Question: How did archaeological sites get buried to begin with?

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 How did archaeological sites get buried to begin with?

Time. Dust, dirt, leaves, debris build up over time. As an experiment put something in the corner of your yard, or a near by woods out of the way. Check it a year later and see how overgrown it is, dirty, weeds growing around it, covered in leaves snd debris. starting to sink into the ground. Imagine 10 years, 100 years, 1 000 years, 10,000 years.


Question: Why do cars lose so much value the moment they’re driven for the first time?

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 Why do cars lose so much value the moment they’re driven for the first time?

If you decided you'd made a mistake and wanted to resell the car, do you think *anyone* would pay as much for it as you did? For that, they can go to the dealer and get a certifiably-new car. So you'll have to offer a discount, to make the deal worth considering.


Question: How do insurance companies work in instances of something as priceless as Notre Dame?

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 How do insurance companies work in instances of something as priceless as Notre Dame?

Insurance generally doesn't worry about what sort of "priceless" value a work of art or cultural icon may have: it's there to fix or replace what was broken. So in the case of something like Notre Dame, it would certainly be hard to put a dollar value on some of the architectural features and artistic touches that were destroyed. But it's much easier to put a dollar value on the cost to replace them, and that's what would be provided for. The spire that fell over may have been priceless in its history and significance, but the materials and labor can be priced out, and that's what a claim would pay. The question I'm really interested in is exactly how the renovation firm (if the fire was accidentally caused by the renovations) was insured. Even tiny construction projects require several million dollars of insurance limits; a company working on a monument like this would definitely have held tens of millions or more in coverage... which very well might end up being fully paid out.


Question: What is Dynamic Range in music and why is it important?

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 What is Dynamic Range in music and why is it important?

Dynamic range is the volume difference between the quietest note and the loudest note in music. When songs are stored digitally, there is a limit to the maximum volume of a note. It's important because modern music tends to compress the volume range towards the loud end so that the average volume of the song is louder and stands out. However, this is like if **YOU COULD ONLY READ AND WRITE IN CAPITALS SO IT ALWAYS SEEMS LIKE YOU'RE YELLING. IT WOULD BE HARD TO TELL IF YOU WANTED TO EMPHASIZE SOMETHING OR IF YOU WERE JUST WRITING NORMALLY.** With more range, it's possible to express a wider set of notes, making the music (like writing) sound more exciting or quiet when it needs to. It feels more like a live performance when the dynamic range is high.


Question: Why exactly are female mammals generally physically weaker than their male counter parts?

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 Why exactly are female mammals generally physically weaker than their male counter parts?

That is sexual dimorphism...the male and female are different in ways that go beyond the practical. Sexual dimorphism is generally due to either preference of the female in picking mates or by having males fight each other for female access. In other words, males are larger and stronger because only the biggest and strongest males end up breeding. Humans have some of this....but less than some other mammals. Why? Not totally sure, but bigger and stronger males are probably better providers of meat to a tribe and, consequently, get to breed more. It is probably more complicated than that in humans.


Question: why do sunsets look so different from sunrises?

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 why do sunsets look so different from sunrises?

I stole this from Google which looks like it pulled it from a Quora answer. During the evening, there are usually more particles in the air that the light has to travel through due to dust, smoke, pollution, aerosols, and so forth. During the night, there is less wind and less activity, so these particles are able to settle. Thus,sunsets generally appear to be more red than sunrises.


Question: If color is white light reflecting off surfaces, how do computer monitors and screens create colors?

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 If color is white light reflecting off surfaces, how do computer monitors and screens create colors?

When you're looking at pigments on paper, the color you see is the result of different colors bouncing off a surface. White is when you *absorb* none of them & black is when you absorb all of them. This is called **subtractive color** With *light sources*, color is the result of things emitting different frequencies of light. White is the result of combining all colors. This is called **additive color**.


Question: How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

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 How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

Well the rest of the gas. The whole line is pressurized with natural gas. Fire can't burn without oxygen being present. Since the line is pressurized no oxygen can leak back into the line. Gas explosions usually occur when theres a break in the line and a LOT of gas is present in a space mixed with oxygen. A spark can then ignite a fire in the space. And them very very rapidly spread causing an explosion.


Question: Why is chemistry branched into organic and inorganic?

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 Why is chemistry branched into organic and inorganic?

Organic chemistry, or chemistry of Carbon, is so complex that it has as much or even more variety than all other chemicals combined. It's so complex that you basically spend an entire career just being an expert in Carbon-based chemistry, where the rest of chemistry take the same amount of time to learn as Carbon all by itself.


Question: How do mobile services, that are disabled while in airplane mode, interfere with an airplane?

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 How do mobile services, that are disabled while in airplane mode, interfere with an airplane?

They don't. However, if an airplane was built incorrectly, it is possible that the signals send out by your mobile phone - mostly radio and microwaves - could induce an electric current in either the instruments or control circuit of an airplane, and while this is incredibly unlikely the result could be that you and several hundred of your closest (physically) friends would die. Since the cell network is too short and too slow acting to use while travelling much more than a hundred mph everyone agrees that we'd rather have more battery on arrival than take that chance. Well, everyone except the jerk in 79B that is.


Question: Alchemy. What exactly is it?

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 Alchemy. What exactly is it?

Alchemy is, or more accurately, *was* a pseudoscience that spawned a real science by accident. Humans observed long ago that you could transform some things into other things. This was the beginning of what we now know as chemistry, but well before we knew what limitations were placed upon these transformations it was believed that *in theory* you could turn whatever into whatever else. Alchemy was the study of this transformation.


Question: Why hot air is lighter than cold air, but it is still colder the higher up you go?

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 Why hot air is lighter than cold air, but it is still colder the higher up you go?

First, cold doesn't really exist in the sense that something can't gain/add coldness it can only lose heat. And the thing that heats up the air is the Earth. The farther it gets from the Earth it looses heat. When it looses heat it becomes more dense. Because it's more dense it sinks down towards the Earth. Now that it's close to the Earth it warms up. And the cycle repeats.


Question: Why do some countries teach multiplication tables to x12, and others teach to x10?

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 Why do some countries teach multiplication tables to x12, and others teach to x10?

12 is an important number historically for various systems of measurement. 12 hours in a day. 12 inches in a foot. 12 eggs in a dozen. 12 is handy because it can be divided by 2, 3, 4, 6 evenly. So many things were done in lots of up to 12. So if you wanted to multiply lengths, you're going to be doing something like up to 12 inches, then you are worrying about 1 foot + 1-11 inches. But if you want to multiply lengths of up to 12 feet, you've got all of the tools you need. You need 4 lengths of wood which are each 3' 11", how much wood do you need? You need 3x4 = 12 feet, plus 3x11 11 x 4 = 44. 4 x 12 is 48, which is too high, 3 x 12 = 36 gives 3 more feet, and 44-36 = 8 means 8 inches left over. So you need in total 15 feet, 8 inches to make 4 lengths of 3 foot 11 inch wood. You can do things like multiply any measures in feet and inches up to just before 13 feet long with 12x12 multiplication tables. When you move into metric, multiplication tables up to 12 aren't more important than multiplication tables up to 10. You're just about as likely to need to worry about 13 cm as you are 12 cm or 14 cm.


Question: How does Mandelbrot's "roughness" calculation work? Is it only geometric or can it be used in other domains?

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 How does Mandelbrot's "roughness" calculation work? Is it only geometric or can it be used in other domains?

Hey! I'm the same person from the /r/math thread. The roughness calculation is called fractal dimension, Hausdorff dimension, or to give every credit Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension. It is a generalization of the concept of dimensionality for normal spaces (i.e. lines are 1D, squares are 2D, cubes are 3D). I recommend watching [this]( URL_1 ) video to get a good grasp, since this is a highly visual geometric concept, so visuals work best to demonstrate it. However, I'll give it a verbal go - if anything is unclear and it seems like the video contradicts what I am saying, the video is correct. We understand normal dimensionality in terms of the number of directions that exist. 1D space is a line - it has 2 directions we can go, forward or backward. 2D spaces is a plane, and there are 4 directions we can go - forward, backward, left, and right. In general, N-dimensional space has 2N directions, or N axes, along which we can move around in the space. There are numerous properties that evolve as we move up through dimensions, and we will look at one that is relevant in many places called scaling. The question is; if we have a shape, and increase its linear dimension by k, how much does its overall measure increase? For example, we have a line of length 1, and we stretch it out by a factor of 2. Well, now it has length 2 - the stretching and the total measure of the line are the same. If we have a square, however, things are different. If we stretch out all the sides of a square by a factor of 2, it has 4 times the area! This is true of any shape - if we increase all its linear features by a factor of 2, the area enclosed will increase by a factor of 4. For a cube, things are larger still - if we increase all the sides by a factor of 2, the volume increases by a factor of 8. Notice that these numbers have a pattern to them: * 1D - 2 - > 2 * 2D - 2 - > 4 * 3D - 2 - > 8 The linear scaling and the measure scaling are related through the dimensionality - 2^1 = 2, 2^2 = 4, and 2^3 = 8. This will be true in all dimensions. If we linearly scale an N-dimensional object by 2, its N-dimensional measure (hypervolume if you will) increases by 2^N. This concept of dimensionality suddenly doesn't care about how space looks - it talks about scaling properties of shapes! We have many systems that have scaling properties, so we can look at these and see if a generalized definition could work. For the traditional example, let's look at the British coastline, and measure it with a kilometer-long ruler. We might get 7,000 km (these are made up numbers). Now, let's scale up the linear dimension by a factor of 2 - or equivalently, shrink our ruler to be 1/2 km. Now all of a sudden we have access to some inlets that earlier our ruler was simply to large to fit into - the same coastline is now measured to be 9,000 km! If we keep shortening our ruler, we find this number continues to grow - and not only that, these scaling properties are related! It is roughly *coastline length ∝ ruler length^1.25* We have a measurement of an object and a linear scaling factor related to each other by an exponent. Now, this is clearly not the same thing as the actual dimension - the coastline is a curve, a 1D object. However, if we generalize our definitions a little bit, we see that it's so rough it behaves a little bit like it's 'between' dimensions - a 1D object that goes through space so wildly it gets closer to being 2D. This is the usual definition of a fractal - any geometric object whose scaling properties with this ruler exceed its actual geometric (or topological, to use the correct term) dimension. Now, to answer your second question, which I love - both. This is 'only' geometric, but math is such that we can represent many kinds of objects geometrically, and so use geometric concepts to describe them. For example, there are objects called [attractors]( URL_0 ) - solutions to complex systems. These frequently arise in population ecology, for a relatable example, as the populations of complex predator-prey-symbiosis systems oscillate in a seemingly random way. These are just solutions to equations, but we can plot them, and so get a geometric shape - and these geometric shapes often exhibit fractal properties, so all of a sudden fractal geometry is useful in the analysis of dynamical biological systems.


Question: How does capitalization of spending particularly R & D spending work?

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 How does capitalization of spending particularly R & D spending work?

This isn't really an ELI5 theme, but I'll try. First, what are assets and what are expenses? An ASSET is something that lasts a long time. It's semi-permanent, like a dump truck or a building. An EXPENSE is something that is instant, like a business lunch with clients, the cost of hiring a consultant, or the mileage you incur on your own vehicle when doing company business. These show up in different ways when the company does its financial paperwork, and here's the key difference: An asset can have financial sheet implications **over many years**, but an expense has financial sheet effects **in the current year only.** (There's tons of gray here, this is the simplest case and I'm going to touch accruals.) To apply them, you pick which you want to use by putting the financial numbers for costs incurred against different accounts, where some are asset accounts, others are expense accounts. You're "capitalizing" (creating capital) when you assign those values against asset accounts, including R & D ones. And then auditors are usually legally required to look at your company to make sure you're assigning them properly so you can't just make up rules on how you want to move that money around. Why even do it? This changes things like how healthy the company looks to the people that want to buy its stocks on the stock market, or how much tax it pays at what point in an asset's lifetime. A good investor looks at capital versus expenses and makes decisions based on how much is in each. & #x200B;


Question: What is the difference between real and imaginary numbers?

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 What is the difference between real and imaginary numbers?

"Imaginary" is a bad word for them because they definitely exist, they're just part of the complex plane. Imagine the number line, which contains all "real" numbers going off left and right into infinity. Left is negative, right is positive. Take a step to the right and you're at 1, a step to the left and you're at -1. Now imagine you take a step *forward* instead of left or right. Or you take a step backwards. You're going *somewhere*, you're going to a number - a number that definitely "exists" but it's not on this line that contains all "real" numbers. So when you take one step forward, it's not in the 1 direction, it's in the i direction. A step backwards is in the -i direction. Two steps is 2i, then 3i, etc. You have another number line that stretches forward and backward to infinity, which is the "imaginary" number line. When you put them together, you get the complex plane: that is, if you take three steps to the right and four steps forward, your position can't be described just by the real or imaginary number line, it's at 3+4i. You can do this again with the "up/down" direction and create another number line that isn't real *or* imaginary numbers, that goes into three dimensions. Those are *quaternions* - units of numbers that are further into complex dimentions. The new line is marked with j, then k...and you can just keep going into more and more dimensions. [Relevant Numberphile]( URL_0 ) EDIT: A word, and I'm bad at math.


Question: why does asphalt change colour?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does asphalt change colour?

It's a mixture or very black tar and aggregate rocks that might usually aren't black. In the truck, it's really well mixed, and so when it's applied you see a nice, uniform coating. Over time, the softer tar is worn off and you see the rocks. If the rocks are grey, or worse white, this changes the overall color.


Question: What is a PGP fingerprint and why are reporters putting it in their twitter bio?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a PGP fingerprint and why are reporters putting it in their twitter bio?

PGP is a form of "public key" cryptography, which lets people talk to the reporter without anyone listening in. Suppose I'm a government worker who wants to talk to a reporter about something horrible our government is doing. I have two problems: 1) How can I send my info to the reporter without my bosses finding out about it? 2) Once the reporter writes back, how can I be sure the person I'm talking to is really the reporter, rather than someone pretending to be him/her? PGP can solve both of these problems. It uses a special code that has two passwords: one secret, which the reporter knows, and one public, which is public knowledge (and is related to the "fingerprint"). A message encoded with the public password can only be read by someone with the secret password, and vice versa. So I email the reporter, and encode my email using his public password. I know only he can read it. He writes back, encoding his email with his *secret* password. I decode it with his public password, which means only he could have written it, and nobody could have messed with it along the way.


Question: Why has there been a shortage of NAND chips in the last two years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why has there been a shortage of NAND chips in the last two years?

This subject is controversial. Companies are being sued over RAM pricing... they’re accused of either mis-representing the amount available or intentionally failing to produce as much as people want, to keep prices high. NAND supply could be affected by similar factors, or it could be technical and market factors. There’s continuing/growing demand for cheap, power efficient storage but the newest 3D NAND tech has been tricky to produce. Meanwhile, phones are being sold with a larger amount of NAND storage. At the same time, desktop/laptop computers are moving away from spinning HDDs for storage, increasing NAND flash use for those devices. This holds true even when storage sizes aren’t increasing.


Question: What exactly is 'Critical Race Theory'?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is 'Critical Race Theory'?

Okay my thesis was actually on critical race theory (specifically as one of three theoretical lens used to analyze the issue of mass incarceration) and I'm literally always looking for an excuse to talk about it. I'm gonna try and explain this as accurately as I can with as little jargon as possible, so please bear with me here. Critical race theory is a way of analyzing society, same as other sociological theories. It's a framework that can help people find patterns and make sense of the world and large scale occurrences. This particular theory comes partly from critical legal studies, a popular strain of thought in the early 1980's that essentially challenged the idea that criminal law and politics were separate from one another. This aspect of critical legal studies can still be found in critical race theory. Critical race theory has been developed by many different theorists, which others have noted here results in wildly different interpretations of it, but there are several core tenets that they all agree on: 1. Racism is normalized and a part of everyday life. 2. White supremacy is maintained through ignoring racism and its pervasiveness, and the most overt instances of racial discrimination that cannot be brushed aside are treated with colorblind solutions that do not provide deep systemic change. 3. While many whites suffer due to their class position and other potential circumstances, their race is not a factor in their struggles; in fact, all white people to one degree or another benefit from white supremacy, which results in a vast majority that has no desire to change how society works. 4. Most importantly, critical race theorists acknowledge that race is a social construct. There are no biological or genetic differences separating people into race, not in intelligence, morality, personality, or any other way. Race is a social category, and these categories are used as needed and disposed of when they are no longer useful (we don't see many octoroons these days, do we?). That's the long and short of it. Based on historic evidence, theorists have noticed patterns described above. So to use critical race theory, you look at an issue and go "assuming these concepts are true, how then can we explain this specific social phenomenon?" That's literally all it is.


Question: Why can't shows like NCIS, Law and Order SVU, and Criminal Minds reference real world things?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't shows like NCIS, Law and Order SVU, and Criminal Minds reference real world things?

Either to avoid it looking like a paid product placement, or to avoid the owner of the trademark complaining or even suing. For example, if a show revolves around a terrorist attack which was organized by the terrorists using, say, WhatsApp, then the makers of WhatsApp might not be too happy about their trademark being linked to criminal activities in this way.


Question: How impactful is the discovery of water on the moon?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How impactful is the discovery of water on the moon?

Not really honestly. There's no way for life to exist on the moon, theres still no atmosphere and constant bombardment with high energy radiation. Its impactful in the sense of "someday, when we make a moon base, we can use the water instead of trying to find ways to generate it" We already know the moon falls into the suns zone for liquid water, since it orbits the earth. We've known the moon had water ice and flows since the 60s, and all but confirmed liquid water in 1994


Question: Why can our brains see words that are spelled correctly, but we think they are spelled wrong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can our brains see words that are spelled correctly, but we think they are spelled wrong?

It’s called jamais vu. It can happen as a result of mental illness or intoxication, but it also happens when you repeat or look at a word often. It’s unclear why it happens, but it probably has to do with your brain ceasing to recognize the *word* and only recognizing the shape or sound of the word.


Question: Why is Uber losing so much money and how can they still afford to be up and running?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Uber losing so much money and how can they still afford to be up and running?

Uber is growing under the same strategy and mentality as Amazon - grow as fast as possible, gain as much market share as possible and do so at any expense. In a new market like ride sharing, the biggest and most popular will win in the long run. Profitability may be quarters, if not years, away but the prospect of going public is going to provide investors with real cash value in the form of shares.


Question: Why Are Some Children So Resistant to Eating?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Are Some Children So Resistant to Eating?

There are a LOT of potential answers to this, and I expect that others will have better explanations. However: \- A major and important point of child development is learning to say "no" -- essentially, learning that you have control over your own body and are that you are capable of setting boundaries. Because eating is such an important part of most human communities, saying "no" to food is one of the universal ways that a 2- or 3-year-old begins to assert their own individual identity. \- There's also (IIRC) some research showing that children have more sensitive taste receptors, and thus are more likely to push food away.


Question: Why when we look at a tall building we feel it's not that high but when we're on top and look downw it's the double hight ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when we look at a tall building we feel it's not that high but when we're on top and look downw it's the double hight ?

well the sky doesn't have a limit so there's nothing to base the size off of. when you look down you can't even see the people where you would be standing looking up at it so it puts it into perspective. also you can die looking off a building and not looking up at it so that probably is a part


Question: Why do young children instinctively scream at the top of their lungs when they’re happy or excited?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do young children instinctively scream at the top of their lungs when they’re happy or excited?

They haven't developed impulse control yet; they what they want, when they want it. They don't hold back because their screeching laughter or wailing cries will upset the people at the next table in the restaurant. This is also one of the reasons that chimps haven't developed a higher level of society as humans did despite their surprising intelligence; 250lb of ultra lean muscle with the temperament of a two year old.


Question: what exactly is an algorithm and how is the algorithm for detecting fake news on Facebook failing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is an algorithm and how is the algorithm for detecting fake news on Facebook failing?

An algorithm is basically a recipe to solving a certain problem. The problem can be something like "what's the quickest way from point A to point B", "how to calculate digits of pi" or "how to tell a real news story from a fake one". In actuality an algorithm is a list of steps that are needed in order to solve the problem, i.e. they describe what a computer program needs to do. Unlike an actual computer program, the algorithm doesn't have to deal with specifics such as how the user enters the input to the problem or how exactly the problem will be represented in the computer's memory. A good analogy for an algorithm is a recipe: a list of general instructions on how to cook something (heat up oven, mix certain ingredients, etc.) When we say "the algorithm is failing" it simply means that the program that was written to implement this algorithm is failing to do its job correctly. So in this case, Facebook's program fails to properly detect fake news and separate them from real news.


Question: The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

It was a long, slow buildup. We're used to history moving *FAST* because we have a globalized civilization with excellent record keeping, near instant access to huge amounts of data, and perfect communication. For the vast majority of human existence "civilization" was the 100 or so people you would ever meet in your life, records were whatever the oldest person could remember, data was whatever you personally could remember, and communication happened at walking pace. With those conditions it takes a long time for the right resources to come together to increase the complexity of your society and technology.


Question: Why is it good or bad to elevate feet/legs when sleeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it good or bad to elevate feet/legs when sleeping?

No scientist here, but I believe it helps blood flow. Good, because it helps any pooled blood or fluid, that winds up in the feet during the day, drain towards the heart. Most likely bad if you don't have a circulatory issue and may cause cold or numbness for lack of flow.


Question: How are we able to analyse DNA that is thousands of years old? How do we even find it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to analyse DNA that is thousands of years old? How do we even find it?

All living things are made of cells. Inside each cell is DNA. If the cell is preserved, regardless of age, then we can extract the DNA to analyze. Longer it's been dead the more likely it's decayed and broken down. Finding tissue that's thousands of years old means conditions were perfect to preserve it.


Question: How do the stars remain in the same spot every night if the planet is both orbiting the sun and rotating at the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the stars remain in the same spot every night if the planet is both orbiting the sun and rotating at the same time?

They don't. They just move very, very slowly because they're very far away. Imagine driving on a road and looking at a mountain at the horizon. The mountain doesn't look like it's moving because it's far away, but it's obviously moving in relation to you, and after a while it will be obvious.


Question: Why are we constantly being told to conserve water if the planet is constantly recycling it through evaporation and precipitation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are we constantly being told to conserve water if the planet is constantly recycling it through evaporation and precipitation?

Water is difficult and expensive to sanitize to a level we consider potable (safe to drink). We are told to conserve water because most of the water many of us have access to is potable by default (the water that comes out of your sink and such....unless you're in Flint or something). The more water we simply waste, the more time, energy, and money we have to dump in to cleaning it.


Question: Why are trucking weigh stations ALWAYS closed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are trucking weigh stations ALWAYS closed?

The goal of truck weighing stations is to prevent truckers from going over weight. However, they don't need to check *every* truck *every* time it uses the road to accomplish this goal. All they need to do is check enough trucks on enough trips that the risk of getting caught + penalties deters truckers from going over weight. It's no different from speed laws. You don't station a police car every mile to ensure no one ever speeds. You just have police catch enough random people so that most drivers don't speed (too much). Also remember that it costs a fair bit of money to have a truck weigh station open - it's not like station a police car by the road, you have to hire staff and keep the lights on. So the government wants to keep them open as little as possible. Truckers also want them open as little as possible because they slow their trips even when they're not over weight. With everyone involved not wanting them open, they err on the side of not being open.


Question: Roaches. They're practically harmless but I fear them more than I fear death. Why??

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Roaches. They're practically harmless but I fear them more than I fear death. Why??

Unreliable remote diagnosis: you have a phobia. People can be afraid of all sorts of things, rationality doesn't really apply here (i know a person that is afraid of pennies, another one is afraid of other people's toes, many are afraid of heights, spiders, mice, walking on bridges...). Just because you know it is harmless does not make the fear go away. No one knows exactly what causes it. However, many phobias can be cured. You might want to see a therapist if you want it to go away/become less unbearable.


Question: Why does water have warm/cold spots?

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 Why does water have warm/cold spots?

Water is much better than air (and a lot better than many other substances) at retaining heat. Oil, for instance, will heat a lot faster in a pan than the same amount of water will. It will also cool faster. So when in an ocean, a current or tide might take water that was warmer (for instances, water coming in from a shallow area that was warmed by the sun), you can feel the difference in water temperature as you pass into that new flow of water. Despite being surrounded by cooler water, the water that was warm retains its temperature for long enough to be noticeable. In pools, this might happen because wamed water can be introduced through jets in the side of the pool or from people peeing.


Question: How do cords get tangled?

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 How do cords get tangled?

This is actually something that physicists have studied. Long story short, wires, strings, and cords tend to fall into rest in loops and those loops, and the ends, tend to fall in to other loops easily when disturbed. But this is just the set up. When you come along and pick it up, if you pick it up in the wrong place, it's like pulling your shoe laces tight when you are tying your shoes. You have picked it up in a place such that you have pulled one loop through the other or one end through a loop. Unaware of what you have done, you start grasping other areas as you try to figure out this seemingly messy puzzle, ultimately making the situation worse. I've seen what I've known to be neatly coiled wires go from slightly tangled looking to actually tangled because the person picked them up in the wrong place and became "disoriented". The best away to avoid things coming tangled is to wrap them the right way to begin with and use ties to keep everything in place. URL_0 For the alternating coil wrap, pay attention and make sure you actually alternate or you will end up knotting it (yes, you can knot a cable without touching the ends). For christmas lights I recommend multiple ties because the lights will catch on other loops and can pull them through and catch on the other lights, causing a tangle, when you are handling them. When you go to uncoil things, make sure you are starting from the right end in the right orientation.


Question: why/how does the sun shining have a positive effect on our mood?

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 why/how does the sun shining have a positive effect on our mood?

Actually, the UV radiation in the sun can act as the catalyst that helps changing your cholesterol under the skin into activated vitamin D, which strengthens your bones and ease your fatigue. Since your brain can recognize those changes inside your body and think that they are rewarding, it releases cognitive Dopamine which is a pleasant hormone that makes you feel good.


Question: What is the gold standard and why did politicians advocate staying on it vs. taking the U.S. off of it?

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 What is the gold standard and why did politicians advocate staying on it vs. taking the U.S. off of it?

Currency is a medium that people use to exchange items and hold value. A currency however is only as strong as the authority behind it. The first currency was **commodity currency**, items that had intrinsic value like gold or silver. You could surely redeem these items for their own value. Next came **commodity-backed currency**. This is what the gold standard was: a promise that you could exchange your paper money for gold at a fixed rate. Thus, your paper money had an insured value. But modern currency today is what's called **fiat currency**. It is not backed by a commodity, like gold with a gold standard. Instead it is backed by the *stability* of the government which mints it. The U.S. for example is such a stable country geopolitically that people can trust that their paper money, which is inherently worthless, has arbitrary value. You can imagine that civilizations long ago like the Roman Empire did not have the technology and power to maintain an un-backed currency. As for its pros and cons, this is where I am less sure. If money is tied to gold then you need to be able to maintain a level of gold that can match the amount an economy needs to function. A gold standard protects the value of a currency, but this became obsolete due to the rise of hegemonies like the US who could support their currency through their geopolitical power. Source: high school AP Macroeconomics


Question: How do gift cards generate profit?

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 How do gift cards generate profit?

I'll add my 2 cents. I work in retail and for my company, the actual selling of giftcards isn't what generates the profit. When someone buys you a gift card for my brand we know that at some point in the future you will buy something from us. Many times people will attempt to use the whole gift card which means they go over and spend money on top of that. TL;DR - gift cards are guaranteed future sales.


Question: why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?

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 why does our eyeballs move upwards when we close our eyes?

It's an awesome protective feature. As your lids go down, your eyes go up. That means as something like a chemical comes toward your eyes, there's a good chance the center part of your cornea (line of sight) will be protected. Your brain really depends on your eyes a lot so it developed many protective measures. We are amazing creatures !!


Question: Why are the orbits of planets and moons elliptical? I don’t understand how they don’t either spiral inwards and collide with their planets/star or sort of sling shot out of orbit.

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 Why are the orbits of planets and moons elliptical? I don’t understand how they don’t either spiral inwards and collide with their planets/star or sort of sling shot out of orbit.

When you orbit something, what you're really doing is falling towards it, but also moving sideways fast enough to not actually fall inward. Imagine you're going around a circle in a car. You have two 'forces' acting on you, the fictitious centrifugal force and the force of the car pushing you inward (the centrifugal force isn't real because the feeling of being pushed outward is just the wall of the car keeping you in). If the car speeds up, you feel like you're being pushed outward harder. To balance that out, you can drive in a bigger circle. The same thing happens with orbits. If you're orbiting something and you speed up, you move outward until the forces equal out again. Move slower, you get closer in. If you speed up or slow down enough, you can break orbit -Which small things do all the time, but the planets are so massive that it's incredibly difficult to just knock them out of orbit. Now, the reason the orbits are elliptical is because when you move farther out, you lose some of your energy (it turns into potential energy, just like when you lift something up), and so you move slower. You then fall, accelerating as you do so, and then get fast enough to go back up again. Most of the planets' orbits are almost perfectly circular, but while the ellipse is slight, it's still there. *EDIT: Changed "centripetal" to "centrifugal."*


Question: Why is it that when electronic devices malfunction, turning them off then on works so frequently?

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 Why is it that when electronic devices malfunction, turning them off then on works so frequently?

Most electronics work via a chip that has memory of what it is supposed to do. Like a set of instructions. Sometimes it gets overwhelmed and loses its place. When you turn it off and back on, you reset it to start back at step one, so now it knows its place and what to do next.


Question: Why aren't there more herbivorous fish?

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 Why aren't there more herbivorous fish?

It mostly comes down to the food chain. The land food chain involves lots of towering trees, thick grasses, seeds, shrubs, and flowers, all of which are large and can easily fill an herbivore's stomach. That's because of the growing conditions on land, which are mostly stable. In the water, on the other hand, conditions are constantly changing with the current, the storm schedule, and a host of other things. Because of this, the most common form of "plant" matter in the ocean is algae, which is actually what most seaweed is. (Algae isn't a true plant; there are very few true plants in the ocean.) Because of this, most "plant" matter is *tiny* and it would take a vast amount of it to feed a single fish. What happens is that the "plant" matter (mostly phytoplankton) is eaten by tiny animals floating in the ocean (zooplankton) which are in turn eaten by small animals like krill, which are eaten by larger fish, which are eaten by larger fish, etc, etc, all because the ocean doesn't let very many large animals wander and graze. Even so, there are actually quite a few species of herbivorous fish. The parrotfish family alone contributes almost 100 herbivorous species. Many tangs and blennies are herbivores, as well as, surprisingly, most species of piranha. (The red-bellied piranha is the famous carnivorous species; most other species are peaceful herbivores.)


Question: Why does the square root of i = (1/square root of 2)(1+i)?

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 Why does the square root of i = (1/square root of 2)(1+i)?

Complex numbers have a real/imaginary part. So 'i' really = 0 + 1i then to find square root: * (a + bi)^2 = 0 + 1i * a^2 + 2abi + b^2 * i^2 = 0 + 1i : But i^2 == -1 * a^2 + 2abi - b^2 = 0 + 1i : Separate real/imaginary parts * (a^2 - b^2 ) = 0 : Means a == b * 2abi = 1i = > 2aai = 1i * 2a^2 i = 1i : divide by i * 2a^2 = 1 * a^2 = 1/2 * a = sqrt(1/2) = 0.707106... plug back into original (a + bi) formula you get 0.707 + 0.707i


Question: Why do people have such varying degrees of pain tolerance? [Biology]

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 Why do people have such varying degrees of pain tolerance? [Biology]

Howdy, I with in an OR and some of that can be explained by how all surgeries vary in how invasive they are and the range of techniques involved. Imagine two cases ceterus paribus, one has an extremely difficult intubation with a glide-o-scope having 8 attempts and the other's was very easy. One patient will certainly be thinking of their throat more than even the surgery itself, perhaps. Now imagine that in all things, a slightly deeper absess with more necrosis..a pt that is dehydrated and starving before they go in. .an appendix far more inflamed. .a bone that shunted deeper into tissues. .failures to clear a nerve or perfuse a portion of capillary beds. It is true some people are more used to pain, or require more stimuli for discomfort..but when taken to extremes. .major surgery as with car wrecks, dying tissue, amputation so on and so forth this multi-variability is far more pertinent to recovery and patient experience. Hope this helps. And for more information on the relativity of pain from pt to pt with "equal stimuli" read up on its inception and the history of anesthesiology and the pain scale. .from trying to shock people and getting them to call out an arbitrary number to MRI mapping.


Question: When a novel is written by two authors, how does that work? Does one type while the other dictates and then swap or do they collaboratively write each section?

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 When a novel is written by two authors, how does that work? Does one type while the other dictates and then swap or do they collaboratively write each section?

Depends on the authors. Here's an article about how Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman wrote *Good Omens:* [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) It sounds like it wasn't terribly organized / preplanned but rather bounced ideas off each other and then wrote sections as they occurred to themselves. There is also a discussion in the introduction to the book, but I don't have it in front of me at the moment.