Question: Why does spicy food taste hot?

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 Why does spicy food taste hot?

Capsaicin is the chemical the makes something spicy. Capsaicin activates the nerves in your mouth that detect heat. They send the signal to your brain that they've been activated, which usually means you've eat something physically hot, although in this case it's a false signal caused by the capsaicin. Menthol, a chemical in mint leaves, does the same thing to the nerves that detect something cold, making your mouth feel cold.


Question: Why can bodies last 8+ hours without peeing during the night, but that would be a huge challenge during the day?

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 Why can bodies last 8+ hours without peeing during the night, but that would be a huge challenge during the day?

It's not a huge challange when you're busy. I don't know how exactly, but human body can tell when it's not the right time to go to the restroom. During work, for example, or during sleep. I have no urge to pee when I work 12 hour shifts, so it's possible when you're busy enough.


Question: What's the difference between an Uber and an unlicensed taxi?

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 What's the difference between an Uber and an unlicensed taxi?

Uber is not a taxi, it is private hire. A "taxi" is licensed to pick up passengers who flag them down from the street or from a taxi rank, without prearrangement. Anybody else doing that is breaking the law (if doing it for payment). A "private hire" is just paying someone to drive you from A to B. As long as it is pre-arranged and not flagged down from the street, you don't need a licence. Obviously laws will vary from place to place


Question: How can scientists officially classify if a species is extinct and how do they know there isn’t a single one left?

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 How can scientists officially classify if a species is extinct and how do they know there isn’t a single one left?

Short answer: they guess. This means they are sometimes wrong. Longer answer: they spend time in the area that the animal has been known to live to see if they can find any of the animal around. Because they are spending a lot of time in these areas recording how many of the animal they have seen they are able to guess how many of the animal are left. Once the number of the animal they see gets below a certain point(which varies depending on what the animal is) they can do some complex math and estimate when the animal is extinct.


Question: How can some things be sold so cheap?

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 How can some things be sold so cheap?

You will notice most of the ingredients would be sugar, something that is extremely cheap. Cost of manufacturing for most things is really miniscule nowadays as we are talking about a handful to a dozen workers overseeing a set of machinery that can produce thousands of these sweets a minute. As for shipping, if you are shipping in bulk via cargo ships, it is also extremely cheap. A single cargo ship can ferry thousands of containers per trip. Each container can hold tens of thousands of boxes of these sweets. Per box, these costs are really small.


Question: What causes the difference in intelligence between persons?

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 What causes the difference in intelligence between persons?

A combination of nature and nurture. Genetics obviously plays a role at the beginning of life. Someone genetically inclined to have higher cognitive functioning can still be a naive moron if raised in such a way. Same with an average Joe who's seen the world and learned how to process information in an efficient way.


Question: How do Third Party Games profit on Steam?

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 How do Third Party Games profit on Steam?

same way buying a game on steam works, steam gets a cut. Steam lets devs use their purchase system though their games so they dont have to design their own. The way it works is; i pay company 5 dollars, they get (this will be different for each game dev so this is a completely hypothetical number just for an example) 4 dollars. Valve basically makes a dollar for doing literally nothing other than leasing their purchase system and the 3rd party dev gets the other 4 dollars.


Question: Why do certain companies give their products different names in different regions? (Ex: Hardees/Carl"s Jr, Hellmans/Best Foods)

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 Why do certain companies give their products different names in different regions? (Ex: Hardees/Carl"s Jr, Hellmans/Best Foods)

That is what happens when there were two separate companies with different names that already had a presence in a specific geographic area, and then they merged into a single company. Since the original companies were already well known in their part of the country, it would be foolish of the new, merged company to re-brand those stores.


Question: How come working most muscle groups in the body leads them to be come "built up" and stronger, while one's eye muscles only seem to strain and weaken over time?

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 How come working most muscle groups in the body leads them to be come "built up" and stronger, while one's eye muscles only seem to strain and weaken over time?

See URL_0 As you age the muscles in the eye do not weaken, rather the lens becomes full of cells and impossible to manipulate. Thus it cannot be stretched to accommodate focussing on nearby objects. All older people get this problem and hence need reading glasses. People who already have refractive error (normally because their eyeball is the wrong length) will gain this problem on top of whatever issue they already have. This is why varifocal glasses exist.


Question: Why do (AA & AAA) batteries in a package seem to very rarely leak even after sitting in the cupboard for years and batteries left in a dormant device leak after a much shorter time?

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 Why do (AA & AAA) batteries in a package seem to very rarely leak even after sitting in the cupboard for years and batteries left in a dormant device leak after a much shorter time?

The corrosion is caused by hydrogen gas escaping the battery, allowing the battery to leak, this still happens when on the shelf, but at a slower rate. When your device is 'off' there's a small amount of drain happening causing extra gas to be produced, also depending on what the contacts are made of on the device they made corrode as well (causing it to look like more battery corrosion).


Question: How does paint thinner work when mixing paint and why can't we just use water/etc?

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 How does paint thinner work when mixing paint and why can't we just use water/etc?

There are paints that do use water. It all depends on the makeup of the paint. [Thinner]( URL_0 ) is a solvent -if you put brushes made of the wrong material (e.g. plastic into a thinner for [oil-based paints]( URL_1 ) ) into a jar of thinner, they start to melt. Thinner does just that - makes paint "thin out" so you can work with it. When I was a youngin' I did build some plastic models and sometimes the paint was like molasses. Some thinner would make it easier to paint. Since it's a solvent, a rag soaked in thinner is used to clean up the mess and soaking a brush in thinner is a way to clean it (but see above). For oil-based paints, water won't work as it's literally "oil and water don't mix". [Acrylic paints]( URL_3 ) require their own thinners, but use water for clean up. Some applications may require thinner because the paint may be too thick to do the job. An [Airbrush]( URL_2 ) may require paint thinned to a certain mixture in order to work. Tap water contains micro-organisms that could foul the spray mechanism.


Question: Why do we always "cut" a globe down the Pacific Ocean to make a map instead of the Atlantic Ocean?

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 Why do we always "cut" a globe down the Pacific Ocean to make a map instead of the Atlantic Ocean?

The Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude) runs through the UK and is usually right in the center of a world map. To the right are the eastern longitudes, and to the left are the western longitudes. This matches real life because if you face north, east is to the right and west is to the left. It also goes back to when the world was Eurocentric, where Europe was the dominant power in the world and therefore in the centre of the map.


Question: Why do some countries use imperial system instead of metric system?

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 Why do some countries use imperial system instead of metric system?

Because changing the unit of measure is easier said than done. It requires changing the way people think quantities and has a transition time over a generation which not only costs money but also affects productivity during the transition period Many countries went through that transition, some had it forced on them (Napoleonic wars, colonialism etc) while others didn't and now it's just that much more difficult for them to transition due to a larger population and the old system being more ingrained For example, the UK is officially using the metric system, but in practice it's a hodgepodge of things - weight is grams and kilograms, speed and distance are still in miles, volume is litres (like petrol) but when it comes to frequent use items like milk or beer then it's still in pints, etc


Question: Whitening toothpaste. How does it work, is it effective, and does it damage your teeth?

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 Whitening toothpaste. How does it work, is it effective, and does it damage your teeth?

all toothpastes "damage" your teeth to some degree. The idea is that toothpaste is a detergent mixed with a fine abrasive powder and flouride to wash your teeth, the abrasive powder is designed to be too soft to damage the enamel on your teeth but excessive brushing will cause damage. Whitening toothpaste has added in baking soda in to it, which is a weak bleaching agent which in some conditions can whiten your teeth. Normal healthy teeth should be mostly unaffected but if you have sensitive or damaged teeth, it might have some negative effects.


Question: Why do medical dramas with graphic depictions of injuries have lower age ratings than horror/thriller movies that show the same?

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 Why do medical dramas with graphic depictions of injuries have lower age ratings than horror/thriller movies that show the same?

Europe in general has a significantly lower tolerance for violence than they do the human body. The rating difference is likely due to the violence alone. The United States is the opposite, graphic violence usually falls into the pg-13 range while nudity tends to fall into R (Parent permission required) Simple cultural/government oversight differences.


Question: Why do some hot sauces take longer to "kick in" than others?

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 Why do some hot sauces take longer to "kick in" than others?

A quick google for a paper that addresses this didn't find anything published, but did link back to reddit! [Ask Science: why do some peppers have a slower burn than others]( URL_0 ). Some dedicated redditor linked to a few other threads with similar questions (though some were actually just "why does capsaicin burn). One commenter says they also couldn't find anything on this specific phenomenon, so all we have are hypotheses—not theories—but they're well grounded. So here's my attempt at explaining for an especially precocious 5 year old (like a person with a 5 year old's knowledge of the world but an adult's capacity for ambiguity and new vocabulary): The chemical in peppers that gives you the burning feeling is called capsaicin. It directly affects nerves that are also about sensing abrasion and physical heat. There might be several reasons for why different sauces have different feelings, but I think the best guess is a simple one: acid just straight up makes those nerves a little hyperactive, so capsaicin affects more nerves faster (so more total burning), but the nerves also reset faster, meaning the burning goes away sooner. There might be other reasons for different hot sauces to burn differently, like more oil might carry the capsaicin to more places in your mouth, evenly coating everything before the capsaicin sinks through the skin of your mouth to hit those nerves all at once. Also, there's an entire family of chemicals similar to capsaicin, called capsaicinoids\*, and most peppers have a bunch of them in different amounts (it's mostly capsaicin though). These other capsaicinoids might affect the nerves differently, taking longer to affect one and sticking around longer, or vice versa, or some other combination of effects. ^(*: bonus fact, caffeine is similar too, a lot of plants have various closer or distant relatives of caffeine in different amounts, which is part of why yerba mate, coffee, guarana, and tea all hit a little differently. "Guarana extract" or similar are still usually just caffeine though.) ^(edit: if I gave gold I think I would like to be thanked for it, therefore by the, heh, golden rule, I offer up my thanks for the shiny flair)


Question: Information Tech professionals of Reddit... How can you tell what people are using their work computers for?

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 Information Tech professionals of Reddit... How can you tell what people are using their work computers for?

All your internet traffic is sent through a device called a router. That router keeps logs of what IP address (a unique identifier for each computer on the network) performs what actions and what traffic goes through it. If a known viral program is accessing the internet through your computer, we get alerts. If you're visiting websites that you shouldn't be, we get alerts. The history on your browser has nothing to do with it.


Question: Why are eyelids swollen after waking up from crying the night before, and why it affects individuals differently?

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 Why are eyelids swollen after waking up from crying the night before, and why it affects individuals differently?

Ok im gonna try to explain this the best way possible. Your tears are made of water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium. The effect of the potassium are long term (thats why you can tell kids have been crying) so it will usually make your eyelids swollen. This effects only last about 8-10 hours. It's different for everyone because of the amount of potassium the tears produce. hope that helps! Here is a link to an article, make sure you read the whole article it make more sense once you get the bigger picture. URL_0 EDIT: I'm gonna be honest with ya'll. I completely BS that answer. I just searched what tears are made of and pasted it and then I made up the rest. I'm telling you guys because you shouldn't believe everything you see online. Goes to show how easy it is to believe shit without doing your own research


Question: How do large scale coffee roasters coax the same flavors out of beans in each batch?

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 How do large scale coffee roasters coax the same flavors out of beans in each batch?

this is part of the reason that starbucks roasts their beans so dark. most higher end, smaller batch coffees tend to be roasted on the lighter side, since this allows the origin characteristics of the coffee to stand out most. these roasters are not aiming for a specific flavor profile or trying to match previous roasts, they are simply trying to take the green coffee and make it taste as good as it possibly can in the cup. large companies like starbucks, however, are not catering toward a smaller specialty coffee clientele, they are marketing to less concerned consumers who only want consistency. in order to achieve this, a darker roast is used that will fry out any variabilities in the coffees year to year and produce a similar tasting cup. dark roasted coffees tend to be made from somewhat lower quality beans with less remarkable flavor since the actual flavor of the origin is mostly replaced by the flavors of the roast itself. lastly, the beans that they use don't come from smaller lots like a single origin coffee would, they try to get a larger sampling from entire regions since this tends to even out inconsistencies from specific farms or localities. hope this makes sense!


Question: Why is there hatred for Comic Sans font?

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 Why is there hatred for Comic Sans font?

1. It was overused. You know that song on the radio that plays three times an hour? This is the font version of that. People got sick of it. 2. It was the font people used if they wanted to be "cool" and "slick". Want to be the cool boss? Post that memo on the bulletin board in Comic Sans. Eventually people rolled their eyes at it. 3. When you get down to it, it's not an objectively beautiful font. It's the font that most people would make if they randomly decided to design a font. It's sort of lowest common denominator font. 4. At the time it was popular, the internet was still emerging and websites were simpler. Font was a major design choice. So everyone noticed font. And to stand out, you might have chosen a unique font. Guess which one a lot of people chose for their new website? 5. At the time when Comic Sans was not hated, society was less jaded. The internet has spread since then, and with it, people have begun voicing their hatred for things more. People are able to share opinions way more easily today than they were back when Comic Sans was loved. It was a simpler time.


Question: What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?

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 What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor?

I used to be a patent lawyer for some of the companies doing this work (Ericsson, Qualcomm, etc.) so I feel pretty comfortable answering this. In my opinion, there haven’t been any truly groundbreaking technologies in this field that have allowed for 5G. Rather, 5G is a mix of a number of now relatively standard technologies that work in sync with one another. To understand why things are working out this way, you should realize that the number of devices that use wireless signals have increased exponentially, and that different types of devices work better in different configurations (i.e., different frequencies, different distances, different battery lengths, different amounts of data to transmit, etc.). While this all might seem relatively obvious, it is the big motivating factor for 5G. For example, if autonomous vehicles are going to work at a large scale, then there needs to be a network capable of handling their needs. These needs include large data transmission, high reliability, high speed, and high continuity. To meet these needs, an eNodeB (i.e., a radio tower) can transmit a high frequency signal to the vehicle because more information can be included in a higher frequency signal. However, high frequency signals tend to be disrupted by their surrounding environment more easily than lower frequency signals. For example, millimeter wave signals (i.e., high frequency signals) can be blocked by trees, human bodies, some buildings, etc. To counteract this type of path interference, you need to have more antennas over the same area. So instead of having an eNodeB every .5 km^2, you might place them every .1 km^2 (by the way, this is where the term "cell" in cell phone comes from, because each of these areas are considered a "cell"). While all of the above might cover the autonomous vehicle use case, we have also seen a major boost in internet of things (IoT) devices, like small sensors that are remotely located, not hooked up to a connected power source, and do not need to transmit a lot of data. For example, there are sensors that are attached to various portions of a bridge that transmit vibration signals, amongst others, back to a central server to monitor the structural integrity and wear on that bridge. Since these devices only need to transmit a small amount of information every so often, they can be set up to send very intermittent signals at a low data rate to conserve energy and battery power. Since they are usually remotely located, they also may be better set for low frequency signals, as those types of signals don't experience the same path interference that higher frequency signals usually do. Therefore, you might want to send lower frequency signals at a lower rate to these devices, but they might occur at a much larger volume because there are more IoT devices than there are self-driving cars. Your standard smart phone falls in the middle of these two use cases, but it is slowly creeping toward requiring more and more data with more and more reliability. So what does 5G do to accommodate all of these needs? Well, they do a bunch of things, almost none of which are super groundbreaking. One thing they do is use antenna arrays. Antenna arrays are devices that include a bunch of antennas, and different antennas in each array can be configured to emit a signal of a different frequency. The antennas in each array can also be configured to change the direction and/or intensity of its beam so that it can avoid potential interference along a path. 5G also uses something called MIMO (multi-in, multi-out) to increase bandwidth and/or reliability. This technology has been known for a while now (you see it in multi antenna wifi routers for example), but they are now applying it at a larger scale and across multiple users (referred to as MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO). 5G technologies also include using machine learning technologies to understand user preferences so as to predict behavior of a user and needs of a device. Many 5G technologies also include energy harvesting (e.g., solar power) technologies so as to increase operation time for IoT devices, for example. These technologies also use various forms of coding, such as trellis modulation, turbo coding, and a number of other mathematical techniques to increase data transmission and/or reliability. In summary, 5G is really just adding a bunch of existing technologies together in a relatively new and complicated manner. If you get involved with this field, you find out pretty quickly that most of the researchers and engineers are throwing different combinations at the wall to see what sticks (i.e., what the 3GPP adopts to their standard). I really just grazed the surface here, so if you have any follow up questions I'd be happy to answer. **TL;DR:** There aren't many new technologies. 5G is just adding existing tech together in a complicated manner. **Edit**: I initially only posted the first paragraph, but I added the other four to provide some more detail.


Question: Why do the hemispheres of the brain control the opposite side of the body?

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 Why do the hemispheres of the brain control the opposite side of the body?

From what I understand we really don't know why it was the case as it happened extremely early in the development of life. However one theory that makes some sense is that it came from extremely simple forms of life. If they detected food to one side they would need to trigger the motive limb on their opposite side to turn towards the food. That then was the template for future development.


Question: How did ancient humans deduce the Earth is round?

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 How did ancient humans deduce the Earth is round?

Basically they stuck a stick in the ground measured it's shadow. Then had another stick in the ground like 70mi away and measured it's shadow at the same time. The shadows are different at the same can only be explained as being on a arch. They measured the earth to almost exact measurements thousands of years ago with this. They measured it in modern day Egypt but I forget exact citys


Question: Why do bubbles reflect rainbowish colors after being blown?

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 Why do bubbles reflect rainbowish colors after being blown?

Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do bubbles have that strange rainbow kinda color? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [Why do bubbles and rainy streets make a rainbow? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does soap bubbles from a soap bubble machine have so many different colours? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5:What's that colorful stuff on bubbles ]( URL_1 ) ^(_7 comments_)


Question: Why in programming, an arrays index starts at 0 instead of 1?

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 Why in programming, an arrays index starts at 0 instead of 1?

In some programming languages (most famously C), an array variable `arr` actually holds the address where the array is located in memory, or more specifically the address of the first element in the array. Therefore, the first element in the array is stored at position `arr+0`, the second element is stored at position `arr+1`, and generally element #n is stored at `arr+(n-1)`. This system caught on and became the standard. By the way, some programming languages use one-based numbering.


Question: Why do we need 4 Hydrogens to make 1 Helium ?

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 Why do we need 4 Hydrogens to make 1 Helium ?

The simplest hydrogen nucleus consists of one proton. The helium nucleus consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. To fuse hydrogen to helium, two protons have to be converted to two neutrons. So in total 4 hydrogen nuclei are needed to form 1 helium nuclei. (this is a multistage process so this is a simplified explanation)


Question: Why is nuclear power waste still so active, but can't be used to provide more power?

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 Why is nuclear power waste still so active, but can't be used to provide more power?

There's a difference between just being radioactive, and being fissile. Useful fuel is fissile; it can sustain a chain reaction and generate useful heat. Fissile isotopes are very rare and expensive. But many, many things are radioactive without being fissile. They give off ionizing radiation, but they cannot sustain a chain reaction.


Question: For products that have an expiry duration of over 2 months, how do companies actually test it? Do they wait for months?

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 For products that have an expiry duration of over 2 months, how do companies actually test it? Do they wait for months?

We make products mostly with one year best before date. We send every completely new product into a lab and they test it for a couple of weeks and then they can calculate the rought estimate that will it stay good for a year without too much bacteria growth. We also keep one sample of each batch of products made for a year so we can monitor and recall the batches if we get complaints or notice problems. We also put couple of bottles from the first production batch of a new product into a heat cabinet with optimal temperature for fermenting and check if there is some bad fermenting happening after two months The expiration dates come mostly from what container is used, not the product itself. plastic bottles are one year and glass jars multible years. These things vary from country to country, this example is from Finland and from foodstuffs company. Eli5: No we do not wait for the whole time. We recall if needed.


Question: When did it become common to set a broken bone instead of amputate the limb? What changed that made that possible?

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 When did it become common to set a broken bone instead of amputate the limb? What changed that made that possible?

> Even in the 19th century, it was more common to amputate than to set the broke bone. On what are you basing this statement? Generally, setting a broken bone is simpler and safer than amputation. This can change for very bad breaks, especially those associated with other injuries like being shot, but those types of injuries are less common.


Question: Why is it when you watch a DVD or stream a movie on your tv, it isn't completely full screen?

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 Why is it when you watch a DVD or stream a movie on your tv, it isn't completely full screen?

Because that movie was formatted for a resolution different from your TV. For example, if it was more widescreen than your TV then it would either have the sides cut off (which means you miss seeing anything happening at the sides of the screen) or they fit the width to your TV width and thus leave bars along the top and bottom.


Question: How can I tell that a dice is fair?

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 How can I tell that a dice is fair?

The likelihood of getting a six each separate throw is 1/6, However, if you're going to throw twice, in order to know the chance of getting a 6 twice, you have to combine the separate chances: 1/6 * 1/6. You can visualize this as the chance you take the right path out of six. Every throw you need to take the right path, and you choose the path at random. At every separate split in the path the chance of choosing path 6 is 1/6th, but the chance of happening to choose path 6 6 times in a row will be 1/6th^6 The chance of your brother getting a 6 each separate throw is 16.6667% The chance of your brother getting a 6 10 times in a row with fair dice is 0.0000016538% You can even calculate the likelihood your brother is cheating (yada yada binominal distributions) but I had my statistics exam a week ago and unless you really want me to I don't feel like going through all that again here now. Might edit in an hour or so.


Question: Why don’t rockets launched in to space hit any of the junk circling earth’s atmosphere?

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 Why don’t rockets launched in to space hit any of the junk circling earth’s atmosphere?

There are a few main reasons. First, the people launching the rockets try to avoid what they know is up there. The second factor is that space is very large and there just isn't that much stuff up there in the first place. If I dropped you somewhere in the Pacific Ocean at random would you really be afraid of hitting a plastic bag? Sure, there are a lot floating around out there, but the ocean is *huge* and they just aren't that common in comparison. Now consider that space has three dimensions and the ocean surface only has two.


Question: How does Teslas giant battery work?

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 How does Teslas giant battery work?

It's just a bunch of smaller cells. You know how a remote control seems to always take two AAs? It's like that but on a larger scale and with much more than 3 volts involved. There's 3 ways to set up cells: series, parallel, and series-parallel. Series is where they're end-to-end, like the way that remote control is wired up. Each AA in there gives 1.5 volts, put two of them end to end and you get the voltage of both! So now you have 3 volts, and for simplicity let's say you can draw 1 amp this way. Parallel is if they were truly wired "side by side" instead of end to end. If we wired those AAs in parallel, you wouldn't get double the voltage like in series, but you would get double the potential current, so twice as many amps. Only 1.5 volts, but now we have 2 amps. In series-parallel, you combine the two. So let's put our first two AAs in series to get 3 volts out of them, but they can only put out 1 amp. Now let's get two more AAs and put those end-to-end also. Then wire the top and bottom of our two stacks side by side. So now we can get 3 volts, but can now draw 2 amps since we have two stacks. A Tesla battery likely does series-parallel, just with cells *much* more powerful than AAs.


Question: Why is the American tax code so complicated?

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 Why is the American tax code so complicated?

There are three separate issues: 1. If you work a normal job as a full-time employee and don't own a home, taxes are not complicated - you just need the 1040EZ which is just one page (double-sided) and takes less than an hour to fill out. Most tax places will also do it for you for free. People are literally afraid of doing it or just like to get help rather than understand it. 2. The IRS could just do your taxes for you, like in many countries, but companies like Intuit have successfully lobbied to keep taxes complicated so they can sell more tax software. 3. For people who own businesses, taxes really are complicated - but that's often because the government uses the tax code as a way to incentivize businesses to do certain things. For example, businesses have an incentive to invest more rather than sit on profits. I'm not saying this is good or bad, just that it's intentional.


Question: How come whenever I'm exposed to the cold my hands always get slow and sluggish?

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</answer>
 How come whenever I'm exposed to the cold my hands always get slow and sluggish?

In response to cold, your body will prioritize keeping your core warm as that's where all your important organs are. Because of this the circulation to your hands and feet are reduced, especially if they aren't doing any work that needs extra oxygen. This results in cold sluggish hands. It's also why clapping your hands can warm them up briefly, the pain causes your body to send more blood to your hands to deal with possible injury. But the best way to deal with your hands in the cold is to get active. One time during a rather strenuous hike i needed to stick my hands in the snow to cool them down (helped keep me from sweating)


Question: Why do other legged mammals know how to walk almost immediately while it takes us humans about a year?

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 Why do other legged mammals know how to walk almost immediately while it takes us humans about a year?

Babies’ heads already barely fit through their mothers’ pelvises, because we’re bipedal. It’s kind of a compromise - if babies stayed inside longer, they’d be more developed, like other mammals, but their mothers wouldn’t be able to run or walk as well, because their hips would be kind of messed up. Some doctors refer to the first three months of life as the fourth trimester, meaning babies are very, very underdeveloped when they’re first born. Human babies are able to survive this way because we take care of the babies and because of our strong social bonds.


Question: Why does orange juice taste awful after brushing your teeth?

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 Why does orange juice taste awful after brushing your teeth?

My best guess from my scientific background is the acidic orange juice having a neutralisation reaction with the alkali toothpaste. You can reduce the sensation by swilling your mouth with warm water after brushing (but isn’t great for your teeth as it can take off the fluoride layer which you’ve just put on when brushing).


Question: Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

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 Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

Laundering money is done best in a business where people pay in cash. Casinos are almost entirely done in cash. Laundering money works best when you have enough customers coming in that no one could keep track of them all. Where you don't have an actual product that you give that you'd have to have bookkeeping for. Basically, it's very easy to lie and just go "Oh yeah, we had a high roller show up and bet $2000 on a blackjack game." and there's pretty much no way for anyone to prove otherwise.


Question: What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

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 What makes an explosion so deadly when there is not shrapnel flying?

The sudden expansion of gases - the real reason we call it an explosion - causes a shock wave and usually has quite the force to it. A very sudden burst of high psi (Pounds per Square Inch, pressure) can absolutely do serious physical damage to a human. This comes up on Mythbusters where they test how dangerous an explosion is with pressure sensors if you want to see it in action..


Question: What was the "dot com bubble" exactly? And why is Amazon and others praised for surviving it?

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 What was the "dot com bubble" exactly? And why is Amazon and others praised for surviving it?

It was the end of the 1990s, early 2000s. Everything related to the internet was hot, new, and exciting. Everyone wanted a piece of this new promised land, it was a gold rush. Completely moronic ideas were drenched in cash from venture capitalists. A site whose whole business idea was selling pet food in the internet was valued in the billions. Then reality set in. Investors started to realise the limitations of the technology. The days of fast cash were over, and a lot of companies that were riding high one day bit the dust the next.


Question: What does it mean that the US dollar is backed by silver/gold?

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 What does it mean that the US dollar is backed by silver/gold?

So this is all about the "invention" of money. Gold is something that humans have historical valued. While it's used in manufacturing it's real value is that it is soft enough to make jewelry and it shines up real nice. WAAAY back in the day, gold was the currency. If you went to a store to buy a new sword they would demand payment in gold. Since gold is quite heavy, this is very impractical, but the idea is that gold is money. To overcome this obstacle (and for other reasons) governments started issuing their own money in the form of paper notes (or coins). They would print up some paper or mint some coins with an official stamp and tell everyone they can use this money rather than gold. The public was skeptical to say the least. This was just paper, it has no real value, why should stores accept it? Why should employees accept it? Why should anyone take it for more then just the paper it is? Gold on the other hand, well gold was GOLD! And so the government had an idea. They had a whole pile of gold in the government's vault. So they wold make a promises to the citizens that anyone who wanted to could show up with some paper money and exchange it for a set amount of gold. Since people believed gold had value and always would, the little bits of paper became iou notes from the government. People were OK with trading this government paper because they could always go get the gold if they wanted to. Funny enough, there is no need to actually make that trade for gold. The knowledge that you could if you wanted to is enough. So the government says, if you show up with a $20 bank note, we will give you 1 oz of gold. If the government has 5,000,000 oz of gold in the vaults, it could print $100,000,000 worth of paper notes. The gold would stay in the vaults and the notes would be used to buy and sell things. This all worked "fine", for a while but it had a problem. The amount of gold in the world is not stable, the demand for gold is not stable and gold is not actually "worth" anything more than paper money is. If the apocalypse came today and all governments fell and there were people rioting and starving in the streets, no one would want gold anymore than anyone would want US dollars. So this idea that "gold" somehow has an intrinsic worth that can outlast governments is actually a fiction. This ability to always exchange a set amount of money for a set amount of gold was known as the gold standard and it was used all over the world. Around 90 years ago, that stopped. And now for the complicated part. As it turns out, the ability to print or not print money is one of the primary tools that governments can use to prevent problems like recessions or depressions. Events like the grate depression or the 2008 crises used to be fairly common. Things like inflation was actually an every day sort of problem that effected peoples lives in very real ways. I know we don't feel like it, so close to 2008, but the truth is that since abandoning the gold standard those kinds of events are much less common than they used to be. Since the government has no requirement to keep a large vault of gold to backup it's money they are free to tweek the amount of money out there in the world in an effort to keep things flowing along. While there have been some major issues (like 2008) it's worked basically fine for nearly 100 years. So to directly answer. The US dollar is NOT any longer backed by gold. It used to be, but it's not any longer.


Question: If we are getting much lower temperatures up north, why is that not helping freeze the north pole again?

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 If we are getting much lower temperatures up north, why is that not helping freeze the north pole again?

You are getting cold temperatures because you are in a temperate place that's seeing larger incursions of cold air from the North, like the US. However, on average, the temperature of the North Pole is rising. Sure, ice freezes in the winter and melts in the summer, but it's not freezing faster just because it's colder than average in Chicago today. The shape of the arctic cold air mass is changing, but the mass at a given cold temperature is smaller than in previous years. Instead of being a circle, or a gear with small teeth it's become a daisy with long petals. As it rotates, sometimes a petal sweeps over Chicago and makes it so cold they have to set the train tracks on fire, but the area of the daisy is smaller than the area when it was a gear.


Question: Why do we need water to survive? What happens on a microscopic/cellular(?) level when we're dehydrated?

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 Why do we need water to survive? What happens on a microscopic/cellular(?) level when we're dehydrated?

> Why do we need water to survive? Humans need water for circulation, respiration, and converting food to energy. After oxygen, water is the body's most important nutrient. ... Your body loses water constantly through sweat, urine, and even breathing. You must replace the water your body loses for your organs to continue to work properly. > What happens on a microscopic/cellular(?) level when we're dehydrated? By the time you feel thirsty your body is already dehydrated; our thirst mechanism lags behind our actual level of hydration. Research shows that as little as 1 percent dehydration negatively affects your mood, attention, memory and motor coordination. Data in humans is lacking and contradictory, but it appears that brain tissue fluid decreases with dehydration, thus reducing brain volume and temporarily affecting cell function. As you 'lose' body water without replacing it, your blood becomes more concentrated and, at a point, this triggers your kidneys to retain water. The result: you urinate less. The thicker and more concentrated your blood becomes, the harder it is for your cardiovascular system to compensate by increasing heart rate to maintain blood pressure. When your dehydrated body is 'pushed' – such as when exercising or faced with heat stress – the risk of exhaustion or collapse increases. This can cause you to faint, for instance, when you stand up too quickly. Less water also hampers the body’s attempts at regulating temperature, which can cause hyperthermia (a body temperature greatly above normal). At a cellular level, 'shrinkage' occurs as water is effectively borrowed to maintain other stores, such as the blood. The brain senses this and triggers an increased sensation of thirst.


Question: How do scientists date fossils that are millennia old?

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 How do scientists date fossils that are millennia old?

To find out the age of a fossil, you need to use an absolute dating technique, either on the fossil itself or (more usually) on the sediment it has been deposited in or that you know is the same age. The most common form of radiometric dating uses radioactive isotopes. There are dozens upon dozens of radioisotope systems that are used in geology and which you use depends on the age and type of sediment you are interested in. For millennia-old sediments, two systems that may be of interest are U-Th (often used for corals and stalagmites) and radiocarbon dating. It's important to mention that 1000 year old sediments are, geologically speaking, extremely young and it will generally take longer to form a fossil, apart from in certain environments. A lot of people assume that radiometric dating = carbon dating, when in actual fact carbon dating is barely ever used in geology because it's only useful for extremely recent sediments that contain organic matter (and there are also a host of problems associated with radiocarbon dating). There are other ways to carry out absolute dating, usually based on some clever chemistry like correlating concentrations of trace metals or measuring the magnetism of detrital iron grains, but radiometric dating is more widely used.


Question: Why does soda pop go flat even if it has a tight, re-screwable top?

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 Why does soda pop go flat even if it has a tight, re-screwable top?

Carbonation is held in soda by the pressure, which forces gas to dissolve into the liquid. You'll notice that once you open the bottle of soda, you hear a hiss. This is pressurized gas escaping from the bottle. When you drink some soda and then re-seal the cap, the pressure inside the bottle is not enough to keep the carbonation dissolved in the liquid, so the gas vaporizes out of the liquid until the pressure is equalized. You will notice the next time you open the cap that some pressure has built up and it makes another hiss as it escapes, but as this continues to happen over and over, more and more gas escapes from the soda and it becomes flat.


Question: Our bodies naturally know what is good and bad for us (pain receptors for example), so why do our taste buds tend to enjoy tasting foods that are inherently bad for us and dislike the taste of most foods that are good for us?

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 Our bodies naturally know what is good and bad for us (pain receptors for example), so why do our taste buds tend to enjoy tasting foods that are inherently bad for us and dislike the taste of most foods that are good for us?

The foods that are considered bad for us (sweet, fatty and salty) are actually required by the body. Hence it tastes good as an "incentive" to find more. This made sense 1000+ years ago when sugar, fat and salt were hard to come by and largely seasonal. The issue is now we have become so good at sourcing them that they are available year round and cheaply. And so it can be hard to resist. Whereas the foods that are good for us, such as veggies, I believe, are disliked for three main reasons: 1) we don't prepare them well. Often they are cooked bland, mushy and soggy. They can be prepared to taste amazing but you've got to learn to do it 2) we often see them as a necessary evil. We give kids a "reward" of desert for eating the "yucky" veggies and that feeds into the idea that thru aren't tasty but some yucky, near poisonous food that we have to endure 3) we become so used to foods high in sugar or fat that tasting the natural and untouched foods seems bland in comparison