Question: What is a private equity firm?

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 What is a private equity firm?

A private equity firm utilizes money from limited partners (investors - typically members of the firm and outsiders like pension funds, wealthy individuals, institutions, etc.) to purchase companies, do something with them that ranges from holding, to re-organizging, to merging with other companies they acquire, to splitting up companies. & #x200B; Typically private equity firms buy companies \_with leverage\_. For example a $100M software company with a $200M valuation might be purchased for said $200M by the PE firm. The firm will put in 20M and a bank (or group of banks) will put in 180M. The PE firm places that debt \_in the company they just purchased\_. The firm then needs to re-org the company such that it can pay down this debt - this is why they often fire top management, do massive restructurings, etc. This means that "success" to the PE firm means that the company can pay of this debt ITSELF and then the company can be sold - it doesn't even need to be sold for more money and the PE firm makes a profit because after 5-10 years of paying of its own debt the debt is now significantly smaller meaning a sale price that is the same as buy price is actually very profitable since all the proceeds go to the PE firm, the bank was just making interest. & #x200B; Most PE firms create "funds" that are managed by different directors in the firm - they then raise a next fund and a fund after that which each fund typically having a target lifespan of about 10 years. Their ultimate goal is to create return for investors. It's "private equity" in that they are buying corporate equity, but not on the public market (or if they are buying public equity it is to "take it private"). There are lots and lots of variants of private equity firms too.


Question: Why do men go bald but women don't?

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 Why do men go bald but women don't?

Some women *do* go bald, or at least experience thinning of their hair. But the typical male pattern baldness appears to be instigated by testosterone which of course men have a higher dose of than women. So women, assuming they have a somewhat normal hormonal state, will tend to avoid balding more than men.


Question: Why do gasoline/petrol prices keeps fluctuating of it's a natural resource? And who keeps to dictate the price?

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 Why do gasoline/petrol prices keeps fluctuating of it's a natural resource? And who keeps to dictate the price?

There are thousands of wells all over the world. Sometimes some of them close down because they run dry, sometimes new ones are drilled and start producing. This changes the prices some. Next is the fact that demand changes over time depending on the time of year and if people are driving more or less than normal. Next, the fact that companies, countries, and OPEC change how much they charge depending on that demand to try and make a profit. At the same time, if there is lets say, a war in a country that produces oil, the overall supply of oil will decrease and therefore prices will rise.


Question: How do pirates crack game?

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 How do pirates crack game?

It depends on the game, or rather what type of DRM (anti-piracy software) the game is using. In the old days, all you had to do to crack a game was figure out how CD keys were created for it and then make you own the same way. Later on, companies started connecting their singleplayer offline games to online servers, so you had to figure out what the game and servers said to each other and copy it.


Question: Why adding sugar to the water make it more viscous than adding salt?

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 Why adding sugar to the water make it more viscous than adding salt?

Salt and sugar might look very similar and both dissolve in water, but they are chemically VERY different. Salt is sodium chloride, it is made up of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. For salt to be made, the sodium atom must lose an electron and become a sodium ion and the chlorine atom must add the sodium’s electron and become a chloride ion. The sodium ion is then attracted to the chloride ion and a bondis formed from the attraction between a positive and negative ion. This is called an **ionic bond.** If one dissolves salt in water, the ionic bond breaks and the ions let go of each other, so the molecule does not stay intact in the process. Sugar on the other hand consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen forming large molecules with **covalent bonds**. The atoms in sugar do not form ions; instead, they share their electrons. When sugar is dissolved in water, the bonds stay intact and thus are the molecules. Because whole molecules remain in the solution, it becomes viscous and sirupy.


Question: Why does the body consume carbohydrates first and then fats when exercising?

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 Why does the body consume carbohydrates first and then fats when exercising?

The actual answer is a bit more complicated than that. What cells actually use for fuel is ATP, which is an energetic protein that we make using carbohydrates, fats, and other things as a fuel source. ATP is mostly produced by mitochondria, organelles inside cells, and muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria. At any given time, we have a little bit of liberated sugar, glucose mostly, which is floating around in the blood, being taken up by cells that need to produce more ATP, and being used by them to make ATP. When we start to exercise or burn a lot of calories, the amount of free glucose we have in the blood goes down, so we start liberating it by making more out of molecules we have stored. The big ways we store energy are as glycogen, a long-chain sugar in the liver, and fat. It is pretty easy to separate glucose from glycogen, so that is the first form of reserve energy we go to. It is a more time-consuming process to make glucose from fats, and there are more bad by products produced. So we don't start burning fats until our bodies know we are in it for the long haul.


Question: Why are other stocks effected so much when one stock crashes?

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 Why are other stocks effected so much when one stock crashes?

There are multiple reasons. 1. Problems in one stock may indicate a problem in the entire industry. If all cows suddenly got sick, the milk company’s stocks suffer and also the cow leather company would have lower future income and investors would sell. 2. Investors who lose their money in the crash may overreact and sell their other stocks (once bitten, twice shy). There are also stop-loss algorithms which sell all the investor’s stock when they suffer a significant loss, which might cause this. 3. The crash of a major stock will lead to lower incomes for investors, and also potential firing of employees etc which leads to decreased economic growth. This will result in lower profits for other companies and is reflected by a overall market shift downwards.


Question: How do weapons "lock-on" to aircraft and vice versa how do aircraft "know" they are being "locked-on"?

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 How do weapons "lock-on" to aircraft and vice versa how do aircraft "know" they are being "locked-on"?

Locking-on is the computer telling the pilot "hey, there's a thing here I can tell apart from empty air, it doesn't go away and I can keep finding it." How it's telling it's doing this depends on how the missile is being guided. Not every guidance system produces a "lock-on" warning. For example, Infra-Red Seekers are just cameras that tell a plane apart from the air, because the plane is hotter than the air. You don't have any way to detect this, just like you don't have any way to know if someone is watching your right now on a camera. Radar guided systems on the other hand can be detected. Radars work by shooting out radio waves and reading the bounce. Normally the radar sweeps around a wide area, but not very quickly. The thing just bounce back an you record what direction you were pointing. This is because you just need to know generally where everything is, but don't really need all that much specific. However, if you want a missile with a radar to fly into a plane, you need to be constantly hitting it with radar waves in order to keep up with its exact position. It's alot easier to aim a beam of radar then it is a gun. The plane just constantly bombards the entire area around the target with a lot of radio waves, and it reflects to the missile. Figuring out where that area is, and getting it bounce back would be locking on. But that much radar waves looks very different from just a normal radar scan. The fighters have radio detectors to tell. If it gets hit a lot by radar in a short time span, it sounds the lock on alarm. This is semi-active homing, where the plane is shooting the radar beams, some missiles have their own radar, and they can try to guess where to move their radar scans next. EDIT: Just thought of the perfect analogy for a 5 year old to understand a radar lock on. **You ever watch one of those prison break movies, where they got the search light sweeping back and forth looking for stuff? Locking on would be that light stopping and staying on the escaping prisoner after he got found. Lock on alarm would be that prisoner noticing he's constantly in the light**


Question: What exactly proves the pythogeran theorem to be true?

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 What exactly proves the pythogeran theorem to be true?

Take a square of area c^2 and place that inside a square at an angle so the corners touch the sides of the larger square. [As seen here]( URL_0 ) Each of the 4 triangles have the area 1/2ab combined this is 4 x 1/2ab or 2ab The larger square has the area (a+b)^2 which expands to a^2 + b^2 + 2ab So the large square can have its area described in two ways which are then equal so we have a^2 + b^2 + 2ab (full area) = c^2 + 2ab (small square plus 4 triangles) We can cancel the 2ab out on both sides to give: a^2 + b^2 = c^2


Question: Why are there hardly any green mammals, but lots of green reptiles and amphibians? Wouldn't they be more likely to survive due it being effective camouflage?

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 Why are there hardly any green mammals, but lots of green reptiles and amphibians? Wouldn't they be more likely to survive due it being effective camouflage?

> Green sloths exist, so we know it's possible for fur to undergo green color mutations Untrue. Sloths don't have green fur; they have green algae and moss growing in their greyish-brown fur. My understanding is that the particular green pigment simply never arose in the mammalian lineage. When it comes to evolution and "why didn't..." questions, there are two possible answers: either the necessary mutation never happened, or it happened and then got weeded out either through chance or through natural selection.


Question: What makes objects transparent or translucent?

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 What makes objects transparent or translucent?

The previous response talked about the arrangement of atoms but this is not the reason that some things are transparent to visible light. The wavelength of visible light is many hundreds of times bigger than atoms so it is almost impossible for light to travel through a material without interacting, the actual explanation is more complex. For when UV and visible light encounter an object it will interact with the valence electrons of the atoms in a number of different ways depending on the wavelength of light and the type of atom (The difference due to wavelength is why some things can be transparent to some colours but not others) When the light interacts with the electron there are 2 options that are important here, either it is absorbed and then scattered which will cause the object to be opaque to this wavelength, or the electrons are unable to absorb it and it continues on its path without interacting causing the material to be transparent to it


Question: Why is the sound of chewing so much louder when wearing ear phones?

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 Why is the sound of chewing so much louder when wearing ear phones?

Once you cut out the distraction caused by noises in your environment, the noises that you cause internally, inside your own mouth, will be that much easier to hear. Those noises do not have to reach your inner ear by way of your eardrum which is blocked by earphones. They can travel directly by bone conduction, through your skull.


Question: How does the 0.1 % of bacteria escape from antibacterial sanitizer?

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 How does the 0.1 % of bacteria escape from antibacterial sanitizer?

Who says it does? The "kills 99.9% of bacteria" is *primarily* to keep the company safe. It likely kills 100% of the bacteria that the company has tested it against, but if they say it kills 100% and someone finds a bacteria it can't kill, or gets sick despite using their 100% effective sanitizer, the company opens themselves up to lawsuits because they "lied" about the effectiveness. If they say 99.9% and one or two gets by, those are just part of the 0.1% and you can't sue them because they didn't promise 100% effectiveness.


Question: How does the Mandela Effect work?

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 How does the Mandela Effect work?

Faulty memory and delusions of the past. Human memory is faulty. You eat your chicken sandwich. In an hour you'll remember eating it, then maybe you'll remember it again later. At each instance you're not remembering the chicken sandwich, you're just remembering your memory of it. You save and overwrite your memory each time. That memory is subject to change. Maybe one time you see a misspelling or something else, so you incorporate it into your memory, and now you have a false memory. Maybe you saw someone spell Chick-fil-A incorrectly, incorporated that into you memory, now you're remembering an incorrect memory, and due to bad memory, paranoia over conspiracies, age, and delusion, you think the name changed or you're going insane. Since the internet allows insane people across the world to congregate, then a bunch of people can think they're collectively insane, therefore a conspiracy, therefore < insert whatever theory it is > .


Question: What does seize the means of production really mean?

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 What does seize the means of production really mean?

Marx said that eventually capitalism would end in a fight between the people who actually work in the factories and produce goods and the people who own the capital that they use to do that producing. Seizing the means of production is a description of what he expected the workers to do during that period: take---by force---control of productive property for collective use.


Question: how does the bikes not fall over during those high speed motorcycle races when they are going around corners,leaning on the side and almost touching the ground?

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 how does the bikes not fall over during those high speed motorcycle races when they are going around corners,leaning on the side and almost touching the ground?

Because their momentum is going against the turn. Like, you know how when you take a sharp turn in a car, you get pulled in the opposite direction? That's happening to them, too. So when they tilt really close to the ground, that same force keeps pulling them in the opposite direction and is what keeps them from falling.


Question: What is the point of sentencing a criminal to multiple/consecutive life sentences as opposed to a singular life sentence?

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 What is the point of sentencing a criminal to multiple/consecutive life sentences as opposed to a singular life sentence?

Each crime is given one sentence. If a person is sentenced only once, there is a chance that sentencing could be overturned by some legal work; either proving innocence in that one event, or by casting doubt on the method the evidence was handled, or some other such issue. If they were sentenced only once for the sum total of their crimes, and one of those crimes was later found to be wrongful in some way, they would have to be let out on that crime (and thereby all other crimes). Multiple sentences mean even if one of those verdicts is overturned, the person will remain imprisoned for the remainder of their life.


Question: How did the checkered flag become the symbol of finishing a motorsport race?

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 How did the checkered flag become the symbol of finishing a motorsport race?

I'm sure they used solid color flags for most signals, but for the last lap you want something that can't be mistaken for anything else. Oftentimes there is dust, rain, smoke, whatever, that obscures a racers vision, so it's obvious they picked the checkerboard as it is pretty unique and impossible to mistake for anything else, no matter what the light level or visibility impairments are.


Question: - what is it that causes you to wake up naturally?

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 - what is it that causes you to wake up naturally?

A variety of factors, but the main one is something called the Circadian Rhythm. The human brain produces a chemical called melatonin. It's always doing this, but the amount fluctuates throughout the day. When melatonin is high, we become sleepy, and when it's low, we become wakeful. We fall asleep and wake up according to the cycling between high and low, which takes about 24 hours to complete one full rotation. This is sometimes called the biological clock, because it's like an internal sense of time. However, this rhythm is sensitive to external conditions. We have evolved to adjust our circadian rhythms based on the light we're exposed to, because this makes us sync up with the day/night cycle. Light destroys melatonin, so when light is high, melatonin is lower than normal, and when light is low, melatonin is as high as it would normally be. Gradually, this nudges our circadian rhythms into a schedule that matches up with the light/dark cycle we're exposed to. This is also why it's recommended that people with insomnia don't use computers, phones and other electronic screens for about an hour before they want to go to bed - because the strong light these devices give off destroys melatonin, and it takes time for the brain to replenish it to the point of feeling sleepy. Also, the reason this doesn't happen with regular light bulbs is because it's specifically a kind of blue-coloured light that does this. Traditional light bulbs, by sheer chance, don't produce much blue light. Computer screens do.


Question: When paper gets wet, why does it dry wrinkly instead of flat?

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 When paper gets wet, why does it dry wrinkly instead of flat?

The fibers in the paper swell when they absorb water, but the fibers are not all the same size, so the swelling is not uniform. This means the paper deforms because the surface area of some fibers has changed relative to other connected fibers that did not change as much (or did not change at all).


Question: The US Federal Reserve System and effectively how much of it is under private control and how much under public control?

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 The US Federal Reserve System and effectively how much of it is under private control and how much under public control?

0% of the Fed is under private control. The Fed uses its own set of terminology in which it uses words in a manner that is totally inconsistent with those words' dictionary definitions. For example, the Fed uses words like "stock holder" to refer to a non-ownership relationship that it has with banks. In short, interstate banks are required to deposit money with the Fed. Once this money is deposited, they share data on banking conditions and the monetary supply with the Fed, which then shares that data with other banks. That is the extent of a bank's relationship with the Fed - that of a legally compelled depositor. Its not advisable to try to pick apart the Fed's operations as a layperson. When the Fed came into existence in the early 1900's it was *incredibly* controversial. To get around this controversy they created a very obtuse system that was design to look like a private bank from the outside. So technically the Fed is composed of multiple banks, each of which have their own "governing" structure. But none of that structure matters because its powerless to act. The only entity with any decision making ability in the Fed is the national Board of Governors, which is appointed entirely by the US Government. Or to put it another way, when the Fed was originally created the idea of the Federal Government being allowed to interfere with the banking system was wildly unpopular. So the original creators of the Fed designed it to look like a private bank that was owned by other private banks to a person who wasn't already familiar with how it works. As unsatisfying as it is, its not possible to explain the intricacies of how the Fed works in a few paragraphs on the internet. If you want an in-depth explanation of it that's something that you basically have to go to school for. Alternatively you can just take it on faith that the regional banks are not actually independent entities and that their governing boards have no actual power or authority.


Question: In a cold environment, why does pain seem to be amplified as opposed if I get hurt when it's warmer?

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 In a cold environment, why does pain seem to be amplified as opposed if I get hurt when it's warmer?

Well I'm not sure, but being wrong on the internet is a great way to get someone to give an angry right answer SO: My best stab First, there's the physical side. When your muscles are cold, they're much tighter. So when something hits your muscles (eg. stubbing your toe, or even clapping), you're dealing with the pain of the hit, but also the pain of suddenly stretching a tight muscle. These two types of pain add up, and you feel them together. Second, there's the pain itself. Your body uses pain nerves to sense pain. They have a threshold - so a small impact won't register as pain, but if you're hit hard enough to maybe cause a little damage, you will usually feel a bit of pain. Extreme cold can also cause damage, so your pain nerves also 'listen' for temperatures that are too hot or too cold. If your nerves are already noticing that it's really cold, then they might be on the edge of telling your brain that they're sensing damage (eg. pain). It's possible that means a smaller hit will feel like a much harder hit as a result. Maybe


Question: What exactly is happening when a computer starts getting file corruptions to the point where it's doomed towards total failure?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What exactly is happening when a computer starts getting file corruptions to the point where it's doomed towards total failure?

Generally, in a HDD, it's due to mechanical failure. The drive is structured by its smallest units of storage called sectors, when it experiences a mechanical error in one of those sectors, the sector is beyond repair and referred to as a bad sector. The bad sectors are marked to be skipped, and remapped into spare physical sectors. If your drive uses a S.M.A.R.T monitoring system, it keeps track of the bad sectors its had to remap in the reallocated sector count. This count is used as a metric of the life expectancy of the drive.


Question: Why do invasive bacterias/viruses have surface presenting antigens?

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 Why do invasive bacterias/viruses have surface presenting antigens?

Antigens aren't all made on purpose. An antigen is *any* molecular bond that will trigger an immune response. Some of them are just natural products of the way proteins are folded to make cell walls, cell membranes, or viral protein shells. We deliberately use antigens as a way to screen what is inside of our bodies, and it's a constant arms race. The more antigens our cells have, the harder it is for invaders to pretend to belong inside of us. On the other hand, more antigens also make it more likely that our immune systems will get confused and start attacking our own bodies. Random mutations help us because it means our antigens change a little bit sometimes with every generation, especially the precise combination of antigens that *only you* will have, even if the ones you have are the same ones drawn from a pool of possible combinations. That means having the *correct* antigens is just as important as not having incorrect antigens. A human cell has a lot of antigens that are unique to humans, but present in most if not all humans. Some antigens are unique to mammals but present in all mammals. When a virus or bacterium is invading a body, it can "hide in plain sight" by presenting the correct antigens and making the body believe that it belongs there. In the case of, say, rabies, it is presenting antigens that all mammals have. Your cells are all mammalian ^^[citation ^^needed] so your immune cells see the protein shell of the rabies virus as mammalian protein bits. Likewise, a bacterium might escape attack from an immune cell by pretending to be a part of the host's biology. However, because those antigens or combinations of antigens are usually very unique, the bacterium or virus must also be unique. Rabies can't affect reptiles at all, because reptile immune cells would immediately recognize it as foreign. The same antigens that tell a mammal's immune system to leave it alone trigger the reptile immune system to attack. Many bacteria species and viruses are so unique that they can only affect one species. For example, HIV stands for *Human* Immunodeficiency Virus, and only humans can get it. There are very closely related viruses that affect other monkeys (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, SIV), but those don't affect humans. HIV is what happened when an SIV virus mutated to be able to affect humans - which makes sense, since humans are closely related to monkeys, so it doesn't take a big change for SIV to become HIV. Random mutations help the viruses and bacteria, too. Sometimes it works out in their favor and the antigens they end up with look more like the ones of the host they're trying to invade. That's not good for us. Sometimes it works out *really* well for them and the antigens end up looking not like their normal host, but a new host, and the pathogen moves into this new host. That's *really* bad for us because usually it means we have zero defenses against it, because we've never encountered it before. And sometimes the mutations make the pathogens less able to invade, and our bodies attack and defeat them. So a pathogen might have just enough human-looking antigens to sort of work, but it has some leftover antigens from when it was invading monkeys or cows or chickens, and our bodies attack it.


Question: How can businesses and organizations get away with making an intern work full-time without pay?

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 How can businesses and organizations get away with making an intern work full-time without pay?

At the end of the day, it's because people accept the internship. No one forces them to work for no pay, it's not slavery. The fact that you often 'require' the experience to get a paid job is irrelevant under the eyes of the law in many places. They would say you entered into the employment fully understanding the consequences and willingly cooperate.


Question: how does shampoo clean and conditioner condition?

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 how does shampoo clean and conditioner condition?

The shampoo breaks down the sebum oil (and grime caught in the oils) that plain water can't dissolve, like a mild soap. This leaves hair without its natural oily protective coating, and so it can become dried out which can lead to a suite of potential skin/hair issues if overdone. Conditioner can help prevent that when used after regular shampooing. It is a factory made protective coating (sometimes silicon based I think) designed to protect the hair surface. This gives your hair the protection from the elements that your natural oils would normally do. The key is to find your scalp and skin's equillibrium. Not all people have the same requirements because the body's surface is complex and hosts a vast diversity of very important microbe populations.


Question: Difference between APY and APR?

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 Difference between APY and APR?

So say you have a 12% interest rate per year. On the surface, that would seem to indicate that if you owed $1000, you would be charged 12% or $120 per year because of interest. But generally, that 12% per year is split into 1% per month. Now, if you imagine that you didn't actually pay anything, and just let that build up over a year, then on month 1 you would be charged $10 dollars, an exact 1% of $1000. But on month 2, you would be charged 1% of $1010, or $10.10, because you are now paying interest on not only the initial $1000, but also the additional $10. Month 3 you are charged 1% of $1020.10 or $10.20. So on and so forth. In the end, what you end up paying is the same as 12.7% interest applied all at once at the very end ($127), rather than what seemed to be 12%. APR is that tricky way of doing things, where you have to break payments into months and then compound the interest each month. APY is the "honest" way of displaying how much interest you'll actually be paying. -----Side Tangent------ The actual formula for this compound interest is P x (r/n)^nt Where P is the initial loan or investment r is the interest rate (1% = 0.01) n is the number of times the interest is compounded in a given time period (12 times for once per month for one year) and t is the number of times the compounding occurs. So for example, 2 years of month compounding at 12% annually would appear as P x (0.12/12)^(12 x 2) or P x (0.01)^24 The interesting thing I find about this is that if you decrease that month down to weeks or days or hours or minutes, all the way down to *continuously*, the total interest does not approach infinity, but instead approaches Pe^rt Where e is Eulers number, or about 2.7. This also appears *everywhere* in science and in the natural world when describing how things grow or decay over time.


Question: What is Linux and why is it used?

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 What is Linux and why is it used?

Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that can be used to build your own, custom operating system to fit your computing needs. Because it's open-source, it's also free, so you can find whatever distribution you need and install it on your machine without having to pay for it. Furthermore, each distribution is often heavily refined towards a specific goal, whether its being small, fast, efficient, or comprehensive. It's fairly popular among the hacking community (both "White hat" hackers - tinkerers and hobbyists - and "Black hat" hackers - the malicious ones that create viruses), and since it's so popular, people are constantly working to keep it secure.


Question: How does Gorilla Glue (polyurethane-based) differ from Cyanoacrylate-based glues? What are the specific use cases?

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 How does Gorilla Glue (polyurethane-based) differ from Cyanoacrylate-based glues? What are the specific use cases?

> and I'm curious when the best times to use each of them are. Polyurethane glues are not water based and so don't penetrate into wood as much as a polyvinyl-acetate glue would, and accept stains and finishes very well. They take quite a while to harden (6 to 8 hours) though and do so in the presence of moisture, so they are great for woodworking. Cyanoacrylate glues are very fast setting (10 seconds to 10 minutes) but tend to be expensive so bonding large areas can get pricy. Also they tend to be brittle and impacts can shatter them.


Question: What is 5G and what would it mean if a cable company was investing in it?

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 What is 5G and what would it mean if a cable company was investing in it?

5G is a blanket term for what is being dubbed the next generation of wireless uses, to include things like faster mobile data, internet of things, and plenty of other uses that we haven't yet nailed down. IF you ask a dozen people, in the industry what 5G will do, you'll get a variety of generic answers, plus each one will probably tell you "we don't know yet, but we know it will be important in the future..." All telecom companies are investing in wireless applications such as 5G as an area that the world is moving to. Nothing interesting there. Just another step towards the future of connectivity, and everyone is getting in on the action.


Question: How do different types of cheeses get made?

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 How do different types of cheeses get made?

Milk from different breeds of cow, or from different different species of animal. Different feed combinations for said animals. The amount of rennet if any is used, and what animal that rennet is sourced from. The amount and kinds of bacteria or fungi used if any are used. The duration, air temp, humidity level, and other factors of the aging process such as use of wax, or submerging in wine if it is aged at all. The use of various herbs, spices, and other flavoring agents if they are used at all.


Question: How do you calculate the odds of events that happened multiple times in a row?

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 How do you calculate the odds of events that happened multiple times in a row?

You would multiply the chance of winning the game three times: (0.00168)^3 = 0.00168 * 0.00168 * 0.00168 = 4.74 * 10^(-9) = 0.00000000474 or 0.000000474% chance of winning the game. To calculate the chance of any sequence of events occurring, you multiply the chances of each event. In this example, the event was the same.


Question: Why do some things stay together when wet (sponges, cloth) but others fall apart (tissues, paper)?

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 Why do some things stay together when wet (sponges, cloth) but others fall apart (tissues, paper)?

It has to do with what’s causing them to stick together when they’re dry. Sponges are usually one big piece of material. Cloth is made by interweaving long strings. Both of those things might expand if they get wet, but water can’t unweave threads. On the other hand, something like paper is made from very fine wood pulp. There isn’t any kind of structure running through the entire sheet: it’s just tiny bits of cellulose stuck together with glucose. When you get paper wet, the glucose, being sugar, is water soluble, so it mixes into the water and stops binding to the cellulose. This means that the paper is just a pile of disjointed wood pulp, and it falls apart.


Question: How are animation movies (Pixar, etc.) made?

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 How are animation movies (Pixar, etc.) made?

The old style of animated movies was to hand paint the backgrounds, and overlay the characters on semi-transparent sheets. That would allow them to use the same background for many frames, and only have to change the characters. Toy Story (which came out in the 90's) was the first feature length movie to be entirely animated on computers. Toy Story uses 100% computer generated graphics. In the 90's and 2000's it wasn't unheard of for animated movies to blend techniques, doing some hand-drawn frames and some computer animation. Nowadays pretty much all animated movies and shows are done on computers, even the ones that look hand drawn.


Question: - How do companies use tax havens to avoid paying taxes but still get their money back to their home country for personal use?

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 - How do companies use tax havens to avoid paying taxes but still get their money back to their home country for personal use?

Normally if they try to repatriate the money then they are likely to be charged tax, but it depends, to avoid this they can take out a loan with the offshore money acting as collateral. There are more complicated things they can do about splitting company into different divisions and having the division in the tax haven being the most profitable part and therefore since the tax has been "paid" then repatriating it is tax free.


Question: If when you fall asleep you’re muscles are totally limp & relaxed, then why does falling asleep in an otherwise awkward position cause muscle cramps/kinks upon waking up?

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 If when you fall asleep you’re muscles are totally limp & relaxed, then why does falling asleep in an otherwise awkward position cause muscle cramps/kinks upon waking up?

When you fall asleep, your muscles are NOT totally limp and relaxed - specifically your breathing muscles. If you're a side sleeper for example, your neck, arms, and legs can also sometimes tense up in order to help keep you in a certain position so you don't stop breathing. Spine alignment is also important. If you sleep with a hunched back, or a crooked neck, you can cause muscle bunching/stretching, as said in another comment.


Question: Why is nuclear fusion still not in the horizon as an energy source?

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 Why is nuclear fusion still not in the horizon as an energy source?

It is on the horizon. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER), a tokamak reactor being built in the south of france since 2013 should be finished in 2021. It's being assumed it will generate 500 megawatts with 50MW of input, but I'll be happy with Q = 1(breakeven). I don't think we fully appreciate the amount of gravity that is acting on stars to achieve this reaction, and at our tiny level, it would appear a net loss every time.


Question: How do ticks expand so much despite having an exoskeleton?

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 How do ticks expand so much despite having an exoskeleton?

If you look at them way up close, using a scanning electron microscope, you can see that their exoskeleton is folded, finely corrugated, so that it can expand to what seems like a huge size. You can often see clusters or patches of bacteria on the exoskeleton, and it seems obvious that when a tick breaks open, as they sometimes do, the bacteria could easily mingle with the blood meal. That is especially bad because ticks can heal themselves when they’re torn open. When you squeeze one, trying to get it off of your skin, you can then easily inject those bacteria into your wound.


Question: If you can represent yourself in court, why can't you have anyone you want represent you?

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 If you can represent yourself in court, why can't you have anyone you want represent you?

Well you can, but they'd have to agree to represent you, and be qualified to represent you. You don't have to be qualified to represent you, but you're a unique case... mind you a judge can still decide that you *need* representation and assign you a public defender anyway. I mean, you *could* ask for Bon Jovi to represent you, but why would he, even if it would be allowed?


Question: What does this helium shortage mean? Can we make more? Isn’t it important?

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 What does this helium shortage mean? Can we make more? Isn’t it important?

In order: It will mean that we can't run things like the LHC, MRIs, and other machines that needs to be super-cold or have extremely strong magnets. We also can't do certain sorts of studies on physics. We can't make it, because it only comes from nuclear decay. We happen to get it when we harvest natural gas, but much of it is lost to space in that process. It's very important, but also very hard to store. There's only one storage facility in the US that stores it with no loss to space. The only way we could start making it is though fusion, which is a long way off and would probably involve those super-strong magnets again. So right now, the best thing to do would be to lobby the government to stop wasting our strategic supply on stuff. Also, no more Macy's Thanksgiving day parade and party balloons (though there is an ~~mildly insane~~ alternative plan to fill them with hydrogen). But we really need to government's help to store it, because they control a majority of the supply.


Question: How is it that Cows can consume the same fibrous grass that makes every other herbivores scat into tight balls, somehow manage to produce turds of such low density as to be called "cow patties"? ?

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 How is it that Cows can consume the same fibrous grass that makes every other herbivores scat into tight balls, somehow manage to produce turds of such low density as to be called "cow patties"? ?

Basically because cows are not as good at conserving water as other herbivores. Because their bodies aren’t trying to save water they don’t spend the energy to reabsorb the water in their poop. An herbivore who lives in an environment where water is scarce wants to loose the least amount of water through its poop as possible, so their bodies spend the energy to pull as much water from their poop as possible. Water is not a limiting resource for cows, so their bodies are not adapted to be efficient at saving water.


Question: How do internet speed tests work?

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 How do internet speed tests work?

Sort of. In short, speed tests are conducted by simply retrieving a file from a server for calculating download speeds and then sending files back to the server for calculating upload speeds. Usually this is done in a short period of time (such as 2-10s), and big files are not necessarily needed to make this measurement. Modern speed tests are actually able to change dynamically the amount of data downloaded based on the initial results, so a faster internet would download more data so it can accurately calculate your speed. Think of it like this: let's suppose you have a 4 megabits per second download speed on your phone. When you touch "start test", your phone will try to download a 1 megabyte file. Since it 1 megabyte is equal to 8 megabits, it should take 2 seconds to download the file. Now if you were to have a 400 megabits per second connection, downloading a 1 megabyte file would take only 0.02 seconds... this is not enough time to make an average, so a bigger file would be needed in this case to accurately measure your speed. Speedtest has a great (and more technical) page about how they conduct their tests: URL_0


Question: What makes spicy food spicy?

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 What makes spicy food spicy?

A chemical called capsaicin. It is an irritant to most mammals. Humans are just weird and enjoy it. Peppers are often brightly colored to attracted birds who will eat the pepper (seeds included) and poop out the seeds to propagate the species of plant. Birds do not feel the effects of capsaicin.


Question: Why does being submerged in water feel significantly colder than walking around in the same air temperature?

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 Why does being submerged in water feel significantly colder than walking around in the same air temperature?

Specific heat. Water has a higher specific heat than air so water will take more energy from your body than the air will. Remember, the world wants to equalize temperature (which is a measure of kinetic energy of the molecules)... Specifically temperature is proportional to how fast a molecule vibrates and if you put two molecules at different temperatures together then they will exchange energy on interaction until they are both vibrating at the same frequency. Water takes a lot of energy to change how fast it vibrates and as such your body loses a lot more energy when heating water than it does when heating air and as such it feels colder (as we feel temperature based on the exchange of energy, if we gain energy then it feels hot and if we lose energy then it feels cold).


Question: If energy can't be neither created nor destroyed. How did it came into existence?

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 If energy can't be neither created nor destroyed. How did it came into existence?

No idea... and it's a big open question. Answers are all some version of kicking the can... *Cyclic (It's always been!) *Cyclic Ecpyrotic (It's always been, because of higher dimensions interacting!) *Eternal inflation (Ceases to be a meaningful question, "it's always been!") *The universe is a simulation (God did it!) The thing is though, conservation of energy isn't a law that applies to whole universes, it's part of a set of constants that is a feature of the universe we live in. Conservation of energy doesn't mean much, if anything, when you're talking about the entire system, from the outside.


Question: why is protein powder so GD hard to mix with water?

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 why is protein powder so GD hard to mix with water?

The protein powder might be slightly more water repellent than other powders like flour or cocoa, but it's the same principle. When a lump of protein powder (or flour) is surrounded by water, only the surface of that lump is dissolved. The air is then trapped within that sticky surface, which makes it even harder for the water to dissolve the rest of the lump.


Question: Why does sound lose volume over distance?

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 Why does sound lose volume over distance?

Sound is a vibration in matter. When you spread a finite amount of vibration energy over more matter, it causes less movement in each bit of matter, so its amplitude ("volume") goes down. [At a distance d from a sound source, the area of the wavefront the energy is being split across grows as roughly d^(2), so the amplitude grows as roughly 1/d^(2) = d^(-2)]( URL_0 ).