Question: why American physicians and surgeons earn so much money. Would it be possible to create an equitable, universally accessible and affordable American healthcare system that didn't significantly reduce physician income?

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 why American physicians and surgeons earn so much money. Would it be possible to create an equitable, universally accessible and affordable American healthcare system that didn't significantly reduce physician income?

Physicians aren't the issue with the healthcare system. They make a lot of money because it's a very highly skilled profession that requires a lot of education and training just to begin working. A typical physician will be about 31 years old when they begin working. Until then, most are collecting debt from school that must be paid off. I'll provide information for something I have witnessed. Years ago, if you sprained an ankle, you'd visit an orthopaedic surgeon and they'd look at it, maybe get an x-ray to make sure it wasn't broken, and give you a brace. Over the years, different regulations have required more documentation on even the smallest thing. If you walk in with a sprain, they no longer treat the sprain, but instead they must make sure it isn't anything else. To eliminate everything else, they need to do more tests so you might have to get an MRI in addition to an x-ray. What required a single person to transcribe a note and a tech to do the scan now requires multiple office assistants and numerous techs to run the machines and note everything. There's also the issue of frivolous malpractice lawsuits and the awarding of uncapped punitive damages which are only for punishing doctors and don't go to the patient. Malpractice insurance rates are astronomical in areas with uncapped punitive damages and those rates are transferred to those who pay. Health insurance companies don't want to pay any claims so will deny absolutely everything they can to save money. Doctors used to file simple paperwork to get paid. Now, they have to file a full case report for a nurse (rarely a doctor, but could be) to review and if that reviewer isn't convinced they deny and the doctor has to gather more evidence and resubmit. In order to prevent denials, they run more and more tests to verify the issue they're treating is not only needed, but can only be that issue even if those tests aren't needed to diagnose the problem. This requires more people, more software, more equipment, and more tests. Costs only ever go up. The amount of money doctors make doesn't matter and contributes nothing to the healthcare problem. They are actually getting reimbursed a lot less now than they used to. The system needs to be overhauled and streamlined but not by lawyers who have created the mess. In Florida years ago, they passed a law forbidding doctors from owning their own test equipment like x-ray machines. Their justification was if doctors owned the equipment, they'd needlessly charge for more scans just to make more money. They didn't consider the reason doctors bought the equipment was because they already ran many scans. They eventually repealed the law, but while it was on the books you had to make an appointment with a doctor, then another somewhere else to get a scan, then a third to have the doctor examine the scan to diagnose and treat the issue. With a scanner in-office, there's only a single appointment because you'd get the scan while you were there. For stuff like workers' comp, them owning the scanner saved everybody money even though the doctors made more themselves which would otherwise have gone to companies running the scanners anyway. Now take this example's original misguided logic and apply it to everything in the healthcare world and you can see how it just makes a mess of everything eventually.


Question: Why do many spray cans get cold when you shake them?

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 Why do many spray cans get cold when you shake them?

Think of it like this - it takes heat to evaporate water, right? So you have to *put energy into the system* to turn a liquid into a gas. The gas is higher energy, which has to come from somewhere. This is true for any evaporation, not just water. Any time a liquid changes into a gas, it will take energy out of that system (phase changes from liquid to gas require energy). When the liquid in the can changes into a gas, it pulls energy in the form of heat out of the system, and the temperature drops.


Question: Why do some British people pronounce "saw" as "sawer"?

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 Why do some British people pronounce "saw" as "sawer"?

It's called an "Intrusive R" Basically an r is inserted between two vowel sounds. more detail: The phenomenon of intrusive R is an overgeneralizing reinterpretation of linking R into an r-insertion rule that affects any word that ends in the non-high vowels /ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, or /ɔː/ when such a word is closely followed by another word beginning in a vowel sound, an /r/ is inserted between them, even when no final /r/ was historically present. For example, the phrase bacteria in it would be pronounced /bækˈtɪəriərˌɪnɪt/. The epenthetic /r/ can be inserted to prevent hiatus, two consecutive vowel sounds. URL_0


Question: If food takes up to a day to go through your digestive system, how can spicy food/Taco Bell make it out in record time?

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 If food takes up to a day to go through your digestive system, how can spicy food/Taco Bell make it out in record time?

I was under the impression that it took 15 hours. But I'm not a scientist so my information could be wrong. & #x200B; Either way, unless you have food poisoning or something similar, then your body is just pushing old food out to make room for the new food. An exception might be like drinking coffee on an empty stomach. Since the coffee goes through quickly and your stomach has nothing to digest it gets into the small intestines faster. Again I'm not a scientist this is just based off experience and word of mouth. & #x200B; However things like corn are indigestible so they pass quicker. I can eat corn at 7pm and by my morning coffee dump at 8-9am it's in the poop.


Question: Why does air not have any colour?

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 Why does air not have any colour?

There are still relatively few atoms per unit volume of “air” in our atmosphere. So there isn’t a lot of stuff for light to run into so it goes straight to our eyes. The makeup of air itself matters too. A majority of “air” is Nitrogen. Nitrogen is colorless at the pressures and temperatures of our atmosphere.


Question: How in the world do gps applications (like google maps) have all the street names?

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 How in the world do gps applications (like google maps) have all the street names?

Basically yeah, someone input all the street names and locations. Although, the GPS companies and google maps will have it mostly automated, but most countries have large government departments dedicated to mapping out the streets, land sections, assigning postal and residential addresses etc They then commonly sell that information to other government departments to use, to private companies such as google, garmin, whoever needs mapping. Mapping and software for it is a huge industry worldwide employment hundreds of thousands of people. Just the license on the mapping software my company uses, and the infrastructure for it costs a few hundred thousand dollars per year, not counting support costs and wages.


Question: With gold prices relatively much higher now than in the past compared to the cost of living, why are there very few individual gold panning/mining operations in e.g. California like the gold rush in the past?

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 With gold prices relatively much higher now than in the past compared to the cost of living, why are there very few individual gold panning/mining operations in e.g. California like the gold rush in the past?

Because humans have been extracting gold from the crust of the Earth for a very long time. That doesn't mean it is all gone, but it does mean that what is left is the stuff that was hardest to get to. Since it is harder to get to, on average it costs a good deal more per ounce to mine it. So unless a site is particularly rich in gold, it isn't really worthwhile.


Question: Why can't humans hold themselves perfectly still without twitching, hence the difficulty of the game "operation"?

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 Why can't humans hold themselves perfectly still without twitching, hence the difficulty of the game "operation"?

Muscles are composed of many strands. When your arm is held up, not all fibers are being used simultaneously, as that would need you to carry an extra weight. Over time fibers get tenuous, needing to relax, so your they switch to other strands, and this switch is usually abrupt, so our arm twitches a bit.


Question: How does using a Logarithmic scale work for representing something physical?

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 How does using a Logarithmic scale work for representing something physical?

Linear scales only work when the behavior is linear. Logarithmic scales are great for representing anything that follows any power law (square, cubic, etc) or if it is exponential growth or decay. Power laws show up as straight lines on a log-log plot. Exponential growth/decay shows up as a straight line on a log-linear plot. Exponential behavior is not uncommon in nature. All that means is that the rate that something changes is proportional to its size. That happens all the time! The number of births and deaths in a population is proportional to the size of the population. If a small town saw the same amount of births as a big city, that would be very strange. The amount of interest you pay or get paid is proportional to the balance on the account/loan.


Question: What exactly caused the networth of the world's billionaires to increase substantially?

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 What exactly caused the networth of the world's billionaires to increase substantially?

Wealthy people don’t keep money in checking accounts or Scrooge McDuck vaults of gold - they keep all their money in investment assets. A combination of very low interest rates and negligible returns on most other types of investments has pushed the stock market to double in the last five years. If you had a billion dollars in the market in 2015, it’s now worth two billion. If you had zero dollars in the market, you made nothing.


Question: How does soil liquefaction work?

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 How does soil liquefaction work?

Soil is little grains. It's firm because when you press it the grains push against each other to resist you. Water can mix in with the grains, increasing the space between the grains. A little water lets the grains shift a little, until they can't get past each other, and they lock up to resist you. If too much water gets mixed in, the water gap can become larger than a grain. When this happens, the grains slip past each other, and the ground acts like a liquid, rather than a firm solid. The term for this is "liquefaction" or "liquid like action". Some soil, considered sandy soil, has big ole grains you can see. These babies are not able to absorb enough water to liquefy. That's why we use sand and crushed rocks to make the supports for roads, they are very resistant to liquefaction. Other soil, considered clay soil, is made of super-small grains. When you feel wet clay on your skin, you can feel it is slippery because very small grains mean small amounts of water is enough.


Question: What keeps atoms from moving / what keeps solid objects solid?

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 What keeps atoms from moving / what keeps solid objects solid?

> [atoms] what keeps solid objects solid? Atoms will push off from each other. They don't like to be too close to each other's fields without having formed a bond. So a group of atoms running into another group of atoms will all repel each other. The net effect is the physical collision we all know and love. > Some things are in liquid form, some are solid, Density, and the properties of the matter. If there's space for stuff to slide around, it'll behave like a liquid. If it's packed in close, it'll be a solid. When you cool a gas down, the electrons don't move around as fast, and they literally get closer to the core, which reduces the size of their field which repulses the other atoms away. All the atoms getting closer together makes the thing more dense, and at some point it turns into a liquid, and then a solid. (Water is funky though and forms a crystal lattice structure, actually getting bigger.) > and others are flexible. Why? A mix of how the molecules (bunches of atoms) are shaped and interact and hold onto each other. Plastics, for example, have long strands which can bend around and interweave with other strands, but they can have some wiggle room. Crystals aren't flexible as they form a specific shape (which is determined by how the atoms are shaped).


Question: when they release a ps4 game on switch or xbox, how do they do it? What do they change program wise?

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 when they release a ps4 game on switch or xbox, how do they do it? What do they change program wise?

It depends on the engine. If the game is made in a game engine that already supports multiple platforms, then it might be as simple as registering a few new variables and formats. For other games, it might require new chunks of code to support the different hardware. And if you're unlucky: rewriting large amounts of the game. No matter how you do it, some of the games code will have to be rewritten to support the consoles format, it's just a question of "how much"


Question: Why do panda bears have fangs like carnivores when all they eat is bamboo?

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 Why do panda bears have fangs like carnivores when all they eat is bamboo?

They used to be carnivores. Depending on your definition, they still are. They're in the order *Carnivora* and the family *Ursidae*. Their closest living relatives are black bears and brown bears. Pandas are the only species in their subfamily, having split off from the subfamily *Ursinae* (which includes black, brown, and polar bears) a long time ago. Nonetheless, they are true bears. They just haven't had enough time or evolutionary pressure to lose their canine teeth. Eating bamboo was likely the result of loss of prey species millions of years ago and an empty niche for a large animal eating plentiful bamboo. So, they moved to the mountains and filled that niche. Pandas also lack other traits common with herbivores like multiple stomachs and a long intestinal tract to break down plant matter. That's ok because the inside of bamboo is *relatively* easy to digest (still harder than meat), and they just eat a **ton** of bamboo to make up for their inefficiency at extracting what little nutritional value exists in bamboo.


Question: Why do animals eyes glow a different colour when a light is shined into them?

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 Why do animals eyes glow a different colour when a light is shined into them?

They have a special reflective surface right behind their retinas called tapetum lucidum, which helps them see better in the dark. When light enters the eye, it's supposed to hit a photoreceptor that sends the information to the brain, but it sometimes doesn't hit the photoreceptor. So that reflective surface acts as a mirror and bounces it back for a second chance.


Question: Why do people make their axes razor sharp? Doesn't that make the tip thinner and more prone to chips and damage?

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 Why do people make their axes razor sharp? Doesn't that make the tip thinner and more prone to chips and damage?

The YouTube videos about "axe so sharp I can shave with it" are mostly about showing off their sharpening skillz. Axes and picks rely more on impact and wedge effect than on sharpness. You can give them a fine edge, but under normal use they won't benefit much from it and the edge won't hold up long.


Question: Why is that when someone loses balance, they lean their body in the least logical direction?

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 Why is that when someone loses balance, they lean their body in the least logical direction?

You're actually trying to move your center of mass backwards, since that's what causes you to fall. Your heaviest pieces are in your core, so you instinctually push your core in the right direction. Because your waist acts as a hinge, that then causes the top of your body to move in the other direction, and it's a lot more noticeable a movement. You can try it on your own by standing still and thrusting your hips in one direction. Your extremities will move in the other direction a lot more than your hips did.


Question: where does the feeling of a sore throat come from when you have a cold? Why does it feel rough? And why do warm beverages help?

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 where does the feeling of a sore throat come from when you have a cold? Why does it feel rough? And why do warm beverages help?

A sore throat happens when the mucous membranes lining your throat become inflamed. This is a common symptom of a cold or other infection. Your body sends a lot of extra white blood cells to the area of the infection to kill the bacteria or virus that's present, and that's what causes the inflammation. Hot beverages can help loosen and thin mucous, which relieves some discomfort. In addition, gargling warm salt water can relieve the discomfort


Question: How can a country estimate how many illegal immigrants there are within the country, and how can they estimate how much money illegal immigrants cost the country every year?

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 How can a country estimate how many illegal immigrants there are within the country, and how can they estimate how much money illegal immigrants cost the country every year?

The US Government estimates the number of illegal immigrants based on data from the US Census and Department of Homeland Security. Every year the US Census conducts a mini census called the American Community Survey which mails out census forms to about 3.5 million families. These forms don't ask for citizenship status, but do ask whether you are domestic or foreign born. They then take this number and modify it a bit to account for people who don't respond and a few other factors, after which they have a decent estimate for the total foreign born population in the US. They then take that number of total foreign born individuals in the US and subtract it from DHS data on the number of legal immigrants who are still in the country. This difference between those two numbers produces an estimate for the number of illegal immigrants in the country. The US government doesn't estimate the cost of illegal immigrants (although I think they might have done so once, a few decades ago, they don't modernly). Rather, when you see estimates those come from political action groups or researchers. Groups in that category can estimate the costs however they want, and frequently do. However, a reasonable way that costs *could* be calculated is by using the known marginal costs of public services. For example, if you know that on average it costs a city $100 per person, per year for public services (such as police, fire, education and infrastructure maintenance) and you know that there are 1 million illegal immigrants in the country, then you can estimate the cost of those immigrants as being $100 million. But even if you do it like that its still difficult for different estimates to come to the same number because you have to determine what public services you count, as well as determining overall usage rates, as illegal immigrants tend to "use" such services at different rates than legal immigrants. IE, illegal immigrants tend to be incarcerated more often than legal immigrants while using fewer social services, but the actual rates of that are controversial. And again, private groups can estimate costs however they want. Most groups doing such estimates are political, and the more political the estimator, the more likely that the estimate has been manipulated to fit their agenda - and concern over political bias, or the perception of it, is why the US government doesn't attempt to estimate costs.


Question: If a photon experiences no time, how does it do things?

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 If a photon experiences no time, how does it do things?

A photon doesn't have a perspective. The photon's frame of reference would be one in which it is stationary. Photons can't be stationary (they always travel at c). This frame of reference doesn't exist. Saying "time doesn't exist from the perspective of a photon" is flawed because "the perspective of a photon" doesn't exist.


Question: If Potassium Iodide (KI) protects us from radiation, why we are not given KI before CT scans ?

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 If Potassium Iodide (KI) protects us from radiation, why we are not given KI before CT scans ?

A few reasons. First of all, KI really only protects your thyroid gland. Your thyroid gland produces hormones that include iodine, so if you ate radioactive iodine, then eating more iodine (KI) helps reduce the amount of radioactive iodine that gets used in those hormones. The less used in the thyroid hormones, the less sticks around to harm you. That brings me to point two, KI only protects you when you ate radioactive iodine! It doesn't protect you from external radiation sources, for instance. And lastly, CT scans have low radiation doses, and there's really not much risk at all, unless for some reason you needed a ton of them.


Question: How did we know the moon's gravity before we went there and how close were we in our estimates after we got there and checked?

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 How did we know the moon's gravity before we went there and how close were we in our estimates after we got there and checked?

The Moon's gravity is based upon its mass. Since Isaac Newton, a variety of methods were used to measure this, including measuring the tides to measuring the Moon's orbit and its other effects on Earth and other celestial bodies. Prior to actually flying there, estimates had the mass of the Moon to be anywhere from 1/81.53 to 1/81.45 relative to the mass of the Earth. When we flew to the moon, we could directly measure its mass/gravity by how objects accelerated toward it and came up with the modern measurement of of 1/81.300588.


Question: How do supermarket/grocery stores' supply chains work (from farm/manufacturers to isles)?

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 How do supermarket/grocery stores' supply chains work (from farm/manufacturers to isles)?

My example if chicken. I work for a chicken feed manufacturer in the uk which supplies thousands of tonnes per week. These different types of feed go to our companies farms where thousands of chicks are fed and grown until full size if approx 6 weeks. Then they goto the killing plants and killed and cut into pieces which are then sold to all the supermarkets. Side not. The chicken are grown very quickly with various additives to help grow which are then removed when then near maturity so no additives are present in the final chicken.


Question: Why does jam(jelly) get so watery when you get close to the bottom?

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 Why does jam(jelly) get so watery when you get close to the bottom?

The way that people usually scoop jam from a jar forms a cone shaped depression. Over time water will diffuse (i.e leak) out of the jam, due to concentration differences and gravity, and pool at the lowest possible point. Consider if you kept the surface of the jam completely flat. This would make it more difficult for water to leak out of the jam, but may happen given enough time.


Question: What is it in "adult" shampoos that makes our eyes hurt and how exactly are kids shampoos formulated to be "eyefriendly"?

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 What is it in "adult" shampoos that makes our eyes hurt and how exactly are kids shampoos formulated to be "eyefriendly"?

There was an (apparently incorrect) rumor when I first heard this answered that baby shampoo merely deadened your eye nerves so you just couldn't feel the ouch though the ouch (damage) was still there. Now, the latest answer I've read is that the surfactants in baby shampoo are different than in regular shampoo. Surfactants remove oils because the molecules have one end that likes water and one end that likes oil allowing the oil to be washed away with the shampoo. The surfactants in baby shampoo are longer than in regular shampoos. This makes them less effective, but not as harsh, but since babies aren't oil factories it works fine.. Sodium lauryl sulfate (C12H25NaO4S) [or (CH3(CH2)11SO4Na)] or sodium laureth sulfate (C14H29NaO5S or (CH2)11(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na) are common in regular shampoo, my bottle of baby shampoo has sodium trideceth sulfate which is oddly even harder to find only one formula for but appears to be (C19H39NaO7S). That 39 in the middle kind of shows how long the molecule is. Edit: redditors who remember more of their Chemistry than I do of my decades old HS classes say the C19 shows the length rather than the H39. Which makes sense as H only attaches on one end and won't form a chain.


Question: What causes CGI to look so markedly artificial?

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 What causes CGI to look so markedly artificial?

Its mostly survivorship bias. You dont notice all the awesome super lifelike cgi, so you are left with just the stuff that doesn't look perfect. As for why every bit of CGI doesnt look perfect mainly comes down to CGI being super hard, and the human brain being super picky. Your brain takes in thousands of little details and will know if something is up even if you cant pinpoint it. Shadows not falling quite right, an object being slightly too reflective, An object not being reflective enough, Shadows looking perfect in a scene, but not moving properly in relation to the camera. All of this stuff can instantly give off a feeling of something being fake.


Question: how does my heart beat 100,000 times a day for 80 years without getting tired or messing up?

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 how does my heart beat 100,000 times a day for 80 years without getting tired or messing up?

The heart is a muscle, but it's a different type of muscle from your skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle cells have 10 times as many mitochondria as your skeletal muscles. Mitochondria are basically the "power plants" of your cells that break down glucose into energy. Because they have so many mitchondria, they have a basically endless supply of energy. Also, the heart beats rhythmically, with different parts contracting and relaxing at different times, so when one part is contracting, the other part is not doing anything, meaning every part of your heart gets a "micro-rest" during each heartbeat.


Question: why do elastic material on clothes get crunchy when it gets old?

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 why do elastic material on clothes get crunchy when it gets old?

Rubber and stuff has chemicals and compounds it it that help make it stretchy. These can either evaporate over time, or solidify if not streched. As an example, the moon Rover the astronauts used has wire mesh wheels because in hard vaccum rubber would just turn hard and brittle immediately. URL_0


Question: How much of the Earth's total sky is visible from a single spot on Earth?

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 How much of the Earth's total sky is visible from a single spot on Earth?

Depends on where you mean by sky. You would have a field of vision of about 3 miles to the low level horizon. However you could see a plane traveling at several times that. The "sky" is 250 miles thick so looking at that same horizon you could argue that it's roughly 253 miles away. If you're discussing seeing stars the sky is 50% roughly of what can be seen from anywhere on earth. Slightly more if you were on a mountain.


Question: does the temperature of a water change its thickness?

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 does the temperature of a water change its thickness?

Yes: colder water is thicker; the technical term is that it's more "viscous". [Here's a table]( URL_0 ) showing a couple of diferent measures of water's viscosity over a range of temperatures; higher numbers mean "thicker". As for why, hotter liquids have molecules that are moving faster (that's what having a higher temperature means) and so each molecule is less bound by its neighbours and so it's easier for the liquid to change shape faster.


Question: Is it at all plausible that we could be in a simulation? How could we tell?

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 Is it at all plausible that we could be in a simulation? How could we tell?

I'm not a physicist, so take this with a grain of salt. There are a number of proposed tests for this hypothesis. One of them involves the idea that if the universe is a simulation, there may be an underlying "lattice" which underpins everything and imposes limits on it. Physics might say that we can do X, but for some reason we're limited to Y. Such a discovery would suggest that Y is an artificial limitation imposed on the universe by someone who basically didn't have the hardware power to do it better, the knowledge do it better, or got lazy. By way of analogy: imagine you buy a car with an engine rated to 200km/h, but no matter how hard you push the car you can only do 100km/h. You open it up and find that there's a governor on the engine which prevents you from going the full speed. That limitation when you should be able to go 200km/h tells you that something is "wrong" with the setup. [Further reading]( URL_0 ). There is also the idea that our 3D universe is actually just a 2D hologram that looks 3D when interacted with in a certain way. Essentially, the idea goes, our universe is comprised of incredibly small bits of information, which in turn "output" the particles and fields we know. While this doesn't necessarily mean that the universe is a simulation, the fact that it's encoded as information and is not intrinsically particle/field based could suggest that it is. [More further reading which doesn't go into the simulation idea, but from which you can see how the conclusion may follow]( URL_1 ).


Question: Whate does it mean when an academic article says "X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y"?

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 Whate does it mean when an academic article says "X predicted 19.4% of the variance in Y"?

I know this one! I think! So in regression you have something you want to explain, Y. You can have several variables, X, that all have something to do with it. You run regression models to find significant Xs that explain Y. This is called the r-square, which is a decimal between 0 and 1. This tells you how much an X explains the variation in Y. Example: how can I explain temperature variation in a given day? Let's say the amount of cloud cover is significant, with an r-square of .36. This means that cloud cover explains 36% of the variation in daily temperature. But what about the rest? If you have other significant variables, they can also add on, but you'll never get 100% of the explanation because life isn't perfectly explainable.


Question: How come that you sometimes just get a song stuck in your head, even if you hadn't heard that song for years?

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 How come that you sometimes just get a song stuck in your head, even if you hadn't heard that song for years?

Usually it's triggered by a memorable lyric of the song showing up somewhere in your life. Like the title of the song or a couple of words or a phrase that you saw somewhere and your subconscious puts them together making you start thinking about the song or singing it or whatever. This happens to me all the time.


Question: How do undocumented people in the United States pay federal and state income taxes?

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 How do undocumented people in the United States pay federal and state income taxes?

You can just file for the taxes. You dont need a SSN, you can use a ITIN. Basically, the IRS will assign you a number they use to track your taxes. You can just list the wages as other and pay the tax on them. As a rule the IRS doesnt monitor to send people to ICE or such for this. They just care that you paid. Just like technically, money you make from criminal activities are required to have taxes paid to the IRS.


Question: How does the Samsung Health app measure heart beat, oxygen saturation and stress levels?

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 How does the Samsung Health app measure heart beat, oxygen saturation and stress levels?

For Oxygen Saturation: > SpO2 can be measured by pulse oximetry, an indirect, non-invasive method (meaning it does not involve the introduction of instruments into the body). It works by emitting and then absorbing a light wave passing through blood vessels (or capillaries) in the fingertip. A variation of the light wave passing through the finger will give the value of the SpO2 measurement because the degree of oxygen saturation causes variations in the blood’s colour. URL_0 Heartbeat and stress are measured similarly: Green LED pulses rapidly and then light sensitive diodes detect how much green light was absorbed. When blood is present due to heartbeat, more green light is absorbed. Between beats, less is absorbed.


Question: What are Special Economic Zones in China?

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 What are Special Economic Zones in China?

The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a communist state, hence every economical development is entirely steered by the government. However, the special economic zones have the right to have a somewhat differing economy policy, including somewhat free market economy, tax and business incentives and the right to create own lawes to some extent. The purpose behind this is to become more attractive for foreign investors that have a lot more free hand than they'd have anywhere else in the PRC. Today there are about 60 of them, including most of the larger coastal cities like Shanghai, Shenzhen or Guangzhou.


Question: Unlike breathing, the heart continues to convuse (pump)- if no signals from the brain to beat tell it to-- how does it communicate- how does it know what to do?

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 Unlike breathing, the heart continues to convuse (pump)- if no signals from the brain to beat tell it to-- how does it communicate- how does it know what to do?

The heart is completely independent from the brain. As long as it gets oxygenated blood and nutrients, it will continue beating on its own even with no brain (that's how organs are maintained in brain death). There are, though, two connections between brain and heart. One of them is through nerves, which can signal the heart to beat faster/slower. The other one is through hormones, which may be released by brain stimulus and then affect the heart.


Question: How do judges come up with the points to judge participants/athletes, like during the Olympics?

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 How do judges come up with the points to judge participants/athletes, like during the Olympics?

There is a code of points that gives value for skills performed and/or deductions required when form is broken. Each sport has their own rules and code. You won't have a skating judge judge a gymnastics competition for example. The judges that work at the Olympics are experts in their respective disciplines.


Question: When the dentist injects Novocaine into your gums before a procedure, how does the numbing effect work?

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 When the dentist injects Novocaine into your gums before a procedure, how does the numbing effect work?

Basically, it slows down the nerve impulses that sense pain. Basically when a nerve fires, positively charged sodium ions go into neurons, then they leave it again for the next time it fires. Novocaine works by blocking the mechanism that allows the ions to cross over the cell membrane, which means that the pain signals never get to the brain.


Question: How come movies that gross twice or more times their Production Budget are sometimes considered "Unprofitable"?

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 How come movies that gross twice or more times their Production Budget are sometimes considered "Unprofitable"?

Movies set up a dummy corporation that exists for the production and distribution of that movie. They "outsource" things like advertising to the studio who "charge" very high fees. Even if the movie takes in a lot of money, they have that very big advertising bill to pay off, so all the money goes up to the studio, and none stays with the company that actually made the movie, making it not profitable on paper.


Question: What does boiling a bagel do to the bagel?

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 What does boiling a bagel do to the bagel?

Boiling it in the lye water, sugar water, or salt water depending on the type of bagel is what gives it the unique skin that you find in no other kind of bread. Without doing so it would just be a hoop of normal bread and would have few of the characteristics that define a bagel.


Question: - How does a container change the taste of a drink?

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 - How does a container change the taste of a drink?

There are different reasons here. One is pre-package processing. Beverages that are canned or bottled are often pasteurized before they are packaged. This heats up the liquid and can "cook" it to some small degree. This is a reason that milk from a carton tastes different from "raw" milk (at least in the US). Ultra-pasteurized versions taste even more different. *Edit:* In the US, canned/bottled beer is often pasteurized; is this a source of flavor change? There is debate. See [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Another is small chemical reactions. Even though glass and plastic are largely non-reactive, they can react in some small amount and change the taste. Orange juice used to be packaged in metal cans, and the metal changed the taste. I personally don't taste much difference between plastic and glass-bottled soft drinks, but YMMV. Another is different formulations for different delivery methods. Soft drinks from a "fountain", where the carbonated water is mixed on-demand with syrup use a different syrup formulation from the bottle-- of course, affecting the flavor. Another is post-packaging exposure. Beer often goes "skunky" from the light that hits it after bottling. Beer from a tap is usually fresher, closer to the brewery so to speak. It suffers less from the "trauma" of bottling. These are just a few ideas, but I'm no expert. If some flavor chemist can speak up, please upvote that redditor more.


Question: How does the antiderivative ice area under the curve?

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 How does the antiderivative ice area under the curve?

This was one of the big questions I had as a calculus student back in the day. dy or dx denotes an infintesimally small change in y or x respectively. This is why the derivative is denoted as dy/dx, that is a small change in y over a small change in x, aka a slope. Just mentioning this in case you didn't know, my high school calculus teacher failed to mention this. An integral is the integral sign followed by a function and a dx (or d_ if integrating with respect to some other variable). What exactly does this expression F(y)dx mean? Well, F(y) is the height of the function. dx is an infinitesimally small change in x, or base? Multiply them together? You get an infinitesimally small rectangle, all of which sum up to the area under the curve. What could this individual rectangle be called? Its an infinitesimally small one, but once again you sum all the rectangles up to find the area, similarly to how on a line you add the slope once to y for every x you go up... so could we call this small sliver of rectangle a rate of change of the area. Therefore reversing the rate of change into the function for area, taking the anti-derivative, gives us the function for the area between two points on the curve. More visual explanation: URL_0


Question: What was the potential real-life problem behind Y2K? Why might it still happen in 2038?

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 What was the potential real-life problem behind Y2K? Why might it still happen in 2038?

Issues are easy to look up, but basically some computers would think the year was 1900, and some wouldn't, causing a mess. Anyway, 2038 is the highest year (roughly) that computers can count to since the standard epoch (Jan 1st, 1970) in second using integer precision. Those that count in seconds will again have the flipping back to 0 problem, which in this case is 1970. In reality though, it won't be an issue the same way y2k wasn't an issue. Critical systems (finance, air traffic, etc) probably don't have this problem, and will be patched by then if they do. Don't fret.


Question: how was the sextant used in navigation how does it work?

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 how was the sextant used in navigation how does it work?

It is used to measure the angle between the horizon and some consistent celestial body. For example, it can be used to measure the angle of the sun to the horizon at noon. By knowing the angle of the sun for that time of year at various latitudes, you could use that measurement to determine your latitude. Likewise at night you could use it relative to stars to narrow down your location.


Question: Why are the two sides of the bronchial tree structured differently if they both go into lungs that are functionally the same?

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 Why are the two sides of the bronchial tree structured differently if they both go into lungs that are functionally the same?

They are not structurally the same shape because of the heart that is a not in the center of the chest but a bit to the left. So the left lung is smaller and is missing a lobe so the heart can fit. The result is that the bronchial tree structure is different. & #x200B; Look at a chest x-ray [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) and can see the difference. The heart is in the white area on the left lung. The X-ray id as if you look at the chest from a third person perspective so right and left is flipped.-


Question: Why does toggling the power off and on for your internet modem fix connection issues?

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 Why does toggling the power off and on for your internet modem fix connection issues?

The same reason that it can fix a bunch of computer issues: turning a device off dumps everything that is in memory currently. Turning it back on loads to a known stable state. This won't help the issue if, say, someone broke a carrier line going from your house to your ISP, but if the issue is that the router captured a malformed packet and can't figure out what to do with it, it'll dump that packet and all other operating data and then reload all of the base state that gets pulled when booting from power-on.


Question: why are spinning/moving things more stable?

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 why are spinning/moving things more stable?

Conservation of momentum. As you speed up your bike, you build the momentum in the direction of movement (forward) (p=mv). For that momentum to change, you need a force of the same or greater magnitude AND opposite (or well, any other direction than the forward one) to act on the bike; as you increase the speed, given the mass is constant, you increase the force needed to counter the bike’s momentum.


Question: Why do companies have alternate names that are only slightly different from the original in other countries such as Walmart Canada?

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 Why do companies have alternate names that are only slightly different from the original in other countries such as Walmart Canada?

Yeah more or less. They are distinct legal entities who are ultimately owned by the same overarching group. This is most likely done because the US and Canada and wherever else have different laws and requirements making it easier to set up a separate organization built to conform rather than trying to run many different systems in the same org.