Question: What happens to you when you have a seizure?

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 What happens to you when you have a seizure?

Very broadly, brains use two kinds of chemicals - inhibitory, which reduce the likelihood of a neuron firing; and, excitatory, which increase it. Your brain uses a lot of loops of signals that will pass through a neuron several times. Each time, though, different combinations of other neurons are firing along with it. As each neuron fires, it affects the ones around it, which may or may not cause them to fire, too. The unique pattern of which neurons are active creates a "thought". Part of controlling what kind of pattern happens, which neurons fire or not, are those inhibitory and excitatory chemicals. The inhibitory chemicals are also really important because they allow the loops to *stop*. The waves of neurons firing needs to be controlled, which means it needs to be limited. During a seizure, signals are triggered too quickly for those inhibitory chemicals to slow down the waves of neurons and an out of control loop happens. Neurons trigger other neurons that trigger the first neurons, faster than the parts around them can keep up. They're firing as fast as they can. Depending on which part or parts of the brain this happens in, you get different symptoms from slurring speech to muscle twitching to the full *grand mal* seizure. The rapid looping of neurons doesn't stop until the neurons just can't fire anymore, they run out of juice, which breaks the cycle.


Question: How does a sewage system and the recycling of the sewage water work?

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 How does a sewage system and the recycling of the sewage water work?

Screens remove everything larger than ~1". The water goes to a primary clarifier where solids sink, grease floats, and the cleaner water is siphoned from the middle. That water is sent to an aeration basin where the activated sludge (good microorganisms) is introduced and lots of air is bubbled through to facilitate them eating the nastiness/completing the nitrogen cycle. The mixture then goes to a secondary clarifier where the activated sludge is recaptured in the same manner as the primary clarifiers. Finally, the water goes to whatever disinfection the plant uses (chlorine, UV, ozone, etc) and out to a river/ocean/desert. There are various methods of treatment, but activated sludge is the most common


Question: How can Disney comfortably afford acquiring Fox for 52 billion dollars?

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 How can Disney comfortably afford acquiring Fox for 52 billion dollars?

Don't think of it as disney losing 52 out of its 90 billion dollars. They're getting what they think is at least 52 billion dollars of value. If I have $25,000 in my bank account and I buy a $200,000 house with a mortgage, would people say I have serious financial consequences for doing so? Not really. I have a $200,000 house. It has value. How long will it take to get that back as liquidity? Make a dozen movies. You can now put the X-men in with the Avengers like things are supposed to be. They can now make a TON of films that they couldn't before, all now matching up with comic book continuity instead of having to write around the characters they weren't allowed to use.


Question: How can sperm whales dive so deep and not suffer from the pressure?

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 How can sperm whales dive so deep and not suffer from the pressure?

Whales have numerous adaptations to help deal with pressure. Firstly, they have a reduced number of sinuses and air cavities compared to land dwelling mammals. Where they do have cavities, these are heavily lined with blood vessels, which fill at depth, blocking the airspace completely and preventing its collapse. Secondly, their lungs can collapse without suffering damage, due to reinforcement. This has the added of effect of preventing gas exchange with the blood, which prevents nitrogen narcosis and 'the bends'. This naturally also means that they can't get oxygen from the lungs too, so they have evolved changes to their blood and muscle to cope. Whales have a lot more blood per kg than land mammals, and much more haemoglobin, which stores oxygen, in that blood. They also have much more myoglobin, the protein that makes red meat red, in their muscles. This again stores oxygen.


Question: How do we know that there is an unobservable universe beyond the observable universe if we can’t see it?

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 How do we know that there is an unobservable universe beyond the observable universe if we can’t see it?

We can't know with 100% certainty, but all evidence points towards the universe being pretty much the same everywhere that we *can* observe, so it would make sense to be pretty much the same where we can't. It is a simpler explanation to say that it simply is infinite and homogenous at large scales (which is consistent with what we observe) rather than having to come up with some reason there might be nothing past what we observe.


Question: Why is 70 degree F water so much colder than 70 degree F air?

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 Why is 70 degree F water so much colder than 70 degree F air?

It's because of the efficiency of heat transfer--when thermal energy moves from something warm to something cooler. In this case, from your 98.7 degree (F) body to the 70 degree air or water. Water is a better conductor than air, so when you get into the water heat escapes/is transferred out of your body at a much faster rate, leaving you feeling colder, faster than you would if you were just standing in 70 degree air.


Question: What is the difference between a personality disorder and a mood disorder?

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 What is the difference between a personality disorder and a mood disorder?

Well, our perceptions and definitions of mental illness definitely change and morph over time as we learn new things, so a lot of this stuff isn't exact, but in general: The official understanding of mood disorders is what it says: A disorder of moods. It's generally about "abnormal" emotional reactions, like having major, life-altering mood swings, going back and forth between horrid, soul-crushing depressive episodes and ecstatic, manic highs. Or in situations where something negative happens, and a "normal" person might feel bummed for a while, or get a little stressed and then it's over, whereas a person with a mood disorder might just come completely unglued and fall into a suicidal depression, or get overcome with mindless rage. A personality disorder is more all-encompassing, it's the person's entire personality, and how it deviates from what we consider "normal". This covers a whole range of things, like how they see, value, and treat other people, how they form relationships with others, how they perceive themselves. People with personality disorders are often seen as difficult, confusing, extreme, etc, because their behaviors are so different from what we consider normal and appropriate. Symptoms of personality disorders can include things like being generally paranoid and seeing other people's behaviors as some sort of deliberate secret plot. Sometimes the person's life is ruled by fears that the rest of us would consider weird, like being obsessively fearful of germs, contamination, diseases. While some personality disorders can cause mood swings (like in mood disorders), this is only one of many symptoms that a person with PD has, whereas the mood disorders are generally about mood and emotional responses only. Current thinking is that mood disorders have a biological origin, like there's something going wrong with the brain chemistry, whereas personality disorders are thought to be a response to severe trauma in childhood. But again, we're learning new things all the time, and this is an inexact science, so we may well find out that there are completely different causes at some point in the future, or that the causes are far more varied and complex than we thought.


Question: How would we calculate where to go for space travel?

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 How would we calculate where to go for space travel?

We have enough historical data on how most stars have changed position over the years to have a good understanding of their relative velocities and directions compared to our solar system. With that we can project their positions fairly well into the near future. Presumably any ship we send out will also be capable of mid-course corrections, so we don't need to know the future position exactly dead-on-the-money, but tweak it as necessary during the cruise phase as we make better observations and calculations.


Question: How do they calculate the probability for genetic traits?

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 How do they calculate the probability for genetic traits?

First of all it's an unsourced claim, so It's likely bullshit to begin with. If the genes responcible are well known people can use the Hardy-Weinberg equation and similar methods working backwards to calculate how common certain genes are based on how common certain traits are in the population. After you have those numbers you can calculate how likely a combination of genes is to create a specific combination of traits. The lobster in question may or may not be a [chimera]( URL_0 ) which complicates things further. Genetics has a lot of terminology and math, so it's hard to make an answer less vague without going into many other topics.


Question: How do ad blocks work, and why can some ads come through on certain sites?

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 How do ad blocks work, and why can some ads come through on certain sites?

Adblockers have a list of websites and HTML elements within those websites that contain ads. When you load a page, it checks its reference list, and then deletes the elements that contain the ads. If there's an ad in an element that isn't listed, it won't get deleted. Most adblockers have a function where you can add to the list by right clicking on an ad and telling it to block it. This just adds it to the list.


Question: Why does the body want to puke after really intense exercise?

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 Why does the body want to puke after really intense exercise?

The involuntary actions your body does such as your heartbeat, digestion, etc fall under two systems: The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic system manages your fight or flight responses. Your parasympathetic manages your rest and digest activities. In general, when one becomes more active the other becomes less active. This allows your body to function more efficiently by shunting blood away from digestion to your muscles to better enable you to run away quickly. It also helps digestion if you're not jostling your stomach contents around, so we typically feel like taking a nap after having a big meal. Your jogging stimulated your sympathetic nervous system to take control and thus made voiding your stomach contents seem like a valid option, since your digestive system can't work optimally. This is also why people get 'butterflies in their stomach' during stressful situations. The stress activates their sympathetic system and turns down their parasympathetic.


Question: What should I know about money as a teen?

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 What should I know about money as a teen?

It does NOT matter how much money you make.. it matters how much you spend. I know people who make way more than I make and are living paycheck to paycheck.. they work over 40 hours a week.. just trying to cover their bills. Big house, new car, expensive clothes.. but are constantly stress. Me.. on the other hand... here I am working part time for minimum wage. I own my house, car, and have 10 acres, with a pet donkey and llama, I have time to chill and enjoy life. The secret? I lived cheap for as long as I could, saving money.. saving.. saving.. saving.. I didn't have a kid until I was 30 so that was smart because as soon as you have a kid you pay more!! lol... I didn't have internet, or cable tv.. I didn't go out for coffee.. my rent was low. The car I bought was old and crap, but it was paid for in cash so I didn't have high car payments. I took a 6 week trip to Wales, but that was my only huge treat.. I ate cheap.. I eventually bought a house. Again.. I was smart, I didn't buy the biggest house, or the newest. I bought a nice 3 bedroom house in an older part of town (not the crappiest area)..which I have since sold to get the acreage.. I made sure my down payment was high so my mortgage was LOWER than what rent would be. I know it's getting tougher and tougher because house prices in some areas are getting stupid high... so pick a different area.. Make saving money the goal because in the end of it all money doesn't matter worth shit.. the ONLY thing that matters is the time you have for your life!


Question: How is it possible for a sail-powered boat to travel against--or, for that matter, faster than--the wind?

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 How is it possible for a sail-powered boat to travel against--or, for that matter, faster than--the wind?

The intuitive way I describe this concept is a watermelon seed on a table. When you push down on it, it will slip and squirt out to the side much faster than your finger pushed down. This is because the force imparted by your finger was redirected into sideways movement and that movement didn't lessen the force input from your finger. Imagine if you were just pushing the seed along the table. Certainly it would move, but only as fast as your finger did. Once it is moving with your finger there is no reason to continue any faster. In this same way as a boat moves with the wind it loses the thrust. Once the boat is moving with the wind from its perspective there is no wind at all! But if the boat moves perpendicular to the wind it can redirect the force to acceleration without losing the benefit of input force. This can allow acceleration without limit to the speed of the wind.


Question: how/why does ambient noise (rain fall) help people fall asleep faster?

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 how/why does ambient noise (rain fall) help people fall asleep faster?

Should be noted that it doesn't help everyone fall asleep & is also not fully understood Sound like rainfall, waves crashing on a beach etc are non-threatening sounds at frequencies that soothe our brains & help them to relieve stress These sounds are continuous & or repetitive white noise so our brain can predict them & tune them out whereas if you have total silence then our brain cannot predict the next noise it will hear so becomes more alert/on guard in case of threat


Question: How does the bubbles in soap clean?

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 How does the bubbles in soap clean?

It doesn’t. In the earlier days of modern soap, bubbles were just something that happened naturally and unavoidably. When they started improving on it to where it didn’t have to make bubbles, customers complained that things just didn’t *feel* as clean without the bubbles. So then they started adding bubbles on purpose. Just a bit of psychological trickery with the placebo effect. People just associate bubbles with cleanliness.


Question: Why does temperature of food change the taste even when fully cooked?

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 Why does temperature of food change the taste even when fully cooked?

A bunch of things are happening here. 1) Much of what you "taste" is actually in your nose. Your tongue can resolve sweet, salty, savoury, sour, and bitter. That's it. Your olfactory receptors handle the rest, probing every molecule that wafts from your upper palate into the nasal cavity. Those molecules are very specific: the terpenoids that distinguish lemon from lime from cloves, or the esters that differentiate honey from pineapple, differ by only a handful of atoms. Each of those flavour molecules has a different boiling point. At low temperatures, only the most volatile molecules are in gas form and waft up to your nose. As you chew, the food may warm, and the flavour profile may change. Heat the food up a bit, more flavours will emerge. That may or may not be good depending on the food. Heat it more again, and the most volatile, aromatic flavours may dissipate completely before they even reach your mouth. 2) Cooking is, by definition, chemical transformation of a food through heat. Believe it or not, not all of those reactions are fully understood in terms of their molecular mechanisms. But they work, and so in essence a raw onion and a caramelized onion, or a raw potato and a boiled potato, are altogether different morsels of chemicals--so of course they'll taste differently. And cooking can occur at surprisingly low temperatures--tuna fishers have to be somewhat gentle reeling in live tuna, as they can fight hard enough to actually start to cook their own bodies. 3) As far as good / bad goes, that can be patently true, or culturally situated, or a matter of preference. When I was growing up, the idea of sashimi turned the stomachs of everyone I knew. Now, it seems like no one can get enough. Some people grow up associating warm milk with bed time, some with fresh-from-the-cow, some with spoilage. Can everyone agree that lettuce should be cold? I have no idea.


Question: The difference between the Secretary of the Treasury and the Treasurer of the US?

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</answer>
 The difference between the Secretary of the Treasury and the Treasurer of the US?

The secretary of the treasury is a member of the cabinet and advises the president on economic issues and plays a major role in deciding economic and tax policies. The treasurer oversees the U.S. Mint, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and Fort Knox and may also be an adviser to the secretary.


Question: Why does algrebra commonly use “x” even though its similar to the “times” symbol?

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 Why does algrebra commonly use “x” even though its similar to the “times” symbol?

You won't see "×" used commonly as the symbol for multiplication once you get into math beyond algebra. Multiplication is usually written differently in more advanced mathematics. For example, **5(10a) = b** is a much cleaner way to express **5 × (10 × a) = b** When a multiplication symbol *is* used, it tends to look like an asterisk "*" or a simple dot "·". For example; 2 * 2 = 4 2 · 2 = 4 -------- Essentially, the multiplication symbol you learned in grade school becomes obsolete when you get into algebra, calculus, and beyond.


Question: Is it possible for there to be a "source code to the universe" that accurately explains and predicts all physical phenomena?

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 Is it possible for there to be a "source code to the universe" that accurately explains and predicts all physical phenomena?

Yes, there could be something that can explain all physical phenomena although physicists (who are generally the most focused on this question) haven't found it yet. They call this the Grand Unified Theory of Everything. It isn't clear that we are close to figuring it out though although lots of smart people are trying. The best ideas of today indicate that this theory might have, at it's core, some random or non-deterministic behavior. So while the theory (if ever discovered) might EXPLAIN everything, it might still not be capable of PREDICTING everything.


Question: why does radiation destroy or interupt electronics?

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 why does radiation destroy or interupt electronics?

Ionizing radiation will generate a small electric charge when it hits an atom. So you will get small rouge charges going through the electronics. These will be amplified by the transistors used for the logic and cause it to send a signal where there should not be one. So a zero would become a one or a one would become a zero.


Question: Why does lightning look like it goes upwards instead of downwards?

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 Why does lightning look like it goes upwards instead of downwards?

Because lightning does actually go up instead of down. Before a lightning strike (or rather, the discharge - the bit that makes the flash and the bang) happens, what has to happen first is for rogue electrons to form things called "leaders" in the air. These are paths of ionised air. Leaders propagate from the cloud down towards the ground, usually splitting into branches. This happens in a jerky motion, which creates the iconic zig-zag shape. In a thunderstorm, objects on the ground are also becoming charged. If a leader gets close enough to the ground, the ground will send out its own leader, and the two will eventually link together to form one complete path of ionised air between the cloud and the ground. When this happens, a massive electrical field is generated at the point of attachment (and that point is very close to the ground, because the ground only starts making its own leader when the incoming leader is already close). The electrons here speed up all of a sudden and then shoot out back along the leader, and because this starts close to the ground, the electrons are moving upwards. The electrons are going so fast and with so much energy that they cause the air in the leader to turn into a superheated plasma that's so hot it glows briefly, which is what you're seeing in a lightning strike. And because the electrons are going so fast, it also makes this process of heating happen practically instantaneously. This makes the air expand so much it causes a sound wave, which you hear as thunder. Lightning is cool as shit.


Question: Why is a ‘well seasoned’ cast iron skillet not considered unhygienic?

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 Why is a ‘well seasoned’ cast iron skillet not considered unhygienic?

The "seasoning" that is commonly discussed about cast iron cookware, refers to the baked on coating of oil that has forms a relatively non-stick patina to the surface of the pan. It occurs when this coating of oil is baked at a high enough temperature to carbonize and bond with the pan. This is commonly done at the factory as a final step before shipping to the consumer, however if proper care is taken with the pan, you can maintain and even build up this patina layer with repeated use. This is why some iron cookware is said to get better with age, as the patina layer is built up and maintained. As far as hygiene is concerned, there should be nothing for bacteria to consume in a well seasoned pan. The seasoning coating is highly carbonized and will not support them. [Lodge Cast Iron Care]( URL_0 )


Question: How do people work out the odds for betting? Like I get who is the favourite but how do they decide between 3/1 or 4/1 or even those odds to start with?

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 How do people work out the odds for betting? Like I get who is the favourite but how do they decide between 3/1 or 4/1 or even those odds to start with?

The idea for the “house” is to try to set a betting line that will even out the betting. So they are not saying Team A has a certain chance to win, they are telling you how much you have to bet to get a certain payout IF you make the right choice. So lets say Mike Tyson in his prime is fighting Glass Joe. Vegas would think Tyson to be a HEAVY favorite so they want to make bettor risk ALOT to win a little on Tyson. So they would say his odds are 1/10 meaning you have to RISK $10 just to win $1. So Tyson will probably win, but if he doesnt you are in trouble because you had to risk so much. Now his opponent stinks so why would anybody bet on him? Because his odds would be like 25/1 so the bettor risks just $1 and if they get lucky.... they win $25. A lot of bettors will throw down a few bucks on those long odds which adds up and balances the betting sheets. There is also Money Line. Which shows the favorite as a negative and the dog as a positive So Tyson might be -1000. ( which means you have to RISK $1000 just to win $100). And our friend Glass Joe would be +2500 so you have to RISK $100 and you win $2500 if your longshot comes in. So once the lines are set, they move up and down based on who is betting for whom in order to try to entice people to bet evenly.... So if Glass Joe suddenly gets hundreds of thousands of dollars of bets.... the bookie says... “ maybe that line was too generous” and moves the line to make it earn less if Joe wins and more if Tyson wins. The bookies just want the money split to be as even as possible


Question: How is the postal service running out of money?

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 How is the postal service running out of money?

The Postal Service is an essential public service that is trying to be ran like a business. The post office also has a huge anchor. It must fund and allocate retirement benefits for 75 years. No other business has to do this. Period. So, essentially, they are setting money aside for employees who don't even work there yet. In all reality, the USPS isn't designed to make money. It is designed to deliver mail (and produce some wicked sweet stamps).


Question: What happens at the back of your throat, right before you cry, that makes it feel all tight & painful?

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 What happens at the back of your throat, right before you cry, that makes it feel all tight & painful?

Our body has what's called the autonomic nervous system. As its name suggests, its major role is to regulate all of the non-voluntary movements. This includes controlling heart rate, breathing rate, motility of your bowels and so on. You probably have come across it as the "fight or flight" & "rest and digest" responses. The former is what's called the sympathetic nervous system and the latter the parasympathetic nervous system. They usually control the same organ but have opposite effects on that organ. For example; The sympathetic system causes your wind pipe to widen (dilate) and the parasympathetic system causes it to narrow (constrict). If you think about it, that makes a lot of sense. In a fight or flight situation you want your wind pipe to be wide so you can get more O2 per breath. When we cry, our body senses distress and so ends up activating the sympathetic nervous system. Especially when you are in severe distress, the response is quite strong. So when the sympathetic neurons fire, it ends up distending our wind pipe as discussed above. Anatomically our windpipe (trachea) lies directly in front of the food pipe(esophagus). Thus when our windpipe is widening, it pushes against the food pipe closing it shut. When we attempt to swallow, we are essentially pushing against the weight of the trachea giving us that lump in our throat.


Question: Why is it for some people common to think involuntarily about their most embarrassing moments when they try to fall asleep?

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 Why is it for some people common to think involuntarily about their most embarrassing moments when they try to fall asleep?

I read about this the other day, the theory was that the brain needs to process the bad experiences that you have during the day, but most people are far too busy to give your brain the quiet time that it needs to do this. So when you lie down at night the first thing that your brain does is think, whoa quiet time and then starts to process all of these thoughts. What its trying to do is to look at each bad experience and learn from it so it can be dealt with better next time. So if you want to avoid this, give yourself a 30 minute or so quiet break during the day to allow the processing to happen (avoid FB, phones etc) and then you wont get the processing happening at bed time..


Question: Why does stretching certain muscles feel good yet others remain painful even as I gain flexibility?

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 Why does stretching certain muscles feel good yet others remain painful even as I gain flexibility?

So flexibility is a a little complicated. You have muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and all three have flexibility. Tendons attach muscle to bone, while ligaments attach bone to bone. If you try and touch your toes with straight legs, you'll probably feel a tightness behind your knees. This is mostly your 'posterior cruciate ligament' (PCL). Now bend your knee a little bit, and stretch again. This time, you should feel a different kind of tightness, that goes from a little above the back of your knee right up to your butt. This is your hamstring. You are stretching your hamstring both ways, but with straight legs, your limit is probably the limit of your ligaments. (Note: if you have really really tight hamstrings, you may just feel your hamstrings for both). When you reach a 'limit' while stretching your muscles, you're not actually at a physical limit. Instead, your feeling a stretch reflex. Your muscles will try and stop a stretch long before it becomes dangerous, to protect you. When your muscles feel tight during a stretch, that's partially because they're flexing against the stretch. Your ligaments can't flex like your muscles do. When you stretch them, you also trigger a relfex to resist the stretch, but this time the tightness is in the ligament, but the flex is in the muscles that close the same joint. This is why it feels different. Muscle flexibility is also much easier to improve than ligament flexibility. This is because you can re-train your stretch reflex to allow more flexibility.


Question: Why does driving 60mph on the highway feel slow like driving 40mph on a normal road?

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 Why does driving 60mph on the highway feel slow like driving 40mph on a normal road?

Size of the highway vs the size of a city street. Buildings and other objects are farther away from you. That causes the illusion of you going the same speed. I don't recommend it, but drive 60mph on the street, and drive 40mph on the highway. You will feel like a slug on the highway, and you will feel like you are going a million mph. So will the police, and give you a ticket.


Question: Why’s it so hard to breathe when there’s strong winds blowing in your face?

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 Why’s it so hard to breathe when there’s strong winds blowing in your face?

Scubadiver here: The reason for this is an instinct most mammals have: To hold your breath underwater. If you get a rush of cold (usually water) on your face, stop trying to breathe. It makes great sense in most situations, and most animals can not mentally override this instinct. When you scubadive, you have to learn to override this instinct. You can feel it in strong wind, for example if you stick you head out of a car window: A rush of cold onto your face, and you can not breath. BTW, This has nothing to do this fluid dynamics, gas pressure, or bernoulli's law. Edit: Whoa, first silver twice! Thanks mysterious benefactors.


Question: [X-Post /r/Argentina] What does it mean for a country to have the amount of debt Argentina has?

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 [X-Post /r/Argentina] What does it mean for a country to have the amount of debt Argentina has?

The raw amount of debt is meaningless, but the debt-to-GDP ratio is much more important. Argentina's debt is rather high for it's GDP, which is concerning. More important, though, is the fact that Argentina has defaulted on it's debt **seven times**, and as a result no one trusts them not to do it again. Hence, no one invests because they don't want to get screwed.


Question: How do countries that have no natural resources and completely rely on import even survive economily?

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 How do countries that have no natural resources and completely rely on import even survive economily?

They buy in raw materials relatively cheaply, add value by manufacturing facilities and expertise , then sell at a profit. Britain used to be known for manufactured goods based on imports from empire/Commonwealth sources. Japan also, they are not well endowed with natural resources, one of the factors leading them into wars of conquest before and during WW2.


Question: why does dental care cost so much, even in countries with universal health care?

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 why does dental care cost so much, even in countries with universal health care?

In Canada Dental care is not covered by the national healthcare plan, so it's one of the few things that still requires insurance to help cover. Others include physio therapy, chiropractors, and prescription drugs. So the question is why? Given that dental care is so important to our health why isn't it covered? Well the answer is political. When the Canadian government was pushing in Healthcare legislation in the 50's it was an uphill battle. As beneficial as the system was going to be there was a lot of resistance and fighting between Doctors and the Government regarding how the system would work and some compromises had to be made. Similar to the resistance to moving towards single payer in the US right now. A lot of the same arguments were being made. Dentistry wasn't nearly as advanced or common place as it is now, back then fillings were possible but the majority of the time Dentists would merely pull out teeth. So while it was discussed as an addition it was eventually dropped. The idea being that the government would look into it later... Moving to single payer healthcare was such a step up from what we had before that people at the time just accepted it. Dentistry really was an after thought compared to being able to get emergency surgery without paying for it. Well decades later it still hasn't happened. No government has yet championed the addition of Dentistry to the healthcare system, so Dentistry remains in a pre-50's state where costs aren't government controlled and insurance companies still reign. This is a case of the field has advanced a lot in 50+ years but the healthcare system hasn't caught up. Dentistry, drugs, eye wear, prosthetics, physio, massage, chiropractic care are all examples of things that could and arguably should be added to our national healthcare system. It's merely a matter of having a government that will get this done.


Question: Why are chimpanzees significantly more muscular than humans, despite lower testosterone levels?

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 Why are chimpanzees significantly more muscular than humans, despite lower testosterone levels?

Testosterone is simply a growth hormone - when cells detect it, they transcribe certain genes that cause cell division. Testosterone is just one part of that puzzle. Every single protein involved in taking that testosterone signal and causing gene transcription is a gene that can mutate, and there are a *lot* of steps involved, so lots of places for potential mutations. If any step of that signalling cascade is more active in chimpanzee muscle cells than in human muscle cells, it would lead to chimpanzee muscles having a greater response to testosterone.


Question: How can a computer beat a human at chess? No matter how pro a player is, a computer can always beat him. How?

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 How can a computer beat a human at chess? No matter how pro a player is, a computer can always beat him. How?

Being a good strategist at chess basically hinges at how many iterations of the board you can predict. If you're only thinking of the next move, playing against someone experienced you'll always lose basically because they're thinking five or ten moves ahead. A computer program might, for example, be able to look thirty moves ahead. That means they can plan strategies a lot further in advance than you can, and can use that knowledge to steer you in the direction of a loss, basically.


Question: What holds the atoms/molecules of a solid together?

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 What holds the atoms/molecules of a solid together?

The force that holds the molecules together is the electromagnetic force between nuclei and the electrons in the solid but the exact way this happens depends on what solid you are talking about. For example, although a single salt molecule is electrically neutral, the atoms that make up the molecule are not. The molecule has 'poles' because the sodium is positively charged and the chlorine is negative. When you have many molecules, they tend to arrange themselves in a way such that each negatively charged chlorine atom is surrounded by positively charged sodium atoms and vice versa. This attraction is what holds salt crystals together, as long as the molecules don't have enough energy to overcome it. In metals, each atom shares some of its electrons with the entire solid, forming a 'sea' of electrons. The attraction between the positively charged nuclei and the electrons in this sea is what holds metals together.


Question: How were square roots calculated in the first place, before calculators?

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 How were square roots calculated in the first place, before calculators?

You would look them up in a table. The tables were populated by hand calculation. For example, what's the square root of 20? Well, you know it's going to be more than 4 and less than 5, because 16 is 4² and 25 is 5². So you might try 4.5. So then you would square 4.5 and get 20.25. This tells you that the square root of 20 must be a bit less than 4.5. So you could try 4.4. You square 4.4 and you get 19.36. So now you know that the square root of 20 must be 4.4xxx. So you might try 4.45. 4.45² is 19.8025, so that's too low. 4.46² is 19.8916, so that's too low. 4.47² is 19.9809. That gives us a second decimal place. Now let's add another decimal place. 4.475² is 20.025625. 4.474² is 20.016676. 4.472² is 19.998784... So now by essentially guessing and checking, we've gotten three decimal places on the square root of 20. 4.472. We could keep going and keep adding decimal places through the exact same method.


Question: How do people get caught money laundering? What is the paper trail?

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 How do people get caught money laundering? What is the paper trail?

Lets say you own a spa (legitimate business). You have a lot of cash from your illegitimate business. You fuck with the accounting records to make it look like your business is a lot busier than it is. Your employees don't have to be in on the scam. You actually have 20 people a day using your spa. The books say you have 50. Anyone who watches your spa closely can count how many clients you have. Audit the books and notice the numbers are off. Where's that cash coming from? You just got caught. Money laundering is the process of taking illegal money and making it legitimate. Legitimate money has a paper trail (receipts, invoices, taxes, etc.). In order to launder the money, you have to create a paper trail to make it look like the money came from legitimate sources.


Question: How does your eyesight get worse?

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 How does your eyesight get worse?

The varying causes of deterioration: Age: Let's day I paint a house. No matter what paint I use, it will eventually get worn and peel, not looking so good. The paint just doesn't last forever. Genetic stuff: Let's say I'm painting another house. This time, I got a bad batch of paint. No matter what I do, it won't look as good as normal Eye strain: let's say I have a spring, and I keep it stretched for a whole week. That spring won't be so tight after the week. Focussing a lot on close objects (or far ones, but that's less common) has a similar effect on your eyes.


Question: Why are astronauts allowed to do water droplet tricks on the ISS?

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 Why are astronauts allowed to do water droplet tricks on the ISS?

Pure water isn't conductive - it needs dissolved salts to become conductive. In addition, the air has a certain amount of water content already. These escaped water droplets will eventually evaporate into the air. Furthermore, if the water droplets were able to come into contact with an electric circuit, they would attach themselves to one connector and not bridge the gap between two, because water is a polar molecule and tends to coat whatever surface it touches. Graphite, on the other hand, will never evaporate and disappear, is highly conductive, and is a solid, so eventually a caking of graphite dust could indeed bridge two connectors and cause a short.


Question: Wat is the difference between the strong and weak nuclear forces?

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 Wat is the difference between the strong and weak nuclear forces?

The strong force keeps protons and neutron together. It is mediated by the gluon which is massless and has a very short range. Gluons make quarks attract each other and if you try to separate them the force get stronger unlike electromagnetism and gravity. This is why you can never see a lone quark. The weak force is responsible for some kinds of radioactive decay and is mediated by 3 massive bosons(Z, W-, W+). The weak force is 'weak' because it has a very short effective range and is very unlikely.


Question: Is it possible to lose weight by having a weekly caloric limit instead of a daily one?

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 Is it possible to lose weight by having a weekly caloric limit instead of a daily one?

Thermodynamics says that as long as your caloric intake is less than the calories you burn, you will lose weight. However, if you eat 14,000 calories on Monday and starve yourself the rest of the week, you're bound to cause some damage to your body and it would be unhealthy. Or it would probably be unhealthy to eat 3,500 calories every other day and only 500 calories the days in between. This is why daily calorie counts are the standard. You don't want that much variation between days.


Question: Why is light frequency generally measured in distance but sound frequency in time (nm vs Hz)?

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 Why is light frequency generally measured in distance but sound frequency in time (nm vs Hz)?

Light frequency is also measured in Hz. Light wavelength is measured in nm. Sound wavelength is comparatively huge and unhelpful, so we use Hz, whereas light frequency is a very big number that doesn't mean much so we use nm. It's pretty arbitrary since the units can be interchanged without loss.


Question: Why are standard world maps considered to be inaccurate?

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 Why are standard world maps considered to be inaccurate?

A globe is definitely accurate. The standard maps are inaccurate because the world is round, and maps are flat. There's no way to project a spherical map on a flat surface without stretching or tearing parts of the map. In the former case you get maps like the [Mercator projection]( URL_1 ) which makes areas closer to the poles huge, and in the latter case you get odd things like [this]( URL_0 ).


Question: What does iOS do differently to Android for iPhones to only need 1-2 GB of RAM?

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 What does iOS do differently to Android for iPhones to only need 1-2 GB of RAM?

Eyy I actually know the answer to this one (game & app developer with low-level expertise in power and memory management - lots of iOS and Android experience and knowledge). --- Android was built to run Java applications across any processor - X86, ARM, MIPS, due to decisions made on the early days of Android's development. Android first did this via a virtual-machine (Dalvik), which is like a virtual computer layer between the actual hardware and the software (Java software in Android's case). Lots of memory was needed to manage this virtual machine and store both the Java byte-code and the processor machine-code as well as store the system needed for translating the Java byte-code into your device's processor machine-code. These days Android uses a Runtime called ART for interpreting (and compiling!) apps - which still needs to sit in a chunk of memory, but doesn't consume nearly as much RAM as the old Dalvik VM did. Android was also designed to be a multi-tasking platform with background services, so in the early days extra memory was needed for this (but it's less relevant now with iOS having background-tasks). Android is also big on the garbage-collected memory model - where apps use all the RAM they want and the OS will later free unused memory at a convenient time (when the user isn't looking at the screen is the best time to do this!). --- iOS was designed to run Objective-C applications on known hardware, which is an ARM processor. Because Apple has full control of the hardware, they could make the decision to have native machine code (No virtual machine) run directly on the processor. Everything in iOS is lighter-weight in general due to this, so the memory requirements are much lower. iOS originally didn't have background-tasks as we know them today, so in the early days it could get away with far less RAM than what Android needed. RAM is expensive, so Android devices struggled with not-enough-memory for quite a few years in the early days, with iOS devices happily using 256MB and Android devices struggling with 512MB. In iOS the memory is managed by the app, rather than a garbage collector. In the old days developers would have to use alloc and dealloc to manage their memory themselves - but now we have automatic reference counting, so there is a mini garbage collection system happening for iOS apps, but it's on an app basis and it's very lightweight and only uses memory for as long as it is actually needed (and with Swift this is even more optimised). --- **EXTRA** (for ages 5+): What does all this mean? Android's original virtual machine, Dalvik, was built in an era when the industry did not know what CPU architecture would dominate the mobile world (or if one even would). Thus it was designed for X86, ARM and MIPS with room to add future architectures as needed. The iPhone revolution resulted in the industry moving almost entirely to use the ARM architecture, so Dalvik's compatibility benefits were somewhat lost. More-so, Dalvik was quite battery intensive - once upon a time Android devices had awful battery life (less than a day) and iOS devices could last a couple of days. Android now uses a new Runtime called Android RunTime (ART). This new runtime is optimised to take advantage of the target processors as much as possible (X86, ARM, MIPS) - and it is a little harder to add new architectures. ART does a lot differently to Dalvik; it stores the translated Java byte-code as raw machine-code binary for your device. ~~This means apps actually get faster the more you use them as the system slowly translates the app to machine-code. Eventually, only the machine code needs to be stored in memory and the byte-code can be ignored (frees up a lot of RAM).~~ ([This is Dalvik, not ART]( URL_0 )). Art compiles the Java byte-code during the app install (how could I forget this? Google made such a huge deal about it too!) but these days it also uses a JIT interpreter similar to Dalvik to save from lengthy install/optimisation times. In recent times, Android itself has become far more power aware, and because it runs managed code on its Runtime Android can make power-efficiency decisions across all apps that iOS cannot (as easily). This has resulted in the bizarre situation that most developers thought they'd never see where Android devices now tend to have longer battery life (a few days) than iOS devices - which now last less than a day. The garbage collected memory of Android and its heavy multi-tasking still consumes a fair amount of memory, these days both iOS and Android are very well optimised for their general usage. The OS tend to use as much memory as it can to make the device run as smoothly as possible and as power-efficient as possible. Remember task managers on Android? They pretty much aren't needed any more as the OS does a fantastic job on its own. Task killing in general is probably worse for your phone now as it undoes a lot of the spin-up optimisation that is done on specific apps when they are sent to the background. iOS gained task killing for some unknown reason (probably iOS users demanding one be added because Android has one) - but both operating systems can do without this feature now. The feature is kept around because users would complain if these familiar features disappear. I expect in future OS versions the task-killers won't actually do anything and will become a placebo - or it will only reset the app's navigation stack, rather than kills the task entirely.


Question: What is Dnm1l progressive mitochondrial disease?

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 What is Dnm1l progressive mitochondrial disease?

Even more simplified: your cells have small things in them called mitochondria, which are necessary. When your cells divide (which happens frequently, throughout your body), the mitochondria divide, too, so each cell has the right number. In your poor niece, the mitochondria are defective. This means that the new cells might have bits of non-working mitochondria, and this can accumulate over time. In some cells, it doesn't matter much, because the cell can function anyway. But in other cells, it's critical that the exact right proportions work - like nerve cells. So as your niece grows, and the cells keep dividing, the problem gets worse.