Question: How can a mathematician use 'infinity' in calculations and what types of 'problems' require them to do so?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a mathematician use 'infinity' in calculations and what types of 'problems' require them to do so?

Infinity is a concept, not an actual number. It usually refers to something that isn't finite, has no end, or is unbounded. The actual meaning of infinity depends on the context, and whenever the term infinity is used, it needs to be accompanied by a proper, strict definition of what this infinity stands for. For example: in calculus, infinity relates to limits - we say that a function's limit at a certain point is infinity if the value of the function keeps rising and rising the closer we get to that point. There is an actual, strict definition of what it means to say the limit of the function is infinity. In set theory, however, infinity relates to sizes of sets. As such, there are different kinds of infinities, since two infinite sets can have different sizes.


Question: what does it mean when a key cannot be copied?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what does it mean when a key cannot be copied?

No, it's a legal warning to key makers that it's not a key they can legally copy. I'm sure they physically could if they wanted to, but it's unlikely doing so would be worth their job and, depending on the key, subsequent jail time that would be consequences of knowingly copying it anyway.


Question: Why do we see “imprints” of a bright light when we blink even after we look away from it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we see “imprints” of a bright light when we blink even after we look away from it?

Ever whack your hand so bad that it went numb for a bit and then stung for a while, but nothing was actually wrong with your hand, like it was better an hour later? Basically the same thing. The nerves in your hand got whacked so hard that they have a hard time resetting back to the non-activated state. Same kind of thing happens with the photoreceptors in your eyes.


Question: What is happening to Japan's economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening to Japan's economy?

Japan is one of the few countries in the world in which the labor force is shrinking which, all other things being equal, should cause its economy to appear to have "contracted" by about 4-5% since 1998 when in fact its actually grown slightly since that time. Because of that, any economic growth that Japan sees is due to improvements in technology offsetting the economic losses from the shrinking labor force. You can ignore Japans debt to GDP ratio. Right now Japan is dealing with a dramatic reduction in an economic indicator called the velocity of money. Essentially, Japanese people are spending the money they earn *much* slower than they did in the past, which results in deflation. To counter that deflation, the Bank of Japan has been printing massive amounts of money and "loaning" it to the government, increasing the monetary supply which creates inflation, thereby offsetting deflation. About 70% of Japan's debt is actually owned by its own government as a result of that policy. The remainder of Japan's debt is also domestically owned, so its just functioning as an alternative to taxes which really means that whats going on is Japan is using government debt to redistribute wealth already in the country rather than to generate new wealth. This separates it from countries like Greece whose debt was almost 100% foreign owned and whose economy was dependent upon being able to borrow money from foreigners to generate new "wealth" within their country. Without going into more detail the short of it is that Japan's debt is sustainable so long as Japan has the will to print money and its citizens have the will to buy government bonds (ie, its sustainable indefinitely). Greece's debt was only sustainable so long as foreigners were willing to subsidize the standard of living in Greece (which was not sustainable). Japan's 0% interest rate is another method that the Japanese government is using to offset the aforementioned deflation. They're hoping the 0% interest rate will speed up the rate at which people spend money, thus raising Japan's velocity of money back to normal levels.


Question: How does a box fan blow air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a box fan blow air?

You're holding a tennis racket at a 45 degree angle. You hit a ball flying straight towards you with the bat. It bounces upwards. It doesn't matter if the ball flies towards you or you move the bat towards the ball, same difference. They hit each other and the ball is deflected upwards. Same idea with air. The blades are angled, so when they strike air at high speed, the air is pushed away forwards. This is the principle behind nearly all the air moved by household fans. There is some marginal complex aerodynamics involved in terms of pressure and lift and whatnot, but the exact same thing would happen if the fan blades were shaped like bricks. It's the exact same reason why waving one of those hand fans wafts air in your face, except with a constantly rotating fan, that 'push' is continuous.


Question: Some insects and animals have the visibility range that includes IR and UV Rays. How can we imagine the visibility to look according to humans even though we can't see them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Some insects and animals have the visibility range that includes IR and UV Rays. How can we imagine the visibility to look according to humans even though we can't see them?

Well it depends. We have only 3 types of cones, so we can't imagine what the world looks like for animals that can see more different colours. But more wavelengths don't require more different colours. If each cone had a wider "bandwidth" of wavelengths then we would just see everything we see right now as green, and some normally invisible colours as red or blue. The main difference in the world would be flowers. Many of them that are white to us are actually UV coloured and some even have UV patterns.


Question: how is plastic made and where do the ingredients come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is plastic made and where do the ingredients come from?

From crude oils You see, inside crude oils and other earthly stuff, there's these atoms called carbons and hydrogen. Now these carbons and hydrogens makes the oils and they clump together. However, through a whole lot of process, you can turn these hydrogens and carbons into chains. Like fabrics, the chains forms long, intertwined chains that forms into plastic. There's a whole lot more to this process. Chemical reactions, catalyst, stupidly high temperature and pressure... I think that's it.


Question: Why does government still allow people to buy cigarette, despite the strong link between cancer and smoking is obvious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does government still allow people to buy cigarette, despite the strong link between cancer and smoking is obvious?

Freedom of choice, even if it is a poor choice - you should still be able to make that choice because theoretically if you only hurt yourself then no one should tell you not to do it. In Australia the tax from the sale of tobacco keeps increasing to offset the bulk of the cost of medical care from smoking related illnesses. Smokers are not eligible for some major surgery such as lung transplants if they continue to smoke, as such, forcing them to quit is part of the universal healthcare requirement. Smoking near children, in public places, private workplaces etc is banned, and if it is not then it is heavily looked down upon as part of our culture due to 20+ years of anti-smoking propaganda. The government knows that getting smokers to quit is near impossible, so what they do is instead they make the cost of starting so expensive, brand recognition so low (plain packaging laws and total advertisement ban) that new smokers, especially those that are young, never take up the habit in the first place because it is out of reach. The cost is so high that a pack per day low-income earner spends 20% of their pre-tax income on tobacco - it is very, very expensive. People still have the choice to smoke, which makes those people happy, however they cannot smoke around those at risk, which makes everyone else happy, and most cannot afford to start smoking in the first place, and as such it keeps healthcare costs down. It's a theoretical win-win for everyone.


Question: What is the logic behind sin , cos , and tangent exactly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the logic behind sin , cos , and tangent exactly?

Look at the [unit clrcle]( URL_0 ), a circle with a radius of 1, centered on the origin point (0,0). Now, lets say we start from the rightmost point of the circle (1,0) and starts walking counter-clockwise. We define sin, cos and tan as a function of the distance we walk. sin(distance) is the y value of the point we're standing on, while cos(distance) is the x value of the same point. We started at (1,0), so cos(0)=1 and sin(0)=0. A full circle if 2\*pi units long. So after walking 1/4 of a circle, we get to the point (0,1). Therefore, sin(pi/2)=1 and cos(pi/2)=0. Using this we can see that cos and sin are both cyclic functions - after 2\*pi we go back to the start, which means they both have a cycle of 2\*pi. If we look at the functions' graphs, they look [like this]( URL_1 ). Turns out that these functions have a lot of uses. For example, they can be used to calculate the lengths of the sides in a triangle, and they also often appear wherever there are circles or cyclical things.


Question: Why is there a second explosion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a second explosion?

So this is actually pretty cool. The second "explosion" you're seeing is called sonoluminescence, which can sometimes happen when bubbles in a liquid collapse. Basically it is a collapsing air pocket that explodes due to a violent change in pressure. You can see as the bullet strikes the gel it creates a large air cavity along its path. When it exits the other side, the openings of the cavity collapse and trap this pocket of air inside the gel, which at this point is the same temperature and pressure as the outside air. As the gel collapses around it, it compresses the air driving the pressure and temperature up almost instantly. If this occurs quickly enough, enough the air can reach temperatures of several thousand degrees in a fraction of a second. This causes the air molecules to emit a burst of light that we can see with high-speed cameras. Once this happens, the hot air gets pushed out of the entry and exit holes the bullet made.


Question: How do people without an internal voice have thoughts, worries, memories, songs stuck in their head, or even read?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people without an internal voice have thoughts, worries, memories, songs stuck in their head, or even read?

From what I’ve read and been told, the people who aren’t capable of inner monologue perceive inner thoughts as sort of flashes. Feelings of thoughts or ideas and such. I, as someone with an inner monologue, can sit here and think to myself, verbatim, “I want pancakes for breakfast”. Someone without that just has the idea of pancakes for breakfast. I don’t remember what they said about reading, but afaik it works fairly similar. There’s always someone like that who comes and corrects me on the stuff I don’t quite get right, but I’m sure my answer will work until then.


Question: In the US, when shipping commercially from the mainland to a U.S. territory (e.g. Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa), it's treated as if it is heading to a foreign country. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In the US, when shipping commercially from the mainland to a U.S. territory (e.g. Guam, Puerto Rico, American Samoa), it's treated as if it is heading to a foreign country. Why?

FedEX and UPS treat shipments to U.S. territories as international because it's expensive to ship and they can collect more money that way. It's their internal system. They are not at all required to do any of that, and the USPS does not. Commercial shipments to Puerto Rico or the U.S. Virgin Islands from the states are not exports, and there are no tariffs, customs, or duties because they're part of the U.S. Legally, the only difference in shipping there as opposed to another state is that you need an Electronic Export Information (EEI) filing for merchandise worth over $2,500 because Puerto Rico has its own tax system and collects taxes on those goods. Fedex and UPS could absolutely treat shipments to U.S. territories the same way as the USPS. They just choose not to because they know they're a lot faster than USPS and people will pay more for "international" shipping that's faster than the USPS.


Question: Why do you have to eject a thumb drive before removing it from your computer? How does not ejecting damage your computer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you have to eject a thumb drive before removing it from your computer? How does not ejecting damage your computer?

Imagine someone is writing on a piece of paper. By asking the computer to remove the drive you are letting that person finish their sentence and the writing makes sense to the next person reading it. By yanking out the drive without telling the computer, you are ripping the paper from that person whilst they’re trying to complete their sentence and you’ll end up with missing words.


Question: What exactly is a Boltzmann brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a Boltzmann brain?

It's an indication that something is wrong with your theory of physics. There are several different boltzmann brains, but probably the easiest to explain is the original. The other versions are broadly similar, but pop up in relation to different theories of physics. So, anyway: the original Boltzmann brain starts with a pretty basic and important question, namely "why is the universe as we know it here?" At the time, nobody knew about the Big Bang or the expansion of the universe, and the going scientific theory was that the universe was eternal and unchanging. But if that was the case, it should have long since reached as state of maximum entropy...a "heat death" where everything was just a haze of evenly distributed atoms with no stars or planets or anything. That's kind of a problem since there are stars and planets and everything. However, it's also known that entropy is _probabilistic_. If you take puzzle pieces and shake them in a box, they are going to just get more and more jumbled...get closer and closer to that "heat death" of perfect randomness. But if you shake long enough hypothetically all the pieces _could_ bounce back just right to form the puzzle again. So the original idea for how we could have the universe is that, over long enough time, the universe just sort of happens to bounce its way out of heat death and back to a low entropy state, and that's the universe that we see. It's _staggeringly_ unlikely, but if you have an infinite universe and infinite time, why not? This is the "Boltzmann universe". ...But..then someone pointed out that, while still staggeringly unlikely, it's much easier to just spontaneously generate a brain that thinks a momentary thought than an entire visible universe, in the same way that if you are bouncing around a puzzle box it's much easier to bounce together a couple pieces to make a guy's head than it is to bounce together the whole puzzle... and in fact you should bounce together random heads a huge number of times compared to bouncing together entire puzzles. So any theory which relies on random entropy reduction to generate an entire universe has the problem that anyone in the universe is far more likely to be one of those two puzzle-piece heads than a part of a fully built puzzle. This is contradictory and absurd and rather implies that there's something fundamentally wrong with the theory. ....and indeed, later observations showed there _was_ something fundamentally wrong with the theory, namely that the universe is not eternal and unchanging but instead is expanding and only a few billion years old. As a result, no highly unlikely entropy fluctuations are needed and thus there's no implication of zillions of boltzmann brains for every actual universe. Now, even current theories sometimes spit out boltzmann brains under different situations but if you ask me, that just means we don't know all there is to know about the universe yet.


Question: What is the difference between electronic and digital signatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between electronic and digital signatures?

Well, first of all - they are indeed not the same thing and the confusion is quite wide-spread. The term **“electronic signature”** as by ESIGN Act (US federal law about the use of electronic records and electronic signatures) means pretty-much any electronic manifestation of intent/consent, for example a tick in Terms & Conditions checkbox, an image of a handwritten signature or a name in the end of the email. A **digital signature** is actually a type of electronic signature that uses cryptography to sign documents and uniquely associate them with signers normally with the help of digital certificates. It means each signer needs to have a digital certificate so that to be linked to the document and to be identified. There are various options to get these certificates, for example from the Certificate Authority or even from the government institutions - they are obliged to guaranteed person’s identity. Basically, electronic signature is showing your intent to do something, like signing a contract, accepting terms or do business electronically. Digital signatures is about person’s authentication and proving that you are who you say you are. For a user, both electronic and digital signature looks quite similar. But digital signature have a lot of cryptographic action under the hood that binds the information to the person. Hope this helps! Materials used to answer this question: [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) \- actually a quiz with answers [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) [ URL_3 ]( URL_3 )


Question: If the reason that red wine is stored in tinted bottles is so it doesn't spoil, why is is white wine not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the reason that red wine is stored in tinted bottles is so it doesn't spoil, why is is white wine not?

Most people enjoy the vibrancy of new white wines. There are white wines that can be cellared and enjoyed after many years but these are not very common (depending on where you are). Therefore the packaging accounts for how most of the wine will be consumed - within a few years.


Question: why are bone spurs a thing that exists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are bone spurs a thing that exists?

Basically wear and tear changes of the joint. Imagine the hinges of a door, when it’s new it is in perfect shape and well lubricated, thus, it moves perfectly fine. Now try open/close an old door, it starts to creak and make a lot of noise. Likewise, as we age, the smooth cartilage becomes worn off and bone meets bone, causing gnawing of bone. Bone is damaged, causing our body to repair it but erratically causes spurs to form.


Question: How do moguls on ski runs get formed? Are they a result of the grooming process or simply the natural result of people skiing down the hill?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do moguls on ski runs get formed? Are they a result of the grooming process or simply the natural result of people skiing down the hill?

They are formed by the action of the skiers. As they turn, they kick up snow, which over time forms the heaps of snow that become moguls. Over time, moguls slowly actually move uphill, as skiers kick snow off the front of each mogul and towards the back. Grooming the piste is what stops them from forming.


Question: Why is it, when writing the same sentence repetitively on a sheet of paper (for punishment), does it seem easier to write the words down the paper, than the same line over and over (from left to right)? Isn't it the same amount of work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it, when writing the same sentence repetitively on a sheet of paper (for punishment), does it seem easier to write the words down the paper, than the same line over and over (from left to right)? Isn't it the same amount of work?

Because it is essentially a mindless task, repeating the same group of letters takes less attention. Also, because being assigned such a mindless and useless task is insulting, giving it no more effort than absolutely necessary to get the job done is the natural reaction to being forced to alter your thinking by repeating someone else's ideas under duress. By breaking the whole sentence into meaningless parts, you are basically refusing to be brainwashed by breaking the complex chain of words into simple links which are easily forgotten.


Question: Why are people mad about higher taxes for people that have higher income?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are people mad about higher taxes for people that have higher income?

Three reasons: 1) Many poor people think they will one day be rich through normal hard work (the vast majority won't be). 2) Many poor people idolize rich people and believe that if they're rich, it must be because they did everything right, which usually is not the case. Most rich people either inherit their wealth or experience a lucky break at some point (right place, right time). No doubt that lots of wealthy people work hard, but there's almost always some element of luck involved as well. 3) Most people don't understand progressive tax rates AT ALL. They think a top marginal tax rate of 60% is insanity even if the cutoff for that percentage is a million dollars. They think the government would be taking 60% of everything.


Question: What does a person's "net worth" mean? How is it calculated?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a person's "net worth" mean? How is it calculated?

You add up all the stuff they own (based on what they could reasonably sell it for), subtract all the money they owe and boom - net worth. So, If I own a house worth $300k, a car worth $20k, but still owe $50k on the house, my net worth is $270k (300 + 20 - 50)


Question: What is an USB-C port?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an USB-C port?

[Type A]( URL_3 ) is the standard USB you find in all computers. There's a difference in speed between generation 2.0 and 3.0 or even 3.1, but their functionality is the same. Type B is usually found in its [micro form]( URL_2 ) on a lot of smartphones. [Type C]( URL_1 ) is even thinner, and can be plugged in both ways. These are mostly gen 3.0 speeds. **Note** that USB is simply the name of the internal bus/connection to your other hardware. The type A,B,C are just form factors of the connectors, most commonly used by USB. Another more recent example is that type C ports are also used in [Thunderbolt connections]( URL_0 ). The Thunderbolt interface combines USB with other standards like SATA, DisplayPort or PCIe. This means you can use it for charging, connecting monitors, external graphics cards, and lots of other applications. It's present in most high end laptops and some high end smartphones.


Question: Why is it possible to get a repeating decimal when dividing? Like, the kind that goes on literally forever? What kind of situation has to occur to make it impossible to split a dividend equally into a certain number of groups?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it possible to get a repeating decimal when dividing? Like, the kind that goes on literally forever? What kind of situation has to occur to make it impossible to split a dividend equally into a certain number of groups?

Infinitely repeating decimals are a product of our number system. One divided by three is infinitely repeating *when you use a decimal system* ten does not divide by three without remainder. If we used a base 3 system, then one divided by three would be written (1/10) and be equal to 0.1 in base 3. 0.1 in base three equals 0.33333333 in base ten.


Question: Why are there no trains connected to each city in the US? I’m in the UK and we have trains connected to every city, even small towns so it’s easy to get to another destination. So why is that not the case in the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there no trains connected to each city in the US? I’m in the UK and we have trains connected to every city, even small towns so it’s easy to get to another destination. So why is that not the case in the US?

UK = 93,628 square Miles USA = 3,797,000 square miles The US is 40x the size of the UK. Even before you take into account the difficulties laying track in certain geographic areas (like the Rocky Mountains), that's a whole lot more area to cover. Also, by the mid-1800s, when railroads dominated the transportation industry, the UK was fully explored and settled. The relative size and populations of the cities and towns was generally fixed, with minor fluctuations. Much of the American West had not been meaningfully settled at this time, and even where there were settlements, it was unknown which ones would grow into large cities, and which would remain small, or even become ghost towns. But even during that time, there was a lot of rail transport laid out. It just ultimately was more pricey and less convenient than auto or air travel, so a lot of rail routes only run at very limited times.


Question: Why is it so hard to hear lyrics right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so hard to hear lyrics right?

Often sole audio queues are hard for the human brain to interpret as a majority of our communication is at least two fold: auditory and visual. Without lips to follow it’s super hard to know definitely what is being said, especially when the lyrics are ambiguous or muddled in the first place. Brain Games did a segment on it a while back


Question: Why is graphene so much more resistant and everything better than graphite if graphite looks like a bunch of graphene stacked? Also, never thought about it until I searched for the structures, where are the 4 carbon bonds on both graphene and graphite structures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is graphene so much more resistant and everything better than graphite if graphite looks like a bunch of graphene stacked? Also, never thought about it until I searched for the structures, where are the 4 carbon bonds on both graphene and graphite structures?

(to answer/u/ImmortalityMadeFLesh question): Carbon atoms have several ways to form a molecule, and among them are graphene and graphite. (They are quite a lot actually) [on this picture]( URL_0 ) is represented four of them: graphene (up left) - graphite (up right) - carbon nanotubes (down left) - and fullerene (down right) (those are only the one derived from graphene) As you can see on the picture, graphene is like a 2D plan of carbon, and graphite is similar to a bunch of graphene stacked. For graphene, 3 of the carbon bonds are between each other, and are extremely strong. The fourth bond is kind of a free electron, giving graphene its electronic properties. For graphite, you still have the 3 strong bond between carbon on the same plan, and the fourth is now the one binding the sheets of graphene together. However, this bond is very weak in comparison to the other, so it's very easy to break it, making graphite less resistant.


Question: How come I'm still dehydrated eventhough I drink a lot of soda, coffee and tea which contains water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come I'm still dehydrated eventhough I drink a lot of soda, coffee and tea which contains water?

Even though the caffeine in Tea, Coffee and some soft drinks is a diuretic there should still be enough water within the drinks to offset any caffeine effects. It could be worth looking at underlying health issues. Diabetes causes increased urination if you have sugary drinks. So maybe assess the colour of your urine. If it is a dark colour, especially first thing in the morning, might make it worth getting a check-up.


Question: What does 100% air humidity mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does 100% air humidity mean?

100 % air humidity means that there is as much water vapor in the atmosphere as possible. If you add more, it will start to condensate into raindrops. 100 % humidity does not mean that 100 % of the air is water vapor. How much water there may be in the atmosphere varies with temperature and what other stuff there is in the atmosphere. A really hot atmosphere may contain a lot more water before it reaches 100 % humidity, which is why the air may feel really damp in the tropics for example. If it is really cold outside, like -20 celsius or colder, the air is really really dry, which also causes dry lips for many.


Question: How can CEOs of large corporations run them into financial ruin, but get super-wealthy in the process? Why are they not paid based on company performance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can CEOs of large corporations run them into financial ruin, but get super-wealthy in the process? Why are they not paid based on company performance?

Ah, one of the tricky ones. Well, CE's are paid based on company performance however the metrics used focus on quarterly results which encourage exec's to sacrifice long term stability for short term profit. There's another undesirable effect at work here that magnifies the problem. Top flight CE's are paid largely on their ability to convince wall st analysts and investors that they are delivering value. This means when CE's make moves that destroy long term value to deliver short term profits, markets reward this behavior because that's what CE's are good at doing, fleecing the market. Investors will not want to second guess the person they put in to run the company eiher, so there's really not a lot of working checks and balances. By the time the problems manifest, the CE has either exited with their bonus, or the board forces them out. Now again because top CE's are like movie stars, they will have contracts written that guarantee them a golden parachute at the expense of shareholders.


Question: Why do burns hurt so bad when the injury is not actually that severe, and why does only slightly cooling it provide such immediate and complete relief of the pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do burns hurt so bad when the injury is not actually that severe, and why does only slightly cooling it provide such immediate and complete relief of the pain?

There is an interesting bit of neuroanatomy tied up in this question. A few things happen when you burn yourself. One is that your neurons actually sense heat as your tissue is heated. A second is that cells that are damaged or destroyed during the process start leaking their contents or otherwise emitting compounds not typically emitted... this includes neurons that are damaged and that spill ions and neurotransmitters into the space between cells. Think of a sensory neuron like it's a tadpole, and imagine there are essentially two parts, the head and the tail. The head (soma) is what reads information in to the neuron from the surrounding chemical environment. When it processes that information, it sends a signal along the tail (axon). That information goes to other neurons, head to tail, all the way up to the brain. There is a small bit of seemingly miraculous biochemistry that happens right where the head meets the tail, at a site called the "axon hillock." Something like an organic computer sits there and processes all of the chemical stimulus that's coming into the head of the neuron and deciding whether or not to pass along an impulse. It's a binary computer (more or less) and will essentially act on whatever the majority of the information tells it. A burned tissue is actually hot and actually telling your neurons that it's hot. That message can be stopped if you actually cool down the injury. The other semi-magic thing that happens is that some sensory input shares a sensation despite being physicochemically different. Hot peppers feel a lot like burning, and not because hot peppers actually raise the temperature. So what's happening? Some neurons have a set of instructions that essentially says, "yell at me if you get burned OR if you heat spicy salsa." That's why they feel so similar despite one being related to temperature and the other being related to capsaicin. We have similar neurochemical responses to thermally damaged tissue as we do to intact but hot tissue. This is a good thing for us, because putting cold water on a burn is actually a good move to reduce the temperature. This is when the axon hillock sees "hot + cold" and decides not to pass on a message. But because "spilled ions and neurotransmitters" also looks like "hot", cold water is effective in partially relieving the pain from tissue damaged by a burn and why -- once you remove the cold water yelling at the axon hillock -- the neurochemical impulse of burning flies back out.


Question: what is ego death and how does it actually feel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is ego death and how does it actually feel?

Ego death is most commonly known in the context of a deep acid (LSD) trip. What happens with this powerful psychedelic is that at a high enough dose, you literally lose your sense of self. I never got that far, it terrifies me. Think of it this way, right now you're reading what I am saying, you're thinking about it, and likely the first thing you can think about is applying it to yourself, imagining what I am saying from your perspective. Someone tells you I had a shitty day, you immediately start thinking ah I had a shitty day, those suck. Etc. Everything comes back to you because you are the center of your universe. Upon ego death, you no longer exist, and it feels as if you never have. When a thought comes to your mind, you don't even associate it with yourself even if it came from you, you just feel as if the universe is flowing through you and you're an inanimate observer. At this depth, you are stripped bare of every bias, every characteristic, all arrogance, etc, and you start to see the world from a perspective that is absolutely new to you. That is why when people go this far they don't come back the same. Some call it a spiritual awakening. Some call it detoxing the mind. I call it breaking your mind, in my opinion it doesn't matter how spiritual and rejuvenated you feel after, because everyone around you will feel that something broke in your head since that day. So.. That's ego death, to my knowledge. But I never went through it, so obviously I'll take all criticism like a good boy. Edit: English


Question: Why does a laser pointer not work with a power point display?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a laser pointer not work with a power point display?

Technically it does, just not very well. I assume that you're referring to a presentation that you're projecting onto a screen. The projector is sending light to the screen which bounces off and into your eyes. The light from the projector has to be pretty strong to be seen in a bright room. So, when you shine your laser pointer at the screen it has to be even brighter than the projector in order to be seen.


Question: How do geodes form beautiful crystals on the inside, while still being boring on the outside? How do you spot one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do geodes form beautiful crystals on the inside, while still being boring on the outside? How do you spot one?

I don't know how they form, but I know how to spot them. They are much lighter than a solid rock, sometimes even to the point of floating in water. So, if you are looking in an area where they are common, look along riverbeds and look in places where lighter rocks are likely to gather.


Question: Is there perfect amount of mold on blue cheese, or any amount is fine? Is it possible for it to grow too much mold, to point where it is spoiled, or is drying too much only way for it to spoil?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there perfect amount of mold on blue cheese, or any amount is fine? Is it possible for it to grow too much mold, to point where it is spoiled, or is drying too much only way for it to spoil?

There is a perfect, or at least a range of mold that is good for the cheese (for human taste). Also only some kind of molds are tasty and safe for us. Some other are not tasty and dangerous.Yes, if the cheese maker is letting too much mold growing in the cheese, it will spoil. The cave, temperature, moisture, everything is under control. Cheese making is a science, they have to do frequent [cheese coring]( URL_0 ) to check the mold growing. I remember finding one core hole in my Roquefort one day.  Source: I am French & #x200B; Edit: Guys, I have never said \*Sacre bleu\* in my life, nor heard another French saying it. The first time I heard this was in the USA. Where is this one coming from? Fellow French Canadians maybe? A movie?


Question: Where does influenza come from and why does it come every year?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does influenza come from and why does it come every year?

Influenza is endemic. Not sure about its origins - it's been with us for a long, long time. It's constantly circulating in the community. During colder months it tends to be worse because people tend to congregate inside in groups more than summer, when such groups are more outside. So it doesn't actually go away in summer, it just gets less prevalent because the conditions that help it circulate - lots of sick people in close proximity to other people - are more typical in winter.


Question: How did the Antikythera machine actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did the Antikythera machine actually work?

There's a fantastic YouTube channel where a guy is re-creating the machine by hand using only tools and methods available at the time. It's called Clickspring. He goes into a lot of how the machine works. Basically, all celestial motion is circles, and those circles happen at different rates. The earth rotates on its axis once per day, the moon rotates around the earth once every 30 days, the Earth goes around the sun once every 365.25 days, and the Earth has an axial tilt of 23.4 degrees. That means that depending on where the Earth is in its revolution around the sun, the sun will appear higher or lower in the sky. So what we need to find is a situation where the moon is between the earth and sun, the sun is at the right height at that time of day, and the observer is on the side of the Earth that's facing the sun. By using gears sized proportionally to each of those rotation times, you can track the movement of the Earth, Sun, and Moon in relation to each other at any point in time, then its just a matter of turning a drive gear an appropriate amount for the passage of time, and you can observe when the conditions for an eclipse will be met.


Question: Why are submarines so hard to track with modern technology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are submarines so hard to track with modern technology?

It is mostly just a factor of how damn big the ocean is. Even a surface boat is likely to avoid detection simply because there is so much ocean that it can be hard to find it. Also, submarines have a lot of the same sensor equipment that other ships do, and other ships generally aren't trying to be as stealthy as submarines are. which means that a submarine can very often detect and avoid the ship that would otherwise detect it.


Question: How is an i7 processor faster than an i3 if the clock speed is almost the same?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is an i7 processor faster than an i3 if the clock speed is almost the same?

**Short answer**: the difference is in how much your processor does in those clock cycles. **Long answer:** The amount of instructions your processor handles each second depends on two factors: * Clock speed: the speed at which the processor components switch state * Instructions per Clock cycle (IPC): the amount of instructions the processor can handle during one cycle. Clock speed has not improved that much over the last 5-10 years. A higher clock speed results in more heat, and we have hit a limit to how much we can comfortably cool. For desktops that's in between 3-4 GHz, for laptops that's even lower. Therefore lots of improvements have been made to the IPC. Mostly it comes down to parallellism: processing multiple instructions at the same time. If we compare processing instructions to doing the laundry: * Pipelining: instead of washing, drying, ironing the first load, then doing the same for the second, third, ... the second load can already start using the washing machine as soon as the first load is transfered to the dryer. * Instruction parallellism: if two loads of laundry require the same washing machine settings, we can put them together and execute in the same cycle. * Multiple processor cores: we use multiple washing machines, dryers, irons to wach multiple loads at the same time. * Multiple instruction threads per core: if a certain load does not need to be ironed, we can use the iron for another load. EDIT: * Most people seem to use the term "IPC" only to indicate single core performance, here I used it in the broader sense and do count multicore processors as an improvement in IPC. * Cache is indeed a factor I forgot. In laundry terms, cache is a set of racks where you can store a small amount of laundry. You can store laundry you just washed while it waits for the dryer to be free. Or if you have a load of blue shirts in the washing machine you can already prepare another load of blue shirts to follow so you don't have to switch settings.


Question: Why do people riot when Milo Yiannopoulos shows up to speak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people riot when Milo Yiannopoulos shows up to speak?

Other answers have sufficiently pointed out why Milo offends people. Even so, to *riot* is a level of response above protest. I assume this question is in direct response to the Berkeley riots. In that case, it should be noted that according to Redditors claiming to be from the Berkeley area, the riots have been escalated by an anarchist group who are interested in causing violence at any protest in which they are able. Such people have been looking for opportunities to vandalize property regardless and are less concerned with Milo's actual message. [Source]( URL_0 ) It is of course impossible to know whether riots would have occurred in the absence of these people, but their presence seems to have amplified the demonstrations and should be included in any balanced description of why a riot has taken place at that location.


Question: why are there so many different currencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are there so many different currencies?

Currency developed as a way to trade with people without having to exchange goods every time. Each civilization/culture comes up with their own currency, ranging from precious objects like salt and gold to government backed standards like coin and paper. Today, $1 in the US is still $1 all over the world, but that can be exchanged for an appropriate amount of local currency.


Question: How do wind instruments work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wind instruments work?

Sound is produced from oscillation (moving back and forth). To create a sound from blowing, you need to cause some part of the instrument to oscillate. Blowing over or between a reed will cause it to vibrate up and down, blowing into a brass instrument's mouthpiece produces vibrations from your lips, and in a flute, blowing over/at the edge affects the pressure within causing vibration. For different notes, it's the one time the size of your instrument matters. Sounds propagate and reinforce more in a space the size of their wavelength. A certain length of tube will amplify a certain pitch. Lower pitch notes have a longer wavelength, and are more easily produced by bigger tubes. By closing or opening more holes on an instrument you're manipulating the size of the tube, and as a result, which frequencies get amplified.


Question: Why do two thinner coats of paint typically last longer than one thick coat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do two thinner coats of paint typically last longer than one thick coat?

When the paint dries it starts on the outside and dries inward. Also when it dries it changes size a tiny bit. On a thick coat the outside is completely dry while the inside is mostly wet, so when the inside dries it pulls tension on the outer portion, making it easier to crack later.


Question: Why do some countries use the USD despite them not being connected to the US? Ex. El Salvador

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some countries use the USD despite them not being connected to the US? Ex. El Salvador

Printing your own currency is costly and opens you up to currency manipulation if the government is too inept. In some poorer countries with a history of governmental instability it's much easier to use a highly stable currency like the US Dollar. Yes you lose some currency sovereignty, but you also avoid falling into an inflationary death spiral like Venezuela or Zimbabwe when your economy hits a rough patch. It also avoids the need to exchange currencies since the US receives a whopping 2/3rds of their exports.


Question: How does a 1920x1080 resolution screen display media in lower resolutions, such as 1600x900, when the ratio between resolutions isn't a whole number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a 1920x1080 resolution screen display media in lower resolutions, such as 1600x900, when the ratio between resolutions isn't a whole number?

It interpolates the difference. There are many, many techniques to do this - some are super dumb like just removing every X pixel. Others are very sophisticated and involve looking for patterns or maintaining certain colours where they produce a high level of contrast (on the assumption that this is likely to be visually important and thus useful to maintain). As a result, different types of scaling can produce really quite markedly different results, and it works in both directions - removing pixels which are there and adding new ones which weren't originally there.


Question: With Doctors and nurses being in such important positions, why are their shifts so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 With Doctors and nurses being in such important positions, why are their shifts so long?

The idea is that a lot of mistakes can be made handing off the care of a patient to another person. Too many times Doctors and Nurses would forget something important to tell the next guy. The kind of things they needed to tell were too complicated to be covered by a simple check list. So they thought they would minimize these mistakes by lowering the number of times this change over happened.


Question: How are companies like Uber and AirBnB among the most valuable private tech companies if they don't own much in the way of property (cars, houses, etc)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are companies like Uber and AirBnB among the most valuable private tech companies if they don't own much in the way of property (cars, houses, etc)?

If every single employee except one left, every piece of real estate, equipment, vehicles, etc., and every bit of inventory of Coke were wiped out tomorrow, how much would the company be worth? Answer: probably well over $1 billion. Coke in this example would still all of their contracts, all of their IP and trademarks, all of their distribution agreements, their brand recognition, goodwill, etc. There'd be an army of investors ready to get the company going again overnight. A company is worth more than just its tangible assets.