Question: What would happen if the US Government didn't bail out the banks in the 2008 crisis?

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 What would happen if the US Government didn't bail out the banks in the 2008 crisis?

Those of us who actually had money saved should have gotten premium interest however; interest was dropped and true socialism kicked in. We should have allowed a proper correction opposed to the rich walking away with even more money. The biggest insult was when these banks CEOs took bonuses as a result of their failures. You could blame it on regulation or deregulation but when doing business there should have been some morality. They knew what would happen eventually.


Question: How are LED lights capable of being brighter than traditional incandescent bulbs but still use a fraction of the energy?

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 How are LED lights capable of being brighter than traditional incandescent bulbs but still use a fraction of the energy?

Efficiency. Have you ever touched an LED bulb? The really bright ones may be noticeably warm, but usually that's it. Now go touch an incandescent bulb (actually, no, do not ever do that). So much energy is wasted in producing heat instead of light. This is why LEDs are much more efficient. As for why incandescent bulbs produce heat, they're essentially burning the filament (the little coil of metal inside) and gas inside. LEDs work instead by "transforming" energy in the form of electricity into light.


Question: What is the difference between Christianity and Catholicism? Cannot find simplistic answers.

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 What is the difference between Christianity and Catholicism? Cannot find simplistic answers.

Catholics are Christians, as they believe Jesus Christ was the son of God. Catholics believe that the Catholic Church is the primary Christian church, with a line of Popes acting as the head of the Christian faith in a line that stretches back to St. Peter. Other Christians, such as Protestants and Orthodox churches believe differently and don't believe the Pope is God's representative on EArth. The differences get more complicated than that when you start getting into differences in practices and traditions, but that's the top-level basic answer.


Question: How much is actually known about the inner workings of North Korea's Government, and more specifically, its economy?

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 How much is actually known about the inner workings of North Korea's Government, and more specifically, its economy?

Other than Pyongyang, North Korea is almost completely undeveloped. Before the Korean War, the northern portion of the Korean peninsula was much more prosperous than the southern portion. North Korea is a country that was a developed, industrial country that fell away from industrial development. Other than countless people living in camps, rural North Koreans are subsistence farmers living a very meager and primitive existence entirely unaware of the outside world. They're told by the propaganda that as bad as they are, the rest of the world is much worse off. Pyongyang, the capital, also has a precarious existence with rolling blackouts and most of the buildings vacant largely used for show. Other than the government heads and military leaders, everyone lives in poverty. North Korea has some limited manufacturing and does business primarily with China, their closest ally. If you want to read more about this, I highly recommend "Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Life in North Korea", by Barbara Demick.


Question: How do different meats get their distinct taste and texture?

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 How do different meats get their distinct taste and texture?

Why they have different tastes: Different animals are straight made of different stuff. Carrots and parsnips look pretty similar (at least to the same degree as different meats), cook very similarly, but don't quite taste the same. They have extremely similar structure, but a different chemical composition, which causes a different taste/smell. In the same way that the olfactory nerves in your nose react chemicals and send signals to your brain representative of different smells, the gustatory nerves in your tastebuds react to chemicals and send signals representative of different flavors. Because different animals eat different things, produce different hormones, and process food differently, they are made up of different chemicals, which can even result in different tastes in the same species (grain-fed vs. free-range). Why they have different textures: Cows, pigs, chickens, elk, rabbits, etc. are all different sizes and shapes, and they all move differently. This causes them all to have differently shaped and toned muscles, and different fat density. These differences are evident in the cooked meats texture. In addition, different cuts of mess can have different tastes and textures. For example, pork belly and pig heart are very different, even though they come from the same animal. Furthermore, cooking processes can throw everything out the window, especially in the taste department. Even just burning a different type of wood can result in a vastly different flavor, and cooking a steak five minutes longer can give it a much tougher texture.


Question: Does inflation have to exist?

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 Does inflation have to exist?

Value is something different than the actual number printed on the bill. It's an abstract measure of how "useful" something is to us. Nobody decides how much "value" money has. It's dictated by the ebbs and flows in market forces. Theoretically we could have zero inflation. We could also have deflation. Steady inflation is not a law. Most western nations intentionally create small amounts of steady inflation, since this drives investment.


Question: Is there a legitimate strategy to Rock Paper Scissors?

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 Is there a legitimate strategy to Rock Paper Scissors?

I always play 2 out of 3. I actually look people in the eye and tell them what I am going to choose. Then I do it. Then I tell them again and depending on what happened the first time I may or may not throw what I told them. Really ups the mind game.


Question: Why are standard "homemade" water filters made of gravel, soil, and charcoal as opposed to just charcoal. What does the gravel and soil do that the charcoal doesn't?

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 Why are standard "homemade" water filters made of gravel, soil, and charcoal as opposed to just charcoal. What does the gravel and soil do that the charcoal doesn't?

Even municipal water treatment facilities frequently use sand or gravel as part of their filtration process. Sand/gravel is used to filter suspended stuff in the water, like mud, leaves, etc. Charcoal filters are used to filter smaller particles that may change the taste of the water. Think of the sand as a pre-filter. URL_0


Question: Why do fingers and toes get really hot after being exposed to the cold after a while?

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 Why do fingers and toes get really hot after being exposed to the cold after a while?

Your body cuts off bloodflow to the extremities as you lose body heat in order to keep your core organs perfused with warm blood and minimize heat loss through the superficial blood vessels of the fingers and toes. This is achieved by contracting the muscles that line the walls of those blood vessels, restricting flow through them in a process known as vasoconstriction. However, after a period of time the opposite occurs- those muscles relax, allowing a surge of warm blood to once again circulate through your extremities. After a while, vasoconstriction repeats and the cycle starts over. It's known as the [Hunting Reaction]( URL_0 ). This is believed to be a protective mechanism to prevent us from injuring our cold-numbed extremities by periodically keeping them warmed up.


Question: How do pages like HumbleBundle make money?

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 How do pages like HumbleBundle make money?

They aren't buying and selling the games themselves. They arrange an agreement with the game producers to allow them to offer the game in their bundles. Then as people buy the bundles, the proceeds are divided up as the buyers choose and sent to the appropriate parties. Game produces are okay with this as it offers a type of advertising for their company to consumers who may not otherwise have bought or played their games.


Question: what science occurs that makes red sky at night become a nice day the next? And what makes it not occur each evening?

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 what science occurs that makes red sky at night become a nice day the next? And what makes it not occur each evening?

I believe you mean the old saying "red at night sailor's delight, red in the morning sailors take warning". This saying actually does hold true most of the time. Weather travels west to east in the middle latitude regions. So in the morning, the sun rises from the east, and would 'light up' the incoming storm. In the evening the sun sets in the west so it would 'light up' a weather system that was leaving. Now, if the storm comes through after the morning, then you would get no such warning. Also, if a storm system is traveling south-north this doesn't apply.


Question: when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn’t it actually get lower?

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 when you see geological maps (the layered ones that show different periods of earth) why does earth stack layers? In theory because of erosion and whatnot shouldn’t it actually get lower?

Exactly, some places get eroded, those partials get transported to other areas where they stack back up again. Great example is the grand canyon, you can see the layers all the way down. Aka, it was a spot were stuff used to stack up. Now it's being eroded away by the river. Those partials are being transported down stream to be deposited elsewhere to begin making new layers.


Question: How poverty is decreasing and income inequality increasing at the same time?

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 How poverty is decreasing and income inequality increasing at the same time?

They are measuring two different things. Poverty measurements are related to a clear poverty line and how many people are above/below it. Income inequality is a relative measurement asking how far apart the lowest and the highest are. Imagine that you were running a race against Usain Bolt - you would be moving forward in the race (poverty decreasing) **and** he would be putting distance between you (income inequality) simultaneously.


Question: Why do companies charge a fee for making a payment?

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 Why do companies charge a fee for making a payment?

Credit and Debit cards charge the company when you use it, so if they don't change a extra fee, they don't get the full amount they want. Some companies just raise prices overall and have everyone pay, some apply it to just the people using them. Other payment methods also have expenses. (handling cash, and the security involved. Check processing fees for business accounts at banks, etc) If you look, there should (must?) be a method to pay without any fees, that is their preferred method of accepting payment.


Question: Even though our brain processes our feelings, we often feel feelings where the heart is (a bad feeling in the heart when you're sad, a good feeling in the heart when you're happy, etc), how come?

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 Even though our brain processes our feelings, we often feel feelings where the heart is (a bad feeling in the heart when you're sad, a good feeling in the heart when you're happy, etc), how come?

Because there are clusters of neurons around your heart and stomach that helps regulate your heartbeat and organs beyond the lower brain in the spine. Evidence suggests that these clusters may play some kind of role in our emotions. I read an article about it a couple years ago. I tried to find it but I couldn't, instead I found this article by a skeptic that seems to confirm this is true but is refuting that the clusters have consciousness. He links to a site that hosts the research but it's in a foreign language so idk. > URL_0 ;


Question: What makes things "sticky" like tape or any kind of adhesive? How do they stick on to smooth surfaces instead of coming off?

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 What makes things "sticky" like tape or any kind of adhesive? How do they stick on to smooth surfaces instead of coming off?

Ok let's take this in three parts: Pressure sensitive adhesives such as tape are a mixture of rubber (like your tires) and a type of liquid that is very slow to move but still liquid. When these are pressed against a surface, they squish themselves into the cracks of the material. The liquid material will allow you to compress it and it actually moves better when squished than it does just sitting there meaning it is now stuck in the cracks. From there, it actually resists being pulled on like a Chinese finger trap. This is what we perceived as being sticky. There are also chemical reaction based adhesives. These don't have to be crazy things like vulcanizing rubbers, etc. This can be something as simple as honey coming in contact with your fingers. The structure of honey allows it to absorb water into its system. This means that as it contacts your finger it takes a liking to the water on your finger and gets bound to it. The only way to get it out is to overwhelm the matrix with more water (aka licking your fingers). Finally, when it comes to smooth surfaces (no surface is actually smooth) we go back to the first type of adhesive. The idea for smooth surfaces is to not only fill the cracks, but to make a uniform surface of adhesives that can use the small gaps in the surface to anchor it to the smooth material. For the rest of the area, it is more like a suction cup than like the tape adhesive.


Question: How do social attitudes change so much over time - to the point that a public beheading would now revolt and horrify people, rather than be watched and cheered as it would have in the 1600s?

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 How do social attitudes change so much over time - to the point that a public beheading would now revolt and horrify people, rather than be watched and cheered as it would have in the 1600s?

It's just your upbringing and the rules of the society you live in. These attitudes can change quickly: my grandmother grew up when segregation was a given, being racist didn't get you much flak, and everyone considered it normal, so while she wasn't straight-up racist, she didn't bat an eyelash at saying some pretty insensitive things. Just two generations later, I couldn't imagine either racism or segregation as being acceptable. In my mom's lifetime alone, gay marriage was not only not allowed, but a totally foreign concept: there was a time when marriage to the same sex seemed just plain pointless, even to gay people. Whereas now it is an aspiration of gay couples everywhere, is allowed in many places, and it would be insulting to suggest they don't "need" to get married. Marriage changed from being the social construct necessary to have legitimate children, to an expression of committed love and legal benefits. "How" does it happen? It just does, it's social progress. We develop concepts of basic human rights, of what governments should and should not be allowed to do, etc.


Question: Why the Pacific ocean garbage patch is not being cleaned?

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 Why the Pacific ocean garbage patch is not being cleaned?

Because even the bigger pieces are spread over a gigantic area, hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. **Any attempt to "clean" would be a hundred times worse for the environment than leaving it there,** because of the pollution caused by the ships' engines. Even worse, *how* are you gonna clean all those those "bigger pieces", which are still mostly not bigger than a shopping bag? Nets? And catch (and often kill) every single living thing of that size and up in that area?


Question: Why do wall sockets only have 1 or 2 plugs?

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 Why do wall sockets only have 1 or 2 plugs?

There is typically a code (for safety) regarding electrical wiring. There is always the option of running more wires to more outlets, but there is a limit to how many sockets can be wired for a single pair of wires (by code). Also a outlet boxes are very standard items - they are low cost because they are made in large volumes and made to common specification. Anything custom will be very expensive. More outlets means more circuits, means more wires, larger distribution boxes and more circuit breakers. Lots of things can be done (within the electrical code for homes) but it is a matter of paying a lot more. Most households don't bother with the added expense.


Question: Why are certain frequencies more harmful than others? For instance, radio waves vs. x-rays?

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 Why are certain frequencies more harmful than others? For instance, radio waves vs. x-rays?

The difference is ionizing radiation vs nonionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation have enough energy to when it hit a molecule to detach electrons from atoms and the result is that molecules can change. Nonionizing radiation do not have enough energy so the only thing it can do when it hit you is to heat you up. The process is per particle that hit you so if we talk about electromagnetic radiation a single photons need to have enough energy do detach a electron. So the radiation need to be UV light or higher energy for it to be ionizing and radio waves have less energy that that so the only thing that it can do to damage you is by heating you up.


Question: Why does Lego not take down knock-off brands like Lepin?

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 Why does Lego not take down knock-off brands like Lepin?

> Why does Lego not take down knock-off brands like Lepin? LEGO *can't* take them down, because Lepin isn't doing anything illegal. LEGO's relevant patents have expired, so making knock-off brands is perfectly legal. This is exactly how patents are supposed to work: Give a company time-limited exclusivity for a novel invention that will eventually expire and allow anyone to make the item. It encourages innovation without locking that innovation away from competitors forever.


Question: How does a toxicology test work?

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 How does a toxicology test work?

Using analytic equipment. There are machines called Mass Spectrometers that take a sample, and can display the mass, and rough percentage of how much of the sample is comprised of the given compound. So if I run a blood sample through a typical gas chromatography mass Spectrometer (or GCMS for short) for a drug test or something, all I have to do is look through the printout to find stuff with the same mass as common drugs (or their metabolites) to determine whether or not you ingested drugs. Mass spec doesn't give names or anything on an analysis, you need to know the mass of what you're looking for to pick it out of the list, and even then, there's lots of funny reasons you will see head scratching data.


Question: Why in movies people often vomit when they're extremely nervous? What's causing that?

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 Why in movies people often vomit when they're extremely nervous? What's causing that?

When under acute stress, your body diverts energy from systems that are not immediately needed, which includes digestion. Disrupting your stomach in the middle of what it is doing can lead to having too much acid and other problems...you stomach solves these problems by emptying itself. It is not super common, but it happens, and some people are more susceptible than others.


Question: Why do most deep sea creatures look like they're hell-spawns?

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 Why do most deep sea creatures look like they're hell-spawns?

They evolved to deal with conditions that are completely alien to us. As a result, they share very few traits that are recognisable to us. The animals that we find the most appealing, are usually the ones most similar to what we find cute. Usually, other mammals that are warm, soft, have eyes and expressions that we can imagine we see emotions in. Deep-sea fish are not that. For instance, there's extremely little light down there. Not enough to really see by as we do. Deep-sea fish tend to have enormous bulbous eyes. Those eyes don't really let them see things but those huge eyes might just be enough to see other fish or animals as they pass overhead and block what extremely little light filters down from the surface. Noticing that might make the difference between going hungry and catching prey, or spotting a predator and avoiding becoming prey yourself. The lack of light also means the colour works very differently down there. There's not much point in being colourful if nobody can see you. So many deep-sea fish just have that pallid corpselike absence of colour. Others are transparent to avoid casting a shadow against the faint glow of light from above. Some fish are bright red as a form of camouflage. Low energy frequencies of light are filtered out first as you descend underwater. That's why things quickly start to look blue-greenish. Red is the lowest energy frequency of light. So red part of the light spectrum is the most absent in the deep. Without red light to reflect, the colour red is basically invisible. Most deep-sea fish have completely lost the ability to see red. Speaking of prey. Without sunlight, nothing grows down there. Small animals can survive on marine snow. Basically tiny flakes of organic detritus that constantly come down from above. Slightly larger animals can eat the filter feeders that survive on marine snow. But larger animals like deep-sea fish only have one food source available. Each other. The deep-sea is essentially a freezing cold, pitch-black desert. Everything is scarce down there, including opportunities to eat. So most deep-sea fish have maws full of long needle-like teeth. Essentially they can't afford to let prey escape. So when they manage to grab prey, those maws full of needles make sure that prey can't slip their grasp. Deep-sea fish have many other adaptations to deal with the scarcity of food down there. Many fish have enormous mouths so they don't have to pass up on larger prey. Some have incredibly stretchy mouths and stomachs to the point where they can swallow prey that is bigger than they are. Others develop some truly alien adaptations like little bioluminescent lights to attract prey. Remember how red is essentially invisible down there because there's no red light? There's one predator that has its own bioluminescent red spotlight that allows it to easily find red fish in the dark. And the best part is that since most deep-sea fish can't see red, his spotlight is invisible to other fish. The weirdness just keeps going. Energy preservation is very important down there so most deep-sea fish are ambush predators that don't swim around much. As such, they don't have the neat hydrodynamic torpedo shapes we usually associate with fish. Many are just sort of shapeless and blobby to help them deal with the pressure. And they developed many other strange adaptations. When a male angler fish finds a female, he never lets her go. It's very hard to find a mate in the dark emptiness after all. Instead, he bites down on her body and slowly fuses with her to become part of her. The male is nourished by connecting to her bloodstream and slowly wastes away until the male is little more than a pair of gonads attached to the female to provide sperm for her eggs. Simply put, the deep-sea is a completely alien environment that places very unusual demands on its denizens. They look frightening and alien to us because nothing about them makes sense to us in the context we're used to. Their proportions are bizarre, their eyes are disturbing, their teeth look like a nightmare. But for them, those are just the tools they need to survive the world they live in.


Question: During a supernova, at what point does the implosion of a star change to an explosion, and what causes this shift?

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 During a supernova, at what point does the implosion of a star change to an explosion, and what causes this shift?

[This video]( URL_0 ) explains the overall process nicely. But as you point out, they don't address this specific question. Stars start out as almost entirely hydrogen. The energy in the core pushes outward, while gravity compresses everything inward. When the star maintains size, these forces are equal and opposite. When the star compresses, gravity is winning over the expansive energies: And when it grows, the expansive energies are overwhelming gravity. As more and more matter gets turned into iron, the star begins to compress because the core is more dense than before, and gravitational forces are more intense as a result. But as the core gets more compressed, it also gets hotter. This additional heat and density kicks off a new round of fusion, which turns explosive: And the star itself gets unstable. The new fusion overwhelms the cohesive gravity formerly keeping the star intact, obliterating it in a massive explosion we call a supernova. It does so by overwhelming the forces of gravity.


Question: Why is it said that the laws of physics are time-reversible?

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 Why is it said that the laws of physics are time-reversible?

To be clear: the way you "time-reverse" a process is you make all the final conditions initial conditions and then you replace t with -t. You might be getting confused because I think you're translating "the laws of physics are time-reversible" to "nature is time-reversible". A more precise way to think of it might be "the Newtonian mechanics of single particles are time-reversible." Impact craters, tacks, posters, and humans capable of tacking posters are not within the purview of the Newtonian mechanics of single particles, so you can't expect phenomena involving those things to be time-reversible. Once you start talking about aggregates of many particles and considering them as somehow "comprising" a larger system, you're outside the domain of applicability of the rule. Thermodynamics and statistical effects begin to take hold in this case, and thermodynamics is definitely not time-reversible. In fact, more of physics than just the Newtonian mechanics of single particles happens to be time-reversible, but they won't be useful for understanding the interpretation of the phrase.


Question: Why is/has Russia historically always been a poor country despite it's massive geographical and strategic location?

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 Why is/has Russia historically always been a poor country despite it's massive geographical and strategic location?

I don't think this could be explained simply at all. There are so many possible explanations that it's hard to choose one. For example: 1) Size and geography. Awful climate and huge distances make delivering materials and goods inside Russia a pain, a very costly and slow process. In old times, the Czar's new laws could take over a year to reach far-away province, and year would pass again before he could get any feedback from there. Roman Empire, for example, was smaller, positioned around a sea which allowed fast shipping of goods and information and further linked with Imperial Roads. To this day, everyone wonders why the roads in Russia are so bad. Part of it is corruption, but climate also plays a large role: the temperature in spring (and now even in winter) can go from freezing to thawing and back a lot of times, which is a sure way to destroy a road. 2) Climate in general plays another important part. It is simply costlier to produce anything in Russia, if only because you need to keep your workers warm and well-fed with high-calorie food. 3) Not having a good access to the ocean, Russia missed on colonialism. While the rest of the Europe plundered Americas, Russian Empire only had Siberia. Which was also rich, but see 1: a voyage to the New World and back from Spain or Portugal or England could take less time than a expedition behind the Ural Mountains. 4) Due to its position, religion and politics, Russia almost never had any allies, but plenty of enemies. That meant a lot of wars, and a lot of military spending. 5) It is often argued that the Mongolian conquest set Russia back several hundred years, and it still hasn't caught up with the rest of the West. Some authors trace Russian preference for a strange combination of the strong hand rulers and low-level disregard for official laws as a result of Mongol rule, and count it as an impediment to achieving greatness. 6) In XX century, it might also be argued, Communism was THE problem for Russia, as it both limited innovation due to planned economy shortcomings _and_ isolated USSR from the rest of the developed world, cutting goods and ideas exchange. 7) The disastrous management of the dissolution of Communist regime destroyed the big part of the economy. It was a perfect storm of incompetence and malice: factory machines, even the ones that were not very obsolete, were sold for scrap and funds transferred out of country to buy property in London or somewhere else. The list can go on and on. Taken by itself, each explanation seems weak: you can always find a country where the same problems apply, but which now has better living standard. However, it must be noted that everything here happened to _one_ country. I.e. Canada has the same cold climate as Russia, but it never lost a large portion of its population in a World War. Germany, on the other hand, lost a lot of people and has its industry destroyed, but it had USA to help it rebuild (Marshall's Plan), while USSR had to go it more or less alone. China was as isolated as USSR, but it had a lot of spare population to rent out as a cheap workforce for the rest of the world, and managed to change from planned economy to state-run Capitalism without any major hitches. It also should be noted that Russia is not as poor as it might seem from reading Reddit. The representation of Russia in western social media is highly skewed to "funny" (i.e. stereotype-confirming) pictures and videos. Almost nobody wants to see a happy, sober Russian man or a beautiful part of Russian city, it just don't bring the sweet karma (I'm not saying it's a conspiracy, but really, who would read /r/ANormalDayInRussia if it was about people going to offices, shopping for groceries or playing with their children?). But life in bigger cities actually isn't bad, there are expensive cars, nice clothes, modern electronics. It's small towns and villages where poverty is the worst, because there is no work there. Then again, USA has "speed trap towns" and rural South.


Question: Why is it when you uncover or mess with an ants nest they are all over the place but when you come back in like 3 minutes they’re all gone?

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 Why is it when you uncover or mess with an ants nest they are all over the place but when you come back in like 3 minutes they’re all gone?

The main goal of ants is to protect the nest, eggs, and the queen. So when you mess with a nest, you uncover many chambers that house other ants and usually some eggs. The ants will swarm to defend against the attacker. Once they determine there isn’t a threat in the immediate area (you quit messing with the nest) they go into recovery mode and do their best to move all the eggs and everything lower into the colony to protect them. The safest place place for them in underground, so that is where they will try to end up.


Question: What are Lagrange points and how do they work?

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 What are Lagrange points and how do they work?

It's 1am here so this might be a little oversimplified and weird; lagrange points are points in space where gravity of different celestial objects cancel out. You might know that larger masses cause a larger gravitational pull. Also, gravitational pull is quadratically inverse to distance, meaning the further away you are from a body the less attraction you will feel. At certain points in space gravitational pull of objects will cancel out because the masses and distances are just right. E.g. There are lagrange points between the moon and the earth. The most obvious one is l1 (lagrange point 1). If you draw a straight line between the center of mass of the earth and that of the moon you will find l1 lies on this line (a couple thousand kilometers from the moons center of mass). Hope this helps and my spelling is not too shit


Question: When an episode of a series require several flashback scenes e.g. all scenes where people get slapped, do editors go back and scan all the previous episodes or do they keep some list beforehand?

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 When an episode of a series require several flashback scenes e.g. all scenes where people get slapped, do editors go back and scan all the previous episodes or do they keep some list beforehand?

To create a montage of clips where character A gets slapped, an organized editor could reference episode summaries or other tools to quickly locate those scenes. A disorganized editor might rely on memory and miss/forget a few. A truly awful editor might need to re-watch great swaths of the show to find the scenes.


Question: Why are modern televisions no longer making that static sound characteristic of older televisions?

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 Why are modern televisions no longer making that static sound characteristic of older televisions?

Old style (cathode ray tube) TVs make the picture by firing a beam of electrons at the back of the screen which causes the phosphor coating to glow. This electron beam causes a static charge build-up which makes a tiny spark when you get your finger close to it. Newer TVs use a completely different type of technology that doesn't generally cause a static charge build-up.


Question: Why is it that a movie plays at 24 FPS and is buttery smooth, but then a video game at the same frame rate is like a slideshow?

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 Why is it that a movie plays at 24 FPS and is buttery smooth, but then a video game at the same frame rate is like a slideshow?

- It is not buttery smooth. The choppiness of 24hz is quite obvious if you have ever seen movies at a higher frame rate. - Film cameras have natural motion blur, which kind of smooths movement across multiple frames. In video games this has to be created artificially. - Video games are interactive. The frame rate matters a lot more, because it has react to the player's inputs as quickly as possible.


Question: Comet NEOWISE is 5 km across and 100 million km away. That's a ratio of 20 million to 1 and equivalent to a U.S. quarter over 300 miles away! So how can we see it?

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 Comet NEOWISE is 5 km across and 100 million km away. That's a ratio of 20 million to 1 and equivalent to a U.S. quarter over 300 miles away! So how can we see it?

Two Reasons - It is glowing, and it is much larger than 5km. As a comet gets closer to the sun, some of the ice in the comet starts to melt and boil off, along with particles of dust. These particles and gases make a cloud around the comet, called a coma, which is lit up by the Sun. This coma can expand out to thousands of kilometers across depending on the comet. So while the comet nucleus is 5km, the bright, glowing coma is much much larger [source]( URL_0 )


Question: What is bankruptcy and what happens when you file for bankruptcy?

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 What is bankruptcy and what happens when you file for bankruptcy?

Bankruptcy is a court supervised debt liquidation. It's a way for a debtor to declare themselves legally insolvent and will result in the court either ordering the debts to be written off or paid back at a discount according to a schedule supervised by a trustee of the court. It was built into the constitution by the founding fathers to prevent debtors prisons that existed in England where debtors were forced to work off debts as virtual slaves or serve time in prison until debts were satisfied.


Question: Why does Japan have an anti-inflation policy?

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 Why does Japan have an anti-inflation policy?

Japan is not *trying* to have deflation. In fact, they've been fighting deflation for almost two decades. They have a pro-inflation policy; it just hasn't been working too well for a number of reasons. Additionally, the US doesn't have an "infatuation" with inflation. The US, similar to most developed countries, tries to hold its inflation rate to about 2-3% per year. This is because economies are hard to really control, and inflation will bounce around +/- 3% no matter what policies you try. So if you aim for 3%, you'll get somewhere between 0% and 6%. That's important because you *never* want deflation. Deflation means that people's money will be worth more later if they stop spending, so people stop spending. But if people stop spending then you get even worse deflation, so even more people stop spending, and so on in a [deflationary spiral]( URL_0 ). Deflationary spirals can destroy a nation's economy, so central banks try as hard as they can to never get deflation. If the cost of avoiding deflation is getting a bit of inflation, they're OK with that.


Question: What is the Single Market and what does leaving it do to the UK?

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 What is the Single Market and what does leaving it do to the UK?

So lets say you own a company that sells clothes. You get all the proper paperwork saying that your company is authorized to operate in your home country. So you are free to sell it's clothes within your own country. While there might be some minor regulation differences between regions, normally countries take steps to make these "domestic" sales as easy as possible. But when you want to expand that company into a new country, you'll face a series of problems. First is that shipping the product itself into the new country will likely incur a kind of tax. This is known as a tariff or duty, aka an import tax. The next problem has to do with regulations. Different countries have different regulations on products. So my home country might allow the use of red die #1357 but the country I'm trying to expand into might not. Just different rules for different countries. A long time ago the people of Europe saw some problems with this system. European countries tend to be fairly small so companies were always looking to expand into the country next door, and due to the above 2 things this was a giant pain in the ass. The idea of the "single market" was that they would do away with the import/export taxes. Second they should take steps so that a product that is legal to sell in Germany is also legal to sell in Spain. This makes it easy for companies to expand their customer base from one country to another. In a related way, the same idea was applied to the movement of people. A, Employee is just someone who sells their labor and they should be allowed to sell it in Germany, Spain or the UK. Just like any company can sell it's goods, any person can sell their labor. So what does leaving this do to the UK. It means that the citizens of the UK will require special permission (a visa) to live and work in other European countries. So a Londoner wanting to work in Berlin would face the same challenges as a Londoner who wanted to work in New York. Next, UK companies would face additional challenges when it comes to selling their products to the rest of Europe. This would likely mean the prices of those products raise, and sales fall. This is expected to cause some economic problems for the UK. Foreign companies would also face higher costs when selling to the UK. So a product made in Germany would cost more. This would make it easier for local companies to compete with those foreign companies. So in general there would be a few more jobs, but the costs of almost all imported goods would raise so everyone would be spending a little more of their income on those same goods. In general it is expected that the economic boost from the new jobs will be fairly minor, wheres the damage from increased prices would be fairly large, so a net negative.


Question: Why do old forums have 2 or 3 words or phrases in every post linked to seemingly unrelated websites, usually to sell things?

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 Why do old forums have 2 or 3 words or phrases in every post linked to seemingly unrelated websites, usually to sell things?

It's a type of advertising that was being pushed a little over a decade ago and it didn't go over well. Over time advertisers pushed newer types of ads (like autoplay videos) so it's mostly legacy websites that still have it installed. On a technology level most of them work via Javascript - you get served the page as normal, but once on your computer a 3rd party script in the site header runs and converts certain words into links to (supposedly relevant) ads. So if I wrote a post and mentioned **video cards** it would turn that into a link to a site selling video cards that pays for clicks or referrals.


Question: what is a 'Rent Seeking Economy'?

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 what is a 'Rent Seeking Economy'?

"Rent" comes from Adam Smith's division of incomes into profit, wage, and rent. A land-owner rents out a house to people. He gets paid for it. He doesn't maintain it, use it, look at it, or interact with it in any way, but he get paid for it. If you removed him, gave ownership of the house to the people living there, everything is the same except you cut out an economic middle-man. I own stock. I don't do a god damned thing to help with any of those companies, but I get an income from that. They essentially pay me rent for my ownership of part of the company. That's "economic rent". The crux of it is that it doesn't contribute to the economy, it's just sort of a leech. **Rent Seeking** is looking to ways to get other people to pay you when you don't actually contribute anything. Like the typical land ownership, but also things like guilds controlling jobs, patent trolls, and buying up domain names of popular businesses. Taxi medallions in NY right? To run a taxi in NY you need a medallion. These things cost MILLIONS, and of course a poor cabbie isn't going to be able to afford one. So he gets a loan from the bank to buy one. And every month he writes the bank a $500 check to the bank, with no real hope of ever actually owning a medallion. They essentially rent the medallion from the bank. Ostensibly, this whole system was set up because people complained there were too many taxis on the roads and they were clogged. But it was awfully convenient for the banks, who don't actually contribute anything to the taxi industry. Rent-seeking is proposing things like the medallion system.


Question: Are the minutes between snoozing the alarm and getting out of bed more restful than regular sleep?

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 Are the minutes between snoozing the alarm and getting out of bed more restful than regular sleep?

Well actually, I think it’s the opposite. When you go to sleep you enter the sleep cycle and you need to finish all stages to wake up rested. When your alarm goes off, and you hit snooze and go back to sleep, you actually start that cycle all over again and you certainly can’t finish it in 10-ish minutes. So, when you wake up you’ll feel more tired than just waking up when your alarm goes off. I’m not 100% sure this is correct but that’s what the internet told me when I was researching the same subject :)


Question: How do free mobile games make money when all the ads in the game are from other free mobile games?

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 How do free mobile games make money when all the ads in the game are from other free mobile games?

Free mobile games make money primarily in three different ways: (1) offering in-app purchases usually used by their ‘whales’ (i.e - 20% of their customers who spend a significant amount of money on the game and keep it alive for the rest of the non paying users). Edit: Just wanted to clarify that the 20% isn’t supposed to be an exact figure, it’s a reference to the [Pareto principle]( URL_0 ) also known as the law of the vital few. I’m aware that the actual amount of users who pay can be significantly fewer. (2) Is by running ads, usually bought as a advertising package (meaning you don’t have to you choose a specific game to advertise on you can just specify which customers you aim to target and how much your company is willing to spend on it and it is accordingly shown to such users. Alternatively, if your game if quite similar to another one in the App Store, you can specifically target that app as you might find a lot of users with the same interest all conveniently in one place) and shown to you based on your past user data and preferences from the App Store. They always make sure to give you the option to remove ads with a small fee - which appeals to our human need to remove a ‘pain point’ (an inbuilt aspect in many free to play mobile games that slows down the player or tries to push them towards making paid purchases - these include things like in-game wait timers). (3) That other major way they make money is buy selling your user data to other third parties (businesses) as user data is an extremely powerful tool for companies to have because it allows them to understand you and how to market and target you as a customer.


Question: - what would happen to the USA economy if all of their debt would have been paid?

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 - what would happen to the USA economy if all of their debt would have been paid?

The problem is that this sort of question is impossible to answer because it depends so much on the exact way they pay off that debt. - If the USA prints a whole load of money and buys back all the outstanding debt (you cannot just pay it off early, only buy it back), that will crash the economy. Pumping that much money into the system would lead to insane amounts of inflation. - If the USA decides to slowly pay down the debt over decades, simply by paying off debt when it comes due but without taking on as much new debt, it really won't change a thing for the citizens unless the government completely stops investing in the economy (which is often done by taking on new debt). Money that was previously used to pay back interest on the debt would get freed up for use in other things, but again, debt is not a bad thing for a country. In fact, it is a good tool for making sure governments have money when they need it (as saving is rarely a good option). if the USA would not make use of it at all, that would probably have bad consequences for citizens.


Question: How do countries handle the vast discrepancies between international postage costs?

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 How do countries handle the vast discrepancies between international postage costs?

There is an organization called the Universal Postal Union that helps sort things out. Established in 1874, it is perhaps the oldest international governance organization in the world. It is now part of the UN. They have a system to balance the books when there is a mail imbalance between countries, where in your example China would have to compensate Australia. In addition, some countries, like the US and China, have a bilateral agreement on how to handle postage imbalances.


Question: What caused Pangea to separate and why did the landmasses separate in those directions?

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 What caused Pangea to separate and why did the landmasses separate in those directions?

The answer to both questions is Plate Tectonics. Earth's surface is made up of a series of giant 'plates' of material that slowly movee around the planet. They do this because right below the continents is a layer of rock that is very hot (due to the pressure caused by the continental plates), and not rigid like surface rocks, allowing for very slow movement of the plates resting on top. Over time, these plates drift around the world, periodically merging and breaking apart. Pangaea was only one of many such supercontinents. There were others before that looked very different. URL_0 These are the plates that make up our world. the shape of the continents and how they used to look and how they split apart is just a natural result of all of them constantly, slowly moving against each other.


Question: What are the causes of economic inflation?

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 What are the causes of economic inflation?

Inflation occurs, primarily, when a country creates more money than it creates in value. Believe it or not, value is not a zero sum game. Anybody who discovers a way to more efficiently use resources such as lessening costs of production or inventing a product which hasn’t existed before in a way that increases utility creates value (or wealth) for a society which didn’t previously exist. This is why (generally) governments print money, to try and keep the value of money steady by printing proportionally to the new value that’s been introduced to society. ————— Some other causes for inflation are fluctuating exchange rates which change the nature of imports and exports from a country (the cash in versus out of a country), or a host of other things such as shortages which temporarily increase demand of which prices may stick for a while afterwards. Some other causes for governments printing money include quantitative easing, an advanced economic concept that posters inflation tends to lag behind a cash influx so printing more money may provide more short-term relief with minimal to no long-term consequences, or currency devaluation in which a government prints way more money than the country creates in economic growth for purposes such as paying back foreign debt. Also a host of other things. See /u/lollersauce914’s comment [here]( URL_0 ) for more examples.