Question: Why does running sometimes make you nauseous?

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 Why does running sometimes make you nauseous?

It activates your sympathetic nervous system (activates squelettal muscles, dialates pupils and bronchioles) while supressing your parasympathetic nervous system (supresses digestive system, among otuer things). While you run this system change also changes where the blood flow is prioritized. So prioritize your muscles rather than your stomach. If you have food in your stomach and your system is no longer prioritizing digestion you may feel nausious because your body is redirecting its resources. This is simplified.


Question: ; how does carbon monoxide happen? if a cooker burns propane where does the carbon monoxide come from?

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 ; how does carbon monoxide happen? if a cooker burns propane where does the carbon monoxide come from?

In normal combustion (at the burner), carbon in the fuel (propane or methane or whatever it happens to be) combines with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide or CO2. So, every carbon atom combines with two atoms of oxygen. CO2 is a normal part of our atmosphere and is harmless to us. When there is incomplete combustion due to poor mixing of fuel and air, all the carbon atoms don't have two oxygen atoms to react with, so you end up with some carbon monoxide or CO, which is harmful to us. Unfortunately (for us), CO is quite stable so it doesn't readily oxidise to CO2. In car exahsut, they use catalytic converters to make that reaction happen. In your kitchen/living room heater, it doesn't happen so any CO created remains as CO.


Question: Why do pyjamas seem to help depressed people?

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 Why do pyjamas seem to help depressed people?

They don’t help us, it takes too much effort to take care of yourself when you are in a depressive episode, it’s to difficult to change your clothes,shower, wash your hair, brush you hair, brush your teeth, put on actual clothes that are uncomfortable, you feel like shit so you look like shit because you are so mentally and physically drained from being depressed that you have no energy to put into taking care of yourself. So you wind up in pajamas or sweats because they are comfortable and it doesn’t take any effort to put them on, sometimes you even end up in the same pair multiple days in a row with out even thinking about or doing anything related to personal hygiene. Edited to fix typos.


Question: What about watching or hearing another person throw up—or even pretend to throw up—makes someone have to throw up worse?

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 What about watching or hearing another person throw up—or even pretend to throw up—makes someone have to throw up worse?

I remember reading somewhere it's a biological indicator. Essentially when you see or hear someone else do it that triggers your body to try to flush out potential toxins. Basically your body thinks the other person ate or drank something bad so as a preventative measure forces you to flush out all your food and liquids.


Question: how come we know about blackholes with soo much detail ?

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 how come we know about blackholes with soo much detail ?

The flippant answer is we don't. Everything that we know about black holes comes directly from general relativity and were initially studied as a curiosity and almost a cheat of the mathematics before such an object was observed. Since general relativity has been tested over the last century and holds up pretty well (I'd love to go into more detail about this if you're interested) we're fairly confident that what we know about black holes is true. However, some of the weirder properties, such as Hawking Radiation, have not been experimentally verified so it is possible that this is wrong.


Question: What prevents a penetration tester to simply not report a security weakness and then in the future uses it for his own unethical hacks?

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 What prevents a penetration tester to simply not report a security weakness and then in the future uses it for his own unethical hacks?

The short answer is morals and reputation. "White Hat" hackers make ridiculous amounts of money doing what they do because they have good reputations and skills. If it's ever shown that they didn't report an exploit that means they are either not good at what they do or they're dishonest. Both ideas would kill their business quick.


Question: How does modern war work, as in what it looks like?

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 How does modern war work, as in what it looks like?

1) Warfare where the battles are agreed upon between the two leaders hasn't been fought like that since like the 19th century. Even in the 18th century militaries and militias were using guerrilla tactics instead of traditional warfare. 2) See #1. 3) See #1. There've really only been like two types of wars in the past decade: 1 - Two or more groups of people in one country want to take control of the country or make their own, so they start fighting. It might start out with bombings and terrorist attacks from one or both sides, but then it breaks out into open warfare where other countries are supporting the various factions and giving them equipment to have larger scale battles until one side wins or they both decide to just split the country up. 2 - One larger country wants something, finds it in a smaller country, invades and then takes control temporarily until another big country comes in to help the smaller country out, or until the larger country achieves its goals.


Question: Why is Open Source Software considered safe if it can be accessed and changed by anyone?

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 Why is Open Source Software considered safe if it can be accessed and changed by anyone?

I have a piece of closed-source software that's super secure. Trust me, it really is. I'm not going to show you the code, but I pinky-swear promise it's secure. I have a piece of open-source software that's super secure. Go ahead and look at the code yourself if you want proof.


Question: Why do people develop fears or phobias of things, if they haven’t had bad/ traumatic experiences with those things?

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 Why do people develop fears or phobias of things, if they haven’t had bad/ traumatic experiences with those things?

I believe it is about how brain works. When you learn new things your brain learns them via older information similar to this new information. So when you learn more about security, how complicated machinery works or how accidents happen your brain connects the dots. Before you know it, you get started to fear from things you were not feared before. It's not happening instantly, it's generally takes some time.


Question: How does counting cards work? Can anyone simply master it?

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 How does counting cards work? Can anyone simply master it?

In blackjack, multiple decks are shuffled together into a big deck that's called a "shoe." The shoe has a limited number of each card in it, so as certain cards come out it changes the probabilities of getting more favorable cards delt to you later on. This is difficult to keep track of in real time and requires lots of focus, but the system is very simple and anyone can master it with practice. The way it works is that you, as the player and not the dealer, want more high cards in the shoe to make it easier for you to win with a high number like 18-20 or just get a blackjack right out the gate, or, more likely, the dealer will bust when they are required to hit on 12-16. This means that you want to keep track of how many low cards vs high cards have come out of the shoe and wait to bet the most money when the shoe is "hot" (when you have seen significantly more low cards come out than high cards). The easiest way to keep track of this is by breaking the cards up ino cards that give you +1 point to the "heat meter" (my phrase I just made up) of the shoe, cards that give you -1 point, and cards that are neutral. So as you are watching all the cards come out, you have to keep a running total of your "heat meter" by adding +1 point for every low card you see (2-6), subtracting -1 point for every high card (10-A), and doing nothing to the total for your neutral cards (7-9). So, to give an example starting at a heat score of 0, if I saw a 3, a 2, a 10, and a 7 come out, I would add +1 heat for the 2 and 3, minus one point for the 10, and do nothing for the 7, leaving me with a heart score of +1 as we move onto the next hand. Repeat this process for every card you see while you bet very low amounts of money per hand until you have a high heat score (remember, the heat score is just a shorthand way of representing how many high or low cards are still in the shoe), usually between +15-20 and then you start to bet really really big amounts of money because your chances of getting favorable cards is higher when there are more of those favorable high cards still in the shoe. In blackjack under totally normal conditions the dealer has an expected winrate of about 51%, so even small shifts in the probability of you getting favorable cards can make a huge difference in your expected value (EV) per bet. It's also important to remember that this is usually done as a team, and not as an individual sitting by themselves at a table. One person who dramatically changes their bet sizing in this way will immediately draw scrutiny from the pit boss who will likely kick you out for card counting. However, if done as a team, you can have multiple players at different tables who only ever bet the minimum and count the cards until the heat score at there table is high enough. At that point, a signal will be sent to the "big bettor" who will come over to the hot table and start wagering very big on every hand in order to exploit the favorable conditions of that table until the shoe gets cold again, or until it's time to dip out to avoid getting caught by the pit boss. Oh, and many places now have automatic card shufflers that make all of this completely impossible, so I don't think card counting in this fashion is much of a common practice anymore. If you want more information about any of this or just a really really cool story, I can't recomend "Repeat until Rich" by Josh Axelrad highly enough.


Question: How and when do business adjust for inflation?

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 How and when do business adjust for inflation?

Businesses adjust to it many different ways. One of the most interested is in consumer products and the way they hide their inflation. Not long ago, the standard size for a can or bottle of something (not soda) in the grocery store was 16 oz. But if you look now, the price hasn't changed but most can sizes are now 12 oz or 14oz. That's the product of inflation by either the manufacturer, the retail grocer, or both.


Question: How do we develop crushes on people?

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 How do we develop crushes on people?

Lots of different reasons. Most influential factors include: - Proximity: You’re more likely to have a crush on someone who you have multiple classes with each day than you are to have a crush on someone who lives across the country. - Pheromones: Chemical signals, so to speak, that indicate a good genetic match or a person who is ovulating, to name a couple examples (there’s been a study where people use unscented soaps and deodorants and wear the same white t-shirt to bed every night for a week and then different people come to the lab and sniff the shirts to decide which person they find most attractive based on pheromones more or less. Heterosexual men prefer the shirts of women who are ovulating, and also like the smell of shirts worn by homosexual men the least) - Similar Levels of Attractiveness: This applies a bit more to the kind of person you actually end up in a relationship in as opposed to a crush. But a person tends to pursue people who are about the same level of attractiveness as they themselves are. This way, you protect your ego because you perceive the crush to be less likely to reject you. There are obviously exceptions to this (20 year old women dating wealthy 70 year old men, as an extreme example) - Admirable Qualities: That person has some sort of qualities that you would like to adopt in yourself or associate with your internal image of your ideal self. A person who is socially awkward and anxious and wishes they weren’t, for example, might have a secret crush on the outgoing, friendly person who strikes up conversations with the people who look like they could use a friend. This has a limitation: our egos come first - we don’t want people who we perceive as being so much better than ourselves that we feel inferior. - Time: The more time you spend with a person (similar to proximity), the more you start to really pay attention to a person. Think of the experiment where complete strangers stare into each other’s eyes for minutes at a time, and by the end of it, they feel a bit more comfortable with them even if they never exchange words. There are a looooot more but these are the most commonly observed in lab settings Source: Psychology of Relationships and Intimacy class in college; also have a degree in psychology. Edit: Pressed enter between each bullet for better readability


Question: Why does the American government not use the anti-trust laws as often as they did in the 19th centuries?

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 Why does the American government not use the anti-trust laws as often as they did in the 19th centuries?

There has been a strong pushback politically against anti-trust actions. There is always talk of it, while on the campaign trail Trump claimed he was going to block the AT & T-Time Warner merger, but when he was elected he chose not to pursue an action. The US is in a very conservative, pro-business phase politically.


Question: Why do spiders tend to build their webs in corners?

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 Why do spiders tend to build their webs in corners?

Well, imagine that you lived in a giants house and you needed somewhere to hang up your hammock. You're gonna need 2 anchor points that are fairly close together and wont be moved. Walls are an obvious starting point, but 99% of points on a wall are going to be too far away from another wall to anchor to. The only points where 2 different walls are close enough together to anchor together are in the corners.


Question: Why does it take babies such a long time to learn basic motor skills compared to animals that are able to do it close within a month or even as soon as they're born?

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 Why does it take babies such a long time to learn basic motor skills compared to animals that are able to do it close within a month or even as soon as they're born?

The human brain is amazingly complicated, more so than that of pretty much any other land critter. In order for that to work, we need big heads. The problem with this is that the human pelvis is too narrow to squeeze out a baby if the baby's head were much bigger than it is, so the brain is less developed at birth for humans than for other primates. Less development in the brain means human babies need longer to learn everything they need to grow up and be successful humans. Language is literally a huge part of our brains, and it takes a long time to sort out, never mind walking on two legs besides that.


Question: Why does applying a torque on an unthreaded cap map it easier to pull off?

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 Why does applying a torque on an unthreaded cap map it easier to pull off?

When you are in a car and need to break fast you slow down the fastest just before your wheels stop completely. Once they stop you just slide along the road. Once you start sliding friction is lower. If you twist instead of just pulling it open then you cause the cap to move thereby reducing the friction the cap had while being stuck and not moving. This lowers the total force required in the direction to pull the cap off.


Question: Why do we say the universe is flat? Shouldn't it be spherical?

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 Why do we say the universe is flat? Shouldn't it be spherical?

Why do you think it should be spherical? We say the universe is flat because when we measure VERY large triangles we notice that there internal angles still add up to 180 degrees. This wouldn't be possible on a sphere, where the internal angles of a triangle are greater than 180 degrees.


Question: Is there such a thing as new plate tectonics or there's only the same old plates moving around since the earth was formed?

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 Is there such a thing as new plate tectonics or there's only the same old plates moving around since the earth was formed?

The plates do change over time. We do have examples where plates have cracked in two and new land forms between them pushing them apart. And we do see plates being pushed down between two other plates and dissapearing completely into the mantle. So the tectonic plates do change over time. In fact none of the current surface was present at the formation of the Earth and it have all been formed afterwards through one process or another. This is one of the issued studying the early history of the planet because everything that was there is now gone. This is why we have to venture to the Moon, asteroids and other planets in the solar system in order to study how the early Earth was.


Question: Can someone explain how the TALF (Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility) program works?

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 Can someone explain how the TALF (Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility) program works?

When banks make loans, they record it as an asset (because they expect to get paid back). However in times of liquidity crisis, banks end up holding a lot of assets (loans) on their books with little capacity make new loans. Without the ability to make new loans, businesses and people who want to buy houses, cars, etc are now starved of cash and economic activity falls. TALF is a facility that allows these banks to convert their assets into money by borrowing against those assets (think of it as a mortgage that the bank is taking out) by pledging them to the Fed. In case they default (don't pay back their loans to the Fed) then these assets will belong to the Fed. Since these assets are valuable, the banks are therefore incentivized to pay back these loans as quickly as possible. By creating this facility, the Fed essentially freed up the banks to lend more money to companies and individuals which stimulates the economy. This facility is only available to banks or big investment firms and possibly some other big companies. Not all assets are pledgeable for TALF - these assets must meet certain criteria which make them pretty safe assets.


Question: Why do we get “butterflies” in our stomachs when thinking about a crush?

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 Why do we get “butterflies” in our stomachs when thinking about a crush?

There is within us a nervous system. These nerves send signals from our body to our brain and from our brain to our body (feedback loop that goes both ways). Feelings are a core component of our subconcious. Our subconscious makes up a large portion of who we are, up to 95% by some estimates. Love and attraction are strong emotions and emotions are tied deeply with our body. When we see someone whom we are fond of then the caterpillars in our stomach pupate and emerge as thousands of tiny butterflies who try to escape to drain the life force from this being but alas they are stopped by the protective layer of acid that slowly erodes their spirit.


Question: How do we know that particles are entangled and not just behaving the way they are because of random chance?

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 How do we know that particles are entangled and not just behaving the way they are because of random chance?

I you flip 2 coins and one lands heads and the other lands tails, do you think they are connected or dependent on each other in some way? No. It happens all the time. What if you do it again, and it happens again? Seems pretty normal still. It can happen. What about 3 times in a row? 4 times? Starts getting suspicious... How about 5000 times in a row, landing opposite of each other? How likely do you think it is now that they are dependent on each other? Do you think this is random chance? Could be. What do you think?


Question: What difference does the depth of water have on water resistant smartphones?

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 What difference does the depth of water have on water resistant smartphones?

Well.... water has weight. So more water is heavier than less water. I hope you can see where this is going. More water above you, as in= as you go deeper, means the water will apply more pressure. Thus, it tries harder to get where water isn't. Therefore, the deeper you go the harder the water tries to invade your phone. EDIT: Also, 1m^3 of water = almost 1000 grams of water. So... if you were in a tube that was 1m wide you would have 1kg of water above you. So, the difference between 1m and 2m down is a bit less than 1000grams of water. Actually more in regular situations because the water on the sides of you also exert a pressure.


Question: Why do school systems not teach financial responsibility? US Based

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 Why do school systems not teach financial responsibility? US Based

Our current school system is still very much designed after what school was meant to do in pre-industrial Europe when it was only for the well off. Originally, people did not attend school to get a job or gain practical life skills -- those things were usually taught through apprenticeships or personal tutors. School was for learning to be a more sophisticated citizen; a place to become acculturated with history, philosophy, literature, politics, etc. You can still see echoes of that old tradition in the modern curriculum.


Question: Why does it still feel like you are wearing something on your wrist after you have a wrist band on for a few days, even after you've cut it off?

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 Why does it still feel like you are wearing something on your wrist after you have a wrist band on for a few days, even after you've cut it off?

I would've said because of stimulus adaptation and habituation of the your brain. Though i'm not really sure why it happen for days, as it usually resides after a while. Your brain receives information from all sensory organs in your body. In very simple terms, with this all cluttered information coming into your brain, your brain process some of those information unconsciously and decide which it present to you which stays in the background, things unimportant like the feeling of clothes moving on your skin after a while is habituated, that is the brain chose not to put the focus on that sensory input. Which is usually what happen to most of your sensory input you're not currently focusing/using, while you're moving and touching your mouse, the feeling of touch in your fingers and palm is very active and perceivable. While the feeling of your foot touching the floor or your thigh and butt touching the seat is minimum, but since i mentioned it and you start thinking about it, you brain move the sensory input of your foot from the background to the main focus, thus you're now aware of it. This habituation makes things feel normal, and when you removed your wrist band, you're so habituated with the feeling of wristband on your wrist being normal, now without it your brains needs to habituate to your wrist being without the wristband anymore. You could apply this to normal everyday life as well, for example you never wears boxer/loose underwear, then one day you start wearing one, it'll feel weird, but after a moment things feel normal and you feel it's fine, but then you stop wearing it, now the feeling of wearing tighter undies feels weird compared to wearing loose one, until it felt normal again.


Question: how do people know recipes on masterchef?

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 how do people know recipes on masterchef?

So I used to be friends with a woman who had a master's degree in culinary arts (her specialization was pastries, she literally had a Master's Degree in cupcakes.) Basically when you are at culinary school you learn recipes but you also learn HOW and WHY certain recipes work. So you might not have ever learned a SPECIFIC recipe, but you probably learned the components to it or similar recipes that you can use as the base of the recipe.


Question: what did England gain by issuing the Balfour Declaration?

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 what did England gain by issuing the Balfour Declaration?

simplified: The timing was simply at the culmination of a long process begun when Britain joined the war as part of the overall policy question of what would happen to the various components of the ottoman empire once toppled. The actual process was accelerated in mid1917 due to military operations in Palestine itself. Britain also was using it as a way to try to use Jewish people on the non allied side to switch.


Question: I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

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 I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

Heights that are beyond our comprehension no longer seem high. It's beyond what we can perceive as a risk. Flying is relatively new to our species and it's not in us to register flying as a height risk. Some people have a fear of flying but are fine standing on a 10-story balcony; some people are the opposite, like you; and some can be afraid of heights AND flying although they are two different phobias.


Question: Why is there an entire discipline of chemistry (organic chemistry) surrounding just one element (carbon)? Why is carbon so important, instead of reactive, abundant elements like hydrogen, etc.?

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 Why is there an entire discipline of chemistry (organic chemistry) surrounding just one element (carbon)? Why is carbon so important, instead of reactive, abundant elements like hydrogen, etc.?

Carbon is important because it provides much of the structural foundation for life. So, understanding the chemistry of carbon is critical for us to understanding the chemistry of living systems (such as cells). Why is Carbon the main structural atom behind molecules necessary for life? Well, because of its electron configuration, it's really good at bonding to other Carbon molecules in a large variety of ways. This allows a lot of molecular complexity, which life (as we know it) seems to require. Think of it like a universal Lego connector. Organic chemistry isn't just about carbon, though. It's also about the interactions between carbon and other life-critical atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and many others.


Question: Why can't news providers provide their broadcasted streams over the internet like a live broadcast works on youtube or twitch?

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 Why can't news providers provide their broadcasted streams over the internet like a live broadcast works on youtube or twitch?

They absolutely can, in fact many news providers such as [ABC News]( URL_3 ), [NBC News]( URL_2 ), [CBS News]( URL_1 ), and [bloomberg]( URL_0 ) have free video news feeds online. There are plenty of others too However, they are not allowed to broadcast their actual cable tv channel. Your cable companies pays for each channel they carry, and they pay ALOT for these channels. One of the benefits they get for paying the absurd amounts for the channel, is that the channel agrees to not make their channel free. For the news networks, its wildly more profitable to be on cable networks. Local TV stations are varied, some offer a variety of free streams, some don't. But there's generally little restriction on them broadcasting their local newscasts online for free and there's a big effort to stream the local news casts now in order to get more overall viewership (which means more ad money)


Question: what does a ‘stock exchange crash’ actually mean?

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 what does a ‘stock exchange crash’ actually mean?

A share of stock is just a piece of paper that says you own a tiny piece of a company. You can sell that piece of paper to other people for money. The marketplace where you buy and sell those pieces of paper is a stock exchange (well, it used to be paper- these days it's all done electronically). When lots of people want to sell those papers and no one wants to buy them, the price goes way down. That's a crash. If you are retired and were relying on your ability to sell those papers to get money for rent and food and all the sudden those papers aren't worth very much, suddenly you can't afford rent or groceries. If all the sudden a large group of people stops being able to pay for things, then the people they normally buy things don't get as much money, so they also start having trouble paying for things. And it just keeps spiraling like that until it impacts people who may have had nothing to do with the stock market.


Question: In common law why do the courts/judges have the ability to create law? Doesn't this go against the doctrine of separation?

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 In common law why do the courts/judges have the ability to create law? Doesn't this go against the doctrine of separation?

The principle separation of powers issues between the Courts and the other branches of Government in the U.S. system have to do with the nature of how they interact. Courts are limited to cases brought to them, and have neither the power to enforce their decisions nor the ability to provide their own funding. It's true that the Courts are also dependent on the legislature and the executive for regulations and laws to actually interpret, and the Courts are not empowered (with some limited exceptions) to make those kinds of laws. However, implicit in the idea of judicial interpretation is the idea that courts will sometimes come to conclusions that may seem to an outsider to alter or expand some right or statutory provision. Likewise, the U.S. is built on the common law tradition wherein judges had the explicit power to shape or even create substantive principles of law when the appropriate case arose.


Question: Why is the world record for a marathon on a treadmill so much slower than the record for a road-based marathon?

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 Why is the world record for a marathon on a treadmill so much slower than the record for a road-based marathon?

Probably just the caliber of people attempting it, rather than any major disadvantage on the treadmill. Pacing on a treadmill is easier, there's no wind resistance (although that means temperature can be an issue) and pro athletes should have no (real) difficulty keeping engaged for 2 hours. On the flip side, perhaps the running surface is not as optimal as tarmac? Supporting the idea that competitor ability is the predominant factor, the treadmill half marathon record is 1:03, versus 58 minutes on the road. The holder of the treadmill half marathon record ([a US olympic marathon trialist]( URL_0 )) is 'only' a 2:16 (road) marathon runner, versus the 2:02 world record. So, a guy who's 11% slower than world record at the marathon on the road is only 8% slower than the road half marathon record when running on a treadmill. Of course these aren't directly comparable abilities, but it should highlight that the time difference could be entirely explained just by running ability.


Question: How do the rainbow circles around bright lights occur?

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 How do the rainbow circles around bright lights occur?

Do you also have the light Ray's that shoot from direct light sources ? Like beams of light in older video games ? Go see an optometrist. I had the exact thing your describing. It's a common symptom of glaucoma. I have a rare and degenerative form of it that would have resulting in my optic nerve bieng destroyed left untreated . If it is glaucoma it's highly treatable and you prolly had it all your life so dont worry dude. But for real, dont mess about when it comes to your sight ... the worlds beautifull bro


Question: Can ∞ be used with a point. Like is x.∞ valid?

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 Can ∞ be used with a point. Like is x.∞ valid?

You are confusing the concept of ∞ with the absolute value of numbers: ∞ is always infinite, any number you can think of is not infinite. You are thinking about a small subset of repeating decimals. it would be : 4.999..., where the ... specify the repeating of the last series of numbers. Or 4.(9), where the number between the ()'s is repeated. There are more, like lines over the repeating numbers or dots above them. See URL_0 for more of them.


Question: Why aren't blimps all that popular anymore?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't blimps all that popular anymore?

You need a massive massive building to park/service a blimp. They go much much slower than a plane. For all those problems, it still couldn't carry much more than a plane.(especially if you opted for non-flammable helium, rather than flammable hydrogen) Now there are some niche purposes, like the ability to stay in the air for a very long time, but for taking stuff from point a to point b, planes were usually just better.


Question: How is Germany still an economic powerhouse while still paying the debt of the World Wars?

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 How is Germany still an economic powerhouse while still paying the debt of the World Wars?

Germany was not charged reparations for WWII. We learned after WWI that doing so would cause more problems than it would fix. The German economy was able to focus solely on rebuilding and economic growth immediately after WWII because it was under the control of the allied powers and not allowed to have a military at all during that time. Western Germany at least had a massive amount of money and goods from the US sent to it to rebuild and they were able to get to a point that they could sustain economic growth and take back up its various debts fairly quickly. Even when they were able to start building up a military again it was not too large of a strain on their economy.


Question: Why does lightning reverberate several times even though the source is one quick bolt?

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 Why does lightning reverberate several times even though the source is one quick bolt?

Lightning isn't a point source of sound. The entire length of the bolt creates a shockwave. Since lightning bolts aren't regularly shaped either, the shockwave becomes very complex, cancelling out in places, reinforcing in others. Additionally, the shockwave will reflect off surfaces, the ground in particular. The result is that you get a complex and.long duration noise as the reflections and the main shockwave from different parts of the bolt reach you over time.


Question: How do anticonvulsants like lamotrigine help people with bipolar disorder?

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 How do anticonvulsants like lamotrigine help people with bipolar disorder?

As with everything psychiatry, and especially with bipolar disorder, we don't *really know* why anything helps. Lithium is the primary treatment and nobody has literally any idea what lithium even does to your brain. In kind of *general*, the theory is that anticonvulsants basically slow the brain down. They put the brakes on. Bipolar has two phases: the manic phase, where the brain runs 100 times faster than it should, and the depressing phase, where the brain slows down and you get depressed. Lamotrigine prevents the manic phase of bipolar, but has no effect on the depressing phase. Lamotrigine is considered an "antimanic" drug for treatment of bipolar, not a comprehensive treatment, like lithium is.


Question: How can scientists determine the shape of the molecules?

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 How can scientists determine the shape of the molecules?

They did (and still do) use math to predict the shape of molecules given basic parameters like charge and molecule location. A good example is the [VSEPR Theory]( URL_0 ) which is an important tool in chemistry today. Atoms bind to each other predictably, and follow a basic set of rules based on attraction and repulsion of their individual charges. So all you need to know is what atoms are in the compound to get a pretty good idea of its shape.


Question: Why does light changing speed as it enters a new medium mean that it has to change direction as well?

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 Why does light changing speed as it enters a new medium mean that it has to change direction as well?

Look at [this]( URL_0 ) image. As one part of the wave enters the new medium, it slows down, but the part of the wave that haven't entered the medium hasn't slowed down yet, moving faster (or slower) than the part inside the new medium, forcing a bend. That is why if a wave hits a new medium at a 90 degree angle it won't slow down, the entire part of the wave slows down at the same time.


Question: is cheese just hard milk? Or is there more to it?

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 is cheese just hard milk? Or is there more to it?

There's more to it. Different cheeses take different enzymes and processes, so I can only speak to my own experience. But for like mozerella, I have to cook it, and add enzymes to break the curds and whey apart, then I still have to do more to get some nice cheese. Other cheeses, like ricotta, can be done with just cooking and citric acid of some kind. But either way you have to separate out the parts, and generally it's an enzyme that controls that.


Question: In what way does crypto "money" differ conceptually from the virtual money in one's bank account?

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 In what way does crypto "money" differ conceptually from the virtual money in one's bank account?

Money is broken down into two types, fiat and commodity. Commodity money has some sort of commonly applied purpose, and that common purpose makes the money inherently useful and valuable. The idiom "you aren't worth your salt" comes from the Roman army. Rome had so many soldiers in so many different areas with so many different local currencies, they wanted to pay their soldiers with one thing that was universally valuable to simplify their payroll, so they chose salt. Salt is lightweight, easy to carry, doesn't spoil, can be easily divided into specific amounts, and everyone everywhere recognizes it as valuable. The trouble with commodity money is that state has no way to control how valuable it is. Imagine you're a Roman soldier who's been scrimping and saving his salt so he can send a bunch of "money" back home to his family. Right before he does so, someone invents a really cheap way to recover salt from seawater. There's suddenly many, many times more salt floating around and it becomes much cheaper. This Roman soldier's savings are now worth significantly less and he's understandably upset. If the entire Roman economy worked with salt as their form of currency, the whole economy would be thrown wildly off balance. Fiat money has no inherent value. The only value it has is the faith that people have in it. I have no problem selling my car, an inherently valuable item, in return for a bunch of paper pieces with pretty pictures on it because I have faith that when I want to purchase something from someone else, they'll be willing to accept US dollars in exchange. While fiat money can be a little scary as you're essentially putting your trust into a bunch of IOU coupons, the value of fiat money can be controlled by the state as the state can make or destroy fiat currency at will, which allows the state to stabilize prices and keep the economy going more smoothly. Crypto and dollars are both fiat currencies. The only value they have is the faith people have in being able to exchange their fiat for actually useful goods in the future. The meaningful difference is that one is state-controlled, and thus more stable, while the other is lacks central control and thus is inherently more volatile.


Question: Why are some metals magnetic and others not?

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 Why are some metals magnetic and others not?

> I am looking to understand this at a molecular level. Or should I look to the atoms and electrons? Yes. All of the above. Every individual electron has a property called "spin". Spin is tricky, but for our purposes it basically makes every electron behave like a tiny magnet. But that's not enough. Most atoms have all their electrons paired up, with 2 in every orbital, every "free space" an electron can take. When 2 electrons share a spot, their spins point in opposite directions and their magnetic fields cancel out. So you need atoms with lots of unpaired electrons so that they can all point in the same direction and make the whole atom act like a magnet. But that's not enough. Then, you need to make a solid chunk of those atoms, and they all need to line up in such a way that all of the individual atoms in a crystal of the material tend to point in the same direction. But that's not enough. You need to align all of the different crystal's magnetic fields to all point in the same direction. But that's not enough. If the material gets too hot, the motion of the atoms shaking around will shuffle the directions their magnetic fields are pointing too strongly for them to line up. You need materials that can overcome this effect at room temperature. Only then can you have a permanent magnet. As it turns out, the only pure elements that can do this are Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt. Certain compounds like the Neodymium/Iron/Boron ceramic used in Rare Earth Magnets also fit the criteria.


Question: Why do microwave cooking times increase with the quantity of food being cooked?

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 Why do microwave cooking times increase with the quantity of food being cooked?

Regular ovens work by heating up everything in the oven. There are rays of light we can't see, and they're very friendly. They shine energy on everything and the little bits that make up everything wake up, dance around, and get hot. Just like when people run and jump around and get hot. Microwaves also shine rays of light we can't see, but those rays are a little shy; they only like to be friends with water. Those rays give some energy to the water and the water gets hot from dancing around. Water is friendly and likes to share its energy with the things around it, so they get the rest of food to start dancing around with them, and then everything is hot.


Question: If someone dies and they're not found for a while, are utilities charged to the company or is it just strictly taken from asset values?

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 If someone dies and they're not found for a while, are utilities charged to the company or is it just strictly taken from asset values?

The company will try to recover the bill from the estate of the deceased, just like any other creditor with an outstanding debt owing to them. If they can't, they just have to write it off. The usual order of asset distribution is 1) funeral cost, 2) creditor's bills, 3) specific bequests, if any, 4) residue of estate divided as per will or intestacy rules.


Question: How do drugs like cocaine and heroine burn holes/destroy the nasal cavity when snorted?

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 How do drugs like cocaine and heroine burn holes/destroy the nasal cavity when snorted?

Cocaine will cause capillaries to constrict, reducing blood flow to the area that is exposed to cocaine. With frequent snorting cocaine usage, the mucosa eventually loses so much blood supply that it will start to necrose, and die off. In turns, leave a hole in the nasal cavity. Fun fact: if you have a large anterior nosebleed, the doctor may stuff gauze laced with cocaine into your nose to stop the bleeding by constricting the capillaries.


Question: When putting meat in a slowcooker, what exactly are the fluids at the bottom?

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 When putting meat in a slowcooker, what exactly are the fluids at the bottom?

Meat is around 60+% water. When you cook it, some of the water comes out. In a oan thats hot enough, it evaporates quickly. In a pan that not hot enough, the water pools up as it comes out. Similarly, if you cook ground beef in a pan where theres not enough room or heat, the juice/water will add up into a sort of puddle. Theres also fat that is released as well as small amounts of other things present in the meat that comes out with the water.


Question: how and why did the chicken egg become the most commonly consumed egg universally?

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 how and why did the chicken egg become the most commonly consumed egg universally?

Chickens unlike most birds, even other domesticated birds, produce eggs year round instead of just once or twice a year. They will also produce eggs without the need of a rooster being present to breed with, and since we eat the unfertilized eggs that is actually preferred unless you are actively want a batch of chicks. As such they are simply more useful as a source of eggs than the other alternatives.