Question: How does having more mass equal more gravity?

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 How does having more mass equal more gravity?

This is kind of a minor nitpick, but strictly speaking, gravity is an absolute constant. The force of gravity exerted by an object increases when its mass increases. It may be helpful to think of the world like the surface of a trampoline. If you set a bowling ball down on the trampoline, it deforms the fabric downward around it. As the weight of the bowling ball increases, so does the deformation. If you have another bowling ball set far away from the first, it will cause another divot. As you move them closer together, the divots will start to converge, and eventually the balls will pull towards each other and collide, making a divot larger than either one would make alone.


Question: Why do animal brains tend to operate far more efficiently than even the best computers?

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 Why do animal brains tend to operate far more efficiently than even the best computers?

What makes you think they are less efficient? Computers are vastly more efficient than brains, at some tasks. Running a modern game requires billions of floating point calculations per second. Even if you drafted the entire population of the planet you couldn't get that kind of throughput. We win at other tasks like path finding, but not by much any more.


Question: Neutrinos, what are they and why is this discovery so significant?

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 Neutrinos, what are they and why is this discovery so significant?

Neutrinos are tiny (and I mean *really* tiny), electrically neutral elementary particles that are unusual because they almost never interact with normal matter and they're extremely hard to detect. 100 trillion neutrinos emitted from the sun pass through our bodies every second. Over the course an average human lifespan, about 10\^23 neutrinos will stream through your body (that’s almost a trillion trillions) and *maybe* a few thousand will interact with you. The rest just pass right through you (and the entire earth) at just below the speed of light as if none of the matter in the universe even exists. It would take 3000 light years of water or 1.5 light years of solid lead to stop an average solar neutrino. The particular neutrino detected by the IceCube experiment is important for a few reasons. First, it came from something called a blazar 3.7 billion light years away from our own galaxy. Blazars are active regions of certain galaxies that emit tons of radiation, especially jets of high energy gamma rays. Detecting neutrinos from outside of our galaxy is extremely difficult - even moreso than solar neutrinos, so it's a big deal that this was the first time we were able to trace a cosmic neutrino back to its source. Detecting extra-galactic neutrinos would also be a breakthrough in what scientists call multimessenger astronomy, which uses different categories of data, like photons, neutrinos and gravitational waves. More types of data give us a better understanding of what we're observing. Being able to explore the universe of neutrinos has the potential to answer a lot of the mysteries of the universe.


Question: What is the purpose of having many cryptocurrencies? Who benefits and why?

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 What is the purpose of having many cryptocurrencies? Who benefits and why?

Mostly the vast majority of coins right now are gaining value on hype, marketing, and illusions of lambos. They will fall away and dissolve. We call them shitcoins. However there are many coins attacking real problems. IOTA is bridging the eventual future of machine 2 machine economy. Creating a coin that can transfer value and data amongst connected machines is crazy. XRP and XLM are vast improvements on the archaic Swift and even CC transactions. Why do I pay dollars and wait 3-5 business days for an international transaction when ripple can do that in seconds for a fraction of a penny? DAG coins can do instant and feeless transactions around the world. ETH is a platform which decentralized apps can be created and smart contracts executed, my dollar bill can’t do that. BEE token is an upcoming launch that puts house sharing (on the blockchain and eliminates fees charged by the hosting website (like Airbnb and vrbo do) Coins like Monero and Sumo are privacy coins that allow people to transfer value without having to disseminate who they are, how much they are transferring , and to whom. Why does the govts need to know everything we do monetarily? These are just some of the coins that have been created with great opportunity for real world value and improvement (in my uneducated opinion of course).


Question: What prevents drip coffee makers from brewing coffee as well as a pour over? What is it about manually pouring the hot water over the grinds that makes it taste better?

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 What prevents drip coffee makers from brewing coffee as well as a pour over? What is it about manually pouring the hot water over the grinds that makes it taste better?

One big aspect of making good coffee (other than the beans and roast) is the relationship between the grind (coarse/fine) and extraction time. (plus water quality and temperature etc etc) An average drip coffee maker (with a large filter and large amount of coffee) will take many minutes to make the coffee where a lot of hot water drips over the grind over a long time. This will over extract the coffee and this leads to bad tasting coffee. Part of the art of the handmade pourover or frenchpress etc method is that the extraction time is controlled carefully and a relatively small amount of coffee is made at one time. It is also typical for drip coffee to be pre-ground ahead of time and stored in packages. The quality of the coffee decreases the longer the time between the grind and extraction.


Question: are violas, cellos, and double basses just BIG violins?

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 are violas, cellos, and double basses just BIG violins?

Violins and violas are pretty much the same in different sizes. The cello has the endpin in addition, but is otherwise (to my knowledge) pretty much the same, of course bigger again. Historically, all of them evolved from the "viola da braccio" ("arm viola", as opposed to the "leg viola", viola da gamba), so it would be equally correct to think of violins as "big violas"). The double bass is actually a little different from the three - it has another form (mainly the "falling shoulders" - should become clear when you look at a picture from the front) and the chords aren't tuned in fifths, but instead in fourths (E1 - A1 - D - G)), some modern instruments with an additional chord below (C) such that they can play an octave lower than the celli over the whole range.


Question: What makes the Swiss banking system a safe haven for criminals and multi-millionaires?

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 What makes the Swiss banking system a safe haven for criminals and multi-millionaires?

The Swiss take privacy extremely seriously. You have to be involved in a very serious crime before the Swiss banks even acknowledge your account’s existence to any government. Add in the extra layer that the US government would have to go thru the Swiss government and its even more secure. Swiss accounts have fallen out of favor in the past few decades as more countries have even more strict privacy laws and less taxes. There are a bunch of small island countries that are better suited for hiding money.


Question: If concussions are primarily caused by the brain hitting the skull, how could any technology prevent that from happening?

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 If concussions are primarily caused by the brain hitting the skull, how could any technology prevent that from happening?

The brain hits the skull because the skull stops too fast. They are suggesting a helmet design that Absorbs the impact, allowing the skull to stop at a slower rate. Think crumple zones in cars. The front stops abruptly when it hits an object. If the car was rigid, then the entire car all stops at the same rate. But if the hood can crumple, the interior can stop at a much slower - and much safer - rate.


Question: what exactly is the golden ratio/ fibonacci number, and does it have any practical applications?

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 what exactly is the golden ratio/ fibonacci number, and does it have any practical applications?

There a number of ways to arrive at the golden ratio. For example, take a line of length *c*: \---------- And divide it into two lines: \------ | \---- Where the left has length *a* and the right has length *b*. If the equation *c* / *a* = *a* / *b* is true, then those fractions will both be the golden ratio (1.618033..., called phi). Another way to approximate the golden ratio is the Fibonacci sequence. If you take any number in the sequence and divide it by the previous number in the sequence, it will be close to phi. The further out you take the sequence the better it approximates phi. The sequence starts 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 Already by the 10th number, we get pretty close: 55 / 34 = 1.617647... By the 15th number we're at: 610 / 377 = 1.618037... , even closer. As for it's use, the golden ratio is said to be the most pleasing to humans. That is, if you give people a set of rectangles in different ratios to choose from, most people will choose the one closest to the golden ratio. This is at least something people say, but I'm not sure how many studies have actually confirmed this. The best use of it has been found in nature, particularly [leaf and seed whorls]( URL_0 ). It turns out that, in terms of efficiently packing leaves or seeds spacing them according to the golden ratio > produces uniform packings no matter how much growth Which is a pretty neat thing to know.


Question: the Golden Ratio / Fibonacci sequence. Are the "natural" patterns associated with this number simply selection bias or is the universe somehow guided / structured around them?

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 the Golden Ratio / Fibonacci sequence. Are the "natural" patterns associated with this number simply selection bias or is the universe somehow guided / structured around them?

The golden ratio is largely a myth and doesn't exist naturally as often as some people claim it does. It is an example of confirmation bias. People WANT to see the golden ratio and they end up finding it wherever they look even when it doesn't fit. Almost all claims of the golden ratio disolve away when you actually do some accurate measuring. It's like the moment you think there is something special about the number 23...and then all of the sudden are amazed at how often the number 23 turns up just because you are looking for it now.


Question: Why can water heated in a microwave become super-heated and not boil?

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 Why can water heated in a microwave become super-heated and not boil?

Only very pure water can do that, like water that's been distilled or put through an RO filter. Boiling requires nucleation sites, which are impurities in the water or some kind of surface area that allow bubbles of steam to form. Once those initial bubbles form, they become nucleation sites for more bubbles. The surface of a metal pot is covered in rough little bits that are nucleation sites for the water to boil, so even if it's very pure water it will still boil. In a microwave, you're probably using a very smooth ceramic or glass container, which won't provide any nucleation sites. Remember that the water in the middle of your container might be well above 100C but it doesn't have anywhere to go. It can't become steam. The surface of the water will be steaming away, but without a nucleation site the water in the middle just gets hotter and hotter without boiling. This is very dangerous because if you suddenly give it something with surface area, like a spoon or a sugar cube, it rapidly boils, blowing tiny bubbles all around which create more surface area for the water to boil, which creates more bubbles, and so on. The sudden rapid expansion of water into steam flings water all over the place, including all over your nearby hand. And boiling water is no joke, you can seriously burn yourself, especially if the water has become superheated to well above 100C. The exact same thing happens with freezing water, too. You can cool very pure water to below the freezing point without it forming ice crystals, which also require nucleation points. When you shake or tap the container, it creates some bubbles and jars the molecules around so that they form the initial ice crystals, which then provide nucleation sites for the rest of the ice to form. The whole container [freezes solid very rapidly]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why do some appliances/devices require 6 AA batteries instead of 2 C batteries?

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 Why do some appliances/devices require 6 AA batteries instead of 2 C batteries?

AA, AAA, C, and D batteries all have the same voltage (1.5 V) but have different amounts of total charge and different maximum current. If you use 6 AA batteries in series you can get 9 volts but with more charge than a single 9V battery. With 6 AA batteries in parallel you can likely provide more current than 2 C batteries without overheating the batteries.


Question: What do we know about the effects of long exposure of the human body to high gravity?

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 What do we know about the effects of long exposure of the human body to high gravity?

Nothing. The highest gravity setting we have is 1G. We have studies on less than 1G. But we would have to go to jupiter or any planet with a higher gravity field to get long term studies. Being in a cockpit and pulling 4Gs isn't the same. It last just mere seconds.


Question: how does hacking in real life work? How exaggerated are hackings in movies compared to real life?

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 how does hacking in real life work? How exaggerated are hackings in movies compared to real life?

Hacking in real life is starting a script to run a bunch of attacks, and then reading the paper waiting for the computer to "Bing". Then it's snooping around in the machine you've hacked, to see if there is anything you can sell there. Usually not, so it's on the the next computer, and the sports page. It's totally exaggerated in movies, because movies are supposed to be interesting (to get people to buy tickets). Actual hacking is hours of boredom, with a few interesting minutes in between. Nobody would pay to watch it.


Question: What is the definition of technocratic?

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 What is the definition of technocratic?

Technocratic systems are based on decision-making by experts/specialists, and the increasing specialization of decision-making apparatus. I forget the title, but there was a paper on judicial politics published some time back that explored the technocratization of the court system in the US. Since judges are a limited resource, breaking the court system into different specialized branches (e.g. family court, drug court, traffic court, etc.) streamlines case management by matching appropriate cases to a court whose staff and judge are specifically equipped and experienced with those types of issues. In theory, this produces a more efficient system, and the concept extends to various decision-making entities you might imagine (the bureaucracy is one, for example).


Question: how come that eulers number appears so often in physical contexts?

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 how come that eulers number appears so often in physical contexts?

Euler's number arises from a special case of [the formula for compound interest]( URL_0 ). In compounding interest, a sum of money called the principle gains interest over time with a given annual interest rate. The interest can be compounded yearly, monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, etc. at periodic, discreet intervals. Euler's number arises when you want to compound *continuously*. Euler's number is (1+1/n)^(n) as n approaches infinity. It turns out that compound interest is just a case of exponential growth. *Continuous* exponential growth is quite common in physical contexts. An example in biology would be in a population of bacteria that multiply when introduced to a petri dish. An example in physics would be a nuclear chain reaction. Exponential growth generally occurs as some kind of positive feedback loop where large populations (be they bacteria or neutrons) naturally cause the growth of the population and the growth rate increases with the size of the population.


Question: How do search engines work?

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 How do search engines work?

They keep a giant database of every webpage on the Internet, by using a program called a crawler that goes on every website and follows every link on that website, and eventually you have a pretty complete database. Then when you run a search for a key word, they search their database for websites that they have cached that contain your key word.


Question: When you come inside from it being bright outside it’s very hard to see inside the room?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you come inside from it being bright outside it’s very hard to see inside the room?

Your pupil (the black part of your eye) is a hole through which light passes until it hits the back of your eye, where the image is detected. The pupil expands and contracts to let more or less light into your eye to see properly, but it doesn't happen instantly. It's very much like controlling the exposure level on an old-school camera. You want to make sure you get enough light onto the film (the back of your eye) so that you can see the details, but not so much that everything gets washed out. When you were outside in the bright light (especially with snow on the ground reflecting the sunlight) your pupil was very small. When you went inside, the reduced amount of light meant that you didn't get enough to the back of your eye to see properly. Eventually, your pupil caught up to the exposure and expanded to let in the light you needed to see properly.


Question: What is happening to your throat when you lose your voice from screaming too much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is happening to your throat when you lose your voice from screaming too much?

Our vocal cords that are in our throat get irritated from overuse because screaming is much harsher on them than talking, just like they can get sore from a cold or too much smoking. They get swollen. A little swollen and they don't move properly, so your voice is husky, very swollen and they stop moving altogether so your voice is gone until they recover.


Question: How are earbuds and headphones able to make music / audio sound like its coming from inside your head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are earbuds and headphones able to make music / audio sound like its coming from inside your head?

So you have two ears, right? And sound is actually pretty slow, you can see it when someone claps on the other side of a road and you hear it only a moment later. So what your ears do is they check if a sound comes to one ear earlier than the other. That happens completely subconscious. The ear that hears the sound first is closer to the source, and your brain then calculates the direction the sound came from. Also, some wavelengths are blocked by your head, so don't reach your other ear at all. and the shape of the ear can also help determine if a sound is above you, behind you, or in front of you. So when the sound arrives in both ears at the same time, and all wavelengths still arrive in both ears, and there is no distortion from the surroundings or your head/ears, then where does the sound come from? Inside your head? The brain doesn't know, it's not prepared for this.


Question: Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can you not see through fog when it's ahead of you but you can once you're in it?

You have a bunch of particles in the fog blocking your vision. Let’s say there are particles directly in front of you blocking ten percent of your field of view and they’re evenly distributed as small bits in the air. And then another. And five feet away, there’s some more particles blocking another ten percent of your vision. That’s twenty percent. The farther away you go, the more particles are there getting in between you and what you want to see.


Question: How can young children become traumatized by something they don't understand?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can young children become traumatized by something they don't understand?

Fear, and subsequently, anxiety and mental trauma can be the result of an experience that feels so alien to what we normally experience. The lack of an adrenaline rush and positive reinforcement can cause the mind to try to find answers. If no good answer is provided, than our primal instincts tell us that it was something that we must avoid. When it involves our personal space, or own peers, we will try to find ways to avoid the encounter, but also try to find a way to deal with the peers involved. In other words: if you see your grandma with a face mask on, it can be scary - you don't know what it is, and your mind goes primal. If your grandma (without the mask) then quickly explains that she was wearing a mask, showing you how it works, and lets you try it on, this positive reinforcement will prevent mental trauma. But: this is also a tool for the "battered wife syndrome", where a spouse provides lots of positive stimuli to make the trauma a "mere unpleasant experience". This leads to cognitive dissonance, etc., etc. So: explain everything to children, and help them find answers. Never use positive reinforcement for something that is bad. Address a destructive relationship, again, by explaining the situation, offering a better alternative, instead of just pointing out the bad stuff.


Question: why does the photo of the dude in front of a tank get taken down so much? What does it mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the photo of the dude in front of a tank get taken down so much? What does it mean?

The Tiananmen Square protests were student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China. They were halted in a bloody crackdown, known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, by the Chinese government on June 4 and 5, 1989. It gets taken down a lot because it makes China look bad and guess who has investments on Reddit and Instagram


Question: Why does the reflection of my car in a car that’s in front of me sometimes appear upside down and sometimes not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the reflection of my car in a car that’s in front of me sometimes appear upside down and sometimes not?

It depends if the reflecting surface is convex (curved out towards you) or concave (curved out away from you). Look at your face reflecting in both sides of a spoon for another example. You can imagine that light traveling from the top of your car is reflected downwards, in the concave case, and will be perceived at the bottom of the image.


Question: What is source of gravity and why it pulls things to itself?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is source of gravity and why it pulls things to itself?

> why it pulls things to itself? **So the short answer is**...*it's simply one of the intrinsic properties of our universe as defined after the event that we label the Big Bang*. But if you're interested further, [I strongly recommend watching this video from 2010]( URL_0 ). In it an interviewer asks former theoretical physicist Richard Feynman *why* magnets of opposing polarities repell one another. And he rather eloquently explains the difficulties of explaining "why". How framing a satisfying answer has a lot to do with the subjects understanding of the rules of our universe, and the properties within it. A student of physics would need an entirely different explanation to say...a creature that has appeared in our universe and knows nothing about it. It's an excellent watch, and it applies to gravity also. It's very hard to frame a satisfying answer to why questions.


Question: If my needed calories to maintain my weight is 2,500, but I am in a calorie deficit of 1,000 calories per day which after a 7 day week is 7,000, I am automatically losing 2lb per week right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If my needed calories to maintain my weight is 2,500, but I am in a calorie deficit of 1,000 calories per day which after a 7 day week is 7,000, I am automatically losing 2lb per week right?

Yes...provided a few things. Your actual maintenance caloric needs are at best a rough estimate (unless you've paid mega-bucks for some serious lab work and testing or you've religiously documented your diet and physical activity for a looooong period of time. Also, your caloric expenditures from exercise...same story. Just estimates based on height, weight, and heart rate. Downgrade your estimates by a third to a half and you're more realistic. It all works out in the end...you just have resist eating the friggin chips for long enough to see any inaccuracies in the system to work themselves out.


Question: Why are so many intelligent, gifted individuals so frequently unable to find happiness for themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are so many intelligent, gifted individuals so frequently unable to find happiness for themselves?

The saying is "Ignorance is bliss" so the less intelligent you are, the less stressful your life is in a sort. You don't have to worry about a lot of responsibilities and issues(even if its your job to, you simply don't as you're inferior in intelligence and cannot comprehend the need to worry about them) Edit: this was so hard to write without offending anyone xD


Question: How come after biting/peeling skin off of your fingers, your finger prints still remain? Even after years of skin biting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come after biting/peeling skin off of your fingers, your finger prints still remain? Even after years of skin biting?

The epidermis is the upper layer of your skin, with the dermis underlying it. The ridges that make up your fingerprint arise from dermal papillae, little protrusions of the dermis into the epidermis. While these remain the same, then the overlaying epidermis will grow with the same pattern. So if you damage the epidermis, once the damaged section has been shed and new growth replaced it, you'll have the same pattern return. To alter the fingerprint itself, the damage would have to reach and impact the dermis underlying the epidermis, a deeper injury. If that is altered, then it would alter the epidermis that grows above it.


Question: Who decides which federal judge hears landmark cases?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who decides which federal judge hears landmark cases?

> Why was it a judge from Texas this time, as opposed to a judge from DC, NY, etc? This is determined where the suit is filed. In this case, the Obamacare suit was filed in Texas. There's a strategic reason for doing so: Texas is situated in the Fifth Circuit, which is widely considered to be one of the most, if not the most, conservative federal circuits (this matters when you go to appeal if there are factual determinations - the appeals courts, including SCOTUS, essentially have three standards of appellate review: de novo ("As new," for interpretation of laws), abuse of discretion (for granting and denying motions), and clearly erroneous (for issues of fact) . There's other reasons and restrictions as well, but for physical location, it's because they filed suit in that district. As for the individual judge, that's a random selection unless a judge has a specialty (like patents or IP). A lawsuit is filed, it is routed to the clerk's office, who then assigns it to a judge randomly (in practice, it's a list of judges and they just assign the next case to the next judge, unless it's a specialty case).


Question: how can electrons just be ok on their own and fly around?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can electrons just be ok on their own and fly around?

In certain substances, particularly metals, some of the electrons become community property, freely shared between atoms. These atoms are free to flow through the metal and are the reason metals tend to be good at conducting electricity. These electrons can be stripped away from the metal to perform the experiments you describe. The metal will have a slight positive charge and tend to grab electrons from the environment. The electrons will eventually join atoms to form negative ions, and those ions will be eager to give up their electrons. Over time, extra electrons will be lost and missing ones gain, and the overall system will reach equilibrium.


Question: What's the relationship between the distance has rolled down a slope and its speed or acceleration?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the relationship between the distance has rolled down a slope and its speed or acceleration?

There is no relationship between distance rolled and acceleration. Assuming no air resistance, acceleration is only a function of the angle of the slope and the friction of the slope. Velocity can be calculated in one of two ways: \-An energy analysis in which you calculate how much potential energy has been converted into kinetic energy \-An acceleration analysis in which you calculate the acceleration down the slope and use that to determine velocity after a certain distance.


Question: How does cellular data work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does cellular data work?

The cell tower doesn't know what specific data you want, any more than the post office knows what's inside your mail...it just knows it's got a "packet" addressed to you and it delivers it. Your phone is the one making the requests and processing the receipts. As far as knowing where your phone is, as long as you're connected to your network, you've got an active radio connection to the "nearest" cell tower ("nearest" because it's really the one with the strongest signal, not necessarily physically closest). When someone calls you that request goes into your phone company's network. The network says "Right, which tower is talking to number XYZ?". If you're on the network, one of the towers will say, "Me!" and the cell network routes the call to that tower. Then the tower sends a radio signal to your phone saying, "Call for you." The tower already knows where you are (in a "which antenna" sense) because your phone is always maintaining a connection.


Question: Why do even the best suction cups eventually fall off of the surface to which they are affixed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do even the best suction cups eventually fall off of the surface to which they are affixed?

The answer is not going to be as interesting as I suspect you might hope. In short, the seal formed by the suction cup is never perfect. The cup itself and the surface to which its attached are not perfectly smooth or clean, so even if it's a very good seal, over time air is going to infiltrate the low-pressure region within the seal. Keeping a vacuum is notoriously hard, and historically requires some kind of mechanism to continuously evacuate a region. That is to say, if you had a suction cup that would constantly remove stray air molecules that got into the sealed region, then there would be no set limit to how long it could hold.


Question: How are stock prices determined?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are stock prices determined?

The reported stock price is the price of the last successful trade of that stock. So, how do people agree to these prices? There are order books (on computers now) of **bids** for a stock from people wanting to buy it and **asks** from people wanting to sell it. If the bid list contains three bids of 100, 90, and 80 for the stock and the ask book has asks of 110, 120, and 130 then nothing happens. The person bidding the most (100) is less than the person asking the least (110). Now let's imagine a new seller shows up and puts in an ask of 99. Now, the person bidding 100 is matched up with the asker at 99. The stock sells at 99 and the new stock price is 99 until a new successful bid and ask pair happens.


Question: how are VISA and MasterCard not the most valuable/largest companies in the world since so many credit card transactions are subject to their fees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how are VISA and MasterCard not the most valuable/largest companies in the world since so many credit card transactions are subject to their fees?

the fees they collect are licensing fees. they don't process credit cards, they don't issue credit cards, they don't loan people money. all those fees are collected and managed by others. Visa and MC are in the business of marketing their brand. (to some degree they support their brands by developing security systems for their cards too.) otherwise the only time they get a fee is when you see their actual logo (on a card or on a sticker on the storefront or on the capture machine.)


Question: How does the soil layers tell us about different eras. Does the land keep getting higher?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the soil layers tell us about different eras. Does the land keep getting higher?

Not everywhere. Dust blows in the wind. Plant growth builds up debris. Rockslides come down forming mountains. Rivers move silt downstream. Lots of erosive forces move earth from one place to another. These can bury locations under the ground. An exposed hilltop, on the other hand, may lose surface to erosion.


Question: What is the difference between credit cards systems in U.S.A and Europe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between credit cards systems in U.S.A and Europe?

People use mostly same cards (Visa, Mastercard) some are unheard of (Diners) Differences: In EU, People favor using Debit cards instead of Credit cards. There is no "credit score" in EU, so people have little motivation to use credit card just to improve credit score. In USA when you pay in restaurant, they take your credit card and do the processing in back. In EU, they bring machine to you. Technology in ahead - no magnetic swipes, everyone has contactless cards and readers. Stuff like Card Skimmers is less common (due to advanced security features) and because there are less things like unattended gas pumps where you pay with CC. US has better customer service (like easy revertion of payments) when your CC card gets cloned and abused.


Question: When immigrating, how is your credit established? Do you need to start from scratch or is your credit history transferred with you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When immigrating, how is your credit established? Do you need to start from scratch or is your credit history transferred with you?

Your wealth will transfer with you assuming you can get the money/goods out of the country you are immigrating from, but unless the country you are moving to has some kind of economic deal with your previous one your credit will not transfer and you will have to start over. Now depending on your wealth and job that could be very easy, or very hard for you to do.


Question: how do plants survive so long in pots? Doesn't the soil run out of nutrients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do plants survive so long in pots? Doesn't the soil run out of nutrients?

Soil biologist here: Yes, the soil does run out of nutrients eventually. As the plant runs out of room in the pot, and as nutrients start to run out, the plant will simply not grow as much, lowering its energy demand. But the plant still needs some small amount of nutrients to sustain itself, even if it's not actively growing - so eventually the plant will die if the soil nutrients aren't replenished. This can be done with occasional additions of new soil or fertilizer. This is also why so much emphasis is placed on the soil microbiome (bacteria and fungi). The soil microbes can break down organic matter in the soil to provide new nutrients to the plant, extending the length of time that the plant can survive in that soil. The soil microbiome is really the reason most plants in nature can survive so long and why the soil (in a forest, for instance) doesn't run out of nutrients for plant growth. Edit: as a disclaimer, my research focuses on soil microbes and how they cycle nutrients and associate with plants out in the wild. I'm not much of a gardener myself, so if you have questions about how to help your plants thrive, I recommend heading over to r/gardening or r/houseplants to get advice!


Question: When new graphics cards get released for computers, what is different about them from older graphics cards? What gets upgraded to make them more powerful?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When new graphics cards get released for computers, what is different about them from older graphics cards? What gets upgraded to make them more powerful?

Generally, this boils down to smaller transistors. For example, the RTX 20 series cards from Nvidia were produced using 12 nm lithography, which means that each transistor was 12 nm wide. For their RTX 30 series cards, 8 nm lithography was used. This allowed Nvidia to pack more transistors into their cards, which means more compute power. There may also be some architectural differences,, which may be more efficient than previous generations.


Question: - Why sites need to know that you're not a robot? What is the point with captchas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - Why sites need to know that you're not a robot? What is the point with captchas?

Programmer here. The issue is that there exists things called "browser automation tools" such as Selenium. These allow a programmer, like me, to program in a set of rules that tell the browser how to behave. You can do all kinds of things with these tools, including mass creating accounts on websites, making purchases, and scraping data. In some cases this isn't so bad, but most sites prefer to avoid this, so they use something like ReCaptcha to make you prove that you're a human and not a computer program. They still have flaws, but at the very least they make things much more difficult.


Question: Why does metal react so violently when microwaved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does metal react so violently when microwaved?

The way microwaves work is through jiggling charged/polar particles in your food (the water primarily). This jiggling increases their temperature and that heats up the rest of your food. That's why you can't heat oil as easily as you can water. However, metals like iron are *great* conductors of electrons. What makes them good conductors is a little complicated but basically, the reason is that they have a soup of electrons moving from atom to atom with almost 0 energy needed to move an electron from one atom to another. Thus when the microwave jiggles these electrons, rather than giving energy to the atom, it gives it to the electron which zips around in the soup. The amount of energy given to the soup can get high enough to bypass the natural insulation of the air and cause electrons to jump from the metal and rip through the air. This is called a spark and is basically what happens during a lightning strike.


Question: What is the difference between analog and digital computer components? (i.e. VGA vs. HDMI)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between analog and digital computer components? (i.e. VGA vs. HDMI)

In analog voltages take any value between two limits. Eg, if a signal is 0 to 5V, then anything in between is valid. In VGA the range is 0V, which corresponds to complete darkness, to 0.7V which is full brightness. In digital signals you transmit data bit by bit and there's only two valid voltages with some tolerance. Eg, 0 would be 0 to 0.7V and 1 would be 4 to 5V. Any signal that's in spec is as good as any other. What are the practical differences? * VGA doesn't have pixels as such. It has well defined lines, but columns aren't strictly separated. * VGA needs good transmission and circuitry. Back in the VGA days there was such a thing as a video card that produced a better output. Meaning, two video cards, both capable of say 1024x768 and having the same technical capabilities could still be different in that one would look prettier because it would generate more precise voltages and with better timing. * VGA allows for varying color as smoothly as you like, though back in those days computers weren't powerful enough to take good advantage of that. * HDMI has exact pixels. There's no adjustment needed, the monitor can display a pixel perfect image if it's capable (eg, a LCD). * HDMI has exact transmission of data. You can't get better text quality through a better video card or a better cable. If it works, it works, and it's perfect. * HDMI has limited color accuracy. If you're at 8 bits you're limited in how good a gradient you can display.


Question: How do olympic ski jumpers not break their legs upon landing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do olympic ski jumpers not break their legs upon landing?

When you hit something it is not only the speed or height that determines how hard the impact is. You also need to look at the relative angle between your velocity and the ground. The most extreme example is motorcycle racers who hit the ground at very high speeds but just skids on the ground until they slow down to a stop. It is a similar thing with ski jumpers. The ski slope is almost vertical so when they land it is almost perpendicular to the ground. So just like the motorcycle racers they will just ski along the ground until they stop at the bottom of the slope. In addition to this the ski jumpers have been training for a long time and knows how to properly land without damaging themselves. You can see this if they land too far where the slope starts getting more flat. The ski jumpers will intentionally abort their long flying stance to land sooner and also change how they land in order to get an easier landing so they do not hurt themselves.


Question: Why does water form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and not covalent bonds? Why doesn’t water form hydrogen bonds in a single molecule?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and not covalent bonds? Why doesn’t water form hydrogen bonds in a single molecule?

A covalent bond is the result of two atoms sharing electrons to fill each other's valance shell.(hence the term co-valent) It's a bit like how velcro or a jigsaw puzzle fits together. It's a strong bond, not easily broken, but given enough energy it can. Hydrogen bonding is a result of the polarity of water. Basically a water molecule is made up of one big negative nelly (oxygen) and two tiny positive pollies (hydrogen). The oxygen is so negative it attracts other water's hydrogens to it. Think refrigerator magnets or when you rub a balloon on cloth and stick it to the wall. It's a weaker interaction than a covalent bond but still makes for some interesting effects. Since the hydrogen bond is an interaction between a positive and negative end of two different molecules, a water molecule can't hydrogen bond with itself.


Question: How do scientists at the Large Hadron Collider safely create and record temperatures of 5.5 trillion degrees?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists at the Large Hadron Collider safely create and record temperatures of 5.5 trillion degrees?

Primarily by making it happen to a very very small amount of material. 5.5 Trillion degrees sounds like a lot, but in terms of mass x thermal energy, the sample size at that temperate is so small that if you distributed all the energy there into a bucket of water, it wouldn't boil. The LHC is aiming to create a very specific set of conditions on a very small sample. They use a lot of energy to smash stuff together and witness high energy interactions, but it happens using a very small amount of mass.


Question: How does a game in development for 7 years stay up-to-date with trends, graphics, etc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a game in development for 7 years stay up-to-date with trends, graphics, etc?

Depends on the development cycle. If they use a static model, they don't keep up with trends, but graphics tend to be fairly mutable. If they use a dynamic agile model, you'll notice elements of the game developed last will have more polish to them. & #x200B; Graphics, so when artists make models they make them stupidly highly detailed, then use a scaled down version for the game, if the specs go up and tech gets better before (and sometimes after) release, they just re-create from the original model a slightly better one (more polygons, better textures, less scaled down). Writing, if it's done and seems good enough, they kinda leave it, but patches can be introduced later via updates. Trends, long dev cyles mean that sometimes you just have to pick something that won't go out of style, by going hyper futuristic, or old medieval, or fantasy. You'll notice games that don't age well tend to be contemporary or sims (though sims tend to make updates by releasing a new version every year with small updates, up to a point, and some just fill a niche that has barely any competition; see Flight Sim)