Question: DRM and DRM removal software. How does DRM work and isn’t there removal software that works for all services?

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 DRM and DRM removal software. How does DRM work and isn’t there removal software that works for all services?

The problem with your question is that it's hard to explain such a large concept in layman's terms... Beyond that, DRM is so large that anything anyone says can likely have someone reply to it with "you are wrong" as they provide some edge case... DRM or Digital Rights Management is a term used to cover technology and software that attempts to prevent piracy and the sharing of copyrighted materials. An example of DRM is with a lot of computer games that came out between 1990 and 2012 is that you would buy them and they would contain a key (a series of letters and numbers) that you would be prompted for on installation... This meant that if you say bought a copied disk of the game that you couldn't install the game without the key (except that a key could either be shared and a lot of games reused the key so if one person posted it online it was available to everyone). Another type of DRM within the playstation 1 was that they used specific specialty disks that would basically wobble and this wobble was used to determine whether it was an authentic disk or not, however there are multiple ways to bypass this from installing a modchip (difficult) to actually starting the load process with one disk and quickly swapping disks after it does its security check. So how does DRM work? Depends on the implementation, there are dozens to hundreds of examples of DRM because it's such a broad thing, and this is why if I say something like "DRM works by checking the authenticity of the files" could be replied with "you are wrong" as some DRM implementations don't check for authenticity... Some will allow for a limited number of installations (like iTunes, at least how iTunes used to) where you can only have say 5 devices connected to a single account and each device has to pair with the server before it can be considered connected... > Is there DRM removal software... Yes. > ... That works for all services Oh, uhm no... Because not all services are the same... The easiest way I can say it is that every medium to large company (this includes things like supercell) that produces digital media probably has developed their own DRM implementation, and not all of those implementations are publically available.. Some of their implementations may be server side... So it's very difficult to truly develop a workaround for many of them... Also not all DRM is purely digital, some is mechanical.


Question: Why do our minds replay our most anxious or terrible memories when we’re trying to sleep?

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 Why do our minds replay our most anxious or terrible memories when we’re trying to sleep?

It’s both a defense mechanism and survival technique your body uses. For example, say if you said something that you think REALLY offended someone. You didn’t mean to, you just never really thought about the statement before you made it. A situation that specific had never come up in life. So now when you have a terrible or cringe moment, or something in life that is making you anxious, what it is, is your mind trying to figure out the best way to go about that situation in the future, or how to straight out avoid that situation. With most other social settings you don’t think about, you’re used to it. Your mind “practiced” social and life skills for nearly your entire life, so it’s no point in paying attention to random stuff like a conversation about the weather at work. Because it’s no need to alter that situation. But, if you made a typo for your work presentation and accidentally wrote something embarrassing and didn’t notice until the CEO called you out, you’d keep going over it in your mind because you’ve never experienced that exact feeling before. You’ve never “practiced” how to react to that situation. It’s also why a lot of people have fake arguments or tough convos in the shower for hypothetical situations that will never happen. It’s your mind preparing you for the future. This was especially useful for when communication and language was not nearly developed. It’s part of the human experience of being self aware. I hope that made sense.


Question: Why was Half Life 2 considered such a milestone in gaming?

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 Why was Half Life 2 considered such a milestone in gaming?

It had amazing graphics and physics at the time, just compare [it's character animations]( URL_2 ) with a similar game at the time like [Far Cry]( URL_1 ) and you can see it still holds up, and is even better than some [current games]( URL_0 ). Not to mention it's just a really good game to boot.


Question: How did the ideology of Karl Marx, that supported an utopian society where everyone would be happy, turned into Stalin or Kim Jong-Un ?

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 How did the ideology of Karl Marx, that supported an utopian society where everyone would be happy, turned into Stalin or Kim Jong-Un ?

Communism works great when everyone wants to share. The moment someone doesn't want to share, you have to make a decision. Either you can allow him to not share, or you can force him to share. If you allow him not to share, you can't have the worker's revolution that Marx dreamed of, because the capitalists who own the means of production won't agree to share them. If you force him to share, then you make the same decision every Communist country has made.


Question: Why and how is the US allowed to have military bases all over the world?

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 Why and how is the US allowed to have military bases all over the world?

Multiple considerations here. For one, the US is largely geographically isolated from the world's geopolitical hot spots. In the 20th century, that was Europe. These past 20 years, the Middle East. In this century, it may well become Asia. As a result of lessons learned from WW2, the US has maintained that it's best defense is to keep forces and the capability to keep forces overseas. That means a Navy that can deliver men and materiel overseas and the ability to defend them from submarines and aircraft. That means an Air Force that has hundreds of aerial refueling tankers and strategic airlift transports (e.g., the US has over 400 tankers and 220 strategic transports - the rest of NATO nations combined have a grand total of around 40 dedicated tankers and 20 strategic transports). But on the other end, you need bases for said troops and materiel to be put at. Hence nations come into agreement with the US to station troops in their nation. Contrary to popular belief, these aren't imposed on the host nations - not now, anyways. Nations must sign a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) for the US to station troops. A SOFA states the legal rights of US troops in host nation - for instance, a SOFA in the UAE woild bar US troops from being subject to local Sharia laws we disagree with. You'll note too that the four nations with the most US troops overseas are Germany, South Korea, Japan, and Italy. Three of those four are the vanquished Axis foes of WW2. As a result of various treaties to end the war, those nations were occupied by US and Allied forces, which is how many of these bases came into US hands. Heck, the UK still has British Forces Germany - a contingent of 5000 that aren't due to depart until 2020, a full 75 years after the war ended! In addition to economic and political benefits of US troops stationed overseas (a lot of developing nations get money poured in from it, and it's a source of employment for locals too), South Korea is a good example of another reason nations may want us. By keeping US troops in the country and along the DMZ, any attack by North Korea will inevitably kill Americans. That guarantees the US would respond. These tripwire forces are a big reason Poland and other Eastern European nations are more than happy to station US troops there, even as Western Europe is less happy about them. I want to add too that the US has **simultaneous** defense treaties with NATO and Japan, South Korea, Australia, etc. A war with North Korea does not absolve the US of fulfilling it's defense treaty with Europe if they get in a fight with Russia. As thus, the US prefers to keep forces overseas to stop it from getting to a fight in the first place. Finally, European and Asian militaries benefit from reciprocal agreements. Not only do those nations get to train directly with their American counterparts, but they have agreements to use US bases in the US. That's right, we have foreign troops stationed in the US. Did you know that the German Air Force has squadrons stationed in the US at Holloman AFB in New Mexico and NAS Pensacola in Florida? Hell, did you know that tiny Singapore - yes, Singapore - has FOUR Air Force squadrons stationed in the US. The vast airspace and land we have allows a lot of smaller nations to train. And they get the benefit of a US alliance? It's a no brainer for a lot of nations


Question: "Why does the freedom of Information Act matter since the releases are so heavily censored and redacted?"

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 "Why does the freedom of Information Act matter since the releases are so heavily censored and redacted?"

Actually, before FOIA, you'd pretty much get nothing unless the agency wanted to provide something to you, and then (of course) they'd give you only what they wanted to give you. With FOIA, they have to give you what you ask for or provide an explanation (citing particular things) about why they shouldn't give it to you. Even redacted documents can provide a fair amount of information, and provide investigatory clues for citizens and journalists, and they can take those clues and assemble a pretty solid factual narrative. FOIA was never meant to be a "ask and ye shall receive a complete and straightforward answer to any question or issue you may have." It was (and is) just a process to facilitate more open government and a freer flow of information. Sure, agencies and administrations can still slow walk, over-redact, etc. to prevent what should be appropriate dissemination of information, and that battle will always need to be fought issue by issue and case by case. But advocates and journalists do fight those battles, and they do obtain information (although not in every situation). Is FOIA perfect? Hell no. Is it much better than not having FOIA? Yes.


Question: How can audio be sped up without changing the frequency and without losing information?

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 How can audio be sped up without changing the frequency and without losing information?

Audio is just 2 dimensional, a signal that changes over time, but with some crazy and clever mathematical magic, you can also measure the volume of every single frequency in that signal, and get a different signal in “frequency space” It’s kind of weird, but the frequency/amplitude signal has the same information as the original, just in a different format, so you can convert back and forth between frequency space and signal without losing data Now what they do for speeding up audio is that is they first normally change the speed, which changes the pitch, then they convert to frequency space, shift all the frequencies back so that they are where they were before being sped up, and then you convey back to an audio signal. Now you have the same audio, sped up, but with the pitch staying the same in reality you do lose a bit of detail doing that because it’s not perfect, but theoretically you can lose no information


Question: How are nitrogen filled car tires more fuel efficient than normally filled tires?

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 How are nitrogen filled car tires more fuel efficient than normally filled tires?

In average joe world, it has no real measureable effect. In racing world where times are measured in tenths or hundredth of a second, it makes a difference in consistency and predictability of pressure and tire performance. So why do vendors do it? Because it's minimal cost and avg joe consumers are gullible into thinking it's a premium product, so there's more customer retention for future purchases.


Question: Why do re-released video games sometimes have issues with music licensing when re-released movies seemingly don't have this issue?

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 Why do re-released video games sometimes have issues with music licensing when re-released movies seemingly don't have this issue?

Movies do have this issue as well. Check out the original Wayne's World: URL_0 Compared to Video release: URL_1 The joke doesn't make any sense. But in general it happens less because movie know they are going to follow up with video and TV releases so they get all the rights to begin with. TV shows on the other hand, didn't plan for DVD releases or streaming, so they are more likely to have not gotten all the rights they needed for the music.


Question: Why do humans get horny all the time instead of having a mating season like other animals?

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 Why do humans get horny all the time instead of having a mating season like other animals?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why do animals have mating seasons and why don't humans have one? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_14 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why don't humans have a mating season? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_33 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do many animal species have mating seasons? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do some animals have a mating season? Why can't they mate whenever they want like humans? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_4 comments_) 1. [Did humans ever have a mating season like animals? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how come when other animals mate with their siblings, no birth defects are typically present, but when humans do, there is a high chance of birth defects? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_69 comments_) 1. [ELI5: why don't humans have a mating season? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_7 comments_)


Question: Why are earphone leads divided, with one being longer than the other?

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 Why are earphone leads divided, with one being longer than the other?

The ones that have one longer lead are designed to go around the back of your neck so when not in your ears they will stay around your neck. Some folks also prefer having the cord off to one side rather than straight down the middle like traditional equal length earphones.


Question: How does a missile lock warning system work?

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 How does a missile lock warning system work?

Radar is radio, you can detect that someone (something) is using radar because they're transmitting radio; it's much like the detectors that detect police radar speed traps. And for the second part, a missile that's tracking a target will "ping" that target a lot more often, in order to keep up with its position changes. So it goes from one blip per second to like a machine-gun of blips per second. Lasers are detectable in the same way as radar. I don't know about heat- or visual- based (passive) detection, I imagine it's harder to detect by the aircraft being chased by the missile, but an [AWACS]( URL_0 ) flying above the area could keep track of all missiles and their movement, and automatically warn the combat aircraft below if any missile seems to be "moving in their direction".


Question: Why does laughing hard enough cause you to cry?

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 Why does laughing hard enough cause you to cry?

Id assume it's the happy cries. So basically what's happening in your brain is that the gigantic surge of happiness and excitement overloads your brain alongside with a big release of hormones causing it to go absolutely apeshit and can't register anything but happiness. In that "I did it" moment you normally only rmb "I did *this thing*" and not exactly the details and shit coz your brain is still in short circuit mode. As a natural reaction, your brain will try to regain control and it starts with reacting to the situation, which it registers nothing but "strong emotions". Imagine an operator that controls your body going, "wtf is this what do I do" and proceed to go "ok, strong emotions, let's fire up something like crying, it's fucking strong mate". And so that's how it happens


Question: is bubbly soapy water as antibacterial as putting soap directly on dishes?

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 is bubbly soapy water as antibacterial as putting soap directly on dishes?

Anti bacterial properties are due to antimicrobial chemicals in the soap, anti microbial chemicals work on 3 criteria, exposure, concentration and duration of contact. Bubbles in the detergent are due to its emulsifying properties, meaning detergents can allow oil and water to mix. So yes bubbles clean oils and grease but antibiotics, heat, pressure and time kill microbes. Cheers!


Question: On a physiological level what’s happening to the brain/mouth when we misspeak/slur our speech?

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 On a physiological level what’s happening to the brain/mouth when we misspeak/slur our speech?

Yay I'm a speech language pathologist. It can be a lot of different reasons. You can get "overloaded" and it's like a misfire (wrong signal gets communicated) or it can just be you're not concentrating and your mouth kind of assimilates a sound nearby and you just accidentally say it. Pretty much it's just your brain didn't communicate with your mouth correctly in that moment or you're not paying attention.


Question: How did we get metal to think? How does it know what the 1's and 0's are? Is it at it's core mechanical?

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</answer>
 How did we get metal to think? How does it know what the 1's and 0's are? Is it at it's core mechanical?

You might be referring to [this quote]( URL_1 ) about computers "thinking". [Here is a really good video] ( URL_0 ) where people build a computer out of domino pieces. You can clearly see that those dominoes perform calculation, but they do not "think", it just happens because of the way they are arranged. Metal does not think either. A computer does not think. A transistor puts out electricity (1 or 0) depending if you give it electricity or not. After all, it does not know what is 1 or 0. It is all just a bunch of transistors that electricity goes through, which in turn do calculations. A computer doesn't think "what is answer to 2 + 2", you just put electricity into it and it gives out the result. Computer seems to think, because programs on the screen somethings say such things. "Waiting to download...", "Processing..." etc. Those are just abstractions which are created so humans would have some analogy what the computer is doing. All in all it is just tiny transistors that do not think. The computer does millions or even billions of similar calculations (like in the domino video) per second, sometimes the binary numbers represent data, like color, letter, internet address, sometimes instruction, sometimes something else.


Question: What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

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 What's the difference between a bank and a credit union?

A credit union is a cooperative. I paid 5$ to be a member of mine. The members own the company. They hire staff to run it. Theres are regular CA meetings when major decisions are made. Once a year the overall dividends (profit) is shared between all members. I make about 300$ a year this way.


Question: Why are all objects in a game pink when their texture fails to load?

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 Why are all objects in a game pink when their texture fails to load?

Generally stuff the player is never supposed to see is made really bright colors/patterns that would never actually be anything in a real game. This way, it's easy to notice when it sneaks in, and it's easier to troubleshoot. Otherwise you might not notice something wrong and it might actually make it into the game that way


Question: Do today's video games keep you playing like casinos do, throwing you wins once in a while to keep you playing longer?

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 Do today's video games keep you playing like casinos do, throwing you wins once in a while to keep you playing longer?

There have been news recently of a patent filed by Activision for a system designed to goad players into buying more microtransaction items by doing things like matching them up against better players with premium items that the manipulated player doesn't have, to make them believe that they would be more successful in the game if they went ahead and bought the premium item. Directly after the purchase of the item, the game would make sure to match the players against worse opponents to make them feel good about their purchase. Activision claimed they haven't implemented the feature into any of their games…yet. Edit: For a somewhat more positive example from the same company, Hearthstone has a system where the chance of getting a Legendary card inside of a pack slowly increases the more packs you buy, to the point where you are absolutely guaranteed to get at least one Legendary every 40 packs you open.


Question: How do slip-resistant shoes work?

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 How do slip-resistant shoes work?

The sole is made of an especially soft and finely treaded rubber that allows more contact with the surface, increasing friction and grip between the two. Tread pattern is also a factor, slip resistant shoes might have deeper and more numerous treads that increase the surface area available to make contact with the ground.


Question: What would cause the US Senate to stay Republican dominated when the House of Representatives becomes majority Democrat?

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 What would cause the US Senate to stay Republican dominated when the House of Representatives becomes majority Democrat?

The way elections are held for both chambers plays a huge role. The entire House of Representatives is reelected every 2 years. In addition, states have representation proportional to their population. As such, larger states have more influence in the House. Only 1/3 of the Senate is elected every 2nd year, as senators serve 6 year terms. Representation in the Senate is equal: every state gets 2 senators. It also happened that quite a few of the Senate seats up for election this past cycle were in typically Republican-leaning states.


Question: Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?

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 Why can't single-use plastics just be mixed together, melted down, and used to make any other plastic products?

Polymer Chemist here. Plastics which are single use plastics are normally commodity polymers such as Polyethylene, Polypropylene, PET, Polystyrene, PVC etc. Problem is that these different types of plastics cannot be mixed together because they tend to melt at different temperatures and also if you try to melt them together they all degrade and you are left with nothing but mess that is useless. Therefore, unless these plastics must be segregated based on their recycling class (the small triangle at the bottom of all recycling bottles for examples) and then melted together only with plastics which match same class you get useful recycling out of them.


Question: How can blankets feel warm if they are heated by our body heat?

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 How can blankets feel warm if they are heated by our body heat?

Air, believe it or not, is a heat insulant. Blankets trap air, and our bodies heat that air. Body heat is continously generated by our body, and the air trapped by the blanket prevents that heat from leaving. After a while everything reaches a thermal equilibrium and the air under the blanket feels warm. If you turn the blanket to the other side, it will be cold because that outer face wasn't in direct contact with your body


Question: Why does some liquid always stay at the bottom of a can/bottle no matter how much you tilt it or how many extra sips you take?

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 Why does some liquid always stay at the bottom of a can/bottle no matter how much you tilt it or how many extra sips you take?

Water is cohesive meaning that water molecules stick together, and adhesive meaning that it sticks to other things, like the side of a plastic bottle. If water is spread out along a surface, the weight of gravity pulling down on the molecules of water is not strong enough to overcome the adhesive forces sticking the water to the plastic. When enough water molecules move together close enough, they stick to one another though cohesive forces. This forms a water droplet with a center of gravity away from the plastic. This droplet is massive/heavy enough to overcome the adhesive forces sticking it to the plastic so it falls downward. The last little bit of liquid in a bottle still has that adhesive force, but there isn't enough liquid left in the bottle to form a heavy droplet. So it remains stuck there.


Question: Why did Mexico reject Germany's offer to attack the United States?

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 Why did Mexico reject Germany's offer to attack the United States?

Mexico had literally zero military capable of doing anything to the US, the US was absolutely not a hot military or very good at the time, but Mexico had nothing. Just nothing. There was no hope of victory, and the US could smash Mexico in short order with minimal issue. Even in the insane, that is really completely insane idea that the US flopped over like a baby and ran, Mexico knew it would never stick and the US would come back with a vengeance and retake territory with fury and hate and just completely dominate Mexico afterwards. The US was just so much more powerful and had potential Mexico could never match. Mexico also had major--very major-- internal issues and division within the country and little industry, "Mexico" was very much not the coherent nation-state we think of in a late 20th century ideal This was never something that would have been a realistic option for Mexico, even if they wanted it to be


Question: How do money launderers buy the first property/business to act as a front, without raising suspicion?

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 How do money launderers buy the first property/business to act as a front, without raising suspicion?

To wash a few thousand (of marked bills) a criminal can buy goods, such as electronics. If he then makes use of his right of return, the refunded money is clean. Often an exchange is not even necessary, as long as there is no shortage of money. Art / luxury items and collectibles can often be bought in cash and quickly resold if needed. To wash more money, you need a business front: for example, craft and catering businesses, cleaning services and much more. The legal business does not have to do well, the illegal revenues carry the bogus business. The obvious disadvantage of the method is that these revenues have to be taxed. Now, as you see, these business require low initial investments. A hair saloon can be started with a few thousand. All equipment / furniture / renovating services can be paid in cash. This does not raise any suspicion. You can wash a lot of money. What is good about small businesses? You can explain why you have small bills (which are usually used to buy narcotics) in cash all the time. Once you have one profitable business, you can get loans from the bank. Today the banks only care if your cashflow is enough to pay the interest. With that money you start other businesses, buy property etc. Next, you get a nice property or an old, ugly house and pay cash to have it renovated. Suddenly you can sell it fox 3x the initial price, as now the property is in mint condition. Now, often you can also get a loan if you offer your art / luxury items and collectibles you already have purchased for cash, as collateral. Bottom line is: you just need one "clean" and profitable business - everything else you can get via using the business as collateral, if you don´t offer other collaterals. This is why banks are notorious for money laundering.


Question: Whats actually happening at a molecular level that allows heat based cutting devices to cut things? Like how does an acetylene torch actually cut stuff?

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 Whats actually happening at a molecular level that allows heat based cutting devices to cut things? Like how does an acetylene torch actually cut stuff?

This depends a lot on the device and what's being cut. A red hot knife cutting meat will boil off most of the stuff and leave charcoal behind, which is easy to cut. An oxy-acetylene cutter will heat the metal and then blast it with near-pure oxygen, causing the metal itself to burn and form a flaky dust which blows away with the gas jet. Plasma cutters and laser cutters make the material so absurdly hot that it turns into a gas/plasma and floats (or rather, is blasted by its own expansion) away.


Question: Why do towels absorb water?

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 Why do towels absorb water?

Water likes to stick to some things more than others. The amount of water that sticks to something is determined mainly by three factors: How much it wants to stick to that thing, the amount of surface area of that thing, and the amount that water wants to stick to the other thing (in the case of a beach towel, the other thing is you). Water is rather attracted to most things, including towel fibers. Towels have a lot of surface area due to their shaggy and fibrous nature, leading to them being able to attract and hold a lot of water.


Question: Where did all the soil come from?

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 Where did all the soil come from?

TL;WR :: Erosion, Dissolution, and Poop 1. Gross mechanical processes turn large chunks into small chunks. 2. Chemical processes dissolve things, particularly water and such. 3. Biology is chock full of gross mechanical and chemical processes. So there's a difference between "dirt" and "soil". Dirt (and silt, and clay, and sand) is the mechanical, un-living accumulation of fine particles of minerals and metals and ash and whatever. Soil is what happens when dirt is full of living material and organic byproducts (recently living but now shredded or dead stuff). So dirt is formed by grinding up and dissolving rocks and such. When a little dirt shows up somewhere then hardy organisms tend to show up just a little later - or in the case of lichen and moss, sometimes really super hardy organisms show up first. Windblown dirt-and-dust collects in the crevices and then organisms (bacteria, fungus, algae, whatever) take shelter in the dirt-and-dust and use the mineral wealth of the dirt to thrive. As they grow and die there's now more mineral wealth along with some fixed carbon and nitrogen in the little microscopic corpses and poop stuck to the dust and dirt, and larger organisms can show up. With more sticky and more crevices comes more dirt and dust, with more dirt and dust comes more places to get sticky and so on. So if you grab a selection of moss you'll find that dirt is collecting between the fibers and becoming soil. If you look at a decaying woodpile, you'll find the same thing. So all these small cycles add up over thousands of square miles of dirt and dust, over millions of years. Eventually you've got herds of bison and cows and deer and raccoons and prairie dogs and spiders and bugs and whatever constantly living and pooping and dying. Turning more and more dirt into thicker and better soil that's full of more and more diverse things like bacteria and fungus and bugs and worms and microscopic plants and animals and so on. We'd be neck-deep in soil... but soil has enemies too. Soil can get washed away, which at natural levels is good for the water right there and down-stream. Soil can be crushed until it suffocates and becomes packed dirt again. Soil can be buried under dirt or ash and so sufficate. Soil can be dried out until it's just dust. Soil can also be killed by too much acid or too much alkali or to much salt (salt being what you get when you mix acid and alkali). And some biological systems "don't like" soil. For instance "rainforests" tend to have very little soil. The rainforests are deeply invested in the nitrogen and nitric acid cycles. So all their biological value is in the living plants. The ground beneath the plants is very acidic and so there's lots of dirt but only a tiny layer of soil. This is a _necessary_ configuration, but when someone decides to burn down some rainforest to create a cow pasture or farm, they'll use up the tiny, crappy layer of soil in just a year or two. It's easy for something disruptive, like a farm, to "use up" the soil and then there's nothing left but dirt. Especially if the local soil is the result of buffalo and grass and wolves and prairie dogs, but the farmer drives off all of that and just plants corn or wheat. The soil was used to a diet of all that other stuff and now it starves... like trying to make your dog a vegan, it's just not the right food for the organism at hand.


Question: Why is it, on average, less windy at night than during the day?

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 Why is it, on average, less windy at night than during the day?

Wind is generally caused by differences in temperatures between two air masses. Wind happens when the two masses interact and start to “swap” places. The sun tends to heat up air higher on the atmosphere which leads to larger air temp variances across a given area. Thus more wind. Less temperature variability at night means less wind.


Question: How do doctors become so prolific in their extremely complicated surgeries without killing anyone?

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 How do doctors become so prolific in their extremely complicated surgeries without killing anyone?

There are a number of training simulators for precision surgery, some of which are currently being replaced by VR software, as the technology becomes more capable of tracking and rendering more minute movements. Much like a pilot logs hundreds of hours in simulation before taking to the skies, surgeons log large amounts of simulation time, as well as cadaver tests, before practicing on a living person.


Question: Why are Knuckleballs so hard to hit?

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 Why are Knuckleballs so hard to hit?

I used to do advanced baseball scouting and pitch charting. Baseballs are affected by the Magnus force, which is a change in air pressure around a ball which causes it to move in the direction the lower pressure side. In other words, the spin causes the baseball to move in the specific way a pitcher wants it to go (eg a changeup moves arm side, a slider glove side, and most curveballs 12-6). Now a knuckleball is thrown with no spin and therefore the air pressure around the ball is constantly changing. Unlike other pitches, which have consistent and predictable movement or break, a knuckleball will move in random locations because of gravity, drag, wind and air deflecting through the seams of the ball. This turbulence is what causes a knuckleball to appear to be floating on the way to the plate. Blue Jays pitcher RA Dickey, the only knuckleball pitcher to win a Cy Young award, says that he prefers domed stadiums to open air stadiums because elements such as humidity, rain, and even gentle breezes can flatten out the pitch or make the knuckleball too erratic to be thrown effectively because of the constantly changing air pressures.


Question: How long does it take from the slaughtering a cow, to me being able to pick up the meat at my supermarket? Also, what exactly goes on during that time?

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 How long does it take from the slaughtering a cow, to me being able to pick up the meat at my supermarket? Also, what exactly goes on during that time?

the cow is humanely transported to the slaughterhouse from the farm, stunned so that it does not feel any pain when it is bled out, and then eviscerated. It takes about 36 hours for a bovine carcass to reach 4 degrees celcius or below (this is considered to be a safe temp). After that it is further processed into different products. Side note: a cow is a female bovine which has given birth. A heifer is a female bovine which has not given birth. A bull is a male bovine which has not been castrated and a steer is a male bull which has been castrated. The 36 hr cool down time is the rule of thumb for all genders of bovine.


Question: What is space made out of? What is the blackness in space?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is space made out of? What is the blackness in space?

Blackness is just the absence of light. Because light to our knowledge only stops once it hits something or is diverged through smaller particles it passes through, it is "absorbed" by these things. Space is so vast and so there's always going to be darkness because of how light ultimately travels. As for itself, space is filled with remnants of many elements that were released in the big bang. There's also the ongoing discussion of dark matter, which is potentially a form of gravity that exists.


Question: Why perpetual motion machines are impossible?

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 Why perpetual motion machines are impossible?

All machines work by falling^1. So the simplest version of a machine could be a rubber ball falling from a table. If a ball could bounce as high as where it started, without lifting it, it would be a perpetual motion machine. But the ball pushes the air on the way down, and it heats up the ground a tiny tiny bit when it bounces, and it makes a noise. That pushing and heating and noise use up some of the balls speed so when it bounces it never gets back up to where it started from. If we could take all the air away so it didn't slow down, and make a perfect ball that didn't heat up the ground or make a noise, it would bounce forever. But we can't get all the air out of anything and we can't make a perfect ball, and there are lots of other ways the ball can slow down. So we can imagine a perpetual motion machine, but it can never be made in real life. 1: falling energy states. Fight me.


Question: How are some math problems just unsolvable?

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 How are some math problems just unsolvable?

There are mathematical statements that can be made that are the equivalent of "this sentence is false." If the sentence is true, then it's false...but if it's false, it's true. A great mathematician and logician, Kurt Goedel, came up with the idea of encoding mathematical statements as numbers, which could themselves then be manipulated mathematically. Given a mechanism that allowed mathematical statements to reference themselves, paradoxical (and unsolvable) statements became possible. Prior to Goedel's work, there was a general consensus that mathematics could eventually be completely formalized and brought down to a simple list of axioms and rules. Russell and Whitehead's *Principia Mathematica* was an attempt to do just that. But then Goedel came along and proved that in any sufficiently complex system (like mathematics), there are true statements that are unprovable, false statements that are provable, and statements that are just nonsensical.


Question: Why do car speedometers show a different speed to GPS? Which one is correct?

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 Why do car speedometers show a different speed to GPS? Which one is correct?

Your cars speedo works by estimating your speed based on the revolutions per minute of your wheels multiplied by the circumference of your wheel. As the circumference of a wheel can vary due to different tires, inflation etc, the speedo tends to err on the side of caution and over estimate. Also, legislation typically requires that the tolerance of a speedo be within a few percent, but not under report the speed. So they report over. This is so you don't inadvertently speed. A GPS calculates your speed by noting how far you travelled and how long it took, and dividing the two. This is typically more accurate as it's not subject to as much variance as the previous way.


Question: Why do pigeons Bob their heads while walking?

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 Why do pigeons Bob their heads while walking?

When you're on a train looking out the window, ever notice that when trying to see the trees for example your eyes make these jumps? Essentially, your eyes focus on one tree at a time, and rotate to keep fixated on it while the train is moving, then you quickly jerk your eye rotating to look back at the original position where now there is a new tree and so on. This is a type of saccade. The reason we do this can get quite complex, it's related to how our retina works and our visual cortex in the brain, but we essentially do it to avoid smeared/blurry images, because there is a delay between the signal processing with the retina (fine tuning and generating the neuronal signal) and the perception of the image (signal reaching visual cortex and then processing the information). Pigeons are no different, the only issue is they don't have rotating eyeballs (not to mention the central and temporal foveas but that's even more beyond ELI5), and so to be able to fix their vision on a given object to be able to process the image clearly, they need to fix their head. So they do their equivalent of "entire head saccades." If you want a direct experiment where you see those saccades I'm talking about, ask your friend to sit on a revolving chair, and let them rotate slowly while asking them to look at the surroundings. You'll see how their eyes rotate opposite the rotation of the chair at the same rate of the chair rotation, then suddenly making a very rapid saccadic jerk in the direction of the chair rotation to catch up with a new object. Or you could do it yourself if you put a camera that records your face.


Question: Why vitamin supplements have more than 100% of the daily value amount for some of the vitamins?

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 Why vitamin supplements have more than 100% of the daily value amount for some of the vitamins?

having more than 100% of DV of any vitamin or mineral more often than not is passed through urine or your excretory system, only certain amounts are absorbed, certain vitamins and other ingestible compounds require the presence of saturated fat or other fats for best bioavailability (A, D,E,K) if I am not mistaken for starters. If you strength tren or do cardio or do temperature extremities (sauna, ice bath) you may require more of certain vitamins/minerals hence your body may have a better uptake in your bloodstream & subsequently assimilate them more, rather than if you just were at rest all day taking the vitamin.


Question: Why does English invariably demand that multiple adjectives precede its noun in the seemingly arbitrary but non-negotiable order of 'opinion - size - shape - colour - origin - material - purpose'?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does English invariably demand that multiple adjectives precede its noun in the seemingly arbitrary but non-negotiable order of 'opinion - size - shape - colour - origin - material - purpose'?

Well, first off, you're missing four in your description and your example is out of order. And if your example sounds good to you, ask yourself if you're a proper maniac (you're not). You're missing; quantity, which comes first; physical quality, which comes after size but before shape; age, which comes after shape but before color (your examples screws this up); and type, which comes after material and before purpose. Some lists will have them in different orders, this one is from Cambridge University. And the fact of the matter is that it doesn't actually matter that much, it isn't actually a hard-and-fast rule. The list keeps getting longer, too. At one point it was just two things; opinion and then fact. Then it was opinion > fact; qualifier > function. Now it's opinion > fact, qualifier > function, but only for correlatives (adjectives that modify nouns without modifying each other). Operators and cumulative words don't follow this trend. As for why... well, it's a new area of study and no one's really figured that part out yet. We're still studying trends and old texts to see if they follow the example (and they don't, for sure) and even looking at different regions to see if we all do it the same (we don't).


Question: why do a lot of businesses push me towards downloading their app?

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 why do a lot of businesses push me towards downloading their app?

Having an app installed (which requires more effort from the user, and therefore often a more dedicated user) encourages use of the app. Seeing the app on your phone (even while not actively using it) makes your unconscious mind think of it, strengthening brand awareness and usage. Google is currently working on [progressive web apps]( URL_0 ) which very simplified allows a website to be installed as an app.


Question: How does the moon control ocean tides?

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 How does the moon control ocean tides?

Gravity Gravity pulls the water up a little bit. More than it can pull the land (which is attached to other land and on average all further away) Note that the land does get pulled too - which is why you get a tide opposite the moon - thats the land being pulled away from the water!


Question: Why do electronic devices make a weird sound like they moved, even though they never got touched or interacted with in the first place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do electronic devices make a weird sound like they moved, even though they never got touched or interacted with in the first place?

Whenever you hear a sharp creak from something that is normally completely stationary, it's usually due to heating expansion and contraction. Heat thing up, it grow. Chill it down, it shrink. Really hard to see for most materials, but it happens to everything, ever so slightly. That expansion and contraction can cause pressure to build between two of the parts the thing is made from. When that pressure gets high enough to cause it to slip suddenly, the jolt makes a sound.


Question: Is there a way to distinguish a polar and non-polar compound when given models of each?

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 Is there a way to distinguish a polar and non-polar compound when given models of each?

You have to look at two things: 1 - are there any polar bonds in the molecule? (is one atom more electronegative than another, which means there will be a dipole) 2 - is the molecule symmetrical ? (if the molecule is symmetrical then any dipoles from the polar bonds will cancel out) If yes to 1 and no to 2 then it's probably polar, if not then it's probably non polar. A couple of examples of where there are polar bonds but the molecule is non polar due to symmetry are [carbon tetrachloride]( URL_0 ) and [carbon dioxide]( URL_1 )


Question: why does saying "tock, tick, tock, tick" seems really weird, but saying "tick, tock, tick, tock" sounds more correct?

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 why does saying "tock, tick, tock, tick" seems really weird, but saying "tick, tock, tick, tock" sounds more correct?

This is an example of what's called "ablaut reduplication". An "ablaut" is a specific type of change in a vowel sound; "reduplication" is repeating something exactly or almost exactly. In English, the vowels in an ablaut reduplication nearly always follow the same pattern: "i" comes before "a", which comes before "o". This is one of those unconscious rules of English pronunciation that we have: we have somehow learned that this is the correct order, and putting the vowels in any other order sounds "wrong". So we have "tick, tock", "tip-top", "chit-chat", "tittle-tattle", "bish, bash, bosh" and so on. If you're not British, you may not have ever heard of "bish, bash, bosh", and yet it still sounds right, while "bosh, bash, bish" sounds more awkward (or should do). In the phrase "big bad wolf", this ablaut reduplication actually overrides a grammar rule: normally, adjectives describing your opinion of something should come before adjectives describing that thing's size, so it should be "bad big wolf", in the same way that we say "boring little man" and not "little boring man". But the urge to preserve the order of ablaut reduplication is much greater, so we say "big bad wolf". EDIT: Thanks for the gold. EDIT 2: My attention has been drawn to the fact that there are other cases where "big" breaks the usual order of adjectives without ablaut reduplication being a factor. There's probably something else going on there, and one day I might read up on it.