Question: If vegetables are so good for us, why are so many people repulsed by the (especially children)? Shouldn’t our brains/tastebuds enjoy the taste of healthy foods?

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 If vegetables are so good for us, why are so many people repulsed by the (especially children)? Shouldn’t our brains/tastebuds enjoy the taste of healthy foods?

Throughout our evolution, we were at a caloric deficit. So we naturally prioritize calories, not nutrients. It's clearly not optimum, but you can go a long time without certain vitamins/minerals. If you don't have actual calories, not so much... So high calories food with a lot of fat/sugar taste better to us, especially children who need calories to grow.


Question: What is mansplaining and is womansplaining a thing?

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 What is mansplaining and is womansplaining a thing?

“Mansplaining” is the act of a male explaining a topic to a female on the assumption she wouldn’t already understand it simply because she’s a female - even if her position or role required her to. Women can “womansplain” as well in the other direction. In fact, most groups can “‘splain” really. The key ingredient to ‘splaining is condescension, and it seems males do it more than females - particularly higher up the social ladder. Hence “womansplaining” (while existing) is not much of a thing in practice.


Question: How does the optical illusion where something looks like it’s spinning slower than it is work?

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 How does the optical illusion where something looks like it’s spinning slower than it is work?

Cameras only capture a limited number of images (frames) per second. Imagine you have an object which spins one and a quarter times between each picture. This would look exactly the same as if it was only spinning a quarter turn per picture. Similarly, if it turns 3/4 of the way each time, it would look the same as spinning a quarter turn backwards. If it spins exactly a full turn it'll look like it's not moving at all.


Question: How do people who steal your credit card information actually use it?

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 How do people who steal your credit card information actually use it?

Credit cards can be "reprogrammed", so you could change the data that is on the magnetic stripe to anything else, you could change it from a credit card number to a message should you desire. Since it is very easy to alter the data, scammers would use any old credit card, change the data to yours, then spend it as if they had the card. That is why many retailers need to verify the last 4 digits of the card during checkout. They most likely got your info from a skimmer device, it attaches to a credit card reader/ATM, and looks legit, so when you swipe your card, both the legit machine and the skimmer read your data. They likely had a camera to watch you enter the pin, assuming it wasn't a compromised machine.


Question: How do music streaming services pay artists? How much are artists paid? What is payment based on (number of plays, etc)?

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 How do music streaming services pay artists? How much are artists paid? What is payment based on (number of plays, etc)?

They know what people are playing and they compile costs based on play count and cut checks to the labels on a pre-determined basis. Sometimes rates are different based on quantity and such. It all differs, but most services pay standard rates that are set by law. Sometimes companies pay different rates depending on if they have a contract that gives the artist greater control of the streaming rights and sometimes they pay different rates for specific artists for things like exclusives. It depends on the situation, the song, and what agreements have been struck.


Question: Why do some spicy foods (like Jalapeño Peppers) cause a burning sensation on your tongue, and other spicy foods (like Wasabi) cause a burning sensation in your nose?

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 Why do some spicy foods (like Jalapeño Peppers) cause a burning sensation on your tongue, and other spicy foods (like Wasabi) cause a burning sensation in your nose?

Both flavors are caused by chemical irritants, but different chemical irritants. Chili peppers contain capsaicin, which stimulates heat receptors in mucous membranes, giving the sensation of burning without any actual heat. This compound is stored in the pepper itself and will sit on your tongue/in your mouth, causing irritation. Wasabi, horseradish, and mustard contain allyl isothiocyanate. Breaking the cell walls of the plant generates a irritating gas that you inhale, which is why you feel it more in your nose/ This is also why it's important to use fresh wasabi/horseradish, while chili products can stay pungent for years.


Question: Blood pressure. What do the numbers mean, what reading can the average person expect, and what are the dangers involved?

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 Blood pressure. What do the numbers mean, what reading can the average person expect, and what are the dangers involved?

The first number is the pressure of the blood in your arteries during each heart beat. The heart is a pump and it pumps blood through your arteries, however you dont want this to be too high or you will start damaging the vessels. Low blood pressure often means you are very low on fluid due to severe blood loss or dehydration. The heart is functioning fine here, it just doesnt have a lot to pump so the pressure is low. The lower number is the pressure the blood exerts between each heart beat. One of the reasons this number is important is if this pressure goes too low the heart itself is not getting blood to function. This is because the heart gets blood between each heart beat.


Question: Why do people seem to bleed less during surgery?

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 Why do people seem to bleed less during surgery?

There are a number of methods to reduce blood-loss: * __Cautery:__ The skin / flesh of a wound is burned, in order to close it. * __Clotting agents:__ Certain chemicals can be introduced into a patient's system to aid the coagulation of blood. * __Pressure__ * __Tying off:__ As you mentioned, areas can be tied off to restrict the flow of blood. [...]


Question: What would it be like to be in the bottom of the Mariana Trench if the ocean was drained?

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 What would it be like to be in the bottom of the Mariana Trench if the ocean was drained?

The air would be quite dense, about 4x that of sea level, and might result in a mild case of decompression sickness if an individual were returned to sea level without regular stops, but milder than an actual scuba dive. Breathing would be very efficient, though. It would be very cold, getting only a few hours of daylight depending on the orientation of the trench (I don't have any images handy). Gravity would hardly change at all, with the 7 mile depth being only a tiny fraction of Earth's overall radius.


Question: If we get an ICBM alert, and it’s real, what’s the best course of action for the average person in a city?

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 If we get an ICBM alert, and it’s real, what’s the best course of action for the average person in a city?

Go into a bank vault and read a book. Come out and discover everyone else dead and the city in ruins. Think about killing yourself but discover the local library. Stack up books to read for the next year. Don't be concerned that the stacks are outside in the weather. But whatever you do, do not bend over without holding onto your glasses. Be really careful with your glasses. There is time now. There is time.


Question: Why is the sun in Winter so harsh?

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 Why is the sun in Winter so harsh?

I’m assuming that there is a wide variety of harsh you could be talking about. If you are asking about harsh and in brightness or the higher chance of sun burning the skin, A lot of that has to do with snow in the winter. The light waves coming from the sun hit the snow are are reflected back up. This cause light to seem much brighter then it really is, that’s why on a cloudy night in the winter, you can see for a few miles with out flash light or anything. Street lights and house lights will reflect off the snow and off the clouds. Illuminating an area and allowing you to see at light levels similar to dusk. For harshness from sun burning the skin. The UV rays also reflect off the snow, essentially causing a double whammy because any rays that might have missed your skin bounce back up at you going for round two.


Question: Why is there not a single animal with eyes that are over each other or on opposite ends of the body?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is there not a single animal with eyes that are over each other or on opposite ends of the body?

it's not evolutionarily advantageous. The design of all creatures is the process of mutations. Some mutations turned out beneficial, and those animals live long enough to reproduce, other mutations are either not beneficial, or detrimental, and those animals either die or don't get to mate. There is, however, a species of fish called Megrim with one eye above the other on one side. Weird looking thing.


Question: why do candles smoke when they are blown out, but not while they are burning?

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 why do candles smoke when they are blown out, but not while they are burning?

While the exact composition of smoke varies wildly, when a candle is extinguished, all of the wax vapor that was about to burn fails to do so. Instead, you have hot wax and tars boiling and evaporating off of the wick, becoming a fine mist in the colder air, and forming smoke.


Question: How does the filibuster work in The USA Senate?

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 How does the filibuster work in The USA Senate?

3/5 of Senators have to agree to "invoke cloture" on a bill, which essentially them agreeing to hold a vote on the bill. You only need a majority of Senators to pass a bill, but this rule of invoking cloture means that if 41 Senators out of 100 don't support the bill, they can block a vote on the bill from happening, and without a vote on the bill occurring, the bill cannot be passed. In other words, a minority of Senators has the power to prevent a vote on a bill from occuring, which creates the problem that a majority of Senators may support a bill, but they'll never get to vote on it because a minority doesn't want to.


Question: Up until torrent came along, there was constant innovation in the P2P arena. Why has it stopped since?

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 Up until torrent came along, there was constant innovation in the P2P arena. Why has it stopped since?

It hasn't BitTorrent is the king protocol in P2P because no one has come up with something better yet. But there's been a lot of development that leverages BitTorrent to do other things. Kodi and streaming via BitTorrent for instance. There's also been tons of development in the Streaming industry, which has really taken a bite out of P2P because Netflix is cheap, legal, and easy to use. More so than even downloading torrents, despite the limited catalogue. A lot of development related to P2P these days is related to privacy and obfuscation like VPNs. VPNs are being used to hide your identity, but also to mask your location for the purposes of getting around geo-blocking content.


Question: What is it about human psychology that causes us to find games like Candy Crush, Tetris, etc so satisfying?

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 What is it about human psychology that causes us to find games like Candy Crush, Tetris, etc so satisfying?

These games are designed around having relatively frequent and very noticeable 'rewards' that stimulates chemicals in your brain that make you feel happy or satisfied. Particularly a chemical called dopamine. Rather than real life where rewards take much longer and are far less in your face. The brain is sucked into a loop: getting reward 'points' or items or what have you;anticipate getting more rewards, do thing that gives direct and immediate rewards. That's why people can play it for hours. Accomplishing most irl tasks require much longer periods between reward and anticipation. // Tl/Dr : the in game rewards make your brain release a lot of happy chemicals. More info: URL_0


Question: How come there’s just 1 line of continuous bubbles coming from the bottom of the glass if you’re drinking something like champagne?

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 How come there’s just 1 line of continuous bubbles coming from the bottom of the glass if you’re drinking something like champagne?

When you see a line of bubbles coming from a single point, that point is called a 'nucleation site'. What is happening is that there is probably a small imperfection in the glass there where a tiny bubble of air can be trapped. It is much easier for an existing bubble to get bigger than it is for a new bubble to form out of nothing. So, what happens its that this tiny trapped bubble grows until it gets too large for the imperfection and it then breaks off and rises to the top of the glass. When the bubble breaks off it leaves behind another tiny bubble trapped in that imperfection in the glass. The cycle then repeats. You can reproduce the experiment by putting a large grain of sand in the bottom of the glass. This grain of sand is likely a lot rougher than the glass and will contain small trapped bubbles. After filling the glass with a carbonated drink, the rough grain of sand will likely be one of the locations from which lines of bubbles rise.


Question: What does the statistic “ELO” measure/mean?

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</answer>
 What does the statistic “ELO” measure/mean?

Just FYI, the name is not actually an acronym (and so doesn't need to be fully capitalized), but is instead the surname of [Arpad Elo]( URL_0 ) who invented the system for chess initially. I'll let someone with an actual math background go into the details of how it works though.


Question: What does it mean for a problem to be NP Hard or NP Complete?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean for a problem to be NP Hard or NP Complete?

First a quick eli5 style definition of "NP": a class of problems which are very difficult to solve, but easy to verify a solution if offered, when simplified down to a Yes/No answer. The most well known example is the travelling salesman problem: given a list of cities and a complete cost table (eg: cost of a bus ride to/from every possible pair of cities), visit each city exactly once in sequence and come back to where you started for as little money as possible. Your job is to choose your visiting order. To make it a Yes/No problem, you are given a budget and asked if it's even possible to accomplish within the budget. It's actually really hard to verify for sure whether the answer is Yes or No, but if someone showed you a route, it would be really easy to verify that it is within the budget and that the answer is Yes. So with that out of the way... NP Hard problems are problems that, if for even 1 of them we could come up with a radical strategy that brings the difficulty down from "oh god it's a nightmare" to "child's play" (from the point of view of a computer), then ANY NP class problem could be brought down to "child's play" difficulty. And to be clear, ALL NP class problems are currently nightmare difficulty. An "NP Complete" problem means it is NP hard, but also in the NP category itself. There are categories more difficult than NP, and an NP-hard problem is allowed to be in these higher difficulty categories and still meet the above definition. An NP-Complete problem is also in the basic NP category. So that's why they're interesting.


Question: Why do horses need to wear horse shoes?

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 Why do horses need to wear horse shoes?

Domesticated horses live in environments filled with more moisture than the original habitat they came from. This excess moisture softens and breaks down the ceratin in the hoof leading to splitting or other deformations. A shoe adds protection as well as working to, in a sense, hold the hoof together. Note that not all horses require shoes, and shoed horses can also go without. I am not an equestrian.


Question: If the whole purpose of a fruit/vegetable is to spread seeds by being eaten and what out, why are chilly peppers doing there best to prevent this?

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 If the whole purpose of a fruit/vegetable is to spread seeds by being eaten and what out, why are chilly peppers doing there best to prevent this?

Chilies have a very good reason to make themselves hot - protection. The leading cause of seed mortality in wild chilli plants is a fungus called Fusarium. The fungus invades the fruits through wounds made by insects and destroys the seeds before they can be eaten and dispersed. Capsaicin, the chemical that makes the peppers hot, drastically slows microbial growth and protects the fruit from Fusarium. And while capsaicin deters local mammals, such as foxes and raccoons, from consuming the chilies, birds don't have the physiological machinery to detect the spicy chemical and continue to eat the peppers and disperse seeds. Fun fact: Capsaicin doesn't just help the plants that produce it, either. The consumption of chilies can help protect humans from the dangerous diseases that are so plentiful in tropical climates. sources: [ URL_2 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) edit: added source


Question: If vinegar is just over-ripe alcohol, why is it so much cheaper than booze?

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 If vinegar is just over-ripe alcohol, why is it so much cheaper than booze?

There are many more permits and taxes that go along with alcohol production and sale than there are for vinegar. The permits to brew or distal alcohol can cost tens of thousands of dollars a year. Add in the permits needed to sell alcohol at a store and the sin tax on alcohol and that is a fairly large amount of one bottle's cost right there. Now add in the marketing that alcohol companies pay while thinking about the last time you saw an advertisment for vinegar that wasn't a store's sale pages. TL;DR there are fees on alcohol that don't exist for vinegar and companies advertise booze not vinegar.


Question: Why do we pee the bed as a child but not as an adult?

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 Why do we pee the bed as a child but not as an adult?

You develop more bladder control as an adult so that you pee before you go to sleep. You’re also better at restricting your own fluids before going to sleep. Also, you have more of an awareness of bladder pressure and can wake yourself up prior to urination much more efficiently as a young/middle aged adult. Brain changes later can revert you to a less controlled enuresis behavior.


Question: Why is the frequency 18.9Hz called the Ghost Frequency?

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 Why is the frequency 18.9Hz called the Ghost Frequency?

Human hearing ranges from (about) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. If a sound wave falls outside of that range, you are not going to be able to hear it. However, that doesn't mean that you aren't able to perceive it in other ways. We can "feel" sound waves outside of our normal range of hearing - both above and below the 20/20,000 thresholds. The 18.9 Hz wave is no different - you can't hear it, but you can feel it is there. In many people, this feeling manifests itself as fear or paranoia. You can "feel" something in the room, but none of your other senses register anything consciously. This incongruence greats discomfort,t which manifests as fear. It is called the "Ghost Frequency" because it is theorized that many "haunted" areas simply produce tones close to 18.9 Hz (through resonance or other natural quirks) and people associate the fear response with a "presence" in the area.


Question: What is an oxidant and why do we like things with antioxidants in them?

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 What is an oxidant and why do we like things with antioxidants in them?

An oxidant is something that *oxidizes,* and to *oxidize* actually does not mean to give something an oxygen; it means to remove an electron from it, giving it an electric charge and changing its properties. An *antioxidant,* then, is a substance that tends to prevent or reverse this oxidization. We like this because when you oxidize something, it becomes something called a "free radical," and they can damage our cells and DNA over time.


Question: How does increasing government spending affect aggregate demand in the economy?

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 How does increasing government spending affect aggregate demand in the economy?

The general idea is that aggregate demand is comprised of _all_ of the entities buying goods. That includes individual consumers, businesses, foreign firms and governments. If any of those groups starts buying more, then aggregate (i.e. total) demand goes up, so increasing in spending from any of them can increase aggregate demand. The US Government is somewhat special in this regard, though, as it basically has access to unlimited funds over the short term. If the economy is flagging due to low demand, it can take on debt with incredible ease and spend that money in the economy buying goods and services. The firms that sell goods to the government then take that money and buy goods and services of their own, so every $1 spend by the government could have a 3-6x effect on demand. Then, once the economy is good again, spending can be reduced, taxes increased and the debt paid back. Of course, that is a very Keynesian opinion. Ask a Chicago-school economist and they will tell you that government spending has zero effect on aggregate demand...


Question: Why do mobile websites make me click to show the full article?

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 Why do mobile websites make me click to show the full article?

Most mobile websites are built for speed - they'll generate just as much content as they need to so you get the page immediately. Abandon rates (when you leave the page) are very high when pages don't load quickly. There are also metrics that people only tend to read a small portion of any given article - it gives additional view into when users are reading the complete article versus just the first paragraph.


Question: what is the "risk-free interest rate" and why could it be anything else than zero ?

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 what is the "risk-free interest rate" and why could it be anything else than zero ?

It's basically considered 'Risk Free' because there's not a possibility it won't be paid back. It exists mostly in theory, but then has correlation in reality. Basically think of it as saying if you had $10,000 and I told you you're not allowed to spend it for 1 year, how much would the market demand to do that? Assuming zero risk, what would you charge to delay the use of your own money? The most common risk-free rate refers to US T-Bills though, which is basically as close to truly zero risk as you can get. There's essentially no chance the US Government won't pay back your money on a 30 day T-Bill. Even if they had to just print the money, they'd pay it. And if there was ever a chance that the US Government did not pay back a 30 day T-Bill, then it's quite likely at this point you've been killed or irradiated enough to die soon and the US Dollar no longer exists.


Question: how do they make keyboards for languages like traditional chinese, which has over 3000 individual characters? ive seen mandarin typewriters, and theyre pretty cool, but how do laptop keyboards work?

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 how do they make keyboards for languages like traditional chinese, which has over 3000 individual characters? ive seen mandarin typewriters, and theyre pretty cool, but how do laptop keyboards work?

Other than pinyin, which romanized the pronunciation of the character. There is also the wubi system which codifies the sequence of strokes of the writing of the character. To put it into English sense, the letters a-z are typically treated as atomic elements. You describe 'a' as just 'a'. Nothing less. The wubi system would break apart the writing of the 'a' into: ccw circle, then right-down sweep. 'b' would be: vertical stroke, cw circle. 'c' would be: ccw semicircle. 'd': ccw circle, vertical stroke. 'e': horiz, ccw semicircle Etc etc. Now you can see there's alot of common elements. ccw semicircle, verticals, horizontals. There going to be also left diagonals, right diagonals, hook left, hook right. Each of these can be a key on a keyboard and you can type out the sequence of how to write a letter. once you have each letter's strokes codified, you can then bucketize them by how many strokes it takes to write that letter. 1 stroke letters, 2 stroke letters, 3 stroke letters, 4 stoke letters. now you have a system


Question: What are “strike price” “call” and “put” in stock options with an example?

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 What are “strike price” “call” and “put” in stock options with an example?

You live in Boston, but you're a huge leafs fan. A friend of yours is buying Bruins season tickets and while you travel a lot, you'd like to go to games when leafs are in town. Since you dont know your schedule, you dont want to commit to buying them but want the 'option' to do so. So you agree to give him $100 bucks in order to have the option to buy them at face value when the leafs are in town. The $100 is the price to buy the option, the face value is the strike price. Doesnt matter how much tickets are selling for at those games, you see the leafs for face value (and if want to can sell to someone else if worth more than face). A put is the opposite. Your Bruins fan also has a brother who works at a bar near the arena. In order to make sure tickets get sold when he's not going, he says he will pay his brother $500 to scalp any tickets he's not planning on using. To make sure he can sell, agree to do it at 75% of face value. That right to get brother to sell the tickets is a 'put'. The put price is $500 and the strike price is 75% of face value. Here, the brother gets to keep any money he gets scalping north of the 75%. Also, fuck the bruins.


Question: How does dust just “settle?”

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 How does dust just “settle?”

Wind blowing is not enough to clean something, because of an effect called "boundary layer". Basically air has viscosity like any other fluid and it tends to stick to surfaces, so when wind blows over a surface the closer you're to said surface the less air velocity. I've personally experienced this phenomenom on flights. Dust over the cowling of a plane will still be there when you land.


Question: How do sunflowers “know” which way the sun is facing?

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 How do sunflowers “know” which way the sun is facing?

To know which way the sun is they have light sensitive proteins which detect the energy in the light from the sun. To face the sun, when the proteins detect the light they cause a series of chemical reactions in the stalk of the sunflower which moves water in and out of its cells to create pressure and tension stretch and bend the stalk towards the sun!


Question: What is a "Windows X System" in relation to operating systems?

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 What is a "Windows X System" in relation to operating systems?

That's X Windows System, not Windows X System. It is also known as X11 or just X. X is basically the windowing system used by UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems. It's been around since 1984. Unlike more popular (nowadays) windowing systems like Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, X is just a basic framework. It provides a basic GUI and, well, windows and a mouse cursor, but you need *other* software to do stuff like put borders on the windows, move them around, etc. This is known as a Window Manager. The advantage here is that you can customise the heck out of your GUI by using the window manager that *you* like. Another *major* difference is the client-server architecture. X runs as a server, and clients connect to it. Basically, if you run X on your machine, you have something that can display windows. To actually *get* these windows, you have to run a client (basically, a program). For example, you can run a browser like Chrome or Firefox. Rather than displaying their data directly, they connect to the X server and have the *server* display the data. The advantage here is that you can run X on your own computer *and all other applications on different computers*. If you think about the UNIX mentality, this makes a lot of sense, especially in the Olden Days when people used fairly weak terminals to display stuff, and had big powerful servers to run applications on. It *also* means that I can run any flavour of Linux I want on my desktop, and use any *other* UNIX-variant to run my applications. Now back in the olden days when we had many different flavours of UNIX running on many different platforms, that was a lot more impressive (I could use a cheap x86 desktop running Linux, and run my applications on a $100,000 SGI Origin cluster). It also meant is was *trivial* for me to display a window on *your* computer. It used to be *more* trivial when everyone was connected directly to the internet, but if we're on the same network it's still remarkably easy. This relates to SSH in that you need to connect to the remote system in order to launch your application. Again, in the Olden Days we'd use telnet or rlogin, which are immensely insecure protocols. Those have all but died out with ssh becoming ubiquitous, and is virtually exclusively used for connections between systems.


Question: If our stomachs are kind of in the middle-left of our torsos, why do many of us experience hunger pangs in our bellies around where the intestines are below the rib cage?

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 If our stomachs are kind of in the middle-left of our torsos, why do many of us experience hunger pangs in our bellies around where the intestines are below the rib cage?

A lot of your internal organs aren't super great at localizing pain, so even though they're caused by stomach contractions your nervous system may not be able to tell exactly where it's coming from (this is also why you feel heartburn in your chest even though it's your lower esophagus being irritated)


Question: Why does ambient temperature exacerbate the 'burn' from chilli?

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 Why does ambient temperature exacerbate the 'burn' from chilli?

It seems to me that this can best be summed up by evaporation. Lets say you pour capsaicin (The compound in hot peppers that gives them their heat) all over your face. Over time, the burning will cease as the capsaicin is lifted off your skin by the oil your skin produces, assuming you don't irritate the process by rubbing your face. Inside your mouth would work the same way, except instead of oil, we are talking about the dilution of the capsaicin with saliva.


Question: What causes the sound of Thunder and how can it be so loud?

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 What causes the sound of Thunder and how can it be so loud?

Lightning is created by a build up of static electricity at the base of a cloud, when this charge is released it transforms the air into superheated plasma which glows brilliantly. The heat created in the lightning causes the air to expand creating a shockwave which we hear and feel as thunder. - URL_0


Question: Animals that are born with 2 or more heads, which brain controls the body ? Are they aware of their other brain ? If one head was shutdown, do the other die as well ?

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 Animals that are born with 2 or more heads, which brain controls the body ? Are they aware of their other brain ? If one head was shutdown, do the other die as well ?

It depends on the development of the animal. In some cases, the 'second head' can be parasitic, and not have much contribution to the rest of the body. In others, the development can lead to circumstances where both heads are able to exert control, which often results in clumsy movement or complete uncoordination. Insofar as awareness, I'm not sure what you mean, they can occasionally see the other head, and will even sometimes fight among themselves. They don't "share thoughts" or anything however, assuming the brains are separate. As to the latter question, I think that would again depend on the development of the animal.


Question: Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?

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 Is there an optimal shape for flying through space?

There could be. Thinking square or spherical maximizes internal volume is cool but if you're worried about striking dust or derbies at 200,000kmph then long and thin makes more sense. But what if you're using solar winds to pull you along? What if you solare radiation is your only means to keep the interior warm?


Question: Why is Pluto not considered a planet because it's too small, but some planets are made entirely of gas and considered planets?

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 Why is Pluto not considered a planet because it's too small, but some planets are made entirely of gas and considered planets?

So, the three criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet are: 1. It is in orbit around The Sun. 2. It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape). 3. It has “cleared the neighborhood” around its orbit. Pluto is in orbit around the Sun, and it is round. However there are still asteroids in Pluto's orbit, disqualifying it from being a planet.


Question: The US has $21 Trillion dollars in debt, what happens in the long run if this debt keeps accumilating?

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 The US has $21 Trillion dollars in debt, what happens in the long run if this debt keeps accumilating?

First off, the US is constantly in a state of paying off old loans and acquiring loans. Although it varies by year, we pay somewhere around 8-10% of our yearly budget just on interest rates on loans. About 25% of that goes to various government programs, like Social Security (the largest creditor to the government). Secondly, yes. The US can continue accumulating new debt as long as debtors find US securities a solid investment. Right now, US Securities are considered one of the safest investments around, so there's very little risk that the US won't be able to find new debt.


Question: Why do we have 2 nostrils when they both lead to the same lungs?

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 Why do we have 2 nostrils when they both lead to the same lungs?

If that one big nostril gets plugged, you're pretty screwed - plus, easier for foreign objects to get up there. With two nostrils, if one gets plugged you still have one to spare, and with the smaller holes and fine hairs, it's easier to protect from things getting up in there


Question: How can a file be compressed into something smaller but still contain all the information it needs to work properly?

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 How can a file be compressed into something smaller but still contain all the information it needs to work properly?

Imagine you make a model car out of Lego. The car looks awesome and you want to send it to your friend who lives quite far away from you so your going to have to use the mail. Now sure you can parcel the whole thing up and send it to him but hey, that's going to be a big and heavy parcel and will cost you a lot to mail it. Also it might get damaged. But then you hit on an idea. Your friend has his own lego, why not just mail him the instructions on how to build his own car. So you mail him one of every piece of lego that he needs with a note saying "You need 2 of these" and "7 of these" along with instructions on how to put them all together. Suddenly your parcel is a heck of a lot lighter and smaller. But then you remember that your friends Lego collection is not as extensive as yours and he might not have all the pieces. So you also mail him more of the parts that you know he does not have in his own collection. Your parcel gets a bit bigger and heavier, but nowhere near as heavy as sending the whole car. Your friend receives your package, puts together the car using his own Lego from your instructions and subsidises it with the pieces you sent him. This is essentially what lossless compression is. It drops the data that is redundant and tells the compression software to replicate it using a set of instructions that is smaller than actually including the data. Anything that can't be replicated using an instruction set gets included which is why a file can only be compressed so far using lossless compression. It get's way more complex than that of course but this is the most simple way to describe it at ELI5 level.


Question: When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

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 When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

Your chest is not actually shrinking (thank god). But it's not just 'in your head'. The feeling comes from a bunch of muscles contracting rapidly (most notably your heart) as well as your breathing ascelerating rapidly (aka your lungs going into overdrive). It's essentially your body going into (often contextually unnecicary) 'fight or flight' action mode but without the apropriate routine what to actually do. That's why slowing/focusing on your breathing often helps. You force your body out of that 'action mode' and actively tell your lungs to stop overreacting 😉


Question: How was trance music and the likes made in the 90s, before the release of "user-friendly" software?

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 How was trance music and the likes made in the 90s, before the release of "user-friendly" software?

Others have roughly given the answer. But.... Most of us had minimal gear. A lot of things like the "acid" synthesiser (the TB303) were cheap by 1988. They were failed products. The tb303 has an onboard sequencer, meaning a baseline could be programmed and played back. If that sequencer was synchronised to a drum machine then that was a start. Bass and drums in sync. The drum machine has its own sequence patterns stored on it. We could flip between our patterns, and twiddle the dials on both to vary the sounds, create fills and builds, etc. Playing some chords on the top (on a polysynth) we had the basis. The signals were mixed together in a mixer. Effects were added, for distortion perhaps just a guitar pedal. For echo and reverb the first cost effective digital rack mounted units were available. A step up was the first affordable samplers. In the late 80s AKAI released rack samplers (such as the s900) which were just about affordable. With just a few seconds of sample time it was enough for an "aw yeah" or a stab sound. Many people used an AtariST for sequencing. Rock solid timing and a built in midi port to trigger synths. But many older drum machines and synths lacked that connection, so getting everything in time was very tricky. Source: Am dance music producer from the 90s


Question: Can a country run out of unemployment benefits for its citizens?

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 Can a country run out of unemployment benefits for its citizens?

"Unemployment benefits" are just paid out of cash the government owns, they're not special, its just money coming out of the government's bank account. Yes, a country could run out of cash, but in that case, you have a whole different set of problems. A country chooses how to spend its money. It could spend it on unemployment benefits, the military, or a new pair of shoes.


Question: Why do wheels looks like they are going slowly counter-clockwise when they are rotating clockwise going fast?

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 Why do wheels looks like they are going slowly counter-clockwise when they are rotating clockwise going fast?

This is a phenomenon called the [wagon-wheel effect]( URL_0 ). You will likely get comments about how this only happens when light is strobing - you'll notice it with some lighting that doesn't correct AC current. The light blinks on and off, and between blinks the wheel does slightly less than one rotation. Since your brain doesn't receive the intermediate light, it thinks that it moved backwards instead. The same thing happens in video, when the wheel rotation almost lines up with the framerate. This also separately happens in the human visual system (which you have noticed!), and we're not entirely sure why. We used to think that our brains actually perceived one frame at a time, but more complex setups have shown that that doesn't seem to be happening. It seems to be some complex artifact of the way our brain perceives motion.


Question: why does spaghetti sauce stain certain plastic containers so badly?

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 why does spaghetti sauce stain certain plastic containers so badly?

Plastic containers are to various extents permeable. Spag sauce is oily and deeply pigmented. Warming oils makes them less viscous, making them more easily penetrate the porous plastic, staining it. This process is enhanced by the significant volume of pigment. Since the pigment is easily seen, even small amounts are visible. To shift the stain you'll need patience, washing soap and more heat. Seal your spag sauce in glass containers and never have this problem again.


Question: I've been told that satellite radio, some TV broadcasting, GPS, etc. all "bounce their signals off a satellite". But if satellites are in Earth's orbit, how does the signal bounce off then if they are on the other side of the earth or out of a clear path?

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 I've been told that satellite radio, some TV broadcasting, GPS, etc. all "bounce their signals off a satellite". But if satellites are in Earth's orbit, how does the signal bounce off then if they are on the other side of the earth or out of a clear path?

Simplest answer first - There's more than one There's not just one (for example) DishTV satellite. They have enough satellites to ensure coverage for the areas where they offer services. Secondly, for the services that offer coverage in specific area, their satellites are in what is call "geosynchronous orbit". Meaning, they are moving at the same speed that the Earth is turning, so that they stay in the same relative place


Question: Why can temperature only fall to absolute zero (273.15 C) and not any further?

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 Why can temperature only fall to absolute zero (273.15 C) and not any further?

We first need to start by saying that temperature is more than how "hot" or "cold" something is. Temperature is a measure of energy, and the movement of that energy. Cold objects have less of this energy, hot objects have more. This energy moves from hot - > cold, so what we think of as temperature is really describing the energy and which way it is moving. Absolute Zero is the point where that energy, the literal movement of the atoms in a thing, is at zero or close enough to zero to not be relevant. There is no where to go below that. You can't have something move a negative amount... because then it is moving... That's why it only theoretically exists and we haven't been able to create it. An object at Absolute Zero would literally be sucking heat from everything around it, so it's impossible to create the temperature. There is *always* something that is providing heat.