Question: What is the p versus np problem?

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 What is the p versus np problem?

theyre are problems that we solve using computers that can be solved pretty fast using computers and the bigger they get the longer it takes, But not that much longer. (these are P) For example: multiplication, sorting names , and just recently discovered finding prime numbers. Then there are problems that are impossible to solve using computers. (these are NP) For example: whats the Absolute Best move to make in chess or a game of Go. these are Always slow because you cant really Check your answer and there are so many options/paths. Then there are problems in the middle. For example: sudoku, crossword puzzle these are in between because they can be solved and they can be solved pretty fast and you can check your answer. However, the bigger you make these the time it takes to solve becomes much much bigger.finding prime numbers use to be in the middle but some smart math and computer scientist found a fast way yo do it. the Question is if you can check your answer does that mean there is a fast way to do it? are all Np problems P?


Question: What is the danger with deepfakes?

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 What is the danger with deepfakes?

With enough computer power, you can basically make it so that we cannot trust any piece of media. Videos can now be edited to the point where it looks like someone else. So as this technology evolves, the trust in media will slowly erode because anyone can technically "say" anything, if we tried hard enough, and threw enough computers at it.


Question: What is a bubble in economics and how do they burst?

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 What is a bubble in economics and how do they burst?

Imagine that there's a popular product, and it's scarce. People will pay lots of money for it. If you manage to buy one for $100, you can turn around and sell it for $150. Times are good. People keep making money because they buy the product, then the price goes up, and they sell it for a profit. At a certain point, the price of the product gets too high for anyone to afford it. Now all of these people who bought the product expecting to sell it - they get stuck. No one is buying. So they try to sell it for less. They'll take a loss, so they don't get stuck. Now the price is dropping. This cycle of speculation, followed by a crash, is called a bubble. The crash is the bubble "bursting."


Question: how is it the brain can be attracted to anime characters or cartoons when they don't look like the real thing ?

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 how is it the brain can be attracted to anime characters or cartoons when they don't look like the real thing ?

Certain traits are hardwired into our brains. Things we think are cute have features you will find in infants (which we want to protect and care for), so big eyes relative to heads like you'd find in a lot of cartoons and teddy bears. Body shape (eg breast size, hip curvature etc) tells our brain that someone would be a good breeding partner. Put it all together and your software gets fooled.


Question: what causes the reduce in potency of medicines like ibuprofen after they expire?

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 what causes the reduce in potency of medicines like ibuprofen after they expire?

Many medicines are comprised of both active and inactive ingredients. The inactive ingredients serve as stabilizers, fillers, absorption enablers, etc. Over time, and with exposure to air and potentially other contaminants, there ingredients begin to break down, degrade, and otherwise change the way the body interacts with the active ingredient. In addition, various contaminants, oils, dirt, etc may be introduced into the container as the user invariably dumps out several and puts the remainder back. These too can potentially allow for bacterial grown and weakening/changing of potency.


Question: Why is everything funny when you're tired?

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 Why is everything funny when you're tired?

Being extremely tired can be the equivalent to being drunk or high. The body tries to fight the onset of sleep by changing the normal mix of chemicals in the brain. Endorphins in particular cause things to be silly. Endorphins are released in an effort to reduce your perception of pain and this causes you to have that funny feeling.


Question: If a neighbor blares music, why does only the bass sound pass through walls?

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 If a neighbor blares music, why does only the bass sound pass through walls?

Sound is waves. High sounds are short waves and bass are long waves. It's not so much that bass is better at getting through walls but that high pitched sounds, meaning short waves tend to get more easily scattered. Imagine a snake moving forward though a bed of rocks. If it slithers shorter the probability of it hitting a stone is higher than if it does very long slithers. Also there's a bit of resonance. Sound actually makes your wall vibrate a bit. Even tho it's so subtle it isn't visible it's still far harder to make a wall vibrate 10000 times per second than only 15 times.


Question: How can a 4K video look clearer on a 1080p display even though there aren't as many pixels on the 1080p display to show more detail in the 4K video?

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 How can a 4K video look clearer on a 1080p display even though there aren't as many pixels on the 1080p display to show more detail in the 4K video?

Resolution (how many pixels you see) is not the only factor that determines video quality. Compression (how much information is lost in favor of smaller size) and related bitrate (how much information is displayed per second) is sometimes as much or even more important. When you are watching 4K video on a 1080p display your computer is still using the high bitrate of the 4K video to play the file. Some people also mentioned that many 1080p videos are not really 1080p because of how the particular codec (compression algorithm) works.


Question: In a nuclear weapon, why is there not smaller explosions before a critical mass is reached causing the chain reaction?

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 In a nuclear weapon, why is there not smaller explosions before a critical mass is reached causing the chain reaction?

So there are two things here to clarify. One is that you aren't going to have any explosion without it becoming "critical." Why not? Because the critical state is sort of what defines its ability to have any explosion worth talking about. If it is subcritical, that means that there _are_ neutrons knocking about and some small reactions taking place, but the reaction rate is too low for it to start to rise exponentially, which is was makes it explosive. So by definition if it is subcritical, you won't be able to have an explosion: that's just what subcritical means in this context. For there to be any kind of explosion, even a small one, you need a _lot_ of reactions happening at once — like, a gram of TNT equivalent requires around 10^14 fission events. That's not going to happen spontaneously, you need the reaction rate to be exponential (critical) for it to get that high. But you certainly can have a system that explodes the moment it becomes critical, or explodes too soon to have much of any explosion. This is call "predetonation" when it happens before there is any nuclear explosion; it is just "inefficient" the reaction stops while there is still a lot of fuel to react. The goal of a nuclear weapon designer is to make a system that assembles enough material, fast enough, that you won't get predetonation. How fast does that need to be? Pretty fast. The uranium-235 gun design used on Hiroshima assembled the critical mass by shooting one piece into another at about 1,000 feet per second (it went about 4 feet). So that's pretty fast assembly. But because plutonium has higher background neutron activity, it wouldn't have worked in that design unless it was traveling more like 3,000 feet per second, at least. In the end they used a different method to assemble the plutonium (implosion) so that it was even faster than that. It's not _instantaneous_ — the reactions still take time, and the neutrons need to travel a little. The whole bomb reaction takes about 1 millisecond, which is fast from a human standpoint but you can make systems that will be fully assembled within that time.


Question: How are small organisms like phytoplankton able to see and consume single cell organisms on the scale of microns?

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 How are small organisms like phytoplankton able to see and consume single cell organisms on the scale of microns?

Most organisms that small can't really think, and at best can only distinguish light vs. dark via chemicals that only react in the light. Instead, if they track their prey at all, it's by chemical senses equivalent to smell. The vast majority, however, hunt by swimming randomly and bumping into food, which they promptly engulf. Imagine a blind, deaf baby that puts anything it touches into its mouth and is otherwise oblivious to the world as it crawls around.


Question: Why are women’s beach volleyball and gymnastics uniforms so much more sexual than men’s?

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 Why are women’s beach volleyball and gymnastics uniforms so much more sexual than men’s?

For beach volleyball, women actually don't have to wear the more "skimpy" two piece outfit, its actually just one option of several uniforms they can wear. However, the women themselves have said they choose to do it as they prefer the two piece uniform as their uniform for competition. Basically, its hot playing beach volleyball, and they are being comfortable and athletic and they've been wearing it a long time, they have no issues with it a choose to continue to wear it. Apparently as well, they say the snug, close fitting clothes work better for them in the sand.


Question: Why do people frown when they're thinking?

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 Why do people frown when they're thinking?

Frowning seems to cause you to narrow your eyes so that you can reduce your field of vision. This cuts off extraneous information and lets you devote more brain time to what you are pondering upon. When I'm concentrating deeply, I tend to scowl, and people ask me why I do that and i say "I'm thinking furiously".


Question: Why do musical semitones mess around with a confusing sharps / flats system instead of going A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L ?

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 Why do musical semitones mess around with a confusing sharps / flats system instead of going A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L ?

If I recall correctly from music class, though, they originally (i.e. middle ages) only had the naturals (white piano keys: A, B, C, ...) and picking a different tonic allowed for various scales with different feels, known as [modes]( URL_0 ) today. Then the Renaissance came, and with it such heretical ideas as playing a scale, but shifted up or down by an interval other than an octave, or even playing notes outside the scale! So they added sharps and flats in order to be able to describe such music. Edit: You're right, it's too technical. I don't think I'll do a good job at a proper ELI5, but maybe I can explain a couple of terms: A scale is a cyclic sequence of notes with different intervals between them. Since it's cyclic and irregular, it can be interpreted different ways by picking a different starting point. This "first" note is called the tonic. The tonic also determines what chords are played under a melody. A piece written on X scale is said to be in the key of X, and different keys have different feels to them (e.g. major/minor) which is why you'd want this. As for the second paragraph: I said the scales are cyclic. The interval between one tonic and the next tonic is called an octave. It is equivalent to a doubling of frequency: C2 has twice as high a sound frequency as C1. You shift something up an octave, you get the same thing again, only a little higher - it's quite a mind-fuck how much it still sounds the same once you start listening for it. So of course it was heresy to shift a scale by something other than an octave, therefore the notes between the naturals just didn't need to exist. Except for emergencies, look up "tritone" for more on that. And playing notes that don't even match the current key... well, I don't even know what to call such evil. I should probably add that sticking to scales and, in general, more structure and simplicity, is a big part of what makes a tune catchy, so they would have had a pretty reasonable basis for considering un-natural (A, B, C, ...) music evil.


Question: What causes the colour differences in bodies of water?

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 What causes the colour differences in bodies of water?

The soil! You know how charcoal and sand act as water filters? Basically, the soil around the water plays a large part. This is why lots of northern lakes are very clear, most of the soil is sand and other debris. As the lake water filters in and out of the soil, it leaves behind many of the contaminants that make the water appear murky. This is exactly the reason why Michigan's lakes are known to be so clear, usually. Your local lakes are probably near relatively "muddy" soil where the composition has much less sand. This means that the water is keeping many of the contaminants and the water appears more brown and murky. But, you only really see these impurities when you have a large body of water as they need to absorb the light passing through them and light can penetrate pretty far in even murky water.


Question: Can a US state close its borders to other states?

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 Can a US state close its borders to other states?

During the early peaks of the Covid crisis several states, Rhode Island comes to mind, stationed their state police at the borders and turned back out of state vehicles - so the answer is a partial yes. Because the National Guard reports to the States it is certainly possible they could be used, however none of the regular active duty forces could be used by the States for this purpose.


Question: What happens to your body when you go into "shock" after an injury, and why can it be dangerous?

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 What happens to your body when you go into "shock" after an injury, and why can it be dangerous?

Shock can be simplified into not enough blood flow in the body. If you lose a lot of blood, internally or externally, your body can go into a destructive spiral as it tries to compensate for the fact that your organs now aren't getting enough blood flow, so enough oxygen. The systems the body uses, increasing heart rate, breathing, dilation of blood vessles to attempt to increase blood flow all depend on there being enough blood there in the first place. If you've lost a lot, those mechanisms just cause your blood pressure to drop further, and eventually if not treated can cause organ failure, up to and including brain damage and overall death. It's easy to think of shock as a psychological condition but it's really physiological.


Question: Why do gyms put cardio equipment in front of windows?

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 Why do gyms put cardio equipment in front of windows?

Probably so that one can look outside. I can also understand cardio in front of televisions. But actually, I'd prefer the windows. The outdoor view lends to the perception of being outside while on treadmill or elliptical. The weights are best in front of mirrors so the user can verify their form.


Question: Why can baked goods with eggs or milk in the recipe sit at room temperature for days and not spoil?

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</answer>
 Why can baked goods with eggs or milk in the recipe sit at room temperature for days and not spoil?

Spoiling isn't so much about what the ingredients are, but what's living inside of them. The cooking process, when done properly, will kill off any bacteria or mold that are inside of those ingredients. When something is then stored properly so that those nasty bits can't be reintroduced, they can keep for a very long time. Baking also changes the nature of ingredients. If you remove certain parts of ingredients (baking out the water from the milk, for example) then the bacteria or mold lack something that they need to grow.


Question: How are the boundaries of the oceans and seas decided?

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 How are the boundaries of the oceans and seas decided?

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is basically a rulebook for exactly this. From a country's shores, the next 12 nautical miles are still considered part of the country, anything beyond that is no man's ~~land~~ sea. There are also other similar rules for deciding how high your country ends in the sky, and how deep it goes into the ground.


Question: Why does running water "waste it?"

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 Why does running water "waste it?"

The water is not "wasted" in the sense that the amount of water on the earth is decreasing. The wasted water is going down the drain and back into the ecosystem. However the water from your tap goes through a filtration and purification process to become drinkable. When you "waste" water, you're wasting the time, energy and money that was spent in that purification process. Also the water might be from a finite fresh water source like an aquifer.


Question: Why are knots in wood so difficult to cut and/or drill through?

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 Why are knots in wood so difficult to cut and/or drill through?

Wood is made up of long fibers. The wood's "grain" is determined by the direction that these fibers point in. The direction of the grain affects how the wood feels to cut - cutting *across* the grain chops the fibers in half, whilst cutting *with* the grain separates them from each other. You need different tools to make these cuts - [crosscut saws]( URL_1 ) and [rip saws]( URL_2 ), respectively. A knot is formed when the trunk of a tree grows over where a branch used to be before falling off. The grain of the wood changes significantly around a knot - up to [90 degrees]( URL_0 ). So when you cut into a knot, you wind up encountering all sorts of different grain directions, and your saw is going to behave poorly *somewhere* in that cut.


Question: Why do substances with similar chemical composition have so different physical properties?

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 Why do substances with similar chemical composition have so different physical properties?

You can fill a jug with legos, and then pour it out. You can build a lego castle, but then you can't pour it. If you don't have enough lego and you make a castle out of half sand and half lego. This castle won't be as strong as an all lego one. With lego you can also build a robot that has no resemblance to the castle. It all depends on how it's arranged and also connected together. With elemental iron, the atoms bond together. With rust, the atoms bond to sand. Think lego stuck to lego vs lego stuck to sand. A diamond is a very tight carbon structure, legos stuck tightly together. Graphite is legos poured onto the floor.


Question: Why is the 'pink' lake in Australia, pink? Like I am a high school kid ?

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 Why is the 'pink' lake in Australia, pink? Like I am a high school kid ?

The odd hue comes from an algae known as Dunaliella salina. There is another pink lake, in Senegal, named Lake Retba, that is pink for the same reason. Both lakes, from the air, are a bubble-gum pink, but from the shore, they're much more translucent, though still pink-tinted. The pink hue is even visible if you gather a bucket of either lakes' water. The algae produces a red pigment to aid in absorbing like, which provides energy to create ATP. ATP is Adenosine Tri-Phosphate, a small molecule used in cells for energy transference.


Question: Do we age slower because of earth´s speed?

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 Do we age slower because of earth´s speed?

No. I think you misunderstand special relativistic time dilation a bit. By explaining time dilation, your question should be answered I believe. What time dilation is not: --- In order to explain time dilation, let me fist explain what it is **not**. A popular, but entirely wrong notion of time dilation states, that time passes slower the faster you move. A quick examination of this claim, however, reveals that it cannot be true. There is no absolute velocity, so velocity only makes sense with respect to a frame of reference. That means, velocity only makes sense if we state relative to what we are measuring. Thus, if this version of time dilation were true, time on your spaceship would magically speed up and slow down depending on the frame of reference you measure your spaceship's velocity against. Thus, the statement that the rate at which time passes depends on your velocity (relative to an arbitrary frame of reference) cannot be true. Now, let's get started with actual time dilation: Why does time dilation happen? --- To understand how time dilation can happen, let's consider the following thought experiment: A clock is any object that does an action periodically. As such, a light beam bouncing off two mirrors can be considered a clock, with each period of the photon bouncing up and down again being one tick. Let's now consider a train with such a clock in one of the compartments, as seen [here]( URL_0 ). Imagine a person in a resting train with a flashlight. They shine the beam of the flashlight to the ceiling of the carriage and time how long it takes to return to them. Very simply it is just the distance the light travels (twice the height of the carriage (d)) divided by the speed of light (c). Someone on the embankment by the train will also agree with the measurement of the time that the light beam takes to get back to the person with the torch after reflecting from the mirror. They will both say that the time (t) is 2d/c. Now consider what happens as the train moves at a constant speed along the track. The person in the train still considers that the light has gone from the torch, straight across the carriage and returned to them. It has still traveled a distance of 2d and if the speed of light is c the time (t) it has taken is 2d/c. However to the person on the embankment this is not the case. For them, the train has been moving during a tick of the clock, and the photon has to travel a longer distance accordingly. Instead of a straight vertical path up and down, the photon now follows a triangular path, like [this]( URL_2 ). As we know, the beams of a triangle are longer than the straight line, so the photon now has to travel a longer path. Now in classical physics, pre relativity, we would now say that since the light beam has moved further in the same time it must be moving faster, in other words we have to "add" the speed of the train to the speed of the light. But the theory of relativity does not allow us to do this. It says that the speed of light is constant. Thus, the photon will take longer to reach its destination from the point of view of the observer on the embankment. Hence we know that it takes the photon longer to complete this journey from the point of view of the observer on the embankment than it does from the point of view of an observer resting in the train. And we know that the time it takes the photon to complete its journey up and down again corresponds to one tick of a clock. Thus, it follows logically that the observer on the embankment sees clocks on the moving train as ticking slower than someone resting in the train. Which is exactly what special relativity is all about. The twin paradox: --- One of the central claims in special relativity is, that all inertial frames of reference are equally valid to describe a phenomenon. That is, the laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference that are not being accelerated. This is called the equivalence principle. Consider an inertial frame of reference I and another inertial frame of reference I' that moves at a constant velocity v relative to I. Time dilation states, that an observer O resting in I will measure clocks resting in I' as ticking slower than their own clocks. According to the equivalence principle, the same statement has to be true for an observer O' resting in I' as well, since they are both in inertial frames of reference. Thus, the observer O' resting in I' sees clocks resting in I as ticking slower than their own. **Time dilation is a symmetrical effect. Both observers see clocks in the other observer's frame of reference as ticking slower.** "But wait", you might interject at this point, "what about the [twin paradox]( URL_1 ). The twin making a trip to space ages less than the twin remaining on earth. Doesn't that contradict what you are saying?" While that seems true on the first glance, this is actually not a contradiction. In order for the twin paradox to work, the twin traveling in the space ship has to return to earth. In order to do that, he has to change direction at some point. This change in direction implies acceleration, and acceleration breaks the symmetry of the problem. Remember, that we stated that all *inertial* (un-acclerated) frames of reference are equal. By accelerating, the space traveling twin breaks the symmetry of the equivalence principle, thus leading to the observable difference in passed time.


Question: Why is the Planck length important and what uses come from knowing the Planck length?

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 Why is the Planck length important and what uses come from knowing the Planck length?

The Planck length is the unit of length in the system of [Planck units]( URL_0 ). It is comprised of three fundamental constants of nature: the speed of light, the gravitational constant and Planck's constant. We don't really 'know' the Planck length as much as it's defined. Its value is known after knowing those other three constants. Its use is that the Planck length is around the scale at which we expect both effects of gravity and quantum mechanics to become important. We currently don't have a theory that can describe what happens at this scale. Edit: spelling.


Question: Why are we as humans automatically in shock/disturbed when we see blood or ‘the insides’ of another human being?

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 Why are we as humans automatically in shock/disturbed when we see blood or ‘the insides’ of another human being?

Generally it's because that is something a person isn't used to seeing, assuming the scene witnessed is gory/gruesome. The same reason applies to why witnessing such things can impact someone emotionally/mentally and cause one to feel distressed or even give someone a case of PTSD. Some people have been exposed to it so much that they no longer react that way, whether by career or one's own choice (like browsing Gore sites frequently), and are effectively desensitized to the sight of extreme Gore/gruesome scenes.


Question: Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

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 Why does significant amounts of blood smell sickly sweet, but small amounts smell metallic?

I'm a doctor. Blood has large amounts of iron in it. The metallic smell is the iron. I think blood smells like iron filings. The "sickly-sweet" smell is from a component of blood called Albumin. If you ever were to taste lab grade albumin (which I have done), it is very sweet. My experience has been slightly different from yours, as I experience both of these smells when dealing with patients that are losing massive amounts of blood. I personally find the metallic/iron smell to be more overwhelming than the albumin smell.


Question: How were huge circulation daily newspapers like the New York Times prepared/printed/distributed nationwide before computers?

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 How were huge circulation daily newspapers like the New York Times prepared/printed/distributed nationwide before computers?

Manufacturing was handled with a machine that assisted with typesetting, which did the work that computer programs do now (I will post video links for some of this below because I can't simply describe it) and webfed offset presses (these are big mechanical printing presses that print on a roll of paper instead of sheets - early presses required separate machines for folding and cutting). Operations, such as delivery and logistics, were tracked and coordinated on the back end with ledgers (people wrote out the plans for the delivery routes). Large groups of people did the manual labor to bundle the folded papers. These would be palletized and trucked to various delivery points. Press URL_0 Typesetting URL_1


Question: what do the news mean when they say the goverment froze the bank accounts of a person?

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 what do the news mean when they say the goverment froze the bank accounts of a person?

They’re frozen like a river. Can’t do anything, can’t go anywhere. In short, the government called up the bank and told them to halt all future transactions on that specific account/s. From there they’ll usually spend time combing through recent transactions to figure out if anything illegal was being done with that money. This is where they’d try to trace back where all the money came from and where it’s been going.


Question: how do movie budgets work?

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 how do movie budgets work?

The director does not deal with money. That's the producer's job. The producer works for the company fronting that budget. They are in charge of making sure the money is spent in the way intended. The director is the creative force of the film. So the director goes to the producer and says "we need all this shit to shoot this scene". The producer determines how much all that will cost. They do the same scene by scene by scene, and the producer writes a budget and a production schedule. Then that budget is presented to the producer's boss, the executive producer. The executive producer looks at the budget and decides if he thinks the movie is worth it. Then he approves the budget (sometime with changes, e.g. "Do we really need this?" and argues with the director about why X is necessary and if they can get away with using cheaper Z"). The process takes a *long time* and movies can get stuck in "development hell" where the director, producer, and executive producer are just going back and forth forever. There is not a lump sum transferred to the producer. Rather, every cost is given to the producer as an invoice, and it is billed receipt by receipt to the executive producer's company.


Question: How do national organizations operate for countries that have different languages for different regions?

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 How do national organizations operate for countries that have different languages for different regions?

Here in Belgium, it gets complicated. TV and radio are completely split, we have separate channels for Dutch and French-speaking people. Federal government: In parliament most people speak both languages. Not all however and there are translators available. When the federal government has official speeches on TV for instance they are bi-lingual, repeating everything, once in Dutch and once in French. If you watch the parliamentary debates many speakers will switch between the two languages all the time. The language of government services are dependent on which part of the country you are in. Here in my city the government services will ONLY communicate in Dutch. In Wallonia only in French. Brussels is bi-lingual so there all government communication is in your registered language. Some communities that have a sizeable amount of the minority language for the territory will send you documents in the majority language by default, you can register there to receive it in the other language and have to renew that every x years. International sports teams whichever language the majority of the team speaks best.


Question: What’s the difference between liquid hand soap and body wash (if any)?

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 What’s the difference between liquid hand soap and body wash (if any)?

I work for a well known company that makes a variety of products relating to personal care. Our hand soap and body wash are actually the same formula in our base products. In fact the base formula for these products are just distributed in different bottles and marketed as different things (Hand soap & Body Wash.) There are differences in formula between base formula and products that have other effects like moisturizing though. I’ve also heard, but I can not claim this as fact that our dish soap also is very similar in formula besides the scent/flavor. Edit: For those of you wondering, retailers and vendors use the term “flavor” more commonly than scent. However they are pretty interchangeable in the industry. Edit 2: Face wash is not the same as hand soap, there are chemicals added such as Benzoyl Peroxide or Salicylic Acid. (DONT USE HAND SOAP AS FACE WASH)


Question: Why can you see things better in the dark if you look just to the side if what you want to see?

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 Why can you see things better in the dark if you look just to the side if what you want to see?

Rods vs cones. Your eyes have cone shaped receptors that see color in bright lights. Rods are better at detecting motion and in low light. Cones are concentrated in the center, which allows you to examine things in front of you. Rods are concentrated on the edges, which allows you to be alerted to motion which could represent danger or food.


Question: Why is Trigonometry used in so many applications that have nothing to do with triangles?

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</answer>
 Why is Trigonometry used in so many applications that have nothing to do with triangles?

While the origin of the word relates to angles and measures of a triangle, it is probably more useful to think of a triangle as the simplest polygon and that an "extreme" form of regular polygons, ie with the "most" sides, is the circle. In that sense, the subject develops naturally to the study of circles and of particular importance in the real world, circular motion. With the further development in mathematics, it has been shown that any closed shape can be inscribed as a series of circular motions of circles of various shapes (although the number of circles might be very large to the extent of requiring an infinity of circles). The other property of circular motion is that it is periodic (ie it eventually repeats). This is very useful for the analysis of periodic motion - the simplest being what many people think of as "waves". Waves appear to be a very fundamental property of the universe (light waves, sound waves, radio waves etc etc) So the mathematics of trigonometry lead to circles and circular motion and then to waves and periodic motion in general. It becomes foundational to nearly all physics and engineering.


Question: How can some insects and birds hover in one place like dragonflies and hummingbirds while others can't?

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 How can some insects and birds hover in one place like dragonflies and hummingbirds while others can't?

How a critter flies has to do with the [shape of its wings]( URL_0 ) and how they flap their wings. [Hummingbirds]( URL_1 ) whip their wings back and forth really fast to fly, while [other kinds of bird]( URL_2 ) don't have to beat their wings constantly and use air currents to gain altitude and glide.


Question: Why haven't we cured HIV, HPV, etc. yet?

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 Why haven't we cured HIV, HPV, etc. yet?

We have vaccines for HPV, but there's really no major incentive to cure it. If youve had sex more than once, chances are you've been infected with it. Nearly everyone is at least once in their life. Our immune systems just obliterate it 95% of the time. HIV is much different. HIV actually infects your immune system. So with your immune system compromised, it can't fight off the virus that's attacking it.This is a very difficult problem to solve.


Question: why do online or open world games tend to more “buggy” than other genres of games?

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 why do online or open world games tend to more “buggy” than other genres of games?

Cause you can't account for free will, who would have guessed johnny fuckbag was going to jump into the corner of this wall for a week until he finds a glitch. Also most devs don't pay for for an adequate amount of people to find bugs and prefer to just patch it after launch.


Question: What exactly is Capital Expenditure (CapEx)?

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 What exactly is Capital Expenditure (CapEx)?

It is when a company buys a non-consumable good they will keep indefinitely. A printer is a capital expense, paper for the printer is not. They are accounted for differently because they represent one-time purchases as opposed to recurrent expenses. You are usually allowed to deduct depreciation of goods purchase through capital expenditures.


Question: How was 8 hours/day determined to be a regular work day?

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 How was 8 hours/day determined to be a regular work day?

It was actually fought for. The amount of time spent at work was one of the major themes of labour/union movement struggles in europe and NA, starting in the early 1800's. The industrial revolution brought with it 12 and 16 hour days in factories, and once people started organizing, this was challenged. One of the most successful movements was the "Eight Hour" and "Nine Hour" Movements in the mid 1800's to early 1900's, and the results of their successes helped grow a new standard of 8 hours. Strikes and riots were originally the tools used to make change (for example, the Haymarket massacre in Chicago and general strike on Philadelphia), but laws enforcing hours were either ineffective or non-existent. The normalizing of the 8-hour day (at least in NA) increased over the late 1800's to early 1900's in the form of various legislation, political campaign promises and some industries taking the lead (most notably Ford). Arguably the standard was near universal by the time of the US depression in the 1930's, when the "New Deal" was implemented to provide more regulation of labour and a safety net for workers. Although the 8 hour standard continued ever since, there are still problems to overcome, and efforts to improve to even lower hours. A significant problem is that, since the late 1970's, there has been a rise of precarious and part time work. Often workers in these jobs must work more than one job to earn a living, and as a result can often find themselves working more than 8 hours a day. There have also been efforts to reduce the workweek, most notably in Europe, to 35 or 30 hours per week. Although these experiments have surely been a goal of labour movements, there has also been interest form a policy perspective and some employers have experimented with the idea (Sweden in particular).


Question: Why does blue-light strain your eyes more than yellow-light at night?

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 Why does blue-light strain your eyes more than yellow-light at night?

It does "strain" you in a way, but not your eyes. So the day/night cycle affects your "circadian rhythm" which is your bodies internal clock. Your body uses certain signs (light is one, when you're eating is another...) to determine the timing of your internal clock. It helps determine when you should feel sleepy/hungry/lots of other things and has lots of control over a very important aspect of our body. Hormones. Little messengers in your body that make you feel tired/hungry/stressed and are released into your body at certain times directed by your circadian rhythm. Specifically in your question, melatonin. Melatonin makes you feel tired/sleepy. Blue light entering your eye at night doesnt "strain" you eye. It does suppress the release of serotonin, which normally happens sometime at night before you go to bed. Blue light can delay the timing of release of melatonin by a couple hours. It has been found it doesnt degrade or "destroy" melatonin. It just makes your body think it should release it later. So you then feel less tired at night since the hormone that should be making you tired isnt getting the signal to do its thing.


Question: How exactly is unemployment rate (and various related stats) calculated?

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 How exactly is unemployment rate (and various related stats) calculated?

The unemployment rate is calculated based on a monthly household survey called the CPS. Respondents are asked whether they are employed, whether they are looking for work, whether they want work but stopped looking for it and if so, why, whether they have more than one job, etc.. -You are not "counted twice" because you have two jobs. -You are not ignored if you don't draw unemployment. -The government publishes multiple measures of unemployment. Although in the most popular metric (U3) you are indeed not counted as unemployed if you didn't actually look for work, this is done for good reason and the BLS publishes other metrics (U4, U5, U6) that also include those who want work but didn't look for it. There is no conspiracy to suppress a "true" unemployment rate. Edit: formatting on mobile sucks.


Question: How does Borax kill ants?

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 How does Borax kill ants?

It’s actually a slow acting poison. I’m not knowledgeable about the molecular reasons for the toxicity but molecules containing boron are almost always toxic to some degree. People mix it with something sweet or oily, depending on the ant specie. The ants ingest it, bring it to the colony where they regurgitate it up to feed other ants and especially larvae. Since it’s slow acting, the foraging ant has enough time to take it back to the nest and distribute it before dying. In addition, the ant leaves a chemical trail from food to nest so other foraging ants immediately go to the source and load up too. I can put a dime sized drop on the counter and in an hour there will be 20-40 ants feeding. In a day or two, they are done


Question: Why is there a specific W-2 form you're supposed to send with your federal return and your state?

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 Why is there a specific W-2 form you're supposed to send with your federal return and your state?

Most of the time. You probably earned all of your income in one state this year, so the numbers will be the same on both sheets. _However_, if you travel for work, that may not be the case. For 2015, I worked in 10 different states, so I had 10 different forms (my home state doesn't have state tax) - 1 federal and 9 state, each with a different number based on the percentage of my year I spent working in that state. In my case, the state _mattered_ because each number (and thus the tax I owed each state) was different.


Question: Why does adding salt increase the boiling point and decrease the freezing point of water?

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 Why does adding salt increase the boiling point and decrease the freezing point of water?

Warning: this is an ELI5ish answer, there are other more formal answers too. Let's handle the boiling case first. At the boundary between liquid water and the vapor above it, molecules are constantly jumping back and forth from liquid to vapor and back again at random. The hotter the liquid is, the more energy the liquid molecules have, and the more likely they'll jump off into the vapor. The boiling point is reached when there's a balance between liquid molecules jumping off into the vapor, and vapor molecules rejoining the liquid. If there's something like salt in the water, though, the salt molecules get in the way: they occupy part of the surface, so fewer liquid water molecules are able to jump off it to become vapor. So the water needs to be hotter to encourage enough liquid molecules to jump off to bring things back into balance. Freezing works the same way, except that only \*low\*\-enegy molecules join the ice. Adding something like salt means fewer liquid molecules will be touching the ice, so it's less likely that they'll join the ice, so the temperature needs to be lowered to reduce their energy and bring things into balance. The key to this is that the salt \*doesn't go into the other phase\* \-\- salt doesn't boil away as vapor or freeze into the ice. If you dissolve a substance that is happy to become a vapor \-\- like for example alcohol \-\- the boiling point will be lowered rather than raised.


Question: What are the fundamental differences between face lotion, body lotion, foot cream, daily moisturizer, night cream, etc.??

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 What are the fundamental differences between face lotion, body lotion, foot cream, daily moisturizer, night cream, etc.??

Worked as a cosmetics chemist for 2 years after school. It varies depending on the function of the lotion/cream. If its a general moisturizer very little difference, maybe a slightly different ratio for the thickener to decrease tackiness for something facial rather than something advertised for the body. However if it's something like an acne cream or sunscreen the "active ingredient" would have a significantly different ratio. For example a common active in acme creams is salicylic acid. Ones targeted for the body might have 10-25% more of the acid than facial ones.


Question: Why do supercomputers use GPU instead of CPU ?

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 Why do supercomputers use GPU instead of CPU ?

The kinds of problems you use supercomputers for tend to be things that do lots of math with lots of numbers without thinking too much about it. GPUs are great at applying fairly simple logic to lots of numbers at once because they're able to run the same instructions across a thousand sets of numbers at once (and you can build each node to have 4 GPUs without a problem) CPUs tend to be better at complex, branching logic but they don't have near as much parallelism - a monster server might have 100-way parallelism on the CPU.