Question: How did we find out what the nucleus of an atom looks like?

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 How did we find out what the nucleus of an atom looks like?

It wasn't just one experiment that leads us to this result, but for the sake of a proper ELI5 I'll talk only about Rutherford's golden leaf experiment which pretty much proved us that the atom is mostly void. So before Rutherford's experiment, we believed that atoms had a nucleus which is neutrally charged, that is it had positive particles in it and had negative particles, but due to spacing of the particles it was believed that the nucleus would as a whole be neutral. So Rutherford set out to test this theory, he did so be placing a golden leaf(a fancy name for an extremely thin layer of gold)in front of an alpha particle emitter(alpha particles are positively charged particles) and around the golden leaf he placed a detector that can detect alpha particles. So according to the model Rutherford set out to test, the alpha particles should pass through the golden leaf and hit the detector, but to his surprise and that of many others, he found out that a very small amount of alpha particles were deflected back or to the side. The results lead to the conclusion that only a very strongly charged particle can repel the alpha particles, and so an model was proposed in which the nucleus was introduced which hold the protons and around the nucleus electrons are buzzing around(this model now known as Rutherford's model is not completely correct but it did help pave the way for other better models). Now what Rutherford did was he calculated the size of the nucleus by math which originated in gambling. I could go more into depth but my explanation is complicated and long enough and would really not be an ELI5 anymore.


Question: How does the way of breathing change the intensity of pain?

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 How does the way of breathing change the intensity of pain?

There have been a number of studies in different areas (mostly chronic pain management) in recent years suggesting that slower breathing can reduce pain perception, but the reasoning is still foggy. Effects like reduced tension and negative feelings are mentioned, as well as more positive and/or different mindsets. My guess is that tension plays the most immediate role for acute pain, and the psycho-emotional side of things is more impactful for people with chronic pain, but that’s just speculation.


Question: What is happening to your skin when itchiness occurs?

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 What is happening to your skin when itchiness occurs?

Your body releases a chemical in the area that stimulates the nerve endings in a way that triggers the desire to scratch that spot. This is in response to the presence of something foreign that needs to be removed. I think that’s it but I’m a moron so I am also probably very wrong.


Question: Could you "carbonate" water with other gases? And would they behave in a similar way (like building bubbles and causing the bottle to explode when shaken)?

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 Could you "carbonate" water with other gases? And would they behave in a similar way (like building bubbles and causing the bottle to explode when shaken)?

You can. Guinness beer is impregnated with nitrogen gas rather than carbon dioxide; this results in a “creamier” texture and smoother mouthfeel since nitrogen is extremely stable and doesn't easily form new compounds the way carbon does. As for the rest of your question, the properties are similar as far as exploding when agitated.


Question: why coke explodes when you shake it and then open?

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 why coke explodes when you shake it and then open?

Coke gets its fizz from Carbon Dioxide gas that has been dissolved into it. When sealed, a can of coke is pressurized and the gas cannot easily escape from this liquid. When you open the can, the small amount of gas that has accumulated at the **top** of the can escapes (causing the trademark 'hiss'), and the carbon dioxide can now slowly leave the liquid in the form of small bubbles. After a period of time, the coke will go "flat" which just means that all of the carbon dioxide has escaped. If you pour the liquid into a glass (especially one that has ice), the turbulence caused will allow small bubbles to form, which allows the gas to escape more quickly. Shaking the liquid also has the same effect. The same thing happens when you shake a sealed can: You cause small bubbles to form, which **accumulate as larger bubbles on the sides of the can**. When you then open the can (which is pressurized), these bubbles of gas all rush to escape. These bubbles must push through the liquid thus causing more turbulence, which then causes the eruption you're referring to. You can avoid this by tapping lightly on the sides of the can to allow all of the gas bubbles to accumulate in the top near the tab. That way, when you open the can, the gas can all easily escape without having to push through the liquid. This will usually work even if you have vigorously shaken the can beforehand.


Question: why does resting with your eyes closed, in a resting position not contribute to sleep?

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 why does resting with your eyes closed, in a resting position not contribute to sleep?

Because you don't sleep with your eyes and the position of your body, you sleep with your brain; in other words, your brain needs the sleep, not your eyes or muscles. We don't fully understand all the biology and neural science of sleep, but [REM sleep]( URL_1 ) and deep sleep are both necessary for your brain to feel "rested". Your neurons keep firing (functioning) as you sleep, but in different patterns than when you're awake, and based on [what happens when you don't get enough sleep]( URL_2 ), the point of sleep seems to be to [consolidate your memories]( URL_0 ) and knowledge and get the brain ready to deal with the next day's worth of sensory inputs and learning.


Question: Why do suction cups stick better when wet?

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 Why do suction cups stick better when wet?

Suction cups work by removing air from one side of the cup so that the air pressure on the other side of the cup pushes the cup against the wall (or other surface) without anything pushing back. It’s the air pressure in the room pushing against the suction cup that holds it in place. They lose suction when air has a chance to get back in-between the suction cup and the wall. If the suction cup is dry, it’s easier for air to slowly push its way under the suction cup, and in-between it and the wall, reducing the difference in air pressure and causing it to release its grip. By wetting the suction cup, you’re putting a layer of water between the cup and the wall, which blocks the air from traveling through to the inside of the cup.


Question: How do plants know they're in dirt? How are they able to know where to put down their roots?

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 How do plants know they're in dirt? How are they able to know where to put down their roots?

Seeds that are dormant typically need to get wet in order for them to germinate. Once the coating around the seed (or seed coat... go figure) gets wet for a certain amount of time (depending on the species of plant this can be really quick or really long), a bunch of enzymes, hormones, and proteins get activated which signals the seed to begin germination. Soil / dirt is usually very moist. Even in the desert, eventually, there will be enough rain one day for any dormant seeds underneath the sand / soil / surface to begin the germination process. That's why it's recommended for gardeners to wet the topsoil once they plant new seeds / seedlings. The wet soil promotes growth! Now when it comes to their roots, the seed just uses gravity to determine the direction / orientation. If gravity is going down, that's where their roots will go. This is all controlled by different enzymes, hormones, and proteins.


Question: The double-slit experimet. How can simply "watching" the electron cause it to stop being a wave?

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 The double-slit experimet. How can simply "watching" the electron cause it to stop being a wave?

Prior to quantum mechanics, observation was considered a passive activity that simply recorded events that happened. Quantum Mechanics made us realize that we can't just observe something without also affecting it, because of what observation is. Take, for example, a human observer. When you see something with your eyes, what is going on? A photon is hitting an object and is reflected back toward your eyeball, passes through your pupil, and is received by the rods and cones on the back of your retina. The key thing here is: in order for you to "see" something, a photon has to hit it. At a quantum level, that is not a trivial thing. Photons have energy and that energy alters (however slightly) the thing you are observing. This is what is happening in the double-slit experiment. In order to know which slit the electron went through, you have to observe it somehow. In order to observe it, you have to have something that interacts with the electron, and once you interact with it, you cause it to not be a wave anymore.


Question: why are boils filled with liquid?

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 why are boils filled with liquid?

A boil is an infection. Your body fights the infection with white blood cells. White blood cells die as they fight the infection. The liquid (pus) are the dead white blood cells (plus whatever they killed). Presence of pus = white cells died there = white cells were fighting something there = there was/is probably an infection of some kind.


Question: how flies manage to get into our house through the smallest gap but somehow struggle so much to exit?

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 how flies manage to get into our house through the smallest gap but somehow struggle so much to exit?

So think about it like this, imagine that you are in a huge football stadium that is completely dark except one candle in the middle of the field. It is really easy for you to find your way TOO the light, but a dim light does not help you at all when walking away and trying to find the exit. Similiarly, when there is an attractant (like garbage) it will be very easy for a fly to follow the trail back to the source. However, once the fly is in, there is no clear source of something to follow from the outside. There isnt a trail that leads back because whatever it followed to get in is now all over on the inside.


Question: Are there any differences in the effectiveness of skincare products that have the same active ingredient?

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 Are there any differences in the effectiveness of skincare products that have the same active ingredient?

Short answer: no. If the active ingredients are the same, then you get the same actions. Long answer: maybe. The non-active ingredients may play some role in preserving the active ingredient, helping it get to the site of action or making it easier to use. They may also just be fillers to bulk up the product or things like perfumes that drive consumer preference but don’t effect the potency or action. Most generic OTC stuff in your market or pharmacy are indistinguishable, on a chemical or pharmacological level, from the brand name item.


Question: Why is illumination(e.g. flash) so much more important for cameras than for the human eye?

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 Why is illumination(e.g. flash) so much more important for cameras than for the human eye?

The human eye is far more sensitive to light than almost any commercial camera sensor (and even those that get close have huge amounts of image noise at high sensitivity). Also, camera sensor can only have the same sensitivity setting for the entire sensor (possibly barring some expensive prototypes), while each individual cell can adapt to the needed sensitivity, allowing you to clearly see brightly lit houses at night while also being able to make out details of a dark street.


Question: What exactly is freezer burn and why does it make food taste bad?

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 What exactly is freezer burn and why does it make food taste bad?

It's just oxidation. If you put food in a freezer it won't rot, but if it's not well sealed from air oxygen will still affect it in a way that makes it taste bad. Normally food when left out will rot before oxidation becomes a problem so this effect is usually only seen with frozen food. It has nothing to do with burning.


Question: How are mental disorders like anxiety, stress and panic able to have such a negative effect on the body physically?

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 How are mental disorders like anxiety, stress and panic able to have such a negative effect on the body physically?

The same neurotransmitters that regulate mental experiences are the same ones that organize physical experiences too. Anxiety is an increase in stress which is the same as your mind telling your body constantly "be ready for some shit to go down" which makes your muscles react by increasing blood flow to "prepare" for a situation that may or may not be coming. When the body goes on full alert, it costs energy which makes your mind tired and unable to continue to cope with the reality that nothing is actually bothering you. I won't try to bog you down with the specific verbiage but basically everything is monitored by the mind so if you interrupt the thing controlling everything else, you will face problems at every level of the system. Imagine if our president was handicapped (lol), then everything they did or said would be misconstrued or simply wrong, leading to confusion or misunderstandings and generally just problems. It might not affect the day-to-day work of businesses but it will definitely affect the whole country to some extent.


Question: How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

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 How does a gas stove not blow up when you turn it on?What stops the fire from going down the pipes(?) and into the gas compartiment and explode?

Well the rest of the gas. The whole line is pressurized with natural gas. Fire can't burn without oxygen being present. Since the line is pressurized no oxygen can leak back into the line. Gas explosions usually occur when theres a break in the line and a LOT of gas is present in a space mixed with oxygen. A spark can then ignite a fire in the space. And them very very rapidly spread causing an explosion.


Question: What causes a wart growth?

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 What causes a wart growth?

Not an expert, but its seems like nobody else is, so I'll tell you what I know. Now, from what I've heard, the virus infect your skin, usually through a small cut or scrape, and nests in the nearby nerves, causing a reaction which makes your outer layer of skin rapidly produce cells in that area. There's different kinds of warts, I believe there's over 100 strains of the virus that causes them. Some look like lumps of skin, others look more like a raised callous, others can be black. That's all I really know about them. If I'm wrong hopefully someone can give you the correct info, but I'm going to read a bit about warts and see if what I heard is right, I'll update and let you know. Edit: so I just did some reading. I can't really find exactly how and why warts form the way they do, it seems like we just don't know for sure. What I heard may have just been a theory or something, so don't count on it as the correct answer, as I can't confirm it. But it does infect you right under the top layer of skin, I'm thinking maybe your body senses the infection in that exact spot, and tries to force it out from there, causing the skin growths, but I'm not sure. Though they say that you can't be cured of HPV, that it exists in your dna. So I *think* that it may affect your nervous system, but I'm not sure.


Question: There's a coin shortage, and apparently they aren't "flowing" like normal. Where did all the existing coins go?

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 There's a coin shortage, and apparently they aren't "flowing" like normal. Where did all the existing coins go?

It's not that they're gone, its that they're stagnant. Businesses are closed, likely with millions upon millions of dollars in coins sitting idle in safes and cash registers. And people are using cash way less, and if they get coins are less likely to be passing them around, preferring bills. Payments to things like restaurants are turning into electronic delivery payments etc... Also people who would usually bring a lot of coins to banks also are bringing in less.


Question: Why does rabies virus cause photophobia in people but in raccoons it makes them come out during the day?

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 Why does rabies virus cause photophobia in people but in raccoons it makes them come out during the day?

The rabies virus is pretty interesting. The viral particles take hold in nervous tissue and then start a slow ascension from peripheral nerves to central nervous system, the brain and then finally down through some of the nerves that innervate face (namely nerves that innervate salivary glands). The virus isn't perfect - it isn't omniscient and it often doesn't know exactly which way to go depending on what host it's living in. Different species have different incubation periods. That's why some animals (bats, skunks, raccoons) are considered reservoirs for the disease. The virus moves very slowly throughout their nervous system allowing them more time to spread the disease before the clinical progression puts them 6 ft under. Other species (like us) have a much shorter survival time following the onset of symptoms. Photophobia isn't really a desired affect for the virus. More likely, it's just a wrong turn in an aberrant species. But the furious portion of the disease (aka - desire to bite), just like the inability to swallow (thereby reducing the amount of virus-ridden saliva swallowed and wasted) are considered "features" of the disease to help it spread. So when those raccoons be a wanderin... they're out to kick ass and chew bubble gum. And the virus won't allow them any bubble gum. Source: I watch a lot of zombie movies.


Question: What affect do power cuts really have on a computer?

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 What affect do power cuts really have on a computer?

Usually, nothing that bad happens. Starting up should fix most things that were cut short. The exception is when the computer is actively writing or changing data on the hard drive when the power is cut; then the written data will be incomplete. That’s how data can get corrupted. If it’s a word/pdf/general data file that’s corrupted, that file is basically lost. The real bad issue is when this happens to system files that your computer uses to start up; then your PC may have issues start up.


Question: Why do most people who Survive near misses in dangerous situations respond with laughter ?

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 Why do most people who Survive near misses in dangerous situations respond with laughter ?

Laughter is usually our reaction to something unexpected, good comedy works by making you think a story is going a certain way and then jumping to something unexpected (even puns are funny because we are interpreting the word in one context, then realising there is another unexpected meaning/context). In many near-death experiences, our expectation is that we are about to die, then we suddenly jump to the unexpected "wow I'm alive". In other situations we are going about normal routine tasks, and we unexpectedly have something very dangerous happen, again giving the unexpected situation change, which causes that laughter response. There are also chemicals in your brain and body such as adranaline which cause your heart to beat faster, and others which might make you feel happiness at not being dead, and the mixture of chemicals can cause odd results (people going into shock due to too much adrenaline, hysteria, etc)


Question: If kids only learn the common core method of basic math (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), does that groundwork prepare them adequately for more advanced math?

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 If kids only learn the common core method of basic math (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), does that groundwork prepare them adequately for more advanced math?

Yes. If a child can multiply 12 and 4 and get 48, it doesn't really matter to an algebra teacher what method they used to arrive at the conclusion, as long as applying the same rules to 13 x 3 would give an answer of 39. I think the common core style of addition/subtraction might even be better preparation for algebra. A lot of the confusion that middle school kids have with subtraction and negative numbers are easier to grasp if you think of addition and subtraction as movement along the number line instead of increasing and decreasing quantities of objects.


Question: How do body builders and athletes train so much?

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 How do body builders and athletes train so much?

They do have rest periods. In fact body builders go through massive fluctuations of mass and energy. When you see them compete, they are actually dehydrated and exhausted leading up to that competition. Athletes on the other hand usually isolate different muscle groups for each day. For example, leg workouts won't make it harder to do a chest workout the next day. This will usually go in something like a 4-5 day cycle with a rest day in between each cycle. This might look like: Monday: Chest & triceps Tuesday: Back & biceps Wednesday: shoulders Thursday: leg & core Friday: rest Cardio or core do not require excessive rest. One or two days between heavy cardio and core are usually fine, so it's good to work them in whenever you feel up to it.


Question: Why are there no whales or other marine mammals the size of regular fish?

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 Why are there no whales or other marine mammals the size of regular fish?

Warm blooded creatures, mammals, maintain an internal body temperature. Where as cold blood creatures(fish regulate their body temperature with the external environment. Why is that important? Water is a heat sink, as such water tends to take the heat out of surrounding objects. Thus, if an organism spends a large amount of time in the water and are warm blooded(mammals) they would lose a large amount of energy quickly trying to regulate their body temperature. A cold blooded creature, like the vast majority of fish, wouldn't have this issue(most fish also have their blood come into direct contact with the cold water through their gills). So how do mammals survive for a large amount of time in the water? By utilizing a massive amount of insulating fat like seals and whales. Thus one reason there is a large difference is that mammals need to have a very think insulating layer of fat to keep them warm in the ocean, where as fish dont.


Question: On what basis are stores able to request that customers all leave their bags with staff at the counter? what happens if it gets stolen?

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 On what basis are stores able to request that customers all leave their bags with staff at the counter? what happens if it gets stolen?

I was at a used bookstore and a customer got very upset because his bookbag got stolen under watch by staff. He said that the staff should have yelled "Thief!" and tried to stop the person from taking his bag. The customer was initially approached by bookstore staff who asked him to leave his bag at the counter. The store also has signs stating "Leave bags at counter" but I ignored it as I saw other people with bags too. He said he will contact the store owner who now owes him a new bag plus value of all the stuff he lost inside such as ID and other possessions. He demanded to know if the cashier has a security license, which the staff did not answer. He quietly said "I don't want to have this conversation", and the customer who got his bag stolen angrily stormed out, saying he will complain to the owner. I had my backpack on and wasn't approached by staff to leave the bag at the counter for whatever reason. I thought of voluntarily leaving my bag there as a good customer, but then decided I didn't need to since I was going to leave soon anyways. After the theft just occured in the store , I was glad that I didn't leave anything with them and quickly left.


Question: Who sells internet domains and why do you have to buy them?

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 Who sells internet domains and why do you have to buy them?

Domain names are managed by ICANN, who permit accredited organizations to perform the registration process for a domain. ICANN charges a small annual fee ($0.13 USD IIRC) for registration. You have to pay to register a domain in order to keep the ICANN domain registries running, which are the systems that keep track of who has what domain. This system is needed so that multiple people don't try to use the same domain at the same time.


Question: How does "Zalgo" text work?

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 How does "Zalgo" text work?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How exactly does Zalgo text work? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [How do you create crazy looking text like this (p̷ͦ́̓͘a̐̿̆̂͋́͛̀̃̀͘͠҉͞s̃͊̂̈́͋̍̕҉t̷̛̋͆ͪ̇̄ͥ̓̈a̐̿̆̂͋́͛̀̃̀͘͠) and what is it called? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_._) 1. [ELI5: What the heck is Zalgo text? What is its purpose? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_._) 1. [ELI5:How does the weird "horror text" work? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [How does this comment work? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_._) 1. [ELI5: why are these font exist? what are the function? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [Eli5: What causes this weird text effect? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_4 comments_)


Question: how was math created and what makes it hold true?

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 how was math created and what makes it hold true?

I'm not a historian so someone may call me out here but I won't let that stop me: Math wasn't "created" and it isn't "true". Math is just a way to describe the world. Just like colors aren't "created" or "true". It's a specific way to describe aspects of reality that require certain language to describe. I can't describe the taste of rabbit to someone who has no common ground in flavors, so I need to find a basis that we can both relate to and tell them that it tastes "sort of like chicken, but more the dark meat, and a bit stronger flavor". I can't describe the tast of rabbit with colors, nor with sounds, nor numbers, nor yet feelings. Each of these are tools to address certain aspects of a shared reality. Math is a set of descriptions that encompass "how many" and its based on the concept of "one", or perhaps the difference between "one" and "none". From that common basis that all of us can relate to, we can use math's language to describe all of the things that require it. It is "true" only because we all seem to exist in the same reality and in this universe. In another setting we may find that our math is no longer true; that our words to describe fall short. As long as we share the same experience we can use the same language to describe it. I hope that is helpful.


Question: Why are so many people opposed to the Affordable Care Act?

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 Why are so many people opposed to the Affordable Care Act?

They're not, exactly. They're mostly opposed to the name "Affordable Care Act." If you poll on "Do you support the Affordable Care Act?", that's when you get a lot of people who say they oppose it. Even more will say they oppose it if you say "Do you support Obamacare?" even though those are two names for the same legislation. \*But\*, if you ask people, point by point by point, if they support the various parts of the ACA, like "Do you support allowing kids to stay on their parents' insurance until they're 25?" or "Do you support preventing insurance companies from excluding people based on pre-existing conditions?" the support goes WAY up. Basically, most people don't know what's in the ACA and, thanks mostly to propaganda, they think the ACA is something different than health care policies they actually support.


Question: What Corona Virus exactly does to our body system?

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 What Corona Virus exactly does to our body system?

Viruses in general latch on to the cells in your body, inject their RNA and cause the cell to replicate the virus, killing the cell in the process (usually). Think of your DNA and RNA as the software in the cell. This software tells the cell how to divide and grow, how to make certain proteins, and many other things. The virus comes in and reprograms this software for no other reason than to make more copies. The coronavirus enters the body through the air or by food and water. If it's the air, it will attack the cells in your lungs. Your lungs become vulnerable if the infection spreads, leading to pneumonia. This can cause your lungs to be damaged, reducing the amount of oxygen your body gets and can fluid to build up in your lungs. This fluid can also hinder your ability to breathe and effectively drown you. If it enters by food or drink, the virus attacks the cells in your gut, leading to symptoms that one might call food poisoning. This leads to severe dehydration and malnutrition. Without the water and nutrients the body needs, your body starts to shut down to save the brain, leading to organ failure and potentially death.


Question: What is an elementary function?

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 What is an elementary function?

The elementary functions are a set of well known functions such as powers of x, roots of x, exponentials, trigonometric functions and their inverses, and most importantly any combinations of them, for example e^sinx + x^(2). Non elementary functions are those that can't be written like that. For example if I define the function: f(x) = 1 if x is rational and f(x) = 0 otherwise Then f is a non elementary function. This function has a specific name - Dirichlet function - but most non elementary functions don't have a name or an easy way to describe them.


Question: why do all things fall at the same acceleration /speed (without air friction)?

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 why do all things fall at the same acceleration /speed (without air friction)?

The force caused by gravity is proportional to mass. A heavier object will 'feel' a larger force than a lighter one. However, the acceleration of an object due to a force is inversely proportional to the mass. A heavier object takes more force to accelerate than a lighter one. These two factors cancel out perfectly to result in the same acceleration for all objects, regardless of mass.


Question: Is one the only number and all numbers after that just words that mean 1+1, 1+1+1, 1+1+1+1c ext. ?

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 Is one the only number and all numbers after that just words that mean 1+1, 1+1+1, 1+1+1+1c ext. ?

Kind of yes! In set [theory]( URL_2 ), you define the number 0 as an empty set, 1 as a set containing an empty set (i.e. containing 0), 2 as a set containing 1 etc. Similarly in a thing called lambda calculus you define 0 and then you define 1 as a something that says "the next number after 0", 2 as something that say "the next number after 1" etc. So You're kind of right in this. But note that we're talking about 0 and natural numbers here, i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3 etc. In mathematics we sometimes need to add more numbers, like negative numbers for example. This can then be done by kind of reordering the numbers, like saying: - 0 will be 0 - 1 will be 1 - 2 will be -1 - 3 will be 2 - 4 will be -2 - 5 will be 3 - etc. It turns out you can also [define fractions this way]( URL_1 ), if you're clever! It seems like you can't but you can. You cannot however define real and complex numbers this way, i.e. "all" numbers including things like Pi. This has [been proven]( URL_0 ), we know we can't do this. If we're talking about real numbers, no number has a immediately next and immediately previous number. This is where this kind of thinking falls apart. EDIT: It doesn't mean 1 is the only number though, the other numbers are real too, they just "refer" to 1 if we define them like this. It'd be like saying you aren't real because you came from your mother and so only she is real. That is not true. This kind of talk however now belongs to philosophy and not math.


Question: What is my computer actually doing while I’m waiting for a game to load?

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 What is my computer actually doing while I’m waiting for a game to load?

Rendering the level you’re about the enter, as well as loading all the information tied to that level in one big loading screen instead of maybe having a laggy experience with a bunch of small loads everytime you interact with soemthing. Conceptually it’s similar to letting a YouTube video buffer before you start playing it. Yea you’ve gotta wait a little bit But it’ll make the overall experience smoother.


Question: What causes the gamey taste in meat?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes the gamey taste in meat?

When you hunt an animal it is damn near hot (being the temperature of a living animal) and the meat will remain fresh as the blood continues to flow. As soon as you shoot it and the animal dies it becomes hot dead meat and starts to lose its hormonal and other balances (I’m not a scientist I’m a hunter I know how to stop it). Basically the quicker you can cool an animal the less gamey it will be. The best way when deer or elk hunting is to gut the animal quickly, and cool it ASAP. My preferred method is filling the carcass with snow after field dressing. This prevents toxins and crap ruining your meat as long as you didn’t get a gut shot. If you got a gut shot animal you’re fucked... TLDR cool your meat quickly and make a good shot when you’re hunting.


Question: What is AWS (Amazon Web Server) and what are the basic things one should know to understand how it functions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is AWS (Amazon Web Server) and what are the basic things one should know to understand how it functions?

AWS stands for Amazon Web Services to contrast their shipping services. It is a collection of services that Amazon provides online. These are things like storage, backup, DNS, database, load balancing and maybe the most popular, virtual machine hosting. The concept about all this is the economy of scale. Amazon will build huge data centers and engineer them to provide the kind of services that most businesses need. Since they do it on a huge scale they are able to do it cheaper then if every business were to build their own from scratch. There are however lots of disadvantages like needing a lot more spare capacity and having to build something that fits everyone as opposed to something that fits a particular user. So it depends on the use case if you save money by using their services as opposed to making your own from scratch. One of the most revolutionary benefits that AWS brought into the market is that purchasing additional capacity is much easier and faster. You might have taken weeks to buy hardware and install it at your location. Or if you are renting though traditional suppliers you might take a few hours to let them manually reconfigure things. However AWS made everything automatic so you can get a new server within seconds. This have allowed businesses to build their applications to allow them to scale on demand. This means that they pay different amount of money for the services depending on how much they use. This have the ability to reduce costs but it again require more time to develop and maintain the more complex applications.


Question: ; Why is it said that it is very difficult to change your IQ to a higher score?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why is it said that it is very difficult to change your IQ to a higher score?

Whomever is saying that is blatantly incorrect. It is in fact almost *inevitable* that your IQ score will change as time goes by, since the IQ test is meant to measure a person's (very specific) academic potential *compared to other people of the same age/background*. That is **not** something that remains static!


Question: why do presidents and governors have right to pardon ?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 why do presidents and governors have right to pardon ?

From a legal perspective the President can pardon any person convicted or alleged to have commit a Federal Offense, because the Constitution grants him this power. State Constitutions typically grant this same power to Governors for State offenses. The concept of a pardon long predates the US. It can be found in ancient Babylonian and Hebrew Law, and was also present in Europe prior to the formation of the United States, with typically the monarch having the pardoning power, and in some cases the Roman Catholic Church as well. As for why it was included in the US Constitution, precedent primarily. The ancestors of the founding had long lived under a legal system with a pardoning power, and they felt no qualms about continuing it. It also acts as a check on the Legislature, and Judiciary. The Legislature can pass laws without the consent of the Executive Branch. The Judiciary can impose sentences based off of those laws without the consent of the Executive Branch. The Executive Branch can check both the Legislature and Judiciary by use of the pardon.


Question: What is the difference between a written and an unwritten constitution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between a written and an unwritten constitution?

A written constitution is when there is an explicit document, or set of documents, that state how the government is set up and what sort of laws they can or cannot pass. Usually it would also set out a procedure for how the constitution could be modified. Most countries have a constitution like this. An "unwritten" constitution isn't literally unwritten. Really it means the constitution isn't explicitly defined. The prime example of this is the UK. It still has a constitution in the sense that there are rules about how the government is set up, and its relationship with the people. But the constitution isn't explicitly separate from other laws. There are various Acts of Parliament and treaties that are considered part of the constitution, but they can be changed just like any other law. There is an "unwritten" element to it in a more literal sense because there are some conventions (i.e. "this is just the way we've always done it") that can also be considered part of the constitution. Although even they are written down in the sense that books have been written which document these conventions.


Question: how exactly is silicon programmed in Computer chips?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how exactly is silicon programmed in Computer chips?

You don't make it think. It's a machine just like the ones that you more intuitively understand. The front gear on a bike pushes a chain that pushes the rear gear which pushes the ground. Similarly, the semiconductors in a computer is the same way. We found that by doping silicon, they would have specific properties when you apply electricity, much like how metal has specific properties when you apply force to it. Even then, we didn't use silicon as the first computer. Much earlier than that we had mechanical devices. You can look at mechanical calculators that function similarly to current day calculators, but they relied on a bunch of gears and whatnot. After that there were things like vacuum tubes and magnetic core memory. Only later did silicon chips become usable. Like any complex machine it's an iterative process where you come up with little pieces that do what you want (burn gas in a container to generate power, use a system of gears to magnify force) and put them together to get a big complicated machine (a car). So how do computer chips work? You can dope silicon to add certain other atoms into it and change its properties. There's a type that has more electrons than it wants (called N-type) and a type that has less electrons than it wants (called P-type). The interesting thing is that when you stick pieces of these together they behave in unusual ways. A piece of p-type next to an n-type makes a one way gate for electricity, called a "diode". Layering three of them together either PNP or NPN makes a transistor. It's like two diodes stuck together opposite ways, so electricity can't flow through. The catch is that if you apply voltage to the middle piece, it messes with the behavior of the material so that it allows electricity to flow all the way from one end to another. This makes it work like a switch. It's just that instead of flipping a physical switch like you have for your house lights, you're applying voltage to a wire. The important thing here is that you can turn voltage off and on a lot faster than flipping a physical switch, and you can use one switch to trigger another. By arranging these switches (transistors) in different ways you can get them to behave in all sorts of complicated ways, such as having them do math or play Mario Bros.


Question: Why does baking a cookie make it impossible to turn it back into dough?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does baking a cookie make it impossible to turn it back into dough?

Mud is not a chemical reaction. It's just adding water to sand. The water creeps between the sand particles making them move around more easily. The more water the more "fluid" it becomes. Baking cookies is a chemical reaction where different ingredients bind together which creates new chemicals. The baking itself removes moisture but also provides the energy (heat) for the chemical reactions. Reversing the procces isnt possible because the energy is already absorbed. Think of it like this: If you take the fuel from a car, the car doesnt reverse to its original position.


Question: why does whiskey taste/smell different when exposed to sunlight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does whiskey taste/smell different when exposed to sunlight?

Not evaporate. The process is generally called photodegradation. Basically the sunlight is providing enough energy for chemical reactions to take take place. There are a huge variety of possible chemical reactions. For example, the photon could whack into a water molecule, causing it to break into oxygen and hydroxide, those two thing then stick to different molecules and make them taste bad. Or they could whack into the electron shell of another molecule causing it oxidize.


Question: What does it mean to refinance? A car? A home?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean to refinance? A car? A home?

Essentially, you're taking out a new loan to pay off your old loans. Using round numbers; say I owe $1,000 on my car, and borrowed that money at 20% interest rate. It's a good idea for me to borrow enough to pay off what i owe if I can get a rate of 5% from a different bank. With a house, say you took a 30 year mortgage at 20% when you movied in. Now, a decade has passed and you've gotten many raises and have a much better credit score. Again, get the new loan and pay off the old one.


Question: - how does the porn industry make money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how does the porn industry make money?

A combination of monopolistic practices in the mainstream and catered fetishes on the edges. Essentially, the company that owns PornHub put most of the mainstream porn sites out of business--and bought them all up pretty cheaply. So if you buy a video from a website or watch it on PornHub, it's all the same people. Which makes it easier to "control" the free content and steer the people who are willing to pay towards the paid content. Outside of that bubble are more custom/focused providers. Once you get outside of "mainstream" porn you start seeing smaller, more specialized producers. Yeah, if all you want from your porn is blondes with big boobs having sex, there's a lot out there. But if what you really want is bukkake superhero porn, maybe there's only a couple small places out there that really specialize in it, and those types are more likely to be able to develop loyal clientele.


Question: Why does being out in the sun all day make you feel so exhausted?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does being out in the sun all day make you feel so exhausted?

Your body always tries to maintain it's base temperature of 98.6 degrees. When you spend time in direct sun exposure your internal body temperature will increase. Your body then needs to work harder to regulate it's base temperature. Even though you might be relaxing pool-side, your body is working overtime. This extra work from your body will drain energy and lead to you feeling tired quicker. You may also be dehydrated. Exhaustion/fatigue is a primary symptom of dehydration. Be sure to drink plenty of water when traveling in hot and sunny weather; if you feel thirsty then you are already in the stages of dehydration.


Question: Sleep deprivation - If you have a sleepless night and then proceed to get the recommended 7.5 hours of sleep the following days, for how long will you be in a sleep deprivation?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Sleep deprivation - If you have a sleepless night and then proceed to get the recommended 7.5 hours of sleep the following days, for how long will you be in a sleep deprivation?

We just talked about this in my psychology class today. There's a case study about this guy who, as a high school student, wanted to break the record of longest number of days without sleep (which was 11 days at the time). He made it 12 days, probably with some "micro sleeps" here and there. He suffered all kinds of side effects, from headaches to irritability to hallucinations and more. When he finished, he slept about 12 hours a night for three or four nights and was right back to normal with no lasting effects and was able to go back to a regular sleep schedule. So really the idea of your body having to catch up isn't completely accurate. Your body just needs sleep in general to function properly and consolidate memories/repair itself. If you have one sleepless night you'll probably have a rough day, but if you get the recommended amount of sleep the following night you should be right back on track.