Question: Why do space rockets start with boosters from ground and do not fly up like planes?

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 Why do space rockets start with boosters from ground and do not fly up like planes?

Rockets don't fly straight up. They turn to orient themselves horizontally rather quickly after launch. Getting into space really isn't about getting high up. It's about going super fast horizontally so you keep missing the ground as you fall. You want to do this high enough above the ground so atmospheric drag can't slow you down, hence why you need to go up too, but FAR more energy is needed to get the horizontal speeds required. All that means is that you don't really get that much efficiency gains by doing an air launch. Rockets are really heavy, and it's hard to lift to heavy things high up into the air and the lifting force from both balloons and airplanes drops off quickly as altitude increases. The potential efficiency gains are very small, and the added engineering complexity is huge, hence why its generally not done.


Question: Does anyone have a good analogy to help explain why people in space age slower than people on earth? It's a hard concept to grasp for me and would appreciate some help!

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 Does anyone have a good analogy to help explain why people in space age slower than people on earth? It's a hard concept to grasp for me and would appreciate some help!

It's not being in space but rather traveling at high velocity. There are good ELI5 posts on why this happens such as [this one]( URL_1 ) It's near impossible for people to reach such high speeds on Earth because the air itself resists movement, but by leaving the atmosphere, astronauts can reach orbital velocity [which is extremely fast by terrestrial standards]( URL_0 ) and start seeing actual relativistic effects.


Question: What exactly is Pavlovian Conditioning?

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 What exactly is Pavlovian Conditioning?

You get a message. It says you are an amazing person. The next day, you get another message. It says you are an amazing person. The third day, you SEE you have a message but don't read it yet. You feel like you're an amazing person. You've now connected positive feelings with the specific action of receiving a message. & #x200B; & #x200B; This is Pavlovian conditioning.


Question: Why dilute bleach instead of just using it straight from the bottle to disinfect?

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 Why dilute bleach instead of just using it straight from the bottle to disinfect?

Diluting in water actually can help it disinfect because it gives enough room for the chemicals to move around and perform their reactions. However the main reason is that you probably want to disinfect surfaces without destroying them, dissolving your own flesh, etc. A little bit of bleach along with water in a spray bottle is a great disinfectant, a spray bottle with only bleach in it is going to gas people out of the room while damaging their lungs, eyes, exposed skin, etc.


Question: Why dentists only recommend soft toothbrushes?

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 Why dentists only recommend soft toothbrushes?

Soft bristles are healthier for the gums. Brushing with hard bristles, or even brushing too hard with soft bristles can actually cause the gums to recede, which can lead to bone loss, which can lead to tooth loss. So yeah, soft bristles are a good thing. I'm not sure why they even sell anything else.


Question: How do oil powered engines actually work?

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 How do oil powered engines actually work?

Well fuel cells work with water, but that is a different discussion. Basically oil explodes when you light it on fire. You light it on fire by giving it a spark or compressing it really fast. When it explodes it gives of heat. If you have taken a chemistry course you may remember the ideal gas law: Pressure x Volume = nRTemperature. If you make Temperature go up then volume goes up too. That pushes a piston when turns the wheel. So basically you explode tiny amounts of flammable liquid and the heat makes gas expand, and that expansion turns the piston which turns the wheels. They get big and fancy with multiple cylinders and a lot of gears, but that is basically it.


Question: Why does minus minus = plus? e.g 14 - (- 5)= 19

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 Why does minus minus = plus? e.g 14 - (- 5)= 19

To subtract a negative amount means to add a positive amount. Think about the number line. If you try to go down by a negative amount, you are going up. If you go down by zero, nothing happens. If you go down by 5, you go down. But if you go down by -5, you're moving up 5.


Question: Why doesn’t water fry things the way oil does at high temperature?

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 Why doesn’t water fry things the way oil does at high temperature?

Frying involves displacing moisture and adding heat rapidly, which allows the outside of foods to get that crispy layer, called carbonizing. That's not from the oil, that's from the lack of moisture and the heat. Air fryers work on the same idea Boiling in water adds moisture and heat, so the outer layer doesn't carbonize


Question: Why does the wind coming into the open window a moving car feel cooler than the outside air?

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 Why does the wind coming into the open window a moving car feel cooler than the outside air?

Air is pretty rubbish at moving heat. What happens in still air is your body heats the air all around you. The air will slowly move that heat away from you, into the surrounding air, but it can't do it quickly. The result is you gain a little skin-tight bubble of warm air around you, air that's heated up to your body temperature, but hasn't had chance to move that heat away. If the air is moving, then this little heat bubble can't form. New air is constantly being provided for your body to happily pump heat into, and the result is you feel colder, because the heat can leave your body faster. This is exactly the principle that fans use. Yes it's the same temperature air, but it's moving and being constantly replaced, so it feels a lot cooler.


Question: Why are people so concerned about tax brackets for the rich when they can do write off and deductions so it doesn't make a huge difference anyway?

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 Why are people so concerned about tax brackets for the rich when they can do write off and deductions so it doesn't make a huge difference anyway?

"People" aren't concerned. A couple thousand exceptionally rich families are, who then tell their representatives to be concerned about it. These families, being rich and powerful, hold a lot of sway with their representatives in government, and can literally make and break people and things, with a flip of their fingers if need be. Average people are rarely concerned or understand anything involving tax brackets and economics, other than "don't raise my taxes". It's a significant issue in the US that few people, outside of significantly educated people, actually understand that much about how income taxes in the US work and their effects. Basically there's a really small amount of people who this would affect who hold a disproportionate amount of power, and make that power known.


Question: - Why do health nuts say drinking apple cider vinager (acid) will make your body alkaline? Am I missing something here?

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 - Why do health nuts say drinking apple cider vinager (acid) will make your body alkaline? Am I missing something here?

Apple cider vinegar itself may become alkaline in the body once it's been digested and the acetic acid decomposed. ACV taken regularly may cause the body to adjust the ratios at which digestive enzymes are secreted. The body is constantly adjusting to what it's fed, but the change is in pretty small percentages, so it's unlikely to have any long term effects after digestive secretion is slowed down. As a result it *may* alkalinize the stomach ever so slightly for a brief window. It certainly does not affect body chemistry outside the digestive tract. Human pH is very tightly regulated to be within 7.35 and 7.45 all the time, because this is one of the optimal conditions for enzyme function. So technically we are already slightly alkaline. If you consume a lot of acid, e.g. as vinegar (lemon juice was also mentioned), your pH will tend to go down for a while. This can also happen with aspirin overdose. Technically this would be called a metabolic acidosis. Your body will respond in two ways. Within a very short time your respiratory rate will increase and you will eliminate more CO2 than usual. This response is called a compensatory respiratory alkalosis and is only a short-term fix, but it helps to keep the pH normal while the definitive solution takes place over hours, which is that the kidneys gear up to pee out the extra acid. This is a compensatory metabolic alkalosis. Normally this is quite sufficient, but in circumstances where the external or internal acid load (for example lactic acidosis due to critical illness) overwhelms these responses, then acidaemia develops, which is almost always a life-threatening situation. So, to recap. The body has powerful and flexible buffer mechanisms to keep pH in the right place. We can consume more acid and the body will cope quite nicely (in fact nearly all foods are slightly acidic and some are very acidic). But taking in more acid doesn't alkalinise the body in any meaningful way. "Health nuts" talking about how certain foods "acidify" or "alkalizes" the body is pseudoscience masquerading as science in science vocabulary, and is total garbage. You can drink a whole liter of lemon juice and it won't change your blood pH one tiny bit.


Question: Why does a sudden shift from warm to cold lead to a runny nose?

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 Why does a sudden shift from warm to cold lead to a runny nose?

When warm, moist air hits something cold, you get water droplets appear on the cold surface. (Think about the windows steaming up in your kitchen when you cook) The same thing is happening inside of you. You have warm, moist air inside of you, and when your nose gets cold then water droplets are formed that makes your nose runny


Question: KA, pKA and pH. How do they all relate to each other and what does each mean?

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 KA, pKA and pH. How do they all relate to each other and what does each mean?

The p in pH and pKA means something like 'do the calculation -log(x). In pH, this means the -log of the concentration of H+ ions, for pKA the -log of KA. That explains the relation between KA and pKA. But what are they? They are a measure of how easy the corresponding acid can rid itself of it's H+ ions. The bigger the KA, the easier, and therefore, the smaller the pKA, the easier. Next to this, the pKA happens to be the pH at which the acid (still including it's proton) and its conjugate base (the acid without the proton) are in equilibrium (the concentration of both is equal). Hope this helps!


Question: Will a house actually burn down if an oven is left on? If so, how?

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 Will a house actually burn down if an oven is left on? If so, how?

An oven is a source of heat. If it's dirty, you leave something in it that overcooks or you put something flammable on top (normally, they have vents coming out one of the burners), there is a chance of something catching on fire. Small fires, left unattended, tend to grow into big fires. Big fires can burn down a house. It's not that "oven = fire" it's that "oven = small chance of fire but do you really want to be the 1 in a million that it happens to?"


Question: Do you have a higher chance of winning the lottery if you place your bets based on the last 60 years of drawn numbers?

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 Do you have a higher chance of winning the lottery if you place your bets based on the last 60 years of drawn numbers?

I think most people here are forgetting that lotteries are not pure mathematical constructs. It is a game built by, and manipulated by people. Yes, the Gambler's Fallacy suggests that all thing are equal in an equal game, but the game is rarely equal. Firstly, saying that the odds are the same assumes that each lottery ball is built evenly. It is very possible some balls weigh more than others, changing how likely they are of being picked. In this example, it is possible that the No.3 ball is the lightest ball, and more likely to fly to top and be picked. Also, it's possible that when they put the balls in the machine, they do so numerical order. This might make lower numbers more likely to surface than the higher numbers. Secondly, some lotteries are fixed. Intentionally using balls of different weights and sizes make more numbers more likely to appear. In some draws, people heat the key balls up so that someone picked them by hand could identify them. For whatever reason, No. 3 could intentionally chosen more often, maybe because the mob boss' son was born in March. The classic example of the Gambler's fallacy took place in Monte Carlo when the ball landed on black 26 times in a row. A lot people lost money because they kept betting on red, think falsely that there is no way that a ball would land on the same spot for as long as it did. Myself, I would have bet on black, because at that point, I would suspect that the mechanism helping the ball land on black was jammed or something, causing the ball the land on black over and over again. For those that doubt me, [something like this happened in a casino in Montreal]( URL_0 ). To summarize, the casino reset their Keno machines every morning, so their sequence of numbers repeated each day. Somebody figured this out and won $600,000


Question: How does genetic memory work?

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 How does genetic memory work?

It might help to look at what our own instincts "feel" like. For example, how do you know to eat food and not to eat mud? It's probably a universal thing for people to try eating dirt, mud, etc. as a child, but outside of a few cases, this is something you do not make a habit of. Things like the flavour tell us mud is bad. Why is it bad? Because it tastes bad. Why is food good? Because it tastes good (at least most of it, some can be hit or miss). But flavour isn't an inherent quality of materials. It's purely in our minds, caused by taste receptors on our tongue reacting to certain molecules. The tastes considered "good" are tied to the presence of certain molecules, and vice versa for bad. The end result is that we "know" to eat food without specifically having to be taught. This connects to genes because the instructions for how to make taste receptors are encoded in DNA. Variations in the exact shape result in different preferences, such as the same food tasting pretty good to one person, but terribly bitter to another. > How does it get encoded into dna, passed down, and executed. You're thinking of it backwards. Things didn't start "outside" the DNA and then get encoded into it. Things start as DNA and then the DNA makes us, who do things. As for how DNA is passed down and used, there's a wide variety of educational videos and articles meant to teach this topic. [Crash Course youtube series]( URL_0 ) and [Khan Academy article]( URL_1 ). If you have further questions, do not hesitate to ask!


Question: Why does the Arctic not exist on Google Earth?

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 Why does the Arctic not exist on Google Earth?

The problem with the Arctic ocean is that there are no permanent ice-sheets. The Arctic ocean is partially covered in sea-ice but whilst ice can survive for multiple years, the ice itself isn't permanent and the appearance changes substantially over time, both over winter-summer cycles and between years. Generally speaking, Google Earth uses summer imagery and actively avoids temporary snow/ice cover, which is why I assume they've decided to completely ignore the Arctic ice cover and just show bathymetry. Otherwise they would have had to make an arbitrary decision about which snapshot to use for ice cover, which probably wouldn't be very helpful. It's the exact same reason why Google Earth doesn't show the sea ice around Antarctica either. Other users suggesting that it's because of a lack of mapping equipment/satellites are incorrect, whilst it's true that a lot of satellites do not cover the poles, they do still exist (fairly obviously, since Antarctica is visible at high resolution).


Question: Can humans accept blood donations from other species? Why or why not?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can humans accept blood donations from other species? Why or why not?

Generally speaking, no. Your body will detect proteins in the other blood as foreign agents and create antibodies to kill it, and that kind of reaction can be fatal. I mean look at just human blood. We can't even accept blood from specific blood groups based on our own blood type. Adding in the foreign proteins of animals would be a nightmare.


Question: Why is baldness more prominent in men than women?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is baldness more prominent in men than women?

Imagine each hair follicle on your head has a small receptor that can be turned on or off. The receptor is turned on when a perfectly sized object, or molecule, fits inside. These receptors, when on, cause the thinning and destruction of the hair follicle. The molecule that turns them on is a byproduct of the hormone Testosterone, called DHT. Now imagine some people are more sensitive to these receptors than others, this is a condition called androgenic alopecia, also known as male-pattern baldness. Men naturally produce more Testosterone and thus, more DHT. Therefore, men are more susceptible to this condition.


Question: Why do so many big companies seem to be on the brink of bankruptcy, even though they are run by billionaires?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many big companies seem to be on the brink of bankruptcy, even though they are run by billionaires?

First, they're only billionaires because the stocks they hold are worth a billion dollars. Should they admit the company is failing and try to sell all their shares, the value plummets and they're quickly not so rich anymore. Their wealth is very closely tied to the ups and downs of the company. More generally, consumers want to pay as little as possible and suppliers want to charge as much as possible. That leaves most businesses operating on fairly thin "margins" - it costs them $95 to make $100. If you suddenly make $0 but already agreed to pay the $95, shit can hit the fan very quickly.


Question: How do wind instruments work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do wind instruments work?

Sound is produced from oscillation (moving back and forth). To create a sound from blowing, you need to cause some part of the instrument to oscillate. Blowing over or between a reed will cause it to vibrate up and down, blowing into a brass instrument's mouthpiece produces vibrations from your lips, and in a flute, blowing over/at the edge affects the pressure within causing vibration. For different notes, it's the one time the size of your instrument matters. Sounds propagate and reinforce more in a space the size of their wavelength. A certain length of tube will amplify a certain pitch. Lower pitch notes have a longer wavelength, and are more easily produced by bigger tubes. By closing or opening more holes on an instrument you're manipulating the size of the tube, and as a result, which frequencies get amplified.


Question: If the Sahara desert used to be a jungle. Is there fossil fuels here? if not why

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the Sahara desert used to be a jungle. Is there fossil fuels here? if not why

Having a bunch of vegetation in the past isn't enough. You need to 1) have a bunch of vegetation, 2) that gets buried and sealed in before it rots, 3) with a porous rock that can hold the oil, 4) with a sealed rock above that that can trap it. If any one of those things doesn't happen, you don't get an oil reservoir that we can actually recover fuel from. All that said, the Sahara has a ton of deposited limestone and other sedimentary rock so...maybe?


Question: How is it possible that people can understand a language but not be able to speak it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible that people can understand a language but not be able to speak it?

The answer to this question may be better understood addressing all four modes of language: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. While reading and listening to a language involve the intake of information, speaking and writing involve the output of information. These "output" modes are exceptionally more complicated than "intake" modes, because proper language output demands that grammar be at least moderately adhered to. In other words, you have to understand the structure of a language to actually form sentences. Reflecting an everyday example of the question, pick up a book by one of your favorite authors, especially someone with a distinct style of writing. Can you write (output) like that person? You might not even fully comprehend all of the words that they use, and almost certainly couldn't replicate their writing style. However, it is likely that while reading (intake) them, you understand the text just fine. Now to translate that theme into the question, replace the forms of relative intake and output. Someone familiar with the speech patterns, core vocabulary, and contextual clues of a foreign language can understand what is being said, but will likely be unable to reconstruct the language themselves, which is the essence of actually speaking it. Also remember that intaking (reading, listening) a language utilizes context, where outputting (writing, speaking) does not benefit from this. As a final point- and I could make more, but this should suffice - note that most foreign languages have pretty radically different accents associated with their words (and if you don't think so, try to imitate full sentences). Intonations, letter pronunciations, and speech patterns all fluctuate so much from one language to another that it's likely the case that an individual has grown accustomed to hearing and understanding foreign speech without ever speaking the language enough to even correctly mimic the words. This is especially true of children who grew up with the language in the household but who haven't learned to communicate in it. I hope this clarifies a few things.


Question: Why can’t a blown off limb be reattached?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t a blown off limb be reattached?

It's not like the limb gets cleanly cut in half and you've got just the one leg piece that you have to put back. Here's a video of explosives blowing up a watermelon. URL_1 Specifically, this snippet here: URL_0 That... is a lot of pieces. It's like a ton of pieces. There are no medical technologies that put that back together.


Question: How were metals like steel first discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were metals like steel first discovered?

When bronze was originally used, it was found as a natural alloy of copper and arsenic, as opposed to the more commonly known copper-tin bronze. So, the earliest bronze was actually found as a natural alloy, which turned out to be extremely useful. However, given the toxicity of arsenic involved in the process of smelting arsenic bronze, people at the time began to experiment with new, better forms of bronze, culminating in the development of copper-tin bronze. This may or may not have been helped along somewhat by a *very* limited number of sites where copper-tin bronze formed naturally.


Question: Why is any number divide by zero undefined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is any number divide by zero undefined?

Let's try a few examples that get close to dividing by zero 1/.1=10, 1/.01=100, 1/.001=1000... So as you get closer to 1/0, the answer gets closer to positive infinity. This alone makes there be no defined value, but there's another thing that happens. Let's try the same thing, but coming from the negative side. 1/-.1=-10, 1/-.01=-100, 1/-.001=-1000... This also approaches 1/0, but now it goes towards negative infinity. We call this a discontinuity, and those also can make the value undefined.


Question: what is the reason the flu seems to strike in the "winter" season even in non-cold or arid climates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the reason the flu seems to strike in the "winter" season even in non-cold or arid climates?

It is most likely not the sole reason, but when it gets colder people stay together inside more often and open windows less often so viruses can spread more easily in the air. Also dry warm air from heating drys your mucous membranes which makes it easier for viruses to get into your body that way.


Question: How do fiat currencies work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fiat currencies work?

Our currency doesn't have value because I can exchange it for an equivalent amount of gold at a reserve somewhere. Our currency has value because we all collectively believe it has value. That's it. So long as the grocery store, car mechanic, bank, etc see my paper money as valuable, then it's valuable. If they don't, then it holds no value. Having some sort of backing doesn't inherently make my money have value. Trust does. However, using gold as a backing can be used to establish trust. A long time ago, governments have used gold or some other value storage device to get people to trust their currency. Now we don't use any value storage device, but people trust it anyways because we've been all living with this system for so long. Whether or not this is a good thing or not, I'll leave to other commentors who have more knowledge than I in this area. There are definitely people out their with passionate opinions on this subject one way or another.


Question: What happens when a movie flops and loses millions of dollars?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when a movie flops and loses millions of dollars?

The TL;DR of movie making: * have a script * find investors to put up money * make movie * find distributor to show movie (sometimes this is done before making movie) * movie gets shown, people buy tickets, money comes in * distributor gets their cut * investors get their cut I've grossly simplified that and skipped over a few steps. Basically, no, there is no "hollywood bank". But the companies / rich people who put the money in to make the movie end up losing money if the film flops. There are many studios that have gone bankrupt and closed due to having an expensive movie flop.


Question: How do large companies (Ex. Uber, Twitter) continue to function for years, despite operating at a loss?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do large companies (Ex. Uber, Twitter) continue to function for years, despite operating at a loss?

Because they have investors that keep dumping money into them. Basically, there are people/companies that believe strongly that eventually, they'll start earning money, and when that happens, they'll be able to get a return on their investments. Until then, suddenly stopping to invest could possibly make all your earlier investments also become wasted. It's a risk to take, and if you're wrong, continuing to invest is going to make your eventual losses even bigger than if you quit earlier. Some investors are in it for the long-game. They might believe that the profits in after 10 years will be so great that the huge losses for 5 years straight are worth it.


Question: Given Newton's law of equal and opposite forces, why does a rifle bullet hitting body armour still cause serious damage to the person being shot, but the recoil of the gun doesn't cause harm to the shooter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given Newton's law of equal and opposite forces, why does a rifle bullet hitting body armour still cause serious damage to the person being shot, but the recoil of the gun doesn't cause harm to the shooter?

There are two things involved here - momentum and energy. Newton's laws are all about momentum - momentum = mass × velocity. It tells us that the momentum will effect both people equally. The person firing the shot will be pushed back similarly to the way the person struck by the bullet will be pushed back. But the other half is energy, and the equation for that is E=½mv^2. That velocity squared makes a big difference. The gun weighs a few kilograms, so the momentum law says its velocity, its speed, will be low. When you square a small number, you get another small number. The bullet weighs a few grams, so its velocity will be very high. When you square this very high number, you get a very, very high number. It is this energy, deposited into the target, that causes the damage.


Question: Why is it easy to ride a bike but impossible to stay on when it comes to a stop?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easy to ride a bike but impossible to stay on when it comes to a stop?

A bike is interently unstable while standing still. You can try to balance a bike without a rider and notice that it will pretty much fall over each time you try. That is because the center of gravity and the contact point of the tires are not perfectly aligned. Any deviation from perfect alignment creates a torque which will cause the bike to fall over. When traveling fast there is the gyroscopic effect which helps you stay upright, however you notice that you can drive the bike at low velocities as well. Essentially you are correcting any missalignment by steering the front wheel (contact point) under the center of gravity again. So by wiggeling the front wheel intuitivly around you can stay upright. If you are an expericend rider you can keep the bike stable at lower and lower velocities, the extreme beeing at a stand-still. To keep the bike upright you need to shift your bodyweight which is very hard as you may have experienced. So going faster is easier because you have a better response. It might only take microseconds to get the front wheel to a stable position, while it may take milliseconds if you go slower.


Question: how does being vegetarian change your body? What happens to your body if you started to eat meat after 20 years of being veggie?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does being vegetarian change your body? What happens to your body if you started to eat meat after 20 years of being veggie?

If someone stops eating meat for a significant amount of time, it’s possible that the amount of enzymes dedicated to animal-protein digestion might reduce a little to compensate for the increase of other food groups in the system. This isn't permanent, it'll just take the person's body more time to digest and may cause an upset stomach. They will eventually adjust to an omnivore diet.


Question: How does splitting an atom create so much energy using the law of conservation of energy?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does splitting an atom create so much energy using the law of conservation of energy?

Normal energy in chemical reactions comes from the bonds between electrons and the positively charged nucleus. Energy in nuclear reactions come from the bonds between nucleons (protons and neutrons). It's not that splitting an atom inherently liberates energy, but that some atomic nuclei are in high-energy states, and letting them fall into a lower energy state liberates energy. This is akin to the fact that splitting molecules in general doesn't liberate energy, but splitting hydrocarbons does, because they have so much energy stored in their bonds. You can't burn ash, and similarly you can't get more energy from the byproducts of nuclear decay (this isn't entirely true - usually the results are sometimes still unstable, but less so, and they can fall apart a handful more times before getting to fully stable products).


Question: Smart Band/Watch, how is it able to detect our heartbeat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Smart Band/Watch, how is it able to detect our heartbeat?

it has a small light emiter and light detector, which can detect the ammount of light going in. when your heart is open your blood pressure is low then when it's closed, and when the blood pressure is lower it let's more light pass. light sensor detects those changes and with them calculates your heartbeat.


Question: What are and how effective are sabermetrics, and can they be applied to other sports?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are and how effective are sabermetrics, and can they be applied to other sports?

Sabermetrics in baseball is a statistical analysis of performance. The idea is to shift away from aggregate measures like "hits per at bat" which have tactical dependencies that consider who's on which base and the overall state of the game. Instead, statisticians look at measures like OPS+ (runs per out relative to the league average). This measure can be statistically shown to be a better performance predictor than batting average. To apply the concept to other sports you'd need three things: data, more data, and a game model. Baseball is a slow game, in terms of time between plays to write down data about what just happened. As a result, baseball statisticians have lots of data for many past years with batter-by-batter detail and recent data with pitch-by-pitch detail. This would be harder to do in a faster game like basketball or a game with more things going on at the same time (which makes the game model harder to interpret) like soccer or football.


Question: How does a cell phone with no signal search for a cellular tower? Does it sweep across all cellular frequencies?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a cell phone with no signal search for a cellular tower? Does it sweep across all cellular frequencies?

When a cell phone doesn't have service, yes, it looks for a tower on all of the permissible frequencies for contacting the towers. Any tower it finds, it checks to see if the tower will accept the phone -- that is, if it will agree to send and receive traffic. There may well be multiple towers that will agree to this. Some will have stronger signals, some might be roaming, some might not be roaming. Generally, the cell phone will pick the strongest signal from a non-roaming tower; if there are no non-roaming signals, it will go with a roaming tower; and if there are no towers willing to accept the phone, you get the "no service" message. Note that "no service" and "no signal" are not always the same thing. There may be towers that are technically able to accept the phone, but don't have a contractual billing arrangement with your phone company. You'll still get a "no service", but you could still make emergency calls, since any tower that has the technical capacity to talk to your phone must always process emergency calls.


Question: What’s different about instant oatmeal that allows it to be made quicker than regular oatmeal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s different about instant oatmeal that allows it to be made quicker than regular oatmeal?

It's already been cooked. You're just rehydrating it. Regular oatmeal is just crushed oats. You still have to cook it, and oats aren't a particularly fast-cooking grain. The various versions of regular oatmeal, like "whole", "steel cut", or "quick-cooking" have all been processed to varying degrees to speed up how fast water can get into them. But if you cook the oats, then dry them back out, you don't have to deal with the cooking again, you just need to rehydrate the dried oats back into cooked oats. That's instant oatmeal. The same mechanism works for instant mashed potatoes, Kraft Easy-Mac, etc.


Question: How come in plenty of markets, it seems like we always end up with a handful of major players, but for cars, you still have dozens of brands from many countries that compete against each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come in plenty of markets, it seems like we always end up with a handful of major players, but for cars, you still have dozens of brands from many countries that compete against each other?

Excluding specialty and high-end companies, there aren't really dozens of independent car brands. Most of them are owned by a few [large conglomerates]( URL_0 ). Volkswagen, GM, and FCA all own 10 or more brands. And there are a lot of other partial ownerships. FCA owns 90% of Ferrari. Nissan owns 34% of Mitsubishi and Renault owns 43% of Nissan.


Question: Waves come in at New York, and waves come in at Europe. What happens in the middle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Waves come in at New York, and waves come in at Europe. What happens in the middle?

Waves are not current. Waves are really just pulses of energy and can pass through each other. They are mostly generated by wind. They can reflect and refract like light. In the middle of the ocean, most of the waves travel in the direction of the wind. When the wind changes direction, the already generated waves will keep traveling in the same direction (and will eventually dissipate) and it will start generating waves in a different direction. As a result, the open ocean has sets of waves traveling in several directions. Form the perspective of a small boat, there will be a main swell and then "under" it, you can usually notice secondary swells traveling in different directions. Waves go slower in shallower water. Like light entering a lens, this causes the waves to turn towards shore. As a result, any waves traveling at an angle towards the beach will get steered straight towards it.


Question: How can something be insured for more than it's worth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can something be insured for more than it's worth?

Replacement value vs market value for homes. Market value is how much can you sell the house for. Replacement value is how much would it cost to build the same house now. The insurance will pay to build you a new home now in that spot, not buy you one down the street. So if you own a big ass home in a shitty ass neighborhood the insurance company will want to insure it for what it would cost to replace (rebuild) it instead of what it would cost for them to buy yours right now.


Question: why does getting out of bed too quickly make me feel like I’m going to pass out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does getting out of bed too quickly make me feel like I’m going to pass out?

"Some people have faint-inducing drops in blood pressure when they get out of bed or stand up from a chair (called postural or orthostatic hypotension) or after eating (called postprandial hypotension). To understand postural hypotension, imagine your body as a tube of fluid. When you lie down, the fluid distributes itself fairly evenly from head to toe. When you stand up, gravity pulls blood downward. Up to a quart of blood pools in the legs (that's about one-fifth the total in the average adult), reducing the amount that is returned to the heart. The next few heartbeats deliver less blood than usual, so blood pressure plummets" - Harvard health


Question: Why can't/won't we use SVG's for textures in PC games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't/won't we use SVG's for textures in PC games?

When a graphics card is trying to determine what color a screen pixel should be, it finds out what shader is represented there. To find a base color (barring the extra processing), it can quickly figure out a grid location associated to the relative location on the polygon it hit. The fastest way to figure out the reference color for any texture at that point is to look it up in a table. A bitmap or raster image is just that: a table of colors or values the card needs. An SVG (or any vector-based image format) is a mathematical representation of how to generate that grid of data. It requires processing to determine the desired colour at a specific point, based off of the geometric data used to generate that point. Every time a vector image is displayed, it's rasterized to be shown at the desired resolution. A graphics card could be made to use a vector image, but it would still have to rasterize the data before displaying on your screen. If it had to do it for every pixel, it would push computations very high, dropping your framerate dramatically. To make it faster, the card could remember that computed image as a bitmap and keep it for just the single frame or remember it for the time it's being used. In either case, there is still the overhead of making that rasterized image, x 3 or more for every image type (diffuse, specular, normal, metallic, emission, etc) and for each element on the screen (barrel's texture set, gun's texture set, vehicle's texture set, terrain, etc). That requires a lot of memory and puts computation time up as well (every single SVG has to be converted first, remember). Your 60+ fps game will drop dramatically when this has to happen, such as every time a new unit comes on screen or a new special effect triggers, or you have to have enough memory to store all of that generated data on top of the initial SVG. Game design strives to use as few clock cycles per frame as possible and use a graphics card's memory as efficiently as possible. An SVG requires more clock cycles than a bitmap or more memory than conventional bitmaps, so we just cut out the middle man and generate a bitmap instead. Anecdotally, the "game loading" process also optimizes the existing bitmaps into a more efficient format and laid out in the graphics card's memory as tightly as possible and could use SVGs to source that data for that process, but at the expense of longer load times.


Question: Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

You have a bunch of particles in the fog blocking your vision. Let’s say there are particles directly in front of you blocking ten percent of your field of view and they’re evenly distributed as small bits in the air. And then another. And five feet away, there’s some more particles blocking another ten percent of your vision. That’s twenty percent. The farther away you go, the more particles are there getting in between you and what you want to see.


Question: What is an oxidant and why do we like things with antioxidants in them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an oxidant and why do we like things with antioxidants in them?

An oxidant is something that *oxidizes,* and to *oxidize* actually does not mean to give something an oxygen; it means to remove an electron from it, giving it an electric charge and changing its properties. An *antioxidant,* then, is a substance that tends to prevent or reverse this oxidization. We like this because when you oxidize something, it becomes something called a "free radical," and they can damage our cells and DNA over time.


Question: How is so much internet data sent through undersea cables simultaneously?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How is so much internet data sent through undersea cables simultaneously?

> if I send an email, for a brief moment of time, is the entire cable dedicated to transmitting my message What you're describing is called a *circuit switched network*. That's how the telephone network used to work, and the telegraph network before that. Basically when you had a telephone call between two houses, switches in the telephone company building would connect a physical wire all the way from the sender to the receiver, for the duration of the call. Nowadays almost everything's a digital *packet switched network*, meaning digital data is broken up into relatively small packets [1]. Stations on a packet-switched network use *store-and-forward*, basically they receive packets from one physical cable into a memory buffer, then transmit those packets on another cable whenever that transmitter becomes available. Each packet has coded source and destination addresses in its control information. The equipment has software and data which tells it how to use the address information to decide which cable should re-transmit which packets, with the main goal of moving data toward its destination [2]. A single transmitter only sends one thing at a time. Figure an email the length of this Reddit post might be about 6000 bytes including control information (as well as the 40 bytes per-packet overhead, there's mail headers to consider). Network transmission speeds are usually measured in bits per second. 10 gigabits per second equipment is widely available (and 1gbps equipment is almost universal in new wired network equipment). So figure a single fiber can transmit ten *billion* bits a second. So the four packets of your email message takes about 4.8 microseconds (4.8 millionths of a second) on a single 10gbps fiber. As other users have said, each cable has many fibers. So the secret is each fiber is very fast, each cable is a bundle of many fibers, and there are multiple cables. Again, because this is a packet switched network, the 4.8 microseconds of transmitter time isn't a contiguous block of time that is scheduled to you specifically. Rather, the final piece of networking equipment which is physically connected to the actual undersea cable queues packets as they arrive and then sends them out along the cable as the transmitter becomes available. [1] For an idea of the size, most modern networks are based on a standard called Ethernet, which limits each packet to a maximum size of 1500 bytes. About 40 bytes or so is control information used to handle routing, sequencing, integrity checking and flow control; the rest is user data. [2] There are other goals which may affect the routing policies a network operator will program into its networking equipment. These concerns include security, fairness to all users, helping the network operator make money, and legal / regulatory compliance.


Question: Why does the vapour released by petrol distort vision of things behind it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 Why does the vapour released by petrol distort vision of things behind it?

The petrol vapour is denser than air and has a different refractive index. That means it will bend any light that passes through it. It's the same when light travels between air at different temperatures, or when light travels between things like air, glass and water. In the case of petrol vapour, it's constantly moving as it disperses and sinks so the distortion you see is also constantly changing.