale questionnaires?

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 How do researchers in the humanities analyze the responses from Likert scale questionnaires?

You can associate the individual responses with a score (strongly disagree is a 1 while strongly agree is a 5) or simply code responses as "positive or negative." Once you have a number attached in some way to responses you can then do things like hypothesis testing ("was group A's answer different, on average, than group B's?"). Standard deviation is a measure of how much variability there is in a set of numbers. Specifically, it is the square root of the sum of the squared differences of each data point from the average of the whole sample. It is an important number when you want to test if two groups are really different from one another.


Question: what is a magnetic monopole?

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 what is a magnetic monopole?

Every magnet we know and you know has two sides: north and south. Opposite sides attract, likes repel. If you break a magnet into two - every piece will now have a north and south poles. Even if you continue to break it, you won’t get a magnet that’s only south or north - which is what we mean by magnetic monopole. We think they don’t exist. We kind of assume that actually. But we haven’t actually proven they can’t exist.


Question: How does the fluid in you inner ear balance you? What happens if you go in space and there's no gravity for it?

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 How does the fluid in you inner ear balance you? What happens if you go in space and there's no gravity for it?

Picture a pond full of reedy plants: disturbing the water causes the reeds to move. It's the same with our ears: the inner ear contains thousands of tiny hair cells, and the motion of the surrounding fluid pushes them around. The brain then receives a signal that tells it 'okay, we're walking', 'we're laying down' or 'oops, we're falling over -- stick our your arms!' In a low-gravity environment, the fluid in our inner ear won't settle properly; the result is a mild case of motion-sickness, until the brain can adjust to the confusing messages it's receiving. To answer your second question: without the fluid in our ears, it would be nearly impossible to reliably walk or stand upright. The brain would have no way of telling us that we're off-balance, so we'd be incredibly clumsy.


Question: if US is trillions in debt, who are they in debt to and what are the assets?

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 if US is trillions in debt, who are they in debt to and what are the assets?

Here is the information directly from the source: the US Treasury website. I've sent the link to the FAQ but the site has links that probably answers the questions. [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) In theory and practice, it is difficult to give a "valuation" of the assets of the government of any country. For example: how to put values against national parks, forests, mineral and other deposits, federal lands, the value of the armed forces, the value of civil services etc etc.


Question: why are some programming languages faster than others?

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 why are some programming languages faster than others?

In the specific instance you cited, python is a "scripting language" which means that it gets read and executed (interpreted into machine language) line-by-line each time it runs. C is a compiled language, which means it gets converted into an executable file (machine language) before you run it. So basically the line-by-line reading part gets done in advance.


Question: When you mix something are you separating the molecules?

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 When you mix something are you separating the molecules?

You can imagine molecules in water as sand. You can move an object through the sand and all the grains just flow around it, but you don't break apart any grains of sand. All liquids will behave in pretty much the same way, with the molecules sliding past each other and around objects.


Question: Why does the marginal cost curve has an U shape?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the marginal cost curve has an U shape?

Imagine making paper, the primary costs of becoming a paper maker are: Having a building Running Machines Paying people Buying wood Your first piece of paper costs a few million bucks to make because you have to make a building and pay people etc, etc. However once you have made a billion pieces of paper you have split that cost across many pieces (this is the dip in the curve). Now you're onto your trillionth piece of paper, the issue is that your wood supplier has gone through all the trees in their forest, so now they have to wander the country side to find small little saplings to sell you. So they give you less trees and the trees they give you are tiny, so your cost per paper is going to increase (this is where the curve goes up). Basically it's because there is a limited amount of resources of everything and eventually you are going to be asking for more demand of that resource than there is a supply, which raises prices.


Question: Why did 9/11 jumpers fall unconscious or die before they hit the ground, how come most people can sky dive with no problems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why did 9/11 jumpers fall unconscious or die before they hit the ground, how come most people can sky dive with no problems?

Can you cite a source that states they were unconscious? I've heard this claim before but I don't think there's much merit to it except that many were likely in a state of shock from the experience and any fumes they may have been inhaling. Unfortunately I think this is one of those myths we use to soften the unimaginable horror of their fate.


Question: How does Google manage to parse every page on it's database and show our search results on them in miliseconds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does Google manage to parse every page on it's database and show our search results on them in miliseconds?

In fact they already have parsed all pages in the planet and created a database of relevant words and how these words relate to the pages. By doing that they have created a rank by words and what pages to show. Then they measure the distance between words and incorporate that in the rank. For example: a page talking about "water bottle" and another talking about "water gallons per bottle" both contain the words "water" and "bottle" but in the second case the words are more distant and will produce a different rank if that search is done. Another think that is incorporated in the page rank is the number of links of important pages to a given page and what words are used to link. A link "water bottle" that links to a page, will increase the rank of that page, if the link is from a trustable source. To make things fast they have millions of computers spread worldwide, so the results come fast.


Question: How and why are tech companies rated so highly on their valuations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How and why are tech companies rated so highly on their valuations?

Part of it is because when a company raises money, they want to have a higher value each time they raise money as this signals that the company is growing.This helps existing investors build up value by investing early and with continuing investment. Each time this company runs out of money, they have to raise more to run. As the company is growing (and burning money), they need more and more and more. Eventually this can drive valuations very high, to unsustainable levels in some cases, as the companies need piles of money to then burn Source: work in venture capital Edit, re-read the title and didn't like my answer. Another reason is due to the influx of international capital as large firms seek yield. This is a huge problem with Chinese investors specifically. They often want to get their money out of China and are willing to pay outrageous prices in order to deploy capital in American companies. Then because existing investors don't want to lose out on the ownership (certain provisions can essentially make it pay to play). You see this a lot in tech due to the investment duration (life sciences takes forever, 15-20 years sometimes). Most funds have a 10 year life span so it can make investing in LS deals harder for them. So you have all of this money flowing in, that has to be invested, and tech companies tend to be easier to invest in (LS gets complicated). And that drives up the valuations... you have people bidding up the prices on shares when the companies are raising money. This ties into the above. Cheers


Question: What is the difference between socialism and state capitalism?

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</answer>
 What is the difference between socialism and state capitalism?

More accurately, socialism is an organization of labor and capital such that *the workers* exercise control over the means of production. The most common view of how to achieve this (favored by Marx) is for *the state* to appropriate the means from capitalists, and manage them on behalf of the proletariat. In Marx' ideal, such a "workers' state" would be temporary, leading eventually to a stateless/classless society. Anarchists, however, view states as entities that always inherently strive to preserve themselves, and so Marx was wrong on the feasibility of creating statelessness from a state. "State capitalism" is a derogatory term some use for the outcome of such societies, which have always replaced the existing privileged class with another who again benefit disproportionately from the labor of the proletariat. (In contrast, anarchists believe that the only way to reach statelessness, simply, is to *smash the state* and replace it outright with a non-hierarchial form of governance.)


Question: How does a DVD player know when you're recording the video feed and instantly turn to static?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a DVD player know when you're recording the video feed and instantly turn to static?

This is caused by copy protection on the video signal. Unlike the copy protection on HDMI where the signal is actually encrypted, the copy protection on analog video signals has to rely on tricks. The goal is to create a signal that will look fine on a TV, but will confuse the recording circuitry in a VCR. This actually isn't limited to DVDs—some tapes had this kind of protection too. To understand how it works, first you need to know a little bit about how analog video works. A TV puts a picture on the screen by tracing it out line-by-line. It starts in the upper left corner of the screen and scans to the right. As it's scanning, it can change the brightness of the beam to whatever the picture calls for in that particular spot. When it gets to the right side of the screen, it goes back to the left and just a little bit farther down, and starts painting the next line. It keeps doing this until it hits the bottom of the screen, and then it goes back up to the top left again and starts drawing the next picture. An analog video signal changes voltage according to the brightness of the picture. A low voltage is black, and a high voltage is white, while gray is somewhere in between. So as the TV is tracing out a line, the signal is going up and down along with the brightness of the picture along that line. When it gets to the end of the line, the signal has a short pulse that's an even lower voltage than black. This short pulse tells the TV that the line is done and it's time to go to the beginning of the next one. When it gets all the way to the bottom of the picture, there's a similar, longer pulse that tells the TV that the picture is done and it's time to go back up to the top and start the next one. After this pulse, the signal doesn't start the next picture right away. It takes some time for the beam in the TV to get back up to the top left corner, so during this time it doesn't really matter what's in the signal because it won't show up on the screen while the beam is moving back up to the top. The time that goes by while waiting for the beam to get back up there is called the *vertical retrace interval*. Since the TV is putting a new picture on the screen 30 times every second, you can imagine that these signals are changing really fast. Storing a signal that's changing really fast onto tape turns out to be really hard. If the tape moves too slow, the signal starts to blur together. Imagine that you'e trying to write down a description of everything happening on the screen on a strip of paper, but you can only write so small before your handwriting blurs together. You could use more paper, but it would take more of it to describe a complete TV program. It's the same with a tape: the more tape you use, the better the picture looks. But using more tape is expensive, and the tapes would have to be bigger to store the same amount of video. In the end, they chose the speed and size of a VHS tape to have just enough for a decent picture. But it's really right at the limit: recording to the tape is always going to look a little bit worse than the original signal. When a video signal is transmitted over the air or over a long cable, sometimes the overall voltage of the signal is increased or decreased. For example, if you're far away from the transmitter, you might receive a weak signal. Or maybe there's a signal booster on your cable wiring and you get a really strong signal. A TV doesn't care too much about these differences in signal level—you might see a brighter or dimmer picture, but your eyes are good at adapting. A VCR, on the other hand, needs to make the best use of the limited tape. If the signal is weak, the pictue will look really bad when it's played back since the tape loses a lot of the small details. If the signal is too strong, it will actually interfere with the other signals nearby on the tape. So the VCR really needs to make sure the signals are in the right voltage range before recording them. It uses a circuit called an *automatic gain control* to do this. It's basically listening to the signal and turning the volume knob up and down to keep it in the right range to get the best picture on the tape. Okay, now we have all of the pieces to understand how the copy protection works. We know that the video signal changes voltage over time to represent the brightness in the picture. We know that there's part of the signal that doesn't actually show up on the screen (the vertical retrace interval). We know that a TV doesn't really care about the overall signal level, but a VCR does, so the VCR has an automatic gain control circuit that the TV doesn't. What the copy protection does is it inserts a bunch of *really big* peaks into the video signal during the vertical retrace interval, much much brighter than white would be in the picture. The TV doesn't care about this, since it's the part of the signal you don't see. But the VCR says, woah, this is a really strong signal, I need to turn it way down! Of course that makes it turn down the whole rest of the picture too! And if it turns it down far enough, now it can't reliably detect the pulses that tell it when to start new lines and pictures anymore, so you just end up with random bits of picture on random bits of the screen. Sometimes the copy protection also changes how big the pulses are, slowly raising and lowering them. So sometimes the recorded picture looks okay, sometimes it just looks a little dim, and sometimes it turns into crazy static, depending on how big the pulses are at the moment and how much the VCR is turning down the signal to compensate. Older VCRs usually always had the automatic gain circuit engaged, which meant that you'd get a bad picture or static from a DVD player plugged into the inputs on a VCR even if you weren't recording. This was really frustrating for people with older TVs that didn't have composite (yellow/red/white) inputs. Most VCRs could connect over the coax and you'd tune your TV to channel 3 or 4, but not very many DVD players did this—they only had composite outputs. People tried to work around this by connecting their DVD player to the composite inputs on their VCR, which would then connect to their TV with the coax. To allow this on later VCRs, the automatic gain circuit was only enabled when you actually hit record, so you could watch the DVD when piped through the VCR, but still couldn't make a copy. *Very* old VCRs and professional models didn't have the automatic gain circuit (or allow it to be overridden with a knob). These models aren't affected by this kind of copy protection. There's a ton of great material out there on YouTube and Wikipedia about how analog video works, including a lot of detail I left out (for example, how color is added to the signal). If you want to read more about this type of copy protection, it's often referred to as "MacroVision", named after the company that developed it.


Question: - How does white noise make you sleep better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 - How does white noise make you sleep better?

Imagine you're trying to work on something in complete silence. If you hear any noise it will get your attention or distract you. Now imagine you're listening to music and working. Any noises that occur aren't going to catch your attention unless they're super loud. White noise helps drown out things that could possibly wake us up. Small noises can wake us up at night, even if you don't remember it happening, and disturb our sleep cycle.


Question: If flat earthers exist, why do they think the government is hiding that information from them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 If flat earthers exist, why do they think the government is hiding that information from them?

Some ex-conspiracists say they had mental health problems involvoing paranoia while believing in such things. I think some of these people just believe that everyone and everything is against them and means them harm. Also conspiracies are easier to understand than real life and they tend to back each other claims up.


Question: open source: why are so many people willing to write software to give for free? Also, why is it in similar areas, eg game dev or digital media design, open source is much less common?

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 open source: why are so many people willing to write software to give for free? Also, why is it in similar areas, eg game dev or digital media design, open source is much less common?

Reasons to develop open source: 1) Because other people can use it and therefore it is useful for human progress. 2) Because people can then customize it for their own use, and look through the source code to ensure that they are not being spied on by inbuilt spyware or nagware 3) To practice and showcase their skill and prove that they can code 4) Because they like the fun of solving a puzzle rather than developing software for some goddamn clueless manager who doesn't know or give a shit about it. Reasons not to develop open source: 1) Because you gotta get paid somehow


Question: Why doesnt sodium and other reactive metals react in our body?

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 Why doesnt sodium and other reactive metals react in our body?

When you say reactive forms, for sodium that is just the metal not combined with other elements. I’m sure you’ve seen videos of what pure sodium metal does in water. Sodium in your body is sodium ions, Na^(+). It has already done the reacting you are thinking about which caused it to become an ion.