Question: What do all those numbers and letters and such mean on pc parts?

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 What do all those numbers and letters and such mean on pc parts?

Well first of all, every PC part has a different function and means different things. A four digit number for a CPU has nothing to do with a 4 digit number on a RAM. I'll try to give you as much info as I can. This is going to be a long post so bear with me. * **Motherboards** Motherboards are built upon 'chipsets' usually Intel or AMD. So when say you have a Gigabyte B360M Gaming HD motherboard, it means it is built upon an Intel 'B360' chipset. What does B360 means? [Find out here.]( URL_4 ) Also [AMD Chipsets here]( URL_4 ) . & #x200B; * **CPU** CPUs are mainly from Intel or AMD.Intel's main series is the 'i' series. i3, i5 and i7 have 3,5 and 7 as arbitrary numbers. They don't mean anything other than 7 > 5 > 3 so i7 > i5 > i3 (not always, but 90% of times) Say you have an 'i5-9400F' . You know what i5 means. The first number, 9 , means it belongs to the 9th generation of intel cpus. the next three digits denote its 'power'. so 9700 is powerful that 9400. Get it? F means that it does not have integrated graphics. So what do all these letters like K,U,H means? [Find out here.]( URL_2 ) It's similar with AMD Ryzen. Ryzen 3,5 and 7 is simply a nomenclature. Means nothing.Ryzen 5 3600X means that it's 3rd generation, powerful than any ryzen 5 having last 3 digits smaller that 600 and X means it's slightly better than the base version - 3600. & #x200B; & #x200B; * **GPU** Nvidia vs AMD here. eg. Nvidia 1080 Ti - it means it belongs to 10th generation. Last two digits are 80, so it's more powerful than 1030, 1050, 1060 and 1080. The Ti means it's a special version which is slightly more powerful than the base 1080. eg. AMD RX580 - 5th generation. Faster than 570, etc. & #x200B; * **RAM** [DDR means Double Data Rate.]( URL_3 ) the number next to DDR gives it's generation. DDR4 is the 4th and latest generation. The 4 digits after that denote the frequency. Therefore, DDR3 -1333 means 3rd generation DDR with 1333 MHz frequency. * **HDD or SSD (Storage)** They are either based on [SATA]( URL_1 ) or NVMe ([PCIe]( URL_0 )). Sata has 3 versions - 1.5 Gbps (obsolete) , 3Gbps (the one you mentioned) and 6Gbps (currently widely used. latest and fastest). It means the hard disk can transfer 3 Gigabits = 375 Mega Bytes per second. If you have any specific questions, PM me. I can't mention every single part in the world here. But I hope you got the gist. Also click on the relevant links I provided to get more info


Question: Are there genuinely 7 different colours? Or are these somewhat arbitrary divisions, and there's actually infinitely many colours?

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 Are there genuinely 7 different colours? Or are these somewhat arbitrary divisions, and there's actually infinitely many colours?

It's subjective. Some languages see green as a shade of blue, for example. Many languages also don't have a word for "pink," and it's instead called "white-red." It's not that the color (or a specific band of wavelength) doesn't exist in the cultures, they just don't have a separate name for it.


Question: Why does a 16oz bottle soda cost $1.79 while a 32oz fountain soda costs $.99?

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 Why does a 16oz bottle soda cost $1.79 while a 32oz fountain soda costs $.99?

The cost of soda vs the price charged are separate things entirely. The reason a 16 bottle is more expensive than a fountain soda has to do the materials and the way it is sold. They bottle of soda has to be shipped in a plastic bottle (more expensive than a cup) and then refrigerated and take up shelf/floor space where more profitable items could be sold. So the 16 bottle would be more expensive. Why you are talking about fountain sodas you are looking at a 10-15 cent cup and syrup that is mixed with filtered tap water. The restaurant purchases a "bag in a box" for a low price that can be mixed with water to create a large amount of soda for pennies per serving. So the fountain soda costs a lot less for the restaurant to sell. The reason some restaurants charge a lot more for fountain soda is simply because they can. By charging more for soda they can charge less for food. Soda is a high margin product for them so it helps their bottom line. A higher price on soda may also help the restaurant upsell you to a specialty drink that may be more profitable, etc.


Question: What does it mean to have controlling shares in a company?

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 What does it mean to have controlling shares in a company?

A number of decisions in the company are voted on by the shareholders. How much your vote counts depends on what % of the shares you own. So if you own over 50% of the shares then everyone else's votes are irrelevant. This is called a controlling interest, it basically means you get to make the big decisions. Which includes who runs the company.


Question: Can an unethical NDA be used against someone as a means for them to keep their job? Are there any protections against these NDAs?

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 Can an unethical NDA be used against someone as a means for them to keep their job? Are there any protections against these NDAs?

An NDA is essentially a contract and in order for a contract to be enforceable it has to be compliant with the law. If a company insists upon NDAs to flout labour laws, then this would backfire if it ever took someone to court to enforce the NDA. At the end of the day a company could try, it would depend how scared the other side were of going to court.


Question: How do water towers work over such large distances?

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 How do water towers work over such large distances?

Friction DOES reduce the pressure as water flows through a pipe. This effect can be seen by attaching two or more long garden hoses to a tap; the longer the hose is extended, the lower the pressure at the nozzle. But in the example you cited, if the pipe is smooth enough and wide enough, and the initial pressure is high enough, the water flow will overcome the friction and flow the entire distance of the pipe. For more informaton, consuit a fluid dynamics textbook.


Question: How does an Ip address work and how accurate is it?

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 How does an Ip address work and how accurate is it?

An IP address is a unique identifier for every machine using the internet. Known as your “internet protocol address,” this identifier is written as a string of numbers separated by periods - google ^ Not sure what you mean by accurate, if you're speaking geographically your external IP can be accurate down to the city or block and will tell you who your internet service provider is (ISP). ELI5 version - your pc's internet name that can tell others where you are from.


Question: How did "being terminated" from work, become "being fired?"

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 How did "being terminated" from work, become "being fired?"

There are some theories about the origin of the term, but one of the more interesting is that it came from item 6 of the Laws of Mendip Miners. The Mendip hills are an area about 50km south of Bristol, England. It states: > "If any man... do pick or steale any lead or ore to the value of xiiid, the Lord or his Officer may arrest all his lead and Oare House or hearthes with his Grooves and Workes and keep them in forfeit... and shall take the person that hath soe affeended and bring him where his house or worke and all his tooles and instruments are... and put him into his house or worke and set fire in all together about him and banish him..." So in this context "being fired" would literally mean being burned alive.


Question: Why does creating bonds release energy?

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 Why does creating bonds release energy?

It doesn't always. Creating chemical bonds can either release energy or require it depending on the chemical properties of the compound(s). An example of creating a bond that releases energy is joining hydrogen and oxygen together into water, which is how hydrogen fuel cells work. An example of destroying bonds to release energy is the burning of gasoline/petrol fuel. The long chain hydrocarbons are broken, resulting in energy and smaller combustion byproducts like carbon dioxide. It required energy to fuse together those hydrocarbons, and that was done by plants millions of years ago.


Question: What is the origin of the '@' symbol?

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 What is the origin of the '@' symbol?

The symbol, formally named "commercial at", was an accounting ledger symbol from the era of hand written ledgers. As machines were taking over this accounting work, they were first set up to duplicate the human product as much as possible. The look of the symbol came from handwriting abbreviation for "at each" where the circle was like a cursive "e" around the cursive "a". The meaning of an entry like "5 pigs @ $27 = $135" means "five pigs at a unit price of $27 per pig for an invoice total of $135". For example, the cost of "12 apples @ $1" would be $12, whereas the cost of "12 apples at $1" would be $1, a crucial and necessary distinction.


Question: Why do two almost neutral components (salt and ice) suddenly start being corrosive when the salt touches the ice?

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 Why do two almost neutral components (salt and ice) suddenly start being corrosive when the salt touches the ice?

I think you're referring to people putting both salt and ice on their body, leaving a scar behind. Basically, the salt lowers the melting point of the ice substantially. When the ice starts to melt, it withdraws heat from its surroundings (also from the skin), thus lowering the temperature of the skin and leaving a frostbite scar behind. It's not corrosive though.


Question: light moves waaaay faster than air molecules, how come my heater can move the air fast enough to visibly distort the path of photons whizzing by?

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 light moves waaaay faster than air molecules, how come my heater can move the air fast enough to visibly distort the path of photons whizzing by?

It's not the speed of the air, it's the density. When light moved through a material it can be bent. That's why a stick looks bent when you put it in water. It's also what causes a mirage. A layer of hot air takes light from the sky and at the transition point for cooler air bends it to your eyes.


Question: Why is taking fluids and urinating beneficial in most common diseases?

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 Why is taking fluids and urinating beneficial in most common diseases?

It does not remove or separate much at all concerning pathogens. But many diseases cause fluid loss via vomiting, diarrhea and excessive sweating, and low blood pressure. Taking in fluids compensates for that loss so that your body can continue working normally. Urinating just means your kidneys are working properly and you have enough fluids to lose some which is positive and allows to get rid of general waste products that your body produces.


Question: What is a pyramid scheme and why is it dangerous to get involved?

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 What is a pyramid scheme and why is it dangerous to get involved?

I recommend /r/antiMLM for details about this, and for identifying the most common pyramid schemes. [John Oliver also has a segment on this topic]( URL_0 ). Long story short, a pyramid scheme purports itself to be a real job working for a real company. In order to participate, however, you have to make a down payment. Your job is to sell products to your friends and family, and to find friends and family members to recruit into the "company." In theory, everyone who you recruit is below you in the corporate hierarchy, and you make money from all of their sales. It doesn't work because, mathematically, the amount of people needed to keep this system going exceeds the population of the Earth.


Question: How is a phone able to be charging and using the battery at the same time?

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 How is a phone able to be charging and using the battery at the same time?

The current required by the phone in order to run is less than the current supplied via the charging cable. You are not actually using the battery and charging it at the same time, the phone takes the power it needs to run from the mains and uses the rest to charge the battery. It's not possible to charge and discharge a battery at the same time.


Question: How does the draft system in the MLB work?

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 How does the draft system in the MLB work?

Players can be drafted, but not sign. Then they would be eligible to be drafted in a future draft. It's usually a money issue. Why sign out of highschool as a 4th rounder, when you could go play in college, improve your stock, and be a 2nd rounder. Higher the pick, the more money you get as a signing bonus. Russell Wilson was drafted in 2 sports. So why he doesn't have the ability to play both sports (he could if he truly wanted to though), his "player rights" are eligible. Currently, his MLB rights belong to the Yankees, and if he decided to play baseball, he could only play for them or their affiliates. Likewise, if he did decide to play baseball, the Seahawks own his NFL rights, so he could only play for them.


Question: Why GPU can has thousands of cores while CPU only has a few?

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 Why GPU can has thousands of cores while CPU only has a few?

GPUs have a lot of cores that are very simple. CPUs have a few cores that are very sophisticated. Often it's not practical to split up the work to run on lots of simple cores, so CPUs are better. For example, one core can't make a decision based on what another core is doing, so if you have a long list of decisions, it has to happen on the same core.


Question: If mammals, including humans, overeat too often, they get fat and sick, whereas other types of animals such as snakes, crocodiles, sharks, etc. just keep on growing bigger and bigger without getting unhealthy. Why is this?

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 If mammals, including humans, overeat too often, they get fat and sick, whereas other types of animals such as snakes, crocodiles, sharks, etc. just keep on growing bigger and bigger without getting unhealthy. Why is this?

Because the animals you describe don't overeat. Their appetites are properly tuned to the available food supply. By contrast, humans did not evolve in a world full of readily available chips, sodas, and cookies, so we don't stop eating soon enough. A snake that eats a huge meal can go days or even *months* without trying to eat again.


Question: Do people who wear glasses have whiter eyes?

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 Do people who wear glasses have whiter eyes?

Not that I’ve ever heard. I’ve worn glasses for the past 15 years or so and my eyes definitely have their no-so-white days. You may be noticing a difference because 1) lenses tend to magnify the eyes a bit, making them appear slightly larger in general. In addition, 2) they could be magnifying the amount of light coming through them and shining on the eyes. This one’s a bit less common but there are some people who wear contacts despite them causing a slight irritation to their eyes, which would make them appear more watery or bloodshot. When I had to switch brands of contacts, the new ones scratched my corneas and I was bloodshot for over a month until everything healed (this why I mostly wear glasses now)


Question: // If microorganisms are mostly responsible for decomposition, what stops our bodies from decomposing when we’re alive?

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 // If microorganisms are mostly responsible for decomposition, what stops our bodies from decomposing when we’re alive?

The germs that eat us only do that when there's enough of them. Being alive keeps their numbers low enough so they don't grow out of control, but once we're dead the helpful germs die too. Plus, natural biological processes other than that take over too. Living cells replace dead cells, but if all the cells are dead then there's nothing to use as replacement.


Question: Do glass marbles have any industrial, commercial, or manufacturing use - or are they 100% purely a plaything?

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 Do glass marbles have any industrial, commercial, or manufacturing use - or are they 100% purely a plaything?

Remember those cans with paint that you use to repaint your old bike or express your strongly worded political opinion on a wall of the local 7/11? When you shake them there is something dangling inside, right? Those are marbles. I was surprised to find this. Just be careful and only open completely empty cans.


Question: why do ballpoint pens work better on a stack of paper, like a notebook, than one paper on the table?

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 why do ballpoint pens work better on a stack of paper, like a notebook, than one paper on the table?

The sheets of paper cushion the pen, as opposed to a hard table. This makes it more comfortable but also gets more ink out because the surface area of contact is increased. I have the same thing with my favorite writing pen, a Zebra gel pen. It feels and works horribly on a single sheet, but it's so smooth once I get a second sheet underneath.


Question: Why is the Mandelbrot-Set contained in a disk with a radius of 2 arround (0|0)?!

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 Why is the Mandelbrot-Set contained in a disk with a radius of 2 arround (0|0)?!

I'll take a stab. When you square a complex number, an easy way to think about it is to consider its angle and its length. Let's start with angle. Think of the angle that you have to rotate (counter-clockwise) to get from the number 1 to z. Now start at z and rotate that much again. That will be the angle of z^2. What's the magnitude of z^(2)? It's just the magnitude of z multiplied by itself. So if |z| is bigger than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even bigger than that. For example, if |z| = 3, then |z^(2)| will be 9. If z is smaller than 1, then |z^(2)| will be even smaller in the same way. Now let's look at the Mandelbrot formula: f(z) = z^2 + c We need a value of c that will keep us from exploding to infinity, as you know. But if |c| is bigger than 2, then |c^(2)| will be bigger than 4, as demonstrated above. Let's see what happens in that case: f(0) = 0^2 + c = c f(c) = c^2 + c The smallest magnitude |f(c)| can have is when c and c^2 have opposite directions (think about adding vectors - if you add 2 vectors with fixed lengths, the shortest possible result is if they go in opposite directions). So the magnitude of |f(c)| is, at the very least, equal to its magnitude when c and c^2 are opposite each other: |f(c)| = |c^2 + c| > = |c^(2)| - |c|. Now we see why 2 matters so much. If |c| > 2, then |c^(2)| > 2|c|. But this means that |c^(2)| - |c| > |c| Because of that, we can see that |f(c)| has to be greater than |c|. But now we can repeat the same argument for f(f(c)) to show that it has to be bigger than f(c). and f(f(f(c))) has to be bigger than that. What's worse, each iteration is getting bigger than the last by an increasing ratio (you may need to convince yourself of this). That means that the series must eventually go to infinity. If |c| < = 2, then even though |c^(2)| might be really close to 4, for some values of c when you compute (edit: ~~|c^(2)| + c~~) c^2 + c it can still pull the value back inside the |z| < = 2 disk. For example, if c = -2, then f(c) = 4 - 2 = 2, f(f(c)) = 4 - 2 = 2, and so forth. Notice that c = -2 is a number such that |c| = 2 and that the angle of c^2 is exactly opposite of the angle of c (remember how to compute the angle of c^(2), you have to go 180^o to get from 1 to c, then you do another 180^o to get to c^2 and you're back on the positive real axis). I know that's a lot of stuff but I think if you go over each step until you're convinced of it, you should be able to convince yourself of why the |z| < = 2 disk comes into play. edit: math typo (highlighted inline)


Question: How is fMRI done when physical tasks are required?

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 How is fMRI done when physical tasks are required?

For the images to be sharp you only need for the head to be still, or more specifically the brain. The rest of the body can still be moving around and the patient can even move his eyes and mouth without impacting the image quality. If it is hard for the patient to keep their head still it is possible to mount it in the fixture that keeps the skull from moving. The subject can be put in such a place that only their head is inside the MRI machine leaving their body free to do other tasks. For example it is possible to install a weightlifting rack right outside the MRI machine to take fMRI while the subject is weightlifting. However care must be taken that no ferromagnetic substances is used.


Question: Why does heat make objects shrink?

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 Why does heat make objects shrink?

Heat technically makes most things (especially gasses and most metals) expand. There is a lot of complicated physics that go into thermoplasticity and why things move and change shape when heated (some larger some smaller). Most commonly its because it forces out the water (like when cooking) which makes things sort of deflate. Is that more the scenario you are looking for?


Question: why are clouds flat on the bottom and lumpy in the top?

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 why are clouds flat on the bottom and lumpy in the top?

The shape of the clouds is caused by the way clouds form. Why are they flat on the bottom? Warm air rising in the atmosphere contains water vapour, which is invisible. As the air goes up from the ground into the sky, the air temperature decreases by about 3 degrees Celsius per 1000 feet. Once the air is high enough and has cooled significantly, it can no longer hold the water as vapour. The water turns into liquid form, which is visible. The height where it is cool enough for the water to become liquid is the flat bottom of the cloud is. Why are they lumpy on top? Well, the process of water turning from vapour form to liquid form releases heat, which powers the air to continue rising. The bundles of air that are pushed upwards form the lumpy, fluffy top.


Question: How is it that large LCD flat panel displays have gotten so cheap?. I remember hearing 20 years ago that the LCD displays were created from a single crystal, but this can't be possible for the 100" panels now available. What advancement in manufacturing made this possible?

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 How is it that large LCD flat panel displays have gotten so cheap?. I remember hearing 20 years ago that the LCD displays were created from a single crystal, but this can't be possible for the 100" panels now available. What advancement in manufacturing made this possible?

In a lot of cases it's not a major breakthrough, just progressive improvements in the process and tools. If you start out with 1 panel in 10 being defective, you're wasting a lot of time and materials and have to price the other 9 to compensate. Think about how common "dead pixels" were 10 years ago. Defect rates were so high that consumers were even willing to accept minor ones. Then as you continue to refine your process that number becomes 1 in 30, then 1 in 500, and as the amount of panels wasted to defects drops so does what you need to charge just to recoup costs. Couple that with economics of scale (sell more - > charge less) and you see substantial price drops.


Question: What causes the color fluctuation in older (90’s) videos? (Link inside)

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 What causes the color fluctuation in older (90’s) videos? (Link inside)

Image is stored in VHS tapes not as a bunch of red green and blue pixels, but as analog luminance and chrominance. By now you must have read somewhere about how there are other ways to represent color. Chrominance would be Hue and Saturation, luminance would be the Value or Brightness in a HSV system. Since everything in a VHS tape is analog, the VHS player needs analog circuitry to amplify the signals. Amplifiers such as that have a parameter called gain, which refers to by how much they increase the level (e.g: from 0.001mv to 1v the gain is 1000x). There are many forms of automatic gain control, which operate on feedback loops. E.g: if the output is too high, it will decrease the gain, if it's too low it increases. That fluctuation is the VHS player's automatic gain control doing its job on a noisy signal. Notice how in the video you posted the guy's grey shirt remains kind of the same, but the background and his face changes color. What you're seeing is the automatic gain control for the hue component trying to get it right.


Question: Does UV Light emit a color temperature, and if so what would be the approximate temperature range?

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 Does UV Light emit a color temperature, and if so what would be the approximate temperature range?

Light does not emit a color temperature. Color temperature simply refers to a color resembling that of the light that would be emitted by a black body at a given temperature. So just like it is somewhat useless to assign green a color temperature because no black body emits a light that we perceive as green, it makes no sense to map a color temperature to ultraviolet because while black bodies are likely to emit ultraviolet radiation at high temperatures, those do not influence the color sensation. As you see in [this diagram]( URL_0 ), there is a point for "infinite temperature" on the curve of color temperatures. "Color temperature" does not even include pure blue, much less wavelengths that do not correspond to a perceivable color. Of course, as the blackbody approaches this point, most of the energy is already emitted outside of the visible spectrum.


Question: What force causes supernova to explode?

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 What force causes supernova to explode?

The star is held in a state of equilibrium, an outwards pressure from ongoing fusion, balanced against the inwards force of gravity from the total mass of the material. Some supernovae occur when the outwards pressure is disrupted, and thus no longer resists gravity, causing the star to collapse violently inwards, and then 'rebound' in a violent explosion. One possible cause for this would be a massive star moving to the production of iron in its core. Producing iron consumes energy, instead of producing it. As a result, the outwards 'push' drops rapidly, while gravity continues to 'squeeze.' Another form of supernova can occur when a degenerate star, in other words a star that is already 'past its prime' if you will, accumulates enough material to reignite fusion. One way this can occur is in a binary system, if the star pulls material off its companion star. This tends to disrupt the degenerate star.


Question: Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)

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 Why are there so many prescription drug ads on TV? Doesn't the doctor usually prescribe what they believe will work best? (American)

Yep! Which is why in most other places (I think Australia is the exception), this type of advertising is illegal. Unfortunately, people see these ads on TV and are convinced it's what they need, sometimes without even knowing what the medication is actually for. Sometimes they will even fib on symptoms and try to persuade their doctor to prescribe them the incorrect medicine. Some doctors are dumb, and give in, which means the people with the ads make more money. It's pretty messed up. My dad's an eye doctor, and he complains about it all the time. For him, it's usually less severe because he's not dealing with antidepressants, diabetic medicine, or other really serious stuff.


Question: How do professional eaters and some youtube / streamers who eat a massive amount of calories not become hugely overweight?

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 How do professional eaters and some youtube / streamers who eat a massive amount of calories not become hugely overweight?

Because they don't eat like that all the time. They binge, and eat a lot all at once, but then eat less afterwards and it balances out. It's not particularly healthy, but as long as your average calories consumed is at the right level, you won't gain weight in the long term. Let's say the average person needs to eat 2,000 calories a day to maintain a healthy weight. That's 60,000 calories a month. Then let's say they enter a hot dog eating contest and eat 10,000 calories at once. Then all they'd have to do is eat 1,666 calories a day for the rest of the month to keep the average at 2,000. And that's assuming no exercise. They could also be hitting the gym every day when they're not on youtube/eating at events.


Question: Why do bubbles blown from the same wand within the same blow have different colors from one another?

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 Why do bubbles blown from the same wand within the same blow have different colors from one another?

Bubbles make rainbows because of what's called "thin film interference." Here's a Khan Academy video on that: URL_0 Short answer is that different bubbles shine in different colors because there are tiny differences in the thickness of the wall of the bubble that causes different wavelengths to interfere, therefore different colors. Blowing through a plastic wand is not a precise process, so different bubbles end up with different thicknesses even with the same breath.


Question: Why do marketing campaigns survey random numbers of people?

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 Why do marketing campaigns survey random numbers of people?

There is this neat little trick in statistics, where you just go to some number, say 50 people, then you continue and after each questioning of one guy / gal you look at how good your percentage is. If it is good enough, you stop, if it isn't you continue until you think it can't get better. Non-round numbers are one of the prime examples of "serious studys".


Question: So if I buy two lottery tickets, I have cut my odds of winning in half. So shouldn't everyone buy at least TWO Powerball tickets for each drawing since it is such a dramatic decrease in odds?

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</answer>
 So if I buy two lottery tickets, I have cut my odds of winning in half. So shouldn't everyone buy at least TWO Powerball tickets for each drawing since it is such a dramatic decrease in odds?

The statistical effect is not that dramatic, because you are doubling your chances of winning, but not really halving your chances to lose. Say that there are ten tickets for a lottery. If I buy one ticket, I have a 1/10 chance to win. If I buy two tickets, I have a 1/5 chance to win. That's twice the chance to win, but I still will lost four out of every five drawings. Now, imagine a lottery where I have a million tickets. Buying two tickets takes me from 1 in a million, to 1 in 500,000. Or, rephrased, it takes me from losing 999,999 times out of 1,000,000 to only losing 999,99**8** times out of a million. In exchange for that, though, I have doubled my bet. So, now in the much likelier case that I lose, I double every time. Whether or not a bet is good ultimately is about expected value. For any lottery worth the name, even if you buy every possible combination, the expected value of any given dollar bet is well less than the dollar itself.


Question: How exactly do laser thermometers work?

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 How exactly do laser thermometers work?

I believe the device you are referring to is actually called a pyrometer (please ignore me if you are talking about something else). Most objects undergo a process called blackbody radiation, which means that they emit light from their surfaces which has a wavelength (a way of classifying light) that depends on the object's temperature. The pyrometer is essentially a very specialised camera that is focussed on a very narrow point in front of it. The camera sees in infrared light instead of optical light because the blackbody radiation wavelength corresponding to temperatures that we might see everyday on Earth is in the infrared part of the spectrum. The camera measures how much of each wavelength of IR it can see and works out the temperature based on which wavelength is strongest.


Question: how we can create and maintain a vaccum when drinking through a straw or from a cup, even while breathing?

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 how we can create and maintain a vaccum when drinking through a straw or from a cup, even while breathing?

Drinking through a straw does not have to involve sucking with your lungs. You seal the back of your mouth with your tongue, and seal your lips around the straw. That way, no air can enter or leave your mouth. Then you open your jaw while keeping everything sealed. That attempts to increase the empty space inside your mouth. But since air can't get in, the pressure in your mouth gets lower, and air pressure from outside pushed the drink up the straw and into your mouth.


Question: Why would the temperature of a gas escaping into a vacuum decrease? Where does the KE go, at a molecular level?

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 Why would the temperature of a gas escaping into a vacuum decrease? Where does the KE go, at a molecular level?

They don't slow down. Whoever told you that temperature was average KE oversimplified things a bit. For instance, if I throw a baseball, it's average KE increases, but it's temperature wouldn't. When a gas is allowed to escape into a vacuum, the particles are all traveling in random directions. As it expands, the gas starts moving more uniformly. In this sense, the average kinetic energy remains the same, but the temperature decreases, since now all of the molecules are traveling in the *same direction*, just like the molecules in my baseball from earlier.


Question: How can air in a balloon become less dense, without it's volume increasing and without leaving the balloon?

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 How can air in a balloon become less dense, without it's volume increasing and without leaving the balloon?

Yes, air can get pushed out of the balloon of a hot-air balloon. It's open at the bottom, which means that the inside and outside pressures come into balance basically immediately. It's an assumption of the problem, not always spelled out, that the pressure inside the balloon is constant, and the mass of air inside changes accordingly. That's how you can apply the formula that relates temperature, pressure, and [quantity of gas] that gives you buoyancy.


Question: What is the "fed-rate" and why did the increase it?

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 What is the "fed-rate" and why did the increase it?

Say you go into your local bank and ask for a $10 million loan. The bank says "I like your face kid. It's honest. Lemme see what I can do." But your local bank doesn't actually have the money. No biggie! The bank calls the central bank of the United States and says "dude, I need ten fatties". The central bank, aka the Federal Reserve, says "sure, I've got it right here but it will cost you 2.5% interest." Your bank comes back and charges you 3% interest. Not so bad, so you agree and are one step closer to launching your new falafel stand. When your bank can get money cheap (because of low interest rates), they can pass on an equally low interest rate to you. So more people borrow money and suddenly everyone's throwing cash around like a bachelor party at a strip club. But say the Fed told your banker it's going to cost 10%. The bank charges you 11% but the falafel business isn't *that* good, so you decline. When money is expensive, less of it goes into the market and more stays in savings. This is how the Fed tries to control inflation and other financial movements.


Question: It is recommended to use random words over random characters so it will be easier to remember and still difficult to hack into. But can't hackers implement a keyboard-like autocorrect in their bruteforce script to guess words after some letters ?

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 It is recommended to use random words over random characters so it will be easier to remember and still difficult to hack into. But can't hackers implement a keyboard-like autocorrect in their bruteforce script to guess words after some letters ?

You can think of every word as its own unit, just like a character is a unit. The crux of using words instead of letters is that the number of different words available utterly dwarfs the amount of letters. If the password is two units long, if the units are just alphanumeric letters it takes less than 4000 attempts to try all combinations. However, if you use a random very common English words (quick google suggests that 5000 is a reasonable estimate) that number skyrockets to 25 _million_. With three units the amounts are 200k and 100 _billion_, respectively. Bots which comb through dictionaries to try different word combinations are common, but they can't overcome the basic fact that the amount of different combinations to go through becomes unimaginably large very quickly.


Question: Why is upload/download speed different?

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 Why is upload/download speed different?

Because more people will download than upload as a general rule, more of the available bandwidth is allocated to downloading. & #x200B; Put simply, if you have 16 lanes of traffic, and most people go from A to B, you might make allocate more lanes to that direction than from B to A.


Question: Why do developing countries receive development aid from other countries instead of simply "adding" the same amount of money into government budget?

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 Why do developing countries receive development aid from other countries instead of simply "adding" the same amount of money into government budget?

Hyperinflation from printing money to cover government deficits happens because the supply of the currency is dramatically increased. Note that this happens relative to the currency of which the supply is increasing--for example, when there is hyperinflation occurring with the Zimbabwe dollar, prices when paying with U.S. dollars may actually be comparatively stable. This is why, when inflation becomes very bad, people try to abandon the local currency and use a more stable foreign currency, even if it is illegal to do so. Development aid comes in the form of foreign currency or it's aid "in kind," in the form of goods. So the supply of the local currency isn't changed at all. It can still have a strong effect on the local economy, but for different reasons.


Question: What is the goal of the game Minecraft?

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 What is the goal of the game Minecraft?

Minecraft is in a class of games known as a "open sandbox." Basically there are no points, levels, or goals, people are free to do whatever it is they want within the confines of the games. There are enemies to beat and even bosses, but the game doesn't "end" and has no set structure. Playing Minecraft is more akin to playing with Legos than playing a typical video game.


Question: Why does our heart struggle getting blood to our arms and legs when we lay down and hold them above our head but always gets blood to our head when we are standing?

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 Why does our heart struggle getting blood to our arms and legs when we lay down and hold them above our head but always gets blood to our head when we are standing?

When you are standing your leg muscles contracting act to boost blood back up into your body. If you find a position where you don't really need to use much of your leg muscles to keep yourself upright such as locking your knees, then stand still for a long time you may pass out like you see at formal events. This is because without that help from your leg muscles your heart *does* have trouble getting blood to the brain.


Question: How do chess sites detect cheating?

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 How do chess sites detect cheating?

URL_1 has some sort of "advanced algorithm" that they refuse to release. To me, this proves that the decision is highly subjective. That said...Basically the moves of a player are run against an engine and if they match too closely for too long a period of time, it becomes progressively more likely that the player is cheating with an engine. I was part of an experiment with the creator and owner of URL_2 a few years ago. I was given a bunch of top level correspondence games and a bunch of games from banned URL_0 cheaters and was unable to differentiate the games with any statistically significant accuracy. To make this scientific I'd have to have access to URL_0 's methodology, but it was enough to convince me that cheating detection is highly inaccurate.


Question: How does the US bail system work with regards to crime and justice?

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 How does the US bail system work with regards to crime and justice?

The judge sets the bail, based on the severity of the crime and how much of a flight risk he deems the defendant to be. If someone can't afford bail, then they will remain in jail until the conclusion of their case. Bail is completely refundable, whether you're found guilty or not. It's just a surety to make sure you show up for trial. So if you put up a 20,000 bail, and you are convicted, you still get that money back. It's worth nothing that most people don't put up bail -- they contact a bail bondsman, who puts up the bail for them in exchange for a fee (generally 10-15% of the bail). So if someone has a $5,000 bail set, they can pay a bondsman $500 to get out of jail. That is not refundable.


Question: Why is lifting weights more effective in muscle building than using the machines? Or is it just a myth?

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 Why is lifting weights more effective in muscle building than using the machines? Or is it just a myth?

Free weights use connecting and supporting muscles to stabilize your arms and legs and body when Using them. They give a more well round whole body work out. Machines are great for *isolating* muscle groups, giving you the ability to target specific muscles. So they both are good, just different. Use free weights to build overall muscle fitness. Use machines to target specific areas you want to improve. Edit: I just want to say there is a lot of amazing and competent information in this thread and I am really impressed by everyone communicating positively and expanding knowledge together! This is what reddit should be like more often!


Question: Is it possible there's elements in the periodic table still undiscovered and only found in other worlds?

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 Is it possible there's elements in the periodic table still undiscovered and only found in other worlds?

Not likely. The periodic table follows a predictable mathematical pattern based on the atomic number and electron configuration. That's how Dmitri Mendeleev was able to construct it in the first place. The early versions of the table had evident gaps where there *should* have been an element but there wasn't. Since then we've discovered those missing elements and filled those gaps, so we now have a "full" periodic table from element 1 to 118. No gaps in the pattern likely means no new elements to be found (in that range at least).