Question: Why does the body make women throw up or get nauseous when pregnant?

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 Why does the body make women throw up or get nauseous when pregnant?

In the early stages of pregnancy, the mother's body can treat the growing fetus the same way it treats a foreign invader (because it's a combination of two sets of DNA). This isn't necessarily counterintuitive from that perspective, but your question does make sense. The easiest way to prevent or mitigate morning sickness is to introduce foreign DNA into the mother's body before actively trying to get pregnant.


Question: Are there any alternatives to growth-based economy?

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 Are there any alternatives to growth-based economy?

Economic growth isn't solely tied to (or even primarily tied to) population growth. Yes, there are always new babies being born and those babies need shoes, but even in a completely stable population the economy would still grow. The biggest driver of growth would be the creation of new goods and services and the opening of new markets. Sometimes new goods and services replace old ones, shutting down old markets — compare the current market for horse-drawn carriages to the market for cars — but this happens specifically BECAUSE the new goods and services are more valuable to people than the old ones were. If the new goods and services weren't more valuable to people, they never would've displaced the old goods and services. So that's a type of economic growth that would still happen if the total population never changed. The other thing to remember is that, like I said, babies are constantly being born and those babies need shoes. Even in a steady-state population, we're not talking about a bunch of immortals who never change or age. Babies are born, grow into children, become adults, enter old age and die. Along the way, those people need different things at different stages of their lives. Even if the population never grew or shrank, there'd still be a booming market for diapers and legos.


Question: Why does a computer screen appear brighter when viewed from above, and darker / of a higher contrast when seen from below the face of the screen?

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 Why does a computer screen appear brighter when viewed from above, and darker / of a higher contrast when seen from below the face of the screen?

The answer is, it depends on the screen. Electronic screens are complicated devices. Essentially we have many “pixels” that emit light of varying colors, but.... how do we do that? There are different ways to physically make a screen that does this, and each has different concerns. Some have small viewing angles, where each “pixel” is only directing light mostly forward. Viewing the screen from above, below, the side, ruins the brightness or color or some other aspect of the image. Other screens keep their color and brightness even when viewed nearly from 90 degrees. They would differ in price and materials. On a technical level, different display technologies can have almost nothing to do with each other. They all make a screen with pixels, but *what it’s made of* and *how it works* are different. Your phone might have an expensive screen with great viewing angle, because it’s small. But a screen like that might not work on a laptop. They could pull different amounts of power, weigh different amounts. They’re also completely unrelated to a CRT screen, which literally uses a massive electromagnet to bend a stream of electrons to only hit the parts of the screen it wants to light up.


Question: what exactly is blue light and why is is so dangerous? Why is it more dangerous than the other colours of light within the spectrum? Also, if my phone background is black, would that reduce the amount of blue light taken in?

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 what exactly is blue light and why is is so dangerous? Why is it more dangerous than the other colours of light within the spectrum? Also, if my phone background is black, would that reduce the amount of blue light taken in?

Blue light tells the brain to produce the wake up chemical dopamine. It's not dangerous but can disrupt your sleep cycle if you are using a screen late at night. Using a dark screen will help as will turning on the eye comfort or whatever your chosen device calls it in the settings.


Question: Why do spiders always seem like they are unphased when they hear or feel something loud?

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 Why do spiders always seem like they are unphased when they hear or feel something loud?

Movement draws attention. They have no way of knowing that scream is a reaction to them so holding still is the best (non)move until they feel threatened or believe they can move safely again. I have seen them hunker down, but if you're expecting them to bolt, they don't know that they've been seen and moving now would make them stand out. Remember that their natural habitat isn't normally a big, flat, white wall, so holding still is usually the right thing to do.


Question: I understand that, in computers, a '1' can be represented as a pulse. Be it light or an electric charge. But how us a '0' communicated?

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 I understand that, in computers, a '1' can be represented as a pulse. Be it light or an electric charge. But how us a '0' communicated?

Clock timing. You are likely familiar with GHz rating of processors. This is the speed at which it operates and modern processors can "throttle" up or down within a range as needed. This will all fall back to a quartz clock on the motherboard that oscillates with a very definite speed. Just like a metronome or a good drummer sets the beat for musicians, this quartz crystal sets the beat for the computer. Knowing how many beats each bit should take, it is able to know how much time has past and if a transistor is open (0) or closed (1).


Question: why do children enjoy repetitiveness but not adults?

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 why do children enjoy repetitiveness but not adults?

Rehearsing basic skills is an important part of mental and neural development for children. Adults are done doing that. Adults still repeat more complex things that take more time — for example, thinking about the same worry ten times every day, or singing a favorite song, or putting on their favorite make-up in their favorite way. We sometimes call this *ritual.*


Question: what’s the difference between checkings and savings (in banking)?

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 what’s the difference between checkings and savings (in banking)?

A checking/chequing account is geared around making purchases and bill payments. Very few will offer you interest on any balance you maintain and most will charge you fees for making purchases, writing checks or doing bill payments / automatic withdrawls... although prices / fees may vary and typically are waived if you maintain more than a certain minimum balance. Savings account are not meant to see a lot of transactions (and some may even charge for add/remove transactions), however they usually give you a regular return of *interest*... i.e. what the banks pays you for the privilege of "borrowing" your money (to lend to other people or to invest). Very rare is the checking account with low/zero fees that ALSO generates interest with less than a 5 figure balance.


Question: Why do popcorn kernels generally have either a smooth surface but are randomly shaped, or a distinct cracked surface but are usually more sphere shaped?

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 Why do popcorn kernels generally have either a smooth surface but are randomly shaped, or a distinct cracked surface but are usually more sphere shaped?

it has to do with the "wet" kernels. things like the rates of water evaporation, thickness of the skin, density of the meat/pulp inside will affect how each kernel dries and shrinks, thus its shape and texture when its a "dry" kernel. to be clear there is still water inside, thats why they pop when you heat them.


Question: How do streaming websites like Twitch can handle that much outgoing bandwidth?

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 How do streaming websites like Twitch can handle that much outgoing bandwidth?

It's all about scaling and load balancing. If you're streaming to 10k people, you aren't actually sending your stream straight to those 10k people. You're sending your stream to Twitch, who distributes that stream out across dozens -- if not hundreds or thousands - of servers, which then send the content back down to your viewers. It might add up to terabytes per second overall, but that load is spread across hundreds of georedundant nodes that balance the load to avoid bottlenecks.


Question: What happens to your body but more specifically your brain when you are shot in the head?

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 What happens to your body but more specifically your brain when you are shot in the head?

The bullet travels through your brain faster than the speed at which your tissues tear. This means that it's actually pushing tissues out of the way, stretching them beyond their breaking points. When high velocity long arms are responsible, bullets traveling at thousands of feet per second will exit your body before your tissues have a chance to rip. The ability to process information and solve problems? All gone when the bullet shoves its way through your prefrontal cortex. Your ability to index memories? Gone. In the bullet's wake, a long temporary cavity is left. When the tearing finally does happen, your tissues will snap back toward the initial opening and overshoot their original position. You know that back and forth thing that happens when you kick one of those springy door stops? Well that's what your tissues do when the shock waves kick them. Your brain stops functioning almost immediately. In just a fraction of a second, you're gone. Edit: TL;DR ur ded


Question: Do we lose metal forever when it rusts?

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 Do we lose metal forever when it rusts?

Most rusting is from the pure metal becoming oxidized, meaning oxygen from the atmosphere attaches to it and changes it's chemical properties. Rust can be melted back into metal easily enough, though if a piece of metal rusts into a powder, collecting it all back becomes a challenge. When melting it back, you'll have impurities that got trapped and will need to remove them to get pure iron back.


Question: How is code, compiled down to machine code (1s and 0s) changed to voltage?

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 How is code, compiled down to machine code (1s and 0s) changed to voltage?

Well it's not really ELI5, but it boils down to the transistor, which is an electronic switch. A transistor has an input, a control, and an output. As used in digital circuits, these are binary, having only two states, on or off. So, you can wire up this switch in a few ways. One is where if the control is 1, the output is the same as the input. If the control is 0, the output does nothing. This is called a buffer. The other is the opposite, where if the control is 0, the output is the same as the input. If the control is 1, the output does nothing. This is called an inverter. Usually we tie the output to 0 through a weak resistor so that if the output is doing nothing, it defaults to 0. From these two types of transistors, we can build a general purpose computer by combining them in ways to create logic circuits. But you need a lot of them. At the next layer up, we create devices called gates. The first is the AND gate. You put two buffer transistors A and B in *series,* where the output of A is tied to the input of the B. Also tie the output of B to a weak resistor to 0, or logic 0 and tie the input A to 5V, or logic 1. Now the only way to get 5V on the final output of B is if it passes through both buffer transistors, meaning that both controls of A and B are on, or at 5V or, digitally, at 1. We say that the output is 1 if both control A and control B are 1. If either is off, then the weak resistor pulls the output to 0. Let's set that AND gate aside and make an OR gate. This time A and B are wired in *parallel* where both of their inputs are 1 and are tied together, and both of their outputs are tied weakly to 0. Now, if either control A OR B is on, they will provide a 1 to the output. Otherwise, the resistor pulls the output to 0. What can we do with that? Well we can do some interesting things when we tie gates together. If there are no loops, it is called a combinational circuit where the outputs rely only on the inputs. Suppose you wanted an output to become 1 only if the input bits are 6, or 110 in binary. You connect the first 2 bits (11) to an AND gate, and the third bit to an inverter. Then connect the output of the AND, and the output of the inverter to another AND. In this case, the first AND is 1 only if the first 2 bits are both 1, and the inverter is 1 only if the third bit is 0. The second AND is 1 only if the first AND and inverter are both 1. So you have (1 AND 1) AND (INVERT 0) which gives you 1 only if the inputs are 110. This is called boolean Algebra, named for a guy named Boole, as it goes. By combining gates you can come up with very complex controls, for example, to add numbers, or turn on circuits by decoding the binary format of instructions. In a computer there is an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that can add, subtract, shift and otherwise manipulate data. For the instructions, you have a microcode unit that decodes instructions to route data around and control the ALU. There is one last thing, memory. For memory, you put loops in the combinational circuits and what is known as a clock signal. The loops will cause feedback in the gates inputs and the are wired with other gates to the clock so that they only react to their inputs when the clock is 1, and freeze when the clock is 0. They may also be enabled or disabled with other inputs that may be control signals or outputs of the ALU calculations. What this means is that they can store a bit until they are allowed to change it based on new input and a write control signal which is just another bit. These are called sequential circuits because changes flow through it in steps, or sequences, as the clock toggles back and forth between 0 and 1. So now you can have what are called *registers* in the processor to hold numbers to present to the ALU, and capture the results, to be stored elsewhere or rerouted back into the ALU for more computations. That's the very basics. For a good ground up hand holding, pick up Charles Petzold's book, *Code*. It will walk you from light bulbs to assemblers, and it's a short hop from there to compilers. In reality, of course it's more complex. For example, Boolean Algebra states that you can build any combinational circuit only using a gate called a NAND gate (AND with an inverter on the output), because you can build any of the other types with NAND gates. SO, you only have to use one type of gate to build your functions. Programmable logic devices (PLDs) do this.


Question: How much does "buying" a home loan cost after it's been completely paid off?

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 How much does "buying" a home loan cost after it's been completely paid off?

You need to look up something called an amortization schedule. It's a lot more complicated than that. You pay an annual interest rate on the balance of your loan ... but your loan payment is also designed that in the first few years, you're mostly paying interest, and not paying down the principal. A lot depends on the specific loan period and amount, but in general, you'll probably end up paying about as much in interest as the principal amount. So for your $500K loan, you'll pay back [very approximately] 1 million over the life of the loan. It looks like right now, your monthly payment for $500K at 4.6% would be about $2500 a month for 30 years, or roughly $900K total, not counting insurance and taxes.


Question: how do white creams (face creams, foot creams, etc.) become clear when rubbed in?

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 how do white creams (face creams, foot creams, etc.) become clear when rubbed in?

Creams are oils in a water base. First, rubbing them in makes them a thin layer, thin enough and its an almost see-though greasy smeat (put a little bit on glass and see). When applied to skin. oils dissolve into the natural oils of your skin while the water evaporates away.


Question: ; why does water make skin sticky but road slippery?

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 ; why does water make skin sticky but road slippery?

Water loves to stick to itself but doesn't have much friction, at least compared to asphalt. When you're wearing a wet shirt, water in the shirt wants to stick to water on your skin. When you're driving, the tires and asphalt need a huge amount of friction between them to keep the car from slipping. On the scale of cars, water's tendency to stick to itself is too weak to matter noticeably, so all you notice is the slipperiness due to the missing friction


Question: how comes you can use alcohol to clean circuit boards but not water? What makes them different? Found my black 2 ds cartridge and cleaned it off with alcohol and had to wonder why that’s the case.

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 how comes you can use alcohol to clean circuit boards but not water? What makes them different? Found my black 2 ds cartridge and cleaned it off with alcohol and had to wonder why that’s the case.

You can use distilled water without issue. In fact it's relatively common to use distilled water in ultrasonic cleaners when cleaning circuit boards. It's regular water that can cause issues, as it contains all kinds of additives like minerals, salts, chemicals (like fluoride or chlorine). These can remain as contaminants on the board after washing and can bridge connections or cause corrosion.


Question: How does the electricity in our body get there?

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 How does the electricity in our body get there?

Think of electricity as the flow of charge between a high-energy area and a low-energy area. This is very similar to holding a ball up in the air and letting go: while you're holding the ball, the potential energy is high (it has the potential to fall some distance) relative to when it's on the ground (the potential for it to fall is zero) - the act of falling is the "electricity". So our bodies create electricity by using "electrolytes", the major players of which are Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K). If we take a single nerve cell and look at how it sends an electric signal down its length, we'll see that the inside of the nerve has a lot of K and the outside of the nerve has a lot of Na. The amount of these is different, and there's a LOT more Na than there is K. Both of these are positively charged, but because there's a LOT more positive charge outside the cell... those ions really want to get in. So that's our potential. Lots of Na outside, less K inside, the ions want to move in to make everything nice and even. Channels open for the Na to rush inside and K to rush out, and now, because they're moving, electricity is formed. Our bodies are able to use this electricity for a bunch of things, mainly cells sending signals to other cells. When the signal is done, those channels close up and pumps (Na-K ATPase) push Na back out of the cell and K into it to reset. This requires chemical energy, rather than electrical, which comes from breaking down sugar.


Question: why do you feel more refreshed after cold showers compared to the hot ones ?

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 why do you feel more refreshed after cold showers compared to the hot ones ?

This is very subjective, for some people cold showers aren't refreshing and hot showers are. How good a shower feels is often situational, for me if I have been outside sweating and am uncomfortable warm then I like a cold shower. If I am covered in grease and grime then a hot shower is preferred. With that said lets talk about what happens when you take a cold shower versus a hot one. Regardless of temperature when you shower you are exfoliating your skin and cleaning away accumulated sweat and grime. What is different with a cold shower is that you are causing the pores in your skin to contract as opposed to open like they would with a hot shower. A cold shower also lowers your body temperature, both the surface temperature of your skin and your core body temp. If you are hot, sweaty and covered in dirt a cool shower would clean off the dirt, cool you down and lower your temp enough that you no longer are sweating. Sounds pretty refreshing to me!


Question: why can’t we remember being babies? Or even being in the womb?

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 why can’t we remember being babies? Or even being in the womb?

The human brain is very big and very complex, from a biology standpoint. The human birth canal isn’t. We’re born with tiny (relatively speaking) brains so that our skulls can compress to pass through a vagina. Sections of the brain, such as those devoted to long-term memory don’t develop until years after birth.


Question: During development, how does the body know to put the organs in their specific locations?

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 During development, how does the body know to put the organs in their specific locations?

There are a bunch of hormones released during development that progressively specialise the cells in that area depending on the signals the cells get. These hormones switch on certain genes in the DNA that tell the cell what it needs to become. These exist along a gradient and it's known as 'patterning'. In early development, the hormones are produced by a small collection of cells that tell the embryo what part is going to become the head and tail end of the body in the future. As the body continues to develop, the collection of hormones change and become more specialised and may only exist in certain regions. Using some of your examples, the heart knows where to go because there are various hormones all spread on a gradient. Maybe 3 developmental hormones are at their strongest concentration at the center of the chest, which then switches on the genes in these cells that allow them to specialise as cardiac muscle fibers.


Question: What exactly is a “hard pull inquiry”? And why do they do one every time you apply for a new line of credit?

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 What exactly is a “hard pull inquiry”? And why do they do one every time you apply for a new line of credit?

Banks pay credit agencies for data on you, that's a "pull inquiry". It's to separate the type of transaction from a "seek inquiry", where they ask for data on people with certain properties, not by name. There are two kinds of "pull". A "soft pull" is the bank's idea. You are typically a customer (so they have the authority to make the pull) and they're just checking up on you. This doesn't impact your credit. When you apply for a loan the bank does a "hard pull", signaling to all the other credit report consumers that you are trying to borrow money. This impacts your credit score (for the next inquiry) by letting other banks know you're going to have more debt in the future than is reflected in the data in the credit report.


Question: How do you apply the 9 rules of inference in logic?

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 How do you apply the 9 rules of inference in logic?

The rules of inference are the way we take statements and determine if they are 'right' or 'logical'. Here are the first four. A. Modus Ponens: If we accept that p - > q is true, and p is true, then q is also true. It's a deep-thinking version of what "If" and "Then" means. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. This thing in my hand is an apple. Therefore it is also a fruit. B. Modus Tollens: If we accept that p - > q is true, and *q is false*, then p is also false. It's the 'opposite' of Modus Ponens. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. This thing in my hand is *not a fruit*, therefore, it is also *not an apple*. **Note: If p is false, nothing is proven! Just because something isn't an apple, doesn't mean it's not a fruit!** Hypothetical Syllogism: If p - > q, and q - > r, then p - > r. The old 'transitive property' that we all saw in high school geometry proofs, then forgot about. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. If a thing is an fruit, then that thing is also from a plant. This thing in my hand is an apple, therefore, it is also from a plant. Disjunctive Syllogism: If p or q is true, and q is false, then p must be true. In other words, if we know at least one is true, if one is false, it must be the other that's true. Example: An apple is either red or green. This apple in my hand is not red. Therefore, it must be green. The next two are the easy ones: 1. Addition. If p is true, then (p or q) is true. Basically a definition of what 'OR' means. 2. Conjunction. If both p and q are true, then the statement (p and q) are true. Basically a definition of what 'AND' means. The next is Absorption. If p - > q is true, then p - > (p and q) is true. Basically, connecting the two statements: If we know that all apples are fruit, and this thing is an apple, then we know that this thing is *both* fruit and apple. The last is the Dilemma. If you accept two conditional (p - > q AND r - > s), and you know that one of the premises are true, then you know one of the conclusions are true. Example: All apples are fruits, and all ducks are birds. If you know you have at least one duck or one apple, you also know you have at least one fruit or one bird. **You need to check whether this is the list that your professor gave out. To me, this isn't a standard or complete list. That said, I took this class over 25 years ago, so your mileage may vary, and I could be thinking of the wrong list.**


Question: What is the difference between an Atom and a Chemical Element?

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 What is the difference between an Atom and a Chemical Element?

Atoms and elements are one and the same. Atoms and molecular elements are not the same. Some elements come in pairs, they don't normally exist as a single atom, examples hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen. Some other elements come in a single atom presentation when in gaseous form. Main difference is if you had a cloud of monoatomic hydrogen at room temperature it will recombine to diatomic form so quick that it'll cause an explosion. You'll be vaporized. If you stand in a cloud of diatomic hydrogen... You will be asphyxiated but you won't explode. URL_0


Question: Why do chia seeds turn slimy when you mix them with liquid?

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 Why do chia seeds turn slimy when you mix them with liquid?

It's caused by mucilage, which is a gel-like polysaccharide coating common to (almost) all plants, albeit not always in useful quantities. Vinaigrette dressings are emulsified with the mucilage from mustard seeds, for example, while flaxseed mucilage is a common vegan egg substitute. It's also commonly found in plant roots. In theory you could make pudding with almost any seed, although mustard seed pudding might not be particularly palatable.


Question: Atmospheric pressure and boiling points. How does it work?

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 Atmospheric pressure and boiling points. How does it work?

Boiling occurs when a liquid equals or exceeds its vapour pressure. Vapour pressure is the pressure of a vapour above a liquid, eg air above water. So, if the air pressure is higher, you need to use more energy to get the water past its vapour pressure. Conversely, if the air is lower (say, at high altitudes) then you need less energy. This can be a problem with cooking at altitude - water boils at a lower temperature. If you opened a sealed container of water in space it would boil instantly, because the vapour pressure is non existent.


Question: Where does stuff go when it is deleted?

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 Where does stuff go when it is deleted?

Nothing actually. The data is still there. But the space its stored in is now allocated as "free" and can be overwritten at any time by something else being saved. There are programs that actively "wipe" the drive for security reasons and overwrite the data, but typically when you delete something it just removes references to the actual data and marks it as available space


Question: Why is it so difficult to wake up in the morning?

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 Why is it so difficult to wake up in the morning?

If you find it hard to wake up early in the morning, but find that you feel great if you’re allowed to go to sleep late at night and wake up late in the day, then you could have [DSPD]( URL_0 ). My natural tendency is something like 3am sleep, wake up at midday. If you can find a job that accommodates you it can greatly improve your quality of life.


Question: What could happen if the internet is not 'neutral'?

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 What could happen if the internet is not 'neutral'?

/u/tsuuga has done a decent summary. I'd like to explain it in a little more detail: With net neutrality in place, your ISP is obliged to provide you with an internet connection, the speed of which is determined by how much you pay for that service. And no matter which website you go to, the speed at which you receive the data (load the website, stream the audio or video) will be the same. Without net neutrality, the ISP is free to decide at which speeds you're going to be receiving data from various sites. For example, your ISP might decide that it doesn't want youtube videos to load so quickly, because reasons, They might say "Well our infrastructure can't handle video data at that amount. Yes we can upgrade, but it will cost more money. Youtube can pay us an amount and we'll make sure their data goes through smoothly. And they can extend the same kind of deal to anyone. With diffrent prices. Seems fair so far right? Well not entirely, a lot of ISP's have other interests as well. For example, in the US Time Warner has it's own video streaming service. And Netflix has one as well. In this case it's a very good idea for TW to throttle the bandwith of Netflix to a point where it's no longer possible for you to watch Netflix. But their own streaming service will work like a dream. So it gives ISP's unfair oppertunities to stop competitors from doing business. And the same thing could happen for other things as well. Perhaps removing/restricting access to websites which go against the interests of the company. IE you can't see the site for a competing ISP because well, that's competition. You can't go to the site for political party X because they're going to try and push through legislation that the ISP doesn't like.


Question: When they say "we didn't have the technology then," what does that specifically refer to? Why were USB sticks only able to hold 500 MB a few years ago but are now able to hold hundreds of GB? What specifically changes in that time frame?

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 When they say "we didn't have the technology then," what does that specifically refer to? Why were USB sticks only able to hold 500 MB a few years ago but are now able to hold hundreds of GB? What specifically changes in that time frame?

Lego blocks have many different sizes. So let's say the smallest piece the machines can make is a 2x8 brick. You can only fit so many of those on a big flat plate. That's your 500 mb stick. Now technology improves and the machines get better and can now make 2x2 bricks. You can now fit 4 times as many on the same big plate. This would like a 2gb stick. Miniaturization and better computing power to control the machines now allows them to reliably make 1x1 Lego bricks. You can now stick 4 times as many on our big plate. This is a 8 gb USB. Tldr. Better machines that make machines that make smaller machines that make faster machines cause production to be faster, cheaper, and better every generation. When applying this to computers, where every 2 or so years is a generation, everything is obsolete faster and faster.


Question: What does the 33% GDP plunge mean and what are the short term and long term effects?

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 What does the 33% GDP plunge mean and what are the short term and long term effects?

So GDP is money used to buy goods and services. Say i buy a few apples at a local store for $5. The owner of that store then uses that $5 to get a haircut. Then the haircut person uses that $5 as part of their home mortgage and that $5 stays in a bank that owns the home. In total the GDP created was $15. So for short term effects. Some business might close and people might lose jobs and become homeless. Because they don't have money to pay their rent or mortgage. Long term, there might to much inventory and low demand that pretty much every store is gonna have a clearance or all year sell to attract people to spend.


Question: I use two weather apps. One of them says 85% chance of rain this afternoon, the other one says 0%. Why are same-day weather forecasts so wildly inaccurate in 2016? Shouldn't we be kind of good at this by now?

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 I use two weather apps. One of them says 85% chance of rain this afternoon, the other one says 0%. Why are same-day weather forecasts so wildly inaccurate in 2016? Shouldn't we be kind of good at this by now?

Adding to other comments on weather modelling and data, it depends on where the raw data comes from. In Australia, the government weather bureau is not used by most popular weather apps - e.g. Apple weather, Yahoo weather and Android's default weather app. They use a service called Weather Underground, which crowd-sources its raw data from a network of personal weather stations. For this reason, the most popular weather apps for this region always differ from official sources. I don't have data on which is more accurate. One may assume the official government source with their vast resources and local knowledge, but if the last 15 years of internet-powered business disruption is to go by, the crowd-sourced data may in-fact out perform the established services.


Question: Who decides on the currency exchange rate?

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 Who decides on the currency exchange rate?

The market decides exchange rates. Lets say you're a Canadian, and you really like some American product. Now the American producer doesn't really have any need for Canadian dollars since they live in the US (not really but this is just a really simplified version of it), but there is someone in the US who wants to buy some Canadian good, which they're going to need Canadian dollars for. Now the Canadian needs American dollars, and the American needs Canadian dollars, so they can trade, so that they can both buy the other countries goods. So that should explain why people want to exchange currencies. Once you understand that, it becomes a fairly simple example of supply and demand. There are people who are willing to supply the currency, and people who want to buy the currency (or they demand it). At the intersection of these two points, a price is set. Now when either the supply or demand change for any reason (changing interest rate in a country is one that can effect exchange rates, as can differing levels of demand for foreign products), the rate between the currencies changes.


Question: Are there different types of infinity?

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 Are there different types of infinity?

What you are getting at here is the difference between countable and uncountable infinity. The set of all integers is said to be countably infinite. This is because, in ELI5 terms, I can choose any integer and eventually count to it (if I count like this- 0, 1,-1,2,-2 I will eventually reach any integer). For the set of all real numbers between 2 and 3, this is not the case. That is because irrational numbers are involved and we just can’t find a way to count to them. Therefore the set containing all numbers between 2 and 3 is “larger” than the set of all integers, even though they are both infinite.


Question: If the price of everything goes up each year to account for inflation, why can't we just not increase prices to lower the amount of inflation?

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 If the price of everything goes up each year to account for inflation, why can't we just not increase prices to lower the amount of inflation?

That wouldn't work. Here is why inflation exist. Currency is just a representation of wealth that is easier to trade. Usually wealth will increase over time. You cut down a tree, you make a plank out of it, you use it to make a house. We create wealth out of natural resources and work. The wood have more value than the tree, the plank have more value than the wood, the house have more value than the plank. You added value, or created wealth. If wealth increase, people will want to trade more, which mean they will want currency. The law of supply and demand mean that if the demand in currency increase, the supply need to follow or the value of the currency will go up. It make sense, if the wealth increase, but you keep the same amount of currency to represent it all, then each dollar will have a bigger value. That's deflation and it's really bad in the long term for the economy (in the short term it's not too bad if small). So to fix that you need to produce currency at the same rate as the wealth is created. But it's really hard to estimate that growth in wealth so you might have errors and produce a bit too much or not enough currency. So instead of trying to produce the same amount of currency as the wealth created, we try to produce a bit more. We target around 2% of inflation that way so that the risk of going into deflation or too high in inflation is low, even if mistakes are made. Now a small 2% of inflation is beneficial, because it encourages people to invest their money, otherwise the value of their money will decrease over time. That's a good thing, because circulation of money is a big part of economic growth. Now, technically speaking. If you increase the price of everything, that increase the demand of currency, which would lead to less inflation. But in theory you can't control all the prices. There will be a lot of people that will sell at normal price and get all the clients. If a country do that, people will buy from another country. But like I said, even if you could have that amount of control over all the prices, a 2% inflation is a good thing.


Question: How do you read the pioneer plaque on the Pioneer spacecrafts?

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 How do you read the pioneer plaque on the Pioneer spacecrafts?

At the bottom you have our position in the solar system and origin point for the probe inc pluto(it's a planet again bitches!). At the top is a helium atom I think. Between them I'm guessing is our place within the local cluster of galaxies and on the right is a standard size man and woman next to the probe I'd assume for scale . Edit: i was a bit out. Wiki has a section dedicated to it. It's really interesting URL_0


Question: Why do some body parts "fall asleep" and others are spared from this?

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 Why do some body parts "fall asleep" and others are spared from this?

When you sit in a manner than presses on a nerve, you end up with numbness and tingling downstream where that nerve usually works. This can happen when sitting on the toilet too long and bending your legs, or when your rest your armpit on a chair for a long period of time. Any nerve can have this feeling, its just that these two are most common as its hard to compress other nerves via normal activities.


Question: does eccentric exercise result in longer looking muscles?

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 does eccentric exercise result in longer looking muscles?

No. The shape of the muscles is genetic. Even worse, the insert points, which is what many would like to change to achieve specific results for aesthetic reasons, are also genetic and only alterable through surgery. e.g. you need a high bicep insertion for it to be even possible to ever reach Schwarzenegger's biceps shape. You can only impact the relative rate of growth of different muscles. However, take into account that some muscles are below others, thus potentially impacting the apparent resulting shape. e.g. : pectoralis minor. But these changes will be minimal. In short, through training you can aim towards balance and volume, the specific resulting shape is as much yours as your height or eye color.


Question: Why do “B” (and worse) movies get made if they’re highly unlikely to be successful?

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 Why do “B” (and worse) movies get made if they’re highly unlikely to be successful?

Because they are likely to be successful. A movie is successful if it earns more money than it cost to make. A movie that few people saw might earn $20 million. If it was an unpromoted indie film that cost $5 million to make, it is a big success If it was a summer blockbuster, it is a historic bomb.


Question: Why is there so much variety of alphabets/ language but so few differences in numbers/ math?

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 Why is there so much variety of alphabets/ language but so few differences in numbers/ math?

math is universal. people used different symbols (roman vs arabic), but they represented the same thing. so it doesn't really matter which set of symbols you use. but languages are a construct, they rely on people agreeing on what each sound means. and the phone didn't exist for most of history, so they only had to agree with the people of their own region. so their language developed in a different direction than that of the tribes on the other side of the mountains. they used different sounds and different meanings. and only then did they invent writing, and created an alphabet that suits their language but not whatever those other guys are speaking


Question: (Photography) What is Noise, White Balance, ISO, Chromatic abberation, ETC? And how does it help in Photography?

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 (Photography) What is Noise, White Balance, ISO, Chromatic abberation, ETC? And how does it help in Photography?

Noise: graininess on the film or, in case of digital photography, the graininess on a shot. ISO: the sensitivity of the film/sensors to a certain amount of light. When dealing with low light scenery, the less ISO you have, the longer the exposure time. White balance: every source of light has a temperature, its "colour". Your eyes quite often don't perceive it, as them and brain are pretty good in stripping away the "colour" part of a light source. Cameras aren't that good, so white balance is something the camera uses to attempt stripping out the source of light colour pollution. Chromatic aberration: parts of a shot whose colour doesn't look like the colour IRL. The whole picture can be affected as well.


Question: Why do some people find mathematics hard no matter how hard they study? for example Geometry. Is there a reason behind why students struggle a lot in this subject compare to other classes?

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 Why do some people find mathematics hard no matter how hard they study? for example Geometry. Is there a reason behind why students struggle a lot in this subject compare to other classes?

One of the biggest challenges in math is it is very incremental. You can probably pass a test on World War II without knowing anything about World War I, but in math, if you don't have a solid foundation, everything built on it crumbles. And by solid, I don't mean remembered just enough to pass a final. I mean true understanding. If you don't have a deep understanding of arithmetic, algebra is going to be very hard. Solving for x gets really hard if you can't remember that subtracting a negative is the same as adding. Similarly, you need to know algebra cold if before you can take a shot at calculus. I once had a math tech tell me that calculus was easy, it is the algebra behind calculus that was hard. And algebra is easy, it is the arithmetic behind algebra that is hard. If you are struggling with all three at once, you are going to have a bad time.


Question: If the amount of currency stayed the same and the population increases wouldn’t it reverse inflation?

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 If the amount of currency stayed the same and the population increases wouldn’t it reverse inflation?

Population not so much, but economy yes. Economy is somewhat linked to population, but is also obviously linked to other factors like technology, recourses, political stability, and trade. But yes, you are absolutely correct. If no more money was "printed", the same amount of money would represent more economic wealth. Hence, the money is worth more. If there's 100 dollar for the whole economic pie, and the pie just got bigger, each 1 dollar slice is now worth more pie. That's great, right? No, it's actually bad. This is called deflation. Deflation isn't some good opposite to evil inflation. It's can bad, it can very bad if it's strong. In fact, the mild inflation the world sees right now is intentional. The governments actually print slightly more new money than there is economic growth. Why? Because it encourages spending and investment as hoarding money slowly losses wealth. Deflation encourages people to hoard money, like a dragon with a cave of gold. As you can imagine, gold in a cave isn't very useful to anyone. If the money is worth more in the future, why would you spend or invest any of it? This is of course horrible for the economy and society. Loans stops, investment stops, spending stop. This of course crashes the economy as nothing is happening. The same amount of money is still there, but it's not moving so nothing is happening. This of course soon means the economy is shrinking, so there's even less resources but the same amount of money. This clearly goes right back to inflation as the economy stalled and shrank rather than grew. Ultimately, money is meaningless. It's just a placeholder for resources. It doesn't matter if a Japanese yen is worth 100x less than an American dollar, it's all just placeholders. It doesn't in any way mean American is richer or better off or has a stronger economy than japan by 100x. What matters is the economy itself. How much resources there are, how well they are being exchanged, and how much it grows. So the goal is whatever inflation, deflation, or neither that works for the strongest economy. And through current economic theory and historical results, steady, reliable mild inflation is the best bet. It's very intentional, not some accidental issue that inflation is occurring. And of course by "printed" I don't necessarily mean literally printed. Some money is minted, and a lot now is digital. In the old days, the rate of growth of money was determined mostly by how much new gold and silver was discovered and mined. It's rarity kept it as a steady currency growing more or less in check with the overall economy, and small size and high value as a nice placeholder for bartering that can be carried in a purse or wallet. Now this is all artificial, with well established and wide reaching governments being able to control the rates of new currency. Governments before modern times had dealt with paper currencies or attempts to control currency outside of raw good and silver. The paper currencies often failed however, which then only being as reliable as the power of a feudal empires stability. And rampant inflation of coinage also occured as governments (like say the Romans which was far reaching enough to attempt control) debased the coins (put cheaper metals in), but their failed understanding of economic theories often spiraled things out of control. Turns out cheaping out on the coins based on the value of metal and attempting to fix prices doesn't actually work, and the black/grey market will just default to supply and demand depsite whatever the king or emperor wishes. Turns out you can't dictate more resources into existence with wishful thinking.


Question: Why do cold surfaces sometimes feel like they are wet?

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 Why do cold surfaces sometimes feel like they are wet?

> Why do cold surfaces sometimes feel like they are wet? We don't really have "wetness" sensors in our skin, we have the ability to detect pressure on a very fine scale which yields a texture sense, and a temperature sensor *of our flesh*. That last bit is important because we infer the temperature of an object touched based on the rate of change in the temperature of our flesh. The higher the difference in temperature the faster the heat transfer, so if the object is very cold our flesh will cool faster than if it was only a little cold. As a result objects with high thermal conductivity such as metals appear to be colder than objects with low thermal conductivity such as wood even if they are actually the same temperature, simply because the metals carry the heat away faster. Water also carries heat away very efficiently and does not really have a texture so the brain can sometimes become confused about what combination of factors is at work on a given object only through touch. Is it cold and smooth or is it wet? With only texture and the rate of heat absorption to work with it isn't clear.