Question: Why could I watch a movie a hundred times as a kid, but now I rarely want to watch any movie twice?

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 Why could I watch a movie a hundred times as a kid, but now I rarely want to watch any movie twice?

Your memory and reward systems are different. You've passed some of that critical building and are now maintaining or slightly shifting your experiences. As a kid, you're a blank slate. All of the different parts of the movie are grabbed differently each time you watch it. The experiences you related to in the movies were basically previous viewings. You're seeing things you missed before, but aren't relating to them differently. As an adult, your filter should be much different. You should see more of the things quicker and even at the same time. You should have a lot more experiences to use to relate to the movie, so it doesn't take as much viewing to get enough of it. Going back to those childhood favorites should reveal a bunch of stuff kids aren't expected to understand, but you still should only need one viewing to collect them all. Edit: fixed word


Question: what is a Roth IRA and how does it work?

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 what is a Roth IRA and how does it work?

In a regular IRA, you get to basically hide your money from the government, as far as taxes go, until you take the money out for retirement. You make $1000, but but $200 in a regular IRA, the govt only sees and taxes you on $800. The catch is, when you take the money out of a regular IRA the govt can now see it again, and they tax you on it like it was regular income. So if your $200 in the IRA turns into $1000 over time, now you owe taxes on that $1000 when you take it out to use it. A Roth IRA is kind of the opposite. In a Roth, you don't get a tax break now: you make $1000 and put $200 in a Roth, you still have to pay taxes on the whole $1000. The benefit is that _the government never sees that money again_. So if that $200 turns into $5000 over time, you get that 5k free and clear, no taxes.


Question: what's the difference between the 3 degrees of murder?

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 what's the difference between the 3 degrees of murder?

First degree = planned and deliberate - ex. Planning on how to kill someone and hide their body Second degree = crime of passion / heat of the moment - ex. Find your wife in bed with another dude and you lose your shit and kill the guy Third degree = manslaughter (accident) - ex. Your punk ass was drifting in your shitty honda civic while trying to impress some highschool kids and you ran over one of them 'cause you can't fuckin drive


Question: How does a high-risk investor predict if a certain company is going to generate profits? Does one have to be an expert in the field the company works in or understand the products it offers?

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 How does a high-risk investor predict if a certain company is going to generate profits? Does one have to be an expert in the field the company works in or understand the products it offers?

Well, first we need to define what a "high-risk" investment is. Usually this will mean one of two items: 1. A young company that has created something uniquely valuable 2. A company in financial distress Let's start with number 1: a young company. This is the type of company you'll usually see in Shark Tank/Dragon's Den. Essentially someone thought up a product or idea, and started a business around it. **SOME** sources of risk here are as follows (by no means is this exhaustive): 1. Management. Usually someone at this stage of business is a first-time entrepreneur (or maybe it isn't their first time, but the other attempts did not realize success). They are going to make mistakes, mistakes cost money. 2. The Underlying Product or Service. So the entrepreneur has an idea. Okay. How *big* is the idea *really*? Is this just a gag gift? Is it the next major trend? How big is the market for this idea, and how much would they be willing to pay for it? 3. The Company's Short History. It's very hard to tell if you're improving or not if you've only got a year or two of financial records (which, in many cases, could be incorrect!). 4. Management's Expectations. Usually founders of small businesses are **very** optimistic about what they're going to do and how successful it will be. Everything they say needs to be taken with a grain of salt. 5. **TIME** This one is a big one. An investment in a small start up isn't like putting money in the bank or even investing in the stock market. **You will not be able to access that money for at least a few years, and usually more.** That can be very problematic. 6. Profitability. In order to succeed, your company must generate more cash than it spends. Many start ups **do not generate more cash than spent for several years.** They usually need a lot of capital from investors like you just to survive until they're big enough to gain a profit. If the company isn't structured very well, it could be a long time before profit is recognized. (Also some industries, like a whisky distillery, by the nature of their business take a long time to have a product ready to sell). Why invest amidst all these risks? **Because you're able to get a large portion of the ownership of the company for *relatively* cheap so that if it DOES take off, you can make a TON of money.** Now let's look at Distressed Companies. A distressed company is one that has been operating for a bit, but suddenly now finds itself near or in bankruptcy. Why on Earth would someone want to invest in that? Well, sometimes the company's underlying, normal performance is perfectly fine, but they took on too much debt, or some very unusual thing happened that caused them to get in the mess they're now in. Other times, the way they do business isn't the best, and so they're missing out on great growth opportunities. So, you can either loan them cash or invest in them so they survive, get back on their feet, and then realize a good return (both the company overall and you personally). It all comes down to something called your *risk appetite.* That is, how willing are you to lose for the chance to win? Obviously if you'd lose $100 maximum and gain $1,000,000 maximum, you'd be more likely to take that bet. If the reverse were the case (bettering $1,000,000 for the chance to win $100), you'd avoid that. It comes down to where you draw the line, how negotiations play out, and how the overall deal ends up going before and after.


Question: Do babies still dance if they haven't been exposed to it?

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 Do babies still dance if they haven't been exposed to it?

Yes. There's pretty good research indicating that even infants as young as five months will respond to music by moving rhythmically. The degree to which they're successful at synchronizing their movements with the beat increases with age, but it's something we seem to have an innate instinct for. But it's probably more the *beat*, than the music as such, to which the youngest infants respond. Simple drums, or even just repetitive, rhythmic sounds of any sort, seem to provoke the same kind of response as anything most people would be tempted to describe as "music" as such.


Question: Why do some websites restrict the use of certain symbols and length of passwords?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do some websites restrict the use of certain symbols and length of passwords?

It's possible, in certain types of systems, to trick the server you are talking to to do things it's not supposed to (like print out a full list of usernames and their passwords, oops!) The way this works is that you include characters in something you submit to the server that the server interprets as ending the command that it's supposed to be used in, and then put additional commands after that character that the server may then run as though they were legitimate commands. There are a lot of ways to prevent this, but the oldest and easiest way is simply to check if those characters are being used and reject the user input if they are present. Nowadays, there are a lot of possible ways to prevent this kind of attack, but they rely on programmers following good security practices, and some see it as much easier to just use the older method of not allowing those characters (a method which, I might add, can still potentially be bypassed by an adept hacker if it was poorly programmed) A well designed system should be able to take any arbitrary characters you want to use as a password, define the password as specifically the contents of a variable that the system knows should not be executed, and they use encryption to turn it into an unreadable hash. --edit-- I would be remiss not to bring up the tale of [little Bobby Tables]( URL_0 )


Question: What exactly is the significance of the USSR dissolving and what did it mean for the entire world?

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 What exactly is the significance of the USSR dissolving and what did it mean for the entire world?

The USSR was multiple republics put into a central authority that was based in Moscow. They were like the managers, and the other small republics, workers. The US and the USSR did not like each other because they thought the other wanted to invade the world. The US also wanted people to be able to own businesses and keep the money they made from the business. The USSR wanted the government to own the business, and give everyone the money. When the USSR fell, it was important because the US thought it meant they were right. Also, it meant that another big war wouldn't happen, and that many people would not die.


Question: how is it that turbines at a power plant have a constant rpm but the MW being produced changes?

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 how is it that turbines at a power plant have a constant rpm but the MW being produced changes?

Power is a function of speed and torque(force). When the load increases the load increases, that is to say, when you try to drag more power from the generator it pushes back against the turbine harder slowing it down a little. This slowing is detected and the rate of fuel is increased to generate more steam to speed it back up. The RPMs remain the same but the torque is a bit higher letting it deliver more power A high pressure turbine, as the name implies, requires a lot of pressure to run, this means that it needs superheated steam to perform correctly, but once this steam has gone through the high pressure turbine it is still really hot so it gets sent back through the boiler to boost it up a bit more, then sent to a low pressure turbine which can work with much cooler steam. Once its through the low pressure turbine it is cool(relatively) and doesn't have much energy left to give. Doing staged turbines lets a power plant extract as much energy as possible from the steam before allowing it to condense again


Question: Why do chains like Eddie Bauer and Jos A Banks open stores in airports? How do they possibly make any money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do chains like Eddie Bauer and Jos A Banks open stores in airports? How do they possibly make any money?

It's a pretty simple formula. People in airports are wealthier than average, and they have time to kill. A captive audience with disposable income retail gold. Also, the higher cost of rent and labor is easier to absorb with a high end high markup product. You might grumble at paying $12 bucks for a burrito instead of $7, but paying $300 in stead of $250 for an outfit doesn't feel so bad. Finally, luggage gets lost, and people forget to pack things. Being able to fix those mistakes at the airport is worth paying a little bit more.


Question: Why is it easy to hear someone talking outside when you’re in a car but hard to hear someone inside talking when you’re outside the car?

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 Why is it easy to hear someone talking outside when you’re in a car but hard to hear someone inside talking when you’re outside the car?

I’d assume when you’re outside you’re battling more things to be heard (wind/weather/cars) so you naturally talk louder at a point you can be heard from within a nearby vehicle When you’re inside a car your windows and such block out most of this noise pollution or atleast reduce it so you’re not shouting to each other


Question: how does air at -18°C contain 85% of the heat that it does at 21°C?

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 how does air at -18°C contain 85% of the heat that it does at 21°C?

Keep in mind that 0% heat is about -273°C, or 0 Kelvin. This is the true "absolute zero" and when you do scientific measurements and calculations involving temperature you usually use Kelvin. Adjusted into Kelvin, your numbers are 255 K and 294 K. `294 x 0.85` is about 250 which is close enough for the average layperson.


Question: the difference between the rockets of today and the rockets during the Apollo era?

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 the difference between the rockets of today and the rockets during the Apollo era?

Technically, the rockets themselves are not baaaaasically that much different, but it's now possible to put light, efficient computers on these rockets to perform the necessary control work. Back in the day it was not an option to put a huge, heavy, expensive computer on a rocket when it was simply cheaper to let them burn up and crash.


Question: how do people inherit cancer?

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 how do people inherit cancer?

It depends what cancers the past family suffered from. Not all cancers are hereditary. Inherited gene faults that increase their risk of developing particular types of cancer. Some gene faults can increase the risk of more than one type of cancer. Tests are available for some gene faults but not all of them. If a close member of your family has had one or more of the types of cancer I’m about to list you should contact your GP who can refer you to a genetic clinic or genetics counsellor. Bowel, Breast, Pancreas, Ovarian, Thyroid, Eye, Prostate, Womb, Kidney or Melanoma.


Question: Why aren't there any green stars?

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 Why aren't there any green stars?

The light from stars come from black body radiation which is caused by their temperature. This is the same type of radiation that cause the light from a filament light bulb. This gives a very wide spectrum that emits light over most of the visible light range and also outside of it. If you want a red or a blue filament light bulb you need to get one that is in infrared or ultraviolet as the width of the spectrum means they are just within the visible spectrum on each side. However green is in the middle off the spectrum so a green star ~4000K is emitting a lot of light all over the spectrum and therefore looks white.


Question: How do stealth boats/planes/submarines hide themselves from radar?

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 How do stealth boats/planes/submarines hide themselves from radar?

Planes and boats have carefully designed angles to their surfaces, along with special materials, to reduce the reflection of radar waves. Planes also have things like internal missile storage to reduce the surfaces that radar can reflect off. Submarines are not detected by radar (at least underwater) but sonar. They use similar ideas to reduce reflection, but mainly rely on quiet propulsion systems and sound proofing the interior, to reduce their chances of being heard by hydrophone systems.


Question: Even if gold price reduces or increases how do gold dealers keep their profit even if what they buy in or sell out is reasonably a "loss?"

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Even if gold price reduces or increases how do gold dealers keep their profit even if what they buy in or sell out is reasonably a "loss?"

Your premise is false. They buy for less than the full market price, and they try to sell for the full market price. If the price goes up in the meantime, they make extra profit. If the price goes down in the meantime, they make less profit, or even lose some money.


Question: How can videogames render many frames of high-quality 3D graphics every second, but rendering just one image in a 3D software like Blender can take hours?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can videogames render many frames of high-quality 3D graphics every second, but rendering just one image in a 3D software like Blender can take hours?

Video games cheat, blender doesn't. As you said, video games need to render their world in just 0.03 seconds. That doesn't leave a lot of room for fancy tricks and detailed calculations. If you really stop and look at a video game world you'll quickly notice the "high-quality" image has a lot of things that are wrong. Video game lighting usually is super simple. Shadows tend to be wrong, not match the light sources (or just the strongest light source), or be prebaked all together for things in the environment that do not move. Textures and models that are far away are usually just crude approximations of their close-up versions. Reflections typically are crude or missing entirely. Everything not physically on screen is not rendered. Cloth, grass, hair, and everything that has many very detailed things in groups will often move as uniform clumps instead of bothering to render each hair with accurate physics, and so on and so forth. Blender will usually follow whatever setting it is set to, but by default it will try to make whatever it is rendering as accurate and realistic as possible. Every ray of every light source is mapped and ray-traced, every texture is taken in to account, every shadow is factored in from every light source, reflections actually work correctly for reflected surfaces, everything that exists in the scene is rendered because it may affect the things on screen as well as off. Blender has the time to do rendering properly, whereas video games do not, and thus cut every corner they can think of.


Question: Why are we reluctant to do "risky" things that could cause immediate physical pain, but not as reluctant if the pain is delayed, even when we consciously know the resulting pain will be just as bad or worse?

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 Why are we reluctant to do "risky" things that could cause immediate physical pain, but not as reluctant if the pain is delayed, even when we consciously know the resulting pain will be just as bad or worse?

Our behaviors evolved when there wasn't really a way to be certain about the future. Avoiding a reward right now to avoid the pain later didn't really make sense when later probably won't even happen or if the consequences might be worse. For example, if you're a hunter gatherer, then you'll likely just deal the heartburn pain because finding other food wasn't guaranteed. Another example: we evolved to really like the taste of fatty and sugary stuff because it was important eat any and all of it when we could. But now that we have easy access to it, we learn that too much has long term problems. Our brains just weren't made for the lives we have now.


Question: how does the human body transform ATP into movement, heat and energy for the brain?

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 how does the human body transform ATP into movement, heat and energy for the brain?

Every chemical bond within a compound consists of energy. ATP is incredibly useful because breaking the phosphate-phosphate bond provides a good amount of energy. So in short, breaking this particular bond in ATP gives energy for our cells to carry out reactions and other processes that need an energy-input to occur.


Question: How can Wikileaks be a trusted source without confirmed sources and unverifiable documents?

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 How can Wikileaks be a trusted source without confirmed sources and unverifiable documents?

They leak mostly emails. Emails contain a mechanism called DKIM which basically inserts code into the email when it is first sent. With this code you can 100 percent verify if they were tampered with and the source. Using said method you can easily see all emails released by wiki leaks are verified. The site has never released an email that was not. Unfortunately, wiki leaks is more accurate and trustworthy than MSM. This only goes for emails. Everything else would need Authentication using other methods.


Question: What's the difference between JPG, JPEG and PNG?

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 What's the difference between JPG, JPEG and PNG?

JPG and JPEG is the same. It is a file format for pictures with pretty good compression, which works best on photos. Compression rate is variable and can be chosen when saving the picture. Higher compression means smaller files (and thus faster downloads) - but at the cost of reduced image quality. This is, because the way the compression works, the JPEG image is not 100% identical to the original. Individual pixels may have slightly different colors than before compression. Opening a JPG, editing it, and saving it again (re-compressing it) will cause increasingly visible compression artifacts, as those losses/errors compound. PNG on the other hand is a lossless format. It guarantuees that every single pixel remains exactly the color it was - and that you can edit the file and save it again as often as you want without any loss in image quality or visual degradation. This of course means that PNG cannot compress files as much. High resolution photos will have significantly larger file size when stored in PNG format, as opposed to JPG format. PNG also supports transparency, which is not possible with JPG.


Question: why is it that when I'm boiling pasta with a lid on the pot there is foam trying to escape, but it goes down as soon as I take the lid out?

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 why is it that when I'm boiling pasta with a lid on the pot there is foam trying to escape, but it goes down as soon as I take the lid out?

When cooking pasta the boiling water will start to bubble because of the steam that is created in boiling the water, the starch that is released into the water by the pasta causes the foamy look. When you take off the lid, the steam that caused the bubbles can escape so the bubbles lower.


Question: Why can’t one re-pop popcorn kernels that didn’t pop the first time around?

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 Why can’t one re-pop popcorn kernels that didn’t pop the first time around?

Corn pops because the water trapped inside the kernel rapidly expands. Sometimes there isn't enough water in the kernels to pop, so you can't re-pop them ever. It is possible to re-pop some of the kernels if they just didn't get hot enough, but other ones are just duds that will never turn into glorious popped corn.


Question: How does a computer evaluate the values of numbers, at the most basic level?

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 How does a computer evaluate the values of numbers, at the most basic level?

Yer not alone in askin' how computers represent and work with numbers, and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How Binary Code Works ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: COMPUTER BINARY CODE- or how does a computer work? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: How does a computer calculate 2 2 = 4? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How does a computer ACTUALLY work? Like, how does it transfer, read, and display data and things. ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: How does a basic four-function calculator get its answers? ]( URL_1 )


Question: How is a satellite able to transmit so many channels in HD/SD to so many TV dishes across the globe at once?

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 How is a satellite able to transmit so many channels in HD/SD to so many TV dishes across the globe at once?

It doesn't have to transmit to each dish. It transmits each channel a single time, and then as many dishes as there are can listen. It's the same for radio or other broadcasting technologies. This is opposed to streaming, with say Netflix, where Netflix servers need to send continual two way traffic between their servers and each user for a personal stream. A satallite could definitely not handle with traffic to the user base of satallite TV. As an analogy, satallite TV is a guy with a megaphone communicating a message to a crowd of 1000 people. Netflix is 1000 messnager carrying out a conversation with 1000 people to convey the same message.


Question: Why do some house flies fly around the same spot in a room in squares/triangles as though they are ‘stuck’, often for hours?

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 Why do some house flies fly around the same spot in a room in squares/triangles as though they are ‘stuck’, often for hours?

I'm not an expert on this topic, but I believe it has to do with the simplicity of the fly's "brain". Insects like flies have only a very basic nervous system that's programmed to accept rudimentary inputs, like smell and touch, and use them to search for food, breed, avoid predators, and that's about it. You can think of them like very dumb robots. This simple programming sometimes results in the insects getting stuck in a behavioral loop. The fly will eventually be able to escape this loop when a small variable change in their environment alters their behavioral pattern.


Question: How do we know there is no air in space?

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 How do we know there is no air in space?

The simplest possible way. We went up there, and saw that there wasn't any. Now everyone was pretty certain there wasn't going to be any atmosphere in space, because we know how gases behave. A gas will expand to fill the volume it's in. Space is an infinite volume. So any gas up there (and there's huge amounts of it) would tend to be spread so thin that we would expect to see only a few atoms per cubic meter.


Question: How do glasses and binoculars work?

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 How do glasses and binoculars work?

The curviture of the lenses bends light through refraction. Light travels slower through glass than air. Think of it like if you drive a car through a puddle. The tires that went through the puddle would slow down and cause the car to turn if you weren't holding onto the wheel. Same thing with refraction. This bending of light changes the size of the image we see.


Question: Why is it better to have money in the bank than to pay something off all at once? In the long run, you would have paid/used/lost more money.

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 Why is it better to have money in the bank than to pay something off all at once? In the long run, you would have paid/used/lost more money.

It's important to have an emergency fund - for emergencies. If you pay off your car or student debt faster at the expense of your emergency fund, then you'll probably end up just fine. But if you incur some crazy unexpected expense - medical, around the house, unexpected car accident, lose your job, etc., then it's important to have a few thousand dollars around for emergencies. Also, if you pay your home or car or student loan off early, and then need to borrow money later, you typically can't get that money back without opening a new loan (and the new loan will likely be with a much higher interest rate or worse terms).


Question: How was the process of making cocaine discovered in the first place? It seems like so many different random chemicals and methods are used.

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 How was the process of making cocaine discovered in the first place? It seems like so many different random chemicals and methods are used.

Actually what was discovered first is the cocaine and then the process to produce it. I know it sounds weird but bear with me. As you can see in the video cocaine is made from coca leaves,a plant that has naturally grown in south america for long times. Coca leaves can actually be chewed or made into tea that will then act as a stimulant (much similar to coffee). As far as we know the native Incas used coca leaves as much as 3.000 years ago. Even today coca leaves and tea are used as stimulants and as medicine in some South American countries. When coca leaves came to Europe scientists wondered what chemical produced the stimulating effect and then isolated the cocaine alkaloid, which is found in the leaves as the reason. Only after that they actually worked out the processes that would be required to extract the cocaine in pure form from the leaves.


Question: Why does Jupiter not have rings comparable to that of Saturn?

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 Why does Jupiter not have rings comparable to that of Saturn?

All of the gas giant planets have rings, Saturn's are just the most prominent. Rings are basically just big clouds of dust and ice that orbit a planet, like a moon. It's possible that material dates back to the formation of the solar system, or perhaps it is the debris left over from a moon destroyed in a collision or ripped apart by the planet's gravity. The fact that Saturn has such big and bright rings may just be an accident of timing. They're estimated to be only about 100 million years old (dating back to when the dinosaurs lived) and may dissipate in another 100 million years. In astronomical terms that isn't a very long time at all, so it seems not to be a stable arrangement.


Question: How do helicopters and planes fly in the dark?

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 How do helicopters and planes fly in the dark?

The benefit of being up in the sky means that by and large there aren't a lot of things to hit, so you don't really need to be able to see. When it comes to planes, air traffic control keeps them at different altitudes so that if everyone is doing what they should be, theres never going to be anything to hit.


Question: How come you can go for days without eating and not feel hungy when you're sick?

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 How come you can go for days without eating and not feel hungy when you're sick?

Your body usualy has "reserves" that can sustain you for a while. When you're sick, it can prioritize healing, not "waste energy" digesting and to avoid chances of ingesting more contaminants (more things to fight off). So it doesn't send you hunger signals. (Ofc that can go wrong, especialy if you don't have much reserves to start with, and you can require an IV, but generaly a few days shouldn't be a problem)


Question: Why are Homo Sapiens the only species of human that exist today? What led to this species evolving, as opposed to becoming extinct like prior human species?

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 Why are Homo Sapiens the only species of human that exist today? What led to this species evolving, as opposed to becoming extinct like prior human species?

War, Disease, and Sex eliminated them. We killed them either through the spread of disease or warfare when encounters, or bred with them breeding them out of existence. One interesting point of evidence for breeding them out of existence is the relics of Denisovan DNA in Tibet and other high mountain natives of that area having blood that is more efficient at moving oxygen thus better at operating in low oxygen environments.


Question: What causes produce to be recalled on such a large scale, like with this recent mass Romaine lettuce ecoli scare? Why are many different producers being recalled and not just one?

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 What causes produce to be recalled on such a large scale, like with this recent mass Romaine lettuce ecoli scare? Why are many different producers being recalled and not just one?

Because the vast majority (60-90%) of produce in the US is supplied by just 4 mega-companies. All the lettuce is bought from Farmers & stockpiled in a warehouse before distributing to grocery stores. If contamination is detected, they will have to find out which shipment it comes from, which warehouse it came from, and then recall all produce sent out from that warehouse. This is to prevent cross-contamination which can spread the bacteria to other shipments too.


Question: Why is the recommended brushing time the same regardless of the type of toothbrush?

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 Why is the recommended brushing time the same regardless of the type of toothbrush?

One of the useful things that toothpaste usually contains is fluoride, which can fill microscopic holes in your tooth enamel and stop them from growing into larger and more problematic holes. The two minute thing is more about letting the fluoride have time to be in contact with your teeth and do it’s thing, and less about a particular amount of mechanical action from the tooth brush bristles. This is also why mouthwashes say not to eat or drink for a while after using them. They usually contain fluoride as well, and if you don’t eat/drink/ rinse with water after the mouthwash, it leaves some fluoride on your teeth and gives it longer to work.


Question: How can normal people have their life ruined by minimal debt, but others can owe hundreds of millions and still live a lavish lifestyle?

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 How can normal people have their life ruined by minimal debt, but others can owe hundreds of millions and still live a lavish lifestyle?

Not all debt is created equal. There’s “unsecured” debt like credit cards or student loans that aren’t backed by anything. Then there’s “secured” debt like a home loan or car loan that has a solid asset backing it. People who are buried under unsecured debt have a ton of debt at a high interest rate and no assets. People who carry a lot of secured debt can owe a lot of money, but they also have equally valuable assets securing that debt. Banks and lenders get very nervous about unsecured debt and will gouge you with high interest rates. They’re much less worried about large secured debts, they can just take the equally valuable house back if you stop paying. Personal example: I live in one property and own a second that I rent out. They’re both mortgaged so on paper I owe the banks $230,000 or so. However, the properties are actually worth about $340,000 so the high debt number is easily offset by assets. If I just owed $50,000 in credit card debt and had no assets that would be a much more dire financial situation, even though it’s less debt.


Question: Does Nebula actually look like that or is it just the camera?

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 Does Nebula actually look like that or is it just the camera?

Those pictures are composites from multiple sources that include information from parts of the spectrum that your eye can't see. If you looked with a high-powered telescope they wouldn't look so vibrant. Here's an example of how they created that picture of the Pillars of Creation in your first link. URL_0


Question: Why do we have lips?

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 Why do we have lips?

There are no hair follicles or sweat glands on our lips, and the skin is generally thinner, but we actually don’t know the reason they’ve evolved this way. My theory is that it has something to do with speech, because I don’t think we could communicate as effectively with harder, thicker skin around our mouths. Edit: sweat not swear


Question: How did Hitler convince Germany to go along with genocide?

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 How did Hitler convince Germany to go along with genocide?

It wasnt a single large action it was a serious of smaller actions that on their own fostered no opposition. First it would be something innocuous like having Jews register with the government. Then something a little farther but not necessarily frighting like forcing Jews to wear a star signifying that they where Jewish. Then you come in and say that the Jews are causing the housing market to fail so you prevent anyone registered as a jew from buying property, but you also set up cities for them to live in. Then you step up police action around the new formed ghettos to frame them as lawless. Slowly but surely you foster the idea the Jews are outsiders that dont belong with the German Populace.


Question: Was there a time when the universe didn’t exist? And if so, how can something arise from nothingness?

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 Was there a time when the universe didn’t exist? And if so, how can something arise from nothingness?

Based on the laws of physics something can’t come from nothing. So that tells us either there is something out there that made us. Or someplace has to exist with different laws of physics that allowed all of this to be created from nothing. Either way physics can’t tell ya whats on the others side, you’re better turning to religion lol.


Question: How do game developers carry out patches and updates to video games on each consumer's console/PC?

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 How do game developers carry out patches and updates to video games on each consumer's console/PC?

The game/client is programmed to connect to a central server, usually when you start the system or game up, and check to make sure the version ID is the same. If it's not, it initiates a download from there. The update package itself is pretty big, but it might not add a lot to the final installation size of the game - usually they're just doing a 1-for-1 replacement of existing files with fixed code. Sort of like if you had a sofa in your house that took up a certain amount of space, and it was getting holes in it, and the company came and took the old sofa out and put a new one without holes in it > _ >


Question: Currency exchange rates. Who and what decides the value of any currency?

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 Currency exchange rates. Who and what decides the value of any currency?

Everybody. An ELI5 example: I want to buy some nice French wine, but the French vineyard wants to be paid in euros. I haven't got any. So I find a guy who will trade me 3 euros for 4 dollars. The guy then takes my dollars to France, where people would like to buy American cowboy hats: he trades them 3 dollars for 4 euros, and so I get my wine, the French folks get their hats, and the money trader makes a profit. He makes enough profit that people start to compete with him. After all, all he has to do is carry suitcases of money around, it's not rocket science. The competition offers 4 euros for 5 dollars, then 9 euros for 10 dollars, narrowing the profit margin, giving both sides a better deal, and tending toward a set exchange rate of about 1 dollar per euro. But probably more Americans want wine than French want cowboy hats, so next time I go to the money trader, he's got lots of spare dollars but he's running short on euros. He's still willing to trade them, but only if I give him 3 dollars per euro. I'm desperate for my French wine, so I agree to the deal, and he takes those extra dollars and uses them to buy more euros. The exchange rate has changed. Now I'm spending three times as much on wine as I used to. What are my options? Well, the price of American wine hasn't changed, so maybe I switch to that. And thirsty Frenchpeople notice that American wine is three times cheaper than the French stuff, so some of them switch too (hey, it's a hypothetical scenario.) Both of these reduce the demand for euros and increase the demand for dollars, so the money traders' prices shift back to compensate.


Question: Why can phone providers do nothing to stop robocalls?

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 Why can phone providers do nothing to stop robocalls?

a large part of it is the law. carriers used to be forced by law to connect any dialed call, they had no legal ability to not connect a call. notice that you don't get spam text messages nearly as often. those laws don't apply to SMS, and cell carriers usually hire a 3rd party (my old employer used a very common one, synniverse, who also does SMS interconnect for Verizon and Sprint as well as others) which filters out spam.


Question: I have heard that when taking an image at something in space very far away we are actually looking into the past. How does that work?

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 I have heard that when taking an image at something in space very far away we are actually looking into the past. How does that work?

Light doesn't travel instantly - it travels at approximately 300,000 kilometers per second. This means that if you look at something that is 300,000 kilometers away, you're seeing it as it was one second ago. For example, the Sun is 150,000,000 kilometers away from us, so the light takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach us, i.e. the Sun you see is actually the Sun as it was 8 minutes and 20 seconds ago. That's why we also say that if something happened to the Sun (e.g. it disappeared) it would take us about 8 minutes to notice. Space is really, really big. The closest star to us (besides the Sun) is about 4 light years away (a light year is the distance that light travels in a year), meaning that when you look at that star, you see what it looked like 4 years ago. Other things we see in space are a lot farther than that, from tens of light years to billions of light years away.


Question: How do "Industry Standards" work? Do some industries have official governed document - or is this really just a buzz word?

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 How do "Industry Standards" work? Do some industries have official governed document - or is this really just a buzz word?

> Is there a document that they a referencing? Sometimes, but definitely not always. If there is a licensing or governing body that regulates an industry, industry standards could be formally written. As an example, the FAA establishes many rules for commercial airlines that would be considered "industry standards". In other cases, it can be arbitrary. There is no formal rule that says that commercial web hosts have to back-up their data, but it has become an industry standard that they do, lest the fall behind. Other times, there are industry-created standards that aren't technically established by the government, but are hard-coded rules. As an example, HDMI was created by a group of technology companies to create a single set of standards for that particular port/cable type. The industry itself created a standard (and licensing arrangement) to better increase compatibility of cables. > Do people claim something is the Industry Standard based off of what their gut tells them? There's nothing preventing them from doing it, but usually there is something (even if it's not formalized) to back up that claim. > Does this term have value or meaning? Depending on the context, yes.


Question: Why do Atomic Fusion stops at Iron?

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 Why do Atomic Fusion stops at Iron?

When you fuse small atoms, like hydrogen, it releases energy. This is how the sun works for example. But doing it in reverse (splitting helium to hydrogen) takes energy. When you split big atoms, like uranium, it releases energy. This is how nuclear reactors work. But again, doing it in reverse (combining xenon and strontium into uranium) takes energy. Iron is the crossover point between the two, where fusing it goes from producing energy, to consuming energy. So most stars stop there.


Question: With as many architects as there are, how come most buildings look like nothing out of the ordinary?

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 With as many architects as there are, how come most buildings look like nothing out of the ordinary?

The lack of interesting building designs isn't due to a lack of available architects. It mostly comes down to preference and cost. A lot of people don't want a crazy looking building. Homeowners will be concerned with the resale value of their home and a non-standard design could limit the number of people who would want to buy it. Business are trying to project a certain intent with their building design and rarely are they interested in the message of "Look how much we spent on our crazy building". But, the bigger reason is probably that ordinary buildings are easy, fast and cheap to build. The designs already exist so there's no need to spend the time or money making something custom. These simpler designs are also simpler to build. They don't have custom parts and many pieces are pre-fabricated.