Question: If solar panels absorb energy instead of it be displaced around earth, how will that impact earth's temperature as they become more prevalent?

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 If solar panels absorb energy instead of it be displaced around earth, how will that impact earth's temperature as they become more prevalent?

Solar panels have lower albedo than a similar object the same color. Some of the energy that hits them isn't absorbed to heat them up, it gets away in the form of electricity. However, almost none of that electricity is stored. It's almost all used to make something go and through that process turned into heat. It's not heat on the panel, but it's heat somewhere in the environment. Not much change, overall.


Question: How come some smells are pleasant/unpleasant?

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 How come some smells are pleasant/unpleasant?

Survival. If you think of all the unpleasant smells, they are normally associated with things you do not want to eat. For example rotten meat, if the smell wasn't bad we would be tempted to eat it and could become sick. It's our bodies way of saying "don't put that in your mouth" :)


Question: Why do all the stars in the sky appear white?

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 Why do all the stars in the sky appear white?

They don't. Depending on where you live, you should be able to find Betelgeuse and Sirius in the night sky with any star chart app. They should be some of the brightest, anyway. Betelgeuse will have a very distinctive orange hue, even with the naked eye, while Sirius will appear more like a typical "white" star. As for the others, most are so small that it's difficult for our eyes to discern color without some magnification.


Question: what is rocket Isp, why is it measured in seconds, and what does that mean?

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 what is rocket Isp, why is it measured in seconds, and what does that mean?

Out in space there's nothing to push off of. Planes push off of air. Cars push off of the ground. Spacecraft have to bring along fuel that they push off of–the whole "equal and opposite reaction" thing. The challenge with this is that every kilogram of fuel you have is a kilogram of mass you have to lug around until you use it. The result is that making a rocket that has more ability to accelerate requires an exponentially increasing amount of fuel. This is often referred to as "the tyranny of the rocket equation." Due to the exponential increase in mass as you make rockets that can go faster and faster you want as efficient of a rocket as you can get. Specific impulse (Isp) is the measure of this efficiency. As for the units, we start by looking at what rockets do: they produce a force, and this force is applied for some amount of time. When we multiply a force by a time we get an impulse, in units like Newton Seconds (kg m / s). What we care about is how that translates to fuel, so we look at the impulse for a given mass of fuel. That's in units of Newton Seconds per kg, which simplifies to just meters per second. That m/s has a real world significance: it's the average speed of the exhaust of the rocket engine. Arguably this is the unit that specific impulse ought to be measured in. However, aerospace engineering was pushed forward a lot by U.S. engineers working with imperial units. They were interested in the impulse per *weight*, not impulse per *mass*, since the pound (weight) was the standard unit used to measure fuel, not the slug (a mass equivalent to 32.2 pounds). The result was that the unit for Isp in Imperial units is Pounds-thrust seconds per Pound of fuel. The pounds cancel and you're left with just seconds. This is nice in that it is a unit that Imperial and Metric engineers will agree on, though there's no relevant physical time that equals the specific impulse.


Question: what exactly is happening when a volume dial breaks and starts turning the volume up instead of down or vice versa?

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 what exactly is happening when a volume dial breaks and starts turning the volume up instead of down or vice versa?

Do you mean a rotating volume dial, like found on an AV reciever/amplifier? They are rotary encoders. They're supposed to repeatedly count +1 or - 1 when you turn up or down. When they get dirty, they can count all sorts of things instead. Here's [a video]( URL_0 ) of a guy dismantling and cleaning such a dial, to fix an erratic volume control


Question: How do rich people that have major financial problems get to stay rich?

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 How do rich people that have major financial problems get to stay rich?

They aren't immune to bankruptcies in the slightest you just misunderstand how the process works. When a person, or business more so in this scenario goes through a bankruptcy they are given some legal protections and time to make good with their creditors. This is range from just reconfiguring their debts to a price they can continue to pay or sell everything they own and divvy up the proceeds to the creditors.


Question: Why do some languages like Hindu have their own alphabet but also sometimes spell words in English?

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 Why do some languages like Hindu have their own alphabet but also sometimes spell words in English?

Because around the world English has become somewhat of a Lingua Franca, due to British colonization and American influence. You look close to anywhere in the world and you’ll see that English is one of the big languages kids/people are taught, because it’s very useful. With that, countries that don’t speak English and don’t use the same alphabet as English speakers have recently started “translating” their words into the English alphabet, spelling things like city names/building names twice on signs, once in their language and once in the English alphabet version, so even if English speakers can’t actually speak the language, they can still pronounce the name of the place on the sign.


Question: Can someone explain the NASDAQ/DOW/S & P 500 numbers and what they mean when they are up or down at closing?

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 Can someone explain the NASDAQ/DOW/S & P 500 numbers and what they mean when they are up or down at closing?

Do you know the difference between degrees Farenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin? What temp does water freeze at? Well, could be zero, could be 32, could be (umm...) 273? Same actual "energy level", just different scales. Stock market indices are kinda the same -- different ways of measuring all **or some part** of the market. The market is big, and sometimes we want to "slice and dice it" in different ways. * The S & P 500 measures the performance of 500 largest publicly traded U.S. companies. * (It's NOT actually the 500 largest companies in America, because some of them are private.) * "The Dow" usually means the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which measures the performance of 30 U.S. mostly-manufacturers. * The Nasdaq Composite index and the Russell 2000 and -many- others measure other subsets of the U.S. markets. Other indices measure European, Asian, German, Canadian markets, and so on. If there's a piece of the markets that's interesting, there's an index to measure it. ONCE UPON A TIME, the numbers actually meant something in terms of actual share prices of their components. That is no longer the case. Enough for one sitting? I can go deeper if you want...


Question: how does a powerful earthquake shift the earth on its axis?

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 how does a powerful earthquake shift the earth on its axis?

Earthquakes are caused by the Earths crust moving. Even though the earthquake might be centralized at one location half the contenent might move during such an event. And when a huge section of the Earth is moving around the least thing you would expect is for the axis to shift a bit.


Question: Why does condensation and frost form in a circular pattern?

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 Why does condensation and frost form in a circular pattern?

Looks like the temperature has a gradient between the center of your window and the edges. My guess is that the parts of the wall that hold your glass pane are sub-zero, while the environment is warmer. So your window is freezing starting from the parts connected to the wall/window frame. Glass is not a great conductor so the cold doesn’t get too far before it loses out to the ambient temp. The circular shape is just a blurred/softened square due to the way heat traces through the sheet of glass, similar how a perfectly cubed ice cubes will start to round into little round pebbles as they melt


Question: If there is clearly a market for women's clothing with proper pockets, why are they so scarce?

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 If there is clearly a market for women's clothing with proper pockets, why are they so scarce?

Honestly, it's probably because the market for pockets isn't as strong as you may think. Think of it like this -- are there women's clothing with pockets? Yes. Have people who buy women's clothing purchased those clothes en masse instead of clothes without pockets? No. If people who buy women's clothing were regularly choosing clothes with pockets over clothes without pockets, the companies making pocketed clothes would sell more and continue to make more clothes with pockets and the companies making clothes without pockets would lose sales and stop selling those product. Instead, clothes without pockets continue to sell very well, so companies continue to make those clothes. While people who buy women's clothing may like pockets and see them as added value, their buying decisions indicate that pockets not a decisive factor for most styles of clothing.


Question: Why are most canned foods high in sodium? Doesn't the canning process eliminate the need for preservatives?

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 Why are most canned foods high in sodium? Doesn't the canning process eliminate the need for preservatives?

Eh. Not entirely. A few things. First, depending on the food we're talking about, salt might be an inherent part of the process, either of canning in particular or just the food in general. Pickles? Olives? Gotta have salt. You just do. Salt is also a critical ingredient in any number of fermented foods, many of which are canned. Second, salt is a flavor enhancer. Processed food manufacturers have tended to add loads of salt to a wide variety of foods for the better part of a century as a way of making their products tastier. Canned foods are hardly unique here. Third, while canned vegetables are certainly saltier than their raw counterparts, they're not necessarily as salty as you might think. [One 30g slice of white bread]( URL_0 ) has a little less than *three times* as much sodium as [28g of canned green beans]( URL_1 ). Fourth, while canning certainly *tends* to kill biological organisms, it's not magic. Some organisms are merely weakened. Some may even survive, though in small enough numbers that they can't cause a problem if the food is eaten within a year or two. A little salt goes a long way towards ensuring that fewer bacteria survive, and those that do stay dormant. But lastly, bacteria aren't the only things that contribute to food spoilage. There are other chemical processes that have nothing to do with bacteria that can make food go bad, or at least lose quality over time. Discoloration comes immediately to mind, but that's not the only thing. Flavors can change. Textures can break down. Foods can take on flavors from their containers. Salt creates an environment inhospitable to bacteria, to be sure, but it also tends to interfere with some of these other processes, making it useful as a preservative even in a largely sterile environment.


Question: If someone were to fire an object into space that was attached to a rope, would the object float or be pulled down?

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 If someone were to fire an object into space that was attached to a rope, would the object float or be pulled down?

What you're describing is a [space elevator]( URL_0 ) which is well studied concept. While we're far from being able to make this possible, we largely understand how it could work. The biggest hurdle is developing a material that's strong enough. It would also have to have to be exactly on the equator and extend out to exactly the right altitude. The only difference from your scenario is that it has to built from the ground up to at least extend mostly beyond the atmosphere. For a number of reasons, you can't just attach one end to a rocket on the surface and launch it.


Question: how can there be so many funny or interesting videos of bears interacting with humans in urban environments of Russia, like we can see often in /r/anormaldayinrussia, for example ?

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 how can there be so many funny or interesting videos of bears interacting with humans in urban environments of Russia, like we can see often in /r/anormaldayinrussia, for example ?

The bears will eat what they want, regardless of what their diet "requires", and eating scraps from a city is way easier than fighting off two other bears from the dead elk you found. It can be dangerous when they get agressive, and it is bad that they are becoming more used to human contact. It's not the bear's job to stay away though, it's up to the people to find ways to safely keep them away, which doesn't always happen.


Question: Why are almost all things ancient, discovered underground? For example, archeologists have to dig up ancient cities and homes. Are we always gaining layers of land through the years?

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 Why are almost all things ancient, discovered underground? For example, archeologists have to dig up ancient cities and homes. Are we always gaining layers of land through the years?

Sort of. Depends on where you are. Mostly mountains are constantly rising (cause of plate tectonics or volcanoes) and erosion brings bits of mountains down to cover stuff. So while some places are getting buried, other places are getting ground down. Mostly depends on the geography of the area and weather patterns. But the main reason we find old stuff underground is because buried stuff gets shielded from erosion. Stuff that isn't buried tends to wear down over long periods. Technical term is survivorship bias. You only see the survivors, so you tend to think that the things that survived are the norm, because you never see the stuff that disappeared.


Question: Why are economists so sure that there’s a recession looming ahead?

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 Why are economists so sure that there’s a recession looming ahead?

Recessions normally happen every 10-15 years or so, so its quite likely it'll happen soon. Also there are several indicators that tend to go bad before the recession hits, many of which are firing. There is also poor policy, we expect the trade war or Brexit to cause a recession, so it makes sense to expect one soon. Also some countries are already in a recession, so that might spread outward.


Question: Why do intrest rates fall while average living costs increase?

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 Why do intrest rates fall while average living costs increase?

Interest rates are controlled by central banks and are used as a tool to meet Government policies to manage the money supply and the tradeoffs between inflation and economic growth. Interest rates are however only one influcence on either of these factors and are not the core reason why costs rise or fall. It's not simple to Eli5 but Inflation is a result of the herd behaviour of a complex web of billions of human interactions where the price / value of millions of goods and services are constantly changing. When everyone expects prices to rise they adjust their behaviour according. In this way Central Banks have a role to guide these expectations as well as to intervene to control inflation by using interest rates to affect a change in behaviour. What is relevant to OPs question is that almost all central banks have a Government mandated policy of targeting a low positive annual inflation rate e.g. this is 2% for the Bank of England. This is because a low positive rate has been determined to produce the best conditions for long term sustainable economic growth Ever since the financial crisis of 2008 intrest rates have been kept near historical lows as central banks used low rates to prop up demand and support the economy....by making money cheap it is easier to invest. It was also not seen as a good thing to raise interest rates too quickly following an economic crisis and during a period of repaying debt. It is also a matter of many debates whether they should ever return to previously higher levels. There has also not been a trigger to do so in major economies such as a case of runaway inflation or boom that would have caused Central banks to raise them quickly to act to dampen down excessive inflation. TLDR Interest rates are a tool to control inflation..they are not it's route cause. It is possible that they may move in either direction at the time of higher/lower inflarion in response to wider economy wide issues.


Question: The universe is 98 billion lightyears across and 13.8 billion years old. Nothing travels faster than light so how did that happen?

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 The universe is 98 billion lightyears across and 13.8 billion years old. Nothing travels faster than light so how did that happen?

The universe is expanding. By "expanding," we don't mean "things are flying apart out of some explosion." We mean that *space itself* is getting larger. It's as though there was just...*more space* pouring out of every point in the universe. Since this is happening *everywhere,* the effect of expansion is cumulative. If you have two objects, and one is 1 million light-years from Earth and the other is 2 million light-years from Earth, and after a certain time the first object is 2 million light-years from Earth, then the second object will be 4 million light-years from Earth. It's "moving," or expanding away from us, twice as fast. The farther away something is, the faster it's moving away from us. So if you get *really* far away, all that expanding space adds up to the point where two things are moving apart from each other faster than the speed of light. Nothing can *move* faster than light, but neither object is really moving (at least not relative to each other), they're just being carried away like they're on a conveyor belt.


Question: Can someone explain night vision to me?

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 Can someone explain night vision to me?

There are two types of cell in the human eye responsible for eyesight. * *Cone* cells, responsible for color vision, work best in bright light * *Rod* cells, more sensitive than cone cells, operate best at low light, responsible for peripheral vision and night vision The rod cells get overwhelmed in bright light and cease functioning, requiring time to re-adapt to darkness; this is why you temporarily can't see after you switch off the light. Covering one eye prevents its complement of rod cells from being deactivated, allowing them to provide you with night vision.


Question: Why does the planet Saturn have rings?

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 Why does the planet Saturn have rings?

Because god liked it, so he put a ring on it. No one actually knows why Saturn has rings. One relatively compelling theory is that one of Saturn's original moons formed too close to Saturn to have a stable orbit, and as it spiralled slowly towards the planet's surface, it was torn apart by gravity.


Question: what is the science behind FOMO (fear of missing out)?

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 what is the science behind FOMO (fear of missing out)?

We're a social species. We pay attention to each other because there's valuable information in that. If everyone's running away, you should probably run too. If everyone's crowding around a bush, it probably has delicious berries. If an orator manages to convince 75% of the crowd but not you... are you wrong? I mean what's more likely, that three-fourths of the crowd is wrong and you're right... or they're seeing a good deal and you're missing something. If you see or imagine others having a rewarding experience that you are missing out on, you will feel regret. Especially if that experience was within the realm of possibilities for you but you decided to take a pass. Like many things in psychology, it's a response that makes sense in the context of the natural world. But it's easily manipulated in our modern world.


Question: How can the shape, size and material of a cup, glass or container make such a significant impact on the taste of the beverage within?

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 How can the shape, size and material of a cup, glass or container make such a significant impact on the taste of the beverage within?

It depends, really. Sometimes, you don't wash your cups well enough. The flavor from whatever was in there before stays in there and flavors the next glass. Over time and with many drinks, that can really add up and change the flavor. And if you use a certain cup a lot, it probably has been washed more, which in turn means that it has had more chances to get little nicks, pores, and scratches from cleaning that can trap flavor molecules. That doesn't necessarily mean the glass is covered in bacteria, though. Bacteria needs the right amount of food, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen, and moisture to really thrive, which aren't likely to be found in just the tiny, tiny amounts of drink left behind after an average cleaning. Sometimes, the shape of a glass matters. The shape of the glass can determine how much you drink at once. There is a big difference in taste when you sip something and guzzle it. Smaller openings mean you drink less. If a glass is bigger or heavier, you are more likely to tilt it back a bit further when drinking from it. The shape also affects how much air is getting into the drink and how much gas is getting out of it. A soda drunk from a saucer will get flat much faster than one drunk from a bottle - there's just more surface area for the gas to escape from. And with hot or cold drinks, if more of it touches the air, it gets closer to room temperature that much faster. Sometimes, like you noticed, the material matters. A tin cup is probably the best example of this - tin leaves a much stronger taste than most other materials we use for our cups and glasses. But whether you're drinking from glass, porcelain, plastic, styrofoam, wood, or something else, the material affects how porous the cup is (which affects how much flavor can remain trapped between cleanings), how much heat it retains (which affects how quickly it takes for the drink to reach room temperature), and what flavors the cup itself will offer. And sometimes, it really is just in your head. That's not just a dismissive answer, though. The way you think about what you eat or drink DEFINITELY affects how you taste it. Don't believe me? Think about a child vomiting up their dinner because they've convinced themselves so strongly that they will hate it. Think about how different the exact same dish can taste when you are eating it when it was made by a loved one versus when you make it for yourself or have it at a restaurant. Think about blind taste tests, and how two items that normally taste quite different, like apples and potatoes, can be confused when you don't get to see what you're eating. Think about how a good memory can suddenly change a dish, even if you've had it many times before (and if your favorite cup doesn't give you good memories, it probably isn't much of a favorite cup).


Question: How are spider webs so strong?

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 How are spider webs so strong?

I think when they say spider webs are "strong," it refers to the engineering definition of strength. It just means it can take a high amount of stress before it yields. It's still amazing, but it's a lot more mundane than they make out, like you wouldn't really be making swords out of spider silk.


Question: Why does basic matrix multiplication work the way it does?

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 Why does basic matrix multiplication work the way it does?

At their core, matrices are just ways of representing *linear* functions. A function is linear when scaling or adding inputs is the same as scaling or adding results: f(ax) = a\*f(x) and f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y). Imagine, e.g., that x and y are arrows (or vectors, if you know what those are). 'Adding' two arrows means putting the end of one at the beginning of the other, and scaling an arrow just means scaling its length while keeping the direction the same. If you have a linear function that operates on arrows like this, it turns out the *only* things you need to know about it is how it affects the arrow that points 1 foot straight up, the arrow that points 1 foot directly left, and the arrow that points 1 foot directly forward. Let's call these three arrows **i**, **j**, and **k**. You can form *any* arrow by scaling and adding together those three arrows. For example, the arrow that points two feet up is just 2**i**. **i** + **j** is an arrow that points 45 degrees up and to the left, with length sqrt(2). (**i** + **k**)/sqrt(2) is the arrow that points 45 degrees *forward* and to the left, and is one foot long. Basically, *any* arrow x can be written as x = a**i** + b**j** + c**k**. This means that (if f is linear), f(x) = f(a**i** + b**j** + c**k**) = a\*f(**i**) + b\*f(**j**) + c\*f(**k**). Like we said, we only need to know what f(**i**), f(**j**), and f(**k**) are, and we can use this to figure out what f(x) is, for any arrow x. So, we can just write down f(**i**), f(**j**), and f(**k**) in a matrix. Multiplying matrices is meant to represent _composing_ the linear functions that those matrices represent. So if A represents the linear function f(x), and B represents the linear function g(x), A\*B is mean to represent the linear function f(g(x)). This is what motivates matrix multiplication, and why it works the way it does.


Question: How does visible light fall within the electromagnetic spectrum? What do magnets have to do with light?

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 How does visible light fall within the electromagnetic spectrum? What do magnets have to do with light?

Electromagnetic waves [are waves of both an electric and magnetic field]( URL_1 ). Photons are the actors that carry this energy. Electromagnetic radiation happens pretty much everywhere, but an important aspect is heat radiation. Every object will emit some radiation according to its temperature, [shown in this graph]( URL_0 ). Not coincidentally, we evolved to detect the radiation of the sun! Objects (and beings) at lower temperatures emit radiation that is below the visible light frequencies, in the infrared spectrum. Therefore, we can use infrared cameras to detect heat!


Question: Why can we use math to shoot a rocket and pinpoint another planet, but we can't figure out where that space junk will land tomorrow?

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 Why can we use math to shoot a rocket and pinpoint another planet, but we can't figure out where that space junk will land tomorrow?

When we intentionally land a probe on another planet it's guided. We know exactly where it is, its orientation, and it can steer itself to its intended target. A piece of space junk isn't guided and is subject to variables that we can't control and don't know such as its orientation as it tumbles and the exact atmospheric conditions as it reenters.


Question: How the water inside trees doesn't freeze in hard cold winters?

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 How the water inside trees doesn't freeze in hard cold winters?

Because it's a solution; there's a bunch of other stuff dissolved in that water. Just like salt on ice, these other chemicals reduce the freezing point far enough that temperatures rarely reach it. Somebody else will have to explain the capillary action. It's been a while since I read up on that stuff.


Question: How does your body know what time to wake up before an alarm sounds?

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 How does your body know what time to wake up before an alarm sounds?

The body has a natural day cycle called the circadian rhythm. Day(light)/night(dark) periods and hormones cause the circadian rhythm to change. One example of hormones causing it to change is why teenagers stay up later and wake up later. An example of day/night changes is when traveling to a different time zone and your sleep schedule slowly adjusts through a few day to a few weeks. The circadian rhythm can also be seen for meals. If you always feed your pets at a certain time, then they may try to remind you as if to say "hey it's food o'clock, you always feed me now, where's the food"


Question: Why is GDP growth the metric we use to measure the success or strength of an economy? Sure growth is important, but shouldn’t another metric be used? Say poverty rates, median income of participants in said economy, etc. Seems like worrying only about growth is what leads to inequality to me.

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 Why is GDP growth the metric we use to measure the success or strength of an economy? Sure growth is important, but shouldn’t another metric be used? Say poverty rates, median income of participants in said economy, etc. Seems like worrying only about growth is what leads to inequality to me.

To put it succinctly: all of these measure *are* used but GDP is the headline grabber because it changes frequently, and has strong predictive implications for all the other measures. When GDP is growing rapidly, then that *usually* means that more jobs are being created, etc. When GDP is shrinking, or growing slowly, then that's a leading indicator that parts of the economy are in trouble. But of course, as we've been seeing for at least the past decade, GDP can grow *very* unequally. The USA has decent GDP growth over the past decade, but the average American is actually less well off than they were a year ago, so you're correct to see that it's very misleading to assume GDP growth = better for everyone. You're correct to identify that GDP doesn't necessarily tell you anything about wealth distribution or employment, which is why it's important to focus on other indicators as well. "Gini" is normally used for wealth inequality and of course the unemployment rate is a measure of workplace participation, although it's probably more accurate to look at the "workplace participation rate" since unemployment really measures "how many people are looking for work" rather than, for example, how many people have given up looking for work, or if women are not participating etc. Long story short: GDP is a good short term indicator of economic activity. Gini or some other measure can be used to indicate income inequality (and it's bad) Workplace participation rates are a good measure for... workplace participation.


Question: What classifies something as a plastic and how can the same type of plastic (e.g polyester) be used from slick, waterproof shirts to fluffy blankets?

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 What classifies something as a plastic and how can the same type of plastic (e.g polyester) be used from slick, waterproof shirts to fluffy blankets?

Plastics are synthetic or partly synthetic polymeric materials. (Basically materials made from enormously big molecules, compared to other materials.) As to why is there a wide range of plastics. Simply because we spent the last century with trying to make new kinds of plastics that could be applied in different situations. Our technology has evolved so much, that we can now make plastics how we want them. Their properties are mainly controlled by the actually plastic, so PET (PETP) will act completely differently than Teflon. (PTFE) This is caused by them being made from different macromollecules. You can then adjust the properties of plastics by additives, you could make them more heat resistant, you could change their density, you could make them more durable, you could make them conduct electricity better... Pretty much anything. I'm not sure how well did I explain it as English isn't my native language and this is hard to explain to someone who doesn't work or study in the the field even in my native language. But fell free to ask more questions. Also polyesters are category of plastics that PET falls into. They don't have that wide use as you stated, but they can still get pretty useful, not only to make bottles. But the wide range of uses is possible thanks to the additives I wrote about above.


Question: How do you treat injuries like the one Andre Gomes suffered from today?

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 How do you treat injuries like the one Andre Gomes suffered from today?

Sports injuries tend to be assessed in this order: First the team's trainer or doctor (a medical professional who specializes in sports injuries) will try to determine if it is a "soft tissue injury" (a sprain or a strain) or worse, and call over the emergency responders (EMTs or paramedics) if needed. The emergency responders will check for excessive bleeding and control it with a tourniquet if necessary. They will check CMS - Circulation (pulse), Motor (can you wiggle your toes?) and Sensation (can you feel me touching your foot?) This will tell them if there is a blood flow or nerve problem. They either try to reposition the foot into its "anatomical position" (where it is supposed to be in line with the leg) and splint it or leave it as they found it with lots of padding. Protocol usually dictates that they only attempt to reposition ONE time, as manipulating an injury too much can cause further damage. But if achieved, getting the foot back into anatomical position can help alleviate pain and restore bloodflow. This will all happen immediately and simultaneously while they wheel the player off the field to transport him to a hospital specializing in trauma surgery. During transport he will get pain medications through IV (intravenous / in the vein) tube that can be used in the hospital for administering more meds and fluids. Once at the hospital, the injury will be X-rayed and the patient will go to trauma surgery right away, especially if there is a bleeding or circulation issue, but further repairs may be delayed waiting for a specialist orthopaedic surgeon. the bones will be held together with pins, tendons and ligaments can be reattached but they do not regrow or repair like bones. The patient will then require physical therapy that will probably involve the team's trainer and sports physician again.


Question: What happens inside of our body when we take medicine that is not necessarily needed?

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 What happens inside of our body when we take medicine that is not necessarily needed?

The medicine still does its thing: a decongestant will still constrict your blood vessels (to no noticeable effect), a pain reliever/anti-inflammatory will anti-inflame (to no noticeable effect), etc. Your body will work through it like it would if you were sick, except you won't notice most of the effects. If you're taking NyQuil just to get to sleep, get yourself some sleep medication (like generic Unisom). Those have either diphenhydramine (Benadryl), or doxylamine (the stuff in NyQuil) alone, which sounds like what you really want to be taking. Also consider something else, because long-term that's no good. Go to sleep later when you're naturally tired, do something non-electronic that makes you sleepy (books really do it for me), etc.


Question: How do they make crude oil into plastic? How do they make so many kinds of plastic from one substance?

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 How do they make crude oil into plastic? How do they make so many kinds of plastic from one substance?

1) Crude oil is not one substance. It is a mixture of a ton of different products that need to be extracted through various processes: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) & #x200B; 2) Plastics are extremely versatile and a ton of different processes can be used to get different products from what is technically the same plastic. For example, nylon can be used to make strong hard plastic products using one process, it is also used to make clothing and tons of other things with different properties: [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) & #x200B; Basically plastics are made by taking a base chain of hydrocarbons (things with hydrogen and carbon in their make up) and making them form links together. Where those links form change the properties of the end result. We have gotten pretty good at making those links form where we want them to to get what we want.


Question: Why are certain fruits, such as grapefruit and cranberries, dangerous to eat whilst taking blood thinning medication like Warfarin?

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 Why are certain fruits, such as grapefruit and cranberries, dangerous to eat whilst taking blood thinning medication like Warfarin?

Warfarin and other drugs are metabolized (broken down) into active or inactive compounds by enzymes in your liver. Grapefruit and other foods contain substances that can inhibit the activity of these enzymes, stopping the metabolism of these drugs. It can either lead to dangerously high levels of the drugs remaining in your system, or in the case of drugs that need to be broken down before they're active, dangerously low levels as the pro-drug you've taken isn't getting metabolized properly. Also, it can result in other enzymes acting on drugs that aren't usually active or sufficiently active, resulting in the wrong kind of metabolite forming, which can be harmful as well.


Question: why do workers in America have terrible employment rights?

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 why do workers in America have terrible employment rights?

> To begin with, I live in the UK and work for an international famous home furnishings company OK. People are going to give a lot of answers about corporate power in the US but the fact is that large corporateions have power in other countries as well but you don't see this happen there. The real reasons come down to cultural differences in America vs other places in the world. Most people in the US place a much larger degree of importance on being self-reliant, or self made. They also tend to think businesses should be able to offer whatever job they want to offer and workers should be free to accept that job offer or not. Americans, in general, are much more individualistic and not as collectivistic than most other nations. They tend to believe that the individual should have a higher degree of freedom to do what they want when they want and the government should not place restrictions on that. As this relates to time off, Americans want the freedom to accept a higher wage in lue of more time off, more holiday pay or more break time. They do not think the government should be setting generous standards for these things and rather think that the employer/employee should negotiate these things as part of the overall compensation package. To be clear. America is the land of the free individual, not of freedom for "the people". As such they tend to dislike unions, labour laws and other things that set minimum standards that are quite generous. Many Europeans don't really understand this mindset. I think it's important to remind them about the overall size and scale of America as well as how recent the country was settled. As few as 150 years ago, there were vast areas of the country that had no government presence, where the nearest police man was 500 (km) away. People were expected to fend for themselves and defend what was theirs. My Grandfather's grandfather lived in the time of the wild west, even my Grandfather lived in a time where you could just go to some remote location, claim the land and start a homestead. In our collective memory, a time when government barely existed in our lives is very recent. Being self-reliant is part of the core identity of America and it's important to its citizenry. That's changing but this basic identity issue is at the core of the vast majority of political fights in this country. The average Democrat thinks the government is flawed but generally useful and able to make meaningful change in the lives of citizens, they think the government should help people do what needs doing. The classic Republican thinks that government should be kept very small and as local as possible, they think the government is best used when it gets out of the way and allowed the citizenry to thrive for themselves. Republicans generally think the government holds back the people in a bad way, while it has it's used they believe that government has expanded WAY too large in the past 50 years and it's way past the point where it's having a positive impact on the lives of the people. Those two worldviews form the core of the basics of political life in the US.


Question: What is the downside to taking out lots of loans, or credit cards and declaring bankruptcy? (UK)

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 What is the downside to taking out lots of loans, or credit cards and declaring bankruptcy? (UK)

That's not quite how unsecured debt works. All it means is they can't automatically claim ownership of your house if you miss three payments. But they can still sue you in small claims court, and a bailiff will confiscate your property, sell it, and give the money to your creditors. Now, if you wanted to take out loans without risking your property, you would need to form a Limited Liability Company (LLC). This is what Limited Liability means in the name: the company's debts are covered only be the assets of the company, not the assets of its owners. Of course, nobody's going to give a big loan to an LLC without collateral and a history of repaying loans! In theory you could also take out a bunch of loans, spend the money, and declare personal bankruptcy. This makes debts go away, but you don't get to keep your property. Again, there's a court-appointed administrator that gets control over everything you own, and everything you make for a number of years. You get to keep basically some clothes and pots and pans, everything else is sold to pay back your creditors.


Question: How does Minecraft procedurally generate random and unique structures and how can it make an identical one with the same speed?

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 How does Minecraft procedurally generate random and unique structures and how can it make an identical one with the same speed?

It's many, many simple elements stacked on top of each other. The base terrain uses 16 octaves of a form of [Perlin noise]( URL_0 ). Each octave is a basic noise generator, scaled to make large and coarse or small and fine features. It actually has two 16-octave ensembles and a third 8-octave ensemble to blend between the two, adding more irregularities to the terrain. Some altitude-dependent bias (that varies with biomes) is added to differentiate the ground and the sky/ocean. Where the value is positive, stone is used. Where it isn't, air or water is used. Later in the process, the top layers of stone are replaced by dirt/grass or sandstone/sand, or whatever a biome needs. The seed is used to initialize the [random number generator]( URL_2 ) (RNG) used to generate the permutations used by the noise generator and offset their results, giving different results for different seeds but the same result for the same seed. Caves are generated separately. For each chunk (16x16 blocks), an RNG is initialized to a value dependent on the world seed and the chunk's location. First, some numbers are extracted to determine how many cave elements to generate in that chunk. It uses a [probability distribution]( URL_1 ) that tends to generate few elements in any one chunk (usually none), but occasionally generates many (up to 14, a cave system). Then it tries to spawn that many "worms" starting from random locations in the chunk. There are some variations, like sometimes it creates a circular room with up to 4 worms and sometimes a worm is made much thicker than most. The worm shape is generated by moving a point in some direction and adjusting the direction randomly but smoothly. A roughly spherical shape with a flat bottom is carved out of the terrain around most such points. (Sometimes not, making caves look rougher.) This process is run for many chunks around the chunk that needs to be generated up to the range of the worms, ensuring a worm that starts in one chunk appears in every other chunk it encounters as well. There's a second population phase where features like trees and ores are added to the world. This phase is more free-form and can affect multiple chunks at a time. It again initializes an RNG to a value depending on the world seed and chunk location. Then it just tries to place things in random locations in or near the chunk, seeing if conditions for actually placing the thing are met. Even with the same seed, results may vary slightly depending on the order in which chunks are populated! This is just a tiny portion of everything. I hope it gives you a little taste. Source: I'm the one who reverse-engineered generation to the point that I could [resurrect the Far Lands](/r/Minecraft/comments/2su65c/i_resurrected_the_far_lands_in_181/).


Question: Why does the milk poured into coffee or tea not spoil if left out/not consumed over many hours, while a glass of milk or cream left out would go bad?

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 Why does the milk poured into coffee or tea not spoil if left out/not consumed over many hours, while a glass of milk or cream left out would go bad?

Milk has a complex carbohydrate called lactose (this is the same thing that lactose-intolerant people can't digest/breakdown). Some bacteria can't go through aerobic respiration, i.d. taking in oxygen and glucose to make energy for your cells. So these bacteria go through anaerobic respiration which involves fermentation. The byproducts of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid and ethanol. So hungry bacteria see that lactose, go through fermentation, create lactic acid, and turn the milk bitter and curdy. But to do all this, the bacteria need a nice pH balanced environment with adequate temperature. Coffee manages to destroy both of these conditions. Coffee is more acidic, so it lowers the pH, and it is usually hot. When you do this to the milk, the bacteria that was on the milk will either die or have its enzymes denatured so it can't ferment the lactose. Caffeine itself is seen as an anti-microbial (because of its acidity and some other stuff that I don't really know about), so this is why it also works with tea. So next time you want to make sure your milk lasts a bit longer, either turn it to coffee or tea, or heat it up and cover it so no more nasty bacteria will feed on your hard earned lactose.


Question: What is GDP? What does it mean if a country has high or low GDP?

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 What is GDP? What does it mean if a country has high or low GDP?

GDP is gross domestic product and it measures the market value of all final goods and services produced by a country. Basically it measures a country’s economic performance on a yearly basis but can be calculated quarterly. It doesn’t really matter if the GDP is low or high but if GDP rising or falling. Rising GDP means the economy is in pretty good shape where as falling GDP indicates the economy is in trouble. A high GDP however simply means the country is producing a lot and the citizens have a lot of total income thus are spending more. A country with low GDP won’t produce as much or have as much income but that doesn’t mean their economy is bad.


Question: How do ants know to bite?

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 How do ants know to bite?

They have tiny little hairs/feelers that can tell them a bit about what they are on. As far as biting your shoe and leg when you "attack them" ie. Accidentally step on them an individual ant will release chemicals that indicate the colony is threatened. The more ants you disturb the more signals are released and stronger chemical signals gets a stronger defensive response from surrounding ants. It is likely they are attacking anything that is perceived as the threat including your shoe. But the individual ant can also detect organic matter with his feelers and might defer to chomping into juicy organics rather than your shoe.


Question: How does a vinyl record store audio??

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 How does a vinyl record store audio??

Because sound is vibration. So, a microphone just vibrates with the air and that movement is captured and amplified by the electronics. All you need to do to create the sound again is vibrate the air the exact same way. If you take a speaker and a microphone apart, you'll see that they're the same concept: air vibrates a membrane which vibrates a wire near a magnet, which creates electricity with the same vibration frequencies as the sound. Needle vibrating on vynil, magnetic oscillations recorded on cassette tape, or a laser passing over pits in a music CD to "vibrate" the reflected laser beam, all of these get converted into electronic frequencies, which then the speakers or the headphones vibrate the air and create sound again. And your ear drums pick up the air vibrations and convert them to nerve pulses, which your brain then interprets as music or language with meaning.


Question: How does "Hidden City" travel cost airlines?

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 How does "Hidden City" travel cost airlines?

It's an opportunity cost. That is, the lost revenue from the ticket they could have sold. Both for the intended destination and the empty seat that the airline could have resold. If I want to travel to Atlanta it might cost me $500. But, if I book a trip to Macon, Georgia that connects through Atlanta the price might only be $200. If I get off in Atlanta and never take the final leg to Macon then I saved $300 but the airline considers that lost revenue. If I had been honest about where I wanted to go then the airline would have asked for more money. Then there's the lost opportunity to sell the seat that I reserved on the Atlanta to Macon flight. It doesn't directly cost the airline money but it represents a lost opportunity for them to sell that seat to someone else.


Question: How can one tell if they have absolute pitch vs. relative pitch?

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 How can one tell if they have absolute pitch vs. relative pitch?

Absolute pitch is knowing the exact chromatic note being played just like a tuner regardless of key. Relative pitch is hearing and knowing whether a note is in tune based on the key one is in. Edit: People say you’re born with absolute pitch and it can’t be learned. Relative pitch can be learned.