Question: how do cigarette filters work and what would happen if you smoked a filter?

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 how do cigarette filters work and what would happen if you smoked a filter?

Cigarette filters don't work. What's astonishing is this isn't even a secret. The filter has almost no impact on filtering "tar" or nicotine, and won't filter light weight molecules like carbon monoxide. They filter at most, and being generous, 25% of nicotine. But wait, I just said cigarette filters don't work, didn't I? *Filtering* 25% of nicotine sounds pretty effective, no? No. Because cigarette filters weren't designed to filter nicotine, they were designed to make smoking cigarettes safer, and they don't. You still get tar, you still get nicotine and... I'm just going to go on a tangent here for a moment and comment: why would you want to remove nicotine from cigarette smoke? No really - THAT'S THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT. That's what, in tobacco, gets you high. That's the source of your buzz. This is why tobacco smokers smoke. It just so happens to be chemically addictive. I mean, if you just wanted to smoke without the illicit effects of nicotine, flavor, and *ash* in your lungs, you could smoke literally anything else. ...So what happens is with the filter, with the reduction of up to 25% of the nicotine, you get less buzz. Which means you smoke more. And since it doesn't appreciably filter out particulates, you're just getting more tar in your lungs, killing you faster, as you pursue that buzz you've been craving. They make smoking no less dangerous, and in fact increase instance of smoking, increasing your risk. They exist for three principle reasons: First, that; that they make you smoke more. Second, they're a filler, cheaper than tobacco. So the manufacturers can stretch out more product and make more cigarettes. Third and finally, it's the perception - so long as the smoking populace wants to willfully believe this myth that filters do anything, so be it. They won't tell you you're right, but they won't tell you you're wrong. Otherwise, the filters are by and large weakly flammable, which is why they're used as filters, they're non-toxic, and hypoallergenic. They're made from organic molecules and are no more dangerous than smoking any other organic compound you'd find in your cigarette. Being a plastic, they aren't biodegradable. How they're made is from cellulose, which is dissolved in some organic solvents. The solution is then spun in a hot air environment, separating the solvents and forming spun filaments. It's not like they're taking cotton and treating it, then stuffing treated cotton into the cigarette. Most cellulose acetate is made from wood pulp, not that it makes a difference. But it is a plastic.


Question: How does code even work?

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 How does code even work?

You write human readable code. The compiler or interpreter translates this into machine code. Machine commands are usually less powerful than those of higher languages, so a single function in your code might call many machine code instructions. These instructions are just binary numbers your CPU knows. So 00000001 is basically "run instruction 1" wich could be the adder for a specific CPU design. The ones and zeroes open and close switches, and with a cascade of switches called Multiplexer you can then open a channel to the correct calculation circuit (wich then adds numbers, compares numbers, jumps to a specific line in your code etc.)


Question: Shouldn't greenhouse gasses also make the atmosphere reflect the heat before it enters the atmosphere?

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 Shouldn't greenhouse gasses also make the atmosphere reflect the heat before it enters the atmosphere?

The energy coming in from the sun is at a wavelength that passes through those greenhouse gasses. The heat the earth tries to radiate out to space is at a different wavelength, which bounces off of them. The effect really is very much like a greenhouse in that regard. It captures and retains heat. The greenhouse gasses are like the glass on a greenhouse.


Question: What are all the people doing on the floor of the major stock exchanges, and why can it not be automated/done from an office?

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 What are all the people doing on the floor of the major stock exchanges, and why can it not be automated/done from an office?

These days it is automated and they are largely gone, except some will be there to look at their terminals. If you go to the NY Stock Exchange, the place is filled mainly with journalists and tv studio set ups to report on financial news and help report on new stock offerings. But these days the significant majority of trading is done electronically, and a large portion of that electronic trading is done through algorithms, without much (sometimes without any) human input. Prior to the internet, people on the floor of stock exchanges would do the actual trading of shares. Rich Bob wants to buy $5 of shares in Coke, so he calls his broker, who receives the order, and sends it as quickly as possible to a man on the floor of the exchange who begins advertising that he is wanting to buy shares in Coke. Smart Harry told his broker that if anyone tries to buy Coke today, he will sell them his shares in Coke at $1 a share. So Harry's broker see's Bob's broker and they agree to the sale and register it with the stock exchange regulators. The brokers take their commission of a couple cents per share, then go off to share a tipple, check out the broads, and definitely not insider trade.


Question: why are blue eyes in older movies so blue? They stand out so much in those movies but there rarely seems to be that effect in newer movies.

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 why are blue eyes in older movies so blue? They stand out so much in those movies but there rarely seems to be that effect in newer movies.

Much had to do with the performers themselves, who were often cast for their striking eyes. But even more important is the use of make-up to emphasize the eye color (especially with women; makeup people built *careers* out of showing off Liz Taylor's violet eyes), costuming, even contrasting surrounding set dressing; as well as the camera angle, distance, and lighting --especially the use of "eye lights." The '60s and '70s carried over the lessons of "Glamor Photography" which made actor's faces look so iconic in the '40s and '50s --but using the new lenses, filters, and film stocks to be able to heighten color effects (with a more Pop Techinicolor aspect in the '60s, followed by a more Naturalistic movement in the '70s). But, specifically, ***The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly*** uses imagery operatically, and is typically lit so that the eyes are not overshadowed by the brow or hat brims (or even the nose, to one side), so that the actor's bold, direct expression dominates. Also: Leone favored intercutting from full wide shots to *intense* extreme closeups, often cutting off the chin and forehead, and he loved to give you shots of nothing *but* eyes. It's a psychological "trick" that, after you've seen (for example) Clint's blue eyes in super-closeup...you will *notice them more* when the shot returns to a wider or medium framing. But here, in this shot from ***A Fistful of Dollars,*** if you look at the bright white pinspots in Clint's eyes, you'll see that those are actually the "eye lights" revealed, showing you Leone's preferred iconographic technique with his stars. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why are people opposed to the newly proposed Amazon Headquarters in NYC?

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 Why are people opposed to the newly proposed Amazon Headquarters in NYC?

There are at least a couple of reasons. First, Amazon made a very big public announcement about their plans to open a second headquarters. They publicly invited cities to bid to become the site for HQ2. There are thousands of news articles about this process. Cities spent millions of collective dollars putting together proposals for why Amazon should pick them. Many people saw this as an opportunity for smaller cities without a lot of tech companies to get an opportunity to host a large company like Amazon. Then Amazon went and picked two of the most stereotypical locations for a tech company that could be imagined outside of Silicon Valley. These places don't need the jobs that Amazon would bring. Amazon had the chance to fundamentally change the economy of a medium-sized city and completely wasted it. Second, locals aren't looking forward to the influx of highly-paid Amazon employees. The types of jobs that HQ2 will create aren't the ones that local non-skilled people will be able to get. They will be developers and program managers. People who have these skills in NYC and Washington D.C. likely already have jobs. So, the new jobs will likely be filled by people moving to those cities. An increase in highly-paid residents tends to drive up prices for housing and pretty much everything else.


Question: Why are majority of promotional offers not available in Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico?

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 Why are majority of promotional offers not available in Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico?

Because they aren't part of the contiguous US, they require different methods of transporting goods to and from their locations. This happens at an increased cost. Due to the increased cost, they have smaller profit margins than the other locations. Because of the smaller profit margins, they can offer fewer discounts. It's a simple supply and demand issue.


Question: Why does food soften when heated?

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 Why does food soften when heated?

There are a couple reasons. In some cases there are components that become less rigid when warmed. In tortillas there is often some fat that will heat up and become softer. Another reason is that any existing water will turn to steam and make things softer. Like steaming wood to bend it.


Question: Would it be possible to just eat a 2,000 calorie protein/vitamin block at breakfast and then eat nothing else for the day, assuming a high water intake?

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 Would it be possible to just eat a 2,000 calorie protein/vitamin block at breakfast and then eat nothing else for the day, assuming a high water intake?

Your main risk would be low blood sugar: your body uses the sugar in food you eat within a few hours after you eat it. Any remainder is stored as fat. However, if there is "no" remainder, the liver starts converting fat back into sugar (neoglycogenesis). Depending on how much energy you're using, however, the conversion rate may not be fast enough to meet your energy requirements, leading to low blood sugar.


Question: What do each of the greeks mean in financial markets?

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 What do each of the greeks mean in financial markets?

Delta represents the rate of change between the option's price and a $1 change in the underlying asset's price. Theta represents the rate of change between the option price and time, or time sensitivity - sometimes known as an option's time decay. Gamma represents the rate of change between an option's delta and the underlying asset's price. Vega represents the rate of change between an option's value and the underlying asset's implied volatility. Rho represents the rate of change between an option's value and a 1% change in the interest rate. URL_0 .


Question: Where does the sun's energy gets lost before reaching the outer planets if there is nothing to resist in between ?

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 Where does the sun's energy gets lost before reaching the outer planets if there is nothing to resist in between ?

The ~~cubed rule~~ inverses squared law. The suns energy is being spread across a larger area. Imagine your car beams in fog, they spread out and get weaker the farther away. Because they cover more area, the sun is the same way Edit: the reply to my comment is correct. It is the inverse squared law


Question: What is an Eigenvalue and an Eigenvector?

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 What is an Eigenvalue and an Eigenvector?

Here's an actual ELI5. A matrix is a fancy way of describing the change in shape of something. Now, imagine you take some blob of Play-Doh, and you squish it with your flat hands. Most parts of the Play-Doh go into all kinds of weird directions, left, right, up, down, you name it. However, there will be one specific direction along which the Play-Doh particles along that line are simply pushed out further along that line. That special direction is the eigenvector, and the amount (i.e. the factor) by which the stretch happens along that direction is the eigenvalue. Both of them together uniquely describe the way you squished the Play-Doh, and that's why they're interesting to know.


Question: What’s the difference between horsepower and torque?

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 What’s the difference between horsepower and torque?

Enzo Ferrari's famous quote is; > Horsepower sells cars, torque wins races. Torque is basically just twisting force; the higher the torque, the easier it is to change the rate of rotation of the output shaft (which is connected to the wheels), which allows you to accelerate better with load. Ergo, the car that can put out more torque from a dead stop is the car that will accelerate faster, assuming both cars are the same weight. Horsepower is just a measure of power (functionally no different from Watts, just bigger). Power is the product of torque and rotational speed, so you can achieve high horsepower either with high torque and low speeds, or with lower torque and high speeds.


Question: If gravity even bends light, is it possible a large enough object in deep space could bend our own sun's light enough to slingshot it back to us so that we're actually able to see ourselves out there in deep space?

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 If gravity even bends light, is it possible a large enough object in deep space could bend our own sun's light enough to slingshot it back to us so that we're actually able to see ourselves out there in deep space?

I don't know enough maths to give you the proper numbers, but yes on paper. In practice this object would need to be extremely massive (possessing lots of mass). An object with this much mass may not be possible, I don't want to try and calculate the Schwartzchild radius of such an object. That is, the object may need to be so dense that it would collapse on itself into a black hole.


Question: Is the huge dust from an massive building implosion (like the Georgia Dome in Atlanta this week) harmful to humans?

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 Is the huge dust from an massive building implosion (like the Georgia Dome in Atlanta this week) harmful to humans?

Yes. All dust is harmful with enough of it. However, this type of dust generally settles quickly and in a small area, which means the workers will be wearing PPE. The farther you get from it, in time and space, the less there will be. If you're sitting in a closed room 2 blocks away, there will be almost none coming in.


Question: How does the filming work for actors who've spent hours upon hours in makeup?

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 How does the filming work for actors who've spent hours upon hours in makeup?

It depends on the production, but generally the goal is to film as much as humanly possible with them in makeup to try to reduce how many times they have to go through that process. This means that even after a 6-hour makeup session in the morning, you might be working for another 8 hours.


Question: How come sometimes a coin won't work on a vending machine, then after retrying it one or multiple times it will work eventually?

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</answer>
 How come sometimes a coin won't work on a vending machine, then after retrying it one or multiple times it will work eventually?

**TL;DR**: *The sorting mechanisms weren't quite perfectly calibrated, or are dirty or loose or otherwise have moved away from perfect calibration over time, or the coin went too fast or is a mess, and so the coin doesn't get slotted correctly and falls through to the return slot as a reject the first time. But you got lucky on the second or third retry.* The simplest vending machines generally characterize coins by size. The first one is done by rolling or sliding the coin across slots of increasing size, and it falls down the first one that it can fit into. So dimes go first, then nickels, then quarters for American machines (Canadian machines add slots for their $1 "loonie" and $2 "toonie" coins. Can someone comment on Euros please? Dunno about them). Anyways each passes through a size-checker to ensure it's exactly big enough to fit its designed slot, not a little smaller, and a counter that does the math using a simple computer or mechanical processor. (More advanced versions like optical bill acceptors use computer scanning and comparison, and some use magnets to affect the coin's path. But let's keep it to simple older ones that process coins.) For this to work reliably, * the gravity feeds must hit the right speed for the coin or it'll skip over the slot, so slamming a coin in too fast causes it to skip its right slot * the size checkers can't be worn down or you'll get false negatives because a coin is a fraction of a millimeter smaller than its size-checking slot now * dirt or dust didn't get in there and gum things up or change the speed of the gravity feeds (same for the coin) * the coin can't be warped and must be perfectly round. So a legitimate coin falls through because one of these didn't work, and you toss it in again... and this time it goes, because you nailed the right velocity this time to allow it to fall in its slot, or that bit of dirt moved, or the size measurement didn't hit that worn edge this time, or it bounced in a way that matched the calibration or wear-and-tear inside the sorter.


Question: How do little insects that live in groups like ants and bees live when they get separated from their nest?

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 How do little insects that live in groups like ants and bees live when they get separated from their nest?

Generally, it’s a death sentence for that individual. Sometimes bees will get taken in by other hives, though there isn’t much documentation for this. The bee could probably make it back to his hive from just a mile or two away, as bees can cover quite a bit of area looking for flowers. Ants are extremely territorial, though, and unless the lone ant in question runs across a different colony of *exactly* the same species, he’s definitely dead. Even if the lone ant didn’t run into an enemy colony, he would likely not make it long. Ants are basically a bit of biological programming with legs, outside of the controlled chaos of his anthill the simple rule set that ants use to survive in a group would not get him what he needs to survive alone.


Question: What are film/analog cameras and why are they considered cool?

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 What are film/analog cameras and why are they considered cool?

Firstly... Holy fuck does this post make me feel old. 2ndly it's not nessecarly that film is better than digital, its that you're more connected to the work as you have to take it and process it.. You're more in the moment with taking the photo and not distracted by a billion different settings and checking the image after each shot because you don't get to see what you've taken until your process it. Film is processed into negatives from the camera roll, using chemical baths to draw out the photo and different timings and chemical applications can create different effects on the the film. The negatives are then processed and blown up into prints. Where film does tend to outshine digital media at least in still photography is in large format photography where you can capute images that capable of being blown up to enormous proportions


Question: What is the difference neoliberalism, classical liberalism, and libertarianism?

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 What is the difference neoliberalism, classical liberalism, and libertarianism?

Libertarianism is the political ideal of personal liberty. The stuff that Conservatives love to say they're about, but without the religious fervor or hypocrisy. In a "perfect" libertarian society, you can do whatever drugs you want, decide who to support or to remove support from, etc, without the government stepping in. Classical Liberalism is much the same, where the difference is in the focus. Libertarians were against an increasingly bloated government and welfare states. Liberals were against theocracy and oppression. But they agreed on things like "being able to do what you want." Neoliberalism is less similar, focusing only on the economic side of freedom. You can buy or sell whatever you like, but social freedom isn't necessarily accepted. So, your free to sell a cake, but maybe you should not be allowed to refuse service to a gay couple. There are more detailed issues and differences, but that is the quick and dirty.


Question: what happens to the air immediately surrounding a nuclear detonation?

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 what happens to the air immediately surrounding a nuclear detonation?

You need to be more specific... I mean, generally speaking hot air rises so you see a big plume rising up above the detonation which expands as it cools creating the recognizable 'mushroom cloud', but that comes from any significantly large explosion. Outwards from the blast you get something called an overpressure wave, or the 'shockwave', which is the wave of air being pushed out from the explosion. What kind of information are you looking for?


Question: How does “after hours trading” work?

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 How does “after hours trading” work?

> Can anyone do it? Yes, you can sell stock any time. > Is it unfair to anyone? That is really subjective, anyone can think anything is "unfair". > Why do markets open and close if people can still trade? The markets are trading hubs, they can start and stop their own operations as they please.l


Question: when viewing a sheet of transparent glass or a mirror from it's side profile, why does it appear green in colour?

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 when viewing a sheet of transparent glass or a mirror from it's side profile, why does it appear green in colour?

The iron oxide that gives glass the green tint isn't there on accident, it's added to make the glass easier to melt in large batches. Glass melting furnaces produce almost all of their heat in the form of infrared light. This is a problem when you want to heat up something transparent, because the infrared light will go right through it! It just heats up whatever is behind the glass. That makes it take a very long time to melt the glass. Iron oxide is added because it is a cheap way to make glass absorb a lot more infrared light. It has the side effect of making the glass slightly green, but this is fine most of the time. You can buy iron free glass if you need your windows to be perfectly colorless, but that glass is more expensive because it is harder to work with.


Question: Does UV Light emit a color temperature, and if so what would be the approximate temperature range?

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 Does UV Light emit a color temperature, and if so what would be the approximate temperature range?

Light does not emit a color temperature. Color temperature simply refers to a color resembling that of the light that would be emitted by a black body at a given temperature. So just like it is somewhat useless to assign green a color temperature because no black body emits a light that we perceive as green, it makes no sense to map a color temperature to ultraviolet because while black bodies are likely to emit ultraviolet radiation at high temperatures, those do not influence the color sensation. As you see in [this diagram]( URL_0 ), there is a point for "infinite temperature" on the curve of color temperatures. "Color temperature" does not even include pure blue, much less wavelengths that do not correspond to a perceivable color. Of course, as the blackbody approaches this point, most of the energy is already emitted outside of the visible spectrum.


Question: What are classes in C++?

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 What are classes in C++?

Classes are related to object-oriented programming. In particular, a class is essentially a "blueprint" for an object, which is a bit of code and data that acts as a small module in your program. By combining and recycling objects that communicate and work with one another, it's possible to build a very complex program piece by piece.


Question: How do Therapist/Psychologist treat mental illnesses and disorders?

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 How do Therapist/Psychologist treat mental illnesses and disorders?

One of the weird things about healthcare is that "yes/no" questions usually beat "why" questions. If something is proven to work, but we don't know why, we shrug and keep doing it. Lots of people get Botox injections for migraine, which works really well but is a complete mystery. So, when it comes to helping people with any given mental problem, the question isn't "Should it work?" but "Does it work?" In this case, it's worth remembering that brains are supposed to change depending on what they do. If brain cells didn't make new connections based on input and forget old ones that don't get used, we wouldn't be able to learn or adapt to anything. You learned to speak and walk because you did things and your brain kept rewiring. You remember what you ate for breakfast because your brain changed a little bit. Sure, it's technically true that any brain problem is sort of chemical, but so is any heart or lung or skin problem. Humans are 100% made of chemicals. The "chemical imbalance" business was peddled hard by drug companies, but doesn't have much of a role in modern psychiatry. So, let's pretend a patient comes in with major depression. The odds are good they have a lot of hard, automatic negative thoughts that set off, worsen, or reinforce their persistent low mood. They've stopped doing things that might make them feel better, like being with people or staying active. Different forms of therapy focus on challenging those thoughts and replacing them with more helpful ones, or doing things that make you feel better. And it works. A solid body of evidence suggests that talk therapy is about as effective as standard antidepressants for most major depression, and likely better for not-quite-major depression. When it comes to treating mental disorders with therapy, medication, or both, it really depends on the problem. Medication works better for schizophrenia, therapy works better for social anxiety, and the combination is often a reasonable bet.


Question: How is it possible that someone can be rationally thinking about why they should not be scared/nervous, but still feel it in their body?

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 How is it possible that someone can be rationally thinking about why they should not be scared/nervous, but still feel it in their body?

It stems from the fact that our emotions are much more core to our being. They are autonomous responses that have been present in our evolutionary history for much much longer than conscious thought - hence why they are at the centre of our brain. The human brain is constructed much like an onion, with older evolutionary components at the centre (which we have in common with other mammals/ vertabrates). Complex, conscious thought comes from our large expansion at the front/ top of our brain compared to other mammals. Fear is an emotional reaction, which is processed in the [Amygdala]( URL_0 ). ([Image]( URL_2 )) As such, we cannot override this autonomous reaction to certain stimuli very easily. Often it means the secretion of adrenaline around the body, kicking us into overdrive. This adrenaline cannot be taken back, so once fight or flight has kicked in you can't just instantly override it with positive thoughts. As for the why - Fear is essentially our brain putting us into "high alert" mode. Any small movements or sounds will trigger automated responses. These responses are extremely fast - so fast that we literally don't even think before doing them. This is referred to as the fight or flight response. [Here's an example]( URL_1 ) of someone punching out after having their fight response triggered. The guy didn't even realise he'd thrown a punch until the other dude was already unconscious.


Question: What happens when people "see stars"?

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 What happens when people "see stars"?

There are many optical phenomena that can cause you to see "stars", floaters, and blindspots. Usually these are harmless, but sometimes it can be a symptom of a serious health issue. Please know that I am NOT a doctor but a very general answer to your question is: Those streaky flashes of light you see are actually white blood cells traveling through your capillaries close to your retina. It takes time for your retina and lens to work together to focus light and when you jostle the system your retina gets confused and registers light that is at an extremely close focal length, your actual white blood cells.


Question: What exactly are hydrothermal vents?

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 What exactly are hydrothermal vents?

Often in the deep ocean, the ground is very thin. There is super hot magma close to the surface. The ocean floor is covered by water, a lot of that water seeps into the ground. When that water in the ground gets close to the magma, it heats up and rises. The hydrothermal vent is where that hot water rises out of the ground.


Question: Why does Jamaica produce such incredible sprinters, whereas surrounding Caribbean countries produce average-to-slightly-above-average sprinters?

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 Why does Jamaica produce such incredible sprinters, whereas surrounding Caribbean countries produce average-to-slightly-above-average sprinters?

Current College Sprinter here, I think I got this one. If you look closer alot of Caribbean Countries and Islands do end up actually producing very good sprinters. Explained to me by a Jamaican coach: If you are a young Caribbean/Jamaican resident, your future is most likely low paying tourism related jobs. Similar to An inner city kid playing basketball, boxing, or football, Sprinting allows you to hopefully escape to a more succesfull life financially. Also Track and Field is Jamaica's National Sport so theres that. Hope that helps.


Question: How the hell do bottle redemption companies make money?

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 How the hell do bottle redemption companies make money?

They get the money they pay out back from the bottler or distributor, when they return the cans or bottles. Then they get a fee from local retailers to do the work the retailer does not want to do. Every retailer is required by law to accept the cans and bottles back, it is a messy, stinky, labor intensive operation. It is economically advantageous to "contract out" this requirement, pay a fee to the redemption center and close down their own collection centers.


Question: Why is gun prohibition different than drug prohibition?

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 Why is gun prohibition different than drug prohibition?

Well, we haven't tried it in the 'states so everything anybody tells you is gonna be "in theory". In general, it is harder to make guns than it is to make drugs. You can't grow a gun from another gun's seeds, or distill it from grocery products. It takes very little technology and know-how to grow pot or make booze when compared to smithing a gun. Not only this, but things like gunpowder (at least the smokeless modern stuff that makes mechanically complex semi-automatic weapons possible) are really difficult to make at home. Could you make a musket from some pipe and some stump remover? Yes. Would it be dangerous? Probably more so to you than to the people you're shooting at. In terms of imported guns ("from mexico"), there is no way that current supply lines could bring in enough guns and ammo to stock an entire country's worth of criminals. Guns are big, bulky, and made of metal which is easier to detect than organics. Twenty pounds of gun is worth a lot less than twenty pounds of coke, and it takes up way more space. Certainly, well-off baddies with real power would be able to get guns, but your average thug couldn't.


Question: What happens to your brain/body while put on anesthesia?

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 What happens to your brain/body while put on anesthesia?

The short answer is, we don’t know. There are 3 main types of medication we use. Paralytic, to prevent you from moving, opioids to prevent pain, and hypnotics to keep you “asleep”. This accomplished the 3 A’s of anesthesia (akinesis, analgesia, and amnesia). We know how the paralytics and narcotics work, and we know how the intravenous hypnotics work (propofol). We don’t know how the inhalation anesthetics work. We have a pretty good idea, but no theory has yet explained everything we observe with the volatile anesthetics. For the injectable anesthetics, they all (except for ketamine) work by stimulating or enhancing your bodies GABA receptors, central nervous systems opposite side of “fight or flight” response. It’s you “calm and rest” side. Reference: I put people to sleep for a living.


Question: Why does squinting help you read things far away?

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 Why does squinting help you read things far away?

Squinting allows you to limit the amount of light that enters your eyes. It operates similarly to a pinhole camera. If you limit the direction light can travel from and still reach the retina, then it will focus at the expense of brightness. The same principle works if you make a small hole with a finger, and look through it.


Question: Why you can put in the recycling bin same files with the same name but you cannot do that in any other folder ?

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 Why you can put in the recycling bin same files with the same name but you cannot do that in any other folder ?

The recycling bin is a "virtual" folder that shows a list of deleted files that can be undeleted. Deleted files aren't actually *moved* in to a different folder: they stay where they were, they're just *marked* as deleted. The recycling bin is a "view" that lets you see all the deleted files in one place.


Question: Why peanuts without shells are way cheaper than peanuts with shells if it takes labor to shell them?

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 Why peanuts without shells are way cheaper than peanuts with shells if it takes labor to shell them?

My fiance worked in a peanut shelling plant for years and it basically boils down to them wanting to get equal profits from shelled vs. unshelled. Once the peanuts are shelled, they're graded and sold for different prices. There's splits, jumbos, mediums, #1s, etc. I forget all the names, but there's a few more. Even the hulls and 1416s (aka the smallest bits that fall through the sorting screens) can be sold for things like livestock feed and some other random things. So basically, if they break the peanuts up and grade them, they can potentially make a lot more money sending them off to different places. If they get sold whole, then they have to set a price that will somewhat match up with what they would be worth sorted and graded. To add, peanut shelling plants really aren't that different from the plants that sort whole peanuts. They all go through similar sorting machines to grade them by size/weight/color/etc. The main difference is that a shelling plant has to send the nuts through the sheller bars (which is what shells them). So there's really not that much more labor involved between the two. NOTE: This is a very rough transcript of how my fiance explained it to me, as I asked him about it before. Also a friendly note that if you ate anything from Mars that included peanuts in the past few years, he probably touched them.


Question: How do historians and archaeologists comfirm that every ancient documents that they read are real?

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 How do historians and archaeologists comfirm that every ancient documents that they read are real?

1. That quote is something of a joke among historians. “The winners” are rarely willing or able to get rid of every piece of evidence that contradicts their narrative. 2. Historians don’t just take the documents they find at face value. Every piece of evidence is examined in the context of other pieces to determine what it means.


Question: How do people who find glitches and cheats in games that you need to do a sequence of completely random and irrelevant stuff, find the glitches?

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 How do people who find glitches and cheats in games that you need to do a sequence of completely random and irrelevant stuff, find the glitches?

TL:DR at the bottom. Players who look for these have a general to deep understanding of the mechanics behind the game. They only *seem* random and irrelevant to others. I can give a personal example from 8 years ago. I discovered a glitch/exploit in a Wii game called *The Conduit* that allowed you to [fire the pump action shotgun like a semi-automatic gun.]( URL_0 ) How do you do it? By performing a seemingly nonsensical string of button inputs: * Fire - > hold reload button - > tap melee button - > release reload button - > fire again. Nobody could discover this by pure chance as those inputs would never be used in that order during normal play. You'd never have a reason to *hold* the reload button in the first place. Instead, one would have to work it out by putting the following pieces of the puzzle together: 1. Melee attacks interrupt the shotgun's pump animation. Once the melee animation ends, the shotgun pump animation starts again from the beginning. 2. Reloading cancels *the last half* your melee attack. 3. Shooting cancels your reload. Any gunshot will cancel the reload animation of the weapon, and the weapon is not reloaded. All three of those happen during normal play all the time. Once you connect the dots, you realize you can string them together to shoot faster by eliminating the shotgun's pump animation altogether... [like this.]( URL_2 ) Then someone discovers that trying this on your last bullet [leads to another glitch.]( URL_1 ) That makes no sense though, since the reload happened before pressing the melee button and this time the melee animation didn't play *at all*. Making sense of this leads to understanding the underlying mechanics of the game: "Maybe the automatic reload is what prevented the melee animation from playing." And so I tested it by "simulating" an automatic reload, by *holding* the reload button to reload at the soonest possible frame. It worked. This glitch allowed you to eliminate the pump animation, the melee animation and the reload animation, thus letting you fire as fast as your fingers could manage. TL:DR - The people who find the glitches aren't randomly discovering things; they're working them out piece by piece. Only the end result seems random.


Question: What happens when you scald your skin? How does hot water hurt your skin exactly?

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 What happens when you scald your skin? How does hot water hurt your skin exactly?

The same way a burn does...it heats the cells below your skin to a temperature high enough that they die. Your surface skin cells are dead and mostly inert, but they can conduct heat. When they're exposed to high heat, either through hot air, flame, or hot liquid, they transmit that heat to the cells below. The right combination of temperature & time will heat the cells below hot enough that they undergo damage or die. Now you've got a burn/scald. Air is a lousy heat conductor and can't put energy into your skin that quickly. That's why you can briefly wave your hand through a 400F oven with limited effects (do NOT do this just because I said that). Liquids, and especially water, are good heat conductors and have huge heat capacity, so they can put a lot of energy into your skin very quickly. That's why scalding can be particularly nasty.


Question: How did the United States first distribute and get people to use the dollar?

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 How did the United States first distribute and get people to use the dollar?

Early dollars were silver coins. Minting coins was just creating a standardized amount of silver to simplify using it as a commodity. More generally, governments promote the use of their currency by requiring that tax and court-ordered debts be paid in it. If you have to pay your taxes in dollars and you don't have enough, you find a way to buy dollars in exchange for whatever it is that you currently have and the government will be ready to sell those to you should it come to that.


Question: Why do countries have large amounts of foreign currency on hand?

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 Why do countries have large amounts of foreign currency on hand?

Because some people only want oranges. If you are buying something from china you need to pay in yuan, just as you need to use USD for the US. Having a stockpile of foreign currency allows nations to ensure their companies (and themselves) arent screwed over by third party money changers. You keep apples to trade with people who like apples, and oranges for those who like oranges.


Question: How does a mobile phone "try" to find a signal?

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 How does a mobile phone "try" to find a signal?

A mobile phone generally does a couple of things when it is just kinda lounging around: 1. It has to tell the world where it is - this is so that the tower can route incoming calls to the phone. This is done with an amount of power based on its current "status" of connection. So...power consumption here is _variable_, based on signal strength. 2. When it doesn't have a connection, it will attempt to do so. This "find a connection" signal is sent out at _full power_. It does this after anytime it's lost its connection to a cell. So...no, it's not just listening passively - it's initiating and maintaining conversations with cells, so to speak.


Question: If our cells membrane contain lipids, shouldn't they go rancid ?

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 If our cells membrane contain lipids, shouldn't they go rancid ?

Rancid refers to decomposing which is a process generally performed by bacteria. The by-products of bacteria are what caused the unpleasant smell and eventually appearance. Fortunately with your immune system bacteria is held at bay or is contained to your benefit in various organs where they actually help you! Additionally, the lipid membrane is being constantly replaced by other processes in your cell (vesicle transport being a common example)


Question: how do volcanoes create so much ash?

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 how do volcanoes create so much ash?

The explosion is throwing up a fine mist of liquid rock. Because the droplets are tiny, they lose heat fast and solidify. It's the same process we use to make snow on ski resorts, but with rock instead of water. You don't want to breathe it because some of it is tiny shards of volcanic glass, which would give you the same lung problems asbestos does. ~~In addition to that, you do have a bunch of incomplete combusion going on, both of stuff in the lava and of all the dirt/trees/other biomass being incinerated. Our cars would put out a ton of smoke as well if we didn't have catalytic converters completing the combustion, and volcanos definitely don't have those. So instead of the stuff that's burning becoming pure CO2 and water, it becomes all kinds of other nasty stuff.~~ see below


Question: Why are heavier elements found together in the same location?

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 Why are heavier elements found together in the same location?

When the Earth was much hotter, and everything was much more liquid, things could flow a lot easier. Just like putting oil in water, these molten metals and minerals will tend to separate out due to their different densities. They then cool and solidify, and billions of years later humans find them in clusters. Elements/compounds with similar densities may be found close together for this reason. Other compounds might also be characteristically found together because one is a reaction product of the other, or they are both products of the same reaction, which occur naturally in nature. An example would be oil and natural gas. Geology and planetary science isn't my speciality though, so there are likely more complex factors at play than just these.


Question: If you don't eat anything, will you die in a month or two even if you weigh enough that you don't become significantly underweight in that time frame?

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 If you don't eat anything, will you die in a month or two even if you weigh enough that you don't become significantly underweight in that time frame?

The world record for fasting was a little less than a year. It was a Scottish guy, which lost a lot of weight, and he was completely fine. For reliable information, check out /r/fasting or Read "The Obesity Code" by Dr Jason Fung. Dr Fung also has some excellent videos on YouTube.