Question: How is text to speech generated?

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 How is text to speech generated?

The first thing you do is make a voice bank. In most cases this means recording someone say a whole bunch of words and sounds in different ways. Then you have to make a program that can look at text and pick the right sounds from that voice bank. Often this will just be a one to one word match, but for words that weren't put into the voice bank, the program needs to be able to break that word up into its individual sounds (phonemes) and then fetch those sounds from the voice bank and string them together to make them sound like one word. This is what's happening when a satnav mispronounces a place name - the program has misunderstood the sounds of the text it's reading. Because this is quite unreliable, the voice banks that sound most human are the ones with the biggest catalogues of words, generally speaking, so that they can avoid having to construct words from phonemes as much as possible. Many modern voice banks also figure out the intonation of the sentence and pick and morph the words to match that intonation instead of getting a flat, robotic tone.


Question: What is Gene Regulation and Transcription of a gene?

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 What is Gene Regulation and Transcription of a gene?

The overall purpose of DNA is that it is many times more stable than RNA, which allows for more complex organisms. The double strand of the DNA structure means that when a nucleic acid is damaged then the whole structure is compromised and it can be repaired or destroyed before it goes on to encode a protein that may be ineffective or harmful. When it comes time to actually create a protein for your body though DNA is far too massive. It contains instructions for every single protein in your body. So a small piece of DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA and that RNA strand will contain only the instructions for the specific protein that needs to be made. Think of DNA as a physical cookbook that contains 200,000 recipes. The book is way to big to move around but there are many cooks that need that information to do their jobs. RNA is a copy of a single recipe that is delivered to the cook who needs the information.


Question: How is it possible that we can record video in slow motion, but sound sounds distorted or choppy?

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 How is it possible that we can record video in slow motion, but sound sounds distorted or choppy?

Video is a series of very slightly changing still photos. Too slow it down don’t change the nature of the photos just the rate at which we see them. Sound is the movement of air against our eardrum. The movement IS the sound. To alter the speed world change the sound it makes.


Question: How does term life insurance work?

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 How does term life insurance work?

Term means once that time is up, you are no longer insured. You don’t get a payout. That’s why premiums are cheap. Your parents insured you in case anything happened to you, they could pay your funeral costs etc. They insured themselves to make sure if anything happened to them, you’d have some funds.


Question: How can the NYSE put a freeze on buying stocks but not on selling? Are there not 2 sides to every transaction?

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 How can the NYSE put a freeze on buying stocks but not on selling? Are there not 2 sides to every transaction?

The NYSE doesn't put holds on one side of the transaction - as you suspect, for every buyer you must also have a seller. They do sometimes flip the 'circuit breakers' and stop _all_ trading for a few minutes (to give a cool down and help prevent panic behavior). Individual brokerages or clearing houses, however, can stop processing orders for specific transactions. In the case of Robinhood, they stopped allowing people to buy, but still allowed sales. The main market still allowed buying, which is why the sale orders placed by RH could still be processed.


Question: Is Australia the continent, or is Oceania? What's the difference?

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 Is Australia the continent, or is Oceania? What's the difference?

Australia and Oceania are different places. It is confusing, because Australia the country lies in Australia the continent. Oceania is a place full of islands, made up of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. There are islands that are part of the country of Australia, just like there are islands that are part of the United States (aka Hawaii), in Oceania.


Question: How can companies like Amazon get away with not paying taxes?

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 How can companies like Amazon get away with not paying taxes?

Amazon has been paying billions in taxes on their sales, payroll, property, and every other object and activity. They haven't paid corporation taxes, because none have been due. That's for a number of reasons. They've sustained over a decade of continuous losses. Losses carried forward can be used to offset profits, so if you look at their accounts, under retained earnings, that figure is still negative. Under the US tax scheme, research and development are incentivised, which Amazon have been investing heavily into. That expenditure can be used to offset their tax bill, which it will be when they run out of losses carried forward. The ways around this are to either have made Amazon profitable from the start, or to stop incentivising the innovation and technological advancement, but somehow, I think that would be a net loss. Ultimately, it's not a matter of getting away with it, because, as far as their taxes are concerned, they're behaving exactly as Uncle Sam wants them to. You can argue that we shouldn't incentivise R & D, or that losses shouldn't be carried forward, but under existing rules, they're making use of incentives in place in the tax code that exist to affect behaviour.


Question: What are Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors? What are they useful for?

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 What are Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors? What are they useful for?

Matrices are like functions, you input a vector and you get out another vector. When you look at all possible vectors in space, you can think of a matrix as just something which is able to stretch and skew space, like in [this diagram]( URL_0 ). Eigenvectors are just vectors that point along the same direction after being applied to the matrix. If you have a vector like [1, 2] and after you apply the matrix, it becomes [2, 4], then [1, 2] is an eigenvector since [2, 4] points in the same direction as [1, 2] (it's just double as long). If you find one vector that is an eigenvector, that means that all vectors along that same line are also eigenvectors as they're just scaled copies of the original eigenvector. This means that [2, 4] would also be an eigenvector, as would [5, 10] or [-3, -6], etc. Eigenvalues just tell you how much an eigenvector is scaled when applied to a matrix. In our previous example, the eigenvector [1, 2] becomes stretched to [2, 4] which is a doubling in size, so the eigenvalue would be 2.


Question: Why do tortoise live so much longer than other reptiles that may be related to them?

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 Why do tortoise live so much longer than other reptiles that may be related to them?

We don't know. All we know for sure is their organs seem to age much more slowly than those of pretty much anything else. But why they do and how it happens is just not currently known to us. Its the subject of ongoing research though, so hopefully we'll have answers sooner or later.


Question: What is a derivative marketplace and how do people make money trading derivatives?

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 What is a derivative marketplace and how do people make money trading derivatives?

A derivative is a financial asset or liability (thing you own or owe to someone) with its value linked to a price index. A price index starts at 100, where 100 is the base price (the price to buy today) and each .01 of a movement has a direct effect on the value. So say you bought a derivatives based on the value of a metric tonne of potatoes, and that tonne was worth £100.00 if the index moved to 99.99 the potatoes would be worth £99.99. Sounds simple but you need to remember that most derivitives don't start at a base price of £100, they'll be £82.36 or some other random number at which point .01 movement in the index is not equal to .01 gain/loss. The most common form is a "future" which is ownership of the obligation to buy an item or currency in the future (hence the name). These derivitives have a fixed end date at which point the holder is obliged to buy, or sell the currency or item, to the holder of the other end of the contract at the price indicated. As for how people make money on them it's essentially educated gambling. you buy an index in the expectation that the index will rise, and your right to buy or sell that asset will be worth more than it was at the time you bought into it. It should be clear though that with every derivitive either the buyer or the seller will lose money. Now this is not as big an issue as it seems, often large companies will buy the derivitives not to male profit from the transaction but to guarantee the value of a future transaction which they are obliged to undertake. They'll have a transaction in their accounts which mirrors the movement of the derivitives with a margin of 80-125% efficiency (I.e. for every £1 their obligation changes in value the derivitives changes by -£0.8 to -£1.25). For them this certainty is worth more than the potential profit from a gain or loss in movement of value.


Question: How does bone marrow transplant work?

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 How does bone marrow transplant work?

The bone marrow is an organ which does not have anything directly to do with the bones except that it is located throughout your bones. Instead it is an organ that is mostly related with regulating your blood. So most of the cells that make up your bloodstream is created in the bone marrow. There are some diseases such as certain forms of cancer which may require you to be treated with a bone marrow transplant. In some ways this is similar to transplanting other organs such as liver and kidney except that it is not possible to surgically remove the bone marrow. So the procedure starts with giving the patient drugs and other therapy that will kill all or at least most of the cells that make up the bone marrow. This will hopefully kill all the cancer cells as well. However without a constant transfusion of blood they will die as they can not make new blood without a healthy bone marrow. So healthy bone marrow is collected from a healthy individual. There are two ways to do this. You can either go inn directly with needles that can penetrate the bone and extract the bone marrow. Or you can administer drugs which cause cells from the bone marrow to enter the blood stream where it can be collected and filtered through a standard procedure similar to blood donation. This healthy bone marrow can then be injected into the patients blood stream and will find its way to the bones where it will replace the previous bone marrow. It is one of the easiest organs to donate. It just involves two very simple procedures not requiring more then a single needle each. There are very few side effects and is one of the few organ donations where the donor is expected to make a quick and full recovery. You can easily save a life in your lunch break. Most places that allow you to donate blood also allow you to register for bone marrow donation.


Question: Regarding those who lost money in stocks during the 2008 crash: if they had not sold their stocks, would they today have their losses recovered?

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 Regarding those who lost money in stocks during the 2008 crash: if they had not sold their stocks, would they today have their losses recovered?

In general yes. Of course there are some companies that are worth less now than they were before the crash but the average company has recovered. You can use the [Dow Jones industrial average]( URL_0 ) to look at the economy in general. You can see its significantly higher today than its pre-crash value.


Question: How can an object lose kinetic energy, but keep momentum? Especially if the collision stops the object?

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 How can an object lose kinetic energy, but keep momentum? Especially if the collision stops the object?

In general, they can't. In the simplest case, Kinetic energy is = mass * velocity^(2) , whereas momentum is = mass * velocity You can't have kinetic energy loss without also losing momentum, they're dependent on exactly the same variables. There's likely some confusion going on, so more details would be useful . If i had to guess, you're misinterpreting that momentum is conserved overall- but that doesn't mean it stays in the original object (it will be split between the original object, and the object it hits- you need to consider the whole system together). for example, in an inelastic collision. In the case with inelastic collisions, it's because KE scales like v^2, whereas momentum only v. Momentum is conserved, and total energy is conserved. But in order to make momentum conservation true, some energy is lost to other forms (usually thermal/chemical)


Question: Why are some English words spelled with a Z in America but swapped with an S in Britain?

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 Why are some English words spelled with a Z in America but swapped with an S in Britain?

After the American Revolution, there was a movement in America (led by Noah Webster of dictionary fame) to rationalize English spelling so that things would be spelled as they sounded. There was a patriotic as well as practical element to this movement as its proponents sought to define an "American" English distinct from British. Obviously, it failed. It did leave some traces on American English spelling, however. Among these are "color" instead of "colour", "realize" instead of "realise", and "theater" instead of "theatre".


Question: Why does using Mobile Data in smartphones consume more battery than using WiFi?

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 Why does using Mobile Data in smartphones consume more battery than using WiFi?

Mobile data must transmit/receive data through cellular towers, which may be quite a distance away (a few miles, or even farther). WiFi service, provided by a WiFi hotspot/router, are usually much closer, within 10-100 feet. It takes more energy for the phone to send signals to the distant tower than to the nearby WiFi router.


Question: if there is no actual "touch", just electric impulses between atoms that give the feeling of touching, how does a knife, for example, break bonds to "cut" something?

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 if there is no actual "touch", just electric impulses between atoms that give the feeling of touching, how does a knife, for example, break bonds to "cut" something?

There are two kinds of bonds- intramolecular (forces that hold atoms together in a molecule) and intermolecular (forces that exist between 2 or more molecules). Typically intermolecular forces are much weaker and those are the bonds you can sever to make a "cut". For visualization, think of a bowl of uncooked rice and you take a chopstick to make a imaginary line to through the bowl. You are not cutting any individual/singular rice, but your chopstick will still go through because the pressure you are creating are enough for the rice to essentially get out of the way. In this case, each rice is a stand in for one molecule made of atoms. So while you can separate the molecules (rice) from themselves, but you cannot split a single molecule (not with a chopstick at least). A knife works similarly on a microscopic level, by creating pressure and repulsion between the molecules to separate and therefore cut. Hope this helps.


Question: From a socialist/pro-Chavez point of view, how is the situation in Venezuela justifield? And how do they plan to get out of it?

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 From a socialist/pro-Chavez point of view, how is the situation in Venezuela justifield? And how do they plan to get out of it?

As this story develops it is worth keeping in mind that what Chavez calls "socialism" is nothing but a name--an excuse, really--for him to try and hide behind. The real name for what he is pursuing is "corruption". Socialism, like capitalism, has plusses and minuses that we can argue about ad naseum. Corruption is neither, the party he is claiming is simply an excuse and nothing more.


Question: How does the Earth's atmosphere break things up?

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 How does the Earth's atmosphere break things up?

Imagine you are jumping in the pool, it doesnt hurt you, right? Now imagine you are jumping in a pool from a 5meter/15feet tall spring/diving board and land on your belly. Thats gotta hurt a lot. Due to your higher speed the impact on the water is much more critical. What you feel is the density difference between gaseous air and liquid water. For meteors its the same with earth. They are flying extremly fast through the emptiness of space. There is nothing that could slow them down. And then they hit the gaseous atmostphere of earth, which has a much higher density that space. You suddenly hit molekuls and material. And you do that at such a high speed that the atmosphere creates very high friction on the meteors and it will burn. You would also burn if you would run with 15-20,000 km/h through the atmosphere. So dont do that


Question: Where does sand come from?

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 Where does sand come from?

Sand is basically just really small bits of rock and rock-like things. It gets weathered off rocks in mountains and on the coast by wind, rain and other weathering processes, makes its way to the sea and waves push it up against shores to create beaches. Most of the sand you'll find is silicate sand - basically, little grains of quartz. This is eroded from granite up in the mountains, and it gets washed down rivers to the sea. The second mineral in granite (feldspar) gets weathered into clay minerals, which stick together in water and get deposited as clay, typically on the river banks. The third mineral (mica) gets broken down and dissolved as metal ions which usually end up deposited in soil as nutrients.


Question: How do you explain climate change to someone who doesn't "get it"?

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 How do you explain climate change to someone who doesn't "get it"?

The problem with climate change is that the public discourse is more political than scientific. The change isn't nearly as dramatic as people have been predicting and the consensus on the alarmist views aren't nearly at the same level that people claim. The biggest thing to understand is that it all comes down to a cost-benefit analysis. The level of which you believe climate change will impact the planet will determine the amount of money you're willing to suck out of the economy, and thus reduce your quality of life, to help fight it. Unfortunately, nobody really knows how large the change will be, we've over-predicted the changes historically to nearly absurd levels, and the attempts to rectify it have largely all been for show. It will take a massive global effort to make any meaningful change, but all global efforts to this point have been largely anti-climatic (pun intended). The closest thing we had to a global treaty on climate change that actually had teeth was the Kyoto Protocol. That was the strictest enforcement to bring down CO2 emissions globally, but nobody stuck with it because it punished certain countries while giving a pass to others. It also was economically devastating and even if successful, best case scenario we were talking about preventing 0.11-0.21 degrees of warming over the upcoming century... which most countries determined wasn't enough for them to reduce the quality of life for their citizens so they began backing out. The thing about climate change is that it isn't hard science in that nobody can accurately predict the level of warming we will experience. As a society and inhabitant of this planet we owe it to ourselves and the next generation to keep our planet in good shape. That being said, it's easy for wealthy Americans to say they are accepting of a consumption tax that will disproportionately impact the poor and lower everyone's quality of life when they are starting from a higher position. It's also easy for industrialized nations to scold other countries and prevent them from developing their economies via an industrial revolution when we aren't the ones dying daily from lack of technology and advancement of our country that such laws and international treaties would prohibit. We have already been allowed to go through our industrial revolution and reap the benefits of it. You should also be careful when using quotes such as "someone who doesn't 'get it.'" If you "got it" you wouldn't be posting on ELI5 for information. You shouldn't impugn those you disagree with politically while admitting you do not fully understand the issue enough to defend your personal beliefs. Coming at someone with that mentality to start will create a toxic conversation that will not help anyone "get it" or sway their opinion. My personal view is that technology will eventually make this debate obsolete. As clean renewable energy becomes more efficient and cost effective the combustion of carbon based fuels will become less needed. This is why it is crucial to help fund these technologies and help them advance quickly.


Question: how does the Pythagorean theorem work?

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 how does the Pythagorean theorem work?

The proof that I find easiest is [this one]( URL_1 ). There are two big squares, with sides equal to a+b. Inside the big a+b squares, there are four identical right triangles of sides a, b, c. We can arrange those four triangles in two different ways. On the left side, we arrange the four triangles so that there's one little square of side c left over. On the right side, we arrange the same four right triangles so that there are two other little squares of sizes a and b left over. Since the two big squares of side a+b are equal, their areas must be equal. Since rearranging the little triangles doesn't change the big square, whatever are is leftover on each side must be equal. On the left square, c^2 is leftover as an area. On the right side, a^2 + b^2 is left over as an area. Thus, a^2 + b^2 = c^2 . If this is too much like [this]( URL_0 ), let me know and I can try to explain elsehow.


Question: Where does the SA node gets (or creates?) its electricity from?

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 Where does the SA node gets (or creates?) its electricity from?

> does the electrical conduction system of the heart generates electricity before transferring it? It seems there are some misconceptions behind this question. First, the heart does not run off of electricity. It is commonly taught that the nerves within the body operate via electricity like wires in our electrical grid, but that is a simplification to the extent of being misleading. Nerves actually function based on the electrical charge of tiny chemical reactions between synapses. While the exchange of ions in these chemical reactions is ultimately based on electromagnetism they are much more chemistry than electrical. The nerves therefore do not "conduct electricity" rather they relay nerve impulses which are exchanged between them by tiny changed in chemistry in gaps between the cells. The rhythm of the heart nerve signals is generated within the heart cells themselves, a cyclical reaction which is self-coordinating between them.


Question: Why is recycling not done at the level of the dumps themselves by professionals as opposed to individual people?

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 Why is recycling not done at the level of the dumps themselves by professionals as opposed to individual people?

Well, not everything that's "recyclable" even gets recycled when it is sorted into its own "recyclable" bin. So they already have to apply time and energy to sort *that* stuff out. It would become even more difficult to sort out legitimate non-recyclable trash from the recyclable stuff once it's all mixed together. Recycling isn't a very profitable business and most places that recycle just... sell their waste to other countries to deal with it.


Question: How do ad blockers work?

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 How do ad blockers work?

Ads mostly come from known sources, known websites. They aren't generally served by the same site as you're visiting. So ad-blockers know a lot of these servers, and will block traffic from those servers. They also know a lot of the HTML and JavaScript ads typically use, and will remove them from incoming HTTP responses before they get rendered.


Question: What exactly is the reason we cannot look at eclipses directly?

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 What exactly is the reason we cannot look at eclipses directly?

The same reason you can't look at the Sun directly. It's too bright and it will burn your retina, causing you to go blind. Even when the Moon is obstructing the Sun, there's still plenty of light coming from it, and because it's darker your pupils are dilated (so even more lights gets through) and it's harder to realize that it's hurting your eyes.


Question: Why do balloons deflate over time?

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 Why do balloons deflate over time?

Gas molecules are small and rubber, particularly thin rubber like that used for balloons, is very slightly porous. Because the pressure inside is greater than the outside air, molecules will diffuse through.The rate of diffusion is governed by 1) the size of the molecule so something like helium which is just single atoms and therefore tiny will escape quicker than molecules like nitrogen consisting of two atoms per molecule. 2) the porosity of the skin so a Mylar balloon, and particularly one with a metal coating, will deflate more slowly.


Question: Some drugs are derived from natural compounds that come from bacteria, plants, and animals. How do we decide which chemicals to test as drugs from these organisms?

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 Some drugs are derived from natural compounds that come from bacteria, plants, and animals. How do we decide which chemicals to test as drugs from these organisms?

Often we target things that already have some property that we want. Penicillin, for example, is thought to have been discovered by accident. Alexander Flemming accidentally left a petri dish open with staph bacteria in it, and it got contaminated with mold. Flemming noted that the bacteria didn't grow next to the mold and hypothesized that the mold was producing something to kill the bacteria. So if we're studying an organism and discover that it has some property we want, we will try to isolate it and test it as a drug. Sometimes it's an accident, sometimes you spend years combining different things and testing all of them until you get something you want. There's a lot of trial and error involved.


Question: If solids are more dense than liquids, why does freezing a liquid cause it to expand rather than shrink?

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 If solids are more dense than liquids, why does freezing a liquid cause it to expand rather than shrink?

Almost all substances do sink when they freeze. Water is just exceptionally special. It gets a bit beyond an ELI5, but water is what is known as a polar molecule - if you think of it like a Mickey Mouse, the "ears" are positively charged and the "chin" is negatively changed. This makes it do all sorts of unusual things, one of which is that as it approaches the freezing point, it lines up in a crystalline structure which is actually _less_ dense than the normal liquid phase. Since the crystal is less dense than the surrounding liquid, the ice floats. Note, this isn't true for _all_ types of ice, but the most common ones we see.


Question: What would a scoop of ice cream do in space?

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 What would a scoop of ice cream do in space?

Liquid water can’t exist for long in a vacuum, so any runny ice cream would start boiling pretty much right away! This boiling isn’t hot, though, like boiling here where there’s more pressure, and the steam that goes away with the boiling will take a lot of heat with it, cooling the rest of the ice cream off until it’s frozen solid. If the ice cream is melty, that boiling might break the scoop apart. If it’s a real cold scoop, then you’d probably see very little happen to it at first. When the sun shines on it, it will warm up a bit and that will cause some of the frozen water in the ice cream to *sublimate*, which means to go directly from solid ice to steam gas, and the gas then flies away in all directions in the vacuum. Eventually, this process will completely dry the scoop of ice cream out, leaving behind something like astronaut ice cream. If the scoop is far from the sun or in a constant shadow, then the scoop could remain frozen with ice still in it for millions of years! There’s other stuff in space, too. High energy light thats bluer than blue (that we cannot see, but is the same sort of light that gives us sunburns) can break down the stuff that makes up the ice cream, so that it turns white or tastes stale. Fast-moving atoms that zip out of the sun may (very slowly) erode the ice cream, even if it’s already dried out, too.


Question: What happens with all the sperm in the testicals that is no longer able to leave the body due to a vasectomy?

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 What happens with all the sperm in the testicals that is no longer able to leave the body due to a vasectomy?

The exact same thing that happens if you just don't ejaculate for a month, the old sperm die and are absorbed. Sometimes sperm and debris and dead cells clump up and become a *sperm granuloma* which can lead to pain, swelling, and inflammation but most of the time they're just inert lumps.


Question: Why do most credit and debit cards use Visa and MasterCard and what do Visa/MasterCard do?

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 Why do most credit and debit cards use Visa and MasterCard and what do Visa/MasterCard do?

Visa and Mastercard are interchange networks. On the one side, they contract with merchants to allow them to accept card payments, and on the other side, they contract with banks to allow them to issue credit cards. Whenever an appropriate card is used at a merchant, the purchase gets sent to Visa or Mastercard, which contacts the issuing bank to confirm that the purchase should be allowed and then routes the money to the merchant's account. In short, they serve the classic middleman role: make it so that instead of hundreds of thousands of merchants having to have relationships with tens of thousands of banks, each of those just have to have a single relationship with the interchange network, and the network enables transactions between any combination of merchants and banks. Most credit cards use one of the two because the bigger the network, the more valuable it is, and those are the two biggest networks in many places. A card is only as good as the number of merchants that accept it, and merchants like to accept cards with lots of customers, so there's a virtuous cycle that makes it more valuable to join a large network than a small one, making the larger networks even larger.


Question: How did ancient people eat or even have teeth without any efficient way of cleaning them? Did they get toothaches and cavities often?

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 How did ancient people eat or even have teeth without any efficient way of cleaning them? Did they get toothaches and cavities often?

A lot of the world still uses a tree branch to clean their teeth. URL_0 It's a neat experience, but as a Westerner, feels odd. Aside from. Using things like that, the bulk of modern dental problems are directly related to our diet. Heavy in processed starches and added sugars which stick to the teeth and allow a biofilm of harmful bacteria to form. Traditional diets based on fruits, nuts, meats and whole grains have fewer dental issues. But tooth decay and other stuff was a common problem.


Question: What are the usual “Natural Flavors/Colors” in foods, and why are companies getting away with using these vague descriptions?

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 What are the usual “Natural Flavors/Colors” in foods, and why are companies getting away with using these vague descriptions?

Natural colors can be things like annatto, a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the achiote or caramel coloring, made from caramelized sugar. Examples of natural flavors are compounds derived from spices or fruits. They can use such vague descriptions because there's no law requiring them to be more specific and companies have a vested interest in keeping their formulas secret. If there is a specific colorant or flavoring that is known to cause issues for some people then the government usually requires the producer to list it out as its own ingredient.


Question: Why do ceiling fans that are used more often collect dust quicker than ceiling fans that aren’t used much?

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 Why do ceiling fans that are used more often collect dust quicker than ceiling fans that aren’t used much?

Air flowing over a surface builds up static charge. The static buildup attracts dust to stick to the moving fan blade. Also, a spinning blade will pick up any oil or grease residue launched into the air from cooking. The dust will stick to the sticky residue and can build up over time. Same thing for tar residue from smoking.


Question: Why can a company's class A and class B shares rise and fall independently from one another?

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 Why can a company's class A and class B shares rise and fall independently from one another?

If one pays a dividend and the other doesn't, changes to the dividend payout will impact one class significantly and barely budge the other. If the company is really struggling the lower class shares may also be at greater risk and therefore more volatile. Usually share classes do move more or less in tandem, but on slow trading days it's not that unusual for one to finish slightly up while the other is slightly down.


Question: what does "interest calculated daily, paid monthly" really mean?

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 what does "interest calculated daily, paid monthly" really mean?

On day 1 of the month you have you have $1000. Interest for that day is ($1000\*2.75%)/365, or in this case roughy $0.075. Day 2 you still only have $1000 so same calculation as above. Day 3 you decide to deposit another $100 so the calculation becomes ($1100\*2.75%)/365. Add all of these calculations together over the month, thats how much interest you get paid. Why is the interest not paid daily? Because then it would be compounding and cost the bank more money.


Question: What does E = MC[squared] mean?

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 What does E = MC[squared] mean?

Basically, it's a simplified form of a slightly more complicated equation that shows that mass is actually a highly concentrated form of energy. If you have a certain amount of mass, it's theoretically possible to convert it into a certain amount of energy. How much energy that would be is represented by the equation E=mc² -- the energy (E) is calculated by taking the mass (m), multiplying it by the speed of light (c), and then multiplying it by the speed of light *again*. From even a tiny amount of mass you can get a huge amount of energy: if you had 1 kg (a little over 2 pounds) of mass, and managed to convert all of it into energy, it would be like exploding 40 *million* tons of TNT. We can't actually convert all of the mass into energy. In a nuclear bomb, only a tiny fraction of the mass is actually converted into energy, but even so a single missile can release enough energy to destroy an entire city.


Question: What kind of assets is a Student Loan Asset Backed Security backed with?

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 What kind of assets is a Student Loan Asset Backed Security backed with?

It isn't backed with anything physical. Loans are liabilities to the borrower and are recorded as assets to the lender. So the "asset" that is described is just a bunch of student loans grouped together by a big lender (perhaps). The "value" of that asset is the cash flow that is forecasted as the loans are repaid. Basically, anyone who purchases the SLABS is paying the issuer an amount for a portion of the cash flow from loan repayments. Of course, they should have factored in estimates of loan defaults etc - so the investor in SLABS still take on some risk in return for that cash flow. The issuer of SLABS offloads the risk to the investors in return for a, presumably smaller, payment upfront.


Question: How do computers partitions work?

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 How do computers partitions work?

Say you have an unsliced loaf of bread that is a single partition hard drive. You can cut the loaf into a whole bunch of slices and each one of those slices is a partition. It's all the same loaf of bread just different slices that you can use for different things.


Question: Why are there three credit bureaus?

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 Why are there three credit bureaus?

> Wouldn't it be simpler? It would also be simpler if Walmart, Target, and Costco were all the same company but they aren't. Private companies are separate because they developed as separate entities and they either do not wish to merge or are prevented from doing so by government action. It "being simpler" isn't really a motivation for them.


Question: How can we use math techniques that are not tied to the physical world (eg: imaginary numbers) to build a bridge that will actually stand in reality?

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 How can we use math techniques that are not tied to the physical world (eg: imaginary numbers) to build a bridge that will actually stand in reality?

Complex numbers don't have a lot to do with bridge design, but they play more of a role in electronics. Complex numbers are part of how the physical world is represented mathematically, in some formulas. The representation has imaginary elements, but that's not part of the realization in an actual structure.


Question: What gives aspartame and other zero-calorie sugar substitutes their weird aftertaste?

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 What gives aspartame and other zero-calorie sugar substitutes their weird aftertaste?

Sucrose is considered “clean” and has no aftertaste (clean meaning it only activates sweet receptors). Other sweeteners activate both sweet and bitter receptors. However, because artificial sweeteners are so powerful, they quickly overwhelm the sweet receptors. The bitter receptors still scale up though with greater mass for longer. That is why aspartame you consume is actually mostly filler ingredients, because otherwise you would be overwhelmed by the bitterness. Edit: If you are particularly affected by/don’t like an artificial sweetener feel free to avoid it.


Question: How did they recalculate the kilogram?

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 How did they recalculate the kilogram?

I know I'll come of as conceited, but everybody in this thread is wrong. At the moment, [the kilogram is still defined by The Kilogram]( URL_0 ). There is, however, a [proposal]( URL_0 rev-si/) to change this definition. In fact, there is a proposal to change a couple of the 7 SI base units (the metre, the kilogram, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the candela, and the mole). The proposition is that all of theses base units should be defined by physical constants, which are then set to an exact value. This means that that is their exact value, and there is no uncertainty in them. For instance, the Planck constant currently has some uncertainty due to measurements. With this redefinition, this will disappear. It's also so that these constants aren't chosen arbitrarily. The constants that are chosen are actual constants, and aren't (likely to) going to change. For instance the second. It's going to be defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the frequency of a transition of a Caesium 133 atom, which is equal to 9192631770 when expressed in Hz, which is s^(-1). Similarly, the metre is defined by taking the speed of light, and setting its value to an exact value, paired with the definition of the second. And the kg will be defined as the exact value of Planck's constant, paired with the definition of the speed of light, and the definition of the second. The reason scientists are doing this, is to remove any ambiguity. Currently, if you want to calibrate your scales, you should go to Paris and use The Kilogram. But by defining these units in terms of physical constants, you can do this anywhere. If you're in LA, Hong Kong or Kaapstad, those physical constants will remain the same, and as a result, the units will remain the same. This redefinition removes the need of any physical thing that you need to measure in order to get the unit.


Question: how do doctors operate without making the patient bleed out completely?

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 how do doctors operate without making the patient bleed out completely?

Your body isn't just filled with blood. There are blood vessels that the blood flows through. So, when they cut you open, they are careful jot to cut too many blood vessels open. The ones they do cut, they clamp so the bleeding doesn't continue. It's what you hear on TV when they ask for clamps. Not a doctor, but this is secondhand from nurse friends. Hopefully a medical professional will be able to explain better than I did.


Question: Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot/humid feeling worse?

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 Why do thunderstorms on hot days sometimes seemingly suck the heat out of the air after passing, and sometimes actually make the hot/humid feeling worse?

A thunderstorm is usually the roiling that occurs at the boundary between a hot and cold air mass. If it's warm, after will be cooler. If it's cool, after it will be warmer. It's a bit more complicated than that, but this is what I'd tell a 5 year old. Edit: let me amend that. Warm and warmer is meteorologically the same as cold/warm.


Question: How do we know how ancient Egyptian sounded like?

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 How do we know how ancient Egyptian sounded like?

There were several ancient scripts in ancient Egypt, and some co-existed. For instance, although hieroglyphs are probably best known, there was likely more hieratic writing being produced. Hieratic became Demotic, and it lent some characters to the later Coptic script. Throughout all this time, place names, personal names and foreign words were transliterated from one language system to the other. Demotic was also sound based, meaning the symbols represented sounds rather than an idea or a whole word. Since there are several heiroglyph/Demotic script writing found, we can associate some glyphs with the corresponding Demotic sounds. Some vowels we 'read' in hieroglyphics are assumed, based on the Demotic script or later Greek writings. TL/DR We can sound out the hieroglyphs from other scripts we have found.


Question: Why are some lego packages $1,000+? Isn't it just a bunch of molded plastic?

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 Why are some lego packages $1,000+? Isn't it just a bunch of molded plastic?

They are just a bunch of molded plastic, just like a car is just a bunch of steel and plastic and glass. And buildings are just concrete steel and glass. And rolexes are just steel and gold. There's still a lot of labor that goes into designing the kits, sourcing the plastic and then running the machines. Assembling bags of parts, creating the instructions, etc etc etc. Simple things in your life aren't necessarily simple to make and produce.


Question: How exactly movie directors get the 'hue' they want for the movie?

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 How exactly movie directors get the 'hue' they want for the movie?

Depends on what you mean by hue, but in general there's a position called production designer that is responsible for maintaining the overall tone and consistancy of the film. Like making sure all the set, costume, props, effects, etc guys are using appropriate colors, texture and architecture. Usually there will be some sketches or mood boards, then the different departments will flesh out the details, and the prod designer will look over it all and approve/reject different things.