Question: Why is Gödel’s incompleteness theorem so important ?

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 Why is Gödel’s incompleteness theorem so important ?

So in maths we have these rules called axioms that we take as given and using these axioms we make deductions. These axioms come in various forms for example we might say: 1."There are 3 colours: red, blue and black" 2."There are 3 vehicle types: buses,cars and vans" 3."Every vehicle has a colour" 4."All buses are red" 5."All cars are blue" We take these facts as given and see what conclusions we can come up with from these facts. For example the statement "If I am riding a black vehicle, then I must be riding a van" is true. Why? Using 5 If I was riding a bus then my vehicle would have been red. Since it wasn't red I cannot be riding a bus. Using 4 I can conclude that I cannot be in a car in the same way as above. Using 2 As there are only 3 vehicle types in this hypothetical world and I've ruled out 2 of them I must be riding a van. So as you can see from these axioms I've deduced that any black vehicle is a van. Godel's incompleteness theorem essentially says there's a trade off between 'completeness' and 'consistency'. A complete set of axioms means that if I give you any statement there is some way to prove it true or false. A consistent set of axioms means that if I give you a statement and I give you the opposite of that statement you can prove at most one of them true. For example in our toy example I cannot also prove using the axioms the statement. "If I have a non-black vehicle, then it must be a van". Godel's theorem says that you can either have consistency or completeness but not both. In mathematics if we had a system that was not consistent it would be be bad so we have to concede completeness.


Question: Why isn't water vapor considered worse than carbon in climate issues?

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 Why isn't water vapor considered worse than carbon in climate issues?

The reason why Carbon is the element to track is because of the lifecycle of the elements involved. Water will evaporate from oceans, float over land masses, and condense into rain. It does this fairly cyclically. There is no net new water being added to the system. With Carbon Dioxide, there's a cycle of plants breathing in CO2, turning that into sugars. Animals eat the plants, and when we breath in Oxygen, we combine the sugar and oxygen and make CO2 as a biproduct. That forms a natural cycle. However, there's also a big cache of carbon under the ground from a hundreds of millions of years ago. Back then, there weren't any bacteria that ate up trees when they died. They just eventually toppled and kept all their carbon inside of them, and eventually got buried. All that carbon is what we dig up as fossil fuels. We're introducing it back into this cycle, but there isn't any carbon sinks to hold it out of the atmosphere for any serious length of time. Thus, the CO2 builds up in the atmosphere, and increases the planets retained energy from the sun, causing the average temperature to go up.


Question: Why does cable cost money when advertisements are broadcasted through each program, while other services are free to use because they utilize advertisements?

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 Why does cable cost money when advertisements are broadcasted through each program, while other services are free to use because they utilize advertisements?

So you’re missing about 75% of the situation. Literally getting that cable into your house, having the infrastructure to run it and so on it’s a wildly complex and expensive business. Wildly. Telecom is a very difficult business to be in. Secondly, on the ads, for a “average” cable network, they only make about 50% of their revenue on ads. The other 50% is in “carriage fees”. That is the cable company pays to show the channel to their customers. Big networks like ESPN, Disney, or TNT get monster rates for each cable customer. The cable company has to pass on two big things to the consumer that becomes your bill: the cost of operating the company, and the cost to carry the channels. Both are enormous. Which gets to a strange point. Really the infrastructure cost is fairly “set”. It’s just the cost of actually getting you the cable. So what your cable bill really is going to is the networks like Disney (via carriage fees). The margins for video services from cable companies is currently very very low...many companies even lose money giving you video! I know you scream at your bill being so expensive, but really it’s true, video service margins are shit. People love hating on cable companies but the real deal is that they are more of a middle man that just gets a little slice of each customer.


Question: How does fog form and what makes some areas of fog more dense and harder to see in?

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 How does fog form and what makes some areas of fog more dense and harder to see in?

Fog is a collection of condensed water vaper, basically a cloud at ground level It forms when humid air cools to below the dew point, making the water in the air condense back into tiny water droplets, light enough to be suspended in the air by any movement The more humid the air and the faster the cooling, the denser the fog


Question: why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

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 why does paper turn yellow and brittle as it ages?

Wood pulp from trees is made up of two major substances: lignin and cellulose. To make paper, we want just the cellulose part. So ordinary papermaking uses a strong acid, sulfuric acid, to break down the lignin in a sort of "cooking" process. They mostly neutralize the mash before making paper out of the remaining cellulose, but not entirely. So over time, the leftover acidity in the paper gradually attacks it, breaking down the cellulose (which is much more resistant than lignin, but still, it's acid) and causing that sort of aging. For long-term survival, that's why people use "acid-free" paper. It costs more but the papermakers use extra care to fully neutralize it. Whereas something meant to be thrown away quickly, like newspaper, uses the cheaper and still very acidic paper. It can start yellowing a day after it's printed.


Question: Oil dripping from a Bible or Painting?

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 Oil dripping from a Bible or Painting?

Have you seen this bible in person dripping continuously? Is it not possible someone just dipped the bible in water or some other liquid and you are just seeing the remaining runoff? Concrete proof of what? That a bible written and published by man that is now leaking...oil? is somehow proof of the almighty father?


Question: How do kids think things that are beyond their vocabulary?

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 How do kids think things that are beyond their vocabulary?

Early brains don't think in terms of language. They think in abstract concepts. As we get older and learn words, we begin to associate words with those concepts. For example, say you got taken to a farm as an infant, you might remember seeing the big black and white animal that goes "Moo!" Just because you don't remember the word "cow," doesn't mean you can't think of the animal. Or maybe you remember the thing that looked a bit like a bald sheep. You don't need to remember the name "goat" to think about the animal. In fact, sometimes we still think in concepts rather than words. Some people don't have an internal monologue. I do, so I can't say exactly what that's like, but I imagine it's more conceptual. This is also the reason why talking to yourself can be useful. Inside your brain, your thoughts don't need to be fully formed. But when you say them out loud, you need to actually shape them and focus them, which can help with problem solving. That being said, language definitely shapes the way we think. For example, there are language where 'left' and 'right' don't exist. Directions are always referred to as compass directions, and the people always know what way they're facing. Or, most westerners tend to think of time as flowing from left to right. But in some places where they write from right to left, the think of time flowing right to left.


Question: What stars would we see during the day if we were able to see through the "light pollution" of the sun?

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 What stars would we see during the day if we were able to see through the "light pollution" of the sun?

You would see the same stars you would see during the night but half a year difference. The stars in the night sky changes throughout the year as the Earth moves around the Sun. The stars and constellations that is not visible during the night would have been visible during the day if it were not for the strong light of the Sun. However it is a different matter with planets. The inner planets like Mercury and Venus would only be visible during the day. Currently they are just sometimes visible at dusk. The outer planets like Mars and Jupiter would occasionally be visible during the day. Jupiter once a year and Mars every second year. However they would be much further away then they are during night.


Question: Why should you not put frozen meat in your slow-cooker?

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 Why should you not put frozen meat in your slow-cooker?

It’s the amount of time in that danger zone. The DZ is between 40 & 140F. If you thaw it in say the fridge from frozen normally the max temp it will reach is about 40 and thus when put in the cooker it gets into and out of the DZ faster thus safer because there is less time for a food borne illness to propagate. That same piece of meat when frozen is much colder and if it is thick will thaw by the outside first and then the inside so the time it spends in the DZ is considerably longer thus allowing the food borne illness a lot more time to grow. Additionally because it is frozen in the center there is a potential for the center to NEVER get out of the DZ.


Question: What is the difference between buying residential heating oil at a fixed, variable or capped price?

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 What is the difference between buying residential heating oil at a fixed, variable or capped price?

Fixed means the price is fixed and won’t go up or down Variable means the price goes up or down depending on the market price Capped means the price can only go up to a certain price. Fixed gives you a price and you k ow what the price will he for the full term of your contract Variable can be good for you if the price goes down, but can be a problem if the price goes up. Capped means you can only be hurt so much by a rising price before prices are artificially stabilized.


Question: why does water transform from liquid to solid at a specific temperature?

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 why does water transform from liquid to solid at a specific temperature?

Crystallization. Substances that form crystals, such as water, have a very sudden phase change, a firm temperature they change at. This is because when water cools to around 0C, molecules start to lock together, in an exponentially growing process. They lock together in a specific pattern (based on temp, pressure, etc). Substances that form amorphous solids (oils and glass are good examples)slowly get more viscous as it cools, as the molecules start having a harder time moving past each other from friction, until they do not have the energy to move from their position, but are not locked into a crystal.


Question: Why do so many business facing companies still force customers to talk to a salesman to get any pricing information or to place an order, when in many cases a website with online ordering would save customers and the company time and money?

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 Why do so many business facing companies still force customers to talk to a salesman to get any pricing information or to place an order, when in many cases a website with online ordering would save customers and the company time and money?

As a former B2B salesman, I can tell you that we try to gauge what your ability to spend is before we give you the bottom line. Plus, we were making custom solutions so the amount of work for us was not fixed according the the pure number of sales. Lastly, we tried to head off any potential dissatisfaction by making sure we knew what the business actually needed. Sometimes people go into something knowing what they want to spend, not what they want to get out of it. If they are spending and not meeting their needs, then it's bad for both parties.


Question: If you had a funnel that led to 5 different containers, and every time you dropped a ball in the funnel it was truly random where the ball went, would the spread be approximately even after many trials?

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 If you had a funnel that led to 5 different containers, and every time you dropped a ball in the funnel it was truly random where the ball went, would the spread be approximately even after many trials?

Statistics tells us that it is most likely to be a somewhat even distribution. Statistics also tells us that there's a *very small chance* that it will be heavily weighted toward one result. And there's an infinitesimally small chance that you could have 100 of the same result in a row. All of those results are possible, because if they were not it would not be truly random. However, the smart money would be on an even distribution.


Question: Why do doctors only accept certain insurance? Aren't they still getting paid from every insurance company?

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 Why do doctors only accept certain insurance? Aren't they still getting paid from every insurance company?

The short of it : They've signed deals that give them better prices in exchange for the same amount service provided. In ELI5 terms; lets say one friend wants to give you 1 kitkat bar if you do a dare. But another friend will give you 2 kitkat bars for the same dare. You'll side with the 2 kitkat friend over the 1 kitkat friend.


Question: How does the SAR sensor work in smartphones?

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 How does the SAR sensor work in smartphones?

Let's make it more ELI5 than the current best answer: Electricity is weird. There's actually a tiny electrical field *around* your body, and most living things for that matter. We can make super-sensitive sensors that read electrical fields. We can also know what the sensor will "see" if no living things are near a device. So we tune those sensors to look for changes in the electrical field around them, and how to recognize what it looks like when an object gets close. It's sort of like how even if your eyes are closed, you can still sort of tell if you're facing towards or away from a lamp. Your eyes are fancy light sensors, and your eyelids let a little light through, so by comparing the amount of "dark" you "see" through your eyelids, you can still figure out a lot about what you're looking at. This sensor "sees" tiny electrical fields. **Update** The biggest contention with my answer seems to be, "But doesn't the sensor see the phone's electrical field?" Let's revisit my answer and handle this again. > We can make super-sensitive sensors that read electrical fields. We can also know what the sensor will "see" if no living things are near a device. So we tune those sensors to look for changes in the electrical field around them, and how to recognize what it looks like when an object gets close. Yes, the sensor does "see" the phone's electrical field. You also "see" your nose all day long. But unless you really focus on it, you probably don't *notice* your nose because your brain is used to it being there and removes it from your perception. In the same way, the sensor "sees" the phone's electrical field but is trained to ignore that and look for *different* fields. *More technically*, the sensor is really looking for *changes* in the field. So for the first few seconds after the phone is on, the sensor might think there's an object nearby. The people who made the phone are already aware of that, so for those few seconds the sensor is ignored. After a few moments, the sensor settles down and says, "Hey, the field's not changing anymore." THAT is when the phone starts listening. If the field changes, something must have brought a new field within the sensor's range. That *probably* means something with a field is near the phone that wasn't near it before, so the phone assumes an object is near. Later, when that thing moves away, the sensor notes the field has changed back to how it was earlier. Then the phone assumes the object is gone. Yes, that means things other than your face might get picked up. The engineers who made the phone don't care, all that matters is it detects a face within an inch or two accurately. Any other crazy thing that triggers it is probably someone having fun after reading an ELI5 post, and there's no harm if that is a "false positive".


Question: Why do lower-income folk work multiple jobs to support themselves rather than work more hours at a single job?

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 Why do lower-income folk work multiple jobs to support themselves rather than work more hours at a single job?

It may not be available to them. Full-time positions are significantly more expensive for companies, as once you cross a certain threshold of hours the benefits you need to offer your employees increases. (Exactly what depends on the state.) Thus, a company may be able to save money by juggling several part-time people to meet their needs rather than employing one full time. This often puts employees in a position they're not fans of since it'll often mean they're working the equivalent of a full time load (at multiple employers), but not getting benefits like health insurance from any company.


Question: What is physically making the sound that comes out of a speaker?

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 What is physically making the sound that comes out of a speaker?

The surface of the speaker that you see, if you take the mesh cover off, is what is physically making the sound. A coil and magnets push the front of the speaker back and forth and that creates sound waves you can hear. Picture your hand in the water and you push it forward and waves come from your hand.


Question: So I know that for water to boil the vapor pressure has to be equal to atmospheric pressure. Does this mean that as the pressure increases, a substance becomes more gaseous? Then why is CO2 liquid at high pressures?

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 So I know that for water to boil the vapor pressure has to be equal to atmospheric pressure. Does this mean that as the pressure increases, a substance becomes more gaseous? Then why is CO2 liquid at high pressures?

> Does that mean that as the pressure increases, a substance becomes more gaseous? No. The opposite. The higher the pressure, the more likely the fluid will become liquid or even solid. For the water example, you're trying to get the vapor pressure of the water to match the ambient pressure. If you're increasing the pressure, you're not increasing the vapor pressure, but the ambient pressure. You can only increase the vapor pressure of the water by heat. So if you increase the pressure in the container, like a pressure cooker, water must heat up further before it can boil; the vapor pressure has to go even higher than usual in order for it to meet the ambient (within the pressure cooker) pressure. The same thing happens in the other direction for carbon dioxide. When the ambient pressure increases, the vapor pressure of the carbon dioxide is staying the same. Once the ambient pressure is higher than the vapor pressure, the carbon dioxide begins to condense into liquid; it is now below its boiling point.


Question: How does the mlb regulate the dimension of a park when its being built?

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 How does the mlb regulate the dimension of a park when its being built?

The rules "Any Playing Field constructed by a professional club after June 1, 1958, shall provide a minimum distance of 325 feet from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction on the right and left field foul lines, and a minimum distance of 400 feet to the center field fence." (Rule 2.01) Teams can request a waiver. If they are really short MLB might ask that the wall is taller. Minute Maid park is 315 feet in left field, but its 19 feet tall. They requested a waiver from MLB and were approved.


Question: Why is solipsism a flawed idea?

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 Why is solipsism a flawed idea?

If solipsism is true, what can one do about it? How does the knowledge of its truth help us one bit? We still have to live and exist and function within this society and reality we find ourselves in, and even if none of it is real at all that in my mind it's real enough. Whether or not the world as we perceive it exists independently or not we cannot escape this perception except by death, so it's best to act as if the world is independent of our minds.


Question: Why can't we recycle the stuff that's sent to landfill?

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 Why can't we recycle the stuff that's sent to landfill?

There are two reasons, both of which are applicable in many cases: 1) Things that are mixed together are more expensive to take apart. Aluminum cans are easy to recycle because they are almost pure aluminum. There is aluminum in food packaging, but it's bonded to paper, plastic, and other non-aluminum things in a way that's hard to undo. 2) Some things are not very valuable, and the energy that would be needed to process them costs more than the output of the process could be sold for (even when the cost of the landfill is included).


Question: How do snails get their shells?

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 How do snails get their shells?

They grow them, in the same way that we human grow fingernails and hair. The material of the shell is excreted over time; it just so happens that the way it's excreted in a snail causes the shell to grow in a spiral pattern. BTW, the tip of the snail's shell is actually the snail's baby-sized shell. It's just kept adding onto it over its lifespan.


Question: How do we know exact time? Do we all copy one clock and if so, how do we know it is correct?

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 How do we know exact time? Do we all copy one clock and if so, how do we know it is correct?

The main way to tell the clock is by using an atomic clock, there are different around the world, the us uses one in colorado iirc, eu uses one somewhere in germany. Theyre cesium based, as we define a second as the time elapsed between 9.192631770 x 10 9 wobbles (dont know the way to explain this in english, sorry xD) between two levels a cesium atom. And the easy way to say why its correct is because we choose to collectively say that its correct. There is no "actual time" in the universe.


Question: Benfords law? Like seriously, wtf?? How come everything adheres to it? How is it built into the fabric of our universe? What is the logic behind it?

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 Benfords law? Like seriously, wtf?? How come everything adheres to it? How is it built into the fabric of our universe? What is the logic behind it?

There are many ideas, the numberphile series of videos give a quick explanation. My favourite explanation is the next sequence probability explanation... To go from 1 - > 2 you need to a 100% more To go from 9 - > 10 you only need 10% more As they say you don't hang round the 9s often.


Question: If Spacetime is a "fabric" how are objects in space on a different plane?

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 If Spacetime is a "fabric" how are objects in space on a different plane?

Space is three dimensional, which allows things to be “above”, “below”, etc; that’s what defines the words such as “above” and “below”. Spacetime, is by definition four dimensional (adding the dimension of time onto three of space). When mass curves spacetime, it curves it locally, but that doesn’t mean that any of the dimensions are lost - even in locally curved spacetime around say Earth, you still have three spatial dimensions clearly evident.


Question: Why do compressed air cans get really cold when you use them?

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 Why do compressed air cans get really cold when you use them?

There are two things going on, the first is called Joule Cooling, and it's a direct outcome of the ideal gas law. The law states that for any set of gas molecules, PV = nRT where P means pressure, V means volume, n means how many molecules, R is a constant, and T means temperature. Considering the gas in question, releasing the pressure increases the volume and that forces the temperature lower. What happened was that gas was compressed int he can, which made it warm, and then the can of gas cooled off in shipping to you. Many "gas in a can" don't really contain a gas. They contain a liquid, essentially a gas that's been compressed and cooled until it condensed. The liquid needs to "boil", adding energy called the heat of vaporization, to go from liquid to gas. This is done by making the remaining liquid, the can, and your hand cold.


Question: Do animals naturally sleep more in winter months than summer months due to changes in daylight time?

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 Do animals naturally sleep more in winter months than summer months due to changes in daylight time?

Not an expert. But i asume that in winter is where the place is farest from the sun. And there is less ligth. Also in cold places, where the temperature raches under 0 celcius,the plants cant grow properly. In some places were the winter is very cold, plants even die. Plus that a lots of plants does the reproductive cycle depending on the seasons, flourishing on spring. All this combined, results on less plants in the environment. So there is less food for Herbivores, and there is less Herbivores. And all the food chain gets reduced. So there is less food everywhere. So i suppose, that animals have evolved to sleep more in winter to use less energy.


Question: Why can't the sperm of other species fertilize human eggs?

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 Why can't the sperm of other species fertilize human eggs?

Imagine you are a factory that makes cars. In order to improve the company and make better cars, each time you open a new factory you take half of the blueprints for cars from two other factories and combine them. Each factory takes their instruction book, takes random pages until they have half a book, and sends them to the new factory. There, they are put back together with all of the pages in order to make a new instruction book. The instructions are always very similar, but sometimes they say things like use a 3/4" bolt here instead of a 5/8" bolt; or, increase the thickness of this part of the frame by 1/16". And, sure, sometimes it doesn't work quite as well, and those cars don't sell very well so that factory gets shut down and you don't use any of the instructions from that factory when you build a new one. But just as often you end up with a better product. Plus, you can't predict what conditions the cars will have to face. So maybe there's a particularly rough winter and they put down a lot of salt on the roads, so by adding that 1/16" to the frame the car lasts longer! This is what sexual reproduction is all about. The sperm and the egg each have half of the instructions, and by mixing them that way you are hopefully getting the best traits from both the mother and the father. To make it a little more complicated, in reality each "half" is actually has all the instructions for a "car" and when you put them together, you're doubling up. But that works out, because maybe one page of the instructions is totally unreadable. That's fine, you've got a second copy of that page to work from! But in order for this to work, the instructions have to be pretty close. You can't combine instructions for how to make a 4-door sedan with a [Ferd Fteenthousand]( URL_0 ). Sure, they are *almost* the same - they both have four wheels, two front doors, an engine of some kind... But you'd be following along in the book on how to install the rear doors of the sedan when suddenly on the next page the instructions are telling you to install a truck bed. Your factory - being mindless machines that follow instructions exactly as they are given - will try to do both and you'll get something that doesn't work as either a sedan or a truck. And then it tries to install a truck engine in the front and it doesn't fit and it doesn't connect to the drive shaft at all, so it can't even run. It completely falls apart as soon as it's put together and never even drives off the lot. Or maybe you try to mix similar-looking 4-door sedans! But they come from different manufacturers. They both need rear doors, but in one version of the instructions they put them on page 20 but in another they put them on page 30, and instead they put the instructions for building the engine on page 20. So even though they both have almost the same parts, how to build those parts is not done in the same order so when you mix them it just doesn't work. Similarly, when you try to combine sperm and eggs from different species of animals, the instructions built into the DNA don't match up and the cellular machinery gets very confused and tries to do completely different, incompatible things. In fact, most cells have some built-in parts of the instructions that protect against even *trying* to combine them. If the genes don't match up, the newly fertilized egg destroys itself rather than waste resources trying to build an animal that can't be built. Now, if the instructions are close *enough* then sometimes you can still combine them. Say you want to mix two different models of 4-door sedans from the same manufacturer so they are similar, but they're still different models and have some totally different features. But they mix well *enough* to give you a fully functional, if strange car. In fact, maybe it even works *better*! However, there's a big problem when you try to build the next factory using half of that factory's set of instructions. See, one model you used came with 46 pages of instructions, but the other came with 44. You divided them in half each and put them together, so 23 and 22. Your new hybrid model has 45 pages. That's a problem, because 45 is an odd number and you can't divide it into an even number of pages, so you can't send *half* to the new factory. You can try, sure, but the instructions you come up with won't have matching page numbers anymore. So even if they're similar, one page will be instructions on how to install the door and the next will be instructions on how to install a wheel. Even though you need both of those things, they are in the wrong place so your machines try to install wheels inside of the doors. That's what happens when you get hybrid animals like ligers (lion+tiger) or mules (horse+donkey). Their genes are similar *enough* for them to work, but they don't have the same number of chromosomes. When those hybrids try to have babies of their own, their chromosomes don't divide evenly so the babies get built a little wrong and can't survive. Humans are the only species in our genus. Even our closest cousins, chimps and bonobos, are [probably] too different from us so mixing our instruction books just won't work. Probably. It *might* work with chimps, but the scientific community very reasonably responds to the suggestion of trying to create human/chimp hybrids with a resounding "Ewwwwwwwwww!" so it has *probably* never been tried. There are claims that it was tried in Soviet Russia at one point, but those claims are impossible to verify and no one is trying very hard to verify it because, again, ew.


Question: What does it mean to argue in bad faith?

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 What does it mean to argue in bad faith?

It means that you're not arguing to come to a mutual understanding. In a true debate/argument, both sides must be willing to acknowledge if the other side has good points and be open to changing their minds. If you tell someone you want a "debate" but you really just want to antagonize them or preach to them, you are lying when you say you want to "argue". Bad faith generally is an intent to deceive.


Question: Why does a good pair of headphones/earphones make it feel like the sound is coming from inside the middle of your head?

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 Why does a good pair of headphones/earphones make it feel like the sound is coming from inside the middle of your head?

To put it simply, whenever a sound comes out of both the left and right channels at an equal volume, your brain will often trick you into believing that the sound is coming from the midpoint between the two channels, creating what's known as a Phantom Center. And since the left and right channels are on either sides of your head, your brain will have you believe that the sound is coming from the middle of your head. Here's a link if you're interested in a slightly more detailed explanation: URL_0


Question: How are amputees able to control the fingers in their bionic arm ?

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 How are amputees able to control the fingers in their bionic arm ?

The company I work at actually exclusively works on this! /u/WashingtonFierce post is incorrect, we do not yet have commercial technology designed specifically to physically interact with the brain and detect limb movement. The amount of time, money, and risk is prohibitively monumental. Imagine being an ethics review board member having to review an experiment about splitting a subject's head open to insert a sensor that you may or may not know will work effectively and reliably unless you try. /u/TheLazyD0G has more or less explained it correctly, and I can add some additional info. * Your brain sends signals to nerves in the arm, and the nerves are connected to the arm muscles. What actually happens when your arm muscle contracts is a bunch of sodium and Potassium ions moving about the cell walls of your muscles. Since these ions have positive charges to them, their movement generates a very very tiny voltage. The two sensors that sit in the prosthetic socket and touch the forearm are sensitive enough to pick up this change in voltage. This concept is called [EMG]( URL_2 ). * [So depending on the voltage change, the sensors can detect how hard you're flexing, or even at all.]( URL_0 ) * [The way the hands are programmed are in that they cycle through different pre-set grip modes, and the patient can only open and close them in the different modes.]( URL_1 ) The bebionic3, for example, you start out in Tripod grip (so you only close index, middle, and thumb) and can only close and open in that formation. You have to press the button on the back to change to Power grasp, and then you can only open and close them in a fist. You then have to press the button, AGAIN, to go into another grip, say Precision grasp, and then you can only open and close the thumb and index finger together. In a sense, they're just hand-shaped swiss army knives. * The patient opens and closes them by flexing their limb in one direction or another. Imagine flexing your wrist towards your chest. That's close. Now flex your wrist away from you. That's open. * This can get tedious (how many times did I have to press the button?) and can get frustrating if you make a mistake in a high-pressure situation (e.g. getting change into your wallet after the cashier hands it to you) * The pattern recognition that /u/TheLazyD0G mentions attempts to use multiple (3+) sensors and machine learning to have the arm change the grip based on which hand gesture you trained it to do earlier. However, this concept is still bogged down by the hand's programming of only changing between different pre-set gestures. * We have not yet achieved the level of fineness in detecting individual finger movements, largely to the concept of "Crosstalk". With the current size of these skin sensors, the region of muscle they observe can't distinguish whether a movement was for one finger versus another. Implantable sensors can theoretically solve this issue, but research into them so far have been very preliminary. Let me know if you have other questions!


Question: Moore's Law - Does computing power really double every 18 months? Will this ever plateau out?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Moore's Law - Does computing power really double every 18 months? Will this ever plateau out?

"Moore's Law" is actually just an observation of a historical trend - the *density of transistors* tends to grow exponentially, doubling every 18 months. This tends to translate to more transistors and, when coupled with improvements in clock speeds, lead to exponential increases in CPU power throughout the 80s, 90s & 2000s. Clock speeds, however, have largely plateaued. Intel was shipping 3.8GHz Pentium 4 CPUs back in 2005 - their fastest chip today is only clocked at 4.2GHz. This means that the last few generations of CPUs have not made significant improvements in processing power from one release to the next. When Intel released their most recent "Kaby Lake" processors, many people were *really* disappointed that it showed a minimal performance improvement over the previous "Sky Lake" release. For things like rendering CG for movies, the performance of CPUs isn't really such a limiting factor. With larger & larger budgets for CG and special effects, we just keep building larger render farms & throwing GPUs at the problem.


Question: What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What muscles are the least used and why do humans still have them?

The palmaris longus. It is a muscle in our forearm. It doesn't do anything. 14 percent of people don't even have it. Those that do have one have it because it is a vestige of days when claws and climbing were important for survival (and not a hindrance to handling tools). It is still there in most people because having the muscle doesn't hurt anything in terms of survival, so there is not pressure on the trait. In other mammals, it serves to retract skin to expose the claws.


Question: Do physicists or mathematicians actually remember hundreds of equations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do physicists or mathematicians actually remember hundreds of equations?

I would in no way considered myself a physicist, but taken a few classes. From my experience, straight out memorization does nothing for you. I've always been given an equation sheet when taking an exam. What is important, is understanding the fundimental ideas and concepts. You do need to remember these, but they should be somewhat logical. Equations are only used to quantify concepts. You need to know how to use the math and exploit it, and that only comes through practice. Sometimes you use an equation so much, it sticks. I've had a very different experience in math. Having to memorize all the derivatives and many integrals and alot of trig. But the more you practice, the less effort you put forward in trying to recall them.


Question: How do stock dividends work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stock dividends work?

Imagine you want to purchase a business like a car wash. Except instead of buying the business by yourself, you buy it with 9 other friends equally. So you own 1/10th of the business, that is your share of the business. Let's say your car wash earns $100 this year. Your share of that is $10. Your friends and you decide to take $60 from that $100 and use it to get a hot wax machine - you think it increase your earnings. That leaves $40 to distribute to everybody. So everybody gets a $4 check - that is your dividend. Stock dividends work exactly like that, except usually you're splitting it several billion ways instead of 10 ways. Coca Cola has about 4 billion shares outstanding, and earned 10 billion last year - so each share of stock got a little more than $2 in earnings. Except they reinvested some of that $2, so they only paid $1.60 in dividends. Everybody who owned a share got $1.60, and if you owned multiple shares, you got multiple $1.60's.


Question: How did John Rockefeller monopolize the oil industry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did John Rockefeller monopolize the oil industry?

He basically did it how you describe. Rockefeller was _incredibly_ wealthy and Standard Oil was basically printing money. Rockefeller was worth about $400 billion in inflation-adjusted dollars, or about 2% of the United States GDP. That is a truly absurd amount of wealth. When a new oil company started up, he could easily buy them because he has so much cash on hand. If they didn't want to sell, Standard Oil could operate _at a loss_ in that market to drive the competitor out of business (or force them to sell due to lack of profitability). Again, since they had so much cash available, they could easily lose money for months, even years, without going insolvent - the competitors couldn't out last that.


Question: Why does gum get hard after being chewed for a long period of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does gum get hard after being chewed for a long period of time?

The gum starts pretty stiff because it is condensed and is at its softest when it is wet by your saliva. It is usually condensed again before leaving the moist environment that is your mouth, and dries in its condensed form, usually becoming as hard as it is before you chew it.


Question: How does the DNA of an insect that uses camoflage, know what the camo is supposed to look like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the DNA of an insect that uses camoflage, know what the camo is supposed to look like?

It doesn’t. If you put that bug somewhere it wasn’t camouflaged, it’s not like it’ll change The camouflage comes from evolutionary pressure. A species of mantis tends to live around a certain kind of flower because they attract prey. Mantises with color or features that blend in are seen by prey less easily, so over many many generations, that colors and features get more pronounced. This is because the ones that have those features get more prey and live longer, producing more offspring which share those features. Do this for millions of years and you get insects which have insanely convincing camouflage traits. They never tried to do it, it just happened because it helped them live longer.


Question: Why do millennials say that they can't retire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do millennials say that they can't retire?

1. Stagnant wages 2. Automation 3. Rising asset prices 4. Lack of available positions 5. Reduced frequency of pensions, benefits, etc. 6. More "part time" jobs that make points 1, 3, 4, and 5 sting that much more. \-- Where I'm from, the average cost of a house is $480,000 (Canadian). The average wage is $52,000. In order to acquire that house, the averge person has to: A) save save save save for decades, B) receive help from their parents, C) Buy with a low down payment and become super leveraged. & #x200B; Earlier generations faced some of these issues, but not to the same degree. Oh, and many of them are still working...


Question: Is there a scientific reason why many young girls like like pink more than any other colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there a scientific reason why many young girls like like pink more than any other colour?

I don't think that they do. I *think* that this 'predisposition' towards pink is a direct result of old thinking that 'blue is for boys, pink is for girls', one that's pushed on children by their parents. If you're raised thinking pink is 'your' color, you'll gravitate towards it. It's a learned behavior, like racism.


Question: How is a professional sports player bought from a different team? Is the multi million dollar value what the player gets, or is it what another team would pay a club to get that player?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a professional sports player bought from a different team? Is the multi million dollar value what the player gets, or is it what another team would pay a club to get that player?

Sometimes a player switches teams when their contract with their old team runs out, which means the money reported is money being paid entirely to the player. Sometimes a player and/or a team wants a transfer to happen before their contract is out, and the new team will have to buy out the contract and pay the remaining money that the old team still owes the player. If a team is giving something directly to another team to make a transfer happen, it's usually other players, or future draft picks, etc. I don't know of any examples of a team paying another team cash to make a transfer happen, but it may happen. sometimes.


Question: Why do some plastics discolor and turn white when they are stressed/bent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some plastics discolor and turn white when they are stressed/bent?

For plastic it actually creates micro fractures in the structure in a process called work hardening. The white is basically tiny air voids retracting light differently. There are no chemical changes to the structure it's just mechanically breaking down. If you were to measure the density of it at that point you would find it has decreased. It's similar to how you can beat egg whites into a foam.


Question: NASCAR, why do 2 cars in tandem travel faster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 NASCAR, why do 2 cars in tandem travel faster?

A single car traveling alone creates an area of low-pressure air behind it. To greatly simplify things, this low-pressure area “sucks” on the car from behind and increases drag. But if two cars are in tandem, that low-pressure area behind Car 1 gets “moved” to the back of Car 2, so it isn’t pulling on Car 1 anymore


Question: what happens when a show is abruptly cancelled such the case like Roseanne's show do the investor lose money, does the network just eat the cost, is roseanne liable for any future profit? So many questions agh

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what happens when a show is abruptly cancelled such the case like Roseanne's show do the investor lose money, does the network just eat the cost, is roseanne liable for any future profit? So many questions agh

First lets clarify a few things: - In the case of Roseanne, all 9 episodes for Season 10 have already been broadcast. - ABC announced there won't be a season 11. TV shows are produced by production companies and broadcast by broadcasters. That means the production company is responsible to develop the content (hiring cast/crew, sets, props, wardrobe, cameras, lights, etc.). Then the producers license the content to broadcasters so they will have something to show to their viewers. There are two business models now for broadcasters to make money: ads and/or subscriptions. Broadcasters usually protect their licensing contracts with terms the protect them against marketing blunders that would affect their revenue model. The contracts with cast/crew, suppliers, etc. are all done with the production company. Roseanne is produced by The Carsey-Werner Company. They have been trying to do a spin-off or revival of Roseanne since 2008. In April 2017 it was reported they were shopping the revival to ABC and Netflix. ABC announced the deal on May 2017. Filming only started on Oct 2017. The show was renewed by ABS for a season 11 on March 2018. ABC simply cancelled the recently announced deal. It's unlikely that any serious money has been spent on Season 11 as filming would not start at least until the fall. **TL:DR:** The production companies are the ones that take the risk. Broadcaster could be up for penalties for breach of contract but most likely a moral clause let them cancel the contract without them.