Question: why do magnets lose their magnetism over time?

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 why do magnets lose their magnetism over time?

Keep in mind that perfect magnets do not lose magnetism over time or use (for the same reason Earth does not "lose gravity" if you jump). It is not an intrinsic property of permanent magnets. Magnets losing magnetism instead has to do with imperfections in their construction, and mechanical and thermal wear-n-tear.


Question: Why does chilled alcohol have less of a "bite"?

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 Why does chilled alcohol have less of a "bite"?

Because you actually don't taste alcohol, you smell it. The colder it is, the less vapor gets to your nose. If you're talking about the burning sensation in your mouth, not really sure. It most likely is some kind of chemical reaction that causes this, and those are lot slower in a cold environment


Question: If a firetruck catches on fire, is it irony or coincidence? What's the difference between the two?

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 If a firetruck catches on fire, is it irony or coincidence? What's the difference between the two?

Your understanding of irony is correct. One thing that makes irony confusing is that different people can have different expectations, so what counts as the opposite of expectation may differ from person to person. I think a firetruck catching on fire is ironic because I would expect firefighters to take precautions that would prevent their truck from catching fire, though a fire station catching fire would be even more ironic since firefighters tend to know more about preventing home fires than engine ones.


Question: Why is everything in 3D modeling triangles?

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 Why is everything in 3D modeling triangles?

You already said it yourself, every shape can be made out of triangles. Most modeling is done using meshing, which is a large series of interconnected nodes (usually triangular meshing). I think a good way of picturing this is if you had a rectangle, and you needed to know the distance between one corner of the rectangle to the other for interaction purposes, there's only two ways of calculating this. The first is vector addition (unnecessarily long and arduous), and the second is triangulation which is much faster and more efficient.


Question: How does the Bank of England pump money into the economy?

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 How does the Bank of England pump money into the economy?

To pump money, the Central bank lower reserve rates. The Central banks fixes Reserves for all the other banks of the country. It means if you place 100 in a bank A they may have to keep 50 but can loan 50 to someone else. Those 50 are gonna be used to pay someone that is gonna deposit it to bank B, and the bank can re-lend 25 of it etc... If you lower the reserve requirements, there will be less "still" money and more money into circulation. It'll also push the rates down because money is easier to access. All of that means more money will be available "pumped" into the economy


Question: Why does working a injured muscle through the same range of motion that injured it in the first place result in faster recovery?

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 Why does working a injured muscle through the same range of motion that injured it in the first place result in faster recovery?

According to my physiotherapist. As muscles and tendons heal, scar tissue form. The scar tissues are not as flexible and good as the original, that's why old injured spots can feel stiff and painful sometimes. Flexes and exercises strengthen and stretch muscles, which help break apart the scar tissues, also move blood there which promote healing.


Question: How does Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy work?

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 How does Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy work?

I have experience in both NMR and EPR. Explaining it without mathematics can be challenging. In extremely simplified terms, though, imagine an entity with two possible states. Call them state 1 and state 2. Adding radio waves to the system tends to make it go to state 1. Adding a perpendicular magnetic field tends to make it go to state 2. Whenever the entity changes between state 1 and state 2 it releases energy. This energy can be detected. Most typically (but not always), an NMR machine will set a static radio frequency, and then scan the system with varied magnetic field strength. At particular points, the radio frequency tending to make the entity go to state 1 and the magnetic field tending to make the entity go to state 2 are aligned. At this point, the entity goes rapidly between states. This is called resonance. Every single transition releases energy, and these countless transitions in the system produce a powerful signal in the aggregate. This resonant point where the radio frequency and magnetic field intensities align depends on the chemical properties and environment that the entity is in. Now what is the entity? It could be a proton (hydrogen), an electron, carbon, nitrogen, etc. Although we use a special type of carbon and nitrogen, and for electrons the molecule the electron is on has to be special, too. Think of chemical shift as a measure of the chemical properties and environment of the entity you're measuring. For example, a proton that is surrounded by other atoms vs a proton kind of dangling off in space will be very different. These will have distinct and characteristic chemical shifts, and therefore the resonant point will be very distinct.


Question: Why antidepressants within the same class (say, SSRIs) are slightly different than each other?

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 Why antidepressants within the same class (say, SSRIs) are slightly different than each other?

Drugs rarely have specific binding protein sites, e.g. you likedy won't see a DRD4 agonist that is completely unreactive at DRD2. Every drug has a "map" of which proteins they bind to and their affinity, how tightly they bind. This is the drug's binding profile. These are usually determined by putting the ligands (drug molecule) you want to test in a multiwell plate (think tiny test tube array) along proteins you want to assay and something to measure the binding affinity, usually by fluorescence. This gives you the [dissociation constant]( URL_0 ), which is how "willing" the molecule is to leave once it has bound to a protein. Every drug, even within a specific class, has different affinity profiles, which affect your brain chemistry. Also every drug has unique ADME - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. D'oh, I'm on eli5, not /r/askscience Uhhhhhhh... **tl;dr** - every drug is a special snowflake with their own personality and their personality determines how it affects your brain


Question: Why have SSD prices so drastically dropped in the last year?

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 Why have SSD prices so drastically dropped in the last year?

SSD prices have been on a steady decline over the last several years due to improvements in the manufacturing technology and the overall volume decreasing The rather abrupt price drop($0.13-$0.17/GB now from $0.22-$0.30 a few months ago) is currently being blamed on excess supply due to missed forecasts on smartphones. Chip makers struggle to make *just the right number* of chips because too few will drive prices up and people will push for more capacity but too much will mean they have a lot of excess inventory they need to move so they can start producing the hot new chip on the line. Chips also have an odd life cycle where some companies only want to be in at the beginning where its low volume but great margin, and other companies only want to be in in the middle when its tiny margins but oodles of volume to help make up for it. It would seem they made enough flash for the forecasted growth in laptop and smartphone sales, but smartphones remained flat and they were left with a lot of NAND chips they needed to ditch. The semiconductor industry doesn't hold onto product for any length of time because it'll be old tech by christmas.


Question: how do breathalysers work to detect alcohol in breath and how accurate are they?

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 how do breathalysers work to detect alcohol in breath and how accurate are they?

Alcohol is not digested by your body and directly enters your blood stream. Our blood also passes through our lungs where some of the alcohol passes through membranes and evaporates in the lungs because of its volatile nature. Now when you blow into a breathalyzer, if there is alcohol in your blood a chemical reaction occurs in the machine which causes a colour change. This shows the amount of alcohol in your bloodstream.


Question: What is that sinking feeling in your chest when you're anxious?

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 What is that sinking feeling in your chest when you're anxious?

It's largely two things; your heart experiencing mild palpitations (caused by adrenaline), and your body sending more blood to your extremities and more important organs (which can cause brief periods of low blood pressure). It's all a part of your body's fight-or-flight response; the stress triggers physical and chemical reactions in your body to either fight or run from the perceived threat, because those systems of your body are hard-wired into you and can't tell the difference between genuine fear of imminent death and emotional stress.


Question: Why is it easier to talk when we move hands?

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 Why is it easier to talk when we move hands?

Words are linguistically representative of concepts, but their range of meaning is limited. You can get a lot of information from things like tone and emphasis (the audible equivalent of "reading between the lines"), but body language adds yet another level of interpretation. For people with the subconscious desire to be understood with specificity and precision, making hand motions and facial expressions is a natural extension of the communication process. Let me make it even simpler: you know when you comment on something in a sarcastic way and someone overreacts in a reply, not realizing that you're not really angry or upset? Imagine how much easier it would be if someone was listening to you speak instead of reading text in their own assumed tone. Hand motions and facial expressions are exactly that, but one level higher. You feel like it's "easier" to talk because you're using even more tools to make your communication clear, and you feel more comfortable and confident that you're being understood. And you're right - most of the time, you are being understood better when you use the right words, the right tone, the right emphasis, and the right body language.


Question: How is it possible for sandbags to hold back an entire river?

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 How is it possible for sandbags to hold back an entire river?

As sand gets wet, it clumps together and becomes really heavy and dense, almost like a brick. So when you put those sandbags out, they turn into little walls that are dense enough to stop the water. Sand's density comes from how small each particle of sand is. Sand behaves like a liquid in that it fills whatever space is available to it because the grains are so small. That's why they hide behind sand bags in fire fights, the sand is so dense, it can stop some calibers of bullets. And when you add water to sand, those little crevices between each grain of sand become filled with water, leaving approximately no open spaces for air to exist. So it becomes even heavier.


Question: Why do massages make us feel better if something is in pain?

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 Why do massages make us feel better if something is in pain?

Pain receptors send signals to your brain that is interpreted as a painful sensation. Applying pressure to the affected area activates touch receptors in that area, which not only sends messages of a touch sensation, but can also inhibit the transmission of pain signals along its path, therefore reducing the intensity of pain signals transmitted to the brain.


Question: What makes prostitution illegal, while acting in porn for money not?

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 What makes prostitution illegal, while acting in porn for money not?

In the US, pornography is a type of expression that falls under the broad protection of the 1st Amendment. Technically speaking, you are paying actors to act, and it just happens that sexual intercourse is part of that. You aren't paying them directly for the sex, nor are you paying them for the actor's sexual gratification (you're paying them for the audience's sexual gratification). Prostitution is strictly money-for-sex for the participants (at least one's) sexual gratification and it isn't an expression of free speech. You may find the distinction arbitrary, but nevertheless that is the distinction that the US Courts have ruled and upheld since the 80's and it's stuck. Now, the follow-up question is why can't you just bring a camera to a prostitute and call it porn? Well that's because the people operating the law aren't stupid. They may be malicious and incompetent, but they aren't stupid. Pornography companies and actors wade through mountains of regulations and paperwork to do what they do and there are laws regarding acting in general. You can't just point a camera at someone and -poof- they're now an actor.


Question: How can humans breed plants together?

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 How can humans breed plants together?

In layman's terms, yes, they take pollen from one plant and fertilize a different plant with it. Then they harvest the seeds and see what happens when the seeds grow. A lot of the seeds that you buy at the gardening store are hybrids, which means they were produced through this kind of breeding.


Question: Why do marathoners rarely run marathon distances in training?

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 Why do marathoners rarely run marathon distances in training?

*For most people* - training by running a full marathon is kind of like regularly shooting yourself with a .22 to build up a tolerance to bullets. Its incredibly unhealthy and is so far beyond the limit of what your body can do that it just harms you without meaningfully building endurance. The idea behind marathons is that you run them very occasionally and just accept the harm that they cause because the prestige of running a marathon is what motivates you to regularly run shorter, healthier distances. Even then, people who only occasionally run marathons and train by running shorter distances have a much higher incidence of knee and heart problems than those who do not. As with everything though, there are a few people that are just naturally gifted and can run those distances regularly. But they also typically develop severe knee and heart problems in their 40's or 50's.


Question: When cooking pasta, why do you have to let the water boil before putting in the pasta, why can't you do it right away?

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 When cooking pasta, why do you have to let the water boil before putting in the pasta, why can't you do it right away?

Pasta is wheat based, has lots of plant fats called starch, which make it delicious. However, this same starch turns into a goopy glue like substance when added to water. By adding it in when the water is boiling it reduces the time the starches can turn to goop. The boiling heat seals the outside of the pasta which keeps starch from getting out. All this makes it easier to keep your pasta from sticking together.


Question: How important is the moon to life as we know it?

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 How important is the moon to life as we know it?

If the moon ceased to exist, it would have two major impacts (along with many more, I'm sure). * Tides would follow the sun instead of the moon, leading to significant differences in size/timing/etc. Many species have evolved to be dependent on tides and would either have to adapt or die out. Our efforts at harnessing tides for energy would also need to change. * The earth's rotation would become less stable on its normal axis. Right now the moon helps earth stay stable on its rotational axis (giving us consistent seasons), and that would not hold true without the moon. A new timeline for seasons would be an example of an impact that a less stable axis of rotation would have. This again will result in the death or adaptation of many species on earth who have grown accustomed to regular seasons over the period of a year.


Question: What did people do with poor vision before the invention of bifocals? Did they just deal with it?

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 What did people do with poor vision before the invention of bifocals? Did they just deal with it?

Before the 1800s most people had no need for perfect 20/20 vision. A horse is self-driving and you can’t read, so what does it matter? Sure your career as an archer or a scribe might be over before it started, but you don’t need good vision to be a farmer or blacksmith.


Question: If we all received a a universal income, doesn't this just increase the price of every product and service, defeating the purpose?

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 If we all received a a universal income, doesn't this just increase the price of every product and service, defeating the purpose?

The increase is relatively small, the impact is of a similar scale to a moderate increase in the minimum wage, since the money is given regardless of income some individuals will see a dramatic increase in their money, whereas others will barely notice it. For the advantages and disadvantages - URL_0


Question: Why did 4/4 times become the most common in music?

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 Why did 4/4 times become the most common in music?

It's really easy to subdivide in 4/4. Typically, a musical phrase is going to be eight measures. When it's in 4/4, that's 32 beats. *Super* easy to divide that up, because *powers of two!* Two 16 beat half phrases with two 8 beat quarter phrases...etc. Speaking of, it's also really easy to divide up the beats in a single measure. They're called *quarter* notes, it makes sense that there would be four of them. Same for two half notes and eight eighth notes. It's easier to write and as a result, easier to get as a listener. Pop music especially is built on being easy to recognize and understand - I'm not saying that's a bad thing, necessarily, that's just how it is. Writing in other time signatures makes your music a little more complex which is harder to write and can be *much* harder for your listeners to recognize. Interestingly enough, there was a period in Western music when all musicians were expected to write in 3/4 all the time - or at least, any music to be played in the church (which was pretty much the only place you're going to be playing music that anyone will hear). The 3-beat measure was supposed to signify the Christian "Holy Trinity" (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit). Undeterred, some of the best musicians wrote their music in pseudo-4/4: for example, holding for a forth beat into the next measure, so it *sounds* like it's a 4/4 whole note even though you're actually combining three beats in one measure (a half note and a quarter note) and another quarter note.


Question: How do some countries with very high national debt (Japan, US) still manage to drive their economies, but some (Greece) fail to do so?

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 How do some countries with very high national debt (Japan, US) still manage to drive their economies, but some (Greece) fail to do so?

Investor confidence. You can borrow forever as long as people continue to think you will eventually pay it back. Japan is a technological and industrial powerhouse, and people generally think that even despite its insane debt-to-GDP ratio, their economy is still strong and continue to invest in it. Greece has no real major industry or exports, so it doesn't inspire a lot of confidence. So people stop investing, and the economy crashes.


Question: Why is it that when you get older, your hangovers become gradually worse? And I’m talking of a small age difference e.g. between a 21yo and a 25yo

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 Why is it that when you get older, your hangovers become gradually worse? And I’m talking of a small age difference e.g. between a 21yo and a 25yo

You digest alcohol and get calories from it, but it's a multi-step process. The first step is the liver actually turning it into a MORE toxic chemical, and the second step turns it into something we can use. The second step uses a chemical the liver makes to do that, and as we age it can make less and less of it. So we end up with more step 2 toxic chemical in us for longer, and it makes us feel awful (hung over). Also, your body just gets steadily worse at recovering from injury and sickness in general, and that includes poisoning (getting drunk).


Question: Why can computers play multiple audio sources at once while phones (usually) have to turn one source off to play another?

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 Why can computers play multiple audio sources at once while phones (usually) have to turn one source off to play another?

In a word, software. Computers will let you do this natively whereas Android and iOS don't (usually.) However there are apps for both that will let you play multiple files at the same time. To show that the phone can definitely play multiple files together just play a game, multiple audio files will play together all through the game.


Question: How do drug tablets always have the same amount of active ingredient in every pill?

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 How do drug tablets always have the same amount of active ingredient in every pill?

If you make a cake properly, how often do you find a spot that's scrambled eggs or a lump of flour? If you mix some green into a bucket of white paint and mix it well, how often do you get a streak of white or green? It's basically the same thing.


Question: Why where old PCBs brownish/beige and now they are green?

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 Why where old PCBs brownish/beige and now they are green?

Old PCB's were mostly green. The colored part is the solder mask, which is the top/outside layer that protects the conductive traces. Green is chosen as it causes less eye strain, which is helpful to the ones who stare at these boards 8 hours a day. It is also likely chosen since the resin is made it bulk, so it's cheaper. Power supplies seem to use boards with no solder mask likely due to them not needing solder traces (As they may be inadequate in their current carrying capabilities), and only using jumpers/wires. The tan/yellow color of the substrate is visible since there's no solder mask covering it. Older and simple electronics would sometimes use this method too.


Question: What’s with all the fancy attachments and whatnot on the bows of professional archers?

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 What’s with all the fancy attachments and whatnot on the bows of professional archers?

From looking at pictures if it’s a very long tripod looking thing that’s called the stabiliser. It helps steady the bow just like holding your arms out helps balance yourself. Other than that I see there’s a mount for a sight, it’s mounted on a pole away from the bow so you can adjust it better


Question: How are internet speeds regulated by the service provider?

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 How are internet speeds regulated by the service provider?

It can be done in simple software settings in the routers that direct the traffic to you. They limit the amount of data to you. Extra data Thai is not forwarded can be stored in a memory buffet or simply dropped. That is if the speed is artificially limited and not because of a slow link.


Question: How do pawn shops work?

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 How do pawn shops work?

Usually the idea of "pawning" something is a way to get a short-term loan. If I need $100 but I have no job (for example) a bank is unlikely to give me that money because they have no way to know I'll pay them back. And if I won't or *can't* pay them back, I may get in trouble but that won't help them get their money back... so it's a big risk. At a pawn shop, I would give them an item worth *somewhat more* than $100, and if I don't pay the loan back they can keep the item. They benefit because they either get their money back, or sell the item to recoup their money. I benefit because they're willing to lend me money on this basis, which I need, and couldn't get otherwise. Not that it's always 100% fair, but that's the basic idea.


Question: What are enthalpy and entropy, respectively?

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 What are enthalpy and entropy, respectively?

Enthalpy is how much heat is contained in a system (internal energy of the system (the energy required to create a system) and the energy required to make room for the system (energy of the pressure and volume). Entropy is a measure of how disordered the system is (how many different states a system can be in). So for example, if you had two red cubes, you'd have less entropy than if you had a blue and a red cube, since the number of possible states with the red cubes is one (R|R) and the red/blue cube is 2 (R|B and B|R)


Question: How did Bernie Madoff’s scam work?

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 How did Bernie Madoff’s scam work?

He collected money from investors. They kept their investments with him for decades in most cases. He sent them statements showing what trades he made that month and how much money they made from them. But the trades were all a lie. He had a guy who’s full time job was to look up stocks trading ranges and make fake investment reports to send out every month. Because his investors tended to be very wealthy, very few attempted to withdraw money, and he was able to show they were making “profits”. In 2008, during the financial crash, there were enough people who actually wanted/needed their money that he ran out. He desperately tried to find new investors so that he could pay the people who wanted their cash, but of course, at that time, no one was investing in anything. So he had to confess and say that he was unable to pay them back. It is a very strange case, because he didn’t spend the money he got from them, he just put it in the bank. But he sent out reports showing people they were earning 10% a year and their accounts were growing when they were not. Some banks became suspicious, because he wasn’t moving money around like a guy investing billions normally would. So he just moved money around from various accounts to try to make it look reasonable. No one called him out because he was a very well respected financial guy.


Question: Can soap be infected? Or contaminated? I mean, it’s supposed to fight bacteria and all but if it’s covered in grime is it still able to function right? (IDK if this is chemistry or biology related)

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 Can soap be infected? Or contaminated? I mean, it’s supposed to fight bacteria and all but if it’s covered in grime is it still able to function right? (IDK if this is chemistry or biology related)

Yes soap can get infected by bacteria. However, usually the bacteria that come into contact with it don't survive (for long), for a number of reasons: * The soap is generally kept dry, and dry porous surfaces tend to suck the water out of the majority of bacteria and kill them. * Liquid soap isn't dry, but is usually very viscous, and this will also "suck" the water out of bacteria through [osmosis]( URL_1 ). * Soap is generally made by boiling fats in sodium / potassium hydroxide (lye), and as a result it's very alkaline (pH of 9-10), and the majority of bacteria thrive in a "neutral" pH of 7.4 or so. Cells are quite sensitive to pH values (acidity, alkalinity), and will stop growing / multiplying with values far from the "neutral". * Sodium and potassium also play [crucial roles]( URL_0 ) in most cells, and high concentrations of either can disrupt the function of a cell. So all in all, several factors make it relatively "toxic" for bacteria to grow on/in soap, but of course there are always strains that are tougher and can survive, so ultimately it IS possible for soap to get infected. If it happens, I'd guess it would be a mold that gets in there; molds are resilient microorganisms.


Question: Why do some companies print their products expiration date in code instead of an easy to read format?

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 Why do some companies print their products expiration date in code instead of an easy to read format?

That's not an expiry / best before date. It's a lot number. In case of complaints etc. it allows the company to know which production batch the pack is from. This allows them to investigate any problems more easily and trace where units have gone if they need to recall a batch due to e.g. finding out there was a problem with one of the ingredients.


Question: Can you travel infinitely in a given space?

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 Can you travel infinitely in a given space?

You've re-stated one of Zeno's paradoxes. Yes, you will finish the race, as the number of partial distances grows to infinity, the length of each partial distance and the time taken to traverse it becomes zero. It's not a paradox of physics, it's simply a failure on the part of the ancient Greeks to properly understand the concept of infinity.


Question: How do snowflakes form into such amazing shapes?

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 How do snowflakes form into such amazing shapes?

It's the power of the permutation Snowflakes tend to be 6 sided because [Hexagons are the Bestagons]( URL_0 ). Because a hexagon has points that stick out, they make themselves "more available" to have new water molecules take hold, as compared to the sides of the hexagon. So you tend to get that 6 sided pattern that fractals its way into the macro. Because any one of 6 sides can suddenly take off onto it's own expansion, and any one of the 6 sides that that new one produced can go on to produce more, you end up with an uncountably large number of possible ways that a snowflake can grow. It is for this reason that it is said that no two snowflakes are alike.


Question: How are the relatively few Unites States telecommunication companies not an oligopoly that limits efficient competition of the market?

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</answer>
 How are the relatively few Unites States telecommunication companies not an oligopoly that limits efficient competition of the market?

Many, myself included, would argue that they are. However, in antitrust cases brought against telecoms firms, courts have tended to, effectively, say: "This sector is highly regulated in ways designed to limit pricing power of firms (e.g. the 1996 telecommunications act) and therefore antitrust law doesn't need to be as strictly enforced." Telecoms exists in this weird middle ground from being a utility (essentially a regulated monopoly) and an actual competitive market which has helped them skate under the radar of antitrust law. I should also say that, generally, antitrust enforcement has been getting looser for the last 40 years more generally, so that has an effect.


Question: How can we know that the electron (photon) that hits the screen in double slit experiment is exactly the same one that we have shot?

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 How can we know that the electron (photon) that hits the screen in double slit experiment is exactly the same one that we have shot?

> after all - what is a wave if not a group of particles? This is a classical view of waves. In QM we cant describe anything as just a particle. > Therefore, how can we be sure that it is the very same particle that we have started with? By being careful. We can fire 1 electron, or photon when using light, at a time at the slit and let the results build up over time. > could mean that the electron (photon) that was shot interacted with something, This is exactly what is happening. The only part you are missing is the electron(or photon) is interacting with itself. Again by being careful we can be sure there isn't anything else around for the electron to interact with.


Question: How do planets...exist? Meaning...how are they not hurtling through space like rouge planets?

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 How do planets...exist? Meaning...how are they not hurtling through space like rouge planets?

The reason is simple - all of the planets in our solar system were formed at the same time from the same ball of matter. Why does that make them exist on the same plane? Well, you take this ball of matter (mostly hydrogen gas), and in the center is where you're going to get the sun. Some of the matter is rotating clockwise, some is rotating counterclockwise about that center. Just by random chance, you'll have a little bit more going one way or the other (CW or CCW). As gravity pulls everything together (and form the sun), conservation of angular momentum means that slight bit of extra rotation is going to speed up - like a figure skater pulling their arms in for faster rotation. So... gravity pulls this ball together, but instead of all collapsing to a single point (the sun), it kind of "pancakes." So you get the sun at the center, and the rest of the pancakes become the planets. They all exist on the same plane and orbit in the same direction because they were formed from the same "pancaking." Oh, and our current planetary models say that the solar system probably formed with twice as many planets (maybe more) and then gravitational disturbances flung those extra planets off into deep space... and that deep space is probably littered with these extra planets, hurling through space.


Question: How do internet cookies work? Example: How is youtube able to know I visit disc golf sites and then give me ads for the sport?

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 How do internet cookies work? Example: How is youtube able to know I visit disc golf sites and then give me ads for the sport?

The cookies themselves tend to be teeny tiny little text files. They almost never store much data. They usually are a couple configurations for some visual settings then the real important thing is an ID number. Like a site will say "this guy is #214412" then all the other sites they partner with can say "ah here is that #214412 guy" and then can look up in whatever database all the partner sites share all the other stuff they know about you. Like basically cookies have very little actually stored in them, but they store enough so the site knows who you are, then they can look it up on their end in whatever database they have made.


Question: Is there an objective 'now' in the universe?

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 Is there an objective 'now' in the universe?

Ya kinda answered your own question I suppose. Our definition of now is what's happening at this moment. But like you said, just being in a different part of the universe can alter that because it's possible that your "now" has already happened in my "now" if we're going by relative time. The concept of now is based on time, which doesn't really exist the way we assume it does. However, just because now is relative doesn't mean it doesn't exist. We can still use the word now and mean what we say.


Question: How does the human brain dictate when it's time to nap and when to fully sleep?

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 How does the human brain dictate when it's time to nap and when to fully sleep?

Multiple things control the desire to sleep. 1. The circadian rhythm. You have a part of your brain dedicated to knowing what time it is. It doesn't just control sleep, and it can be affected by things like light and temperature. Your brain releases chemicals based on this. 2. Melatonin. Your body makes this chemical, which doesn't make you sleepy per say, but makes you ready for sleep. 3. Adenosine. Another chemical your body makes. It increases through out the day, and once it reaches a certain level, you get the desire to go to sleep. This is what coffee messes with. 4. Histamines. Histamines help keep you awake. This is why antihistamines, like Benadryl, make you sleepy. So any disruption of those could mess up a sleep cycle.


Question: I always hear that billionaires and corporations do not pay taxes. It can't be that simple. What would their side of the story be?

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 I always hear that billionaires and corporations do not pay taxes. It can't be that simple. What would their side of the story be?

It’s different for either case. The most common tricks though are the following though. **Corporate Tax** For corporations, taxes are only paid on profits. So the common trick is just to not make a profit, instead spend all money to grow the company as large as possible. The tax code generally accepts this because this means future profits will be greater, the tax will be eventually paid. Amazon for instance had never paid any profits to owners, it’s always just used profits to build more of their empire, thus has never paid corporate tax. This also means that the owners of the company (shareholders) don’t get any of this profit, though this does increase stock price, but that is taxed as follows. **Capital Gains Tax** For billionaires, most of their wealth is in stock. In stocks, you only only pay profits on said stocks when you sell the stock. So they just don’t sell their stock until they need to. They only sell whatever they need to live on. **Capital Loss Deduction** If you have stock/ownership in a company and it loses value since you bought it, you don’t pay taxes on that, since you only pay taxes on profit from company stock. You can also deduct your losses in stock/ownership value from future taxes, this is why Donald Trump for instance barely paid any tax, he lost money most years, and paid the tax on the rest of his wealth in years prior. Donald Trump has an easy explanation for not paying tax, but unfortunately for him, losing money interferes with his “brilliant buisiness man” persona so he doesn’t want to admit that. The idea here is that the tax code should work on overall profit over time, if you are taxing good years and not deducting bad years, you are paying more tax than someone with only good years. **Random Small Deduction** Beside that, there are various deductions you can do and they have accountants that find these, but these aren’t as significant as the above. Charity is a big one for instance, you can deduct some of your taxes by donating to charity. But these are still also fairly limited. The government wants to incentivize certain behavior, they create deductions to allow for this, although some argue this is prone for abuse. **Other Taxes** Do note that all of this excludes things like property taxes and what not. They have to pay these too (these are generally state taxes), though what they may do for instance is underestimate the value of their property for tax purposes and the government then has to prove its worth in court (such as Apple saying their Apple Park complex is worth only 200 dollars for tax purposes, the government then has to prove in court that its worth more and this is annoying from government POV). But that has to do with company internals and less about profit. The tax code above is generally designed with the philosophy that people will eventually pay their tax if they make money, maybe not this year but maybe next year, or at least when they are dead, they will eventually sell their stock or have companies grow large enough that they can’t grow anymore and profit is taxed and given to company owners rather than being reinvested. The trick for either case isn’t really a trick, it’s just to rarely ever extract a profit. They don’t need a billion in spending cash either. They don’t have that much money, they just have a lot of what they can trade in for money. The problem is that they can’t do anything with it in the first place until they trade it in for money, but even then they don’t need that much money. You can pretty effectively stall your taxes for a few years at least, maybe until a more tax friendly administration comes in and lowers taxes so you can reap your profit at a better rate. Some argue correctly that this is interest free loans and maybe not all that right. But point is taxes do catch up. Note I'm not arguing that the tax code is right or wrong here, you can certainly argue that say 20% capital gains tax is too low when its compatible with all these systems here.


Question: What makes humans not fall over?

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 What makes humans not fall over?

You can sense gravity and your orientation relative to the Earth's gravity with an organ in your [inner ears]( URL_2 ). And your body has nerves that automatically feel [where your arms and your legs are]( URL_0 ), and also how much weight is pushing down on them and how much effort the muscles have to expend in order to "stand up" or "walk" or whatever activity you're doing. And finally, the brain has the ability to calculate, at all times, how your body SHOULD position itself in order to stand, walk, etc. This is something that they've finally managed to [program into robots]( URL_1 ) only recently. Cellphones have motion and gravity detectors similar to your inner ear, but the robot needs quite a bit of processing power in order to calculate all that information in real time in order to move its limbs "automatically" like we do. The brain and the body are quite advanced, compared to current processors and robotics. Currently.


Question: Where does the volume of sugar stay when you pour it in water/tea?

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 Where does the volume of sugar stay when you pour it in water/tea?

The two answers given so far are incorrect. When you add sugar to water, the volumes are basically additive. Nothing mysterious happens. You can see this in the densities. The density of water is 1.00 g/mL. The density of sucrose is 1.59 g/mL. If there were some kind of "fitting between the spaces" happening in a solution, the density of a highly concentrated solution would be higher than sucrose itself. But it is not: URL_0