Question: Why do most Asian people have clear skin, is it just in their genes?

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 Why do most Asian people have clear skin, is it just in their genes?

Asking why a certain ethnicity has certain traits *is* typically because of their genes--though environmental issues can certainly have an affect as well. If you google this topic, it appears one likely non-genetic contributor to this is cultural in that they tend to always use sunscreen and avoid the sun...which is often the exact opposite of what those of us in the western hemisphere do.


Question: Most countries are in x amount of debt. Usually, the debt just keeps increasing. When do you pay it back? Why would a country pay off its debt if it can function just as normal?

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 Most countries are in x amount of debt. Usually, the debt just keeps increasing. When do you pay it back? Why would a country pay off its debt if it can function just as normal?

"Why would a country pay off its debt if it can function just as normal?" Just like any loan, you pay interest on the debt. The more debt incurred, the higher the interest payments. So even though the country can keep borrowing money, they will eventually find that the interest will eat in to their budget and you get a diminished return. Then it's time to increase the tax rate.


Question: WHY does weed make you paranoid?

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 WHY does weed make you paranoid?

It does not! Why are you saying that? Who put you up to this? Are you a cop? Because if you are, you have to tell me? Here, put these sunglasses on, that way the drones can't take your picture. How'd you find me anyway? Are you sure you're not a cop?


Question: What makes a belly button an innie or an outie?

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 What makes a belly button an innie or an outie?

The umbilical cord is cut at typically the same place for everyone, so this doesn't determine outtie versus innie. What happens for the average innie belly button is that the cord is cut, and the remainder of it shrivels up and falls off in level with the stomach. The child then develops more fat around the belly button and it levels off/"sinks in" to an innie. For an outtie, a longer piece of the umbilical cord "stays alive" rather than shriveling up and falling off, causing the belly button to protrude. The child still of course develops more fat, but since the piece of umbilical cord never died off, it is part of their skin. Instead of growing around it, it just grows with them.


Question: How do fireworks have direction, like in the case of fireworks that create hearts or smiley faces?

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 How do fireworks have direction, like in the case of fireworks that create hearts or smiley faces?

When you see these designs in the sky, you're actually seeing a group of firework shells exploding at the same time. A firework display uses hundreds of launchers at a time in their shows to get the effects you see. For example, a heart shaped image can be 10 different fireworks exploding at the same time. They are shot into the air at different times and from different launchers. They each use a different amount of chemicals to launch them to a certain height and they explode at the same time using microchips. If you're close enough to the launchers, you'll hear multiple fireworks being shot into the air but only one explosion. There's a lot of chemistry involved in making the fireworks but technology and computers go a long way when it comes to the actual fireworks show. Edit: I forgot to add that there are also special firework shells made to make shapes. If the image grows bigger in an outward direction, a special shell is made with different ingredients that ignite as the shell explodes. There are many different ways to get different effects. It just depends on the company putting on the show and what the people paying them want.


Question: How does NASA figure out where to send rovers when sending them to outer space?

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 How does NASA figure out where to send rovers when sending them to outer space?

The rovers that landed on Mars were launched after nearly 50 years of study from orbit and other probes. Plus centuries of observation from Earth. URL_0 Find an area on the planet that has stuff you want research using the sensors on the probe, has the terrain the rover can navigate. There are studies with the scientists, rover designers operators and management that will find a suitable site for exploration


Question: why are the dials of my watch brighter in the dark if I don't look at them directly?

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 why are the dials of my watch brighter in the dark if I don't look at them directly?

Answer: It is probably because of the way your retina works. In the center of your field of view, you mostly have cones which are sensible to colored light and see precisely but struggle to see in the dark. The further you go from that, the more rods you have. Tods see light in black and white, but are very sensitive to it’s intensity, they also give a more blurry picture. So it’s most likely linked to you rods seeing the contrast of the dials better, thus you seeing them more when you mostly use rods


Question: Is it entirely impossible to image natural colors with telescopes? If it is not, why wouldn't we use that capability to image potential Earth-likes in search of green?

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 Is it entirely impossible to image natural colors with telescopes? If it is not, why wouldn't we use that capability to image potential Earth-likes in search of green?

It is possible, but it's not effective for things that are TOO far away. I'm talking cosmic scale distances. You can see Mars or Venus well enough, but it won't work for planets orbiting starts on other systems. The reason is because light gets somewhat distorted when passing through lenses. Some wavelengths more than others, say it's easier to see infrared than visible light. One workaround is using curved mirrors instead of lenses, but that will only take you so far. When you're looking at stuff this far away, you just can't get a good enough level of detail to see small planets at all. What astronomists will do instead is try to detect them indirectly, for example look for its "shadow" when the planet passes in front of the start, see how big of a shadow it has so they can estimate its size. That's just one way, there are others. Anyway, this is just my take on it. I don't have any qualifications at all, I just know this stuff from some documentaries and stuff I watched a long time ago, and am on too much Adderall at the moment.


Question: If banks lend out our money and typically only keep 10%, how does the money enter the banking system again?

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 If banks lend out our money and typically only keep 10%, how does the money enter the banking system again?

I bank big (really big) business. Yes they have bank accounts just like you do. They just have a bunch that they use for different things. Walmart has a receivables account where they receive credit card transactions and deposit money from the stores. They will have a payables account that they pay vendors and supplies. They will also have a payroll account that they pay their employees from. So yeah big business have bank account with banks. Now to answer the question you ask in the title of if the post. The bank lends out money that other business and people deposit. So like you say they keep 10% and lend out 90%. They lend money to business A. Who then in turns pays business B. Business B deposits the money from business B into their bank account. The money keeps moving in this cycle over and over again. The cycle ends and then begins again when the money makes it down to the employee in the form of payroll who then buys things from Walmart and starts the cycle over agin.


Question: How do Artists and Music Producers make sure that their music does not sound like any other song or composition on the planet, and so there are no copyright infringements, since it is not practically possible to listen to every song?

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 How do Artists and Music Producers make sure that their music does not sound like any other song or composition on the planet, and so there are no copyright infringements, since it is not practically possible to listen to every song?

The short answer is: They don't. Musicians generally don't cross-reference an idea or song they've made with others, because of the nature of music being an art form, and a form of self-expression. There's a certain amount of leniency and flexibility when it comes to one song sounding like another. This, of course, raises a lot of issues, especially when it comes to copyright. Ultimately, a copyright infringement is claimed by an artist when they feel another artist has used "too much" of their intellectual property as inspiration, to the point where they've "stolen" it. But there are also cases where the original artist is more or less fine with the excessive similarities in works. A great example is that of Breakbot's "Baby I'm Yours" vs. Bruno Mars' "Treasure." I'd highly recommend reading into it, as it's quite interesting IMO. [There's even whole websites dedicated to songs that sound very similar.]( URL_0 ) , not to mention the whole debate about if music will get to the point where no truly original work can be made. Hope that was more or less what you were looking for. It's a very tough question to properly answer haha :)


Question: Math: In Poker, when trying to evaluate how likely it is that you will make the best hand by the river, it's assumed that the cards that'll make your winning hand are still in the deck, when they could have actually been dealt and folded already. Why is this?

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 Math: In Poker, when trying to evaluate how likely it is that you will make the best hand by the river, it's assumed that the cards that'll make your winning hand are still in the deck, when they could have actually been dealt and folded already. Why is this?

When drawing a card the odds that it will be any one particular card are 1 in 52. The odds that it will be **somewhere else** are 51 in 52 - that somewhere else could be still in the deck, mucked or in someone else's hand. Where that card is doesn't change the statistical odds. Excepting of course that the odds reduce based on the number of cards you can actually see (so if you can see your two cards and 2 already on the river the odds are reduced to 1 in 48) But you still don't know where the other cards are going to be - they could be anywhere and the odds of them being in any particular place are still the same. You can of course guess based on what you **think** the other players have been dealt. But it would only be a guess. How good of a guess it will be it what separates good poker players from the rest of us.


Question: Why are computers unable to decode CAPTCHA?

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 Why are computers unable to decode CAPTCHA?

Google uses captchas to make you do their job. You might have seen text pics from actual books a lot recently. These texts are actually from books which Google's OCR couldn't understand. This was done for making digital books by Google. Also nowadays they tell you to find how many number plates, or sign boards, house number,etc. That is for Google Maps/Street view. Based on the highest frequency of a particular response, they assign the correct value. You hear people saying Google is awesome and all but then when you know Google, you see that they are next level awesome. They didn't pay for a single penny for getting this done.


Question: What happens if we boil an egg with oil instead of water ?

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 What happens if we boil an egg with oil instead of water ?

You'd probably set your house on fire. The boiling point of most cooking oils is well over 500 degrees F, at which point it will be putting out lots and lots of toxic, foul smelling smoke and possibly ignite. It is tremendously unsafe to boil cooking oil. Your egg will be overcooked and burnt in seconds, and the high temp will cause the water inside to boil and the shell to burst, almost certainly resulting in the yolk and egg white catching on fire and igniting the oil.


Question: What is it about "artificially low" interests rates that causes concerns of a big recession?

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 What is it about "artificially low" interests rates that causes concerns of a big recession?

Here's my understanding... It's not that the artificially-low interest rates will cause the recession. Interest rates are jsut one of the tools that the Fed uses to control spending in the economy. So it's the cost of borrowing money. When the cost of borrowing money is cheap (low interest rates), it's supposed to trigger people to borrow more in order to build/buy stuff (companies, inventory, products, etc) which should "stimulate" the economy. In a true free-market economy, the interest rates would naturally settle at the balance point where both the lenders and borrowers are happy with the risk they're both taking. But the Fed interferes with that natural dynamic. So if we have a recession, the Fed won't be able to lower the interest rates anymore to stimulate anything because the rates are basically at 0 already... historically speaking. So the concern is that the next recession will be a doozy because the Fed won't be able to bail us out of it this time by playing with interest rates and the money supply. So things will take a more natural course and it may be very painful for a lot of people because a lot of debts won't be repaid, and companies/people will go broke, which will cause job losses, which causes less spending. So it's this downward spiral that will be painful. That's my limited layman's understanding.


Question: Why do clothes shrink in the dryer?

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 Why do clothes shrink in the dryer?

Usually, only certain kinds of clothes shrink in the dryer. Cotton shrinks in cold water because the fabric shriveles up and contracts, until heated. If you wash it in cold water then don't dry it in enough heat, it remains shrunk. Synthetic fabric like polyester shrink from heat in the dryer because the fibers slightly soften, causing them to compress closer together when they cool. Same as with heat shrink tubing and heating plastic wrap with a lighter or heat gun.


Question: Do movement of electrons in an atom consume energy?

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 Do movement of electrons in an atom consume energy?

Saying that an "electron" moves around an atom is inaccurate. You know that pretty picture of the electrons orbiting the atom? Completely wrong The electron orbitals are more like clouds. The electron exists somewhere in that cloud and everywhere in that cloud. You can't follow it going in a circle because you can't know where it is and where it's going at the same time, it will just appear somewhere within that probabilistic cloud So now that we've gone down the rabbit hole let's come back up No, the variable existence of the electron within the electron cloud around the atom does not consume energy


Question: How Does Caffeine Increase Running Performance?

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 How Does Caffeine Increase Running Performance?

Former Track and Field athlete here, I'm not fluent in biology and only studied it for one class in college, but I will try to do my best. The biggest thing to understand is that most studies talk about caffeine from coffee and only coffee. Caffeine does two very specific things to boost running performance. 1) It sends the fatty acids in your body through the metabolism cycle faster. This means the fat stores that hold onto energy that is burned during long distance workouts/competition get used at a faster rate. However, it is not beneficial unless you had the magic caffeine to body weight ratio correct based on how much you ingested. 2) Caffeine is a stimulant to your nervous system. Most of the time it means it's easier to dial into your mental focus. Used properly this helps you keep your breathing, mechanical form, and possibly mental state in check (there is a reason why long distance running is considered a "lonely" sport). All three of these things working in harmony helps you run "faster". Although most studies will tell you it's at a 1%-2% performance increase. Sorry I'm not the highest level expert, and some of this may be incorrect. But this is what I remember from competing in college.


Question: if clouds are masses of condensed water, then how come if a plane flies through it, the plane does not get wet?

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 if clouds are masses of condensed water, then how come if a plane flies through it, the plane does not get wet?

Why do you assume they don't get wet? There will be some water on the plane but not a large amount. Compare to what happen if you drive a car trough mist/fog that is like a cloud at ground level. It is not a huge amount of water that stick on the car. A plane is faster so it passes trough more clouds/mist per unit of time but the force of the wind is also higher so it will blow away the water.


Question: how does suddenly feinting work? Shouldn't there be enough oxygen left in the blood?

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 how does suddenly feinting work? Shouldn't there be enough oxygen left in the blood?

Fainting is sudden loss of consciousness. Feinting is a sudden deceptive or distracting move, as in a fight. People who faint from shock or sudden excitement do so from a reflex that dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate. This reduces blood flow to the brain; it doesn't matter how much oxygen is in the blood if the brain doesn't get it.


Question: Why do some foods, like peanuts, "fill you up" in smaller quantities than other food?

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 Why do some foods, like peanuts, "fill you up" in smaller quantities than other food?

The *feeling* of being full is linked to, but eventually different from being actually full. Peanuts have a compound called mercaptoacetate (thioglycolate) , that is known to inhibit the feeding response. Peanuts are also known to increase sensitivity to leptin, a hormone that tells your body that you are full. Finally, peanuts contain a large amount of monounstaurated fats, which is a kind of fat that is particularly good at making you feel full. These combined effects are quite powerful, so much so that a direct injection of peanut oil to the stomach is routinely used in the lab on rats to "stop feeding" during experiments. [Here is a table]( URL_0 ) that shows you how peanut oil is about twice as effective as glucose in inducing the feeling of being full. For more scholarly articles, see : URL_1 PS: Please ignore all the calorie density nonsense that is posted all over. There is little evidence that calorie density plays any direct role in satiation. The calorie density effect is mostly a weak correlation due to the fact, that fats , which induce satiation are also calorie dense. This is like saying that fire engines are effective at dousing fires because they are red , when the real reason is the massive pump and truckload of water they carry.


Question: Why does french baguette taste amazing fresh out of the oven but then stales within a few hours, compared with other fresh breads that can last for at least a day or two?

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 Why does french baguette taste amazing fresh out of the oven but then stales within a few hours, compared with other fresh breads that can last for at least a day or two?

French person here : proper baguette should not dry out / be stale in a matter of hour. They should last a full day and a half, at least. Supermarkets don't really make proper bread, so comparing their baguettes to real ones is like comparing Subway bread to any other bread... Sliced loaves of bread are pretty unnatural, as far as bread goes. They last for weeks, do not dry out but end up molding. Usually, thats because of the additives put in it to extend their shelf life, but it's also because of their density. Baguettes have a lot of air in them, that make the inside all fluffy when it's fresh. That air makes it dry out faster than sliced bread. The world of bread is a vast one, and a lot of things will impact how and when a bread dries out or go stale. The type of yeast used, the mix of flower and their coarseness, additives to the flower (nuts, grains, oils....), how long the dough is kneaded, how long it rests, the way to cook it (pottery oven, wood oven, industrial oven, steamed). My parents local baker was crowned best baker in France a few years ago (meilleur artisan de France). He specialises in older forms of bread. My parents can buy a loaf (the round kind, not the sliced square kind) from him and keep it on the counter in a folded tea towel for a full week and it will still taste as nice as the day it was bought.


Question: I use two weather apps. One of them says 85% chance of rain this afternoon, the other one says 0%. Why are same-day weather forecasts so wildly inaccurate in 2016? Shouldn't we be kind of good at this by now?

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 I use two weather apps. One of them says 85% chance of rain this afternoon, the other one says 0%. Why are same-day weather forecasts so wildly inaccurate in 2016? Shouldn't we be kind of good at this by now?

Adding to other comments on weather modelling and data, it depends on where the raw data comes from. In Australia, the government weather bureau is not used by most popular weather apps - e.g. Apple weather, Yahoo weather and Android's default weather app. They use a service called Weather Underground, which crowd-sources its raw data from a network of personal weather stations. For this reason, the most popular weather apps for this region always differ from official sources. I don't have data on which is more accurate. One may assume the official government source with their vast resources and local knowledge, but if the last 15 years of internet-powered business disruption is to go by, the crowd-sourced data may in-fact out perform the established services.


Question: Why do we call them drones and not "fancy RC helicoptors"?

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 Why do we call them drones and not "fancy RC helicoptors"?

Some drones today have semiautonomous features that can help them fly back to the point of departure in the event of signal loss or a low battery state. RC copters have a tail rotor, and no autonomous features, and are generally piloted by people that know what they're doing, not just some asshole with money to burn.


Question: how does the geometry of a bike change performance?

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 how does the geometry of a bike change performance?

There are a huge amount of factors that go into the geometry of a bike, but the main idea is changing the relationship between the various contact points and components to alter how they work in comparison to each other. For a few examples; The angle of the head tube controls the angle that the forks sit at - by changing this angle you change how the forks steer, with a steeper head tube making the forks easier to steer (and more twitchy), a slacker angle harder to steer (and more stable). The height of the bottom bracket basically sets the height of the rider on the bike - and is a balanv beteeen a higher BB giving more ground clearance for the pedals, while a lower BB drops the centre of gravity and makes it more stable. The length of the wheelbase (the distance between the wheels) affects how maneuverable a bike can be - the longer the bike the harder it will be to get it round a corner, but the more stable it will ride at speed. The relationship between the angle of the seat tube, chainstay and top tube length will affect where the riders weight is positioned on the bike and how it will balance - forward is good for ascending, rear descending, and a balance somewhere in the middle. A lot also affects the riders position - narrower bar is more aerodynamic (loved by the roadies), while a wideone gives more control (loved by the mountain bikers), a long stem stretches out the rider and makes the steering react slower, a short stem moves the rider back/upright and makes the steering twitchier. Rider comfort is also a big consideration - the best positions for aggressive riding and control, or for aerodynamics are typically not the most comfortable, while a very relaxed, upright position that is comfortable going to the shops is inefficient and gives much poorer control and balance in more challenging terrain. The biggest thing is that everything alters everything else, so designing the geometry of a bike is a giant balancing act. If you want to use narrower bars for example then that will make your body more upright, so you would have to change your stem length (which changes the steering characteristics), or get a frame with a longer to tube to compensate. A bike with shorter chainstays will be more maneuverable, but will also have a shorter wheelbase so will be less stable...


Question: How can we tell hot and cold object apart?

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 How can we tell hot and cold object apart?

You have nerves in your skin to detect a lot of things. The way all of them *broadly* work is that the nerve cells contain some kind of protein that will change shape in response to a stimulus, and when that happens the nerve cell fires. So, imagine a protein that acts kind of like a [memory metal]( URL_0 ). It has a certain shape, and when it gets heated it changes shape. That change activates other proteins that cause a cascade of activity in the cell that ends with the nerve cell - a *sensory neuron* - firing an impulse to the *interneurons* that carry the signal to your brain. And from their your brain does its magic interpreting the signals so you are consciously aware of the heat. Similarly, you have nerves with proteins that change shape when they become cold. And your intuition is correct: you aren't sensing the cold of the *object*, per se, you're sensing that your skin is cold - presumably because it came into contact with a cold thing and heat left your skin. Likewise, you sense heat because your skin becomes warmer, again presumably by touching a warm thing. You may wonder, then, how your brain knows the difference between the warmth of a fire near your hands and touching an actual hot object. Your brain is *really good* at interpreting signals in context. When you touch a hot thing, you don't only get signals from the heat-sensing nerves, you also get signals from the pressure-sensing nerves that react to your skin touching something. Years of practice touching things teachings your brain that warm+pressure=you touched a warm thing, vs warm+no pressure=there is heat *near* your skin but not touching it. Interesting related information: there are different levels of "activation" so not all of the nerves go off from the same level of warm or cold (or pressure or whatever). The more go off, the warmer or colder or whatever your brain thinks it is. You can trick your nerves into believing you are touching a warm or cold thing with certain chemicals. Capsaicin is the chemical in spicy foods that makes them spicy, and it turns on the nerves that sense heat without actually heating them. So when you eat a hot chili, your mouth *feels* like it's on fire, but nothing harmful is happening. (It should be noted that although capsaicin doesn't actually hurt you, it *can* send your body into anaphylactic shock because it's freaking out about the non-existent fire so much. Don't do dumb stuff like eat a spoon full of pure capsaicin powder. Even in the best case scenario, you probably won't feel very good.) The chemical menthol is found in mint leaves, and it activates your cold-sensing nerves, which gives you that refreshing cool feeling when you eat mints and peppermints and such. Finally: there are also *nociceptors*, which are a different kind of sensory neuron that specifically activate in response to harmful or damaging stimuli. You have both *warm*-sensing nerves and *burning hot*-sensing nerves. The heat-sensitive nociceptors are the ones that can "short circuit" your nerves and send signals directly to your motor nerves. This is how reflexes work - the nociceptors trigger and before the signal even reaches your brain, your muscles are activated to jerk your hand away from the thing that burned you.


Question: What is the concept behind the placebo and nocebo effect and how does a human struggle to differentiate between imagination and reality?

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 What is the concept behind the placebo and nocebo effect and how does a human struggle to differentiate between imagination and reality?

The simple version: Our conscious perception of the world around us comes from both (a) the stimuli in the world and (b) our expectations. Overall, people grossly underestimate the size of the effect that our expectations have on our perceptions. The placebo and nocebo effect are both examples of our expectations being prioritized over the actual stimuli that we’re experiencing.


Question: Did Big Bang create the universe? If yes, then where did Big Bang take place?

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 Did Big Bang create the universe? If yes, then where did Big Bang take place?

The notion of "where" has no meaning before the BB, the BB defines the spatial dimensions which represent the idea of "where" in the Universe. For that matter the notion of "before the BB" also has no meaning as the BB is the starting point for the time dimension of the Universe as well. All four of these spacetime dimensions had their initial origins defined by the BB.


Question: Why are people introverts/extroverts and why do each struggles to emphasise with the other?

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 Why are people introverts/extroverts and why do each struggles to emphasise with the other?

I don't know if this link will work, but basically you are born with a predisposition to be more introverted or extroverted. No one is completely introverted or extroverted, everyone will sit somewhere on the spectrum, for example I can socialise like an extrovert, but I also need to be alone to recharge like a introvert. Anyway there is more about brain make up etc in this article, hope the link works. URL_0


Question: how can geologists tell if a certain rock is from 4.1billion years ago rather than say 3.8 billion years ago?

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 how can geologists tell if a certain rock is from 4.1billion years ago rather than say 3.8 billion years ago?

**Radiometric Dating:** By measuring the "radioactive waste" or decay products of isotopes found in the rock, we can mathematically calculate the age through analysis of how long it would take for the amount of radioactive decay products to be present. You can think of isotopes as atoms (like a carbon atom) that has a different number of neutrons found in the nucleus. This can be unstable, and over time the atom decays. Measuring the rate of decay for specific isotopes and measuring how much "radioactive waste" is present is how you get to dating. It is fascinatingly accurate, but then again it's all just math so maybe not that fascinating for some.


Question: Why is our current world map, the Mercator Map, not to scale? It represents the US as gigantic is reference to South America and Africa. In reality both of continents dwarf the US in size.

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 Why is our current world map, the Mercator Map, not to scale? It represents the US as gigantic is reference to South America and Africa. In reality both of continents dwarf the US in size.

There is no way to accurately project a spherical surface onto a two-dimensional map. Something has to be inaccurate, size, shape, distance, and or direction. The advantage of the Mercator projection is that it preserves direction, which is useful for navigation. It is also rectangular, so it better utilizes the space on a rectangular map. There are [several other]( URL_0 ) map projections, all with their strengths and weaknesses.


Question: Considering that the brain controls pretty much all of our bodily functions, why do we not instinctively know how our bodies work?

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 Considering that the brain controls pretty much all of our bodily functions, why do we not instinctively know how our bodies work?

Our brain isn't "doing" anything in that sense besides sending and receiving neural signals. Let's take the bending of your arm for example. An overly simplified explanation of how that works is the brain fires a signal down the nerve that is connected to the muscle. At the nerve-muscle connection, various processes occur that cause the muscle to contract and raise your arm (depolarization of cellular membranes, release of calcium ions from the the sarcoplasmic reticulum, attachment of myosin to actin, etc.). All your brain had to do though is fire a signal. It doesn't need to know or understand the steps that happen downstream. An analogy would be to turning on a television. You control the power for the television. When you want to turn it on, you press the power button. Does the fact that you push the power button mean you intrinsically know exactly how the TV is turning on? Just because you know "to turn the TV on I push this button" doesn't mean you understand all of the computers, wires, and electrical signals that actually cause the TV to turn on.


Question: How does our sun work and why does it burn?

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 How does our sun work and why does it burn?

The Sun is a huge ball of mostly hydrogen. It's so big that the centre is under enormous pressure, so enormous that it squeezes the hydrogen atoms together to form helium. This process releases a huge amount of energy. That's where the heat and light comes from - it's not burning like a fire. To get an idea of the size of the sun: it converts 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium _every second_. Even at that rate, there is still enough to material for the sun to keep fusing for another 5 billion years.


Question: What's the difference between universe expanding vs distance between galaxies increasing?

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 What's the difference between universe expanding vs distance between galaxies increasing?

If the universe is not expanding and **all** the galaxies are moving away from our point of view, then we're super special. This would only work from one point in the static Universe, and our planet just happens to be there. Wow, what good luck!! But, we're not special. We're an ordinary planet around an ordinary star in an ordinary galaxy. If your theory in physics only works if Earth is the origin of the Universe, your theory is almost certainly wrong. The other theory, that the Universe itself is expanding, is much more reasonable and would match the same observations.


Question: How does underground nuclear testing works?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does underground nuclear testing works?

Rather than detonating a nuclear bomb on the surface where you would have to deal with blinding light, giant fires, and radioactive fallout, a deep hole is drilled, a bomb is lowed into it, and the hole is filled in. When the bomb is detonated, the ground absorbs the majority of the energy and contains the radiation.


Question: Were tornado/attack sirens designed to sound scary, or have they become frightening because of what they represent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Were tornado/attack sirens designed to sound scary, or have they become frightening because of what they represent?

A siren is a cheap way to make a loud sound. It is built like a fan so it moves air very well but is "unbalanced" so it pumps air very unevenly which creates the very loud sound. In a normal fan you would want a constant stream of air to avoid noises and make it cleaner for your application. However a siren is built to give lots of strong puffs of air at a audible frequency. The sound is very uneven and sharp which is not pleasant to listen to. It can sometimes sound like something scraping against a hard surface or even a big animal roar. None of these are very pleasant. But this is sort of a coincidence that the simplest loud noise we can make sounds unpleasant. Making a loud sound that is nice to listen too is much harder.


Question: Why do heights feel taller when looking from the top down than from the ground up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do heights feel taller when looking from the top down than from the ground up?

It's a lot more than just the height differences. It's your sense of danger kicking in coupled with your enhanced ability to actually perceive height because there's more to compare it to. When you're on the ground, you are not in danger. When you are leaning over a precipice looking down, you are. Your brain instantly kicks in with a big "Do not go any closer!" message that some people can easily overcome due to being accustomed to it, and others can never handle. That sense of fear makes the distance look enormous. Then there's the ability to comparatively measure. When you're up high looking down, you can easily tell that you're relatively high by comparing the size of stuff at ground level as you see it from your perch versus what size it is when you're down there next to it. Climb a radio tower, look down and see ant-sized people, and you instantly know you're REALLY high. But when you are on the ground looking up, there's nothing to compare it to, only the sky (or ceiling if indoors)... and so it's really hard to gauge distance. (Sidebar note: this is also why full moons on the horizon look enormous compared to how large they appear when up in the sky. The horizon gives you something to compare the size of the moon to, but the open sky doesn't, so the moon appears much smaller.)


Question: Why does hollow chocolate taste different than regular chocolate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hollow chocolate taste different than regular chocolate?

Surprisingly enough, this topic was briefely mentioned in a physical chemistry lecture I attended today on crystallography. To cut a long story short, it'll most likely be due to hollow chocolate having a larger surface area per unit volume, meaning that the chocolate will melt in your mouth/your tongue at a faster rate than solid chocolate. This'll give the effect of different tastes, as you're experiencing different amounts of flavour in your mouth between the two. Edit: This surface area difference will also change how the chocolate smells, which will enhance it's taste in hollow chocolate.


Question: What happens when you shoot non- Newtonian fluid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens when you shoot non- Newtonian fluid?

It breaks up into lots of little pieces like a solid would, which fly in all directions. Then, wherever the bits end up, the flow like a liquid. Oobleck might act like a solid under force, but it is a very weak solid. Apply more than a little force, and it easily tears and fractures.


Question: How exactly does water get "stale" and why does this process occur only at room temperature?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does water get "stale" and why does this process occur only at room temperature?

It doesn't only occur at room temperature, it's a pretty wide range of temperatures. It boils down to micro-organism growth. The colder it gets, the slower micro-organisms are to reproduce - this is, in part, why freezing food extends its longevity among other reasons. The hotter it gets, the faster micro-organisms reproduce... Up until the point that it's so hot that they die. The temperature that organisms die varies from each type. Also, algae growth. Unless water is completely distilled (pure H2O) there IS something else in it


Question: how does toxic shock syndrome work and why does it become deadly so rapidly? My

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does toxic shock syndrome work and why does it become deadly so rapidly? My

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rather rare diagnosis. Let's go into what it is and why it is so dangerous. TSS is essentially an over-stimulation of your body's immune response. It is caused primarily by 2 bacteria (you don't need to know them but they are staph aureus and group a strep). These are actually extremely common bacteria; any time you have a pimple or skin infection it is almost always these two bacteria that cause it. But.... you've probably never had TSS even though you've been infected by these bacteria. Why is that? Well, you only develop TSS if the specific bacteria that is infecting you has what is called a super-antigen. This is a protein in the bacteria that activates an absolutely MASSIVE amount of immune cells in your body. These immune cells are ready to fight and so they begin wreaking havoc all over your body destroying it from the inside. Most bacteria don't have this super-antigen. The interesting thing is it's actually very very likely you've been infected by a bacteria with a super-antigen before (probably one of those pimples you've had some time in your life). So why didn't you develop TSS? You didn't develop it because the bacteria didn't have access to your bloodstream. Once the bacteria are in your bloodstream, they can go anywhere and are in direct contact with many of your immune cells. In a pimple, the infection is walled off. This is exactly why tampons are bad. The inside of the vagina and uterus have a very very very rich blood supply (which makes sense because your uterine lining must be recreated every month). This means the bacteria have a rather easy time gaining access to your bloodstream. If a tampon is kept in long, they will grow bacteria on them, and the bacteria will keep multiplying. This means if you don't remove the tampon, you have essentially a factory in your vagina pumping out bacteria (this is why there is such a high risk). It kills you in such a short period because of a few reasons. 1 is that as mentioned above, you have a factory churning out bacteria into your blood. 2 is that the infection is in your bloodstream meaning it can go anywhere in your body most notably your organs (liver, kidneys, lungs, heart). 3 is that you have hyper-activation of your immune system which destroys your body from the inside. It's a scary thing to see. Very very high death rate if you develop TSS. Depending on which bacteria it is, the death rate can go as high as 50%. Don't worry though, if you have some sniffles and a fever you probably don't have TSS.


Question: What caused the market crash of 2008?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What caused the market crash of 2008?

It was almost exclusively banks’ fault. It was a combination artificially inflated mortgage rates, overvaluing of properties, and banks (almost all of them), were investing very very heavily into stocks, using too much of people’s deposited money. The banks lent out riskily, invested riskily, and essentially lost a gamble with millions and millions of people’s’ money. When one part of this started to crumble, the rest toppled too. It meant that the vast majority of banks needed to be bailed out by governments. (And after taking these bailouts, the upper management of these banks still got their multi-million £ bonuses).


Question: The head of the chicken is synchronized with the movement of its feet when walking. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 The head of the chicken is synchronized with the movement of its feet when walking. Why?

The reason a chicken, or a pigeon, bobs its head when it walks is something called the *cervico-ocular reflex.* It (and the related *vestibulo-ocular reflex*) is there to stabilize images on the retina, so the world doesn't turn into a horrible blurry mess when we walk. When the head moves in one direction, a copy of the nerve signal is sent to our eyes, causing movement in the opposite direction (if we move our head to the right, our eyes move to the left, and vice versa). In other animals, however, their eyes can't move independently of their head, and so they employ the cervical-ocular reflex instead.


Question: Why is it that baked good containing eggs like cookies don’t have to be refrigerated when eggs themselves or hard boiled eggs do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that baked good containing eggs like cookies don’t have to be refrigerated when eggs themselves or hard boiled eggs do?

Bacteria needs a specific environment to grow the following 6 things contribute to its growth 1. Food 2. Acid 3. Time 4. Temperature 5. Oxygen 6. Moisture Take away any of these factors (or add to much in the case of acid and temperature) and bacteria cannot grow. So a fresh egg has food (the egg itself), low ph level, moisture (whether from humidity in the air or the egg itself) , and if sitting out oxygen and temperature also acting against it to help create a perfect environment for bacteria to grow. Add that egg to a dough and bake it. For a cookie to rise you either use baking soda or baking powder, baking powder has a leavening agent as well as an acid to make it rise, baking soda needs to react with an acid to cause it to rise (usually cocoa powder in cookies but can also be numerous other ingredients) acid will help kill the bacteria although these small amounts aren't enough to make it safe. Baking does something else to that cookie it heats it up. Most bacteria die around 160 degrees feirnheight you bake your cookies at 350 feirnheight this kills any bacteria that may have been present in that egg/dough mixture. The baking process also takes away moisture and dry out the dough significantly. So we have added acid, added temperature and removed moisture. These 3 things inhibate the growth of that bacteria and allow you to keep your baked goods sitting on your counter.


Question: How do police radar/laser speedometers work while the police car is already in motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do police radar/laser speedometers work while the police car is already in motion?

They subtract the speed the police car is driving at from the speed that they measure with the radar speedometer, which gives them the speed the other car is going. Edit: If the other car is driving the opposite direction than the police car, they subtract their speed to get the other vehicle's speed. If the other car is in the same lane in front of the police car, they add the measured speed to their own speed to get the other vehicle's speed.


Question: How do people take super hd photos of the stars?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people take super hd photos of the stars?

It's usually just a clear night and a long exposure - since there isn't enough light for a normal photo, you need to have the shutter open longer (slightly different process on a digital camera but really the same outcome. It's also important to be out of the city or anywhere there's any light pollution


Question: Why is it colder in the shade in places with low humidity, but not in humid places?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it colder in the shade in places with low humidity, but not in humid places?

Humidity is essentially water vapour, when there is no water vapour in the air, shady places will cool you off as you are avoiding direct heat (sunlight) When it’s humid, the water is already hot from the ground and it will rise into the air, it won’t go away even in the shade, as it is not blocked by the tree. It will of course, warm you up, even when you are in the shade or away from sunlight.