Question: Why do things that seem big and detailed suddenly turn out to be so small when you take a picture of it? (Ex. Moon, Mountain in the background, etc)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do things that seem big and detailed suddenly turn out to be so small when you take a picture of it? (Ex. Moon, Mountain in the background, etc)

It depends on the lens on your camera. It also is because of the design of your eye. Take a picture of a moon with a long telephoto lens, and you will see it as being incredibly detailed and big. But if you use a wide-angle phone camera, it will seem small, because the camera is taking a picture of everything, and the moon is just a small part of everything. Your eye manages to be both a wide-angle and telephoto camera in one. It has a detailed patch in the middle packed with lots of light sensing cells all individual connected to single nerves, that allow you to see what you are focussing on in fine detail. It also has a large retina filled more sparse cells, with a number of cells driving each single nerve, giving less detailed wide-angle vision. Lastly, your brain is not just taking pictures like a camera. It is analysing the scene and pulling from it the information you want, by turns extracting the detail from different parts of the scene, and delivering to your consciousness the image it has built up by parts over several seconds.


Question: When photons hit objects and then come back to our eyes, do they kind of just "bounce" off the object, or are they always absorbed and re-emitted by its atoms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 When photons hit objects and then come back to our eyes, do they kind of just "bounce" off the object, or are they always absorbed and re-emitted by its atoms?

You can picture the process as an absorption and emission, but things in the quantum realm work in ways we cannot easily imagine. Here's a simple depiction. Photons are little pieces of energy: sometimes it looks like a ball, sometimes like a wave I the sea. If a photon encountering a molecule has the right amount of energy (if it isn't too big or too small), an electron in the molecule will accept that energy and become excited, frenetic with that extra energy. Soon after this excitation the electron will get tired and throw away that extra energy in a new photon, as big as the one it previously accepted. This photon may occasionally be directed towards the retina in your eyes and produce an image in your mind. Be aware that electrons are very choosy and won't accept all the photons, but only those with the right amount of energy. This is the reason why a banana is always yellow: its outer molecules have electrons that absorb and emit only photons with an energy corresponding to the yellow color. In fact, for a photon any amount of energy can be put into relation with a different color. There are many processes in which photons are absorbed and emitted by an object, this is just one of them. Metals for example behave somehow differently, but this is a nice example.


Question: How do we know/measure the distance of objects in space to us? Like how do we know that one Star is 5 light years and another is 500?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 How do we know/measure the distance of objects in space to us? Like how do we know that one Star is 5 light years and another is 500?

There is a ladder of thing we use to measure distances. Relatively close things, we can use parallax to measure. Look at something in the sky when we are in the summer, then exactly half the year later look again. It will be in a slightly different spot. How slightly is determined by how far away it is. For objects that are farther, we can use redshift. The farther something is from us, the faster it moves away from us (due to the expanding universe). That faster something moves away from us, the redder the light coming from I looks. We can measure how red the light is and that will give us a speed, and using that we can determine a rough distance. There are also cepheid variables, type 2 supernovae, and pulsars that give distances, but you get the idea...


Question: What exactly is a flame made of? And why does it have that specific shape?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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 What exactly is a flame made of? And why does it have that specific shape?

When you heat stuff up to high enough temperatures, it begins to glow. This is just the energy that's been crammed in being released as heat. Red is a cool glow, then as we get through yellow and white and eventually bluish, things are hotter and hotter. This is how filament light bulbs work. The electricity makes them so hot that they begin to glow. Fire is when stuff reacts with oxygen. This reaction creates gases (carbon dioxide and water vapour) and a lot of heat. The colour you see as a flame is just these gasses glowing because they are really hot. The shape is basically because gravity means hot gases will float upwards. The hot gases released by burning begin to drift upwards. As they do, they cool down, meaning they stop glowing at some point. The gases in the middle of the flame stay hotter for longer because they are surrounded by other hot gases, so the middle of the flame is taller. Here's a [video]( URL_0 ) about it :) Oh, also, the gravity thing means that flames in space (inside a ship) are spherical :)


Question: What process causes the human body to generate heat?

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 What process causes the human body to generate heat?

Ok, so, you know how people talk about BURNING fat and BURNING calories? It's actually not as much of a metaphor as it is kind of what's actually happening. I'm sure you know that you need energy from food and fat to do exercise and the like, but maybe you didn't know that the same system of energy expenditure is used for basically anything the body wants to do, from breathing, thinking, picking your nose, whatever. Basically, your body has a large store of energy producing materials throughout itself. This is mostly fat or sugars that your muscles store themselves. It can simplify the materials in these stores into glucose, which is basically the most simple form of sugar your body likes to work with. What happens next is that your body literally takes this sugar and burns it—kind of. However, it can't just do it all in one go, otherwise we wouldn't really be able to exist since we'd just be huge blobs of combusting material. Instead, the sugar goes through a process called cellular respiration (related to but not the same as respiration in the lungs) where the sugar is put through a bunch of chemical reactions that slowly release the energy that it stores over a process of many steps. The slow burning of these sugars and the process they undergo is what creates warmth in ourselves. This happens everywhere in our body.


Question: What determines if a fuel is explosive or not?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What determines if a fuel is explosive or not?

All fuels are potentially explosive if you put enough vapor in a small enough chamber. The question is whether the vapors are warm enough to ignite. Gasoline has a flash point of -40C/-40F. This means as long as gasoline is above -40C/-40F it'll ignite if you have an ignition source. Hell, if you have gasoline vapors and an ignition source in close proximity you can probably get it going by accident. Diesel on the the other hand has a flash point of > 52C/125F. This means diesel vapors won't ignite until they're over that temperature. Try lighting a cup of room temperature diesel with a lighter. It won't work. In the case of an engine this temperature requirement is easily met by the cylinder itself which is why diesel is still capable of being used in an engine. In open air? You won't get temperatures that high so trying to ignite the vapors won't actually work. Gasoline? It's heavier than air and probably above its flash point so it'll pool around the floor and then ignite if you even look at it funny.


Question: How can I read a whole page of text, know I read it, but somehow not remember a word of it because I was thinking of something else while reading?

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 How can I read a whole page of text, know I read it, but somehow not remember a word of it because I was thinking of something else while reading?

The human mind is capable of continuing tasks, even complex ones such as driving, while focusing on something else. As you become better and better at reading, your mind can continue to scan a page and identify the words while never actually processing them. It's the same reason people can drive for miles and not remember driving very far at all. The action of reading is no different, your mind recognizes words just like your mind recognizes speed limits or curves in the road. Your pace of reading is automatic and identifying the words is easier than actually remember them. Reading is an easy task after you've practiced for so many years and it can become as boring as driving a highway. That's why you can read through a page of text and be thinking of something else the entire time, you don't process or remember it, you just went into "auto-pilot".


Question: If we're reading aloud and we encounter the word "read," how do our brains seamlessly decipher the context to determine whether it's the present or past-tense version without needing to pause?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If we're reading aloud and we encounter the word "read," how do our brains seamlessly decipher the context to determine whether it's the present or past-tense version without needing to pause?

Our brains don't actually work by storing the words in consecutive order and then making sense of them; our eyes jump all over a line of text, and then our brains create a story model based on what our eyes saw. When that story model is then recalled into conscious thought, other parts of our brain fill in the details. Since we don't need to really know the meaning of individual words in a sentence until that last "fill in the gaps" step, our brains have plenty of time to derive context and build up a reasonable story framework before it becomes an issue. This is a learned skill however, which is why learning readers sometimes really struggle with homonyms.


Question: Why do some people have squishy noses and some have hard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do some people have squishy noses and some have hard?

The structure of the nose is made of cartilage and bone. The bone is at the top, between the eyes and the cartilage is at the bottom. Cartilage is more elastic than bone. This allows the nose to bend instead of break if it gets bumped. Some people have stiff cartilage and others have soft cartilage. Some people, due to surgery or trauma may even be missing cartilage. Soft or missing cartilage makes a nose more squishy.


Question: When streaming services (e.g. Spotify, Netflix) let you download content onto your device, how do they make sure that you won’t somehow keep that content after you’ve unsubscribe from the service? In other words, how do they prevent you from stealing it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 When streaming services (e.g. Spotify, Netflix) let you download content onto your device, how do they make sure that you won’t somehow keep that content after you’ve unsubscribe from the service? In other words, how do they prevent you from stealing it?

They encrypt the media files when you download or stream them. This is called Digital Rights Management (DRM). They limit how you can use the files you download or stream. They require you to use a supported browser (or their app) and to sign in to an account. Eg, They use [Widevine]( URL_0 .) on Chrome browser to encrypt the HTML5 video.


Question: How does imposing a 20% tax on Mexican imports, WHICH will be paid BY American Citizens, make Mexico pay for the wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does imposing a 20% tax on Mexican imports, WHICH will be paid BY American Citizens, make Mexico pay for the wall?

It's not a direct form of taking payment from Mexico. However a steep tarrif like that will strongly urge buisness to move out of Mexico (preferably to the US), and cause Mexico to lose a lot of revenue from exports to the US. Either way, the end goal of financially punishing Mexico is achieved.


Question: What happens to generated electricity that isn't used?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What happens to generated electricity that isn't used?

Modern power grids are largely self regulating for small changes in supply vs demand. Rarely is any one generator fixed on a single level of output. The amount that each generator adjusts it's output depends on several factors such as size and fuel type. Moment to moment fluctuations have negligible impact however, sudden large swings in demand can have wide reaching effects. The amount of power produced by turbine based rotating machines is related to the torque spinning the generator. If the demand drops the rotation is suddenly easier and the generator spins faster, increasing the system frequency. Under normal conditions the 60 or 50 hz system frequency varies by hundredths of Hertz every second. Significant changes in demand or supply, typically loss of supply, can drive frequency changes of tenths of Hertz. The American system is designed with protection schemes that will trip generators or load offline if the frequency shifts .2 hz off nominal. Continued deviation from the nominal frequency results in additional shedding of load until the grid stabilizes.


Question: Why do internet providers and telecommunication companies have similar or identical prices for their packages? Wouldn't slightly lowering the cost give the illusion of 'same speed lower prices' and improve their business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do internet providers and telecommunication companies have similar or identical prices for their packages? Wouldn't slightly lowering the cost give the illusion of 'same speed lower prices' and improve their business?

Most ISPs have a "monopoly" in a particular area with next to no competition (or any serious competition). A competitor with lower prices isn't going to take away so much business that it becomes a threat. So the bigger company essentially sets the price and the others base theirs off of that.


Question: How has the cost of living/schooling and economy in general inflated to such a degree? Is there a way that we can fix it or will it simply become worse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How has the cost of living/schooling and economy in general inflated to such a degree? Is there a way that we can fix it or will it simply become worse?

Instead of charging a reasonable amount for services, employees, etc., universities compare costs with other universities. Thus what should a math teacher be paid? Well what do math teachers at other universities get paid? Using an untethered closed loop can only make prices go higher, because everyone gives their permission for prices to rise.


Question: - Why do boxers and other top sports stars have, and listen intently to, trainers and coaches that NEVER reached their level?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 - Why do boxers and other top sports stars have, and listen intently to, trainers and coaches that NEVER reached their level?

There are multiple things that go into being a superstar in any field. The superstar is someone who can combine all these things. Their trainers will often have specific skills in one particular area but not the whole package. Moreover they will have skills that make them a good trainer that is not necessary for being a superstar. I'll give you an example from MMA. Even though they have a primary skill A MMA fighter needs to have training in a wide variety of disciplines to compete. Moreover, the MMA fighter doesn't need to be the best in the world at any one particular thing. They may have a boxing trainer, a judo trainer, a jiu jitsu trainer in addition to a strength and consitioning trainer. Each of these people may have never been in a MMA fight but they understand that component very well. A trainer may also be someone who understood one part of a game very well but didn't have other gifts that allowed them to compete. Maybe they got injured or didn't have the requisite size or athleticism. Example: Kevin Long is the Mets hitting coach even though never played in the major leagues. He was by all accounts a good hitter in the minor leagues but he injured his wrist and decided to retire. Of people good at hitting he seems to be really good at coaching other players. People who work with him seem to all praise his coaching ability. Often people who were superstars make horrible managers because they had all the natural talents and don't know how to connect with any player or competitor who didn't. I'll give you one last example from my life. I taught myself computer programming and computer science and I'm a software engineer for a living. I studied math in college (for reasons) and I was decent at it but decided not to go to grad school for math. I would never ever be a superstar in either field. It I'm waaaay better at computer programming than I am at math. I'm a bunch better teacher at math than computer science. I couldn't even tell you how I learned how to code, i just got a book and did it at 9 years old. I can absolutely guide you through learning calculus, set theory, linear algebra and a few other fields of math. If you need someone to teach Calculus I'm not a bad choice because it didn't come naturally to me at 9 the way programming did. On the other hand I know plenty of peofessors who studied way more math than I did who can't teach for shit. They are brilliant, they know the material but they don't know what to do when someone doesn't get something as simple as Calculus without trying. The only superstar I would reliably say should teach Calculus (though I imagine there are others) is a superstar in physics, Richard Feynman.


Question: Why can liquor age in a wooden barrel and not in a glass bottle?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can liquor age in a wooden barrel and not in a glass bottle?

Barrels breathe. They expand and contract with temperature changes, drawing the spirits into the wood and then pushing them out again. They also allow in a small amount of air that filters through the wood. The interaction of the spirit with the wood, the char on the barrel, and the air is what ages it. Once it's sealed in a glass bottle it can't age because glass is chemically inert and cannot absorb the spirit or add flavors, and the bottle seal is air tight.


Question: What's the difference between mastering and engineering music?

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 What's the difference between mastering and engineering music?

* Mastering is the process of taking a finished recording and tweaking it so that it sounds best on a specific format. * When an artist finishes a song, it will get mastered differently for CD than it would for digital download, or even vinyl pressing or cassette tape. * Engineering (in *this* context) is the process of operating the audio equipment either during the recording session, or during a mix down session. * There is some overlap in the usage of the term engineer in this context. * Many of folks who use their talents and skills to mix the various sounds that were recorded into a finished song refer to themselves as "audio engineers". However they are sometimes also called producers. * Then there are times when a producer will make the decisions and direct a technician operating the equipment to execute those decisions and *that* person is referred to as the engineer.


Question: How do fire extinguishers work?

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 How do fire extinguishers work?

Depends on the type of extinguisher. Fire needs three things to work - heat, fuel and oxygen. Since fuel can't really be altered, you can stop a fire by either reducing the heat or removing the oxygen. _Most_ fire extinguishers go for the latter - they spray out an non flammable foam that suffocates the fire.


Question: How can flying companies afford such low prices on flights, while the ticket for the same destination on train costs more than twice as much?

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 How can flying companies afford such low prices on flights, while the ticket for the same destination on train costs more than twice as much?

There are two main reasons: - A lot of tickets don't get sold at those very low prices. They get sold at prices that are massively higher. Depending on the nature of the business, these might be flights sold at the last minute - most people, if they're booking at the last minute, really *need* to get somewhere, and they'll pay whatever the price. This can more than make up for the tickets that are sold at a discount. - Modern low-cost airlines make far more money from most passengers by selling extras than they do from selling flights. They charge you to reserve a seat, they charge you for checking in bags, you can buy sandwiches, drinks, duty free goods, train tickets, lottery tickets and a whole lot more on board. I was chatting, a few years ago, to a senior member of staff at a low-cost airline. He was looking into scheduling a flight from Manchester, UK to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. It would have been about a 4.5 hour flight. He decided not to operate that flight because he could use the same aircraft to run two 1.5 hour flights - and that means twice the number of passengers, which means twice the number of sandwiches sold, twice the number of lottery tickets sold, twice the amount of profit. It just didn't make sense to operate the longer flight.


Question: - Why do our muscles "burn" when lifting? What causes that burning sensation?

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 - Why do our muscles "burn" when lifting? What causes that burning sensation?

The short answer is, when you lift weights, the cells in your muscles are using a lot of energy. Usually they make this energy using the oxygen you breathe, but when there’s not enough available (for example, after strenuous activity like exercising) they resort to using a different method. This method still produces energy, but also produces lactic acid as a byproduct. This acid builds up and results in the burning sensation you experience during/shortly after a rigorous workout session.


Question: How do people get these amazing pictures of the milkyway? I've never seen anything like them in person.

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 How do people get these amazing pictures of the milkyway? I've never seen anything like them in person.

Cameras possess capabilities you do not have. You can't sit there and conduct a long exposure with your eyeballs, and accumulate the light over several seconds or minutes into a single image. A camera can. This can lead to detail that you can't easily pick out (if at all) with the naked eye. Beyond that you need *extremely* dark circumstances. Not just "out in a field outside of town" but we're talking "out in a field no where near a town" for optimal conditions. [Here's an essay]( URL_0 ) by a National Geographic Photographer on this exact subject


Question: What is drop shipping and how do people make money doing it?

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 What is drop shipping and how do people make money doing it?

So, you order from my company because we distribute warehouse supplies - boxes, packing tape, whatever. As a buyer, you trust me, because I've always given you quality service and product. You decide that you want a large piece of machinery like a straddle stacker (a type of fork truck used to get loads higher up in small warehouses). Now, it's very difficult for me to store and ship a piece of machinery like that - it's big, it's bulky, and it's something I'm not likely to sell a lot of. But I want to be able to sell it, because my customers (like you!) want it. So I strike up a deal with a straddle stacker manufacturer - they'll provide me a discounted price on the item compared to what I sell it for, and I'll send all of my orders for that item to them rather than a competitor. My customer gets what they want (a product they need), I don't spend the warehouse space to do it, and still get a cut, and the manufacturer gets more business through my storefront. They "drop ship" the item - you ordered from me, but they're the ones sending the order to you at my request. So rather than the order coming from /u/aerim Distribution, it comes from the manufacturer directly.


Question: Why do most things get darker when wet?

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 Why do most things get darker when wet?

Color is a result from light bouncing off objects. The wavelengths that are not absorbed bounce towards your eyes and you see them as that 'color'. When something gets wet, the surface changes, and the wavelengths bounce differently and absorb more light. As a result, you see a darker color (Since it absorbs more of the light)


Question: How could different human species reproduce to make fertile young?

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 How could different human species reproduce to make fertile young?

Zoologist here! So the real nub of the question is really what we mean by 'species'. The truth is, species don't *really* exist - at least, not through evolutionary time. Dividing up the animal kingdom into tidy discrete compartments we call 'species' is something we've done to help make the complexity a little easier to understand and manage in the here and now; in reality, it's a lot more fuzzy and the boundaries we erect between species often break down. The most well known definition of a species is the so-called 'biological definition' and runs along the lines of 'a group of animals that can breed to produce fertile offspring'. This works well for most things - y'know, lions and tigers, chimpanzees and humans - but it doesn't apply to lots of other things, like [ring species]( URL_2 ). What's worse, the above definition only really *works* when we apply it to a single snapshot of time - say, the present day. When you try to use the above definition and apply it to evolutionary time, it falls apart completely. Hence I think the confusion. For starters, at *no* point, *ever*, would you find individuals of one species giving birth to individuals of an altogether different species. Likewise two different species won't interbreed to form another, despite what you might have heard in the media à la the Denisovians and Neanderthals. This 'aint Pokémon; speciation doesn't work like that. Think of it like trying to divide the colour spectrum into neat little compartments; in reality it doesn't work. Pick any part of the ['green' area here]( URL_0 ) and pixel-by-pixel try determine a draw a discrete line when 'green becomes blue'. Wherever you draw your line, the pixels directly on either side are going to be nigh on indistinguishable from one another. How then can you say one of these pixels is 'green' on one side, whilst the other is 'blue'? Likewise it is with 'species'. Over long periods of time, a species will gradually morph into something altogether different. When you compare an individual far removed in time from an original individual (at two different 'snapshots' of time), it's obvious they're different species. Just like how a very blue pixel many, many pixels away from a very green pixel is something we can safely say is very blue. But there's isn't a nice 'here is blue, here is green' cut-off on the spectrum, just like there isn't a nice 'here is species A, here is species B' point in time when looking across evolutionary history. And herein lies the confusion. As we lack an easy to understand word to really describe the phenomenon, peeps try to use the term 'species' to describe different populations of organisms with varying gradual degrees of genetic difference as they morph into one another through time, even though we really shouldn't be using it. So to answer your question: an individual from a population of slightly-more-'Denisovian'-ish people bred with an individual from a population of slightly-more-'Neanderthal'-ish people and produced an infant with a good mix of the different-ish genes from both. The confusion comes from us trying to set clear discrete 'unbreakable' boundaries around the 'more-Denisovian-ish' and 'more-Neanderthal-ish' populations when in reality there weren't any. They were just a buncha' apes with slight variations in their genes. By the classic biological definition of species, they simply *weren't* different species after all; we just lack the word, or (judging by the length of my comment) an easy-to-describe concept that sums up the complex genetics going on underneath the hood. I mean, there's a whole [branch of philosophy]( URL_1 ) dedicated to how and why we struggle to categorise things into different entities, when aspects of world aren't neatly categoriseable. **TL;DR:** The word 'species' as most peeps understand it doesn't really apply well in this situation, so no, by that definition the parents weren't actually two different 'species'. Population and evolutionary genetics is complex and nuanced and sadly we kinda' lack the language required to explain it effectively - especially to laymen, the media etc. It all gets a bit confusing and, believe me, plenty of professional biologists don't often 'get it'!


Question: Why are there so many different types of glue?

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 Why are there so many different types of glue?

There are a lot of different types of surfaces you might want to bond together, and a lot of different conditions you may want that bond to survive. The kind of glue you'll want to hold your posterboard project together is a lot different than the kind of glue you're using to seal windows on the space station.


Question: If exercising makes your heart stronger why are amphetamines and anxiety bad for your hear?

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 If exercising makes your heart stronger why are amphetamines and anxiety bad for your hear?

Increasing you heart rate is like a car going faster: through exercise is like using the gas pedal normally to control the acceleration of the car; amphetamines, anxiety, drugs like cocaine is like your car going off a cliff to go faster. You’re going faster, but you’re probably going to die in the end. Cheers.


Question: Why do you need to boil water before you are cooking noodles?

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 Why do you need to boil water before you are cooking noodles?

You can soften noodles with water of pretty much any temperature. But because of how boiling works, boiling water is always at the same temperature (assuming the pressure is the same). So it's very easy to tell someone to put the noodles in boiling water and leave them there for X minutes, because that means that everyone will be *guaranteed* to be using water that is the same temperature as everyone else, and thus all of your customers will get the same results.


Question: Why do computers get slower over time?

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 Why do computers get slower over time?

A few people have explained some ways computers can actually become slower. The other side of this though is that computers often only *appear* to be slower because the applications they're running become bigger. Part of this is due to natural progression of software. But a lot of it is down to software consuming a lot more processing power and memory space to do the same thing. Go back 30-40 years, programmers had to come up with a lot of clever tricks to make a program that not only worked, but worked within the much narrower confines of the available hardware. Even a very basic word processing application, you have to use a lot of tricks to make that work with a 3MHz CPU and 64KB of memory. When you have 3GHz CPU and 64GB of memory, your code doesn't have to be nearly as efficient... and in reality, a lot of programs aren't as efficient as they used to be, because they simply don't need to be. You can really see this happening with games in particular. PC games in the early 90s only a few dozen MB worth of hard drive space, and required maybe a couple MB of RAM. And yet a lot of retro style games on Steam, with the same level of graphics and sound, and similar levels of content, might take several hundred MB, or even GB of hard drive space, and require at least a GB of RAM. **EDIT:** Just to clarify one thing, this isn't necessarily a bad thing. Its not like the current generation of software developers are bunch of lazy good for nothing kids or something. 30-40 years ago, making your code efficient as possible was a high priority because the hardware demanded it. Nowadays, it doesn't. Time spent trimming a bunch of fat from your code is generally better spent working to add new functionality or extending an application to new platforms. You could make your code super efficient, but it's not going to make a noticeable difference for users compared to code that is simply adequately efficient. The application having new functionality or working on a new platform is noticeable to users though.


Question: What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

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 What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play?

> What is happening when a video lags and loses quality but continues to play? The streaming service has detected that there isn't enough throughput of data necessary to maintain a full resolution video stream to your computer, but that a lower quality video stream which consumes less bandwidth can be supported. It lags for a moment as the stream is converted to the new resolution but it keeps going afterwards.


Question: If there is no friction in space why do massive sci-fi ships have equally massive rockets?

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 If there is no friction in space why do massive sci-fi ships have equally massive rockets?

Massive things, regardless of friction, still need an equally massive "umph!" to get them speeding up. This needed umph is called inertia. Trucks are slower to accelerate than motorbikes not because of friction but mainly because of their mass. So, large spaceships need large rockets to accelerate an acceptable amount. Friction does not matter as much, even on Earth.


Question: How did the catholic church become so intertwined with child abuse and remain a haven for pedophiles for so long?

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 How did the catholic church become so intertwined with child abuse and remain a haven for pedophiles for so long?

When they realized they had a widespread problem on their hands, they decided that preserving the church's public image was more important than actually rooting out the problem. The church leadership made it their official policy to not involve law enforcement wherever possible, pay off or otherwise discourage victims from speaking out, and shuffle abusive priests off to new parishes instead of reporting their assaults to the police.


Question: How is the atmosphere made up of mostly nitrogen and oxygen and we dont have an atmosphere of nitrous oxide?

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 How is the atmosphere made up of mostly nitrogen and oxygen and we dont have an atmosphere of nitrous oxide?

The bonds between oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms as O2 and N2 are stronger than the bonds between nitrogen and oxygen as a compound. It’s a decrease in entropy to go to the elemental gasses rather than stay in the compound state. This is why nitrous oxide is pressurized otherwise it would rapidly decay into the N2 and O2.


Question: Where does all of Jeff Bezos money exist?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Where does all of Jeff Bezos money exist?

Yes, it’s *sort of* theoretical money. If he needed to write a check for 160 billion, he could not do so. With that said, people will definitely pay a certain amount of money for Amazon stock. We know this because people buy and sell it thousands of times every day. It would very easy for him to sell a lot of Amazon stock and get a lot of money in return. The prices can fluctuate but there is no foreseeable reason that his stock would suddenly be worth *nothing*, it has real value and it really is possible to sell it for cash. It would be less profitable (and maybe not possible) for him to sell *all* of his Amazon stock at the same time, because there are only so many people interested in buying it quickly— especially at a high price. So if he wanted to write a check for 160 billion in a week, he still couldn’t. But over time, especially spending money a little bit at a time like most people (even billionaires) do, he does have *access* to a total of $160 billion (or whatever the exact number is) because he really can sell that stock, in exchange for money.


Question: how do contact lenses work?

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 how do contact lenses work?

Just like normal lenses--they just sit on your eye instead of away from it. When you need lenses, it's because your eye isn't the correct shape. Distortions in the shape of your eye cause light to focus incorrectly, either in front of or behind the retina instead of directly on it. Prescription lenses bend the light coming into your eye by just enough that the way your eye's lens bends the light puts it directly on your retina.


Question: Why is the general noise one makes when unsure of what to say some variation of "uhhh" or "ummmm"?

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 Why is the general noise one makes when unsure of what to say some variation of "uhhh" or "ummmm"?

This is because they don't want to leave a space,so they say a word. They have heard other people say uh, so that's what they say. There is no general noise, and other languages do say different things. For example, this wikipedia page has a list of language fillers: URL_0 We don't know the roots since we don't use it in writing and scribes wouldn't write filler words.


Question: Where are everyone's passwords stored in websites?

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 Where are everyone's passwords stored in websites?

If you're asking about when your browser asks you if you want to save a password, it's saving it inside your browser's memory or inside your browser company's cloud-based databases. If you're asking about when you have an account on some website, they store all of your account information inside a database, which is basically just a fancy spreadsheet.


Question: how is a wildfire's containment percentage determined?

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 how is a wildfire's containment percentage determined?

Let's say the circumference of a fire is 10,000 feet long. At 31% containment, that means they have secured line around 3,100 feet of that fire. Wildland fires are contained by denying fuel for the fire to grow. That means that they literally dig down to the soil, clearing the ground around a fire of anything that could possibly be burned. When the fire reaches that containment line, it has nothing to burn so it doesn't spread. So when a fire is X% contained, that means that X% of the perimeter has containment lines of a quality high enough to prevent the fire from growing in that direction.


Question: How are life expectancies calculated?

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 How are life expectancies calculated?

No, it does not. Life expectancy at birth uses the current mortality rates *now*, i.e. % chance of dying as a 0-yo in 2021, % chance of dying as 1-yo in 2021, ... Thus it does not apply directly to any generation: if you're 32 today, the relevant information is life expectancy at 32 (i.e. not taking into account mortality before 32, since you did not die!) for your generation: % chance of dying at 32 today, % chance of dying at 33 next year...


Question: why is it easier to take a nap than fall asleep for the night?

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 why is it easier to take a nap than fall asleep for the night?

You only try to nap when you’re feeling tired and like you need to sleep. You try to go to bed at night because the time dictates that sleep is appropriate, but that may or may not correlate with you feeling tired and sleepy. Thus you’re very unlikely to ever try to nap while in a state that would cause you to fail to be able to fall asleep, while you are much more likely to try going to sleep at night while in a state that makes it difficult.


Question: Why does 360° make a full circle? Why isn't it a round number like 100?

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 Why does 360° make a full circle? Why isn't it a round number like 100?

As many people have already brought up, but here in more detail of the history The Sumerians watched the Sun, Moon, and the five visible planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), primarily for omens. They did not try to understand the motions physically. They did, however, notice the circular track of the Sun's annual path across the sky and knew that it took about 360 days to complete one year's circuit. Consequently, they divided the circular path into 360 degrees to track each day's passage of the Sun's whole journey. This probably happened about 2400 BC. That's how we got a 360 degree circle. Around 1500 BC, Egyptians divided the day into 24 hours, though the hours varied with the seasons originally. Greek astronomers made the hours equal. About 300 to 100 BC, the Babylonians subdivided the hour into base-60 fractions: 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute. The base 60 of their number system lives on in our time and angle divisions. An 100-degree circle makes sense for base 10 people like ourselves. But the base-60 Babylonians came up with 360 degrees and we cling to their ways-4,400 years later. A 100degree circle is actually used to a large extent in my profession (land surveyor) where a circle has 400 as its base, called Gon instead of degrees. When I was in the military we used a circlebase of 6300 for proper targeting with artillery.


Question: Why hasn't supply caught up with demand with regards to international air freight shipping delays?

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 Why hasn't supply caught up with demand with regards to international air freight shipping delays?

Because a lot of air cargo goes in the passenger plans in the cargo hold. No passenger planes means way less cargo delivered. There are far fewer cargo planes than passenger planes. The cost to change the the planes from passengers to cargo has not been worth the cost by many airlines.


Question: If we are "just a rock floating a million miles per hour through space", why are Mars and the other planets always the same distance away?

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 If we are "just a rock floating a million miles per hour through space", why are Mars and the other planets always the same distance away?

Instead of saying we are just a rock floating through space, it'd be /slightly/ more accurate to say the sun is just a fireball floating through space, and all the planets are orbiting around it as it floats, floating along with it. Earth and mars both orbit around the sun at different speeds, so the distance between earth and mars varies between ~37 and ~240 million miles. Check this for visual: URL_0


Question: What is the process that enables our eyeballs to move in synchronisation?

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 What is the process that enables our eyeballs to move in synchronisation?

It's a neural connection. In ophthalmology there are two rules: Hering's law and Sherrington's law. Basically together these two laws describe the way the eyes can work together. Whenever your brain tells you to look right, for example, it sends a signal to both eyes to tell them to turn right. It sends the same strength of signal to both eyes, simultaneously. This can cause problems if, for example, the muscles on one eye are weaker than the other. Since the signal strength is the same, but the muscle on one eye is weaker, one eye will move a lot more than the other. The brain doesn't like this so it increases the strength of the signal. This causes the "good" eye to turn too much, and makes the problem worse. [here's a good YouTube video on it.]( URL_0 )


Question: after drinking heavily, why is it that the body wakes up (say early morning), and is wide awake for a few hours before crashing again?

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 after drinking heavily, why is it that the body wakes up (say early morning), and is wide awake for a few hours before crashing again?

Not a scientist but i saw a doc once. The chemical your body uses to metabolize alcohol can also stimulate you out of sleep. Essentially, your body produces a bunch of it, then when it has metabolized the alcohol there is still a fair bit floating around in your body. Combine this with you probably needing to use the rest room and your body will wake you.


Question: Did the majority of white collar employees in the 50s and 60s really spend their entire careers at one place? Or is that just the modern perception?

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 Did the majority of white collar employees in the 50s and 60s really spend their entire careers at one place? Or is that just the modern perception?

This isn't much, but it's something: URL_0 They surveyed a thousand Americans born 1966 or earlier and asked them how long they spent at their longest-lived job. 41% of them put in at least 20 years with one employer, and 18% spent 30 or more years with one employer. Anecdotally, it's hard to imagine my nephews and sons hitting those kinds of numbers - but I'll see if I can find something more rigorous and if I do I'll update this post. [Edit: This isn't the friendliest read, but it's good information. Statistics Canada looked at employment patterns in 2013 with emphasis on boomers. URL_1 Interestingly, they conclude there hasn't been a dramatic shift, at least once workers get out of their twenties where mobility is highest. *"Finally, evidence from the Longitudinal Worker File does not indicate that there has been any decline over time in the incidence of long-term employment or, conversely, an increase in the extent to which individuals’ working lives are becoming more mobile."* That's definitely not the sense I get from news articles about the gig economy. Maybe change has accelerated in the last seven years?]


Question: Why do kids seem to have so much more energy than adults?

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 Why do kids seem to have so much more energy than adults?

It's partly the same reason why small animals can jump several times their own height and lift many times their own weight. If you scale down yourself, the rate your muscles weaken is not so much compared to the rate your weight decreases. So you'd feel super powerful if you were scaled down, and your energy would last longer. Gravity is just harder on you the larger you are, in a way your larger muscles can't compensate for, so you have to overcompensate with muscles to stay as energetic as a kid. This is also why female gymnasts are typically on their top during their mid teens - it's more beneficial to them to have a light body to work with than it is to build the muscles to be able to handle a larger body (while males can build larger muscles easier to compensate for their growth). And also why children tend to skip at some point around 5 years old instead of walk or run, at a certain body size/weight proportion, it's been shown to be the more efficient, just like astronauts adopted skipping with the moon's low gravity. URL_0