Question: For years NSA has raised concerns about the US power grid being hacked. What can the US do to protect the power grid? Going Green is critical for all, if nations are unable to protect their power grids, will that slow going green?

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 For years NSA has raised concerns about the US power grid being hacked. What can the US do to protect the power grid? Going Green is critical for all, if nations are unable to protect their power grids, will that slow going green?

First, I think you're connecting two things that aren't connected. Going green, that is using more renewable energy sources, is not connected to the security of the electrical grid. Second, hardening the electrical grid against a cyberattack is an ongoing process. Most electric companies are private organizations but they work with various government agencies to coordinate a defense and restoration plan in case of a cyberattack. The exact details of what they're doing are understandably secret but they involve things like keeping control systems isolated from publicly accessible networks and providing manual overrides in case the automated systems are compromised. You can read more in this government report if you're interested. URL_0


Question: At what point does fusion stop and particles start to burst apart?

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 At what point does fusion stop and particles start to burst apart?

The most likely result of a collision in a star is nothing: The particles (protons, which means the nuclei of hydrogen) come close to each other, repel each other, and fly apart again. With a probability of about 0.00000000000000000000000000002% the two protons fuse to form a deuterium nucleus (a heavier type of hydrogen) plus two lighter particles. This deuterium nucleus then participates in more fusion reactions to form helium. If you increase the energy, the protons can come closer together and the probability of fusion goes up, but it always stays small in absolute numbers. If you increase it by a factor of about 10,000 relative to the typical energies in the Sun, the protons can come in contact, at the same time you get enough energy to produce additional particles in the reaction. This is much more likely than fusion, and if you increase the energy even more, fusion even gets less likely: It requires two particles to stick together and if you put too much energy in this is getting unlikely. If you increase the energy by another factor of 10, the production of new particles becomes a very common result, and sometimes you also transform the incoming protons into other particles. If you increase the energy by another factor 4000, you reach the energy of the LHC. It is so high that many collisions produce tens of new particles. Fusion of the incoming protons to deuterium is essentially impossible, but once in a while two of the newly produced particles can stick together. For heavy ion collisions this can be observed routinely, I'm not aware of measurements for proton-proton collisions - it is a rare process.


Question: Despite using different alphabets, why do English and Arabic both still use the same punctuation (periods, question marks, commas)?

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 Despite using different alphabets, why do English and Arabic both still use the same punctuation (periods, question marks, commas)?

Each punctuation mark has its own history. The question mark, for instance, was introduced by an English transcriber. The period/full-stop was first used in ancient greek writings. Both took some time to be widely adopted. But in general, notations and even new letters that were useful to transcribers and readers were often adopted to help deal with shifting languages over the centuries. If Arabic has the same or similar punctuation as English, then it is likely because they found it to be equally useful. Also, as Arab armies conquered former Greek and Roman territories and acquired their writings, they would be exposed to at least some of these punctuations.


Question: why do some games tie physics to framerate? why does going over 60fps cause some games to bug out?

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 why do some games tie physics to framerate? why does going over 60fps cause some games to bug out?

So the core of games tends to be an infinite loop that checks for changes to the game-state; so every "frame" you get is typically one loop of the game loop, and in each loop it does things like detecting collision and updating the position of things based on new inputs, existing velocity, etc. Depending on exactly how it's coded, if the game was coded and tested on nothing but 60fps max, because that was the usage they had envisioned, then certain values may get weird and unexpected results, if the developers make the assumption that, say, every loop will be 1/60 of a second, and calculate velocity of objects based on how far they have moved between frames. In an extreme example, when I was much younger my family upgraded the family computer from an old IBM 386 to a Pentium 166mhz chip, and some of my games ran so fast they were literally unplayable. There was this old Terminator game that was made to run on even older PCs, and it would install and run, but the game timer would run so fast that as soon as I exited the starting menu screen the Terminator would find me and kill me before I could react, and that's because one of the game's assumptions was that the processor could only go so fast. In a more famous example: Space Invaders originally wasn't supposed to speed up as you killed enemies, but the hardware couldn't run the code fast enough to make it run at the speed you see in the last couple enemies or so; however they found that it made the difficulty curve scale really well as a happy accident, so the feature has been added to ports ever since.


Question: Why does water expand during freezing, while most substances do the opposite?

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 Why does water expand during freezing, while most substances do the opposite?

It's because of the shape of water molecules and the fact that they are polar. Water is polar, meaning the oxygen atom is negative one side (where the Oxygen atom is) and positive on the 2 ends where the Hydrogen atoms are. In its liquid state, the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atoms attract and pull on each other, but they have enough energy move past each other. When water freezes, the molecules lose energy, and the oxygen and hydrogen atoms bond and can't unstick. This locks them into a crystalline structure that keeps the molecules further apart from each other than they are in their liquid state.


Question: Why does the air quality seem to get better at night and worse during the day when the main contributor is wildfires? They don’t turn off at night.

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 Why does the air quality seem to get better at night and worse during the day when the main contributor is wildfires? They don’t turn off at night.

The air is heavier when colder, meaning it often displaces a lot of the warmer smoke/air from a fire. When the air cools it typically also brings a rush of wind with it too (a cold front) which could help blow much of the smoke away. I've noticed the same thing with our big bushfires down here. Asked a couple of firefighters and a bush pilot and this is the answer they all gave me.


Question: How come some online retailers don't accept prepaid debit cards?

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 How come some online retailers don't accept prepaid debit cards?

Fraud. Prepaid debit cards are involved in a lot of fraud cases. In general, retailers that participate in fraudulent transactions lose money on them. It's a tradeoff, you lose some legit transactions, on which you would have made money, and you avoid bad transactions, on which you would have lost money. Merchants crank out this math problem and act accordingly - to make as much money as possible.


Question: Why shaking a lighter makes it work ?

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 Why shaking a lighter makes it work ?

Depends also in the flint stone of the lighter . Sometimes it gets eaten up and you have to try harder to make a sparkle but even after you do that the liquid is in the bottom of the lighter so shaking it will turn it into gas and so it ignites


Question: how come when you take a room temperature soda, and pour it over ice, it goes nearly flat?

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 how come when you take a room temperature soda, and pour it over ice, it goes nearly flat?

Firstly it is important to understand that cold liquids 'hold on to' dissolved gases better than warm ones. Bubbles form on uneven surfaces, ice is littered with uneven surfaces (suck on an ice cube and then poor a drink over it, it will fizz less). Combine a warm drink (which is rubbish at keeping gases dissolved in it) with lots of uneven surfaces and you have lots of fizzing.


Question: Why does video static make the video bitrate worse?

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 Why does video static make the video bitrate worse?

Imagine the video is of a plain blue screen with say a red ball moving across it , the data sent doesn't need to change to much except to change the next lot of pixels around the ball, now if it's say black and white static, all the little black and white specks need to be updated each data packet, also why Say at the end of the Superbowl when they release all the confetti it makes the picture look crap.


Question: Why do so many lottery winners end up broke?

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 Why do so many lottery winners end up broke?

Many lottery winners don't understand how to manage large sums of money, and don't realize how little large sounding numbers actually are. A $1 million prize paid over 20 years is just $50k per year, and that's before taxes on it. So they net about $30k a year, which is more like a nice raise at their job than a shift in lifestyle. But people hear $1 MILLION and they think yachts, mansions, fancy cars, and so on. Even at higher prize levels, they don't realize how quickly those expenses add up and how much the carrying costs are on things like boats and large houses -- you don't just buy the item itself, but also the fees to dock, store, fuel and insure a boat; or pay for utilities, pool/lawn care, maintenance, property taxes, etc. on a house. And then there are all the "friends" and family who come out of the woodwork wanting you to invest in their restaurant or business, their can't-miss investment they've discovered, and so on. If the lottery winner can't say no to investments that are bad ideas, they're going to lose the money.


Question: How large does something have to be to have an atmosphere?

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 How large does something have to be to have an atmosphere?

Essentially, everything has an atmosphere, even the tiniest rock in space, because an atmosphere is just a "cloud" of gas atoms that are attracted through the objects gravitational force. So, in order to have a bigger atmosphere, you've got to be bigger. I've read about tiny asteroids, that had a detectable atmosphere, although it's not at all comparable to what we have on Earth. It's just a thin haze of oxygen, sulfur or other gases


Question: Why is that when my feet are cold, all of me is cold?

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 Why is that when my feet are cold, all of me is cold?

It's like a balloon with a tiny hole in it, slowly all the air leaks out. Your hands and feet are generally the most exposed parts of your body. You usually don't wear gloves all the time, so your hands are used to the exposed temperature. However, you often wear socks, and your feet are used to that temperature, so when you don't wear any, your feet don't have anything holding in the heat. This tells your brain that it's cold right now, and your brain starts applying this feeling to the rest of your body to make sure the important parts stay warm.


Question: Why are the lower back muscles so much easier to hurt compared to other muscles in the body?

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 Why are the lower back muscles so much easier to hurt compared to other muscles in the body?

Every set of muscles has an opposite set to pull your skeleton back in place--biceps/triceps, quads/hamstring, etc. The opposite of your back is... your abs! I learned this the hard way when I pulled my back out lifting a dehumidifier. I was always a gym rat, weight training, etc., but the chiropractor sent me to Pilates class to strengthen & learn to use my core muscles. I haven't had a single issue with my back since then, and it's been 10 years since of gardening, moving furniture, hooking up trailers to hitches, etc. Tl;dr to prevent back pain, work out (and engage!) your abs.


Question: Why does a remote with a low battery work like new for a while after I smack it?

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 Why does a remote with a low battery work like new for a while after I smack it?

Already been asked before but I’ll copy my answer here: Batteries work by electrons being stripped from a piece of metal with acid and pushed through a wire. When the metal is degraded too much, there’s no more electrons to strip off it and the battery no longer works. When you slap the remote the acid hits parts of the metal that may not have been soaking as much and shakes any potential lingering electrons off making them available to be pushed through the wire. Imagine you vacuum a dusty rug and it looks pretty good but then you pick it up and slap it and some dust debris still flies off. Same idea.


Question: how did they estimate in the first place how many calories our bodies consume with the different activities?

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 how did they estimate in the first place how many calories our bodies consume with the different activities?

Whenever you burn calories you are consuming carbohydrates and oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water. So a simple way of calculating the rough amounts of calories you burn is to monitor the air you breathe out and measure the amount of carbon dioxide. This can be calibrated with similar long term studies using things like measuring weight and food intake so we know it works right. So we know that measuring the carbondioxide in your breath is a very accurate and calibrated method. You might see olypic athletes exercize with a tube in their mouth for promotional images which shows them performing such a study.


Question: Why do dark colored paints make rooms look smaller in comparison to light colors?

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 Why do dark colored paints make rooms look smaller in comparison to light colors?

The way I explain it to my clients is that literally everything about colour is dependent on lighting. Dark colours tend to absorb light which tricks your eyes into comprehending the space differently. Light colours will reflect the light around and seem brighter. If you want to use mainly darker colours just make sure you have tons of lighting around the space and you'll be okay. Or try and gradient the colours around the room - darker colours closer to the ground and light colours towards the ceiling. It's kind of like the difference between wearing all black clothing vs. all white clothing outside in sunny 100° weather. Your eyes pick up the difference just like your body temp would in that situation.


Question: How does painless fatal injection work?

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 How does painless fatal injection work?

It's a drug cocktail, usually like three different chemicals. Basically, they are first rendering the person unconscious, then causing muscle paralysis and respiratory arrest, then the last drug is to stop the heart. It's supposed to be painless because the person is unconscious when the failure of the heart and lungs happen.


Question: How much heat does a pre-heated oven lose when you open it up to put in the food?

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 How much heat does a pre-heated oven lose when you open it up to put in the food?

One factor not mentioned is that the sides, top, & bottom of the oven chamber, along with the rack or baking sheet you place the food atop, being solid metal will hardly give up much heat the time the door is opened to place something inside the oven. This is the purpose of preheating, for it takes longer to heat up the metal than the small mass of air inside the oven chamber. Which after the food is placed inside & the door is again closed, it will take little time to heat the air up again to proper temp.


Question: Why do we have bad dreams? more specifically; bad recurring dreams?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do we have bad dreams? more specifically; bad recurring dreams?

Im by no means an expert but I learned about this in psychology. There is an idea that your amygdala is the part of the brain that controls fear and anxiety, not scientifically proven though but there is some evidence to support this. Anyway, if you look at cat scans of people sleeping this part of the brain is very active during R.E.M sleep. One theory that made the most sense to me was that our dreams are filled with anxiety and fear because they are meant to prepare us for real life situations where we are put under stress, and that dreams are a strengthening mechanism. Now how much of this is true is still a debate, there is still a lot we do not know about the brain.


Question: How do children's magnetic drawing tablets actually work?

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 How do children's magnetic drawing tablets actually work?

The Magna Doodle works by having cells filled with a white liquid and black magnetic particles. When you put a magnet on the clear plastic front it will attract the magnetic particles and make the screen black. Putting a maget on the back pulls the magnetic particles back making the screen white again. This is the basic principle behind e-ink displays as well. The issue is that the Magna Doodle have a limited lifetime as the particles tends to get stuck after a while making the screen a constant gray color. Blackboards and whiteboards have much better durability and are therefore better suited in a profesional setting. However they do create a mess unless people know how to clean them, which is why the Magna Doodle is mostly sold as a kids toy. However it does have some profesional uses as it is much cleaner and can be used in many different conditions including underwater. And they do come in different sizes making them more suitable for larger scetches. These are used a lot in hospitals, labratories and by scuba divers. There is also copies of it that comes in a more professional looking frame. And due to its similarity with e-ink display there are some manufacturers that have created hybrids. By letting the pen directly affect the display and change the pixels of the e-ink display you negate any form of lag usually fond in low power e-ink devices. And by having the device itself refresh the screen from time to time to avoid the particles getting stuck you get a lot more lifetime out of it as well.


Question: What makes something "biodegradable"? What are the conditions necessary for something to biodegrade?

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 What makes something "biodegradable"? What are the conditions necessary for something to biodegrade?

it needs to be edible to little tiny creatures. Foods biodegrade because yeast and fungus and other little beasts find it and eat it. they break it down and poop it out and if everything goes right give you really nice dirt with which to grow new foods that will also biodegrade. This is what a compost pile hopes to achieve. If we make a something out of a material that little creatures don't eat... it'll just stay in it's current form for a long long time. A lot of plastics aren't biodegradable because no little yeast-bros ever evolved to eat it (you know, because it wasn't around to eat until recently) it's really as simple as that. if the material is able to be eaten by something it can return to the earth. If the material can't be eaten by something it's stuck the way it is.


Question: How do erasable pens work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do erasable pens work?

The ink doesn't "disintegrate" the ink but the heat from friction actually changes the chemical composition of the ink to make it transparent. Try erasing the ink first, then put it back in the freezer overnight - this will make the ink visible again (bit faded though), as the composition returns back to its original colour. Look up thermochromism on wikipedia. Mood rings use the same principal.


Question: How does henna work? It’s on your skin for less than half an hour, how does the color stay for weeks?

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 How does henna work? It’s on your skin for less than half an hour, how does the color stay for weeks?

It's a dye and binds to proteins in the top layers of the skin, staying until the skin is shed. It's not particularly different than any other staining dye, and is left on long enough to pass deeper than just the top of the epidermis which is quickly shed so that is it more persistent. It is unlike a tattoo which pushes ink deeper than the epidermis into the dermis, which is not constantly shed.


Question: Whaat physically changes in our brains when we learn something new?

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 Whaat physically changes in our brains when we learn something new?

Wow this is a tough on for eli5! I saw a programme on this not that long ago. What seems to happen is that in the areas responsible for what ever it is were learning, be it speech, music, etc, axons in the brain are branching making new connections. They are especially active when we're constantly repeating something. Axons are just special nerves connections and work the same way neurons do- they need insulation to work properly. This insulation is the myelin sheath and new axons don't have much. As we practice something more and more connections are laid down and given enough time the myelin sheath is built up to cement the connections. Once enough myelin is laid down the memory is secure. URL_0


Question: When a company approaches another company to acquire them do they speak with the shareholders or with the board of directors?? And how exactly does a hostile takeover happen if the majority of the owners don't wanna sell???

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 When a company approaches another company to acquire them do they speak with the shareholders or with the board of directors?? And how exactly does a hostile takeover happen if the majority of the owners don't wanna sell???

They go to the Board of B and ask. If the Board says "No", then A might mount a "hostile takeover" by going to the stockholders of B to get them to sell all their shares to A. If A has enough shares, it replaces the board and, not surprisingly, the board says "Yes".


Question: How does LiDAR work, and how is it able to be so accurate?

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 How does LiDAR work, and how is it able to be so accurate?

Yes, there is something else going on. The LiDAR typically uses a technique called “optical heterodyne detection”, which allows for more precise time of flight measurements than a given clock speed would otherwise allow. Even with picosecond accuracy (one trillionth of a second!) Imagine you’re at a wave pool. The wave maker starts making a whole bunch of waves. When one of them hits the end of the pool it bounces off the edge and a smaller wave goes back towards the wave maker. When the top of that little guy gets to the wave maker, the wave maker can see it! Since the wave maker has been making all its waves exactly the same size and length, it can compare where it is at in the cycle to the top of that returning wave. Halfway through making another wave? A quarter? Light moves so fast that in LiDAR applications, whatever distances we’re usually interested in, the light gets back before we’re done making another wave. And since we can figure out how much offset the returning wave is from the one we’re making, that gives us more precise time-of-flight than our clock can even measure.


Question: Why is it that positive real numbers and zero have the property of being able to describe quantities, but other numbers do not?

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 Why is it that positive real numbers and zero have the property of being able to describe quantities, but other numbers do not?

You can make a coherent statement like that. It's unlikely that you will have a chance to, because there aren't many sandwiches that "burn" 5.3 grams of proteins in your body upon consumption. Amount of money, on the other hand, is more common to use negative numbers. "I have -200'000 dollars" is a very coherent sentence that perfectly conveys an information that you are a college graduate in America.


Question: What's the difference between gasoline and diesel? Why is the other used over the other?

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 What's the difference between gasoline and diesel? Why is the other used over the other?

**The Fuels** Both fuels are a mix of hydrocarbons, with diesel molecules having more carbon atoms on average. Gasoline behaves roughly like octane (8 carbon atoms) under combustion, hence the octane rating. Diesel behaves roughly like hexadecane (cetane, 16 carbon atoms), hence the cetane rating. The actual numbers of carbon atoms in gasoline molecules are around 4-12, and diesel molecules are around 12-20. **The Engines** Gasoline and diesel work well in engines that use the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle, respectively. The diesel engine reaches a higher pressure, and relies on auto-ignition of the fuel due to the high temperature associated with the increased compression. The higher pressure in a diesel cylinder means more force on the piston, and therefore more torque. Torque is useful for getting heavy loads moving (towing), so diesel is popular in trucks. The increased pressure also increases the efficiency of the engine. The drawbacks to diesel are: diesel engines are more expensive to build, it's harder to burn diesel cleanly, and diesel engines tend to run less smoothly.


Question: If our planet is rotating and shooting through space, why do we see stars as dots of light instead of blurred lines across the sky?

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 If our planet is rotating and shooting through space, why do we see stars as dots of light instead of blurred lines across the sky?

Because we are very slow compared how far away they are. Imgagine you drive a whooping 150 Miles per hour with your car. Far away objects like mountains still don't blurr because in relation to their size and distance you're still slow. Bushes on the roadside are a different story though.


Question: Why are all materials that are hard also brittle?

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 Why are all materials that are hard also brittle?

> Why haven't we made something that's both resistant to scratching AND shattering? Something composed entirely of strong rigid bonds ought to shatter because you only have two options, the rigid bond or a broken bond. So the bonds that remain in the shattered pieces of an object are still the rigid bonds of the exact same length as before. When something is pliable, there are usually more flexible bonding arrangements, and/or you have fibers or sheets sliding next to each other. When you bend it, the particles on the inside of the bend are all squeezed together, while the particles on the outside are being pulled away from each other. So unlike the brittle where there is bond or no bond, here you have tight bonds, loose bonds and in between bonds. That flexibility is what prevents brittleness, but also leads to softness.


Question: What is the safest way to get rear-ended when you see it coming, but don't have time to move safely out of the way?

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 What is the safest way to get rear-ended when you see it coming, but don't have time to move safely out of the way?

If you see it coming, and you 100% cannot avoid it, I would suggest letting off the brake so when you get hit, the transfer of energy and momentum is continuous into your vehicle. If theres room even, try to accelerate as much as possible. The force of the car hitting you will be lessened if your car is in motion as well, as opposed to holding your foot on the brake and taking the entire force of the car hitting you. A way to picture this is with toy cars.. sending one into a stationary one will show a greater impact than if you start to move the second toy car prior to the contact. Also, try your best to relax as much as possible. Tensing up in anticipation then getting hit can lead to more injuries than if you're relaxed and aren't trying to restrain yourself from moving.


Question: the reflection on highways we see from a distance that disappears as we approach that point?

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 the reflection on highways we see from a distance that disappears as we approach that point?

Mirage explains part of it. The other is the angle of your vision to the highway. If your gaze is nearly parallel to a surface, even a non-reflective surface, that surface will begin to reflect light. You can test this by having just a regular metal ruler. It doesn't reflect light very well. Line the ruler up parallel to your gaze and you'll see that it starts to reflect like a mirror. When you are seeing part of the high way in front of you that's very far away, it is normally going to be near parallel to your gaze. As you drive closer to it, it will be lower and lower to your vision until it is perpendicular to your gaze, right below you.


Question: Why does the sound/visual of water makes your urge to pee even worse?

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 Why does the sound/visual of water makes your urge to pee even worse?

Usually due to association. Pavlov did experiments where he would feed a dog and ring a bell. At first there was no correlation. However over time, Even when no food was served. A ringing bell would make the dog salivate in anticipation. When you pee you hear the splashing and see the liquid. You associate these things with peeing. It's the same concept.


Question: how can there be voices in our head in situations like schizophrenia?

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 how can there be voices in our head in situations like schizophrenia?

Just remember, anything that gets processed in the brain can get processed incorrectly. Something in your brain is tracking where your fingers are, and you can misplace them (mostly gently; i.e., you brush your own leg and don't realize it was yourself until you look). Something is tracking that the color of a ball is actually connected to that ball and not just a floating color in space. Schizophrenia is still being researched. We aren't 100% certain, but one theory is that the hallucinations (perhaps in general) are just "source errors." Source errors are a thing that happen to anyone, but typically, it's where you misremember something as coming from yourself. For example, a friend tells you a cool idea, then days later, you have that idea but mistakenly think it is your idea that you came up with. In schizophrenia, it's the other way around: they are listening to their own thoughts, but the part of their brains that's meant to track the source is not working as intended. So it feels like the voice is not their own. And clearly, this is something that CAN happen. People dream, and the people in their dreams talk but SEEM to be other people. What separates "I imagined" from "I heard" is just the ability to track the source.


Question: What is far infrared radiation and what are its benefits?

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</answer>
 What is far infrared radiation and what are its benefits?

As a first point, just because you find a "paper" on something, doesn't mean that it's "true". Scientific research is organic, and there will always be papers claiming opposites, and they may be just as legit. That's just how humans operate. Thus the only way to gauge whether a paper is legit or not is to read it thoroughly, follow its references, and then form an opinion based on that. And forming an idea of the "truth" must be made by reading papers from *both* sides and looking at all angles objectively. This becomes even more crucial in this day of age where there are many journals out there who will publish *anything* as long as they get a cheque in the mail. Now having just skimmed through the article you linked, it seems that there is evidence for affecting cells *in vitro* using infrared radiation. If you didn't know, infrared radiation is just heat radiation, the same heat you feel from a fire. *In vitro* means that they have conducted the tests on cells in a petri dish. This is the usual first step when it comes to testing biologically oriented effects, because no living organism must be tested upon. *In vitro* evidence on itself does not stand though. It does not necessarily translate to actual effects on humans (which require *in vivo* experiments). But with that all aside, the conclusion of the paper says: > "If it can be proved that non-heating FIR has real and significant biological effects, then the possible future applications are wide ranging." The paper is honest enough to say *"If it can be proved..."*, which should be interpreted as: there is no evidence for any biological effects on infrared radiation on humans. But again I just skimmed through the article. A thorough investigation of the subject requires following up the references, but that is very time consuming. If you want my personal opinion (I'm PhD student in radiation physics), then it looks very sketchy and I would expect that a "FIR band" would *not* have any effects on your health whatsoever. Mostly because it seems to claim to be able to do things which are by no means proven.


Question: Why does snow leave my car so dirty?

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 Why does snow leave my car so dirty?

Are you talking about driving around in a place like New England during the winter? If so it's not the snow that makes your car dirty - its mostly the salt they lay down and some crud on the road. The road is wet and very briney during/after a snow storm in an area that salts because the salt melts the snow, so as you and other cars drive around the tires throw it into the air and it sticks to your car. So while salt is the most of it there is also dirt and stuff being flung up too. There are people who keep their cars highly detailed that won't drive when it rains for this reason, even in summer.


Question: Why is it that so many people in the southern United States are so patriotic and all about America when the south wanted to secede from the union?

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 Why is it that so many people in the southern United States are so patriotic and all about America when the south wanted to secede from the union?

From my experience it's about the flag representing freedom. Technically the civil war was about, in the south's mind, government overreach. The issue at heart was a racial one that they were on the wrong side of, but not being told what to do is at the core of southern identity, for better and worse. Not to mention, many southern states also have high poverty rates, which then leads to increased military enrollment, which leads to increased patriotism. You could also roll into that a little xenophobia, which I don't mean judgmentally. Conservative values are typically skeptical of other cultures' ways of life (which bring diverging values, religious beliefs etc). The American flag and patriotism then represents an identity in contrast to those of whom they meet with skepticism.


Question: What does a "double mickey mouse" in the artery mean?

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 What does a "double mickey mouse" in the artery mean?

It's nothing scary or anything like that. When doing ultrasounds, a Mickey Mouse is a collection of veins and arteries that form the characteristic shape of Mickey's head and ears. A double Mickey is just two groups smooshed together, which doesn't happen often, and you have to get just the right angle to see it. The best example of the Mickey comes from the portal triad ( URL_1 , URL_0 )


Question: If anything is moving away with constant speed from each other, why distant objects appear faster?

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 If anything is moving away with constant speed from each other, why distant objects appear faster?

In what context does that happen? If you stand and look at moving objects the closer they are the faster they appear because the angular size changes faster. Angular size there size in your field of view. The size of a object approximate half in size at twine the distance so something that move from 200m to 100m away get twice as large the same for the movement from 100m to 50m. At constant speed the time to move from 100m to 50m is half of 200m to 100m so the rate it changes size at is twice as high. Even if they move perpendicular to you the speed look faster if they are closer so a airplane in the sky do not look that fast compared to a car that drive just in front of you, So when you look at thing the opposite to your question is true.


Question: Why is a band having three guitarists kind of controversial?

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 Why is a band having three guitarists kind of controversial?

Typically, you've got your bassist, rhythm guitar, and lead guitar. That's the normal band guitar structure (although many bands only have one guitar). The rhythm guitar plays chords and riffs and all that, while the lead guitar plays leads, countermelodies, guitar solos, all that stuff. I don't really agree with people who write off a band because of its choice of instruments, but I can see why they would: what would the third guitarist do? Where do they fit in? They might think it's totally pointless when you have the other two guitarists playing your typical roles, rhythm and lead. Well, they could play harmonies alongside the lead. A lot of bands have harmonized lead guitar, and that's usually just done by recording the lead guitarist twice (although modern effects make it possible to digitally create a harmonized lead, they aren't as versatile as having a third guitarist doing it). Even very skilled guitarists can't really emulate the sound of two guitars playing in harmony on one guitar (without digital effects or overdubbing, anyways), they just sound different. The third guitarist could play a countermelody, or they could just have multiple lead parts. They could play the rhythm part along with the rhythm guitarist, making for a denser, heavier sound. They could play in a different tuning and increase the range of notes the guitars can play. They could do all of these things and more. Music is a creative endeavor and can be incredibly complex, so the people shitting on a band for having a third guitarist might just be genre purists who think that the way things have been done in the past is the only way things *should* be done. Shit, there are guitar orchestras with 25 or more guitarists. There's no reason to place artificial limits on the number of instruments, and I think people who try and do so are just being pretentious. Now, two bassists, that'd just be wrong...


Question: Why is it such a difficult task to locate and rescue a malfunctioning submarine at sea and why can't all the sailors escape safely via the torpedo tubes in pressure suits?

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 Why is it such a difficult task to locate and rescue a malfunctioning submarine at sea and why can't all the sailors escape safely via the torpedo tubes in pressure suits?

The ocean is *big*. Incredibly big. And huge swaths of the sea floor haven't been mapped. You're talking thousands upon thousands of square miles to look through, except you can't just look. You have to use sonar instead. Is that roundish bump that showed up on the sonar the nose of a submarine? Or is it just a roundish rocky bump on the bottom of the sea floor? Is the sub not in this area, or was it just in the shadow of a rocky underwater ledge so your sonar couldn't hit it? Is the submarine even still in one piece, or is it in pieces? How many pieces? Did the pieces settle on the bottom together, or did an ocean current drag different sections miles apart before they hit the bottom? Did the submarine continue on a straight course, or did it get caught in a current? Did the engines or props or rudder malfunction, so that it veered off course? When? By how far? You're basically looking for a needle in a haystack after a storm blew your haystack all over the place and also you're not allowed to look for it, you just have to poke around with your finger until you find it, and also it could just as easily be in your neighbor's haystack. There aren't pressure suits on board. You can't carry enough for every sailor, and it would be impractical and expensive to carry the right kinds, especially since at some of the depths a sunken sub would end up in, a suit wouldn't help you. There are hatches and small oxygen tanks and flotation devices to get you out, but you have to get to those. There's no guarantee that the sub isn't already flooded in the corridors between you and any of those things. Sure, you could open up the torpedo tubes, *if* you are close enough to them, *if* that room isn't already flooded, *if* you can get the tubes open, *if* the sub hasn't already sunk too deep for you to escape without help...


Question: I was just reading about modern submarines on Wikipedia such as the German type 212. Why are they capable of travelling faster submerged than surfaced?

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 I was just reading about modern submarines on Wikipedia such as the German type 212. Why are they capable of travelling faster submerged than surfaced?

There are a few factors slowing down submarines on the surface. Water does have surface tension which makes it harder to push through it on the surface then under water. You also end up pushing water upwards into the air creating a bow wave which will push on your hull. This bow wave will not be the same under water. You also get waves hitting the ship slowing them down. A trick to traveling faster on the surface is to cruise in semi-submerged mode. This is when they trim the boyancy so the submarine have almost no boyancy. This menas that most of the submarine is under water and only the top of the sail or even just the periscope is above the water. Something comparable is done with big container ships in that they have a huge bulb on the bow just bellow the waterline looking similar to a submarine bow. This will then break up the bow wave making it easier for the rest of the hull to follow.


Question: How is the moon tidally locked with the orbit of earth?

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 How is the moon tidally locked with the orbit of earth?

The odds are actually really high, basically 100% if you give it enough time. Lots of moons are tidally locked. It’s not a random thing where the moon just happens to rotate as fast as it orbits, it was something that happened over millions of years and tends to happen to basically any objects in orbits. Gravity tends to drop off really quickly with distance though, so it happens very quickly (in astronomical terms) with moons, which are fairly close, compared to planets and suns that are much further apart. Though Mercury does have a synced orbit to the sun.


Question: What is an area vector and why is it useful?

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 What is an area vector and why is it useful?

It basically tells you in which direction the area DOESN‘T expand. As a plane area is 2-dimensional you either need two directions to tell where the area is in 3-dimensional space. Or you tell one direction it doesn’t go, each direction that’s perpendicular to that one is inside the area. Short ELI5: it‘s useful for knowing where the area is and isn’t.


Question: Where does the "water" portion of beverages go when dumped down the drain?

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 Where does the "water" portion of beverages go when dumped down the drain?

It depends :) In a modern, civilised and industrialised region the water goes through pipes to a water treatment station. This water follows the same path as the water from the bathtub, kitchen sink or toilet. The treatment station tries to purify the water through several organic methods (plants, algae, etc..) and inorganic methods (filters, UV exposure, etc..), as well as specific chemicals to neutralize the waste or to facilitate extraction of residues. The "purified" waste water can be evaporated, sent to a lake, river, or the ocean. Sometimes this waste water can be used for farming, but not always. The remaining chemicals and solid matter extracted from the water are dried up and used as fertiliser, compost, incinerated or simply stored in specialised waste dumps. In the rest of the world it goes directly, or with little filtering, to the nearest river, lake or the ocean.


Question: Why do refrigerated canned beverages feel colder once you shake them?

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 Why do refrigerated canned beverages feel colder once you shake them?

Well, one reason could be that you warm the liquid directly adjacent to your hand, then when you shake it you mix the liquid to expose different liquid to the surface you are heating. Just like how you flip the pillow to get the cold side. The pillow isn't any cooler, you're just now touching a cooler part of it. Except, you know, liquid.