Question: Why do some TVs show a quick black screen when changing channels and why some don't?

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 Why do some TVs show a quick black screen when changing channels and why some don't?

It’s your cable box that has more to do with the black screen than your actual television. Some cable boxes processing power and connection are faster than others. The black screen is your cable box or satellite taking a second to get the signal from whatever network you are wanting to get access to.


Question: Cold air holds less moisture than hot air. What will happen with the moisture in hot air with maximum moisture capacity when you try to cool it down both in the atmosphere and in an enclosed room?

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 Cold air holds less moisture than hot air. What will happen with the moisture in hot air with maximum moisture capacity when you try to cool it down both in the atmosphere and in an enclosed room?

That is how fog, mist, and clouds are formed. It can remain suspended in the air, condensate on surfaces or form water drops that fall down. Dew on plants is water consenting after temperature changes outdoor. The fogging up of mirror when you take a hot shower consenting in your bathroom.


Question: How did the Great Depression happen and could something like that happen again?

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 How did the Great Depression happen and could something like that happen again?

Ben Bernanke has written a lot about the Great Depression, mostly before he was Chairman of the Fed actually (the Fed is the US central bank, responsible for a large component of US economic policy). Having a Fed Chair with his expertise when the crisis hit in 2008 was quite fortunate. A view that he has put forward about the Great Depression is that the banking sector amplified the economic collapse. Banks suffered losses from the economic downturn, which led them to reduce lending, making it harder for businesses to get loans to help them operate, which further hurt the economy. Milton Friedman, a very famous economist, essentially pointed out that the Fed could have offset this amplification by lending more to banks, but it didn't. So it looks like central banks now know more about dealing with crises than they did during the Great Depression. Hopefully this means that policy makers can respond better when a crisis is approaching, which will help to soften the severity. But economics is a very difficult area of study, because the economy is made up of people, and it can be very difficult to understand why people behave the way they do, and very complicated to work out the implications of those behaviours for the economy. Certain conclusions are very difficult to make. In short, it seems unlikely that something as bad as the Great Depression will happen again, but we don't really know. & #x200B;


Question: How do people know there are fossils inside rocks?

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 How do people know there are fossils inside rocks?

First off. The area where they are hunting is known as a "Fossil Bed". That means the odds are many of the ricks have fossils in them. Second: the presence of a fossil affects the way the rock is shaped. When you have seen a lot of them you develop an eye for it. Not all of them have a fossil but if you keep the video rolling you will get a good on on video eventually!


Question: How did early civilians get to work and wake up on time for work in times where time wasn’t kept by most individuals?

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 How did early civilians get to work and wake up on time for work in times where time wasn’t kept by most individuals?

Most jobs didn't really care about time - you got up when the sun came up and went to bed when the sun went down. There wasn't much of a concept of "meet me at 11:30" or "be at work by 9" back then - people worked when they worked. There was a brief period when clocks were not as common but people did need to be up at specific times. In that period, there were "knocker-uppers" that would come by and tap on your window at a specific time of day to wake you up.


Question: How can people tell if the tide is coming in or going out just by looking?

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 How can people tell if the tide is coming in or going out just by looking?

If you spend enough time around the ocean you can tell the difference. The behavior of the water changes on whether the tide is rising or falling; if the tide is going out there will appear to be more force going out when a wave approaches, rip currents will be stronger, things like that. Once you're used to it the texture of the water is a dead giveaway. Plus other factors like high water marks Source: I surf a lot


Question: Why does some food/drinks taste best when served hot, others when served cold?

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 Why does some food/drinks taste best when served hot, others when served cold?

Temperature is related to how our nervous system is able to process the signals for taste and smell. For instance sugar is much sweeter at high temperatures than low temperatures. So a drink that is appropriately sweet when hot will taste not sweet enough when cold, and a cold drink that is just sweet enough will be unbearably sweet when heated up. The temperature you want the food to be at depends on the flavour profile of the food.


Question: Why can we tell when a sneeze is coming, and what causes that feeling?

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 Why can we tell when a sneeze is coming, and what causes that feeling?

Inside your airway, there are millions of tiny hairs who are responsible for filtering the air you breathe in and out. However, there is also mucus which is ever present, and responsible for 'mopping up' the stuff caught by the hairs. Occasionally, this system is triggered by something it is itself unable to eject from your body. Whatever it is, they need to get it out, but it doesnt have the strength to do so. This triggers a cascade of signals which results in a sneeze. When you 'feel' a sneeze building, what you're sensing is this cascade of signals, before the trigger is pulled.


Question: How do people skip stones on water? Does the stone shape matter?

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 How do people skip stones on water? Does the stone shape matter?

Whenever something is entering the water it needs to push the water out of the way in order to sink. If the object is traveling fast, the water exerts a large amount of pressure on the object, resisting its entry into the water. If something is falling straight down into the water this causes the water to feel like a tremendous slap, but you still make it through because your direction is straight into the water. But if you have a lot of HORIZONTAL velocity, this impact of energy can be enough to bounce you back out of the water because you don't have a lot of downward velocity to break through that impulse of resistance energy. So you will end up skipping back out, then back down. If you still have too much energy, it will continue again and again until your horizontal velocity lowers enough to permit entry through the resistance. So, the shape of the object matters because the shape is what causes the amount of resistance. A large flat object meets a lot of resistance to entering the water. So that's why you usually look for flat stones to skip. A more aerodynamic shape, like a bullet, will also be more hydrodynamic, allowing it to enter more easily and less likely to skip. Almost anything blunt will be easier to skip than something sharp.


Question: Why do websites use infinite scrolling?

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 Why do websites use infinite scrolling?

It's better for the user experience and keeping the user on the site. Repeatedly having to click and move your mouse on every page is annoying. Just scrolling to then automatically load more content is quicker and more convenient, and also encourages the user to stay on the site (in an almost addictive way, because they can just scroll and scroll).


Question: What would happen if nobody was there to buy the stocks you sell?

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 What would happen if nobody was there to buy the stocks you sell?

When a company goes public, they have an initial public offering of stock in the company (or an IPO). The public buys these initial shares from the company, allowing the company to raise a large amount of money. All stock trades after this point are between people who bought those initial shares and other people who are interested in buying those shares. Financially, this has no effect on the company except that the shares represent a per ownership of the company, and thus who decides to buy or sell shares will, in part, determine who has control over the company, and if the company wants to offer more shares in the future to raise more money, the stock price will determine how easy it is to raise the desired amount. Every stock sale happens between someone who currently owns a share or shares and wants to sell, and someone who wants to own shares in the company. If you want to sell a share and no one wants to buy it, then you keep lowering the sale price until you either find someone willing to buy it, or you stop trying to sell. Likewise, if you want to buy a share and no one wants to sell to you, you keep offering a higher purchase price until someone sells to you or you give up trying to buy it. The “stock price” is whatever price it was last recorded as being bought buy someone at. This is how stock prices go up and down. If more people are trying to sell a stock than are trying to buy, they’ll lower their price trying to get someone to buy from them. If more people are trying to buy, they’ll offer more money to get someone to sell to them.


Question: Why does a paper cut hurt like hell compared to a knife?

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 Why does a paper cut hurt like hell compared to a knife?

A working theory is that a knife with a sharpened blade is a really smooth, clean slice. Paper is made out of mashed, pulped wood, and [under a microscope,]( URL_0 ) you can see its edges are jagged. On that tiny a level, the paper will cause more damage, which means more pain.


Question: Why 480p now seems me unwatchable, but 10 years ago it was like super good ?

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 Why 480p now seems me unwatchable, but 10 years ago it was like super good ?

About 20 years ago, you watched everything on a CRT TV, which is main factor for why 480p seemed okay back then. Those displays were very tolerant of actual resolution of source, meaning that both details and imperfections were often blurred out and you got a nice and smooth TV signal with good following pictures and it was actually sharp because CRT didn't pixelate the analog signal. Nowadays, modern TV use pixel grid, where 480p video has to be stretched to cover whole screen, and this scaling isn't exact number. Meaning some pixels are twice as big while some are there time as big. This leads to major loss of quality. It doesn't help that we have 4k video sources available that makes the loss of quality on a 480p that much more significant.


Question: How do HD photos and videos seem to look better than our own naked eyes?

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 How do HD photos and videos seem to look better than our own naked eyes?

The eye is really good at some things but not so good at others. Meanwhile, cameras can be good at what ours eyes are bad at, and that’s what really stands out. For instance, really high dynamic range. Seeing pitch black right next to bright white. In our eyes, this is weird because of the way light bounces and reflects. Plus our eyes are constantly adjusting to what we’re looking at. A camera can capture the highs and lows all at once without those adjustments. Then, when we see it as a reproduction instead of actual light, our eyes are able to see it in that static state. It’s not that it’s better, it’s just different from the way we normally see, and that makes it pleasant.


Question: Why is it so crucial that a public company continue to grow at all costs?

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 Why is it so crucial that a public company continue to grow at all costs?

It's about increasing profits above and beyond that which you could invest for the same return elsewhere. If you can't make more money than that, the business shouldn't exist. This is the concept of opportunity cost... Beyond that, inflation renders yesterday's dollar worth less. You can't simply maintain profits. But it's not at "all costs". There are different types of cost: variable, fixed... It's simply about making more money than last year because the money you make is worth less with each passing moment. Applies to public or not companies.


Question: How does this kind of "investment" works?

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 How does this kind of "investment" works?

That's not an investment, it's a loan. Some people literally live paycheque-to-paycheque and cannot don't have $1000 to spend if an emergency pops up. For example, after rent, utilities, groceries, internet, phone bills, gas, etc. a single person might only have a few hundred dollars to spend every two weeks. Let's say their car breaks down and they need $1000 immediately to get it fixed to be able to get to/from work. They don't have $1000 lying around, so they take out a $1000 loan. Yes, they know they'll end up paying more than $1000 back, but given their financial situation it is easier for them to pay maybe $200 weekly for 6 weeks than paying $1000 in one shot. There will always be people who need quick cash and there will always be people willing to profit off them by charging interest. EDIT: Just realized you wrote $200 weekly payments for 5 weeks... that's still $1000 so no net gain. Typo?


Question: How does air conditioning work?

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 How does air conditioning work?

Air conditioners work by essentially moving heat from one side to the other. The way this works is by exploiting a property of gasses: when you compress them they heat up, and when you let them expand they cool down. In an air conditioner there's a sort of loop containing a gas (we call it a refrigerant). On "outside" side of the air conditioner the gas is compressed, so it heats up. That heat leaks out from the tubing into the outside air. Then the gas moves to the "inside" side. Once there it's allow to decompress, which causes it to cool. So now the tubing is sucking up heat from the air from the inside side of the AC. The gas then goes back outside where the cycle repeats. So essentially the heat from inside of your house is getting sucked up by the tubing containing the refrigerant gas and getting dumped outside of your house. There's a neat video that indirectly shows how this works. They build a refrigerator that works by stretching and un-stretching rubber bands, which heat up and cool down the same way that compressing gas does. It sucks as a refrigerator because rubber bands are super inefficient for this, but it makes for a neat demonstration of the basic principle of how refrigeration works. [Here's the link]( URL_0 )


Question: Where does the idea that going FTL allows for travel to the past come from?

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</answer>
 Where does the idea that going FTL allows for travel to the past come from?

It's not clear to me exactly what the Star Talk radio show was discussing, so there could be 2 different concepts going on here. First, theoretically speaking, traveling through a wormhole would allow you to get from one part of the universe to another nearly instantaneously regardless of distance. Because light takes time to travel over that same distance, you could arrive ahead of the light that had been sent out earlier, and it would appear that you had traveled into the past relative to where you came from. For example, let's say you're on Earth today and go through a wormhole that takes you 60 light years away from Earth. Because it takes light from Earth 60 years to reach your new location, when you look at Earth (say, through a very powerful telescope), the light you see (and the radio transmissions) would be from 60 years ago. It would seem like you've traveled through time (although in reality, you haven't traveled through time, you've just caught up to the light waves we sent out in the 1960's). But there's a larger concept about time travel and the speed of light that is covered by special relativity. That idea is, if it were possible to travel faster than the speed of light (IE. you could get a spaceship to move at a speed faster than the *c* \- the speed of light in a vacuum), then you would be traveling backward in time. The reason this is true is due to the fact that the passage of time isn't constant for everyone - it's relative. Imagine for a moment that you're a police officer with a radar gun sitting in your car parked on the side of the road. You measure the speed of a car driving by. The car is traveling 60 miles per hour, so your radar gun reads 60 miles per hour. Now imagine you're the same police officer, but now you're driving in the same direction as the car. You're going 60 miles per hour, they're going 60 miles per hour, and when you look at the car with just your eyes, it doesn't look like the other car is moving (that is, it's not getting further away or closer to you). If you measure it's speed with a radar gun now, it will say 0 miles per hour. > !Actually, a police radar can adjust for the motion of the police car, so it would still know the other car is moving 60 miles per hour, but it's doing math to determine that - it's not determining that by measurement alone. From the radar guns perspective, it doesn't know if you're parked measuring the speed of another parked car, or if you're driving measuring the speed of a driving car. The software has to read the speed of your car to determine the speed of the other car.! < So what we've determined is, the speed measured by a speed detector (the radar gun) changes depending on the motion of the detector - if your police car is moving, then the same 60mph car you're measuring will come back as a different value then if your police car is parked. If we repeat this experiment, but we measure the speed of light in a vacuum instead, this behavior doesn't follow. If you measure the speed of light using a non-moving detector, you'll measure *c*. But, if you move the detector, you *still measure c* as the speed of light. How can this be? Well, let's discuss what speed is actually a measure of. It's a measure of a distance (in this case, miles) traveled over a given period of time (in this case, 1 hour). Hence the units "miles per hour." If we write speed as an equation, it would be: s = d / t where s is the speed, d is the distance, and t is the time. In the case of our experiment with light, the speed of light didn't change, so s is constant. But, when we moved the detector, we changed d (the detector moved to a new distance). So, the only way for d to change but s to stay constant is if t also changes. This is special relativity - the time you experience is dependent on the speed you are traveling. If you blast off in a rocket from Earth and you get to very very high velocities, 1 second for you will take much longer than it does for someone on Earth. After 1 second for you, many seconds may have passed on Earth (you'd have to be at very high speeds - much higher than any rocket we've ever built). Because the speed of light has to stay *c* for all observers, regardless of the speed they travel, this means that if you were able to reach the same speed as light, time would have to stop for you. If it didn't, then you'd be like the police car traveling the same speed as the car next to you - you saw that other car traveling at 0 speed. If you travel the same speed as light and time doesn't stop for you, light will appear to be traveling at 0 speed, but since we said it has to travel at *c* for all observers, this isn't possible. If you were to exceed the speed of light, the only way that light could continue traveling at speed *c* relative to you is for you to be traveling backwards through time. At that point, physics pretty much breaks down.


Question: what is keeping us from transitioning completely to biodegradable plastic tomorrow?

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 what is keeping us from transitioning completely to biodegradable plastic tomorrow?

Two (three) reasons. First, you can't just take a product-making facility and just suddenly start making those products out of a different material overnight. It requires many changes, from along the supply chain (have to get in the new material) and from the actual process (potentially different machines to do the assembly and so on). Secondly, bio-degradable plastic isn't structurally similar to most other kinds of plastic. Notably, it doesn't hold up its form well when exposed to heat, so any plastic object that needs to be able to get a little warm (such as a plastic coffee cup) can't be made of the stuff, since it would just melt away, introducing many problems. It also may not have the same structural strengths, so plastics used to reinforce an object wouldn't function properly. And it might not be as impermeable and thus wouldn't be able to replace packaging used for food preservation. Lastly, cost. Not only would the changes required in my first point take time, they also would cost a lot of money. And even then, the biodegradable plastic is often going to be more expensive regardless, which means even when the second point doesn't apply and the object in question *could* be replaced with biodegradable plastics, it may not be profitable to do so.


Question: Why are Dumbbells called Dumbbells, there’s nothing dumb about them?

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 Why are Dumbbells called Dumbbells, there’s nothing dumb about them?

In this case, it's a different meaning of "dumb". "Dumb" also means "mute, silent, unable to speak". In this case, it's because it's a bell-shaped object, *but* it's a bell that doesn't make any noise when you lift or operate it, which is why it's a "dumb-bell". Has nothing to do with smart.


Question: After I swim in a chlorinated pool for an hour and a half, why does the water I drink taste like chlorine water?

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 After I swim in a chlorinated pool for an hour and a half, why does the water I drink taste like chlorine water?

I would imagine you have chlorine byproducts that have dried on your lips and possibly in your mouth depending on if you swallowed any water as you swam. Then when you drink, those redissolve into whatever you're drinking. Should've showered thoroughly and maybe brushed your teeth first! Edited to add: Smell is a powerful component of taste. It could be you either got chlorinated water up your nose, or that your nose is so accustomed to the smell that your brain is processing as if the chlorine was still present, making the water taste bad.


Question: What is happening to the body from exercising that causes you to lower your resting heart rate?

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 What is happening to the body from exercising that causes you to lower your resting heart rate?

Your left ventricle (the big chamber of your heart, which forces blood out into your arteries) gets a little larger, but mostly the stretch and contractility improves, meaning it fills with more blood, and each squeeze is bigger. Normally when your heart beats, quite a bit of blood is left in the ventricle after the end of the best, but in a well trained heart, less is left in. This means more volume is sent out with each beat, and so your cardiac output (the blood your heart pumps in a minute) stays the same with a lower heart beat. In terms of *how* the body slows the heart down, it uses something called Vagal Tone, which is a nerve (a pair of nerves actually, but functionally just a single long nerve) that runs from your brain stem to your bladder, and does loads of things along the way, like gag reflex, speech, coordination of food movement in your intestines, emptying the bladder, and importantly, slowing your heart rate. In fact, for patients with dangerously fast heart rates, some "vagal manoeuvres" work to slow it down to normal. Sometimes. Massage of the sides of the neck (because that's where the two branches are near to the surface), blowing into a syringe (and then having your legs raised in the air), or bearing down with abdominal muscles can stimulate the vagus nerve, and slow the heart down. In fact, if you have ever strained hard on the toilet, then felt faint, it's because you just slowed your heart down and dropped your blood pressure.


Question: Why do we tend to listen to a new song that we like over and over again and then we can’t stand hearing it anymore?

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 Why do we tend to listen to a new song that we like over and over again and then we can’t stand hearing it anymore?

Music taps heavily into the pattern recognition centers of the brain. Basically our brain loves trying to predict the next note, next verse, when the chorus will hit, etc. and the brain releases endorphins (feel good signals) every time it either guesses a new pattern correctly or is pleasantly surprised by a brand new sound. The more we listen to a song, especially on repeat, the less surprises the song will hold and easier the patterns are to predict or remember. Fun fact: this is also why if you get a song stuck in your head listening to the entire song 2-3 times in a row will usually get it out of your head.


Question: What exactly happens when we bend paper? Why is it permanent?

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 What exactly happens when we bend paper? Why is it permanent?

[Here's what paper looks like under a microscope.]( URL_0 ) These are ~~collagen~~ cellulose fibers that came from the pulp of the trees used and they all kinda mesh and weave together all tangled up - giving paper its strength. When you crease a fold, the fibers that get bunched up on the inside of the crease force the fibers on the outside of the crease to stretch and tear. If you then crease the fold the other way, you now break the fibers on this side, leaving only a thin layer of fibers in the middle to hold the two sides together (and making it now relatively easy to tear apart). Same thing if you've ever had to use a piece of bread as a hotdog bun; the bottom of the bread always breaks in half.


Question: How do you order complex numbers?

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 How do you order complex numbers?

Only one-dimensional quantities have the property of 'order' you're talking about. As a result, if you want to 'order' a multi-dimensional value you first need to project it into a single dimension. The common ways to do this for complex numbers would be to either take the magnitude (distance away from the origin) or the angle (rotation off the x-axis).


Question: Why do pharma companies take a product's chemical name (like Albuterol) and give them equally complex sounding brand names (like Ventolin, Accuneb, Proventil), rather than giving them more marketing friendly names like "Pain-B-Gone"?

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 Why do pharma companies take a product's chemical name (like Albuterol) and give them equally complex sounding brand names (like Ventolin, Accuneb, Proventil), rather than giving them more marketing friendly names like "Pain-B-Gone"?

Proprietary names are regulated by the FDA. The reason for this regulation is to make sure that the drug has a unique identifier that is also easily recognizable to the patient. If there wasnt any regulation there could easily be two drugs with similar names and that could cause confusion between doctors and patients, the patient is less likely to know the chemical name of the drug. Here is a (draft) guidance from the FDA on the issue, I'll see if i can find a more up to date version: URL_0


Question: When some famous/well-off people get convicted of a crime and sentenced to years in prison, why do they get to "report to prison" later (sometimes months) after the conviction?

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 When some famous/well-off people get convicted of a crime and sentenced to years in prison, why do they get to "report to prison" later (sometimes months) after the conviction?

Most people when convicted of crimes report later (often months). This is so that they have time to get their affairs in order as they will have limited access and ability to do so once in prison. These are things like transferring property like homes to relatives, shutting down bank accounts, canceling services and utilities, paying off bills, etc. Only those that are a violent threat to society, or who are considered a flight risk are immediately sent to prison upon conviction.


Question: How does analogue recording work?

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 How does analogue recording work?

> So I understand that a record is made up of groves which move both left and right and up and down, so when the needle runs through them you get both frequency and amplitude modulation. This is not correct. There is only up and down. All sound is just a pattern of pressure changing over time. There is no other dimension to it, so recording and transmitting it only requires time and one other variable, whether it's voltage in a wire or the depth of the groove. As for how multiple instruments, etc. can be represented by one groove, that's because waves can be added to each other without losing any information. Look at [a graph of multiple sine waves of different amplitudes and frequencies added together]( URL_0 )). In that complicated waveform, there is still clearly visible the two different waves with different periods. Almost any sound you hear is already going to consist of many different waves added together, so simply combining a guitar (dozens of waves) with a voice (hundreds of waves) is no extra feat. A pure, single frequency wave can really only be generated electronically, although something like a flute is not far off.


Question: how 8-track tape recorders are still in use on the Voyagers 1 and 2 after 41 years. Don't tapes wear out or demagnetize over time? And if tape recordings are magnetic, how does that work in space? Do magnets work in space as you get farther away from celestial bodies?

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 how 8-track tape recorders are still in use on the Voyagers 1 and 2 after 41 years. Don't tapes wear out or demagnetize over time? And if tape recordings are magnetic, how does that work in space? Do magnets work in space as you get farther away from celestial bodies?

The article doesn't exactly say the tape drive is still working. The tape would wear with use and might demagnetize, but regular rewriting can refresh the encoded information. Magnets work just fine when more distant from planets or stars. That is like asking if chemistry still works when moving away from Earth; rest assured that the fundamental forces of our universe do not depend on the proximity to planets.


Question: what causes bond interest rates to fluctuate?

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 what causes bond interest rates to fluctuate?

The more you want a bond, the less the government has to pay you in interest to buy it. How much do I have to pay you per day to pick up dog poop? A lot. Now how much do I have to pay you per day to pet kittens? Very little, because everyone wants to pet kittens! If everyone wants a 10-year bond, they don't need to lure you into buying it by promising a huge interest rate - they already have your excitement to have one. To take your question a step further, WHY does someone want a 10-year bond? Or a 2-year bond? It's a safe place to store your money and still get paid some interest in the process (as opposed to a bank account or under your mattress, which pays you essentially nothing). The problem is that more people want a bond that lasts for 10 years than one that lasts for 2 years. Crazy, right? Why would you rather have a bond that doesn't pay you back your original amount for 10 years than one that pays you back in two years? Because more and more, people are convinced that the economy will be terrible in two years, but will be back to normal in 10 years. By buying 10 year bonds, they're guaranteeing themselves that nice little interest rate for 10 years, rather than just two - in case things turn bad in two years and there are no more good interest rates available.


Question: How do hashing functions avoid collisions?

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 How do hashing functions avoid collisions?

Yes! Every Hashing function will have collisions. Each function also chooses how to deal with collisions. With a hash space like 2^256, you should be able to minimize collisions as I believe that number is bigger than the number of molecules thought to be in the universe (fact check that). Huge hash spaces help to minimize collisions, and good techniques for management can help to prevent clustering and further collisions.


Question: We could sleep with ambient noises but not when someone next to you snores?

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 We could sleep with ambient noises but not when someone next to you snores?

It depends on the person Usually ambient noises have a more predictable pattern and volume (think of a fan running) Snores tend to be more abrupt and sound loud when the person is so close to you. On that note, if you’re like me it’s really hard to share a bed with someone either way. I toss and turn, spread out, and hog the covers so I’m uncomfortable and self conscious when anyone else is with me.


Question: What’s menthol and why is it in some cigarettes?

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 What’s menthol and why is it in some cigarettes?

Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from the oils of corn mint, peppermint, or other mints. But what's important is that menthol is the compound that causes that cooling sensation you get when you eat mint. It is also often used to relieve minor pain. Menthol in cigarettes gives that cooling sensation which reduces the harshness of the cigarette. Menthol cigarettes have been found to be no healthier than regular cigarettes, and are actually more addictive.


Question: why does Google Crome use so much RAM?

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 why does Google Crome use so much RAM?

Largely speed optimizations. A program that wished to have minimal memory usage that drew a web page (one that had two overlapping images for example) would download the two images, calculate what the overlapping images should look like, and draw the web page with that combined image, and then send it to the screen, after each step it would through out the source files because they take space, so when you scroll for example, the page may need to be re-rendered, and since the source files are missing you need to go get them again, and redo the rendering. All this work just slows down the performance when scrolling. One common way to speed up applications is hold on to this stuff as long as possible, when redoing rendering you already have the merged image, so you can start there. Chrome additionally keeps the completed render of the last few items in the history, so when you click back it doesn't re-render, it just pulls up the saved copy from last time. Chrome also has a process per tab (provides security and helps a bit with speed as the tabs can't really interfere with each other), but this also means that if you have the same site open in two tabs, then chrome has probably rendered the whole site twice, once for each tab, and kept all of it in memory. In general, it's way faster to sort through a huge database of completed work than it is to re-do the work every time something minor changes, so chrome in goes for a huge amount of completed work saved in memory to speed stuff up.


Question: How did corporate raiders boost share prices?

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 How did corporate raiders boost share prices?

Corporate raiders are vultures. That sounds bad, but vultures are an essential part of the food chain. Sunlight is eaten by plants, plants are eaten by animals, animals are eaten by bigger animals, dying animals are scavenged and decomposed by vultures and fungi so they can be used by plants again. Everyone wants to be the hero. They want to found companies and hire people. They want to grow their companies. Even multi-billion dollar companies that are already serving everyone on Earth want to grow. The problem is that growth is only possible in industries where the supply is less than the demand. Because of the focus on growth, supply eventually exceeds demand, and you have more companies than customers. Corporate raiders find industries where there are too many companies serving too few customers. They pick the weakest one and destroy it. They fire everyone, and sell the equipment (e.g., planes, factories) to the remaining companies. So their broad value is destroying companies and recycling those goods into other places. This is a good thing. It's wasteful to have two companies doing the work of one. It's better to fire everyone so they can get a more productive job elsewhere (of course, this is a messy process and leads to short term pain). So how does it increase company value? If I weigh 200 pounds and lose 50 pounds of fat, I'm healthier than I was at 200 pounds. If I gain 25 pounds of muscle afterwards, I'm much better off. In the same way, corporate raiders sell off or close down the worst performing parts of the company and focus only on the best performing parts. Corporate raiders are decomposers who don't care about the company. If a company is worth $100 million dollars intact and 110 million destroyed, it's better to destroy it, even if the company is dead/worthless afterwards. So how does this work? If you buy 100% of the shares of a company, you buy all the debts and assets that the company has. So if you own 100% of a company that owns a Picasso, you now own the painting. Corporate raiders look for circimstances where the value of the goods the company owns is worth more than the price of all the shares of a company. Why do they live so well? Everyone in society wants to be the good guy. Executives at companies want the company to grow. Employees want the company to grow. Politicians want companies to grow and be stable. But humans can't live forever. You can't have life without death. And corporate raiders look for the circumstances where they can make a ton of money by killing a company. Everyone hates them as a result, but it's an essential function in the economy. Edit: I threw in the bit about messy process and short term pain, but let me be more clear. In the long term, firing people is a good thing. A few hundred years ago, almost 100% of humans were farmers. Then tractors, fertilizer, irrigation systems, pesticides, GMOs, etc. were invented. Now 1% of the American population works as a farmer and they can feed the other 99% and export food to other countries. That meant in the short term, millions of people were fired. But in the long term, they got far more useful jobs as engineers, doctors, musicians, writers, etc. Humanity had food before. Now for the same amount of work, it has food and all those other things. Economists have developed different ways of dealing with this problem. Some say it's better to rip the band-aid off. Fire people as quickly as possible so they can get new jobs as quickly as possible. This is the most efficient approach in the long term. Others say that the short term pain is too extreme and it's better to slow it down. Who cares about the long term because in the long term we are all dead. Both of these approaches have implications for the boom-bust cycle of the economy. As a final point, corporate raiders use a lot of dirty tricks to kill companies, but executives use a lot of dirty tricks to keep companies around longer than they should be. For example, the coal industry has been dying for years, but keeps getting protection from politicians who don't want to see influential voters in swing states lose their jobs. Corporate raiders, on the other hand, actually money killing off dying companies.


Question: What are inserts in a Digital Audio Workstation used for? What can I do with them?

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 What are inserts in a Digital Audio Workstation used for? What can I do with them?

They are a place to put an FX plug in. The plug in is **inserted** into the signal path, hence the name. Insert FX are used when you want to change the original signal. Examples include EQ, compression, distortion etc. The alternative is **send** FX. These send some of the original signal to the FX and allow the original unchanged signal to flow as well. These are used for things like reverb and delay. The benefit is that many tracks can use the same plug in. So it's a lower cpu load and convenient to, say, add the same reverb to multiple tracks. With inserts, you can use process the sound to alter it to your liking.


Question: How does your social security number contain so much information about you?

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 How does your social security number contain so much information about you?

[CGP grey did a video on this.]( URL_0 ) I don't think there'll be a better ELI5 explanation. It's only 8 minutes, but I'll give you a summary anyways. Basically, it's the **only** form of national ID we have, so nation-wide companies (such as credit companies) use it as the de-facto way of having a single way to identify citizens. Pretty much everyone that wanted a way to track US Citizens across multiple states now uses Social Security Numbers. The problem is, there's absolutely **zero** security built into it. It was *never meant* to be a form of ID, so when it was created they didn't include any protections at all.


Question: If scientists could invent i as the square root of -1, then why can't we do that to other unknown stuff such as dividing by 0 or log 0?

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 If scientists could invent i as the square root of -1, then why can't we do that to other unknown stuff such as dividing by 0 or log 0?

Mathematics isn't science. Mathematics doesn't have to justify itself with experimental evidence. It does, however, operate within a scheme of logic and proof. Mathematicians invent many things and define lots of new stuff all the time. Whether or not these become more widely used and accepted is how useful these mathematical objects are. If these creations make existing mathematics inconsistent and give contradictory results and don't help with progress on their particular areas of research, then they'll typically be relegated to "interesting, but no one cares" and never be widely adopted. In a sense, "anyone" can define the division by 0 to mean something (or log 0). The challenge is to show why that definition is useful and to align it to existing mathematical structures.


Question: Why do some recent films from the 2000s need to go through a remaster process into higher resolutions like 4K? Aren't the original source files already at their native resolution, especially if they were filmed digitally?

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 Why do some recent films from the 2000s need to go through a remaster process into higher resolutions like 4K? Aren't the original source files already at their native resolution, especially if they were filmed digitally?

No, there was still a lot of film used in the 2000s. Even so, digitization for HD (1080) is very different from digitization for 4K (2160) because different bitrate limits are needed for the different formats. There might have been a 4K "digital" version for theaters with digital projectors in the 2000s, but that's not the right bitrate for an Ultra HD Bluray.


Question: Excited for the SpaceX and Blue Origin rocket launches, but what's the actual purpose for this series of launches? Are they just launching and landing immediately for the sake of testing?

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 Excited for the SpaceX and Blue Origin rocket launches, but what's the actual purpose for this series of launches? Are they just launching and landing immediately for the sake of testing?

SpaceX have been contracted by the US Air Force to launch 10 new GPS satellites into orbit. The first of these satellites are now sitting on the pad on top of a Falcon 9 rocket ready to launch into orbit. This is a fully operational flight with the main objective being to get the satellite into orbit. They are not even going to try to land the booster to reuse it like they have done in previous launches. & #x200B; Blue Origin have also been contracted by NASA to fly several different experiments on a suborbital trajectory. The New Shepard is cheaper for NASA then a fully orbital capable rocket would have been so this allows them to conduct experiments that are looking at the launch conditions and the long period of weightlessness much cheaper then if they would have used a full rocket like the Falcon 9. The landing of the capsule is to be able to retrieve the experiments to do further analysis of them. The booster is also landed and reused to make the launch cheaper. In addition to this it is quite likely that Blue Origin have made changes based on the experience of the previous flights and wants to test how these changes affects the vehicle in flight. They will also subject the vehicle to slightly different conditions then previous launches which means they might discover new issues that they previously missed. This is all to help them improve their design so that they hopefully are able to build a safe and cheap rocket which can take humans to the edge of space and safely return them to the surface of the Earth.


Question: Why Mona Lisa is such a big deal?

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 Why Mona Lisa is such a big deal?

It was the first painting where da Vinci perfected the sfumato technique. In this technique, the brush strokes are not individually visible, instead the colors blend uniformly across her face. It's a technique we achieve today with the tiny dots from ink jet printers, but in 1516 it was a revolutionary approach. A painting without brushmarks would be very difficult, and until color photography was introduced only a very few artists could achieve this look.


Question: Why does microscopic views of salt and sugar reveal near perfect geometrical shapes?

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 Why does microscopic views of salt and sugar reveal near perfect geometrical shapes?

The arrangement of the atoms that make up crystalline structures determine the shape of the mineral. Think of a mineral like salt you see in a microscope as made up of layers. Layers of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement form a lattice work in the shape of their various atomic bonds, stacking on top of one another to build up bigger to the point they form a visual structure. The tighter the layers and interlayer bond, the tougher the mineral. Diamond Carbon atoms are compressed super tight to one another and all bonded to each other like a criss cross interlocking weave. Graphite, like mechanical pencil lead, has weak interlayer bonds, while each flat layer is connected well, the connection between the layers are weak, so it flakes easy, leaving the writing on the page. Edit: to add. Salt and sugar are both cube like atomic structures, this is why they both appear near geometrical and similar. But the closer you get you start to see the difference in appearance between the two, sugar more column shaped. Salt more flat


Question: Why do we burp? What is the function of burping?

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 Why do we burp? What is the function of burping?

You burp to release gas in your stomach. Either you put the gas there (like by drinking a soda with bubbles of carbon dioxide dissolved into the liquid) or it was released by the chemical reactions that digested your food. That gas has to go somewhere, and it's a lot easier to send it up through your mouth than have it pass all the way through your digestive system to come out the other end.


Question: Why are mass produced salsas (like Tostitos) usually liquid but homemade salsas are usually just diced?

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 Why are mass produced salsas (like Tostitos) usually liquid but homemade salsas are usually just diced?

Three major reasons: If you have salsa left over for a few days, you'll start to see a good amount of juice coming out of the tomatoes When you cook it (to help it last much longer on the shelf), more liquid comes out Lastly, enough people like the consistency that there's no reason to make it more chunky


Question: Why do bugs always die belly up?

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 Why do bugs always die belly up?

The do not die belly up the turn belly up after the die. There legs work differently the ours. The skeleton is on the outside and not in the middle like we have . The result is that when they die the legs contract to a point below the belly and are stiff. So if they die belly down the tip over when the legs contact and the stable position is on the back. & #x200B; & #x200B;