Question: how does the acid inside an astronauts stomach stay put (zero g) ?

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 how does the acid inside an astronauts stomach stay put (zero g) ?

There are two sphincters at the top and bottom openings of the stomach. They’re rings of that surround the openings of the stomach, preventing the escape of stomach contents. In space and all the time, both sphincters are tightly closed and this prevents stomach contents from escaping and dissolving other organs


Question: If we can see cells with a microscope, why can’t we just keep adding lenses/magnification to see atoms fairly clearly (with electrons etc.)?

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 If we can see cells with a microscope, why can’t we just keep adding lenses/magnification to see atoms fairly clearly (with electrons etc.)?

We can only see things by bouncing light off them and then into our eyes. Lenses help us focus light so we can see smaller things, but evsntually, the things you're looking at are smaller than the wavelengths of light. Light itself has a size and you can't bounce it off things that are smaller than it and get a good picture. We can get around this a bit by using electrons instead of light, But even that has a limit as well. We'll never see things like quarks, they're just too small.


Question: Why don’t concert tickets have the customers name on them like airplane tickets?

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 Why don’t concert tickets have the customers name on them like airplane tickets?

There are legitimate reasons to transfer a ticket, and this would make that difficult. Requiring an ID to enter a venue would be unpopular with fans. Checking ID at time of entry would make an already-slow process much, much slower, which would be unpopular with fans and the venue. It would likely require additional staff, which means higher cost of running a show, which could mean more expensive tickets. But probably most importantly: ticket sellers (e.g. Ticketmaster) have zero reason to do this. It makes their process more complex and likely more expensive, and it would make fewer scalpers buy tickets. Ticket vendors just want as many tickets sold as possible, they don't care what happens after the sale.


Question: How can scientists detect that they have synthesised a new element if they only last for a few milliseconds?

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 How can scientists detect that they have synthesised a new element if they only last for a few milliseconds?

You detect the radiation that they emit when they decay. the specific energy and type radiation they emit is unique for each element. What new element they becom can be determine from the radiation they emit and you can detect the presence of that. So when you put all that together you can show that a new element was created You create a super heavy element buy forcing two lighter together so for example Pu-244 with 94 protons and calcium-48 with 20 protons will create Flerovium-292 with 114 protons. The combinations will be a sum of them, so you can see that 244+48=292 and 94+20=114 . The result it win the collision of those two element you only have one possible super heavy element that could be created. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: in the shell sort algorithm, why are the numbers 1,4,10,23,57,132,301,701,1750 used? They seem to be ambiguous and are really confusing me...

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 in the shell sort algorithm, why are the numbers 1,4,10,23,57,132,301,701,1750 used? They seem to be ambiguous and are really confusing me...

Shell sort partitions the data. The exact partition is not that important, but the properties of the partition (i.e. "gap sequence") do affect the runtime. "Gonnet and Baeza-Yates observed that Shellsort makes the fewest comparisons on average when the ratios of successive gaps are roughly equal to 2.2." You need to have some numbers to do the partition, so those numbers are one set that is known to work well, but you can change them and it will still work. URL_0


Question: How do Doctors keep up to date with new information/techniques?

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 How do Doctors keep up to date with new information/techniques?

They are required to recertify every now and then, as well as being mandated to attend seminars and conferences about the latest of medical science in their fields. Also, a doctor in a specific field is likely to want to learn about improvements in their field. They're clearly interested in whatever field they spent so much time studying.


Question: How is it that our brains are able to feel sensations when we are asleep (like flying or falling) but unable to replicate them when we are awake?

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 How is it that our brains are able to feel sensations when we are asleep (like flying or falling) but unable to replicate them when we are awake?

Not an expert, but I think it comes down to spacial awareness. I think your brain can replicate those sensations while you're awake, it just doesn't do it because it has a very solid grip of the space around it and knows you are not falling. In a situation where your brain can be tricked about its surroundings, say virtual reality (and maybe hallucinations?) for example, you would probably feel those sensations. I am a bit scared of heights and when I did VR and was in a high place I could definitely feel it like I was there, so I think something similar could happen with the falling feeling!


Question: How do information leaks happen?

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 How do information leaks happen?

That all depends on which "flavor" of leak you're talking about. There's the Edward Snowden type of leak where someone deliberately shares private and confidential information with the public because they felt the public needed to know. Conscious intent and action. Some leaks aren't intentional at all like the Podesta emails, and are obtained through illicit means like hacking/stealing/espionage. Malicious intent and action. Then there's the flat incompetent/accidental types of leaks like when the boss left the company's failing budget and list of people to get laid off next month on the printer for a bit too long. Genuine accident. There are also tactical leaks used by politicians. You can spot these whenever the reporter is citing "a Senior White House Official" in their report. This lets the White House "react" to this new national issue and put public pressure on political opponents without looking like the bad guys. Wall Street types will also use this to manipulate prices. Day traders are constantly watching company financial reports, and the pros are often looking for insider tips from big companies so they can make their plays ahead of the public. These leaks are often traders calling college buddies that work for Apple's Engineering department looking for key tips like "the next Iphone has a 2hr battery life" so they can sell before it tanks. In all cases, reporters that get the first leaks are often personal or professional friends that have developed a trusting relationship with the leaker, who is trusting that they leak it appropriately, on their schedule, and for maximum impact. Politicians for example, may give a leak to a story, but ask the reporter to sit on it for a couple of days to avoid suspicion. Should the reporter jump to publish early, it fucks the politician and virtually guarantees the end of secret sources for that reporter.


Question: How does a government go into debt?

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 How does a government go into debt?

It can do so in the most straightforward method which is to borrow directly from banks or other lending organizations. More commonly, a government issues bonds or notes. These bonds or notes promises a certain payment in the future. Essentially they are promissory notes (ie lend or 'invest' in me money now and I will promise to pay you back in the future') There are also ways that are sort of like debt - for example getting another group some kind of rights (mining, logging, or oil extraction) in return for cash or infrastructure development. All debt is just a concept of getting something of value now and giving a promise to pay that back (in kind or other forms) at some later date.


Question: What is a Markov chain?

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 What is a Markov chain?

A markov chain is simply a "path" of various destinations, where each direction you take has a certain probability of happening. For example, lets say every time you encounter a crossroads, you always take a random turn. This means that you have A- > B(0.5)/C(0.5) chain. Thats a very simple markov chain. An example of a slightly more complex chain would be: 1. Start in A 2. 30% chance to stay in A, 50% chance to go to B, 20% chance to go to C 3. B has 80% chance to stay in B, 10% chance to return to A, 10% chance to go to C 4. C has 0% chance to stay in C, 50% chance to go to A, 50% chance to go to B. That is a markov chain. If you are in the chain, all you care about is your current position - if you are currently in C, it doesnt matter what probabilities A has, all that matters is what probabilities C has.


Question: Why is tinfoil (aluminum foil) so heat resistant?

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 Why is tinfoil (aluminum foil) so heat resistant?

Heat resistent in what way? If you refer to "Why doesn't it melt", simply because it's melting point is incredibly high, much higher than your grill can produce ((660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F). If you are instead refering to "Why doesn't it get super hot to the touch" then you're building on a wrong premise: it isn't heat resistant at all and does get hot. It gets just as hot as the food underneath it. However tinfoil is so thin and so large that any heat that it does have dissapitates into the surrounding air almost instantly. Things that have little mass cannot hold as well to their energy as more massive things, and things with large surface area cool down faster than things that have lower area.


Question: How do mountains (ex: Rocky Mountains) form with no plate boundary?

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 How do mountains (ex: Rocky Mountains) form with no plate boundary?

1. Take a piece of cloth and lay it flat on a table or bed. 2. Put your hands a foot or two apart on the fabric. 3. Push your hands together. That raises mountains up, then erosion shapes them. ETA: there are always plate boundaries in play, but the mountains are not necessarily near the boundaries. Also, the type of rock involved has a lot to do with how the plate crumples


Question: Why do some people fall asleep better with music on/off, or with/without night lights?

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 Why do some people fall asleep better with music on/off, or with/without night lights?

Humans are creatures of habit. We do something a few times and we come to convince our self's we can't do that task without performing the ritual we started doing. Think how many people seemingly have to start their morning with tea or coffee. Think of how many little rituals u had as a kid. "Mum I can't go to sleep without a bed time story". " Dad! U have to put the side light on and then turn off the main light" etc etc. So in your particular case u probably listened to the radio and had the light on for a few nights or possibly weeks and then it became a routine and then a dependency. It would be hard to break that habit now. Certainly some sleepless nights would ensue. When I was younger, say 11 and below I used to have the lamp on and the CD player playing an audio book. Then I went to boarding school and had to go without those for the first time in a few years, and my brain was not happy about that, coupled with a new environment I didn't have much sleep for the first few weeks. That just shows the power of routine, and how trying to break one can have very negative short term impacts. That coffeeholic? He's gonna have some very unproductive and moody mornings if he tries to break that habit. The brain doesn't respond well to change as it used to be a sign of danger. "Why isn't the radio playing" translated to stone man speak is "why can't I hear the fire crackling, or the breathing of family, where are they. Has something happened. Are they frozen because of the fire going out!"


Question: What determines the market rate pricing of apartments?

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 What determines the market rate pricing of apartments?

Nope. If there were a way to predict it, you could make a ton of money. Pricing real estate and rent is all about comparisons to other local, similar transactions. If the guy down the street manages to rent his room for X, and you can rent the same kind of room, more or less, then you can also price yours at X and use that comparison as negotiation leverage with your potential renters. Sure, there are predictable macro trends, like development in the city, major employers moving in, available inventory. But that's not terribly useful for predicting individual rises and drops with specific properties. This is why home owners and landlords will complain about someone in the neighborhood driving down property values for things like failing to maintain the property or the landscaping. Because it does.


Question: how do sores in the mouth heal without scabbing?

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 how do sores in the mouth heal without scabbing?

scabs arent vital to the healing process, they're just there to stop dirt and germs from getting into open wounds. the mouth is self-cleaning and inhabited by a beneficial biome of microorganisms that make it harder for newcomers to take root (harder, not impossible), so you dont have to rely on scabs


Question: How do the 4s and 3d orbitals fill?

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 How do the 4s and 3d orbitals fill?

4s Orbital fills before the 3D orbital does. The 3d orbital fills one orbital at a time before doubling up. It does this because of energy levels. Electrons are lazy so they always want to occupy to energy level that is lowest (easiest to occupy). The 4s is actually lower than the 3d orbitals in terms of energy (you can look up the energy levels of each orbital, it looks like a series of steps). Its easier to fill unoccupied d orbitals than occupied ones, so it does one at a time first.


Question: Why do candles need wax to burn? Why can’t we just use wicks?

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 Why do candles need wax to burn? Why can’t we just use wicks?

They would burn very quickly. The wax actually acts as a fuel, and the fire burns the wax as it goes. When the level of wax goes down, the wick is trimmed automatically because the fire burns the wick instead of the wax. That’s also why burning scented candles smells good.


Question: Where does the money gained from interest on savings come from?

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 Where does the money gained from interest on savings come from?

When you deposit your money in a savings account with a bank, they're not just holding onto that money for you, they're using it to give loans. Those loans carry interest rates, so the bank makes a profit on lending out your money. In exchange, they offer you an *extremely* *tiny* portion of the profit they made by loaning out your money while you weren't using it.


Question: Why is it that if I touch my armpits or the soles of my feet, I don't feel particularly different from anywhere else in the body, but if someone else does it, I get an intense tickling sensation?

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 Why is it that if I touch my armpits or the soles of my feet, I don't feel particularly different from anywhere else in the body, but if someone else does it, I get an intense tickling sensation?

Your body filters it out because it knows it's you. Being ticklish to your own touches would be extremely impractical, as we touch ourselves all the time (not just an euphemism). You can still tickle yourself if you use a contraption that will introduce some delay between the action and the tickle. [More reading.]( URL_0 )


Question: How do those "I am not a robot" reCAPTCHA's work?

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 How do those "I am not a robot" reCAPTCHA's work?

The ones that are "just a checkbox" are a little bit spooky. They leverage Google's awareness of your behavior "before, during, and after" you click the box. It checks your browsing history, mouse movements in your browser, and other factors to see if it think you're a person. A person will have natural browsing habits (checking email, going to youtube, reading reddit) as well as moving the mouse in an organic way If it isn't SURE you're a human it can still give you a real catcha to check (the choose a picture thing) Try visiting the same website with your normal browsing habits and then again in a new, incognito window, and the catcha might treat you differently. & #x200B; *(The spooky bit is, uh, how much info is google watching before you even went to the website with the recatcha?)*


Question: What is oedipal and god complex?

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 What is oedipal and god complex?

oedipus complex is named after a story in which a man kills his father and bangs his mother. It means that, basically, a person wants to kill (things/traits that remind them of) their father and fuck (people who remind them of) their mother. god complex means a person believes themself to be the ultimate authority figure, and act as though others need to listen to them and follow their directions when they have not earned that kind of respect.


Question: How do scope/optic reticles work?

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 How do scope/optic reticles work?

Scopes actually have multiple lenses internally that you can't see. There are (at least) two spots where the lenses bring an image into focus, called the first and second focal planes. These are points where the light from the image in front of the scope converges. Any object placed at these points will appear to be in focus, projected on top of the image in front of the scope. A reticule can be located at either focal plane. If it's located at the first focal plane, the reticule will change size as you zoom in. If the reticule is located at the second focal plane, it will stay the same size regardless of zoom factor.


Question: How come there is no “cure” for male pattern baldness?

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 How come there is no “cure” for male pattern baldness?

It's not that big an issue - it's not fatal, causes no other health problems, most people aren't even bothered by it. There are 'cures', they just kinda suck. Rogaine, hair transplants (which are much better today than several decades ago). For the remaining few determined to reverse it, they seem content to buy whatever weird shit they can find on some dark corner of the internet. Why spend tons on researching real cures when people will gladly pay for complete bullshit to fix the problem too?


Question: Why does a speaker makes a sharp noise when a mic is near?

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 Why does a speaker makes a sharp noise when a mic is near?

Oh oh this one is mine! This is called feedback. Essentially when you make a sound into the microphone and it comes out of the speaker. Simple enough. But if the mic gets close to the speaker and “hears” something that is coming out of that speaker it tries to feed it back to the speaker and this happens over and over very quickly until it is just one sound stuck that gets louder and louder until something breaks the cycle.


Question: How does the sky take on this bright red color when a big fire occurs?

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 How does the sky take on this bright red color when a big fire occurs?

All the smoke and particles in the air changes how the sunlight moves through the atmosphere. The sky looks blue because of how the sunlight is scattered by our mostly nitrogen atmosphere, when parts of it become full of other particles, a lot of this white / blue light isn’t able to penetrate it, and it is the longer wavelength red light that is still able to penetrate all these extra molecules. This is also why the sky turns red at sunset, when the sun is near the horizon, it is actually passing through more air to get to you than when it is directly above you, (like swimming the length of a pool instead of just jumping straight down to the bottom). This extra thickness scatters the blue light more and leaves the red light to pass on.


Question: How does silica gel work?

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 How does silica gel work?

In what sense? The packets in shoes and merchandise? Silica gel has many uses. However, I'll just assume you mean the packets for this explanation. Silica gel is a very porous and rough version of silicone (Silicon Dioxide) - these pores want to have stuff in them really badly. From moisture and liquids to smells and gases, silica gel is able to absorb the contaminates. This is also employed in industrial ways like with dehumidifying air filter systems and to suck the moisture out of the compressed air for airbrakes on locomotives. Tldr; silica gel is porous and absorbant and acts well as tiny sponges for airborn moisture.


Question: What exactly is the process to make lab grown meat?

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 What exactly is the process to make lab grown meat?

Oh I can answer this! You have to consider what 'meat' actually is. Meat is animal muscle, but even that is a bit vague; muscle is a combination of muscle cells, muscle fibers, blood vessels, fat, nerves, connective tissues etc etc all in completely different ratios and animal types depending on what exactly the cut and animal is. So the obvious first problem is to decide what kind of meat you are trying to make in the lab. Then you need to find out what the exact makeup of that type of meat is. This is annoying time-consuming work, but perfectly possible with the tools we have. The main problem is in trying to copy the 'real' meat. I'll start off; copying an actual steak or any cut of meat with a complex _structure_ is out of the question for the coming decade. The best we can hope to achieve in the short term is minced-meat style; essentially a meaty slurry that includes hamburgers, sausages, chicken nuggets and thinks like that. Muscle is the prime component of meat, so that comes first. So we start with taking a sample of muscle cells from, say, a cow. Then you start growing it. We are far enough advanced in cell culture techniques that you can get a huge supply of muscle cells from animal samples. That is the easy part. The difficult part is to make it 'meaty'. With that I mean including the right amounts of fat and connective tissue. Because of limitations in these cell culture techniques, right now you kind of make a whole bunch of tiny slices of muscle tissue and then mash them together into a burger patty. In 2013, there was a 'tasting' of one of the first lab-grown 'burgers' ( URL_0 ). It doesn't taste quite like meat yet, it tastes like how pure muscle fiber and cells would taste. tldr version; Current procedure; 1) Harvest cells from an animal, 2) grow the cells to huge numbers of muscle cells in thin layers, 3) mash the muscle cells together for something resembling meat. Future challenges; 1) Find a way to incorporate other types of cells as well, 2) Find a way to get 'structured' meat like steaks, chicken breasts and basically all of the 'good' meats, 3) Make the process affordable, 4) Find a way to do the cell culturing without needing animal side products(a). # (a) In most tissue culture techniques, you use a slaughterhouse side-product to give the cells a cocktail of nutrients to help them grow. Obviously this is going to be a problem if you theoretically don't have slaughterhouses any more.


Question: How does the Scottish central banking system work and how is it connected to the British central bank?

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 How does the Scottish central banking system work and how is it connected to the British central bank?

There is no Scottish central bank. Its central bank is the Bank of England, which despite the name is the central bank of the entire UK. Some commercial banks have the right to issue banknotes in Scotland, but these are still British pounds, the same currency used in the rest of the UK.


Question: Why do lakes not just seep into the earth?

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 Why do lakes not just seep into the earth?

Geologist here. There are at a few basic reasons the water won't seep into the ground beneath lakes (from what I can remember off the top of my head). 1. Some lakes are a 'window' into an aquifer, where subsurface water has collected and sat for thousands of years. This water can be depleted but as long as the incoming water is greater than or equal to the outgoing water it will remain. 2. Soils (or bedrock) that make up most lakes have a low hydraulic conductivity (the rate at which water permeates through). Soils such as clay or glacial till are excellent soils if you wanted to create a lake. (Fun fact: many landfills are lined with specific types of clay for this exact reason so no pollutants will go into the surrounding earth). If you have terrain where water will pool and sufficient rain or streams, it will create a pond or lake. 3. A surface depression with incoming water may create a lake or pond as long as that water flow is enough to keep the water there. Over time dying plants and the deposition of silt and clay can create a hydraulically restrictive later, ie, peat and organic silts and clays.


Question: What does the "producer" of an album actually do?

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 What does the "producer" of an album actually do?

They're someone with lots of experience making albums that a band/artist hires to manage them through the process of making an album. It's either doing every job the band (or band management) isn't doing, or bringing in someone to do that job. Providing recording studios, sound engineers, mix engineers, additional musicians, music teachers, etc. Maybe even food, accommodation? How involved the producer is musically depends on the band, but even their methods of recording can give a certain feel to the sound of the album.


Question: How do double rainbows exist?

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 How do double rainbows exist?

All rainbows are actually double rainbows, but the second rainbow is often very faint. This happens because of how light refracts in water. To get light going in, splitting and coming back out as a rainbow, you need a very specific angle of reflection. Several of these angles exist, but every angle between them is dead - it doesn't output a rainbow. This is because the light coming out of the raindrops is coming out in an angle that the observer isn't seeing. The first and second rainbows are the result of two rainbow-creating angles being hit by the sun, and the empty space between them is space where the angle of refraction is dead.


Question: Why is it that some people with brain disabilities such as autism have such good memories but struggle with other cognitive functions?

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 Why is it that some people with brain disabilities such as autism have such good memories but struggle with other cognitive functions?

Additionally autism is now basically a catch-all diagnosis. Every new edition of the DSM adds symptoms and imho it's being massively over diagnosed at the moment. But to answer your question the brain is divided into regions with each region being responsible for a specific task. Examples are processing visual input from the eyes, muscle control, regulating emotions, controlling breathing etc. Most brain disorders only affect one or a few of these regions, leaving everything else working normally. Often the brain compensates by using another region to do the task of the broken region, but this is a bit like having one person do the work of two people. It's more hard work and the results are suboptimal. This is why some people with high-functioning autism/Asperger syndrome are virtually undetectable. Their brains have compensated, but they may be consciously applying rules of social interaction that they've learnt rather than it being an automatic process. Where an unaffected person would know that someone who is trying to change the topic of conversation isn't interested in the current conversation someone with Asperger syndrome would need to consciously recognise the body language and other signs that this is happening, compare that to previous conversations and figure out that's what's happening. Someone without the condition would do this automatically and may not even recognise it's happening. As you can imagine being able to hold down a complex conversation whilst simultaneously analysing the body language and subtle social cues of the people you're talking with is harder than doing one or the other. This is why some people with the condition just do one or the other, and will keep talking as you get more and more uncomfortable. 🤣 Edit: /u/DuplexFields points out below that DSM-V narrowed the scope of autism. Permalink URL_0


Question: Does having a random alpha+numeric+symbol password reduce exposure in compromised email data breaches?

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 Does having a random alpha+numeric+symbol password reduce exposure in compromised email data breaches?

Brute forcing isn't the only way hacker try to guess passwords massively. One of the most common ways is through "dictionary attacks", and could be refined through word association. In your example, the password "jD02j-#2Ao" has 10 characters, and you would need to include all letters, numbers and a lot of symbols in a brute force attack in order to guess it. Let's say there's a set of 100 characters to pick, so that password is one of 10^100 possible combinations. On the other hand, the password "1quickbrownfoxjumpsover1lazydog" has nine words, and most of them are pretty common (in [this]( URL_0 ) list of the 3000 most common words, only "fox" and "lazy" aren't on the list). Let's suppose all of them are on the 5000 most common words list, so it's one of 5000^9 possible combinations (~2x10^33 ). But there's two notes on this: first, using "1" instead of "one" is a common substitution, and hackers tend to take them into account (also 1337 or SMS language). Second, that specific combination of words is a common phrase, and even if the hacker doesn't know it, it could be created from scratch if the algorithm can forms sentences using word function (so, "adjective+noun+verb", and combinations). It's difficult to calculate how much this fact lowers that 5000^9 , but it surely lowers it.


Question: What makes people find something funny? What part of the brain is this and why does it happen?

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 What makes people find something funny? What part of the brain is this and why does it happen?

The part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, to oversimplify, handles things like conscious thought and social behavior. In its simplest form, a joke is a misdirection. The setup of the joke gives your brain an image or an abstract situation, then it’s filtered through your memories to give you a feeling of understanding, then the punchline of the joke shows you that your understanding is wrong. We laugh to show the social connection of enjoying something together, and to let the brain process the misdirection. Example: “An Irishman walks past a bar.” The setup is “An Irishman,” and it makes you think of the Irish stereotype of alcoholism. The punchline is “walks past a bar,” which makes you face your own belief in stereotypes. If you laugh (and I’m sure you wouldn’t because the joke isn’t funny) then you are showing me that you get the joke and you want me to like you.


Question: Why can't we farm truffles on a mass scale?

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</answer>
 Why can't we farm truffles on a mass scale?

To cite a recent [AMA]( URL_0 ): > They are hard to grow because they are symbiotic with trees and the partnership between fungus and tree has to happen in just the right way at just the right time. Replicating this process isn't easy, and it takes several years before you find out whether it has worked. > Nearly all of the cultivated species of fungus are saprophytes - they feed on dead matter, rather than being symbiotic with plants. This means you can sterilise their food and eliminate the spores of competing fungi. It is much harder to do this with symbiotic fungi because you cannot sterilise the forest floor.


Question: What is a quick method for counting the tubes in this picture?

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 What is a quick method for counting the tubes in this picture?

Normally the area of a rectangle is base\*height/2. In this case 8 and 8 aren't the base and height - they're not perpendicular to each other. The first row has 8 tubes, the second has 7 tubes, and so on. So the triangle has 8+7+6+...+1 tubes. This is a simple [arithmetic series]( URL_0 ) with a simple formula: (first item + last item) \* (number of items) / 2 = (8+1)\*8/2.


Question: What makes vitamic C important enough to the immune system to warrant it as one of the first recommendations for when you get sick?

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 What makes vitamic C important enough to the immune system to warrant it as one of the first recommendations for when you get sick?

Unless you have vitamin C deficiency, (i.e. Scurvy) vitamin C won't benefit you especially if you have a cold, any more than it normally would. This is an urban myth that has been discredited. Moreover vitamin C has a very limited shelf life. Commercial "dietary supplements"(which often make dubious medical claims) contain very little of the compound if they have been stored for more than, say, 3 months. But many people in industrialized areas don't get enough vitamin C due to lack of fresh fruits and vegetables in their diet. So it doesn't hurt to eat more broccoli or oranges if you're not feeling well. Note that most living things are able to synthesize this compoun as needed, from glucose. Humans and other great apes are rather unusual in that we carry a gene mutation that prevents one key step in this process. But it's not really a problem if you're an omnivore.


Question: What’s a “war crime”? I hear people throw this word around so much it’s confusing.

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 What’s a “war crime”? I hear people throw this word around so much it’s confusing.

Many, many countries signed international agreements that define what is legal and what is not legal during a time of war. For instance, executing a prisoner of war who was not resisting or threatening his captor would be highly illegal. Targeting civilian buildings where a lot of civilians are is also illegal (like hospitals or schools). Killing civilians in general? Illegal. Wearing an enemy uniform or the symbols of an organization like the Red Cross, which is supposed to be a neutral symbol? Illegal. Attacking the Red Cross? Illegal. It's pretty straightforward honestly. If you're attacking someone who's given up or who never even participated in the battle, you're probably doing something illegal.


Question: How did we determine the order of operations in mathematics?

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 How did we determine the order of operations in mathematics?

Everyone else is wrong. Math isn't arbitrary, there are reasons for everything. Let me give a simple example. Lets find out how much money you have. You have a dollar and 3 five dollar bills. A math equation would be 1 + 3 x 5 = If you think about it like money, you know you have $16 and not $20. There is no reason to add the $1 to the number of bills you have. But why? The answer is just to ask, "What is multiplication?" Multiplication is just short had for repetitive addition. If we expand the equation we get 1 + 5 + 5 + 5 = Now if we add everything together it's easy to see the correct answer. It's easier to see that adding the one to either the 3 or the 5 completely messes up the short hand. Well what about exponents? Again exponents are just short hand for multiplication. 2^3 2^3 = 8 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 Because exponents are short hand for multiplication, they must be addressed first or you mess up the original meaning. Multiplication and division come next as they are both the same. Dividing by 2 is the same as multiplying by .5. Then addition and subtraction as they are the same. 5 - 2 is the same as 5 + -2.


Question: Why does our brain use various hormones to make us happy (endorphin, dopamine, serotonin)?

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 Why does our brain use various hormones to make us happy (endorphin, dopamine, serotonin)?

Well first of all, the chemicals you listed are in actuality neurotransmitters. These are specialized molecules that are constantly floating around in the brain. I am by no means an expert, but I hypothesize that many different types of neurotransmitters were created simply as a survival trait. Being able to experience more feelings(such as fears, joy, excitement, etc.,) would result in a smarter, more aware organism with better survival chances/skills. If we, as humans and even mammals alike, only used 1 single neurotransmitter we would all be about as smart as a rock. Think of it as depth. Only 1 is very shallow and 2 dimensional, but when you expand your capabilities as a thing, everything starts to change and different layers of life start to emerge. Hope that helps


Question: Why do children fight the urge to sleep?

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 Why do children fight the urge to sleep?

A lot of kids have ‘FOMO’ (fear of missing out) and think all the adults are having fun while they have to go to bed. It seems unfair to me that the ones who want to go to bed have to put ones to bed that don’t want to go to bed!! Also some kids get over tired and because they have a bad nap schedule or never learnt to self soothe (like always being put to bed when already asleep so they never learnt how to go to sleep themselves) they are super difficult to wind down and get into a calm mindset to get to sleep.


Question: How does your body know when you have chewed your food enough to swallow?

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 How does your body know when you have chewed your food enough to swallow?

Practice. Years and years of constant practice. We use our tongues and the other senses of our mouth to "test" the texture, moisture, and consistency of food constantly as we consume it and consider whether it is to a state in which we can easily ingest it. Sure, it's not an exact science but we can pretty well know the limits of our own body to safely ingest food very quickly through a little trial and error and learning from when our parents feed us when we are young. Consider why babies are fed milk first, then soft foods, then hard food. Not only is the nutritional value of the foods we eat when we are babies important but it also "trains" us, in a sense, from birth that soft foods are more easily ingested and to remember the consistency, texture, and moisture of food in that state.


Question: What's the difference between a not-for-profit organization and a non-profit?

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 What's the difference between a not-for-profit organization and a non-profit?

They Do have different aspects in terms of taxes, etc. A charity is a non-profit, and any surplus money goes to the primary cause or is saved for future benefit of the cause. They cannot pay out a portion of fundraising as a commission/bounty. A not-for-profit organization is for the benefit of its members, such as a credit union or country club. It doesn't pay profits to an owner, but may pay out/back money to members, say a referral bonus for bringing in a new member. It typically does not have tax deductible contributions.


Question: What made the Zodiac Killer’s ‘340 Cipher’ so difficult to crack that it took 51 years to do so?

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 What made the Zodiac Killer’s ‘340 Cipher’ so difficult to crack that it took 51 years to do so?

This is a good explanation from /u/crossedstaves: > For example I take the message "MURDER MURDER" using the order of letters in the alphabet that message is just "13-21-18-4-5-18 13-21-18-4-5-18" and I use a one time pad that has random numbers of "15 09 20 15 10 17 22 14 14 07 00 14" If I add the two together I have "28 30 38 19 15 35 35 35 32 11 5 32" for all the ones larger than 25 I subtract 25 and I get "3 5 13 19 15 10 10 10 7 11 5 7" the encoded message is "C E M S O J J J G K E G". That message can be easily decode if you have the exact sequence of random numbers I used, if you don't have that its impossible to decode because its otherwise just a purely random sequence. In other words, when making a code, you can put a bunch of random rules and sequences. Others have to essentially guess what the random sequence is, which is very hard to do. In my mind right now, I have am thinking of ten different ways to change a code, can you name them in the proper order? Also, and I might be mistaken about this, but according the video about how the guy decoded it, the Zodiac made some mistakes. If by chance you manage to crack the sequence, you might still get some gibberish because the coder isn't consistent with their sequence. So, the code breakers had to find the possible sequences, and find possible ways the Zodiac could have made errors with his own sequence to find the code.


Question: Why do videos get higher pitched when sped up and lower pitched when slowed down?

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 Why do videos get higher pitched when sped up and lower pitched when slowed down?

Sound is vibration. When you visually map a sound wave, it looks like a sine wave. The pitch is mainly determined by how close together each peak of the wave is (that very top of the hill of the wave). If you have 500 peaks every second, it's a 500 Hertz wave. If you have only 100 peaks per second, it's a 100 Hertz wave. When you speed it up by 5x, you're getting 5x peaks per second, so that 100hz sound will sound like a 500 Hertz sound when speed up 5x. Think of just watching a sine wave on TV, and counting the peaks for ten seconds. If you fast forward, you'll count more peaks in the same time frame than playing it normally. That's why stuff spednup sounds higher pitch


Question: How can our eyes tell the difference between a close object and a far object?

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 How can our eyes tell the difference between a close object and a far object?

Binocular/stereoscopic vision basically each eye gets a separate view of the object and by comparing the two visions the brain is able to perceive depth, the binocular vision is why predators have the eyes facing forward where as herbivores need close to 360 degree vision to see what is sneaking up on them URL_0


Question: Why can we stay in the 100C° sauna for a few minutes, but can't take the heat if your shower water is a little bit too hot?

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 Why can we stay in the 100C° sauna for a few minutes, but can't take the heat if your shower water is a little bit too hot?

Burns aren't just a result of how hot something is, but also how quickly the heat can transfer from something else, to your skin. The water you're in contact with in the sauna is water vapor, which doesn't transfer heat to you as well as the direct water from your shower.


Question: Why do small animals like squirrels not lose appendages to frostbite when temperatures reach below freezing, and they walk around on ice and snow all day?

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 Why do small animals like squirrels not lose appendages to frostbite when temperatures reach below freezing, and they walk around on ice and snow all day?

I think most people's answers here are wrong. The main reason four-legged creatures can walk without shoes in freezing temperatures, in general, is that they have different vasculature in their feet than we do. Their feet get more blood flow to stay warm, and their fur keeps their blood warm enough to keep their feet warm. They also have thicker skin on their feet which protects the deeper "alive" layers of skin from frostbite. Someone else would have to tell me the answer to this, but I would bet that people that don't wear shoes have at least somewhat better resistance to frostbite than those who don't due to skin thickness and the increased vasculature in their feet from using them more. I know there are some people of Scandinavian descent that have a gene variant that allows them more resistance to coldness in their hands due to increased vasculature, which causes your hands to cripple when exposed for too long in you and me. It's a survival adaptation.