Question: What happens when you “get a second wind”? Such as when your very tired and all of a sudden are feeling great and energized.

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 What happens when you “get a second wind”? Such as when your very tired and all of a sudden are feeling great and energized.

> Second wind (or third wind, fourth wind, etc.), also occasionally referred to as the wake maintenance zone, is a sleep phenomenon in which a person, after a prolonged period of staying awake, temporarily ceases to feel drowsy, often making it difficult to fall asleep once it happens.[1][2][3] They are the result of circadian rhythms cycling into a phase of wakefulness.[4] For example, many people experience the effects of a second wind in the early morning even after an entire night without sleep because it is the time when they would normally wake up. While most "winds" coincide with the 24-hour cycle, those experiencing extended sleep deprivation over multiple days have been known to experience a "fifth day turning point". According to wiki


Question: Why, on the trading floor of the NY stock exchange, is everyone yelling over each other all the time?

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 Why, on the trading floor of the NY stock exchange, is everyone yelling over each other all the time?

Well for starters - the whole thing doesn't exist anymore. It's all computers now. The only place you'd really see something like that anymore is in the options trading markets. Movies are not a good source for this stuff. Everyone is yelling because that is the only way to be heard by the other guy who you are trying to sell 10,000 shares of IBM to at 63 1/4. It's more organized than it looks, its just loud.


Question: Why do snowflakes form symmetrically?

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 Why do snowflakes form symmetrically?

They typically don't. Snowflakes are a crystalline formation, and they crystallise along hexagonal patterns. They are roughly symmetrical because at each point when more ice crystals are forming at the edges, they are experiencing approximately the same conditions as at corresponding points of rotational symmetry. Because of the hexagonal structure there are limited ways the ice can crystallise at the edges, this limitation forces the shapes into more regular patterns. The smaller snowflakes are the more uniform and closer to symmetrical they are.


Question: How does Newton's Third Law work?

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 How does Newton's Third Law work?

When you push on a door with 100N, it pushes back on *you*. The net force applied *to the door* is still 100N so it moves. If the door didn't push back on your hand with an equal force your hand would go through the door So why are you able to push the door? Because you also push back on the ground with more than 100N of force


Question: When there are reports of contaminated food, why is it always with E. Coli? Why aren't other organisms more common, and/or why is E.Coli so good at growing on our food?

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 When there are reports of contaminated food, why is it always with E. Coli? Why aren't other organisms more common, and/or why is E.Coli so good at growing on our food?

There are plenty of organisms that are more common. It's just that they don't make us sick, so it goes unnoticed and unreported. It's a case of ignorance is bliss.. you really don't want to know what kind of little creepy crawlies are in your uncooked or undercooked food at the microscopic level.


Question: How many speakers would you need to sound twice as loud as 1?

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 How many speakers would you need to sound twice as loud as 1?

This is a surprisingly difficult question to answer because there's multiple ways of describing "loud" If you want to simply double the energy, then two speakers is sufficient. This doesn't double the pressure of the sound wave though, you need four speakers for that. Neither of those are sufficient to make your brain register double the loudness though, you need a whopping ten speakers for that. This may sound counterintuitive, but sound is a wave limited by many physical properties of air and our ability to perceive it is non-linear. Actually registering double intensity requires significantly more than double the energy, just think about how speakers at concerts carry enough power to literally vibrate you, and yet you can also hear a fly buzz with the same ears. They have tremendous absolute range. For practical examples, think of traffic. Two cars driving past is not twice as loud as one car. They're outputting double the energy but the sound you perceive is only marginally higher


Question: why does computer OS take up so much storage when it's just mostly made up of texts of code?

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 why does computer OS take up so much storage when it's just mostly made up of texts of code?

It's a lot of text. Like a whole whole lot. The Windows git repo is 300GB. Though to be fair this also contains a lot of old stuff. But this is also compressed. The source code for the linux kernel which is only a small part of a fully functioning OS in 2010 compressed was about 60MB, about 500MB uncompresed and compiles down to about 70MB. You can slim it down a lot if you know the exact hardware, but in general an OS will need to be able to run a wide variety of hardware that may or may not be present without needing to be recompiled. And will also need to have and support a wide variety of programs. That leads to a lot of code that isn't actually used on any specific hardware setup.


Question: Why is it that when something pushes/pulls on me, I feel acceleration, but I don't feel acceleration from the earth's gravity? I feel a force pushing upward on me, but I don't feel a downward force.

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 Why is it that when something pushes/pulls on me, I feel acceleration, but I don't feel acceleration from the earth's gravity? I feel a force pushing upward on me, but I don't feel a downward force.

While there is an argument in general relativity for acceleration due to gravity not existing we can still explain this using classical physics. When you feel acceleration it is because some of your cells gets pushed into other cells. This is essentially what you feel, the difference in pressure as force is applied to your body. However gravity accelerates your entire body at the same time. You may have experienced that in freefall things fall at the same rate. Essentially all your cells fall at the same rate as well. So you do not feel the acceleration because there is no difference in pressure being applied.


Question: Why is the English alphabet in the order it is?

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 Why is the English alphabet in the order it is?

Well the english got their alphabet from the romans (latin) who were inspired by the greeks, who were inspired by the phonecians (roughly from today's Lebanon) we don't really know how the phonecians got it but they were likely inspired by the alphabets they saw while trading with Egypt and Mezopotamia. It's unlikely that the order had any specific meaning, it's actually quite possible that it was random. Everyone who used these writing systems modified them - for example the Greeks had to add some letters that phonecians didn't use.


Question: How was weather forecasted and predicted by meteorologists before the invention of radar and satellites?

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 How was weather forecasted and predicted by meteorologists before the invention of radar and satellites?

Using historical data, barometers, horse hair (for humidity), thermometers and hunches. And their predictions were about as accurate as you may guess. Certain weather phenomenon had certain precursors in certain places, but the level of knowledge we have now wasn't even available with radar and satellites -- it took computers and networked communications to pull all that together into something really useful.


Question: Why is it that daily physical labor can ruin your body/health down the line, yet exercising everyday increases your health/longevity?

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 Why is it that daily physical labor can ruin your body/health down the line, yet exercising everyday increases your health/longevity?

Exercising everyday can also ruin your body/health down the line, it all depend on what you are doing. One of the problem (but that's not the only one) is that repetitive movement, especially with heavy pressure, can slowly degrade cartilage in your body or your bone. Your joints are especially susceptible to that. Generally, when you exercise you do several different type of movement, so you don't concentrate the stress on a particular joint on your body so this cause less problems. But in a daily physical labour it is usually repetitive and that's when you might injury a particular part of your body. In addition, if you hurt yourself and heal, you can change your exercise to put less stress on the body part that your injured. But when you get back to work after an injury, you will still continue to do the same movement, still putting stress on the part that you injured.


Question: What is calculus? how does it work?

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 What is calculus? how does it work?

The basic principle behind calculus is fairly easy to understand. Imagine painting the walls around a round ship window. It's got that neat brass stuff, and you don't want to paint that so you have masking tape. So how do use straight masking tape on a round window? You use some small strips. You can start with some big ones like the yellow in [this]( URL_1 ). Well, that doesn't look right at all. You didn't paint close to the circle, and nobody likes it. Boss man gives you a second chance. OK, you use smaller strips and your outline is more like [this]( URL_0 ). Much better! Now using the smaller straight strips were much better approximation to the actual window, but they were not perfect. To be perfect we need super tiny strips, and once they are absolutely tiny, they are perfectly accurate. Calculus breaks things down into those tiny strips to accurately measure curvey things. It works for straight things too, but kinda overkill.


Question: Why do certain animals avoid people, but not moving cars?

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 Why do certain animals avoid people, but not moving cars?

You have probably heard the term “fight or flight.” This has been revised a bit to also include “freeze” and sometimes “faint.” What you’re asking about is the freeze in “fight, flight, or freeze.” You actually nailed it on the head! Other things that spark fear in these animals, like people moving or sudden sharp sounds, are more like the sounds of natural predators. These sounds cause that “flight” response. However, these massive things like cars are, as you said, bigger and louder. This overstimulates that fear response and puts them into a “freeze” response. For deer specifically, I believe there is also some response to light, but it still triggers the same pathways. Someone else would have to explain that one though.


Question: Is there a difference between evaporation and vaporisation?

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 Is there a difference between evaporation and vaporisation?

Evaporation and vaporisation are the same thing. Water can evaporate at lower temperatures because temperature is just the name we give to 'average energy of a substance'. Even though the sea is 16 degrees celsius, some of the molecules of water in it still have enough energy to break free and become a gas. The energy if the molecules is always a distribution, with most having an around average energy, but outliers having much less and much more due to random chance and collisions.


Question: How do stars burn for so long?

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 How do stars burn for so long?

They are massive. Like enormous, bigger than you can probably actually imagine. According to NASA the sun burns 600 million tons of hydrogen per second. Given its weight of estimated over 10\^30 Kg, it would take around 50 billion years to run out. Now, that is a pretty huge simplification, and in reality, the processes in the sun will change before then, but it gives you an idea of just how large it is. Another factor is that most stars also go through stages, for instance, they generally start fusing hydrogen at the beginning and through a lot of their life. That Hydrogen turns into Helium. Once a star gets old enough, it will start fusing helium. Once the helium begins to run out, it fuses carbon. In really large stars this process can create iron. Basically, the star makes more fuel from it's used up fuel, continuing to get energy out of that matter.


Question: why does a DSLR take X time to process an X time exposure photo?

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 why does a DSLR take X time to process an X time exposure photo?

What it's doing is taking a [dark frame]( URL_0 ) Sensors are noisy, and over long amounts of time, the noise adds up over itself. Turns out this noise isn't completely random but develops patterns, because for instance there's circuitry around and behind the sensor. You can see this in the sample picture. The noise depends on the specific camera, sensor, and environmental conditions like temperature, so it works best if the dark frame is taken as close in time to the picture as possible. So what the camera does at long exposures is take a picture, then close the shutter and take a photo of complete darkness. And due to noise it's not going to come out completely black, but will show a noise pattern. The camera then subtracts this from the image to improve the quality of the result. You can typically disable this in the settings, but the result will be noisier of course. Some advanced users do this by hand and do their own processing.


Question: What is Magic the Gathering?

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 What is Magic the Gathering?

It's a strategic card game, where each player starts with 20 "life", and the goal is to get your opponent down to 0 "life". There are lots of little rules and regulations, I'd recommend (if you want to) to sit down and ask him to teach you :) that's the best way to get a grasp on what the game is and how it works. It's pretty much set in a fictional world, which is in a constant state of war. The lore is part of the fun of the game as well, because you get to choose your side :)


Question: Amazon's Jeff Bezos is now the richest person on Earth because Amazon's stock went up and he owns 80 million shares. How does someone rich from a company's stock actually obtain and spend money? Do they have to sell shares constantly?

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</answer>
 Amazon's Jeff Bezos is now the richest person on Earth because Amazon's stock went up and he owns 80 million shares. How does someone rich from a company's stock actually obtain and spend money? Do they have to sell shares constantly?

The rich don't necessarily have to sell stock to get money. Bill Gates gets hundreds of millions in dividends every year. And founders of other companies that don't pay dividends may not need to sell stock either... One thing that the super rich do that you and I can't is they borrow against their money to finance their lifestyles, often for their entire lives and only settling when they die. This allows them to keep 100% of their money invested earning a greater return than the interest rate on their loans....this is free money in their pockets. I only have some millions but I have taken advantage of similar things to a much smaller extent. I can't borrow to pay everyday bills against my investments, but I was able to borrow to finance a house in a way that would make most people think I was being financially insane. In 2010 I got a balloon ARM at 1.8%. This was on a house I could have paid cash for without problem. It's paid off - leaving my money in the market and making the minimum payments until the time when the interest rate exceeded the market returns (and it hasn't happened yet). If the market turns bear or the interest rate goes too high I simply pay the thing off. I'm up about 150k on this transaction. That's how the rich pay for things. They borrow money they don't need to borrow at terms you and I could never get. They settle up when they die (or lose all their money). Or they just sell stock.


Question: Why do clear phone cases turn brown overtime?

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 Why do clear phone cases turn brown overtime?

It depends on the case, but in general, clear plastics are fairly volatile, and the softer the plastic (again, in general) the more volatile they are. This mean that they can be more susceptible to exposure to UV radiation. Depending on the plastic, this can change the color to yellow, brown, grey, or a number of other "dull" colors. Often, over time, this exposure can also make their surface more porous, at least microscopically, which can allow very tiny particulate, like dirt and dust, to accumulate. For some soft cases, they're actually fairly porous to begin with, and as a soft material, easy to further mar, which means that they collect a great deal of surface dirt.


Question: Why do some statistics count numbers in the millions “in thousands?”

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 Why do some statistics count numbers in the millions “in thousands?”

I'm assuming you're actually talking about visualizations of data, like graphs. If one of the dimensions of your dataset is just a collection of very large numbers (e.g. all the population counts of South American countries) it's easier to just add a footnote "*thousands" so you don't have to write out all digits in the visualization.


Question: Why are arrest records and mugshots made publicly available before a guilty conviction is determined by the courts?

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 Why are arrest records and mugshots made publicly available before a guilty conviction is determined by the courts?

This may sound strange, but it's actually done that way to protect people from the government. You may have heard of secret police in other countries throughout history 'disappearing' people in the night, or arresting them and keeping them locked up for years without trial. The US strives to avoid this by making arrest records and courtroom proceedings open to the general public with very, very rare exceptions. This essentially allows the public to audit the government - check why someone was arrested, check that they're not held without trial, check that the trial was fair, etc. EDIT: I want to address some of the common replies I've received. 1. It's not a foolproof system. I don't know of any system that has zero flaws. But by having the rules in the first place, it makes it that much more likely that someone along the line won't break them or will report it. It takes a lot of people and money to run secret prisons, to transport people there, to cover up missing persons reports, etc. 2. It's meant to protect you from the government. Most of the abuses of it are coming from private companies or individuals, particularly in the media. 3. While I think it's a good system, there's nothing saying it's the only system or the best system. But just because you find flaws doesn't mean the entire thing is useless. It means that when weighed against the flaws of other systems, we had decided this one had the best trade-offs. 4. As with most systems, there's nothing saying it can't or shouldn't ever be changed. However, we should make sure we understand why it exists in the first place before we look to tearing it down, if only to fully understand the trade-offs that may be made by adopting a different system.


Question: What made the cold fusion research by Frieschmann and Poms inaccurate/wrong/lacking of integrity?

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 What made the cold fusion research by Frieschmann and Poms inaccurate/wrong/lacking of integrity?

Lied, most likely. On first reports most physicists took a look at the heat values reported, the rate of fusion and the number of neutrons. None of them added up. Namely, F & P standing there with a test tube which, if it was putting out the claimed amount of heat, should have quickly killed them with radiation poisoning from the neutron flux.


Question: How come the blue water in Nuclear Power plants is safe to swim in?

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 How come the blue water in Nuclear Power plants is safe to swim in?

Spent fuel pools are used because water is a good insulator of the radiation created by spent fuel rods. It's "safe" to swim in in that you won't pick up more radiation than if you were swimming in normal water or standing in a nuclear plant (assuming you aren't diving deep below the water and touching the spent rods) but [this what-if xkcd article]( URL_0 ) has a quote from someone who works at a research reactor about what would happen if you tried to swim in their radiation containment pool, and the response was "You'd die pretty quickly, before reaching the water, from gunshot wounds." (That article also goes a bit more in-depth as to why swimming in one of those pools isn't particularly more dangerous than swimming in a normal pool, security guards notwithstanding).


Question: How can you communicate using hexadecimals simpler than using the alphabet?

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 How can you communicate using hexadecimals simpler than using the alphabet?

Hexadecimal isn't used in place of the alphabet. It's used instead of binary. Computers are based on two value logic. Everything you do with your computer ultimately boils down to either 'true' or 'false' in some combination. Those boolean values are combined into binary numbers for simplicity. But binary numbers are really hard to read because they're so long. Hexadecimal compresses those binary numbers into a more human-readable format since they take only a quarter as many digits.


Question: How does insurance work? You pay money overtime just so you don't pay when something actually goes wrong? How does that work?

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 How does insurance work? You pay money overtime just so you don't pay when something actually goes wrong? How does that work?

Imagine you, me and 98 other people are farmers. We can each sell our crops each year for 1 dollar. But each year 8 of us will lose our whole crop and make nothing. So we all decide we will pay 10 cents each year into a pot and the farmers that lose the crop get that money, so they are made whole. The remaining 20 cents goes to the insurance company for running the program. So we all agree making a little less each year is worth the peace of mind that we won’t have to go a whole year with no income. This is particularly important if we have a mortgage on our farm and have to pay that every year. If we miss it one year we lose our farm and have no source of income.


Question: if fresh/drinkable water is so scarce, why do we use it to clean and wash our stuff? Couldn't we use something else?

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 if fresh/drinkable water is so scarce, why do we use it to clean and wash our stuff? Couldn't we use something else?

There are diminishing returns at some point. Depending on the area and situation, there are some areas that ban things like watering lawns, washing cars etc in order to reduce consumption. But there is a point where the savings incur costs too - unsanitary practices, lack of hygiene lead to disease and other health issues. The little savings by not washing leads to even more waste and loss in other areas. In general, day to day stuff like cleaning clothes, short showers, use for waste disposal and drinking do not consume a lot of water per person. Alternatives would be expensive, inconvenient and possibly dangerous (eg cleaning chemicals).


Question: If you divide 100 by 3, you end up with 33.333 repeating, multiply that by 3 and you get 99.999 repeating, where does that 0.000001 go? [NOTE: I only put 0.000001 because i don't really feel like typing out an Infinite amount of 0's]

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 If you divide 100 by 3, you end up with 33.333 repeating, multiply that by 3 and you get 99.999 repeating, where does that 0.000001 go? [NOTE: I only put 0.000001 because i don't really feel like typing out an Infinite amount of 0's]

> NOTE: I only put 0.000001 because i don't really feel like typing out an Infinite amount of 0's That's actually the root of the problem, though; the number you typed is **not** the quantity you think you're representing. By choosing to terminate the sequence at some arbitrary number of zeros, the number that you end up with is infinitely greater than the *actual* quantity, and getting hung up on that apparent "sliver" of a terminating digit is the root of your confusion. 99.999... is precisely equal to 100, and you can prove it via a distinctness test; if they're not equivalent, then you should be able to come up with some number that is simultaneously **strictly** greater than 99.999... and also **strictly** less than 100. But there is no such number, ergo the two numbers are indistinct, and as a result must be the same number. All that's happening is that you've stumbled on a quirk in the way numbers are represented in a base 10 system, but the issue isn't in the meaning of the underlying numbers, but rather the way that we express those numbers.


Question: What happens to insects like bees getting carried away by vehicles? Do they die because they can't find their colony anymore?

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 What happens to insects like bees getting carried away by vehicles? Do they die because they can't find their colony anymore?

Quite possibly, yes, if the insect is a member of a colony, then being whisked away may result in a futile search for home and eventual starvation or death by predation, misadventure, etc. In some specific species, something like an ant might be accepted at a different colony than that of its birth, but in other circumstances, they'd not be recognized and seen as another threat to remove.


Question: Crude oil is black, but gasoline is clear. What is the black stuff, and where does it go during the refining process?

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 Crude oil is black, but gasoline is clear. What is the black stuff, and where does it go during the refining process?

Crude oil depending on where in the world it was extracted, is anywhere from a dark brown, to an almost golden color. URL_0 The darker the color, generally the thicker it is, and the more sulfur it has. Light sweet is just that, light in color and apparently tastes sweet. Thicker and sour crude oil has more sulfur and apparently tastes sour. When oil is refined, depending on what oil they started with, and what the refinery prefers to make during the distillation and cracking, they'll get different stuff. Bunker oil and asphalt/bitumen/tar is pretty much the left over sludge that's a very thick and dark in color. Bunker oil is used to power large cargo ships. Various lubricants and greases are also made from the thicker darker stuff. Gasoline for a long time was the "waste" from making kerosene which was used to light oil lamps, it's a very light distillate, and thus more light honey-bluish in color.


Question: How can jellyfish exist without vital organs?

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 How can jellyfish exist without vital organs?

Like all non-complex-animal-organisms, they don't need them. They either have simpler systems that take care of the same things our organs do, or a particular need just isn't relevant to them. For example, jellyfish don't need specialized systems to breathe, because their flesh is so thin and absorbent that all of their cells can just take in oxygen from the water around them. They don't need a central brain, because just having a few nerves spread around their body is plenty enough to be a successful jellyfish. Extra brain would take extra power. Etc.


Question: what even are GPUs? are they just floating point processors?

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 what even are GPUs? are they just floating point processors?

Fundamentally, they're "just" processors, the same as a CPU. However, they're processors that are designed specifically for 3D graphics workloads, rather than general-purpose computing. So what does this mean in practice? One point is that 3D graphics are what's known as an "[embarrassingly parallel]( URL_1 )" problem — because each individual pixel in the resulting image can be computed in isolation from all other pixels, you can get a lot of benefits from investing in higher levels of parallelism (sort of, but not exactly, "more cores") instead of faster speeds. In practice, an nVidia RTX2070 has the same TDP (spends the same amount of electric power) as an Intel i9-9980XE, has over 5x as many transistors, but only 0.3x to 0.5x (depending on turbo boost, etc) the clock speed. In much the same vein, reading data from memory is very important for all workloads, but it's extraordinarily important for 3D graphics (reading 3d meshes, reading textures, etc), so GPUs use extraordinarily high bandwidth memory — again, about 5x higher throughput for the RTX vs the i9. Inversely, the sort of programs GPUs were designed to run are very straightforward, and have much fewer "if this, then that" decision points ("branches", in the jargon) than a general-purpose CPU will see. This means that GPUs can afford not to have branch prediction built in, which is one of the biggest components in modern CPUs (and at the core of last year's [Spectre/Meltdown]( URL_0 ) attacks). Finally, the difference you were talking about — a very _very_ large portion of the work load for 3D graphics is linear algebra (matrix multiplications, essentially). This naturally means that GPUs are designed to be very very good at performing that sort of numerical task, above and beyond what regular CPUs do.


Question: What is the difference between Shell, Bash, Zsh and terminal?

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 What is the difference between Shell, Bash, Zsh and terminal?

* shell - a program that provides a command line interface to the operating system, especially with Unix/Linux * sh, csh, ksh, bash, zsh - examples of specific shell programs * terminal - used to mean a keyboard and monitor that could connect to a remote computer...now it usually means a program that runs a shell in a window


Question: Why do you still have to close files in order to move them to a different folder?

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 Why do you still have to close files in order to move them to a different folder?

This is intentional. The operating system knows which files still have running programs referencing them. Moving a file will invalidate the references. It isn’t enough to “notify” programs holding a reference to they file — a program might not be coded to handle such a notification. Therefore, Windows explicitly returns an error when trying to take an action that would interfere with a file reference. Linux handles it differently. Linux allows the file operation to go through, but doesn’t actually do anything until all references are dropped. Once they’re dropped, the file is then deleted. This, in my opinion, can be worse, because it can result in file leaks when a program is incorrectly coded to forget to close files. You can call delete on a file as many times as you want and it won’t actually free the space until nothing has it open anymore. I don’t have an answer why Microsoft decided to do it one way and Linux the other. It’s just what they decided. I consider both of these methods to be better than the third option, which is to just delete the file immediately and crash any other programs using it. It’s probably impossible to ever change Windows file handling without breaking backwards compatibility with... everything. Here is some more information about how Linux handles deletion URL_0


Question: Why does it take so long to build muscle mass?

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</answer>
 Why does it take so long to build muscle mass?

So. Muscles are built from proteins, right? At the same time proteins are the most energy consuming nutrients, this means that digesting the proteins takes way more calories than digesting carbs or fat. Also, maximum amount of protein that can be digested is about 2-2.5 grams per kilogram of body weight, you can eat as much protein as you want but you will just dump the excess into your toilet. Now, if we calculate how many calories we waste during the day and compare it to the protein calories that we consume, we easily see that it's biologically impossible to gain more than a few dozen to few hundred grams of muscle per day. With that said, most of what I've said is useless to answer your question. Simply: if you weigh 80 kg, you can digest no more than 200 grams of protein per day. Even if all of that 200 grams add to your muscle weight, you can only gain 6 kg per month. So, growing from 80 to 110 kg would take 5 months in the perfect world, but there are also other processes that need your proteins (muscles are not the only thing that needs protein to grow).


Question: Why is running on a treadmill so much easier and less tiring than running outside?

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 Why is running on a treadmill so much easier and less tiring than running outside?

As far as I understand, the belt turnover of the treadmill contributes greatly to helping you run. The belt is guiding you towards running and as a result, most "serious" runners don't equate their time on a treadmill to be the same as what they would do when running outside. Aside from the ground not being a moving belt to guide your steps, on a treadmill your feet/legs/body is also landing on a softer, more flexible surface rather than crashing into the immovable ground with every step. Tl;dr: You just have to keep from going backwards on a treadmill, but outside, you have to keep moving forward and pushing against the earth.


Question: How does the constitution apply to non-citizens at the border (if it does)?

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 How does the constitution apply to non-citizens at the border (if it does)?

The Constitution applies to absolutely everything the US government does, so the short answer here is "yes". One thing to note: some rights in the Constitution are offered to "persons" (these cover everyone), and other rights are offered specifically to "citizens" (citizenship is defined in the 14th amendment). Immigrants, legal or illegal, are protected against unreasonable search and seizure, self-incrimination, cruel and unusual punishment, and several more. Bearing all that in mind, some of the protections in the Constitution are not absolute. The 14th amendment says that no one will be deprived of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law", but the phrase "due process of law" does leave some wiggle room. Likewise, courts have frequently decided that 4th amendment protections against searches are relaxed in some circumstances, such as border crossings, where there is a lower expectation of privacy and a legitimate public interest in conducting those searches. It's a fairly nuanced topic, once you really get into it, but the short answer is that yes, non-citizens absolutely have rights in the US. Some people want to believe otherwise, but those opinions have no basis in the law.


Question: What are the differences between "Sponsors" and "Advertisers," especially when it comes to donations and ad revenue?

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 What are the differences between "Sponsors" and "Advertisers," especially when it comes to donations and ad revenue?

Advertisers give money as part of a contract that specifies exactly how much air time they get, how often they get it, what will be aired, and on which channels or stations. They are not deliberately trying to support the channel or station, they are trying to get attention for their product or service. Of course, the channel or station *is* supported by the money, but only in the sense that buying something from Walmart supports Walmart. Sponsors have no contract, and may not be given any air time at all. They may only get mentioned as a sponsor. They cannot dictate how often they are mentioned, and they don't get to determine the content. The channel or station may *voluntarily* give them air time or air their commercial, or say their slogan as part of mentioning them as a sponsor. Although a sponsor may hope to get attention for their product or service, the primary *stated* goal of giving money to the channel or station is to support them. They may not get anything out of it except the continued existence of that channel or station, and they are probably perfectly happy with that.


Question: Why can’t we breathe normally after vomiting?

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 Why can’t we breathe normally after vomiting?

Throat is irritated. Vomit is comprised of what you eat or drink recently alongside gastric acid (the juice inside you that disolve food). When you vomit, some of that acid make its way through your throat that is not coated in a special protection to handle it like your stomach is. Throat get irritated and irritation usually also cause swelling. Swelling in the throat make breathing slightly harder.


Question: How are programmers able to manipulate electricity to produce images on a screen?

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 How are programmers able to manipulate electricity to produce images on a screen?

Greatly simplified, each pixel is just a little group of lights that are either red, green, or blue, and can be switched on and off quickly to mimic different brightness levels. When blended together at varying brightness those 3 colors make all the rest of the colors. Put all those pixels together in a grid if vertical columns and horizontal rows and you can assign each one an address. The image is created by telling specific addresses to light up specific colors at specific intervals to create specific colors. It’s pretty magical how far we’ve taken the capabilities of the LED.


Question: Why are most pencils painted yellow? Why not a different color?

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 Why are most pencils painted yellow? Why not a different color?

In the 1800s the best graphite came from China. In China the color yellow is associated with royalty and respect, so by painting the pencils yellow it conveyed that they came from China and had that esteemed nature. Of course a lot has changed since then but the norm of the yellow pencil remains.


Question: Why does lying down cause shortness of breath?

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 Why does lying down cause shortness of breath?

First off, you shouldn’t be short of breath by lying down. It’s called orthopnea, and is usually a sign of underlying problems such as heart failure. If you or someone you know is experiencing this issue, and they have not already seen a doctor for it, I would advise that they should even during this time. This will lead to problems if left untreated, and usually gets worse with time.


Question: Do things have limited scent/odor molecules? If you leave a spoiled piece of fish out does it stop smelling bad eventually?

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 Do things have limited scent/odor molecules? If you leave a spoiled piece of fish out does it stop smelling bad eventually?

It’s mainly bacteria which causes the decomposition of food and the volatile compounds are the ones which stink. So when the bacteria has finished feasting on everything it can the odour would stop too. By then it would be hard to describe what’s left as the original fish, more like leftovers. Edit: I also would think of this for the example of sh*t lol


Question: How does a company determine how many shares it will have?

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 How does a company determine how many shares it will have?

The number of shares * price of shares = valuation of the company. The valuation of the company is tied to how much assets it has and how much profit it can make in the future, companies generally can make a pretty good ballpark guess as to what this number is. But the determining factor in how many shares a company should have is share price. Company valuation and desired share price are known numbers, if you are a company "going public" you can calculate how many shares should be created this way. Ideally you want each share price to be reasonably small for the average person to buy without it being a too big of a purchase but not small enough that it dips too low where pennies start being an issue. The ideal range is probably gonna be somewhere between 7 and 200 dollars, though getting into the hundreds and as low as 3 dollars isn't that bad. Do note that most exchanges really do not like stocks being below 1 dollar and have hard requirements that they must be above a dollar. If a stock rises too high, this typically isn't a problem, a stock split is accomplished to fix this, you just declare that each share that people have is now worth 5 shares or something. Percent ownership of a company doesn't change, you don't lose anything, there are 5 times as many shares in the wild and each share is worth a fifth of the original share, no value is lost. If a stock goes too low, you need a reverse stock split, combine 5 shares into 1. This is a bit more problematic and preferably should be avoided, because this forces the sale of shares of people that do not have a multiple of 5 shares. This is also why inflated companies often will not do stock splits, they fear that they might have to reverse split in the future once the valuation comes down to "reasonable levels." When a company "goes public," they have an initial public offering, where they have to choose how many shares there are and what price the company itself will sell them at. After these shares are bought at the IPO, the buyers sell the shares to other buyers and that determines the future stock market price, but at IPO, the share price is fixed.


Question: If we see something happen X light years away, did it really happen X years ago?

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 If we see something happen X light years away, did it really happen X years ago?

You had it right. Because of the speed of light, looking at more and more distant object means you are also looking deeper and deeper into the past. The relativity angle you may be referring to is that for an object traveling near light speed, time will slow down as you near the speed of light. So for a photon traveling at light speed, no time passes at all. However, for you, an outside observer, time will pass at “normal” speed.


Question: WHY are the UK pushing for a ban on porn? Who would possibly benefit from this?

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 WHY are the UK pushing for a ban on porn? Who would possibly benefit from this?

It will "protect the children". That's what the government claims it's about. Really I think it's just about trying to impose their Victorian morals on everyone. To be fair though, there's no talk of an outright porn ban. Not yet anyway. The plans are to apply the same rules to online porn as physical magazines and DVDs. So certain acts will be banned, such as urination (including female ejaculation because the government believes it's the same thing) and face sitting. It also means porn sites will be forces to implement age checks. There's a chance foreign sites which don't comply will be blocked. It's worrying times when the government is censoring the Internet like that, plus the fact that all our Internet history will be recorded and kept for a year. VPNs are probably going to become standard.


Question: Why does it feel like the world is rocking after spending a long time out at sea?

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 Why does it feel like the world is rocking after spending a long time out at sea?

With all your senses, the brain seems to "tune out" whatever stimuli are there for a long time. You can't really feel your socks once you are wearing them, you see [afterimages of the opposite colour]( URL_0 ) if you stare at one colour for a long time, and after being in a room with a certain smell for a while, you can no longer detect that smell any more. "Sea legs" as you describe are thought to be another part of this. Your senses are not a raw recording feed. They are more like a heavily edited movie, with all the special effects and stuff added in. A *lot* of unconscious processing goes on before you are consciously aware of what your senses have picked up.


Question: Why are we so certain that math is the system by which the universe is understandable?

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 Why are we so certain that math is the system by which the universe is understandable?

Math is merely an aid to the human brain -- a way of organizing what we understand. It does not create any new conclusions, but only shows us what must already be true based on logic. And why do we believe the universe operates according to logic? Because experiment after experiment keeps showing us that this is true. Things that happen fall into an extremely clear pattern, which can be described (using math if we like), and sure enough this description accurately predicts what else will and won't happen.