Question: Can you explain to me the order of mathematics to be learned from low level to university level? And why is the order in such way?

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 Can you explain to me the order of mathematics to be learned from low level to university level? And why is the order in such way?

Here's how I learned math/would have learned math if I pursued a math degree in college. Addition - you can learn this using fingers Subtraction - it's the opposite of above Multiplication - This is really just lots of addition Division - this is the opposite of above Algebra - this teaches problem solving for an unknown variable Geometry - requires Algebra to solve equations, also teaches "proofs" which are a critical thinking skill that makes you go from point A to point B using math and logic. Harder Algebra/Triginometry - Having learned logic and going from point A to point B is helpful in more difficult algebra equations Pre-Calculus - some precursor calculus stuff Calculus - requires pre-calculus *Statistics - school ran out of more difficult math so "regressed" to an easier class of stats, this could be taught after harder algebra *Even Harder Calculus - This is pretty esoteric and not needed for most people, it's just more calculus *Linear Algebra - this is matrix math, it's pretty difficult and is basically how Google runs their search engine *Differential Equations - This is even harder math, requires most previous skills *Even more harder calculus - even harder math Really math is very logically laid out. Every class put in there builds off the previous one, which is why kids who fall off the wagon early have a hard time getting back on. Edit: noticed your exact question, anything with an asterisk you probably won't need for low level university.


Question: Is getting drunk/high an allergic reaction? what's the difference?

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 Is getting drunk/high an allergic reaction? what's the difference?

They're different things. In an allergic reaction, your immune system becomes sensitized to a non harmful foreign body and over reacts. The symptoms are caused by your immune system destroying the foreign bodies. Alcohol and drugs interfere with your brains normal functions. With some drugs, your brain treats them like naturally occurring chemicals that your brain uses and with others these naturally occurring chemicals are forced to be released or prevented from being deactivated. Alcohol slows down your brains communication and messes with your nervous system (although I don't know the mechanism for that) Edit: Grammer


Question: What is the biological/ psychological cause of people suddenly twitching while sleeping?

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 What is the biological/ psychological cause of people suddenly twitching while sleeping?

It's called a myoclonic jerk and can be a sign of something serious like MS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, lyme disease or Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease but in the case of sleep it's harmless. When you're falling asleep your brain's signals to the skeletal muscles are generally being inhibited but some of the neural "noise" makes it through resulting in a muscle spasm especially when you're dreaming.


Question: How come there are always 2 different brands of sodas which taste similar? (e.g. pepsi and coca-cola)

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 How come there are always 2 different brands of sodas which taste similar? (e.g. pepsi and coca-cola)

Company A makes a lemon-lime flavored soda that becomes popular. Company B wants to cut into the market and make a similar product. Thus Company B makes a lemon-lime flavored soda. However Company B can't use the same name as Company A so Company B gives their product a new name. Repeat as needed for each flavor that's popular.


Question: Why can't we just use MAC addreses instead of the IP addreses?

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 Why can't we just use MAC addreses instead of the IP addreses?

A MAC address is unique identifier, but it doesn't tell you anything about *where* a device is. IP addresses are structured, routers can infer from the address which way it needs to send the message to get it towards its destination, without needing a giant database of individual addresses. Think of it like something sent in the mail. The name identifies who the recipient is, but it doesn't help the sorting office get the mail to where it needs to go. They don't know that person, but they do know where their city is, so they send it there. And when it gets to that city, their sorting office knows where the street is.


Question: What happens to plastics that are dumped into landfills?

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 What happens to plastics that are dumped into landfills?

It might not happen at all. "Plastic" is, of course, not a single material; there are many kinds of plastics. Many of them are eaten by some relatively rare bacteria; many of them cannot be eaten by any bacteria at all (because the carbon-carbon bonds in their structure are too strong for bacteria to break them down). There is mechanical degradation; as the earth shifts, either through its extremely slow natural movement or from agitation as more trash is added to the landfill, this may crush, twist, or break the plastic. Photodegradation is the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the structure of plastic. There isn't any of that underground, but there are other forms of radiation, albeit much weaker. These will, over a very long time, break the plastic down. But ultimately, these processes are extremely slow and may be essentially ineffective. A buried rock will, through happenstance, break down into sand over time; same's true of plastic.


Question: If Neanderthals became extinct by breeding with humans, how were they a different species in the first place?

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 If Neanderthals became extinct by breeding with humans, how were they a different species in the first place?

A lot of people classify both Neanderthals and modern humans as subspecies of the same species: *Homo sapiens neanderthalensis* and *Homo sapiens sapiens*. That’s still up for debate, but the interbreeding is a strong signal in its favor. There’s still a lot we don’t understand about the disappearance of the Neanderthals (and the Denisovans with whom we also interbred) but it likely came down to modern humans out-competing them.


Question: How are school authorities not able to control bullying?

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 How are school authorities not able to control bullying?

First off, it is exaggerated in movies to make a more exciting story, and is not as common as TV or film would have you believe. Rather than physical abuse being very common, you get harassment and teasing more often. There are many many students and not enough adults to supervise all of them at once, so when students have time away from teachers, there can be teasing, harassment and bullying, but nowhere near as bad as in the movies.


Question: Why can American workers lose their pensions when employers go bankrupt?

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 Why can American workers lose their pensions when employers go bankrupt?

Pensions and 401ks are different. Pensions are paid by your employer. Every payday you make $2000 and your employer kicks in an extra $25 and when you retire you can draw off that fund that's been building since you started working there. And typically there are rules that say when you retire your pension will be at $X amount no matter what. & #x200B; 401ks are paid by you. So that $2000 you make is now $1975 because its you putting up the $25 to save an invest. But if you quit the job you keep all the 401k money and can put into a new account at your next job. Also sometimes employers do match up to a certain amount in 401ks. & #x200B; You're right that Pensions aren't supposed to run out of money but sometimes they do. Maybe the company wasn't paying into them like they should have been. 401ks are risky because since they're typically invested in the stock market there's a risk that a market crash could wipe out the funds. & #x200B; When you file for bankruptcy you're telling the world that you don't have the money to pay back everything you owe and in the Mine's case that includes its employees. Now its up to a court to look at what the mine does have and figure out who gets paid, what. That can mean that people do lose money in the end.


Question: Redbull & Alcohol. What is happening to our brains when we combine them?

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 Redbull & Alcohol. What is happening to our brains when we combine them?

Alcohol is a depressant in that it slows down the central nervous system. When you're drunk you lose balance, become more emotional or angry and violent, and become tired. Red Bull has caffeine which is a stimulant in that it increases central nervous activity. However, when you take both at the same time, the alcohol will still depress your central nervous system while the caffeine in Red Bull will make you feel as if you're sober and alert. The key word here is feel because the alcohol will still affect your reaction time, balance, and emotions. The danger of drinking alcohol and Red Bull is that you could feel sober causing you to drink more alcohol and/or doing something that you shouldn't be doing while intoxicated.


Question: What is the JD Power Award?

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 What is the JD Power Award?

JD Power is a marketing research firm. Companies shove piles of cash at Power and tell them, "Find out what our customers really want and what they really think of us." The companies then use that information to find out how to offer more appealing products and services. The awards that JD Power gives out are a marketing gimmick for themselves. They use take their mass amounts of data about customer satisfaction, which was paid for by the corporations, and publish who is regarded as the best in various fields. It's a way of keeping their own name in the minds of not the general public, but in the minds of corporate executives and decision makers. I have read allegations that they are inclined to *find* categories at which their clients excel and make an award for that. As long as they're not misrepresentating the truth, I guess there's no major ethical violation in that.


Question: How the fuck does the economy work in 2019?

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 How the fuck does the economy work in 2019?

"No self-made billionaires" is often discussed in reference to an impromptu speech by Elizabeth Warren from a few years ago, though I'm sure she wouldn't say she invented the concept. The lines in that speech are things like: "Congratulations, you should be proud of all the work you did to build your company. But remember, you drove your goods to market on roads the rest of us paid for. You and your workers were educated in public schools funded by our taxes. Your factory was not robbed by angry mobs because it was protected by police paid from public funds." The idea is that no entrepreneur exists in a vacuum - no company could be founded in a Walking Dead world where all of society had broken down. The physical infrastructure (roads, bridges, construction codes) and institutions (law enforcement, schools, financial regulators, etc.) are what create the conditions for a company to start and grow. That doesn't mean founders don't work hard, but it means no one is 100% self made. The political argument from there is that people who have become extremely successful should pay it back proportionally in the form of taxes. That's both a moral argument that they owe something back to the common good that helped them, and a practical argument that extreme concentrations of wealth don't help the economy overall. A billionaire can only buy so many cars; more money in more people's pockets means all those people will buy a lot more cars, and there will consequently be more demand for cars, more people working to make cars who will then turn around and buy more things from other people, and everyone will be more prosperous than if that money is just sitting in Bill Gates's bank account. The shrinking middle class/stagnant wages is also somewhat more of a political story than an explanation of how the economy works overall. But the general idea is that in the 1950s and 60s, due to factors including America's post-World War II international power and a lot of cheap oil, a family of four could live a middle-class lifestyle (house in the suburbs, car, vacation or two, not worrying about costs of food and medical care) with one parent working at a blue-collar, factory-type job and the other having the ability to work or stay home with kids. Obviously this description did not apply to many people (minorities, single mothers, etc.), but it was generally true for a good number. For many reasons, that's not true anymore: a 40-hour minimum wage job will barely support a single person in most parts of the country, and many other formerly good-paying jobs can't begin to support a full family. There are various explanations for this, and people argue about which is the most true. It's pretty clear that millions of manufacturing-type jobs have been lost due to automation (robots), trade/offshoring (build the factories overseas where labor is cheaper and there are fewer regulations), and other factors (arguably including immigration). Many more women have entered the workforce, which has added significant childcare costs for many families and possibly driven up prices of other things. Corporations have increased power over workers due to the decline in unions and governments repealing labor regulations, so things like unpredictable schedules and jobs without benefits are more common. And overall, wages (adjusted for inflation) have risen much more slowly in recent years. That's squeezed people particularly because although the prices of consumer goods like TVs and clothing have generally gone down, costs like housing, health care, and higher education have generally risen dramatically, and those constitute a much more significant burden for most people. The upshot of all that - the argument goes - is that a "middle class lifestyle" is much harder to achieve and sustain. Hence, more people need to work 2 or 3 jobs, take on side gigs, go without necessary medical care, etc., and they're still not comfortably middle class.


Question: Psychology/psychiatry- What is the rationale for”just following orders” when the orders are clearly cruel/immoral/illegal/deeply harmful to the victims?

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 Psychology/psychiatry- What is the rationale for”just following orders” when the orders are clearly cruel/immoral/illegal/deeply harmful to the victims?

There's a few potential explanations for the way people can rationalize or justify their actions. Just following orders had an early 60s experiment by [milgram]( URL_4 ) In which case, lethal voltage was used on an actor by the unknowing test subjects. Most people continued doing as instructed, as long as it wasn't their fault. This puts any consequences on the shoulders of a superior. Thereby, relieving yourself of any guilt or responsibility. After all, not obeying your superiors is equally wrong. We are trained to obey parents, teachers, leaders, and bosses growing up without much hesitation or questioning. It's only natural that our motivation to continue to do as we are told follows right through any personal. In ethics, there's a few ways this can be ethical as well. In a [utilitarian]( URL_3 ) approach, the death of the poor sod(s) is likely contributing to science and social progress. After all, looking back at WW1 and 2, millions died and many suffered unimaginable through experiments, but tgis also lead to large leaps in understanding and social regulations to improve everyone's life. So, what is a few deaths compared to the thousands it will help in the future. Another possibility is the way you value yourself versus anyone else. In some cultures, [reincarnation]( URL_1 ) is a deep belief. So, we can treat this life like a video game of just doing things because we want to or for the experience of it. After all, if you are just coming back again. Why not? The alternative outlook is you are the sole star of the world, and everyone else is just bits of imagination or like an NPC in your personal world to be used for personal gain or ignored as a hindrance. Similar to [Narcissistic Personality Disorder]( URL_0 ) Also [Nihilism]( URL_2 ). Their lives and deaths are little more than a footnote. So, if doing as ordered will get you where you want to go. Then, it's only natural to make those key choices that will keep your life progressing. This mindset is seen in RPGs with Story Driven Consequences, or reputation points. As they often have unique situations that require a chain of choices for the desired result that might not align with your instinctual tendencies.


Question: Why is your reflection in a spoon upside down?

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 Why is your reflection in a spoon upside down?

Because the light from the top of your head that makes it to your eye had to bounce of the lower part of the spoon and light from the bottom of your head that makes it to your eye had to bounce of the upper part of spoon due to its curvature. Presto! Your face is upside down. And if you want [more detail.]( URL_0 )


Question: Why are the keys on the keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?

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 Why are the keys on the keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?

Early typewriters were designed so that letters often used together were spaced further apart on the keyboard so it would take longer to switch between them, lowering the risk of the “arms” with those letters being thrown up at the same time and slamming into each other. If you’ve ever used a mechanical typewriter and pressed a bunch of keys down at once you’ll know what I mean. The same keyboard design was kept when computers came along and made this a non-issue because the previous keyboard design was what people had been learning on, not to mention that typewriters hadn’t become completely obsolete yet.


Question: How did smallpox kill hosts(based just on symptoms it doesn't actually seem that deadly)?

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</answer>
 How did smallpox kill hosts(based just on symptoms it doesn't actually seem that deadly)?

The most common mode of death was asphyxiation due to the smallpox having infected the lungs and destroyed them. A lot of the victims were also just weak from their body having to focus on strengthening its immune system and replacing damaged cells rather then making sure muscles and nerves were working like they should resulting in people dying from dehydration, malnutrition or in some cases asphyxiation due to not having the strength to clear the airwaves or breathe. In strong individuals one problem would be too strong of an immune system response resulting in hyperthermia as their fever would get high enough to damage the nervous system. With modern care facilities we can do a lot to help people who suffer from viral diseases and improve their chance of survival. However we can still do little to stop an existing infection and can only treat the symptoms that would be fatal so the fatality rates are still significant. This is why vaccines are so important. Not only protecting yourself but also the entire society as shown by the eradication of smallpox and polio.


Question: Why does naturally occurring things like flower petals, galaxies etc are shaped in Fibonacci spiral??

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 Why does naturally occurring things like flower petals, galaxies etc are shaped in Fibonacci spiral??

They mostly don't. This is a somewhat mythical belief. Many sequences of numbers would generate similar "spiral" arrangements if plotted on a graph. The Fibonacci is the most widely known but is not very unique in that sense. Others relate the Fibonacci to the Golden Ratio etc but it is also known that there are infinitely many sequences where the ratio of sequential terms converge to the Golden ratio. It is good to understand it. But (AFAIK) the Fibonacci sequence is just the most famous of what is almost a class of sequences. [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 )


Question: What is the TeV mass scale and what does it have to do with particles beyond the standard model?

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 What is the TeV mass scale and what does it have to do with particles beyond the standard model?

Ohh thats my paper! Its a rather old one of course, our latest version is [here]( URL_0 ) with a preliminary result [here]( URL_1 ). Anyways I feel honour bound to do an ELI5 of it now! Will do my best although its very late in Geneve so appologies if its not clear First, what do we mean by a scale? A scale refers to a rough “order of magnitude” and the physics happening depends on this scale. For example you can completely ignore relatively at the speeds we encounter in our daily life, these are "non relativistic scales". So at a given "scale", different physics processes become important. And particle physicists like to measure everything in terms of eV (and I do mean everything!), when an eV is an electron volt and is the energy an electron will gain when it passes though a potential of one volt. Through the magic of E= mc2, this relates to masses. A proton weighs 1 million electron volts (GeV) while the heaviest known particles way ~125 (the Higgs) and 174 GeV. A TeV would be 1000 GeV. So physicists have this great model which describes almost all known physics, this is known as the standard model. And its got a bunch of particles. There are the eV scale particles (neutrinos), the MeV scale particles (electrons, muons, light quarks), GeV scale particles (protons, taus) and a bunch of 100 GeV scale particles (Higgs, W, Z bosons, top quark). And thats as far as the previous colliders could really go. Energy is conserved so to make a TeV particle, you have to put a TeV in, previous colliders just didnt have the omph. So for this paper, we had a shiny new toy, the LHC which can go up to 7 TeV (although not all the energy you put in can be used). That paper was in 2011 when the LHC was brand spanking new, simply we were exploring a region we had never seen before so we were seeing if there were any lovely new particles to find there. Exploring the unknown to see what is out there! Turns out there was nothing there but it was a reasonable assumption if you’ve seen new particle every time you increase your energy by a factor 10 in the past, you might see a new particle going from around 100 GeV to around 1 TeV. But we havent given up and we’re still looking for them to this [day]( URL_1 ), we have lots more data on the way! And why did we hope there were new particles there even though our standard model didnt predict any, well thats a story for another time...


Question: Suppose a government prints out $1 billion and distributes it across all its citizens, why would this hurt the economy and not make it thrive ?

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 Suppose a government prints out $1 billion and distributes it across all its citizens, why would this hurt the economy and not make it thrive ?

It wouldn't always hurt the economy, it depends on the situation. Generally speaking, money doesn't have a value on its own - it needs things to be spent on. If we add more money when lots of things are being bought, the effect is that people raise prices because they can't produce any more stuff in time, triggering inflation and making people distrust the currency. If we add it when people aren't buying enough of whats produced (during a recession) it can stimulate growth instead of inflation, which is a good thing. The modern method of doing this is through reducing interest rates. In the past governments used to run big public works (like the US highway system, or German Autobahn), since if you are going to print money anyway, you may as well use it to pay unemployed people to build things.


Question: Why do movies cost so much to make? Budgets are often in the millions. Is it the equipment? Paying the actors/crew?

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 Why do movies cost so much to make? Budgets are often in the millions. Is it the equipment? Paying the actors/crew?

I worked as a carpenter on movies in Toronto. One time a crew of 5 of us made a 'tank' for RoboCop2 I think it was. So we take a bread van and wrap the outside with MDF and stuff like that to change the shape and make armored windows that go up and down (sound effects and a guy inside pulling on a string.). Anyway what with the original vehicle (no motor) and the time and labor over 2 weeks the bill looks like this: pay scale 40 bucks an hour per carp times five is 200 an hour times 8 hours is 1600 a day times ten working days is 16000 dollars. for the prop. And the prop was towed down a road on a wire then let loose to crash. (Towing and crashing extra) all to make about three seconds of movie run time. An average two hour run time has about twenty five hundred of these 3 second sequences. Take one: camera operator, focus puller, sound man, boom operator, best boy, director, assistants, grips, key grip, and a whole buncha others gotts to get it all together so the 'talent' can try to remember the lines, and not wink, blink, sneeze, say the wrong line, say the right line for the next scene, giggle at the line, forget the line, and all sorts of other shit goes wrong. Take two. scene one. Rewind the people back to the start line rearrange the set, stuff like that and shoot it again. Most of a location shoot is a bunch of highly trained experts in their fields trying to arrange a very short amount of time in a string of similar scenes so that when glued together in the cutting room, the output looks like a single stream of seamless story telling. A well run film can average a fifteen to one ratio of bad stuff (15) to good stuff (1). And that's just the making of the film, not the cost of a big star which could run to the millions and even percentages of the take. Then there is the marketing and distribution and other legal expenses. Before you know it the cost goes way over budget. The star breaks an arm, the co-star is in a drunk tank and gets arrested for coke possession, the list goes on. THEN nobody goes to the movie because - it sucks,


Question: Musicians sue each other due to copyright all the time. So why, for example, in modern Latin pop music, can different artists use the same (or nearly the same) drum beat/rhythm/tempo across many songs and not face lawsuits?

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 Musicians sue each other due to copyright all the time. So why, for example, in modern Latin pop music, can different artists use the same (or nearly the same) drum beat/rhythm/tempo across many songs and not face lawsuits?

Copyright is tricky. You have to determine what is copyright-able when it comes to a song. Example, a few months ago, Katy Perry lost a copyright suit when a christian rapper said that the 8 tones used in a part of her song was similar to an 8 tone sequence in his song (they weren't the same notes, they were similar, but with the same rhythm). A month later, Led Zeppelin successfully defended a lawsuit regarding a small part of Stairway to Heaven, where the judge said that the portion being contested was too small to be copyrightable. This led to a reversal of the Katy Perry lawsuit. If you want an analysis from youtube copyright/trademark lawyers on the Katy Perry case (I watch Leonard French all the time). [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: How does night vision cameras work?

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 How does night vision cameras work?

When it's dark there is not enough photons to trigger the sensors in our eyes. But there are still enough to trigger the sensors in an CCD camera. The processor inside the CCD camera increases the level of the received data so that there is a higher perceived brightness and as such you can see the details. More ELI5: Better eyes which can deal with less photons.


Question: Why Should We Not Wash A Cast Iron Skillet With Soap?

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 Why Should We Not Wash A Cast Iron Skillet With Soap?

That's fake news, or at least outdated. This dates back to when soap was basically lye and wound destroy everything in its path, including the seasoning on a cast iron pan. Cast iron pans have nonstick properties because over time polymerised grease builds up on the surface due to the high cooking temperatures, and it fills in the pores making the surface really smooth and nonstick. This buildup of polymer layers from grease is called the seasoning and its extremely durable, although it can chip because its so hard so don't go hitting your cast iron with a hammer. Old soap used to be strong enough to destroy the seasoning, but modern dish soap is all good to use on a cast iron skillet. Just remember to dry it carefully so it doesn't rust Edit: More specific that the grease polymerises into a plastic sort of hard layer, instead of being vaguely "hardened grease"


Question: Why does blood not stick to human skin like a permanent marker, but will stain things like clothes so bad?

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 Why does blood not stick to human skin like a permanent marker, but will stain things like clothes so bad?

Blood is mostly water with a bit of protein. Skin is basically a barrier to keep your body's water inside you where it belongs, and water from outside from leaking in. In other words, it is a hydrophobic barrier... meaning that it is filled with material that made up of lipid (fat) that doesn't allow water to cross its boundary. Clothing on the other hand is made up of material like cotton that have lots of channels that water (and blood and wine and other stain-causing materials) can creep into and bind to the fibers of said clothing and hold on. Most clothing provides no barrier to water and therefore water can get into it, hence the stains.


Question: Why kettles make a "roaring" noise while they're heating up but then get quieter once they actually start boiling?

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 Why kettles make a "roaring" noise while they're heating up but then get quieter once they actually start boiling?

This is about cavitation. When the kettle is on the way to boiling the water touching the heating element at the bottom boils and turns into steam bubbles, which rise and cool as they go because the water around them is cooler. When they get below a certain temperature they collapse and the water rushing in is what makes the noise. Just before boiling the water isn't cool enough to collapse the bubbles before they get to the surface so they collapse *at* the surface, and air rushing in makes much less noise. This also makes the air in the kettle get hotter very quickly, which triggers the thermal cutout and switches the kettle off.


Question: Why do people say that supply-side, or trickle-down economics don't work?

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 Why do people say that supply-side, or trickle-down economics don't work?

Imagine you're a baker. You know that every day, 100 people will come in to buy your bread. You can meet that demand with your current equipment and staff. Then, one day, you receive a tax break. Would you use that money to hire another employee or increase your oven space? If you're a responsible baker, you wouldn't. After all, you can meet the demand with your current staff and equipment. Supply-side economics doesn't work because in the real world, demand doesn't rise to meet supply. Supply follows demand.


Question: Why we can't stop time?

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 Why we can't stop time?

The thing is, I doubt we are able to stand still in space either. Everything depends on the frame of reference. We can sit still relative to the earth, but the earth is still rotating and revolving, and the galaxy still spins, and the galaxies generally move apart from each other. Not only that, but assuming we did find a way to essentially pause time, we couldn't sense it. Our consciousness depends on the firing of neurons, which itself takes time. Assuming we're in a cosmic simulation and our creators paused/shut down the computer for any length of time, they could start it back up from that point and we'd never know the difference.


Question: How do modern bombs like MOAB actually work?

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 How do modern bombs like MOAB actually work?

The most ELI5 explanation I've ever seen for high explosives is that nitrogen just wants to be free man! Nitrogen really, really, *really* doesn't like being bonded to things that aren't one other nitrogen. They are the prudes of the chemical world. It's all about two nitrogens in a committed monogamous relationship for them. So when you start going all Klapötke on things and cramming as many nitrogens as you can into a molecule in an insane Germanic fury you produce some incredibly unstable, and incredibly energy-dense compounds. Because you've just crammed 20 nitrogens together into a proverbial phonebooth when really what the nitrogens want is to pair off and then get as far away from the other pairs as possible. So add just a teeny tiny bit of energy to the system, and blammo! It's a nitrogen stampede! All those nitrogens you had smushed into a small space have escaped and are rushing with much violence to fill a much larger space, and anyone who is in that space with them has a real bad time. This is all pretty old chemistry. While the compounds have improved it is the same basic reaction that makes gunpowder work, and the MOAB might be the least "modern" bomb in the arsenal. It's an incredibly simple device. Literally just a huge can full of explosives someone has to shove out the back of a cargo plane.


Question: Why do airlines have ashtrays in the toilets when you can’t smoke ?

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 Why do airlines have ashtrays in the toilets when you can’t smoke ?

Quoting this fantastic comment posted by /u/pixel_of_moral_decay in [this thread a few weeks ago]( URL_0 ) > The ashtray is actually one of my favorite engineering bits on an airplane. > The design parameters for aviation all center around one thing: redundancy. If something fails, you don't want it to cause a problem. That's why planes are designed to be able to fly if an engine fails (ETOPS), there's secondary hydraulics (you'll lose functionality, but not enough to crash), there's secondary everything. Landing gear doesn't deploy? It can drop with gravity. Electrical goes out? Ram Air Turbine (RAT)! Every thing critical to flight and safety has an alternative. You're effectively flying a plane inside a plane, but don't realize it. > The ashtray follows that engineering mantra perfectly. The primary method of avoiding fire is to not have cigarettes and open flames in the cabin. The secondary method is to not have flammable materials in the cabin when possible and things like an ashtray, so if someone does light up, there's less of a risk of them causing a fire (like dropping it in the trash with all the tissues). There's also smoke detectors for early detection and fire extinguishers. > Even something as mundane as a no smoking policy is engineered with the thinking "what if our primary defense doesn't work?" > Brilliant when you think about it. Even the smallest detail like that is thought about, and the solution is simplistic, which is the best kind of solution for an engineering problem when safety is involved. > That's why an airline can't take off without an ashtray in the lavatory. They will actually delay a flight over it. It's a redundancy and another thing to make flying safer.


Question: Why do some fabrics become more comfortable the more they are washed (such as bedsheets) and some fabrics get less comfortable (such as fleece)?

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 Why do some fabrics become more comfortable the more they are washed (such as bedsheets) and some fabrics get less comfortable (such as fleece)?

I don't know about the more comfortable part, but I know why fleece gets scratchy and uncomfortable the more it's washed. It's because you're not washing it properly. Fleece should be washed inside out if possible, on cold, and never ever dried on a high heat. The problem is that the fibers in fleece fuse together and melt when it's not washed/dried properly. That's what makes it feel like that. If it's washed properly it can stay nice and soft for a long time. It took me until I was in my mid 20s to learn this because my mother never taught me to was clothes properly. Always read the washing instructions on the labels too. I hope someone else has a better answer for you.


Question: Why do people sharpen knives with lower grit level? Why cant they just sharpen with highest grit level whetstone?

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 Why do people sharpen knives with lower grit level? Why cant they just sharpen with highest grit level whetstone?

It depends what you're trying to do. A lower grit is coarser and removes more material than a high/fine grit. If you're trying to sharpen a blade from blunt/dull, you need to pull a lot of material off the blade to bring the edge back to something close to its desired shape. If you're just honing an already-sharp knife, you can use something finer to minimize material loss while still getting a razor-sharp edge. You can certainly sharpen a blade from blunt with a very high/fine grit, but it will take forever. As an analogy, think about cutting wood. Low grit is something like a saw, while fine grit is like a whittling knife. You can quickly cut wood into rough shape with a saw, but you'll be hard pressed to do the fine work with a saw. Conversely, you can do excellent fine work with the knife, but tying to cut a tree with a knife is going to take forever in comparison with the saw.


Question: how do slow motion cameras at high FPS counts work?

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 how do slow motion cameras at high FPS counts work?

A traditional camera may record at 60 frames per second. Which means you have 60 images in one second of record time. Each image is taken at 1/60th of a second intervals. For a cameras with higher frame rates, more images are taken in a second at much smaller time intervals. Alot of times more light is needed when recording at higher frame rates due to the very small exposure time. This is why you usually see high speed set ups with lots of bright lights.


Question: How do rocket scientists know for sure that the payload is not going to crash into a space junk while being deployed to space ?

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 How do rocket scientists know for sure that the payload is not going to crash into a space junk while being deployed to space ?

They track every piece of junk they know of. But once you are out of orbit, space is beyond huge. Here's a example. When putting a probe out into space, and it has to pass through the asteroid field, they don't even have to check they just launch it through. Because even in the belt, there is so much 'space' you'd probably only hit one if you deliberately tried.


Question: How can we see a full moon during the daytime if we can also see the sun? (Given that the full moon is due to the reflection of the sun on the moons surface)

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 How can we see a full moon during the daytime if we can also see the sun? (Given that the full moon is due to the reflection of the sun on the moons surface)

The geometry for this only works when the sun is near setting soon after the moon has risen or vice versa. Because the moon, earth and sun aren't usually in a direct straight line the light can illuminate virtually the whole face that we can see in those circumstances. In a similar fashion, a very new moon is less likely to be seen at night instead of the day because the moon has to be on the same side of the earth as the sun so that the visible hemisphere is not illuminated.


Question: Why is "proof" on alcoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content? Why not simply just label the percentage?

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 Why is "proof" on alcoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content? Why not simply just label the percentage?

**ELI10**: Way back in the day people in England used to measure the amount of alcohol in something by soaking gunpowder with it and seeing if it burned. The lowest amount of alcohol content needed for it to burn was called 100 proof and was about 57% alcohol by volume. Add a few centuries, lots of math and a bunch of rounding errors and eventually you end up with the U.S. deciding enough of this proof thing lets use ABV, and I guess for a simple ratio we'll say that 50% ABV = 100 proof. **ELI5**: If you put half water and half alcohol on gunpowder it will burn, and that's the "proof" that its really strong alchohol. **Edit**: I primarily set out to answer "Why is proof on alchoholic beverages twice the percentage of alcoholic content?". I didn't really answer "Why not simply just label the percentage?". The answer to that is as follows: AFAIK Every country in the world now labels their alcohol by ABV. This includes the U.S.. Some companies **also** label the proof - most likely for marketing reasons. "120 Proof" sounds stronger than "60% ABV" even though its the same thing.


Question: Why is short selling not prohibited? What benefit do we get from loaning stock?

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 Why is short selling not prohibited? What benefit do we get from loaning stock?

The theory is that is actually an important part of the system to keep a fair balance. One side of the equation is buying stock - making them more rare and increasing the price. The other side is loaning stock and selling it bringing the price down. Resulting in a fair price somewhere in between. Removing one side of the equation just makes it easier to manipulate stocks. At the moment we see one effect of this balance, people did bet against a company and went in way to deep (or bet that it will fall way faster than it did) basically flooding the market and causing the price to drop. Now people come in and see the cheap stock and say man i love that company - they buy stock increasing the price. But you could easily imagine it the other way round. Somebody buying up all stocks to artificially increase the price until somebody comes a long and just thinks that the company is going to shit and that price isn't where it should be. What can you do in that situation? You short - get more stock on the market bring the price down to a level that might be more appropriate. And to be fair I think we are seeing that side at the moment the price of game stop went through the roof. And it might not be a popular opinion but i don't think that company has good chances of existing in the long term. So the basic idea is that both of those sides balance out and the price settles somewhere in the middle. Not this wild ride we are seeing at the moment (which is great for making and losing money, but not really for a somewhat save long term investment). And of course that idea is based on people actually thinking about the value of a company - which would probably result in some pessimistic and some optimistic traders. Which really isn't true for most stocks nowadays if you look at most big stocks they mostly retain their price because of their popularity.


Question: Why does receiving an electrical shock through cold hands have less of an effect on you than with warm hands?

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 Why does receiving an electrical shock through cold hands have less of an effect on you than with warm hands?

I..... don't really have experience shocking myself at varying temperatures, so I can't really speak to the pain part of this question, but more generally speaking, many materials (and specifically water-based ones, like a human being for example) are better conductors of electricity at higher temperatures. So, hotter hands = better conduction of electricity to your neurons = more ouch for your shock


Question: how is LED different from an incandescent?

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 how is LED different from an incandescent?

Incandescent bulbs heat a filament, or wire. That wire creates light from the heat. Think of a heater or stove glowing when it gets hot. The same thing is at play here, which is why incandescents get very hot. LEDs run power through diode, or a place where electrons like to play. The power excites these electrons in the diode and when they play, they make light. Not a whole lot of heat in this process and is much more efficient.


Question: What does a PC monitor do that a television does not?

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 What does a PC monitor do that a television does not?

At its core, nothing. But the specs tend to be different, as different things are more useful for TVs versus PCs. Apples to apples between resolution, size, refresh rate, response time, color space, brightness, and pixel density - they should be about the same price. PC monitors often have higher refresh rates (not in your case), and much lower response times. A TV might have a response time (the time to shift a pixel from one color to another) around 50-60ms, whereas a monitor above 5ms generally isn't particularly good. Pixel densities may be larger as people are generally sitting closer to monitors vs TVs, they're not making money off of selling your TV app usage and personal data, which also contribute to prices.


Question: How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

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 How are "jumbo" sunflower seeds made?

It could be either, and you wouldn’t need to genetically modify the plants. Ignoring the taboo around GMOs, we’ve been selectively breeding plants to reduce the size of their seeds for decades, maybe centuries at this point. Watermelons, bananas, grapes: They all used to have large seeds, but now you can easily buy seedless varieties. It wouldn’t be very hard to do the same, just in reverse: Plant the largest seeds, and eventually the average will go up


Question: Why do some books have "This page has been intentionally left blank" page?

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 Why do some books have "This page has been intentionally left blank" page?

The pages of a book are printed on very large sheets of paper with several pages on each sheet; they're then cut and folded into book form. Even if no cutting is involved, you still have four pages per sheet (two on each side). This means that the number of pages in your book will be a multiple of however many pages are printed on each sheet. And it's possible that it won't be an exact multiple, so there will be one or more blank pages with nothing on them. The phrase "intentionally left blank" might be printed on them so that people will know that there hasn't been some kind of terrible mistake at the printer's.


Question: Is it illegal/unconstitutional to communicate with foreign officials during a presidential campaign?

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 Is it illegal/unconstitutional to communicate with foreign officials during a presidential campaign?

No, not in and of itself. And that's not really the reason Flynn was pushed out. As the other posters mentioned, the Logan Act prohibits anyone from negotiating with a foreign government on behalf of the United States without explicit authority to do so. There has also long been an informal "one president" rule, under which the incoming president stands aside on matters of foreign policy until their inauguration. (This was ignored by the Trump transition.) Flynn, however, wasn't pushed out for the calls themselves, but for lying about the calls to the Administration and the public. (Of course, it's possible if not likely that others in the Administration are lying about having been misled by Flynn.) No Administration would continue to employ a National Security Adviser who lied about having conversations with an agent of a foreign adversary, no matter how benign those conversations were. (Although note that he was only let go when the lies were uncovered by the press, *not* when the Administration learned about them.) Also, Flynn is now the third Trump adviser who has been pushed out because of suspicious contacts with the Russian government -- Carter Page, Paul Manafort, and now Flynn. This is, to say the least, suspicious, and has driven for calls to investigate further.


Question: From where do we get our helium (from the atmosphere / from mining), and through which industral process?

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 From where do we get our helium (from the atmosphere / from mining), and through which industral process?

Commercial Helium is extracted from Natural gas Helium collects underground, possibly as the result of the radioactive decay of Thorium and Uranium. A refining process of Low-temperature condensation produces Helium concentrate (80-85%) and is further refined by removing impurities like Neon. Basically if you put any mixed gas in a large tank and just like oil mixed with water it will naturally separate into different layers


Question: why do oil slicks appear rainbow?

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 why do oil slicks appear rainbow?

This is due to a phenomenon called "thin-film interference" The oil layer is extremely thin, on the order of just a few wavelengths of visible light. As the thickness varies, it moves between exact even and odd multiples of specific wavelengths (colors) of light, preferentially reflecting one specific color and absorbing or transmitting the rest. This produces the rainbow effect. Note that it only occurs in very thin films - spill the entire jug of motor oil and it goes away.