Question: I get freckles seasonally. I'm wondering if it's similar to some birthmarks that are only visible when you are more tan, or if you get new freckles every year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I get freckles seasonally. I'm wondering if it's similar to some birthmarks that are only visible when you are more tan, or if you get new freckles every year?

My freckles are the same, and I'm no expert at all so please don't only take my word for it because I only studied it for a little bit, but you have melanin deposits in your dermis. These are your freckles. Sometimes they expand with exposure to the sun, but most of the time, they remain the same. Melanin in the ingredient in your skin that creates freckles, a tan, and darker natural skin tones. It's purpose is to protect you from the sun, so when people get tanned, it's literally their body's way of going "holy moly, we need more armour against this sun!" and is also the reason that people with darker natural skin tones rarely get sunburnt and those with pale skin burn up easily. I hope that makes sense. If what I've said is wrong or can be elaborated on further, please feel free to add to my comment.


Question: Why can you walk off the giant centrifuge rides at a local fair after being spun around at high speeds (with your back against the wall), but cannot walk straight if you get off a tire swing being spun at high speeds? What is the difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you walk off the giant centrifuge rides at a local fair after being spun around at high speeds (with your back against the wall), but cannot walk straight if you get off a tire swing being spun at high speeds? What is the difference?

Your body senses which way is up using fluid-filled tubes in your inner ears. If the fluid is at the bottom of the tubes, it means you're right-side-up. If it's at the top of the tubes, it means you're upside-down, and so on. Dizziness is when the fluid is getting sloshed around wildly inside the tubes, so your brain can't figure out which way is up. On a giant centrifuge ride, you feel one constant rotation, so the fluid in your ears feels a constant force backward. It doesn't slosh around, it just flows to the back, and your brain thinks you're lying on your back. No confusion. But a tire swing isn't a constant rotation, it's spinning and swinging around in a complicated pattern. So the fluid in your ears gets pushed around wildly, and the brain can't figure out what's going on. You get dizzy, and you can't walk straight.


Question: Why do people buy nfts? I dont get it.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people buy nfts? I dont get it.

I am very much just as puzzled at this whole hype as you are. However, the fact that there are copies of the video all over the net isn't a good argument, imho. You can get prints (copies) of the Mona Lisa all day long, it's still a different matter to actually *own* the painting. I know that this is not a perfect analogy because if you own the Mona Lisa, you have an actual physical thing you can touch. Still, this is about owning the original.


Question: Why is it easier to balance on a bike that is moving, compared to a bike that isn't in motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to balance on a bike that is moving, compared to a bike that isn't in motion?

A significant part of the balance you rely on on your bike is centripetal force - the same thing you lean against when you make a turn. While you're moving, you can turn the steering wheel to create a tiny tiny turn in a specific direction. Because you have forward momentum, this will cause your balance on your bike to tip ever so slightly in one direction, and by continually making these tiny adjustments, you help keep balance - then later counteracting the tiny turns with some of your own weight balance to keep you going forward, as far as I understand it. If you have trouble imaging this, think of a small kid learning to ride a bike. Typically, they'll go through a stage when there's a fairly wide swaying sideways of the forward wheel. These wild and brisk movements eventually smooth out to the controlled tiny adjustments we all make while we bike forward. You can see it exacerbated again if you drive really slow on your bike - you'll start swaying the wheel more wildly because you need to make much more of an adjustment to get that balancing force. And when you stop entirely, that force is just gone entirely, meaning you have only your own weight balance to rely on. And every time you want to move your own balance, inertia means that you'll kind of push the bike's balance the other way, which makes staying upright really hard. Gyroscopic force generated by the rotation of your bike wheels might also play into it, but I'm afraid I have no idea as to the strength of this effect.


Question: If medical advances are at the point where organ donations and skin grafts are available, why can't women undergoing breast reduction donate breast tissue to, for example, mastectomy patients who need reconstruction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If medical advances are at the point where organ donations and skin grafts are available, why can't women undergoing breast reduction donate breast tissue to, for example, mastectomy patients who need reconstruction?

The reason a lot of women opt out of reconstruction isn't because of a lack of tissue/implant to fill the area, but because of risk associated with the reconstruction. Many women who have had a mastectomy are unwilling to undergo additional surgery and fear that tumors could grow in the reconstructed breasts. These women choose to go flat and/or to wear a specially padded bra. Most don't consider their mastectomy a hindrance and would prefer to just be done with everything once the cancer is removed.


Question: How does autorotation allow hellicopters to land safely?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does autorotation allow hellicopters to land safely?

The first thing to understand is that helicopters do not control the lift by increasing or decreasing the speed of the props. Once the props get up to speed, they stay that speed throughout the flight of the helicopter. Instead, the pitch of the rotor blades changes, which increases or decreases the amount of lift they generate. Helicopters even adjust how much lift the rotors generate depending on which side of the helicopter they're on, which is how the helicopter moves around. When the engine fails, the pitch of the props is changed so that instead of generating lift, they catch air and use that to drive them to spin, not unlike a pinwheel in the wind. This helps slow the helicopter down a little bit, because you're intentionally creating drag against the props. But there's also a neat trick of aerodynamics that allows the ends of the props to continue producing some small amount of lift, even as the rest of the prop is catching air instead. More importantly, you're building momentum in the rotor. You're trying to slow down, yes, but not enough to survive the crash. You're really trying to get the rotor to spin as fast as possible. Then, at the last possible moment before you hit the ground, you quickly change the pitch of the props so that instead of using drag to spin up, they do the reverse again and produce lift. That won't last very long, since creating lift creates drag *against* the rotation of the prop and converting that energy into moving the air. But when you do it right, you can create *just* enough lift that the helicopter can slow down enough to make a safe landing. [Smarter Every Day on autorotation]( URL_1 ) [Smarter Every Day helicopter series]( URL_0 ) *As far as I know*, the tail is connected to the main rotor with a mechanical linkage, so if the rotor is being spun - by the engine or by the "pinwheel" effect of autorotation - the tail will also be spinning. EDIT: typos and I accidentally a word Edit: check out u/HeliDaz's explanation below for a more technical explanation of the maneuver!


Question: Why do numbers on phones start on the top left, when almost everything else starts on the bottom left?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do numbers on phones start on the top left, when almost everything else starts on the bottom left?

Numberphile did a [video]( URL_0 ) on this very question a while back. The short answer is that when phone companies were moving from rotary to push button phones, they came up with a bunch of different possible layouts, the calculator layout included, and asked people which ones they like best. Watch the video though, it's great. Some of the alternative layouts that they considered are crazy to think about.


Question: EL15: How long is a goldfish's actual memory and where did the common misconception that is only lasts for 3 seconds arise from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 EL15: How long is a goldfish's actual memory and where did the common misconception that is only lasts for 3 seconds arise from?

I don't know how long it actually lasts, but I know it's very long. You can successfully train goldfish, which requires a (kind of) permanent long term memory. As for the second part of your question: look at a goldfish. It has its mouth puckered and open all the time. It *looks* stupid. If somebody said it only had a 3-second-long memory, it'd be very easy to believe it, and we don't often fact-check things that 'make sense' to us. It doesn't have its origin in any scientific study, but just in what seems logical. (To point this out, I've always heard 'five seconds' for the memory of a goldfish, while you've heard 'three seconds'; the timing doesn't have any scientific basis, what matters is that it's short.)


Question: Why does your face feel hot and turn red when you get embarrassed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your face feel hot and turn red when you get embarrassed?

Since being embarrassed can be a form of psychological stress... When you get stressed your body enters a ‘fight or flight’ mode - which causes a lot of things to happen throughout your body to help during the stressful situation. In this case the heat and redness is caused by increased blood circulation.


Question: If Global warming is causing coral reefs to die, why isnt there other areas growing new coral reefs where that had previously been too cold to grow coral reefs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Global warming is causing coral reefs to die, why isnt there other areas growing new coral reefs where that had previously been too cold to grow coral reefs?

The main reason is because coral reefs are being destroyed faster than they can be replenished. They are very delicate systems; while many can be bleached and destroyed in just a few years, coral reefs take around ten thousand years to form (according to the NOAA). Coral reefs generally add on anywhere from 0.3 to 2 cm of material per year, which is much too slow to replenish the coral reefs dying at the moment. So while it may be happening, it just isn't happening fast enough.


Question: Why are people so much stronger when they are on drugs or experiencing a psychotic episode?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people so much stronger when they are on drugs or experiencing a psychotic episode?

Some of it is a pain thing. Pain is good, it tells your body when something is wrong, or too much. If the drugs are taking away pain you don't know when to stop. There are things you may technically be able to lift but it will likely injure you, your pain sensors say "no, this hurts and is too heavy to lift". This doesn't happen with drugs. Very minor example (and don't do this it's bad for you): taking Advil before a run can help you run a bit longer because muscles hurt less.


Question: How is a pier or a bridge built?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a pier or a bridge built?

Depends on what you’re building and the short answer is no they don’t drain the water. For piers they drive down pilons which stick into the ground and they know they’ve gone deep enough with compaction tests. When I was a teen I worked for a company driving pilons and how we checked for it was made markings every foot and counted how many hits it took to get to each one. When we got to the number we were looking for we stopped.


Question: Does (Infinity + 1) - Infinity = 1?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does (Infinity + 1) - Infinity = 1?

No. Infinity isn't really a number in the traditional sense. Closest would be to follow the order of operations for that one. Infinity + 1 (or any non-infinite number) = infinity. ~~So infinity - infinity = 0.~~ EDIT: Scratch that, infinity - infinity might still be infinity, as counter intuitive as that is. Consider the number of counting numbers 1,2,3,etc. How many counting numbers are there? Infinity. How many even numbers are there? Infinity. If you took out all the even numbers from the counting numbers, how many numbers do you have left? Infinity. Infinity is weird.


Question: How do bonsai trees work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do bonsai trees work?

The tree is limited in how far it can grow, its roots can't spread and its branches are pruned. The tree still matures, it still becomes an adult organism, but it never reaches its adult size, mainly because the lack of roots and leaves stop it from getting enough nutrients from growing that big. The apple is its offspring, and isn't so limited. The tree still has a tough time getting the resources needed, likely why there was only one apple, but as far as the cells at that branch tip are concerned it's a normal adult tree making a normal apple, which is therefore full sized. Think of it like an amputee; an amputee who's lost all four limbs is going to have a child with all of its body parts, they won't be smaller than a normal baby and they won't be missing bits.


Question: Why are you sometimes able to eat a lot of candy or something sweet even though you cannot eat anymore of something fatty or savory, as if you have a second stomach for sweet foods?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are you sometimes able to eat a lot of candy or something sweet even though you cannot eat anymore of something fatty or savory, as if you have a second stomach for sweet foods?

I think it has something to do with the following - which is something I was reading about on a study into obesity awhile back: Hard to believe, but from the study they realised the body ‘knows’ when you’ve ate too much fat and too much sugar, the brain just tells you you’ve had enough of each by making you feel sick or full. The dangerous thing is when you eat foods that combine the both of then (a mixture of both fat and sugar). Mostly deserts. e.g Ice Cream and Cakes. When you eat both with the recipe ingredients added as 50/50, the brain is unable to tell when you’ve had too much; they sort hinder the brains ability to work out if it’s full or not. That’s why you can keep eating and eating ice cream ( which usually is 50/50 ) and not really get too sick. When the brain is hindered in this way, it’s quite a dangerous thing as it’s been making us ‘fat people’. Edit: just found someone asking the same thing as you and they’ve also refereed to the same study. Might give you further reading: URL_0


Question: Why does observing a particle change it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does observing a particle change it?

You have to think about what "observe" means in this context. On a large scale we assume that the miniscule energy in light isn't sufficient to actually alter the behavior of an object. The position of the sun won't have much impact on a baseball's trajectory. At an atomic scale you can't make that assumption. Even a single photon will alter the state of a molecule. So when you're "observing" anything at such a microscopic scale you're by necessity "interacting" with it. Every photon it interacts with, every magnetic field it drifts through, every molecule it passes by, they're all going to alter whatever you're trying to observe. At the quantum scale observation and interaction are inseparable.


Question: Why does drinking alcohol when feeling happy makes you happier but drinking while sad makes you feel numb?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does drinking alcohol when feeling happy makes you happier but drinking while sad makes you feel numb?

Alcohol is a depressant. A little bit will make you feel good but more will make you feel bad. So a a party you're drinking beers and probably doing some shots. The music is loud, you're with people and got food. In general having a good time. After bad news, people tend to reach for the stronger stuff. That combined with bad news can really get you down. Thats one reason why you can't drink while on antidepressants, it reacts badly and stops the medication from working.


Question: The Combined Federal Campaign and what they do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The Combined Federal Campaign and what they do?

It's the federal government's charity fund raiser (it's also the world's largest and most successful annual workplace charity campaign). They combined all the agencies separate charity fundraisers into one combined effort. Federal employees designate to have charitable donations removed from their next year's paychecks (in the past they could donate directly, too). Many agencies have some fun attention and fundraisers (like a talent show, or casual Fridays if you make a donation).


Question: How do you purchase and receive energy from a supplier on a particular grid without interfering with other suppliers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you purchase and receive energy from a supplier on a particular grid without interfering with other suppliers?

Oh, you can't. I mean, the energy you are using is energy. The grid can't differentiate your green electricity from a coal electricity. Try to imagine it like this, there are 2 water sources that go in the same river. When you take water from the river you can't say for sure whose water you are taking. BUT if you pay the water to supplier A, then supplier A will be required to augment his production capabilities, to meet all the demands that require "Supplier A" water. The same applies to green electricity. If supplier G (for green) sells 1 MWh of certified green electricity it means that he has enough renewable production to ensure 1MWh of electrical production. If many users decide that they want to buy their electricity from Supplier G, he will now sell 2MWh, so he will have to increase his certified electrical production accordingly. This means he will have to buy more PV plants or more wind turbines until he can certify that he is producing more energy that the one needed by his customers. Edit: since electricity can't be easily stored. Right now the grid does this calculation year round.


Question: What exactly is a diamond and how rare are they? How are they different from a ruby or emerald? Are bigger diamonds cut into smaller ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a diamond and how rare are they? How are they different from a ruby or emerald? Are bigger diamonds cut into smaller ones?

They are not rare. They are just carbon that has been put under extreme heat and pressure until the atoms are packed in a tight pattern. Gemstones are different based on the mineral and element that they are made from. Diamonds are carbon, sapphires are aluminum oxide and corundum, rubies are corundum and chromium. Yes, larger diamonds are sometimes cut into smaller diamonds, but usually only cut in order to make more preferred patterns and cut out imperfections. There is no need to break larger diamonds into small diamonds because there are millions of tonnes of diamond on/in the planet. They have developed the methods to make prefect diamonds in labs over a decade ago, but are still developing the technology to make larger stones.


Question: Gas Stations. Why is one gas station more expensive than others? Even if it is the same brand and just blocks from each other? I save 20 cents a gallon just by going a little bit further.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Gas Stations. Why is one gas station more expensive than others? Even if it is the same brand and just blocks from each other? I save 20 cents a gallon just by going a little bit further.

Many gas stations are individually owned and operated. Most the time they will be completive, if they lose business they will adjust prices. Sometimes you find some owners that don't change their price. I have lived in a couple places where some stations were consistently much hired priced than other places around. My friends and I thought one place was for money laundering or some other questionable activity.


Question: What is a moving average, how is it different from an average, and why would it be used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a moving average, how is it different from an average, and why would it be used?

It's an average of just the most recent numbers, for example the daily closing price of a stock averaged *for the most recent 30 days.* It shows you the recent trend without as much bouncing up and down (volatility). Every day, one new number is included, and one oldest number is dropped.


Question: How do you tell if someone has synesthesia? Like is it just the patient's observations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you tell if someone has synesthesia? Like is it just the patient's observations?

The most common form of synesthesia is color-grapheme, which means associating each letter or number with a particular color. And not just "6 is green", but "6 is a frosted apple green". There are free online tests you can take that randomly throw each letter and number at you multiple times, asking you to choose the color from that common/standard matrix of tons of colors (not sure what it's called). If you guess apple green or a really close shade repeatedly for the numeral 6, and do the same for nearly all the other graphemes, you have synesthesia. It would be next to impossible (and pointless) to fake it if you didn't have synesthesia.


Question: If an elderly person is, literally, as fit and healthy as possible, what will eventually kill them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If an elderly person is, literally, as fit and healthy as possible, what will eventually kill them?

Basically, as we age, our cells make copies of themselves using a set of "directions" that gets worse with every copy as our life goes on. Eventually these cells cannot reproduce as efficiently, and our organs become less efficient as a result. No matter how healthy a person is, it can only slow down the imminent fate of death. But stay active, and you could live past 100. I believe the oldest man alive is like 120 or something in that range and he still tends the garden every day, but in an interview she said he's tired of living and wants to just die. When you get that old you have to keep moving though for the sake of it I suppose.


Question: Why does a glass of water taste funny after sitting out for a day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a glass of water taste funny after sitting out for a day?

The water is "going stale." The longer the water sits out, the more carbon dioxide gets mixed in with it, giving it a flat taste. There are also gasses that are dissolved into the water when you pour it, and they will off gas if the water sits. There is also the factor of your environment: Dust, air fresheners, whatever else floating around that will quite happily nestle into your drink.


Question: What happens if you freeze an acid and turn it solid? Is it still corrosive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if you freeze an acid and turn it solid? Is it still corrosive?

Acids are acids because they're in solution with water, they have free hydrogen and hydroxides floating around that want to go make friends. When you turn the acid solid, its no longer in a solution. The water forms back up into its H2O configuration and the acids regain their full form. With everything bonded and nothing looking to make new friends the acid won't be reactive Until it starts to melt, then it starts to dissociate and is an acid again


Question: What is the prevailing model for the origin of life (i.e. the "Big Bang Theory" of life)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the prevailing model for the origin of life (i.e. the "Big Bang Theory" of life)?

Currently, the most likely cause of life on earth comes from experiments that show that in an environment similar to that on the Earth billions of years ago, molecules will form together into amino acids (which forms the basis of all life on earth) from inorganic compounds. They do need an external energy source to do this, but that could easily be provided by lightning or radiation. But yeah, once the amino acids start showing up, everything after that makes total sense.


Question: How are scientists able to calculate how far away something is in outer space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are scientists able to calculate how far away something is in outer space?

Astronomers use something called the "Cosmic Distance Ladder." Essentially, we can directly observe the distance from Earth of very close objects (like other planets, using radar). Then we can use that information to learn about the distance of further objects (like the Sun, using a little trigonometry and the orbits of nearby planets). Then we can use that information to learn about the distance of even further objects (like nearby stars, using a comparison of how they appear when the Earth is on one side of the Sun vs the other). After that point, the cosmic distance ladder is mostly based on "standard candles." These are objects with known luminosity, like certain kinds of stars. Their brightness from earth is just a function of their luminosity and their distance from Earth. Hence, if you know their luminosity and observe their brightness, you know their distance.


Question: Why can’t people just code in more digital money whenever they want to?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t people just code in more digital money whenever they want to?

Bitcoin and those styles of decentralized currency don't have a central database to hack. Every transaction/mining operation is verified by the entire network (everyone who is mining), so you'd need a majority of those people to be in on the scam in order to pull it off. If you report a different transaction than everyone else, your transaction gets discarded as "incorrect". Centralized systems like banks use double-entry bookkeeping. That means that, for every addition to an account, there must either be a subtraction from another account (transferring funds) or a physical input (cashing a check or depositing cash). So the system admin would have to either fake transactions from real accounts (in which the owners would quickly find out) or try to fake a physical interaction (counterfeit money or a fraudulent check) in order to gain money for themselves. It should be self-evident that, if you're making counterfeit money that can pass bank inspections, you're in a far different tier than hacking bank accounts. And the banks' digital security is generally very good. Most fraud cases are from the physical or human elements (stealing cards, tricking people into handing over bank information, etc.) rather than hacking the system.


Question: Why do all of our planets orbit on the same plane, unlike electrons in an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do all of our planets orbit on the same plane, unlike electrons in an atom?

The planets started out as clumps of matter inside an accretion disk, which spun alongside the growing Sun. Like all spinning bodies, the weight of that disk tends to be pulled outward toward the middle, flattening it out substantially, like pizza dough when the chef throws it up. Because of this, the vast majority of the planetary bodies are going to fall within the same general plane of motion, with only some exceptions.


Question: How do free mobile games make money when all the ads are for other games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do free mobile games make money when all the ads are for other games?

So one way a lot of “freemium” games work is by utilizing the marketplace for ad placement. In a lot of mobile games you have pop-ups which the game’s producing company will sell spots for other companies to advertise to the player-base in. By selling these ad spots the game producers make tons of money while still being able to provide a free game. Also a lot of them supplement in micro transactions for ad placement, such as fortnite with V-bucks.


Question: Implicatively, how did early humans communicate before the creation of languages? What was the possible process of developing them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Implicatively, how did early humans communicate before the creation of languages? What was the possible process of developing them?

It is mostly studied in apes and monkeys, but we can't really know. There are strong theories though. Likely, we mostly communicated through screams and body language (like apes or monkeys). When our brains got larger, we started comprehending phonemes and differentiate different sounds. Let's say UUUGH became a warning of a threat and OOM became an invitation to procreate etc. This just progressed as we got more advanced to combine phonemes. Ughoom now became the the word for rape. And so it progressed.


Question: How did black boxes for descrambling cable channels in the 90s work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did black boxes for descrambling cable channels in the 90s work?

Back then the way scrambling worked was they just didn't send the sync pulse (the mark for the start of the frame). The cable box then had a circuit that when authorized made a sync pulse and inserted it back in. The descramblers were boxes that just added in sync pulse to make it watchable.


Question: Why do eggshells seemingly "dodge" your finger when you try to pick them out of a cracked egg?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do eggshells seemingly "dodge" your finger when you try to pick them out of a cracked egg?

Egg is a viscous fluid, and when it moves, anything trapped inside it moves also. Your finger "pushes" the egg away from itself when you go to fish out the eggshell - however, the egg pushes the eggshell away from your finger because it is viscous. Think of how jello would behave if you pushed on it, egg is like a more watery jello. If you use another eggshell piece to fish it out, you will have more success, the sharp edge of the other eggshell will "cut" through the egg and let you grab the other piece.


Question: Why does the BC timeline seems like it's counted backwards and AD is counted forwards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the BC timeline seems like it's counted backwards and AD is counted forwards?

The timelines are based on the birth of Christ* - the AD years (Anno Domini - year of our lord) are based on years that have passed since his birth. BC years are based on the number of years before his birth, so we're counting down to that time. \* Most scholars accept that Christ was actually born between 4 - 6 BC, which throws the whole system off a bit


Question: How are probabilities calculated for obscure events (like finding a pearl in an oyster)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are probabilities calculated for obscure events (like finding a pearl in an oyster)?

Exactly like you said, keep track of reported extraordinary occurrences and compare them to exact or estimated numbers of mundane events. Insurance companies and municipalities have fairly good ideas of miles and hours driven in various areas every year. If you can get access to those datasets and also police reports of accidents in the same areas, then you can determine the incidence of accidents (uncommon) and fatal accidents (rare). Bigger data sets and more reliable reporting of rare events makes for better confidence in your results. The tricky part is when you want to study an extraordinary event that is of low interest to potential reporting groups. Even if you have the big dataset of mundane occurrences you might still end up with low confidence results if you can’t be sure that all the extraordinary events are recorded. For example, finding a pearl in a specific part of the world may be chronically underreported because the finders wish to keep this sudden wealth to themselves. Minor motor vehicle accidents may be underreported because drivers don’t want to affect their insurance premiums.


Question: What makes blood a different "type"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes blood a different "type"?

Our blood contains antibodies and antigens. Different people have different antibodies/antigens. Antibodies attack antigens of the same type. Blood type O has no antigens and both A and B types of antibodies. Blood type A has antigen A and antibody B. Blood type B has antigen B and antibody A. Blood type AB has both antigens and neither antibodies. There is a final important antigen, known as D, which people are either positive for (they have it) or negative for (they don't have it). This means that someone whose blood type is A+ has antigens A and D, as well as antibody B.


Question: what is the significance of the closure property in math?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the significance of the closure property in math?

It matters because with a closed operation you never have to worry about "handling" any numbers outside the set. Several mathematical operations do weird things under certain conditions: some things go screwy with negative values, divide by zero, infinity, looping around 360 degrees for trig function, logarithm of zero, etc. Several physical functions do something similar...trying to address memory addresses larger than the computer has memory or numbers larger than the computer can store causes all kinds of programming issues With a closed operation, you're mathematically assured that your results will always land inside the set (assuming your input came from inside it). That means, properly implemented, you can't accidentally get a value outside the set that will break your operation or something downstream that's using the output. Error handling is a \*huge\* deal for many practical engineering systems, having closed outputs helps a lot with cutting down how much and what kinds of errors you need to handle.


Question: Are tea and coffee metabolized the same way water and dry herbs/beans would be separately? Does the water undergo a chemical change when it steeps/brews? About what percent of the initial water is metabolized by the body normally?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are tea and coffee metabolized the same way water and dry herbs/beans would be separately? Does the water undergo a chemical change when it steeps/brews? About what percent of the initial water is metabolized by the body normally?

Tea and coffee are not metabolized in the same way that the dry herbs or beans would be because only some of the substances in the herbs/beans are leeched out into the water. The water doesn't undergo a chemical change but rather dissolves chemicals from within the brewed substance. The body doesn't really metabolize water, it metabolizes the substances carried within the water.


Question: What is the difference between a "Creative Commons" license and a "All Rights Reserved" license?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a "Creative Commons" license and a "All Rights Reserved" license?

[All Rights Reserved]( URL_1 ) means that the copyright holder is giving notice that at any time they may decide to enforce copyright on the property. The designation is defunct, as of the ending of the Buenos Aires Convention and the full enactment of the Berne Convention, and is replaced with the standard and automatic copyright system. Basically, if the material is under copyright, it can not be used without permission of the copyright holder or under limited exceptions (like fair use) [Creative Commons]( URL_0 ) is a class of copyright notices which automatically release copyrighted material into the wild for general use. There are different CC licenses that can be created, for example if you want your work to be freely used for non-commercial derivative works (fan fiction or cosplay) but not for commercial use (like making a new TV series for a major corporation). The material is under copyright still, but you are immediately relinquishing into the public domain those limited aspects of the work. If you choose a Creative Commons license, you generally can not rescind that permission, like you can when you contract with another person.


Question: How do radioactive elements lose particles without becoming a different element?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do radioactive elements lose particles without becoming a different element?

They will become a different element in most forms of radioactive decay. For example, in alpha decay (common in very heavy elements), the atomic number will drop by 2. So Uranium undergoes alpha decay to become Thorium; Thorium undergoes alpha decay to become radium; Radium becomes Radon; Radon becomes Polonium; Polonium becomes lead. & #x200B; In beta decay (minus) decay, the atomic number increases by 1. So Cesium becomes barium; or Iodine becomes Xenon. A less common form of beta decay (beta plus) reduced the atomic number by one; so Fluorine becomes Oxygen. & #x200B; In rare cases, you can get radioactive elements which give off gamma rays only. A lot of the time, when you get an alpha or beta decay, you get a gamma as well. But you can occasionally get pure gamma. One of these substances is used a lot medically - a special isotope of Technetium called Technetium-99m decays with a pure gamma ray - but because there is no particle emitted, the atomic number and atomic mass don't change. So Tc-99m decays into Tc-99. The "m" indicates a special high energy state of what is otherwise the same atom.


Question: Barrels of oil : what do they mean ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Barrels of oil : what do they mean ?

Both, a barrel is 159 liters (a teensy bit less actually). They use it as a measure because they ship and sell it that way. It was an older convention that meant exactly both, now it means a measure of the amount, but they still use the older unit, and often still ship in barrels.


Question: Why does Valve allow games to be in early access for years while the game uses that tag to bring in more people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Valve allow games to be in early access for years while the game uses that tag to bring in more people?

If the game has a small dev team, and wants funding/non-intentional testing they can release early access. Some early access games just get ignored by their devs after a while (which is sad), but the dev company has no obligation to release a finished product. And steam has no obligation to keep hosting games that dev companies don't finish.


Question: Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

Phones that are water resistant are designed to have as small cracks between components as they can make. But there is still some small cracks where water can seep through. But as they are small this takes time. How fast the water enters the phone depends on the water pressure or if in air the humidity. The deeper you go the higher the pressure and the more water enters the phone. This water can damage components causing shortcircuits and corrode things over time. This is why even though a phone can resist water splashes or short underwater events it might get damaged by being left out in the rain.


Question: Why does rabies make people hydrophobic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does rabies make people hydrophobic?

*Why* is because it makes your saliva thicker and stickier. That's what causes the foaming of the mouth associated with rabies. The thicker saliva holds more virus, so it spreads better. *How* partially involves just eating holes in your brain that make you irrational and dislike water. It also causes loss of control over your muscles and often painful muscle spasms. This very much includes muscles in your throat. It begins with difficulty swallowing, so you kind of feel like you're choking when you try to drink water. As it progresses, the spasms make it impossible to swallow. It's also very painful. So trying to drink water makes you feel like you're choking and drowning, while you're also becoming more paranoid, delusional, and irrational. Eventually, just *looking* at water causes your throat to spasm in anticipation of drinking - by this point you're horribly thirsty, your body demanding that you drink the water in front of you, but your rotten brain is panicking at the choking and painful spasms in your throat.


Question: is there such thing as hack warrants or something similar? That security agencies can get from courts and legally hack into some target's computer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 is there such thing as hack warrants or something similar? That security agencies can get from courts and legally hack into some target's computer?

In the US, Law Enforcement agencies can get warrants for a variety of surveillance or actions. This may include forms of electronic surveillance, including hacking and monitoring internet, key logging, search records, phone records, bugging a room, or whatever they want that a judge approves. So yes, under monitored, approved conditions, a law enforcement agency could monitor or hack.


Question: How do scientist split an atom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientist split an atom?

A fissile material like U-235 (enriched uranium) gets bombarded with neutrons. When a neutron hits a U-235 atom, it bumps it to U-236 which is highly unstable. This make the atom want to split apart. When it does, it releases 3 neutrons and a burst of energy. The neutrons then hit other atoms and continue the same process, starting a chain reaction.


Question: How do whipped cream containers work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do whipped cream containers work?

"When the lever is pressed it releases the pressure causing the nitrous oxide to expand within the fat molecule, dispensing whipped cream. This is why making whipped cream with a whipped cream dispenser creates 4x the amount as opposed to whipping air into the cream which produces half as much." The contents are under pressure with nitrous Edit: yall I copied and pasted this from a whipped cream canister site. I didnt write it, and I know the math is weird. Its saying that the volume of cream is doubled from the liquid state in hand whipped cream, and the canister doubles that, hence the 4x part. Stop @ing me oh my god.