Question: Why do some workouts feel much harder? How much of it is physical vs. mental?

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 Why do some workouts feel much harder? How much of it is physical vs. mental?

The way you'll feel during your workouts is almost entirely determined on things that happen before it. Whether you slept 7 hours or 8, ate 200 calories more or 200 less, stressed out over your work or had a nice day at the office, all of these are variables that will change and wffect your workout.


Question: How does a CPU and Motherboard clock and bus speed work together?

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 How does a CPU and Motherboard clock and bus speed work together?

200MHz is still really really fast so you're not going to see lag just because the motherboard speed is different and slower than your CPU. Think of it like speed limits on the road; the CPU is the interstate and goes very quickly between specific points, the motherboard is the local roads that go everywhere you could possibly go but not as fast. You need both to get to your destination efficiently. Most CPUs need several clock cycles to do anything useful. For the sake of example, let's assume it takes 10 clock cycles for the CPU to complete an average calculation internally. If the motherboard was running at the same speed as the CPU, it would spend 90% of it's time waiting around for the CPU to finish its calculation. There's no value in the motherboard being faster than the CPU can input/output information, which is slower than the CPU can internally compute. There are also physical reasons you can't run the motherboard as fast; higher speeds get harder to maintain as things get larger. The CPU is only tens of millimeters across, it's relatively easy to maintain high clock speed over that distance without synchronization or loss problems. Doing the same across the whole motherboard, which is tens of times larger, is much more difficult. There is a tradeoff between the two speeds. CPUs that execute instructions in less clock cycles can by synchronized more closely to the motherboard speed. This is why reduced instruction set processors (like ARM or old Apple RISC chips) have lower clock speeds but can still maintain roughly equal performance to a higher clock speed but more complex CPU.


Question: If drinkable water is really running out why is it so cheap?

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 If drinkable water is really running out why is it so cheap?

[It depends on where you live]( URL_2 ) exactly. [Some areas]( URL_0 ) are experiencing [severe drought]( URL_1 ). The availability of fresh water is dependent on the local water sources, rainfall etc. However, climate change is [exacerbating the severity and number of droughts across the globe]( URL_3 ). In Karachi people already pay market prices for substandard water. This may be the reality for more people as the effects of climate change become more severe.


Question: Why does the OECD exist?

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 Why does the OECD exist?

If the OECD had binding policies, no one would want to join, or they would at least have serious reservations about joining. Making them voluntary recommendations makes membership much more palatable. As for why join, two heads think better than one. While each country is unique, there are generally broad similarities that each country shares with some others. Aggregating and analyzing this data in a group can help find different relationships that might not be apparent. Also, even if member countries are different now, one may want to develop more similarly to another. Being part of the same “think tank” and being able to see some of their role model’s policy/data can be helpful in this regard.


Question: How does UV light sanitize surfaces?

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 How does UV light sanitize surfaces?

UV light is a short enough wave length that it can penetrate into cells/viruses. When it does, it causes damage to the pathogen’s DNA. Essentially it gives pathogens supercharged cancer. It damages bacterial/viral DNA so badly that the cell can’t replicate and dies. Which is why most UV sterilization protocols are a minimum of 15 minutes, sometimes up to an hour, to make sure enough damage is done.


Question: How Does Radio & Royalties Work?

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 How Does Radio & Royalties Work?

You're confusing royalties and licensing fees. There are several companies that do broadcast licensing for music. A radio station pays one or more of those companies for the rights to broadcast some or all of the music by the artists that company represents. The licensing company then pays some agreed upon amount to the record company (or the artist directly, if they're independent). The record company then pays royalties to all of the musicians/producers/etc. that are entitled to them via their contracts.


Question: If a day is 23 hours and 56 minutes, but clocks measure 24 hours in a day, shouldn’t we fall back 4 minutes everyday because we are measuring 4 extra minutes everyday?

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 If a day is 23 hours and 56 minutes, but clocks measure 24 hours in a day, shouldn’t we fall back 4 minutes everyday because we are measuring 4 extra minutes everyday?

No because a solar day (how long it takes for the sun to end up in the same place in the sky) is exactly 24 hours. 23 hours and 56 minutes is a sidereal day, how long it takes for the earth to make a revolution relative to the stars. But in those 23 hours and 56 minutes we’ve also rotated in our orbit around the sun and it takes an extra 4 minutes of rotation for it to end up in the same place in the sky.


Question: How is it possible to calculate the distance between planets and width of galaxies in terms of Light years? If light travels the fastest, how does one calculate the gap in such terms?

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 How is it possible to calculate the distance between planets and width of galaxies in terms of Light years? If light travels the fastest, how does one calculate the gap in such terms?

I'm not entirely sure what you want to know, so I'm going to try and cover from the basics up. First, a "light year" is just the distance that light travels in a year. Its equivalent to around 9.461*10^12km. Now, how do we calculate distances with such large values? A couple of different ways. First, we can essentially bounce a light at something and wait for it to come back, and time how long it took to get the reflection. This, for example, is a great way to calculate our distance from the moon, or the sun, or similar: we just fire a burst of electromagnetic radiation (probably x-rays or similar) at the object, time how long it takes to get back to us, and since we know the speed it was travelling we can calculate how far it travelled. Now, this is less useful for *really* big distances, because when things are hundreds of light years away, we don't just sit around and *wait* for a hundred years. Instead, we use a method called "parallax". Ever noticed how, when you are driving in a car, things really far away seem to move slower than things close to you? That's parallax, and we can use that to determine large distances. For example, we can look at the night sky, and see exactly where a particular star is. Then, in half a year, when the earth is on the other side of the sun, we can look at that same star and see how far it appeared to move when we moved around the sun. Then, you can use some simple geometry to calculate how far away it is to have that amount of parallax. Now, for things *even farther* away, we can't use parallax, because they don't appear to move at all. Instead, we use yet *another* method, called "standard candle." First, we know a thing about light: as it travels, its brightness drops, and it drops in a very predictable way. Thus, we can look at a star in the sky, see how bright it is to us, and if we know how bright it is *really close* we can measure the difference between those brightnesses and get a distance. In astronomy, there are a couple of things that have very specific "luminosities" (essentially the "brightness really close"), so if we see one of those things we can calculate the distance relatively easily. (If you are interested, the two standard candles that I know we use are white-dwarf-supernovae and funny stars called Cephids). Hope that helped!


Question: Why do jury verdicts need to be unanimous?

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 Why do jury verdicts need to be unanimous?

Because we have agreed that to convict someone the standard they are held to is "beyond a reasonable doubt." That is an extremely high bar, and it is assumed that if as a juror you don't believe that burden has been met, then the person is not guilty. Most civil cases don't require unanimous verdicts. The burden there is a preponderance of the evidence, which is a much lighter burden..


Question: What is the riemann zeta function and is ζ(3) so important?

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 What is the riemann zeta function and is ζ(3) so important?

Without going into specifics (it is ELI5 after all), the zeta function is a differentiable (read: nice) function living on the complex plane (read: put in a complex number, get out a complex number). The definition for some of the points is nothing spectacular, however, you can show that the zeta function has very odd and unexpected connections to other areas of Mathematics, even connecting areas of Mathematics that no one would have expected to be able to connect. Prime numbers are one example of this. In fact, the connection that the zeta function brings (or would bring if we knew Riemann's conjecture to be true) is so strong you could compare the influence of the discovery of that proof to mathematicians to the discovery of the Higgs boson for physicists. Due to the nature of the function it is exceedingly hard to know more than "it exists and it relates to that" (even for the explicitly defined values you can tell little more), but since for real values greater than one the function is defined in a really simple way you can unsurprisingly find connections to some areas (especially for real or even integers values). Since the zeta function relates to prime numbers (zeta(s) is also denoted as the product of (1/1-p\^(-s)) of all prime numbers p) and those make up all of our security systems (RSA - if you want to search) and since knowledge about the zeta function equals knowledge about prime numbers (specifically, you can show that 1/zeta(3) is the probability that iirc. 3 randomly chosen integers are at least co-prime) any such knowledge is very important to everyday life (if RSA were suddenly solvable or more easily computable, most of the internet communication would need a complete restructure to function). & #x200B; Apart from the connection to prime numbers the zeta function (especially t - > z(1+it)) may have connections to highly chaotic systems, but i don't know enough about that to make a qualified statement on that. & #x200B; TL;DR: The definition is mostly simple, it relates to prime numbers, we know nothing about prime numbers, if we know more about zeta we konw more about prime numbers.


Question: Why does water get bubbly if you let it sit for a while?

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 Why does water get bubbly if you let it sit for a while?

Gas (air in this case) can dissolve into liquids while the liquid is under pressure (as in the pressure in the water lines). It stays dissolved in the liquid, until the pressure is reduced/removed. Temperature also plays a part, albeit a lesser one than pressure. 5 is too young for middle school, but this explains it fairly simply: URL_0 Edit:. Also, that's how beverages are carbonated. The gas dissolves into the liquid under pressure. It stays dissolved until the pressure is released.


Question: What is a semi-Thue system and how can a human being put such a system to use?

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 What is a semi-Thue system and how can a human being put such a system to use?

...I want to meet the five year old asking about formal language systems and string rewrite rules. Assume you have a set of words or characters (an alphabet) and a set of rules that allow you to translate certain members (symbols) of that set into other members. If those rules allow you to map each member (or combination of members) to another member (or combination of members) and back again (meaning they share symmetric binary relation), then it's a semi-Thue system. Something that would be of practical concern to an individual with this would be in writing. Suppose you want to use concise language in something you're writing. The alphabet would be the words and phrases you know. If you have a set of rules that would allow you to map non-concise language to concise language on a one-to-one basis, I suppose that would be an example. Consider specifically the sentences "he left the party owing to the fact that he caught on fire" and "he left the party because he caught on fire." "Owing to the fact that" -- > "because" would be one of the members of the set of rules.


Question: How was Beringia (Alaska) habitable during the last ice age?

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 How was Beringia (Alaska) habitable during the last ice age?

The arctic can be thought of as a desert. All deserts are full of life, you just have to know where to look. Plenty of humans have set up and lived in arctic areas, such as the Inuit. There are specific strategies for survival in very cold areas that haven't changed much since the last ice age. You stay inside and sleep a lot, you wear heavy clothing, you mostly eat meat, and you adapt physiologically to the constant cold. Back then, there would have been mammoths, which would have been an excellent food source as well. Nowadays, a lot of food is fish and seals.


Question: how can a USA political party declare that it won’t hold primary elections for president?

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 how can a USA political party declare that it won’t hold primary elections for president?

Anybody who meets the legal requirements can run for office. Primary elections are not constitutionally protected elections. A political party is just a bunch of members of a private organization deciding to vote for who their candidate is going to be. It's not part of the actual voting process. If a candidate loses a primary election they are still perfectly capable of being a candidate for the position as an independent or representing another party. If a party decides to not have a primary election then they are free to do so.


Question: Why did many countries reported huge drops in GDP and all time high in unemployment whereas the financial markets seem to have already recover ? What's behind the difference between the financial markets and the economy ?

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 Why did many countries reported huge drops in GDP and all time high in unemployment whereas the financial markets seem to have already recover ? What's behind the difference between the financial markets and the economy ?

It's a common misconception that the stock market reflects the economy. All the stock market does is reflect people's perception on how publicly traded businesses will fare in the future as compared to today. While yes, there's usually a correlation between the two, that's not always the case. And furthermore, the health of publicly traded companies does not always reflect the overall health of the economy.


Question: If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we "know" how body cells function??

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 If mitochondria are small even through microscopes, how do we know how they work?? How do we "know" how body cells function??

Much of what we know about cells comes from a) direct observation under electron microscopy and b) knock-out mutations/disease in people and animal subjects. Some structures we can see under electron microscopes, and we have a saying in physiology of “form follows function.” Basically, the way something looks can inform what it does. So we look at mitochondria and see the double membranes, and then we make hypotheses. What’s the double membrane for? Is it for energy production? (It is—it’s for the electron transport chain) Then we look at what happens if there are no mitochondria at all. What happens to the cells? If they don’t have mitochondria, they don’t seem to make any energy, and they die. Some people have mitochondrial disorders, too, and what happens in their bodies can inform us of what the purpose of the structure is. Finally, animal experiments where genes are artificially silenced or enhanced can prove or disprove our hypotheses. Biochemistry can be frustrating because we don’t normally see exactly what is going on. We have to use surrogates sometimes to make a theory about what is happening, and—when it comes to physiology—sometimes when something goes wrong, we can try to find what is missing and determine the function from there.


Question: why do beverages taste better out of a glass bottle vs a plastic bottle?

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 why do beverages taste better out of a glass bottle vs a plastic bottle?

There's a few different factors- Glass bottles, plastic bottles, and cans are all different material, and in the case of the can, have a coating inside to protect the aluminum. Glass is strong and nonreactive, while plastic bottles and cans (and the plastic coating inside the can) may degrade over time especially if left in improper conditions They are bottled differently which seems to result in slight differences in the level of carbonation. Different factories may have produced the product, sometimes you hear of "Mexican coke" being available in glass bottles which is a different recipe than the Coke mainly produced in the US & #x200B; Blind taste tests of beer have shown no bias towards canned or bottled beer (presumably all products used were stored correctly so no degradation of can coating was expected) Blind taste tests of soft drinks show cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles taste different to each other, but without being able to tell exactly which was which


Question: how does salt help thaw stuff?

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 how does salt help thaw stuff?

To understand *why* salt and water work like this, we have to look at their molecules! Water is very strange stuff. Watermolecules consist of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Because of how they're stuck together, a single water molecule has a slightly positive (+) side and a negative (-) side. You can see this [here]( URL_1 ). \+ sides of one molecule are attracted to - sides of another molecule, kind of like with magnets. The 'sticking together' of water molecules is called hydrogen bonds, as pictured [here]( URL_0 ). In that picture you can see the red oxygen atoms 'sticking' to a white hydrogen atom of another molecule. This is kind of complicated, but in the end you just have to know that water molecules stick together. This happens when water is liquid, but also happens when water freezes. Ice becomes more rigid this way. When salt comes into contact with ice, it dissolves just like in liquid water. Dissolving means that the salt particles* will move in between water particles. This makes it harder for the water to stick together and because of this, water that should normally be solid can become a liquid. But that's not the only thing that happens! For some complicated reason this whole process requires energy, meaning that the ice/salt mix will actually become colder! You can test this at home. Get a glass full of ice cubes, add a bit of water and mix salt into it. You'll feel the glass get colder. Be careful to not freeze your hands! \* For people who want to know more about salt: in chemistry, the word salt is used as a term for certain compounds. The salt we eat (or pour onto the roads) is sodium chloride, or NaCl. When NaCl dissolves in water it will fall apart into a Na+ ion and a Cl- ion. These ions will 'sit' in between water molecules.


Question: why does monetary inflation exist?

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 why does monetary inflation exist?

Basically, more money is added into circulation. The cost doesn't go up, but the value of the money goes down; in a perfect system, everything you buy increases in price by X%, but since that means your employer has X% more money, your wages go up by X% as well, so something you had to work a certain job for an hour for to buy fifty years ago will take an hours work at that same job today, even though the actual amount of money involved may have doubled. The reason it happens is because more money enters circulation, as in there is just larger numbers floating around; the reason it's done is to encourage spending and investment, a negative inflation rate means you could basically earn money just by saving it, since something you buy next year will be cheaper than this year, whereas a positive inflation rate means any money you have that's sitting around is basically becoming less and less valuable. Spending and cashflow are important to the economy, and so they want to make sure people are doing it.


Question: How does the body create an effective antibody and can drug companies make synthetic antibodies?

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 How does the body create an effective antibody and can drug companies make synthetic antibodies?

Your Immune System develops B and T cells, those cells have randomized receptors, once they mature these cells travel to a lymph node and wait for their moment. Macrophages (usually the first responders of the immune system) break apart enemies and display those parts on their surface, these parts are called **Antigens**. Dendritic Cells than take those Antigens from the Macrophages and travel to the nearest lymph nodes where B and T Cells are waiting, it then looks for a Helper T Cell that has a randomized receptor in which this Antigen fits perfectly, once it found one, the Helper T Cell starts rapidly dividing, some of those Helper T Cells then travel to the B Cells and start looking for a B Cell that also has a fitting receptor for that Antigen. Once such a B Cell is found it also starts dividing and those B Cells then produce proteins that also perfectly fit this Antigen, these proteins are called **Antibodies**. I'm not too sure how exactly synthetic antibodies are made but I think it involves harvesting them from either humans or animals, or maybe even in test tubes.


Question: How practical would a society of vegans have been before agriculture became widespread?

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 How practical would a society of vegans have been before agriculture became widespread?

In addition to the other comments, veganism is a more modern philosophy rooted in being against the way food animals are raised and slaughtered etc. They see much of it as inhumane and cruel as well as having a significant environmental impact (livestock methane is a major factor in climate change). In the past that was not the case. If your only protein source today is meat, you eat it, and while the chase and slaughter might still seem cruel to you, you understand it is a necessary part of life and survival. It is natural. But what we do *today* in the livestock industry is not nearly as natural! Here's a way to look at it: Vegans don't believe that a wolf in the forest shouldn't eat meat. That's nature. What vegans have issue with is that we aren't hunting and eating to survive, we're wantonly slaughtering millions of animals per day so that we can eat far more food than we actually need, about 40% of which in the US goes to waste anyway, and that is slowly causing the climate to change, not to mention the perceived suffering the animals go through as they are being fattened up for the blade. So in reality, there wouldn't have been a society of vegans "before agriculture became widespread" Also worth noting that the word agriculture refers also to livestock, but the "plant version" goes back as far as 100,000 years


Question: Why aren't caves hotter in temperature?

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 Why aren't caves hotter in temperature?

You're not getting nearly close enough. The core of the earth is 6,000 kilometers away. Unless you live somewhere where there's an upwelling of magma or there's a geothermal hotspot, just going a couple dozen meters underground isn't going to produce any change in temperature. In addition, no all caves go down. Many just go like, sideways.


Question: Why does scratching dry skin sound louder than scratching moisturized skin?

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 Why does scratching dry skin sound louder than scratching moisturized skin?

Sound is created by friction. But it is also absorbed by matter. Softer matter absorb sound while harder one reverb it. An example of it are church and theaters. Church are usually solid material and it produce a load of echo. Sound reverberate everywhere. Theaters often put sheets of cloth around the room (at least I know they do where I live) to avoid reverberation and stay true to the sound of the movie. Well, among other things, dry skin is harder. Sound reverberate on it. So part of the sound that would be absorbed by the skin is instead reverberated toward you. Another thing is that moisturized skin move alongside other things touching it. Meaning it produce minimal friction. lower friction lead to lower sound.


Question: How can ETFs reflect the price of the underlying index when they are traded on the open market for whatever someone is willing to pay for them?

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 How can ETFs reflect the price of the underlying index when they are traded on the open market for whatever someone is willing to pay for them?

Since no one has talked about any specifics. ETF managers allow any large party to either print or destroy new shares of an ETF as they see fit, allowing arbitrage of the underlying asset. This of course manipulates price to return to backed price. Say QQQ is an ETF that tracks the top 100 companies in the stock exchange. If QQQ's price falls but the prices of underlying assets do not fall, then a large party buy QQQ shares and destroy them, asking the ETF manager to exchange them for the underlying assets they are supposed to back, which they can sell on the market. The key thing is that buying QQQ removes low cost orders from the market, thus increasing the price of QQQ. If QQQ is higher than underlying assets, the opposite happens, the party buys shares that make up the underlying assets of QQQ, then sends them over to QQQ's manager who prints fresh shares of QQQ that they can sell on the market at a profit. Selling of course lowers price, so price returns to normal. And what I mean by "large party" is someone who has enough cash to do this. ETF creation and redemption is done in batches of thousands of shares, IIRC for QQQ it is a multiple of 40,000 shares. This out-prices most people, mainly because the manager doesn't want to deal with us plebians typically. In practice, this works very efficiently. Since many parties are competing for this arbitrate opportunity, people will attempt arbitrate at the earliest opportunity they can, at the least amount of divergence in price. Even the people who cannot do these 40,000 shares will buy, sell, and short sell QQQ if price diverges too far because they know these large parties will manipulate the market back to normal price, so they are able to take a chunk of the arbitrage profit.


Question: How TV comapnies broadcast channels via Cables & Antenna?

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 How TV comapnies broadcast channels via Cables & Antenna?

TV is broadcast over the air using a very large antenna and high power amplifiers. Amplifying the signal and hooking it up to a metal antenna causes the antenna to resonate, and that sends out an electromagnetic wave. At your end, a resonance is caused in your antenna by that EM wave, and it is then amplified and sent to your tuner to separate out the signals to send on to the display and audio. (Radio works the same way, but there's no video signal.) Cable companies multiplex (combine) many signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal, and that signal goes out to all of their cables (and fiber optics). It goes through miles of cables and repeaters until it gets to your house. There it is amplified and your cable box de-multiplexes (splits out) the channel you want to watch, ignoring the carrier and all of the other channels. Then like broadcast TV, the video and audio signals must be separated out by a tuner (either in your cable box or in your TV). Over the internet, the video and audio signals must be digitized into a specific format and put into packets (large groups of bits) that say where they are going, where they are from, what packet number it is, etc. That stream of packets is sent out and routed through many routers, signal repeaters, etc. until they finally get to your home computer or TV. The packets then need to be re-assembled into a stream of bits that contains both the video and audio data. Those are separated out and sent to different circuits.


Question: Is there any reason to worry about products like silicon food storage and baking mats leeching chemicals into food?

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 Is there any reason to worry about products like silicon food storage and baking mats leeching chemicals into food?

Your concerns are valid about baking. At reasonable temperatures, silicone won’t create an issue, but at around 300F, siloxane can transfer to food, and just before 400F, it can start releasing formaldehyde (although the amount is not a huge concern). Silicone is still better than non-stock bakeware, but glass, ceramic, and cast iron are the safe options.


Question: How does glue actually work?

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 How does glue actually work?

It depends on the glue. PVC glue actually melts the PVC that you apply it to and then the two melted sections that you're gluing harden and form together into a solid joint. Cyanoacrylate (superglue) reacts with water in the air to form a polymer. Since this polymer started as a liquid it can seep into the many nooks and crannies of an object, and once it hardens it is very difficult to remove from all of them simultaneously. The quick reaction with water is part of why it reacts so quickly on your hands. Gorilla glue is similar, but is polyeurethane-based and reacts primarily with oxygen. Elmer's glue (the white glue most schoolchildren use), as well as many other glues, works by evaporation. There is a solvent in the glue (in elmer's it's water) that slowly evaporates leaving behind a latex polymer. In this case the polymer was always there in the liquid glue, but the individual polymer molecules were being kept separate by the water (or other solvent). When it dries, the water leaves and the polymers tangle up on each other forming a solid.


Question: Commodity Fetishism? I have googled it but really can't seem to wrap my head around the exact definition or examples I've found.

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 Commodity Fetishism? I have googled it but really can't seem to wrap my head around the exact definition or examples I've found.

I think the most relatable way to think of it is money itself. A $20 bill itself actually has no value (aside from the paper and effort/cost to make it), only the value we as a society place on it. Money has value BECAUSE other commodities put their value in it! We don't value dollar bills because of anything it can do for us as an item itself - just in what society values it as. The entire concept centers around that idea - the value placed on an idea/item solely by society and its most finished product. Once a thing has a price tag, all of the things that go into the process are severed. Think about a pizza ad. You see the bubbling cheese and hot pepperoni. It looks inviting and draws you in. But do you weigh it's worth in ways such as the dairy farmer who milked the cow? In the factory workers who canned the sauce? Not likely. It's the sensual product that you pay dollars for. Marx said "The mysterious character of the commodity-form consists therefore simply in the fact that the commodity reflects the social characteristics of men's own labour as objective characteristics of the products of labour themselves... " People in a capitalist society treat a commodity as if value is in the item itself. Not the labour and effort performed to create said thing. I hope that helps!


Question: How does mixing pigments affect light absorption/reflection? How does the eye perceive light reflected off of pigment mixes?

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 How does mixing pigments affect light absorption/reflection? How does the eye perceive light reflected off of pigment mixes?

It's (1), for the same reason that your monitor can produce a wide range of colors with only red, green, and blue pixels. It can, for example, render yellow by lighting up the red and green parts of the pixel. (Your monitor's pixels are adding light while pigments are removing light, but it's the same idea.) The problem with your reasoning for (1) is that pigments only reduce, never increase, the brightness of any given frequency of light. Your blue pigment *absorbs* some green and all red, and your yellow pigment *absorbs* blue and a little red/green. You end up with a mild reduction in all three, but mostly in blue and red, which makes the color you see *both darker and* greener. Continuing to mix pigments in will result in a low-brightness brown or gray, not a white as compared to the original color of your canvas - but note that you distinguish white and gray **relative to the background**, not as absolute colors in their own right. The moon, for example, is the color of asphalt, but appears brilliant white in the sky because it's set against a dark backdrop and is brightly lit by the sun.


Question: When a company gets fined millions of dollars for decieving consumers or selling a faulty product where does the money go?

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 When a company gets fined millions of dollars for decieving consumers or selling a faulty product where does the money go?

It depends on the agency and the nature of the fault. Sometimes it goes right into the US Treasury. Sometimes it goes towards restitution for those injured/mislead by the product (like some of BP's fines for Deepwater Horizon went towards rehabilitation of the Gulf). Sometimes it goes to the department who levied the fines to recoup the cost of investigating the issue.


Question: Why are telecom lobbyists currently so much more successful than tech lobbyists?

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 Why are telecom lobbyists currently so much more successful than tech lobbyists?

Telecom is a regulated industry. Every company that is successful in that business is successful because they work within the rules and lobby to get the rules they want. They all have to work together because they are highly regulated. They have a common enemy, the consumer, and they have customer satisfaction ratings to prove it. Tech companies are much more competitive. They spend a lot of work beating each other in order to win the customer's money. Government has been hands-off in their business area so they haven't been involved in a lot of lobbying, which many of their founders consider "cheating".


Question: Why the (0-1) infinite bigger than the (0,1,2,3,...) infinite?

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 Why the (0-1) infinite bigger than the (0,1,2,3,...) infinite?

So, the way we measure "infinities" among sets of infinite numbers is our ability to draw a 1-to-1 relationship among them. For example, the set of positive integers (1,2,3,...) is the same "size" infinity as the set of even integers (2,4,6,...) because you can draw a 1-to-1 relationship. You can take each member of the positive integers, multiply it by 2, and you get a corresponding element of the even integers. If you do this for every member of the positive integers, you will get every member of the even integers. When your professor is talking about (0-1) he is talking about the *real numbers* in this interval. That includes integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. While the proof is a bit esoteric (look up Cantor) the thing is you *can't* draw a 1-to-1 relationship between the Reals (or any subset of reals) to the integers. No matter what scheme or process you invent, it will never account for all the Real numbers in that set or subset. For this reason we call the set of Real numbers (and subsets) "uncountable" as opposed to the integers (and any set the same size as the integers) which are "countable."


Question: why do some places make you talk to a representative or otherwise dont make it easy to check their prices?

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 why do some places make you talk to a representative or otherwise dont make it easy to check their prices?

Lead generation. By forcing you to contact them, you express interest and have to provide some kind of contact information (phone number, email, etc.). You enter their database as someone who's maybe interested in buying, that is hugely useful information even if you don't ultimately buy. Contrast to posting pricing somewhere people can anonymously access it...you have no idea how many people are looking, who they are, or what the think of it. You're basically flying blind.


Question: Why do some movies/shows with a smaller budget make much better fight scenes than those with a larger budget?

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 Why do some movies/shows with a smaller budget make much better fight scenes than those with a larger budget?

You know how when you are super passionate about something? You pour your heart and soul into it, right? I think the same goes with small budget movies. Someone has a passion strong enough to get this movie made despite not getting a huge budget, so they put all the love and soul and feeling into it. And it shows. Movies with big budgets are like the spoiled rich kid at school “eh whatever, here’s my half-ass work, but you’ll give me a good grade because my daddy donated all the books”


Question: why do people keep receipts?

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 why do people keep receipts?

Receipts are for checking that retail workers haven't messed with the transaction, particularly credit card and debit card transactions. I'm sure that you're a good person, but there are evildoers working in retail that manipulate receipts to steal money from people. When your credit card bill comes with a mistake, and you want to dispute it, that receipt is really good evidence, the kind that gets evildoers caught.


Question: How do whirlpools form in the ocean. Is there giant holes between tectonic plates?

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 How do whirlpools form in the ocean. Is there giant holes between tectonic plates?

There are no whirlpools in the ocean like you get in your bathtub; the ocean doesn't drain to anywhere. The few places that have natural whirlpools are caused by strong currents, often tides passing around an underwater obstruction and causing a vortex. The water isn't draining, just spinning. Whirlpools without drainage are called maelstroms.


Question: Why do we still have to file taxes?

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 Why do we still have to file taxes?

Look up "real time tax." The IRS has actually looked into online systems that would make filing into a process where you log in, review the data the IRS has for you, and then either affirm or edit the information and submit. It would result in massive savings for businesses and taxpayers through reduction of paperwork and time invested and increase tax compliance and revenue by reducing tax fraud, but the IRS budget is a political football and they can't even get the money they need to answer the phone (look up IRS courtesy disconnects) much less modernize the tax filing system. EDIT: Autocorrect hates me and wants to make me look stupid on the internet.


Question: What causes small meteorites have large impact craters?

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 What causes small meteorites have large impact craters?

Physics baby! Kinetic Energy = 0.5 x (mass x velocity^2 ) If you add either mass or velocity you get more energy. If you add mass you get a little more energy, but if you add velocity you get *a lot* more. Things falling from space tend to have a huge amount of velocity, so even with just a little mass they still pack a boatload of kinetic energy.


Question: What is the Runge Kutta method?

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 What is the Runge Kutta method?

> Basically, what is it? It's an algorithm for solving differential equations. If you're familiar with more basic methods like Euler's Method, it's basically that, except it sucks way less. It's much faster, and much more stable. > How does it work? Euler's method works by approximation a derivative as little deltas. (or you can derive it just writing down a generic taylor series for a function y(t) ) ( [wikipedia]( URL_0 ) has nicer notation since i can't use latex on reddit ) y'=dy/dx=delta(y)/delta(x)~y(t+n)-y(t)/n where y' is the derivative of y, t is some arbitrary point, and n is a finite step size. We can rearrange this to write y(t+n)=y' * n + y(t) So if you have y(t) (your initial condition), you can calculate future points just by cranking through this formula. This is a pretty crappy approximation though. RK basically does the same thing, but keeps more terms. The above is basically a 2 point average. RK4 uses 4 terms (you can generalize to add as many as you want, but 4 is the most common typically) There are formulas that will tell you how much to weight each point that are adaptive with each step. You can show that Euler's method has errors of order O(n) (where n is the size of your steps). RK has errors of order O(n^4) if i remember correctly. n, your step is typically quite small, so n^4 is *very* small > When do I use it. Basically whenever you need to numerically solve a differential equation. 4th order RK is basically the best generic solver out there. You can do better, but they're typically context/problem specific. It's a very robust/efficient and generic way to solve ODEs I tried to keep it short and sweet, feel free to tell me if i need to elaborate. edit: Also, there was a previous post on it, it's not bad: URL_1


Question: how does the battery indicator on electronic devices works? How can your phone know if it has like 15% battery left?

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 how does the battery indicator on electronic devices works? How can your phone know if it has like 15% battery left?

Most simply detect the voltage and that can fairly accurately be used to calculate the charge state of the battery. Depending on the chemistry lithium cells will be about 4.2v fully charged and 3v fully discharged, with 3.7 being 50% charged. Then they'll have a bit of a cushion on either end because fully charging and fully discharging decreases the battery's life. Some devices use the current drawn from the battery and then subtract that from the capacity. So if it's a 2000mah cell and 1000mah has been drawn from it then it's 50% charged.


Question: Why do other countries rank so low in education if their students learn more than in Western countries?

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 Why do other countries rank so low in education if their students learn more than in Western countries?

My understanding is that its not about lower level, but collegic and grad school level. They learn a lot more information amd things like that, but allegedly American students develop more critical thinking and analysis as opposed to straight memorization of facts. Furthermore places in europe specialize more than the broader general liberal arts education given in America. So I've heard.


Question: Why are black holes theorized to be infinitely dense instead of just an incomprehensibly large number?

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 Why are black holes theorized to be infinitely dense instead of just an incomprehensibly large number?

We don't know whats inside a black hole. Our known laws of physics don't work there. But if we apply the physical laws we know then it would get infinitely dense because it's impossible to have any distance from the singularity since it's gravity is so strong. (It's force is greater than the forces that repel particles from each other) The thing is at small distances and high gravity we'd need to combine quantum physics with general relativity, we would need a theory of quantum-gravity. And this could easily say something completely different happens, without any need for infinite density. This is basically the holy grail of theoretical physics. All the theories like string theory, M-theory or supergravity try to solve this and find a "theory of everything". As long this is unsolved we can only speculate what really happens inside.


Question: How can bugs crawl on the ceiling? I understand they might have really good grip, but does the blood not rush to their head?

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 How can bugs crawl on the ceiling? I understand they might have really good grip, but does the blood not rush to their head?

Bugs do not have a circulatory system that works the same as ours at all. They really only have a heart and a single aorta going from the back end to the front and then their "blood" just circulates freely through them amongst the other organs back to the rear to be pulled in by the heart again. But that's not the main thing... Because we walk upright our circulatory system is optimised for needing higher pressure to get blood back from the feet and legs to the heart and much lower to get blood back from the head to the heart. When we are upside down blood pressure increases in the head becuase we are the wrong way around. Most bugs though walk with their heads on the same level as their heart anyway so when they are upside down it makes no real difference since the head is still at the same level as the heart.


Question: How do graphics card manufacturers such as NVIDIA and AMD upgrade and make new and better cards?

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 How do graphics card manufacturers such as NVIDIA and AMD upgrade and make new and better cards?

The two main ways graphics card manufacturers make better cards are One: More transistors(Explanation of what a transistor is URL_0 ). If you think of the graphics card as a pipe through which water flows then finding ways to put more transistors on a card is basically figuring out how to widen the pipe so more water can flow through at once. This is generally done by either making the transistors smaller or by finding ways to efficiently supply power to more large transistors. The leap from the nvidia 900 series to the 1000 series is a good example of transistors getting smaller with the transistors in the 900 series being 28nanometers while the transistors in the 1000 series are 14 or 16 depending on the card. Two: Higher clock speed. This is the number of times the transistors in the card can switch on and off in a second. It's measures in hertz though you've probably only ever seen giga and mega hertz with a megahert being a million hertz and a gigahert being a billion. Think of this as increasing the speed of the water flowing through the pipe. The effects of clock speed changes within the same type of card with the same number of transistors can be seen by comparing two different versions of the same graphics card, say a stock 1080 vs an overclocked evga 1080, the two cards are using identical transistor dyes (same number of transistors in the same configuration) but the aftermarket evga card is capable of supplying more power and has better cooling both of which are required to push the clock speed higher and achieve better performance. There is a third aspect of all of this which is card architecture which has to do with how the transistors are arranged on the dye but it is much more complicated than the other two. Just think of it this way. It doesn't matter how much water is moving through that pipe or how quickly if it has to flow through ten pipes to reach its destination instead of one. newer architectures are generally better laid out and allow programmers to better utilize the available resources more efficiently. If you look at graphics cards overtime you will generally see an increase in both clock speed and transistor count leading to cards capable of more and more computational ability. edit One: FORGOT TO MENTION memory is also a factor. Memory is how much data the card can hold ready to be processed at once. More memory means more data faster memory means the data can be obtained well. . . faster. basically same as the other two new cards usually have more, faster memory. thank you /u/CT5Holy for mentioning memory and reminding me that it is a thing.