Question: true temperature vs ‘feels like’ temperature - which is accurate?

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 true temperature vs ‘feels like’ temperature - which is accurate?

> Which is accurate? True temperature is accurate in the sense of what the temperature actually is in the air of the environment. However this isn't necessarily the most *relevant* since what you *feel* like is the net result of your body trying to maintain its temperature against the environment. So if it's 55, calm, and sunny, you might feel comfortable as the sun warms your skin, your body warms the air around you, and you maintain your temperature with relative easy. If it's 55, blustery winds, and raining, then the wind is stealing away your shell of warm air, the rain is transferring heat efficiently out of your skin, and you are shivering and miserable, because the environment is cooling you off much more effectively. In both cases it is 55, but what you feel is the net result of you vs the environment. So pick which is more accurate to what you are interested in.


Question: Reaganomics. How was it relevant then and how did it impact us now?

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 Reaganomics. How was it relevant then and how did it impact us now?

basically was, if we lower taxes for the businesses then they will use that saved tax money in expanding their business. Thus making the business grow and the govt collecting more money as a result (even tho they lowered taxes the idea is they will gain net taxes because business grew as a result.) Impacts us today because many law makers still believe in it and are giving tax cuts to wealthy businesses. Its proven not to work


Question: How do we know that, after a year, we're back in the same spot in our orbit?

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 How do we know that, after a year, we're back in the same spot in our orbit?

You can measure Earth's position against the background stars or its distance and angle to the sun, both of which will "reset" after a year(ish). Of course even those drift over thousands of years as the sun and the stars move and Earth's orbit evolves, but the year-over-year change is nearly negligible unless you need incredibly accurate timekeeping for some reason.


Question: Why is the economy of Puerto Rico in such tough shape? It is a US territory, uses the dollar and goods and people can pass freely to the US. Shouldn't it be more like Florida as a major tourist and vacation spot?

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 Why is the economy of Puerto Rico in such tough shape? It is a US territory, uses the dollar and goods and people can pass freely to the US. Shouldn't it be more like Florida as a major tourist and vacation spot?

Florida is easier to get to. Puerto Rico is 4 hours by plane from anywhere on the east coast. You don't think about it but Puerto Rico is really far east, it's 1000 miles from the edge of Florida The flight is the same price as flying to Punta Cana in the Dominican. The hotels are also quite expensive, you could stay all inclusive in the Dominican for the same price Puerto Rico also never fully accepted the switch to a tourism based economy. There used to be significant tax incentives for having your company on the island and there was a fair amount of manufacturing work. The tax incentives expired, the companies withdrew, the jobs dried up, more companies went under, more jobs dried up, educated people left the island, and the brain drain continues Using the US dollar is more of a hindrance than a help on an island with a 45% poverty rate as it forces minimum wage higher than many small places can support


Question: If I'm standing still and holding a cup, and I spin around holding the cup, the liquid doesn't spin around with the cup. Why?

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 If I'm standing still and holding a cup, and I spin around holding the cup, the liquid doesn't spin around with the cup. Why?

Well, another way to look at this is: Why *would* the liquid spin? I mean, it's not attached to the cup - just sitting on top of it. What actually happens is that when you spin the cup, the glass touching the water gently tugs the water along with it. This means that the "outer shell" of the water *does* spin. The rest of the water, however, takes a while to get with the program, as the force tugging on it is mitigated by the "shell" acting as a lubricant and allowing the water and glass to slide past each other. Eventually, the water *will* catch up with the glass, and if the glass then stops spinning the water will continue spinning for a while for similar reasons.


Question: When you turn the volume all the way down on an electrical device, does it still make the sound?

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 When you turn the volume all the way down on an electrical device, does it still make the sound?

On an oldschool electric device - like a walkman tape player - the sound is still produced, but the signal gets killed before it makes it to the headphone jack. For things with an operating system and software, like a phone, it depends on what you mean by "make a sound," and it depends on the app being used. The app is aware of what the audio volume is set to. If the person who wrote the app was clever, they could do a check to see if the volume is set to "mute," and if so, stop any part of the program which makes sound. This would save on memory and processor usage! However, there is no requirement to do so - the program is allowed to keep on sending music or game audio to the OS, saying "please play this sound!" The OS will simply ignore it if the system is on mute. I'm not sure if that counts as "making the sound" for your purposes.


Question: What is electricity and why does it defy gravity?

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 What is electricity and why does it defy gravity?

Simply put. Electricity is moving electrons. Why do they move? You create an area of positive charge or negative charge. Electrons will then flow from charge to no charge because there is a potential difference between the two and electricity wants to be 0, it doesn’t want to exist. It doesn’t exactly defy gravity, the electromagnetic force is just way way stronger than gravity and exists on a much much smaller scale. For all intents and purposes, gravity is irrelevant to electromagnetism.


Question: How come forward motion helps keep you upright on a bicycle?

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 How come forward motion helps keep you upright on a bicycle?

The gyroscope explanation is not what really keeps you upright on a bicycle. It certainly can play a part, but it is not THE reason. When you ride a bike you are steering the front wheel in order to keep upright. If you are falling to the left, you steer left to put the bike back underneath you. Gyroscopic precession is not required. You need to be moving forward for the steering to have any effect. An example is those small Razor type scooters. They have very tiny wheels with virtually no gyroscopic force - yet you can ride them as long as you are moving forward in order to steer the front wheel and keep it underneath the rider.


Question: Why does gasoline reflect in a rainbow effect instead of one colour?

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 Why does gasoline reflect in a rainbow effect instead of one colour?

It only does this when interacting with another liquid, most commonly water. The molecules in the gasoline are no polar, making them hydrophobic (repelled by water). Because of this, the gasoline floats on the water in a thin film. Different widths of this film reflect light differently, leading to swirls of rainbow color depending on the thickness of the gasoline. Another post haws already been made on thin-film interference that explains the phenomenon quite well. Another place you can see this thin film interference creating rainbows of different thicknesses of liquid is in a bubble. In a bubble, water is trapped between two walls of hydrophobic molecules. If you look closely, you can see the layers of liquid settling. URL_0


Question: Why do men pee in these crazy urine streams after having sex?

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 Why do men pee in these crazy urine streams after having sex?

Just a quick reminder that males have a spongy urethra and this particular structure creates a spiral urine stream which expels urine at higher speeds and this functions as a way to remove obstruction, like sperm in this case. Females do not have this structure and why there's a higher incidences of UTI's for females vs. males. After sex, you have a combination of foreign objects there such as: * sperm * lubrication * vaginal fluids * spermicide Which clogs up the very tip and, in the case of sperm, parts of the shaft. This is why it's always good for men (and women) to pee (and wash off) after sex because it cleans, well, everything. The same streams can happen at any time throughout the day but for similar reasons: basic blockage in the tunnel, so to speak.


Question: Why do people have irrational fears or phobias?

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 Why do people have irrational fears or phobias?

People have "irrational" fears for the same reason they have "rational" fears - the brain thinks that reacting to them will increase your odds of survival in a fight-or-flight situation. Basically, the reason some fears might seem irrational is that there is a disconnect between conscious thought and your brain's fight or flight system. This disconnect is what allows you to react to something quickly before you consciously analyze the situation. The reason some people have certain fears (bees, heights, spiders, etc) and some don't is that a person's brain may or may not have a learned or innate reason to fear something. Innate factors are behind most phobias that don't stem from experience or an event, but to the brain, they carry just as much weight as learned phobias that stem from experiences.


Question: Why are tax haven countries reserved for the ultra wealthy?

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 Why are tax haven countries reserved for the ultra wealthy?

It does require some effort to structure your companies and register them so that you can use these tax loopholes. And it often makes it harder to get hold of the money you own. In addition this is usually only going to work against some types of tax but not everything. So most small businesses is going to spend more money trying to avoid these taxes then the taxes would be in the first place. Some smaller businesses still do for various reasons but it is not that common.


Question: difference between cast iron and stainless steel pans?

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 difference between cast iron and stainless steel pans?

cast iron transmits heat better. Stainless steel does a pretty good job but its lighter by half. So I have stainless steel for most and a cast iron for steaks ( pan) and stews (Dutch oven) Seasoning is basically sealing the pores on the surface of cast iron so food sticks less. The seasoning is basically burned on oil, which is usually a high smoke point oil that doesn't go rancid so peanut, soybean, safflower, flax oils are good for seasoning


Question: How does Supply and Demand actually work?

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 How does Supply and Demand actually work?

I bake and sell bread. I have the ability to bake 10 loaves of bread every day. Bob and Steve both come to my shop every day and buy 5 loaves each for $1 a piece. This is a stable system. Then, one day, Alan comes in and wants to buy 5 loaves as well. I tell him I only have 10. Demand is now higher than supply. Alan is really hungry, so he offers $2 a loaf and buys 5 loaves. Bread is now worth $2 a loaf - prices have risen in response to increased demand and fixed supply. Later, Walter opens a bakery next door to mine, and he bakes 10 loaves as well. There are now 20 loaves for sale in market that only wants 15 loaves total. Supply is now higher than demand. Since my bread will go bad if I don't sell al 10 loaves, I drop my prices to $0.75 a loaf to be sure I sell all 10 and Walter only sells 5 - prices have now dropped in response to increased supply and fixed demand.


Question: Can someone explain me the concept of gravity assist?

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 Can someone explain me the concept of gravity assist?

A comet doesn't really use gravity assist, it orbits the Sun. A space probe can use gravity assist by approaching a planet at high speed from behind (remember the planets are moving) and allowing the planet's gravity to pull it forward. Now by the time it passes near the planet it's going super fast — way too fast to get pulled into the planet's orbit — so it zooms off into space. Think of it like a skateboarder briefly grabbing onto a truck. She'll let go soon, and be going even faster (in the truck's general direction) than before.


Question: what do those numbers on the bike mean?

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 what do those numbers on the bike mean?

They change how fast the pedals move compared to the drive wheel. In a low gear you have to pedal fast to go slow, but you don't have to press as hard. In a high gear, you have to push harder, but you move farther for each rotation of the pedals. They work by pushing the chain onto a bigger or smaller sprocket. The ratio of teeth on the pedal sprocket to the drive wheel sprocket is what matters.


Question: why did America fail to become the number one producer of solar panels? Wouldn't the government do whatever it takes to gain huge viable markets like this?

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 why did America fail to become the number one producer of solar panels? Wouldn't the government do whatever it takes to gain huge viable markets like this?

Because America depends on oil for more than just energy and fuel. Brobdingnagian amounts of money and power are involved with US oil companies, stocks, and even the economy itself in many other ways. Solar means a huge loss for the oil industry ("Big Oil") just as hemp threatened the paper industry many years ago, leading to the beginning of marijuana prohibition. A lot of countries are trying to move away from oil dependencies due to both dwindling supply, and the costs involved. But America at this point is far too dependent on it to fully adopt solar.


Question: How are reality TV shows like Married At First Sight scripted?

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 How are reality TV shows like Married At First Sight scripted?

I haven't worked on them but I've read tell all from some of them. They are told to say and do a lot of particular things but even more so they chop the events up and realign them to make it seems more dramatic, or nothing happens for a week and they catch the 1 moment something happened and call it an ongoing fued. Theres rules to reality shows but they are pretty loose.


Question: What is the kernel of an operating system?

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 What is the kernel of an operating system?

The BIOS/UEFI is firmware, i.e., it is in a ROM on your motherboard. It's the first program to be executed and it will load the actual operating system in memory (RAM) usually from your hard disk (or SSD now). UEFI is the "new enhanced" BIOS. Usually written by the motherboard vendors but open-source BIOS/UEFIs exist as well. The distinction between kernel and OS is more subtle. The kernel is the subset of the operating system that is running in kernel mode on the cpu (also called supervisor mode). It's a protected mode on the cpu in which you can execute special important instructions that only an operating system must use. The linux kernel is exactly that and contains parts about scheduling programs/threads, managing memory and creating the "file abstraction". It is really the core of the operating system. So what's in the OS but not in the kernel? Userspace programs that accompany the kernel. Examples are the standard C library, shell terminals, any GUI/Window system, any API developers can use to develop programs. I guess you can even consider default wallpapers as part of the OS.


Question: How do Neon signs work and get different colors?

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 How do Neon signs work and get different colors?

Grab a periodic table and look at the farthest right section. The first 6 are called Noble gases. The are not able to be set on fire. But when they have an electrical current through them they glow. Each gas has its own color. Neon signs are a general term even though only one color is actually produced by the gas neon.


Question: why do things go weird near the Bermuda Triangle?

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 why do things go weird near the Bermuda Triangle?

It's an area that happens to see a lot of ships and planes pass through due to its location. Just like a busy street in a city would see more accidents, there are more accidents in the triangle. "The vicinity of the Bermuda Triangle is amongst the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in the world, with ships frequently crossing through it for ports in the Americas, Europe and the Caribbean islands. Cruise ships and pleasure craft regularly sail through the region, and commercial and private aircraft routinely fly over it." URL_0


Question: How does glue not dry up in a bottle?

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 How does glue not dry up in a bottle?

To dry up the water would have to evaporate out of it. The water can't do that in a sealed container because of something called vapor pressure. Basically evaporation is governed by the temperature of a liquid, the pressure it is at, and the properties of the liquid. The water can't evaporate out of the glue because it is in a sealed container and so the heat that causes it to evaporate increases the pressure which then condenses the liquid again. If you open the top of a glue bottle it can dry out because the water is free to convert into a gas without increasing the pressure.


Question: What is happening in your brain when you get that "off" feeling after watching something particularly disturbing?

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 What is happening in your brain when you get that "off" feeling after watching something particularly disturbing?

Not a psychology expert, but speaking from experience, sounds like dissociation/depersonalisation. It can happen after any trauma, including secondhand. People have different thresholds for it. It's not evil in itself--it protects you, in a way. The problem comes if it lasts longer or arises at times seemingly out of the blue. It's really helpful to get a process to talk to about this. It is treatable.


Question: How does someone become cockeyed? Also, can this be cured/fixed?

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 How does someone become cockeyed? Also, can this be cured/fixed?

There are four "large" muscles that control eye movement. (there are also a couple smaller ones for finer movement). These attach to the globe at roughly NSEW. Normally they're all in a relaxed state. Look up and the two N muscles contract, down and the S ones contract. Look to your left and the E will contract, right and the W will. If one or more of these muscles attaches just a little bit off, the symmetry of the two eyes will be different and will be pointing in different directions. If the difference isn't too bad the "lazy" eye an be trained by covering the "normal" one which forces it to look straight out. The corresponding muscles will strengthen and maintain proper alignment. In cases where they're substantially off a simple surgical procedure can be done. This severs the improper attachment and the muscle is sewn to where it's supposed to be.


Question: Why are men of certain ethnic backgrounds a lot more hairy than others?

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 Why are men of certain ethnic backgrounds a lot more hairy than others?

Evolution and natural selection. The theory is that at some point our forefathers decided that the heat benefit of fur was less than the burden of parasites, and developed a sexual preference for people with less body hair. White people (the group with the highest amount of body hair) have simply not experienced the same degree of change.


Question: Why are certain NASCAR drivers seemingly always in the back of the pack, sometimes laps down even if they haven’t crashed?

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 Why are certain NASCAR drivers seemingly always in the back of the pack, sometimes laps down even if they haven’t crashed?

It’s a combination of factors. It’s partly because those drivers are probably just not at the level of drivers like Busch, Harvick or Elliot. It also has to do with knowing how to setup a car (or have the best engineers who can help you with that). Especially now that there is no practice or qualifying. But it also comes down to team budgets. The cars are all equal due to the stock regulations. However, the biggest teams like Penske, Hendrick and JGR have enough money to change out parts that have wear. A very simplified example: the rubbers of wheels hubs or suspension will wear and after a while the develop a bit of play. Bigger teams would replace those rubbers to keep the car as controllable as possible. A smaller team would do another race with them to save money. As a result the cars handling is slightly compromised and thus slower.


Question: - how do scientists know that a particular species' (panda, turtle, sharks, tigers) population is getting extinct?

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 - how do scientists know that a particular species' (panda, turtle, sharks, tigers) population is getting extinct?

They do studies to see how many of that animal there are in certain areas, and try to extrapolate outward from there. For example, if you know pandas can only live in bamboo forest, and you survey some random bamboo forest and find 1 panda per square mile, and you know there's only 100 square miles of bamboo forest left, you can make a guess that there probably aren't much more than 100 pandas.


Question: How do we know that Absolute Zero is -273 Celsius?

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 How do we know that Absolute Zero is -273 Celsius?

There was this guy named William Thomson, also known as Lord Kelvin, that was a physicist in the 19th century. He was looking at gasses and noticed that if you increased the temperature of gas in a container, the pressure went up -- actually something that a guy named Boyle wrote about a couple of hundred years earlier. Kelvin took out some paper and ruler and drew a graph, pressure versus temperature and noticed that it was a straight line. It occurred to Kelvin, that there's no such thing as negative pressure. The lowest pressure could go is to 0. So, if he would take his ruler and extend that line on his graph to the point to where pressure got to 0, that would be the lowest temperature possible. So, he basically did just that (he actually worked the precise number using algebra, but he saw it on the graph). The point where pressure became 0 was -273.16 C. So, he defined that as absolute zero - the lowest possible temperature, the temperature where the molecule in the gas were no longer moving (and slamming into the walls of the canister, which is what causes the pressure).


Question: How do rich people and corporations manage to pay so little taxes compared to the regular John Doe ?

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 How do rich people and corporations manage to pay so little taxes compared to the regular John Doe ?

For individuals, a lot of their income is actually from dividends and stock sales, which get taxed at lower capital gains rates. And remember income (salary) != net worth (assets). Jeff Bezos's only made $1.6 million salary in 2019. Yet his net worth increased $67 billion. If he doesn't sell any shares in a year (Amazon doesn't pay dividends so no capital gains) he pays taxes on that $1.6 million. Corporations have lots of attorneys. You only pay taxes on profits, not revenue. If you lose money, you don't pay tax. Amazon for many years was making lots of money, but they were spending more money on expansion, so never made a profit. There's weird and different rules for buying equipment vs hiring someone full time vs hiring them as contractors, that all would contribute to the 'loss' side.


Question: How are non-alcoholic beers and wines made?

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 How are non-alcoholic beers and wines made?

There are four primary approaches to making a non-alcoholic beer. Wine may undergo similar processes, though my experience is that many NA wines are just verjus. Dealcoholization — Full-strength beer is produced, and then the alcohol is removed and replaced with water. This can be done through steam distillation, vacuum distillation, stripping (using water vapor or nitrogen in a special way to filter out the alcohol), or reverse osmosis. Limited fermentation — a fermentation process where sugar is only minimally converted to alcohol, whether by limiting fermentable sugar or by using yeast strains that only ferment certain types of sugar; stopping a regular fermentation early is an approach that yields sweeter beers and generally is a more old-school way of doing it Dilution — making a concentrated version of a beer that is high in flavor with the usual amount of alcohol and then diluting with water to reduce ABV and bring the potency of the flavor to a normal level Unfermented — Force-carbonated with CO2 and flavored to taste like beer


Question: Why does chocolate taste so bad after it melts and cools down again?

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 Why does chocolate taste so bad after it melts and cools down again?

Master Chocolatier here. There isn't a lot of actual chocolate in an M & M. Melt real chocolate (e.g. mostly ground cacao with sugar), let it resolidify, and it will taste pretty much like chocolate. The texture will be odd, but that's just because the chocolate is de-tempered (randomly recrystallized) and is fixable by re-tempering. I enjoyed Stuff Matters by Mark Miodownik, btw, but much of his chapter on chocolate was inaccurate.


Question: Why does it take several days to get used to a new pair of glasses?

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 Why does it take several days to get used to a new pair of glasses?

The machinery used to cut eyeglasses is considered to be sensitive dual use technology whose export is restricted. If you don't live in the US, Russia, Japan, or China then the machinery that your optometrist has access to is going to have some degree of error in it. That error means that no two pairs of glasses that you get will be *exactly* the same. Because every new set of glasses you get is slightly different your brain has to adjust to the new pair.


Question: How do fans collect so much dust even though some are spinning almost all the time?

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 How do fans collect so much dust even though some are spinning almost all the time?

Spinning fan blades are in contact with the air more than stationary fan blades. More contact with the air = more opportunity to collect dust. The dust doesn’t fall off the blade from spinning like you would think. Dust is inherently electrically charged too I believe, so that might have something to do with it not sliding off the fan blades when spinning initially. Friction creates a static charge between the dust and the fan blades as they spin, building up more and more dust. Moisture. Van see Waal’s forces too. **Edit**: *I* *see* my error: Van der Waals* **Edit**: u/ultrab1ue added: Blasius boundary layer, which says the speed of the fluid \(air\) closest to the surface \(fan blade\) doesn't move with respect to the surface. \(The dust on the hood of your car also doesn't get blown off despite driving 90mph.\) These guys explain it better: [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 )


Question: why does clay harden when heated instead of melting?

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 why does clay harden when heated instead of melting?

Clay that can be easily sculpted is a bunch of extremely small rock/earth particles mixed with some water. The layer of water between all the particles helps them stick together even when you push and sculpt them. When a clay object dries out, you end up with particles which are just resting in a big pile without any water to hold them together, which is why air dried clay is really easy to break - there's nothing holding the particles together. During the firing process in a kiln, all the little particles in the clay fuse together (the easiest way to picture this is a bunch of spheres melting just a bit on their outer surface and then all those molten surfaces sticking together).


Question: What are the differences between the American and European models for hurricane tracking? Why does the European model seem to be more accurate?

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 What are the differences between the American and European models for hurricane tracking? Why does the European model seem to be more accurate?

From all I've seen, ultimately the difference comes down to the European model putting a little bit more emphasis on ocean temperatures, and the American model putting a little bit more emphasis on barometric pressure. Both of these models factor in both of these elements as a very large portion of how they are making predictions. And both of these models are very good overall, being based on literally thousands of observations of storms over the last few decades.


Question: How is it that the Rothschild Family is almost never talked about, despite them being so rich and Powerful?

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 How is it that the Rothschild Family is almost never talked about, despite them being so rich and Powerful?

Because the wealth has gotten spread out over so many people over the last few centuries. There are a number of members that are still pretty wealthy, but no single member of the Rothschild family has anywhere near as much money as someone like Bill Gates or Warren Buffett. They're only so rich if you add up the wealth of everyone who shared a common ancestor 400 years ago and assume they're all still members of some secret cabal that meets to control the world.


Question: What is the difference between Uranium and Thorium in regards to nuclear power?

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</answer>
 What is the difference between Uranium and Thorium in regards to nuclear power?

well.. Basicaly 99% of uranium is usless many elements have whats called isotops, an isotop is a variation of that element with a different atomic mass and tend to be less stable allowing nuclear fission so you have to use diffrent methods to "enrich" uranium to increase the ammount of the fussionable isotop to make it usfull (5-10% for power, 95% for weapons with exception of empovrished uranium ammo which is between 0.2% and 0%) the isssue is the half life of uranium, its 700 million years against the 14 billion of the radioactive isotop of Thorium, it means that thorium releases less power but releases it for longer. Another issue is the way its used What you have to understand is that when you use a solid fuel rod like used with uranium (ceramic Uranium 90% non fissionable, 10% fissionable) the fuel gets contaminated with whats called trans uranic elements, The thing is that when you hit the nucleus of the uranium with a neutron to split it, you get different fissionable and non fissionable radioactive elements, and those are what we know as "nuclear waste". now in solid fuel like Uranium power plants use those elements crystalize inside the fuel rod and slow down eventually stopping the reaction, meaning that even if you went from 10% fussionable U253 to 9%, if theres enough "waste products" in the fuel rods, then you have to pull them out and reprocess them to remove those products by dissolving the uranium and for most people its cheaper just to shove new fuel rods. Now imagen if you fuel up your car and the exauste is pumped in to the fuel tank contaminating the fuel and when you used 5-10% of the fuel in the tank you had to pump the rest out and trow it away. With thorium you use a liquid fuel, a liquid thorium floride fuel is used, so when those trans uranic elements appear you can just Filter them out of the liquid and keep on using the fuel. Another advantage is that the liquid fuel acts as part of the heat transimison cycle, now the 3 biggest nuclear accidents we have had were becuase if failiure of the coolant systems, Chernobyl was a valve that failed, Fukoshima was a pump failiure and 3 mile island was also a sensor issue. In a liquid fuel cycle, to stop the reaction you just have to drain the fuel in to a shielded container, you set up a failsafe that stops cooling a frozen seal and the liquid salt is drained out of the reactor in case of power failiure, While a solid fuel uranium reactor, when the power goes out, the water pumps stop working, the water stops circulating and it sublimates immidiatly, and since the circuit is pressurised to mantain the water liquid above 100 degrees C (212 F for you savages that use a kings foot to mesure stuff) the reactor just explodes. You can solve that by using liquid sodium instead of water but its harder to manage.,


Question: what exactly does the square root of a number represent?

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 what exactly does the square root of a number represent?

If you literally drew a square with sides = the square root of a number, then the area of that square would equal that number. e.g. 2 is the square root of 4, and a square with sides = 2 (whatever units, inches, miles, it doesn't matter) would have an area of 4 (of the same units).


Question: Why is it normal for rent to go up 3% per year to account for inflation, yet wages remain the same?

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 Why is it normal for rent to go up 3% per year to account for inflation, yet wages remain the same?

Clearly there are a lot of things at play here, but I think the best way to explain it is by looking at the Sticky Wage Theory. Essentially, it says that wages are slow to respond to changes in in the performance of a company or the economy at large. One good example of why wages might be "sticky" is due to contracts. If you're employed under contract, and let's say you still have 2 years left on the contract, your wages will not be able to change for 2 years (barring a contract renegotiation). Something like rent, however, can often be adjusted annually (or even monthly), making it much less "sticky" than wages. [Here]( URL_0 ) is an Investopedia article that goes into Sticky Wage Theory a bit more, and shouldn't be too complicated even with only a rudimentary understanding of macroeconomics. The applications of this theory, and ones like it, can get quite complex however. Edit: Apostrophes Edit 2: Other reasons for sticky wages besides contracts include things such as: minimum wages (if the the economy declines), unions and collective bargaining, and even underemployment causing the cost of labor to be relatively cheap and allowing jobs to remain filled at sub-optimal wages.


Question: Why do some ISPs limit data usage?

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 Why do some ISPs limit data usage?

Regarding the "nobody owns" argument - you're not paying for internet content, you're paying for the infrastructure that enables you to access that content. Cabling, servers, cabinets, hosting centres, etc etc. Data usage is limited to restrict overall use, allowing ISPs to maintain their infrastructure at a given level without having to spend money to increase capacity. Some ISPs can deliver faster speeds than others because some ISPs have their own dedicated lines (Virgin Media in the UK uses their own FTTP lines, which they lay; BT and many other ISPs use FTTC).


Question: How do certain chord progressions evoke enhanced emotional states in individuals?

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 How do certain chord progressions evoke enhanced emotional states in individuals?

Yes and no. There's alot of debate around this, but the gist of it is that some intervals sound happy/sad because our brains are predisposed to think that they do, but also because that predisposition has been reinforced through culture. For more details, I'd suggest you either research psychoacoustics or hit up /r/musictheory, those folks will know exactly what to say about the topic.


Question: Why does boiling water destroy the health benefits of certain foods (eg: honey/matcha) but not all food? How can you tell what not to use boiling water with?

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 Why does boiling water destroy the health benefits of certain foods (eg: honey/matcha) but not all food? How can you tell what not to use boiling water with?

It’s all about heat and protein structure. Heat denatures proteins. What temperature depends on which proteins. Denature means to alter its 3D structure to the point that it no longer functions as it did. When you cook meat, you change the proteins, making them soft and easy to eat. When you burn your finger, the skin blisters and you lose sensation. This is denaturing of proteins. Some proteins cope with heat. Organisms living around deep sea volcanic vents (thermophiles) have evolved to have enzymes that survive high temperatures. So some foods have proteins that denature at low temperatures, some at higher temperatures. At some post, all enzymes will become denatured, it just depends when that will be.


Question: What is the difference between depression as a mental disorder and depression as a state or mood? How can one know which one he has and how severe it is?

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 What is the difference between depression as a mental disorder and depression as a state or mood? How can one know which one he has and how severe it is?

Depression is a mood. We all go through it at one time or another. Basically it is a deep and overwhelming sadness. Where depression becomes a mental disorder is when someone suffers from chronic depression. When someone suffers from chronic depression there is a root cause of either a chemical imbalance or an emotional trauma that is so deep embedded in the person's psyche that subconsciously they are always feeling depression. Ex- When you feel a great loss(someone passing or moving away) it is normal to feel depressed. You are deeply and overwhelmingly saddened by it and it temporarily effects your normal life and mood. However, eventually you surpass it. Chronic depression as a mental disorder is when you have nothing to feel so sadly about yet can't move on to other emotions. It effects your normal life and makes everything difficult. Anti-depressants are prescribed to shut off the receptors for the chemicals your body is releasing if a psychological/traumatic issue (supressed memories of being assaulted or having poor emotional maturity) can't be found or treated with therapy.


Question: how did the WWII Enigma Machine work and how did they break it?

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 how did the WWII Enigma Machine work and how did they break it?

*I have left out some details, like the reflector and the Kriegsmarine's extra wheels, plus a dozen things that I'm sure I've forgotten. If you have questions or think I've left out something interesting, please ask and I'll do my best.* **How to use an Enigma machine** The Enigma machine looked like a typewriter, but with a bunch of letter lights on the top. Once it was set up (I'll get to that in a minute) what would happen is you'd press a key on the keyboard, and one of the letters on the top would light up. So if your message was RESUPPLY AT POSITION BRAVO TOMORROW NOON, you'd type R-E-S-U-P-P-L-Y and the lights on top would go A-X-G-K-D-Y-E-I. Your Morse code guy sends AXGKDYEI to your friend. Your friend goes to their Enigma machine, sets it up the same way as yours, types in A-X-G-K-D-Y-E-I and on top, the letters that light up are R-E-S-U-P-P-L-Y. So you put in uncoded messages (what the pros call 'plain text') and coded messages ('cypher text') comes out - or, if you type in cypher text, the original plain text comes out. **How the machine's guts worked (superficially)** Inside the guts of the machine, there were three wheels, like the ones in an odometer, which each had 26 contacts on each side. Each wheel connected incoming letters to other different letters, so a 'C' on one side might be converted to an 'L' on the other side, and so on. So each wheel performed one shuffling on the text. You could put those three wheels in in any order you wanted, so there were six possible shuffling combinations (123, 132, 213, 231, 312 or 321) that they could use on any given day. When you sat down to start work for the day, you'd have instructions that would say "today, the wheel sequence is 2-3-1". In addition to that, there was a plugboard on the front of the machine which had the whole alphabet on it, and they had a bunch of cables they could connect that would each perform an additional letter-swap. Typically they'd use 6 cables, but there was no reason they couldn't have more or fewer. So your daily instructions would also say "connect plugs A-R, G-S, Z-P, Y-B, J-M and E-D". Now, all that is bad enough. But it gets worse. Remember how I likened the wheels to an odometer? They really worked like one. Whenever you typed in a letter, the far right wheel would advance by 1/26 of a turn, which would change the shuffling connections for the next letter. And whenever the third wheel had made a full rotation, like an odometer, it would cause the *middle* wheel to advance one step so you'd continue to get fresh shuffling combinations. And if the middle wheel went all the way around, the left wheel would advance once. This meant that unless you typed an absurdly long message, which they never did, every single letter was produced by a unique shuffling, different from every other one in the message. AND, the wheels didn't always start at the same place. You could see a three-letter combination showing on the top of the machine that told you the wheels' positions, and the last part of your daily instructions would be "set the wheels to EVK", or whatever. So, as you can imagine, this was nightmarishly good crypto and nobody could touch it for several long, scary years. **How the good guys (specifically, Poland) cracked it** What finally happened was an embittered German named Hans-Thilo Schmidt, who was badly in debt and worked in the German cypher bureau, sold some secrets. He couldn't actually get an Enigma machine, or the wheels, or even the wiring diagrams for the wheels, but he got some technical data about the machine and...even with that, the French weren't able to make any progress. It wasn't enough. The Brits couldn't either. But a Polish mathematician named Marian Rejewski (ra-YEV-ski) worked some holy-shit mathematical magic on the tiny bits of info Schmidt had smuggled out, and found a way to deduce the wheel wirings, sight unseen. With that, they were able to crack a few Enigma messages. Soon after, Germany invaded Poland, and as their country was getting crushed, Polish intelligence agents managed to sneak their findings out to France and then England, where it pulled their code-breaking teams out of pretty much total despair. "You...cracked it? It's **crackable!?!**" **What happened after that** Germany made some improvements to their procedure during the war, and each time Enigma decrypts would dry up for days or weeks. But the "Poland did it, we can do it again" attitude persisted and the allies were always able to catch back up. There were some crucial weaknesses in German signaling procedures which helped a lot. What happened in The Imitation Game, where stations kept signing off with HEIL HITLER, wasn't a major thing as far as I know, but what did happen was fairly similar. Some weather stations would begin each message with their station code, or would include predictable information (nice day? weather messages will probably have 'clear' in them somewhere). Also, some messages were double-encrypted and in that case it was standard procedure to start the message with the crypto key...repeated twice. Repetition is one of the best things you can give a code-breaker to help them understand your crypto. So the Bletchley Park team started out with those tools, with which they were able to occasionally crack a message, but it wasn't consistent enough or fast enough. Poland had built some rudimentary devices that each handled some of the work of a brute-force attack, and now Alan Turing et al built a mechanical computer that (with its search narrowed by known biases in German signals) was able to brute-force Enigma encryption most of the time. This was an intelligence coup so massive that the allies had to be careful to not overuse it; they were worried Germany might come up with some even-nastier crypto system if they thought Enigma had been compromised.


Question: why is morning sunlight “softer” than afternoon light even uf the sun is at the same angle in sky?

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 why is morning sunlight “softer” than afternoon light even uf the sun is at the same angle in sky?

The light is the same, but different things may be going on around YOU. 1. the dew or fog from a cold evening is evaporating in the morning, but is not doing the reverse in the afternoon. You can see this in the extreme in places that have "foggy mornings", but not foggy afternoons/dusk. That's gonna affect light, but this impact will be variable depending on where you are. 2. If you live in nature (like I do) you can tell a movie scene shot in nature is being shot in the wrong part of the day because the plant life will be wrongly aligned with the light - lots of things in nature align or hide from the morning light. This will affect the "vibe" of what you're looking at in ways you may not be conscious of. 3. anything that dissipates in the air at night and accumulates in the day is going to impact things - smog most notably, especially in urban areas. 4. weather patterns move moisture based on accumulated heat which is different at different times of day. This is similar to number 1, but will be very different in different geographies and different alignments to sunrise/sunset.


Question: Would atomic blasts actually catch up to a spaceship as shown in most movies or is that not realistic as the blast speed is much slower on Earth?

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 Would atomic blasts actually catch up to a spaceship as shown in most movies or is that not realistic as the blast speed is much slower on Earth?

Atomic blasts in space do not create an explosion. No matter how much stuff the blast creates, it won't get far before it spreads out into the vacuum and dissapates. On earth, the explosion produces a sharp pressure wave in the air, which travels through the air. In space, the danger would be the high energy radiation produced, which would certainly catch up, because it travels at the speed of light (or thereabouts for alpha, beta and neutron radiation). That will hit the spacecraft and heat it up, as well as pass through the outer skin and do chemical damage to people and equipment inside. But this too would quickly dissipate.