Question: Why is not charging a laptop to it's full capacity if you run it on power often better for it's battery than charging to 100%?

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 Why is not charging a laptop to it's full capacity if you run it on power often better for it's battery than charging to 100%?

Lithium batteries don't like to be charged to 100%. What's happening is the positive and negative sides of the battery are separated by a thin insulator to keep it from short-circuiting. But the higher the voltage, the more electrons want to jump across the insulator -- there is leakage. The higher the voltage, the worse the leakage is, and this damages the battery over time. Anecdotal evidence: I got a Samsung Galaxy S9 and it was my first phone to support wireless charging. So, I got some charging stands and left it on them all day at work and all night when I was sleeping. Result: My S9 has *terrible* battery life now, because it's spent so much of its life at 100%. :( BTW, lithium batteries also don't like to be over-discharged, it causes the chemicals to degrade. So if you run your device down below 20% frequently, you're destroying the lifetime of the battery. It varies by chemistry (Li-ion, LiPo, LiFePO, etc) but generally they're happiest at 20 to 80%.


Question: what on earth is perfectoid space?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 what on earth is perfectoid space?

Perfectoid spaces are complicated. I'll do my best. Extremely loosely, in Number Theory there are two kinds of objects. It doesn't matter what they actually are, so we'll just call them Type A and Type B. These are two worlds where thing are similar enough so that we can ask the same kinds of questions about both, but different enough so that there is no direct connection between them. An interesting thing about this dichotomy is that Type A is generally really good at producing great questions, but it is really hard to prove them in Type A, however the analogous question in Type B can actually be doable. An example of this is actually the Riemann Hypothesis. It originated in Type A, and we found a version of it in the Type B world and have proved it there. Some of the reason for this difference is that Type B is very wholly a mix of both geometry and arithmetic, allowing us to take advantage of geometric tricks to solve these problems. Type A, however, is more arithmetic and while there is a lot of geometry about Type A as well, it is extremely subtle and complicated and there are always exceptions or different kinds options where the correct choice is not obvious. The field of Arithmetic Geometry is one that wants to unify these Type A more holistically with geometry. The past 50 years of number theory has seen a lot of different attempts to make the geometry in Type A work. During these attempts, we found an example of an object in Type A and one object in Type B that had a direct connection. This was big and opened the door to many different constructions and results. But this was just one example, and the way to get this connection was a little ad hoc. The first thing that Peter Scholze did was find a general construction and context in which we could take certain kinds of objects in Type A to get certain kinds of objects in Type B that generalized this first connection. These particular objects are called Perfectoid Fields and the process of going between Type A and Type B is called "Tilting". This was extremely interesting. But it only worked for the most basic kinds of object in number theory, and not the weird, wacky, and abstract kinds of geometric objects that now are prevalent in Type A and Type B. So he generalized his construction to be more geometric in nature, and the result are Perfectoid Spaces. In general, you can take a Perfectoid Space of Type A and "tilt" it to get a Perfectoid Space of Type B that is directly connected to the original. This allows us to transfer results from Type B into Type A. A really big thing that he did with Perfectoid Spaces was to demonstrate their power by directly transferring a major result that we had proved in Type B and proved it for a large class of objects in Type A. This was all around 2012. Since then, people have been looking into the geometric implications of Perfectoid Spaces to really big and difficult conjectures. The holy grail of a lot of number theory is the so-called "Langlands Program", and perfectoid spaces get a lot of attention from people interested in Langlands Program. But, moreover, in attempts to geometrize Type A, mathematicians came up with a whole bunch of different, yet related, tools borrowed from geometry. A particular tool may be better addressing one problem than a different one is, but there are so many hints that there should be some kind of relationship between them. Recently, Peter Scholze has been working to unify all these different tools as special cases of one, important and general tool. I don't want to sound heretical or anything, but the way that Scholze creates objects to solve hard problems by unifying past themes is reminiscent of how Grothendieck worked. Scholze may be Grothendieck reincarnated. **TL;DR** What Scholze has done, essentially, is make sense of some of the most abstract and difficult math out there, developed within the last 50 years, unified it all and generalized it to get groundbreaking results.


Question: If maths is a universal language, how will ET’s understand the way we communicate it, as in 1,2,3’s etc?

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 If maths is a universal language, how will ET’s understand the way we communicate it, as in 1,2,3’s etc?

Well no matter what you call the numbers, you could call 1 fart and 2 could be kart. The interactions these two will be the same because. Fart plus fart equals kart. Though it may take a second or two to dissect that fart is one, it would be a lot quicker than trying to learn another language.


Question: How are we able to determine the age of a star accurately?

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 How are we able to determine the age of a star accurately?

So we don't actually know the exact age of any star but we can make fairly accurate(within a few hundred million years) guesstimates. We can do this because we can observe the mass and brightness of a star currently and also the light spectrum. Fusing different elements produces different varieties of light(most not visible to the naked eye but we have sensitive instruments that can). By measuring the spectrum of light we can estimate what elements are currently being fused in the star, because we know elements are fused "in order" because it's less energy intensive to fuse simpler elements we can tell how long the star has been burning by calculating how long it would take to fuse all the elements that are lighter than what the star is currently fusing. We then calculate how far away the star is and we know roughly how old the star is.


Question: When you show your favorite shows to your friend, why does it feel like it's not awesome enough at that particular time?

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 When you show your favorite shows to your friend, why does it feel like it's not awesome enough at that particular time?

I agree with all the comments made so far, but I think we're missing one element: We want our friends to like us for introducing them to it. We want recognition of being cool / cultured / having good taste - whatever. My favorite author* on child psychology says that the deepest desire, the deepest motivator, for all people is a need to be seen. We want to be seen as valuable and something special, be accepted for who we really are. Sharing what we like is a form of openness and vulnerability, and that makes us even more focused on getting the right feedback, so we get nervous about whether this movie, or show, or music actually made the mark. That's why I value it greatly when friends share their interests with me, and I make sure they are seen when they share. Wow! Thanks for the Gold! - *Pursuant to feedback: Jesper Juul is the author I was referring to, and two great books are ["Your Competent Child"]( URL_0 ) and ["Here I Am! Who are You?"]( URL_1 )


Question: How can a negative # multiplied by a negative # be a positive?

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 How can a negative # multiplied by a negative # be a positive?

3 x 3 means “take three steps forward, three times” 3 x -3 means “take three steps forward, but turn around first and do it three times. -3 x -3 means “take three steps backwards, but turn around first and do it three times. Since you turn around *and* step backwards, you’re moving forward.


Question: What went wrong with Yahoo?

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 What went wrong with Yahoo?

Failure to innovate/acquire innovation is a big one. It stopped them from being relevant. Also, add on to the fact that they had a series of data breaches that didn't sit well with their consumers caused a huge backlash against them. I think they also went into "the board is right" scenario where cost cutting became the number 1 focus instead of growing the business, which cost Yahoo a lot in terms of customers/innovation. It's a common theme actually. Companies that fail to innovate and become obsolete/irrelevant to their customers usually fall fast and get acquired or fail completely. It's essentially a downward spiral. As consumer use wanes, company panics and tries to innovate. Innovation doesn't work (not relevant or too slow) and those with good ideas leave to go elsewhere. Company starts making cost cutting as way to save face with investors, which leaves little room for innovation. Innovation suffers even more or completely stops and sends the company into a further downward spiral as new competitors emerge and pick up where the company lacks. Eventually, the company starts trying to stem the bleeding by doing a last ditch innovation effort, but due to lack of funding, data, and man power to do it right, the innovation is pushed forward and flops horribly. The cost cutting goes to extreme measures where mass lay-offs start happening and a skeleton crew of workers are tasked with performing 4 different jobs. During all of this, senior leadership changes hands at least 3-4 times in a short amount of time (usually within 5 years). The board of directors preps the company for sale/bankruptcy and starts liquidating assets, hoping to get some money back from their failed investment. This is exactly what happened to Yahoo.


Question: Why do people puff out their cheeks and blow when lifting something heavy?

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 Why do people puff out their cheeks and blow when lifting something heavy?

It’s really hard to inhale when your muscles are all contracted, but contracting all or a lot of your muscles is what happens when you lift a heavy thing. You inhale, the lift, and as part of the lifting, you exhale. If your mouth is closed, and your jaw is also clenched, their in your mouth builds up in your cheeks until you think to let it out. Because this happens kind of naturally, we also learn to do it on purpose to coordinate our breathing and exertion.


Question: How can it actually be one temperature, but feel like another?

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 How can it actually be one temperature, but feel like another?

The thermostat measures temperature, but you don’t *feel* temperature. You feel heat transfer rate, and that isn’t just a function of temperature. The wind and relative humidity change how effectively the air can draw body heat away from you (or put more heat in, on a scorching hot day). Humid air can carry more heat in or out, and wind increases the transfer rate even further. You’ll feel much colder on a damp, windy night in Maine than you’d feel at the exact same temperature in the still desert air of Arizona.


Question: If the speed of an object is relative to another object, then why can't matter travel faster than the speed if light, but in relation to something else?

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 If the speed of an object is relative to another object, then why can't matter travel faster than the speed if light, but in relation to something else?

Velocities do not actually add up like you learned in high school/freshman physics. That is called Galilean relativity, and in the early 20th century it was found to be incorrect - velocity addition actually have a more complex formula, and they always add in a way that relative velocities do not surpass the speed of light. If the bullets are shot at each other at 0.5c, each of them will see the other one heading towards it at 0.8c.


Question: What are confidence intervals? (Statistics)

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 What are confidence intervals? (Statistics)

As you know, statistics never says anything for certain. Anytime you are doing sampling rather than looking at an entire population there is always a chance that your sample was really strange and doesn't reflect the population as a whole. If I sample 100,000 people of a 1,000,000 population to ask what their favorite color is - blue or green, and 90,000 say blue, I would say that 90% of people's favorite color is blue, but there is a _non-zero_ chance that I just so happened to ask the only 90,000 people in the population that like blue, and the actual population distribution is 910,000 green, 90,000 blue. Confidence intervals are a way of saying, "Given how many people I sampled, how I selected those people and what they said, I am X% confident that my conclusion is accurate within Y points either direction". So, I would assign a confidence interval to show how certain I am (based on the math) that 90% of the population actually prefers blue.


Question: Why are rockets not launched from a barrel like a bullet from a gun?

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 Why are rockets not launched from a barrel like a bullet from a gun?

Because to reach orbital velocities ( multiple kilometres per second) without destroying the payload would require acceleration over a long time, meaning the barrel of your gun would need to be 100’s of kilometres long. It would also need to be almost a complete vacuum or air resistance would destroy the payload again. This is the concept behind a mass driver, and it might be a good idea for the moon when there is no air and getting to orbit is easier, but it would require a massive investment to work on Earth.


Question: Why do systems in the universe operate as flat plains?

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 Why do systems in the universe operate as flat plains?

Clumps of objects, like solar systems or galaxies, have a whole heap of motion. Each object within that system will have its own motion, but as a whole the system will have an overall average rotational motion. This rotational motion is effectively made up of the combined linear motion of the objects in two of the three dimensions, a 2D plane. As the system formed, objects within the system (eg rocks, dust, early planets etc), collide with each other, effectively cancelling out all the motion in the direction not encompassed by the overall rotation. This means that all the objects eventually end up constrained to the 2D plane of rotation, making it flat. Minutephysics has a great video talking about this far better than I can URL_0


Question: How does carbonation work? Furthermore, when you see a single constant stream of bubbles arising from the bottom of a glass (of, let's say, beer), what is the origin? Why does it stay in the same spot and not move around the cup? What keeps the stream of bubbles going?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does carbonation work? Furthermore, when you see a single constant stream of bubbles arising from the bottom of a glass (of, let's say, beer), what is the origin? Why does it stay in the same spot and not move around the cup? What keeps the stream of bubbles going?

Carbon dioxide is a gas that can be dissolved in water. Soda and beer are stored under pressure in bottles/cans that keep the carbon dioxide in solution. When the pressure is released, the gas can come out of solution, and a tiny rough spot can be a nucleation site (starting point) for bubbles.


Question: How do scientists measure the temperature of a distant celestial object without physically going there?

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 How do scientists measure the temperature of a distant celestial object without physically going there?

Stars are very close approximations to an ideal model in physics called a *black body*. A black body radiates electromagnetic waves in all wavelengths. The distribution of these waves, however, depends on the temperature of the body. A hotter object emits more light close to the blue, high energy end of the spectrum. By looking at the spectrum of light coming from a black body, and seeing what it's peak value is (i.e which wavelength it emits the most of), scientists can measure the surface temperature. This is how we know what the surface temperatures of stars are, and how we know the bluer ones are far hotter than the redder ones.


Question: How can PG & E (or any company) be charged with manslaughter/murder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How can PG & E (or any company) be charged with manslaughter/murder?

To answer a little more specific from the perspective of a Californian and answering directly about PG & E: They’re simply going to have to pay a fine. Maybe someone higher up in the company gets a sentence. That’s really it. This isn’t the 1st, and it certainly won’t be the last, time that PG & E is responsible for a large issue in California. So long as they can put a $ value on it, the company will be fine. They’ll have their lawyers find ways to have to pay the $ back over a long period of time or find reduce the $ amount through a settlement.


Question: Why does an injury (cut or scrape) hurt more once you look at it?

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 Why does an injury (cut or scrape) hurt more once you look at it?

Have you ever walked into a room that had an odd smell, but three minutes later you couldn't really tell that the smell was there? Have you ever suddenly realized how hungry you are when someone passes by with a tasty looking snack? Have you ever had to pee, but you were busy doing something so it didn't really seem so urgent? Now imagine somebody not only asked if you had to pee, but was watering their houseplant at the same time. Our brain does a great job of filtering out things that we're not paying attention to. Once they're brought to our attention, the sensations that were there all along become much more obvious to our conscious mind.


Question: Why does pain grow over a few seconds instead of instantly peaking?

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 Why does pain grow over a few seconds instead of instantly peaking?

Simply put - you have different types of nerves that transmit at different speeds, resulting in different types of pain at different times after the injury. To break it down, let's talk about nerve fibers. There are two main types of nerve fibers that travel from the free nerve endings to the brain. These are used to generate nerve impulses through your nervous system and carry information to your brain to say "Ouch, that was a bad idea!" A-delta fibers are myelinated (covered in a fatty sheath that helps signals travel faster) and as a result, they cause the instant sensation of pain you feel immediately on impact. They transmit sharp, stabbing pain that is highly localised and ends quickly after the noxious stimulus is removed. This is the "Ouch, I just stubbed my toe!" feeling that occurs on impact and hurts for a second but isn't too horrible. C fibers, on the other hand, don't have that myelin sheath and so transmit signals far slower. These transmit a throbbing, burning, or aching pain that doesn't occur immediately but carries on for a long time after the causative stimulus is removed.


Question: How does rule utilitarianism work?

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 How does rule utilitarianism work?

Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy which holds that one should take actions that maximize peoples' well-being or at least minimize the overall harm done if no good options are available. There are multiple type of utilitarianism, with "rule utilitarianism" acting as something of a more moderate version than "act utilitarianism". Act utilitarianism argues that every action one takes should be judged separately and individually, purely on its own unique consequences. On the other hand, rule utilitarianism just says that the utilitarian ideal (maximizing well-being, minimizing harm) should be used to design moral rules to follow (e.g. "don't murder"), and then each individual action can be judged according to the general rules one has developed.


Question: Why is it okay to eat blue cheese, but not other things that are moldy?

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 Why is it okay to eat blue cheese, but not other things that are moldy?

Different species of mold have make different byproducts as they grow, and not all of them are harmful. Through experience we know some that are safe, like those used in making cheese. (Yeast is also a fungus, but not a mold, and is used for baking and brewing.) When food around the house gets moldy from whatever spores were in the air, it's a bad bet: there's a big risk that whatever mold it is either is generally poisonous or might produce something you're allergic to. This why cleanliness is actually very important when working with mold. Get the wrong kind of fungus in your product and it will ruin the whole batch.


Question: Why do news websites insist on using terrible video players when it would be easier and more user friendly to embed Youtube videos?

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 Why do news websites insist on using terrible video players when it would be easier and more user friendly to embed Youtube videos?

Youtube has an infamously crappy report system that can be abused, so a breaking news story might be yanked because it offended some 14-year old in a basement somewhere. I'm also not sure about the rights situation, Youtube might stake a claim in the news station's video if they upload it there.


Question: Why do so many actors end up directing some of the episodes of the tv show they are starring on?

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 Why do so many actors end up directing some of the episodes of the tv show they are starring on?

It is a way to expand professionally. Being on a mid-tier basic cable TV series isn't something you can ride for the rest of your career...especially if you were cast for being young and good looking, and that is becoming less true each passing year. If you don't want to go back to doing dinner theater and TV commercials, directing is a career path you can continue one with when you are balding and overweight. Also, not to disparage a career, but it isn't that hard to do with an established TV show. The producers and writers have all the creative control, the actors know their characters, the sets are build, the wardrobe stocked, and there is an experienced assistant director standing right next to you. It is more than just yelling "action!" and "cut!", but with a bunch of people who've done a hundred times before, it is a pretty gentle way to break into the craft. Finally, sometimes it is in the contract. If you are a lead in a long running TV show, there is a temptation to leave and find something else before it loses its popularity and before you lose your looks. The show has to provide inducements for you to stay, money, more creative control, and sometimes the opportunity to direct.


Question: Where do we get the chemicals used in laboratories to create medicine?

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 Where do we get the chemicals used in laboratories to create medicine?

While most medicinal chemicals were originally found in plants/animals/whatever natural source was available, modern methods tend not to rely on them. In fact, the majority of modern organic molecules are mass-manufactured from petroleum derivatives. I'll expand a little on your example of salicylic acid: The "natural" source of salicylic acid is in *Arabidopsis thaliana*, where it's biosynthesised from phenylalanine, an amino acid. Modern production originates with a molecule called cumene, which is found in crude oil. Cumene gets converted to phenol using a Hock rearrangement. Phenol then gets treated with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium phenolate. Sodium phenolate then gets pressurised with carbon dioxide at a high temperature to make the precursor to salicylic acid. This precursor then gets treated with sulfuric acid to acidify it, making salicylic acid. This might seem like a much more involved process than just extracting it from the plant, but it has the advantages of producing an essentially pure chemical in a predictable manner. tl;dr: Some medical compounds are still extracted from plants, but we've found a way to get most of them from oil.


Question: How do smartphone and other devices know what time is it even without internet connection? And even when they were turned off and then turned on.

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 How do smartphone and other devices know what time is it even without internet connection? And even when they were turned off and then turned on.

Your English is fine. Most wireless electronic devices have a little quartz crystal and battery (much like a watch) to keep time. The battery charges the crystal, the crystal vibrates at a certain frequency, and the frequency is used to measure time. This isn't always 100% accurate, so over time, the longer you keep your phone disconnected from the network, the less accurate the clock might become.


Question: I heard that it is incorrect to say that i = sqrt(-1) but it is better to say that i^2 = -1. Why so?

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 I heard that it is incorrect to say that i = sqrt(-1) but it is better to say that i^2 = -1. Why so?

They're both true, but the second one is the definition of i. We define i by noting that x^(2)+1=0 "should" have two solutions and choosing to call one of those solutions i. From there we can define sqrt( & minus;1)=i, rather than defining i=sqrt( & minus;1). We also find that the other solution of x^(2)+1=0 is equal to & minus;i. There was nothing special about the solution that we picked before we picked it - we didn't say "let i be the positive solution" or anything like that. Instead we said "let i be one of the solutions", then effectively decided to call whichever one we picked the "positive" solution.


Question: Why are there no green stars?

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 Why are there no green stars?

All objects emit electromagnetic EM radiation (“light”) based on their temperature. They emit pretty much all frequencies, peaking at a certain point and tapering off in either direction. An object that is “red hot” peaks in the infra-red range, and as we look at the visible spectrum, the light is more intense at the red end and tapering off towards the blue, so the object glows red. A much hotter object will peak in the ultra-violet range; the visible portion of its light will be dimmer\* in the red end and brighter in the blue, making the object appear “blue-hot.” \*(relatively. Overall output is much higher for the hotter object, but the “red” side of its radiation curve is relatively dimmer than the “blue” side.) So what about something in between, something that peaks right in the middle of the green part of the visible spectrum? Well the curve doesn’t have a sharp point in the middle, it’s actually relatively flat on top (and the visible spectrum is comparatively extremely narrow), so anything that peaks near the visible spectrum will have the intensity spread pretty evenly across all frequencies that we can see, making the object appear “white hot” instead.


Question: Why do cookies become soft after you put a slice of bread with them?

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 Why do cookies become soft after you put a slice of bread with them?

Breads and cookies hold moisture in them, to some degree, depending on how soft the cookies or bread are. Cookies have lots of sugar, and sugar is hygroscopic, meaning it abroad moisture from the air! Keeping a more moist pieces of break with your cookies allows for the moisture from said bread (less sugar) to transfer to your cookies (more sugar), thus making them softer.


Question: Why is there so much footage of nuclear bomb tests, etc. from years ago, but no recent or modern footage now? Has the world stopped testing or is it just now made public?

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 Why is there so much footage of nuclear bomb tests, etc. from years ago, but no recent or modern footage now? Has the world stopped testing or is it just now made public?

Most testing moved underground, literally. Specially constructed facilities that sort of resembled bomb shelters, but in reverse, and deep underground. The footage from those is sort of a "dark place, really dark, blindlingly bright, camera destroyed". The tapes you are talking about were cameras spaced out from "nearby" to "far away" where the camera might not be destroyed, or at least the camera could get several seconds to a few minutes of footage before being knocked over.


Question: why is the download speed of a file always less than the speed shown on an internet speed test like ookla?

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 why is the download speed of a file always less than the speed shown on an internet speed test like ookla?

First of all, you're mixing up mega*bits* and mega*bytes*. A byte is 8 bits, and internet speeds are usually given in megabits, while actual download speeds are given in megabytes. So your speedtest result is 30megabits/s, which is 3.75megabytes/s. Additionally your bandwidth is limited by the server's bandwidth. If the server doesn't want you to get more than 1mb/s then it doesn't matter how fast your internet connection is.


Question: what's the difference between 3-in-1 shampoo and mixing equal parts shampoo conditioner and body wash yourself?

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 what's the difference between 3-in-1 shampoo and mixing equal parts shampoo conditioner and body wash yourself?

I am not an expert on this, but came across a video recently which broke this down (might have been Wired). A shampoo is designed to remove oils (among other things) from your hair. A conditioner is designed to add oil (among other things) to your hair. 2-in-1 products have a formulation which is designed to allow the two seemingly divergent properties to coexist. Some of this is done via delayed activation of the conditioning element in 2-in-1 products whereby the conditioner doesn't kick in until you rinse (thereby washing out the shampoo and the oils while leaving behind the conditioner). Or there is a water soluble buffering agent which likewise gets rinsed out, leaving the conditioning agent behind. Because of this "compromise", using the product separately would yield the best results since you allow each product maximum conditions for efficacy. Mixing a conditioner and shampoo in your hand likely won't be as effective as the resultant mixture has not been formulated for it. Some of the effects of the conditioner will be neutralized by the shampoo without a buffering agent. Edit: grammar.


Question: how does time dialation work?

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 how does time dialation work?

Imagine standing in a train, rolling a ball on the floor. The train is moving at 70 mph. From your perspective inside the train the ball is rolling at 10 mph. From the perspective of someone outside the train the ball is moving at 80 mph. As your velocity approaches relativistic levels the length of time in a second starts to get longer. From your perspective travelling that fast, time seems normal, but from the perspective of someone external your clock appears to slow down. The result is if we travelled to somewhere 20 light years away at 99% the speed of light, from our perspective on earth over 20 years would pass but from the perspective of people on the ship the trip would probably only take about 3 years.


Question: why are Muslims forbidden to eat pork?

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 why are Muslims forbidden to eat pork?

It does not only apply to Muslims. All abrahamic religions forbids people from eating pork, along with shellfish and a bunch of other things. So devout Jews, Christians and Muslims all avoid pork for religious reasons. The reason for this is that it say so in ther respective religious texts. Why people added it to the religious texts is just speculations. However there are lots of diseases such as tapeworm, trichinosis, listeria, salmonella, etc. which are common between humans and pigs. So eating infected pork can infect humans as well. There are far fewer such diseases in cows and sheep. It is possible that people made this connection a long time ago and added it to the religious texts. This is how Jews were forbidden from eating pork. When Christianity were formed they retained these rules and when Islam were formed they copied the rules from the Christians again.


Question: variable change using the ‘goat/car behind the door’ and picking door 1. Door 3 is exposed as a goat, why should you now change your selection to door 2?

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 variable change using the ‘goat/car behind the door’ and picking door 1. Door 3 is exposed as a goat, why should you now change your selection to door 2?

Remember, the guy opening the other door Knows wich door the goat is behind. Think of his action as introducing new information to the problem Say there were ten thousand doors, you chose door 9567. He then opens nine thousand nine hundred and ninety eight other doors. Leaves one closed. Remember, he knows where the goat is. Is it behind your door, or his?


Question: How did the baby boomers generation "destroy the economy"?

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</answer>
 How did the baby boomers generation "destroy the economy"?

They are referencing that the economic policies of the 80s 90s and 00s centralized wealth a lot, greatly increased corporate power (especially citizens united, allowing corporations to directly finance election campaigns), and their spending habits were heavy on deficit spending leading to a too strong luxury market, which the millenials are now crashing because they don't buy luxuries as much, or the same ones, as well as causing the 2008 financial crises when all that debt finally came to a head and couldn't get paid. It should be noted that despite all this the "economy", and the average standard of living, are both much better off right now than they were in 1980.


Question: In a DC battery, if electricity flows from the negative to the positive terminal, why does the negative terminal measure 0V?

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 In a DC battery, if electricity flows from the negative to the positive terminal, why does the negative terminal measure 0V?

What’s considered ground (0 V) is always a matter of choice. There’s no such thing as 0 V in absolute terms. For battery power, we usually call the negative terminal ground, so for example for a 12 V battery, the positive terminal is then at 12 V. But in principle, there’s nothing stopping us from considering the positive terminal being 0 V, then the negative terminal would be at -12 V. Whethet any terminal of a battery or any other voltage source is safe to touch will depend on whether you complete a circuit to a different potential than the terminal you are touching. If there is a potential difference, then there will be a current through your body.


Question: How does a galaxy move?

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 How does a galaxy move?

Galaxies move based on gravity of their components (stars, planets gases etc) . Most galaxies have a black hole at the center , it's mass and gravity also affects the motion. Over large periods of time millions and billions of years galxies may colesce with other galaxies affecting each others movements


Question: Do people with lazy eyes have more "field of view" or does your brain automatically fix it and make it a normal image?

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 Do people with lazy eyes have more "field of view" or does your brain automatically fix it and make it a normal image?

"Lazy eye" is sometimes used to describe [strabismus]( URL_0 ) (eyes target different points in space) and sometimes used to describe [amblyopia]( URL_1 ) (both eyes can physically see but the brain only uses one of them). Amblyopia is that "brain fixing it" you're asking about, and it can often result from childhood strabismus. Adults who develop strabismus will often experience double vision instead (two offset views of the scene). This technically increases the field of vision, but it tends to be pretty confusing data that's hard for them to use.


Question: - How does a power line (from the pole to your house) shock you if it’s insulated/shielded?

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 - How does a power line (from the pole to your house) shock you if it’s insulated/shielded?

If the insulation is well fitted and fully functioning, the won't shock you. This is all about the simple fact that things that are left outdoors for decades have a tendency to break in mysterious ways. Because of simple things like rain. Wind. Kids throwing rocks. That tree that the last storm knocked over. In fact, in nearly all jurisdictions, power companies have mandatory annual or biannual inspections. So that broken equipment gets replaced before they transition from being dangerous to causing a near-lethal accident. Yep. It's literally someone who walks from pole to pole. Checks the pole for excessive rot. Looks at all the equipment. Reports back everything that is broken, or that needs a closer look to determine if it actually is broken or just looks that way.


Question: how on earth does rheoscopic liquid work?

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 how on earth does rheoscopic liquid work?

Picture throwing a stick into a fast-flowing river. It would spin around for a little bit, but then you'd expect it (generally speaking, on average) to align with the flow of the river. This is what's known as a [preferential alignment]( URL_0 ). Throw it into a still pond, on the other hand, you wouldn't expect it to have any particular alignment; it might readily be North-South, East-West, or anything in between. A rheoscopic fluid works kind of the same way, except there are millions of tiny particles in it, and each one of them reflects the light that hits it. When they're all pointing the same way -- as they are in areas of high current -- they're all reflecting the light that hits them back in roughly the same direction. That makes it seem brighter to us. When the current is lower, they're not all facing the same way (like in the pond example), so the resulting reflection is less bright overall. The liquid isn't 'ridged' or 'waved', for want of a better word, so there's no negative space; it just looks that way because it's not reflecting light equally in all directions.


Question: If I had enough money to purchase the Mona Lisa, would I be able to destroy it without repercussions? If not, why not?

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 If I had enough money to purchase the Mona Lisa, would I be able to destroy it without repercussions? If not, why not?

In the US, there are buildings, structures, and trees (yes, trees) that are specifically protected by laws making it illegal to demolish or significantly alter them due to their great age or significance. I've never heard of such a law for smaller items (likely since it's never been necessary) but you can bet that it will exist after u/tam319 uses the *Mona Lisa* as a tortilla.


Question: What is blood pressure and how is measured? Every time my blood pressure is taken they say it’s good but I couldn’t tell from looking at the numbers

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 What is blood pressure and how is measured? Every time my blood pressure is taken they say it’s good but I couldn’t tell from looking at the numbers

It's the pressure (like water pressure) of the blood circulating through your body. The first number is at the beat (pump) and so higher, the second at the rest. 120/70 is good. Anything higher than that is going to make many doctors unhappy. Higher in terms of what is good/what requires treatment varies from time to time based on recommendations and the preferences of individual doctors. For example: medication intervention has sometimes been recommended at the 140 and 130 level. About three years ago it was raised to 150 but I believe it's back down again. I don't think there's a doctor around who's going to say that 140-150 is "good" even if he doesn't prescribe medication. He's going to talk about lifestyle changes at a minimum. Even 130-140 you may be told it's "OK" but probably not "good."


Question: Why do sometimes random songs you haven't heard in a while start playing in your mind?

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 Why do sometimes random songs you haven't heard in a while start playing in your mind?

What you may think as being random isn't actually all that random. Think of your brain as many interconnected memories or associations. When you start playing that random song in your head it's most likely due to something that triggered that memory. Have you ever heard someone say something and you immediate started to think of something completely off topic? That's a great example of those interconnected memories that we all have that were built from our experiences. Word association is a great way to demonstrate this. If someone said "sky" you might think of "blue". There was no reason that you should say "blue". I didn't say to tell me a color nor tell me to describe the sky in any way. These kinds of connections are made constantly and, at times, happen without us even realizing it.


Question: Why is 20/20 vision considered normal?

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 Why is 20/20 vision considered normal?

It's literally the baseline of average. Just in case you don't understand what it means it literally means I see at 20 ft what you see at 20 ft. So by that definition it is the normal average standard of visual acuity. Quite often with corrective eyewear people do experience better than average vision, using myself as an example I have 25/20 vision with my glasses on. I see you at 25 ft what you can only see at 20. But as far as I know there's no definable methodology they can use to be able to say I will improve your vision x amount. All medicine can do is make the best corrections they're capable of often that results in average sometimes below average and sometimes above average.


Question: Why is blood pressure higher when we lie down? Shouldn't it be lower because we're resting?

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 Why is blood pressure higher when we lie down? Shouldn't it be lower because we're resting?

Blood is a liquid that is subject to gravity. Your limbs pool blood much like a pipe, a bag, a water bottle. Your arm may be around 3ft, your whole body about 6ft+. The pressure when standing concentrates in the bottom of your legs, your palms. When lying down, the longest “path” for the blood to pool against is about the “depth” of the body. Overall, the distribution of blood when you’re lying down is more equal, vs. when you’re standing up when it’s concentrated to the bottom of your limbs. A fun proof which you can do is to raise your hand above your head and look at the veigns, and then lower it beside you and watch those veigns pop due to increased pressure.


Question: Why can two words that form a phrase retain the same meaning even if interchanged? E.G. beautifully drawn & drawn beautifully.

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 Why can two words that form a phrase retain the same meaning even if interchanged? E.G. beautifully drawn & drawn beautifully.

Because word order is somewhat flexible in nearly all languages. In English somewhat less so than in many others, but where to put adverbs is more of a question of emphasis than correct grammar or semantics. In some other languages you can even do things like "him loves she" where in English you have to say something like "he's the one she loves" to get the same emphasis across because English has no real case system. Ultimately all features of languages are arbitrary.


Question: How does this fountain work? Why does the (massive) ball not squeeze all the water out, how does it float?

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 How does this fountain work? Why does the (massive) ball not squeeze all the water out, how does it float?

The fountain itself is of a type called a Kugel Fountain. The stone is not floating, but rather the water is being injected below it under pressure, creating a very thin cushion that lubricates its movement over the socket, allowing it to experience very low friction and move like a giant ball bearing. If you turned off the pump (assuming the socket fit would allow it) the weight of the stone would easily squish all the water out from beneath it. This [article]( URL_0 ) appears to cover it better, although to my inexpert eyes it looks a bit more ELIMajorInPhysics.