Question: Why do SSDs have limited amount of rewrites?

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 Why do SSDs have limited amount of rewrites?

HDDs work by rearranging some particles using a magnet. You can do that more or less infinite times (at least reasonably more than what it takes for the mechanical parts to wear down to nothing). SSDs work by forcibly injecting and sucking out electrons into a tiny, otherwise insulating box where they stay, their presence or absence representing the state of that memory cell. The level of excess electrons in the box controls the ability of current to flow through an associated wire. The sucking out part is not 100% effective and a few electrons stay in. Constant rewrite cycles also gradually damage the insulator that electrons get smushed through, so it can't quite hold onto the charge when it's filled. This combines to make the difference between empty and full states harder and harder to discern as time goes by.


Question: Why does taking a warm bath when you have a fever feel so cold?

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 Why does taking a warm bath when you have a fever feel so cold?

Because - in order to slow down viral multiplication - your body increases the thermostat of your body. So what normally feels comfortable suddenly feels cold. Update: That's also why you sweat when you're recovering. The body lowers the thermostat back to normal temperature. Everything feels more hot as when you were sick.


Question: why are sunsets larger during certain seasons?

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 why are sunsets larger during certain seasons?

Because the inclination of the earth (23°, so almost vertical but a bit tilted) makes the northern hemisphere receive the sun's Ray's more directly (more perpendicular to the Earth's surface) in summer. This is effect is accentuated the farther you are from the equator, so countries like Norway have long summer days and short winter days. Edit: is that what you're asking? Or what do you mean by longer sunsets?


Question: How does lightning work? Like in the clouds and all the way to it striking the earth?

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 How does lightning work? Like in the clouds and all the way to it striking the earth?

Take an inflated balloon and rub it on your head. Keep rubbing until it begins to spark. This is lightning. Now make your head be the earth and the balloon the air in the sky with all sorts of water and particles in it. To get a bit more accurate, clouds, containing particulate matter, rub up against one another and the electrons are given up by the water vapour to the particles. These particles then condense liquid water around them and get too heavy to stay in the sky, and so fall to the earth as negatively charged rain. So now you’ve got the neutrally charged ground and positively charged clouds. Once the difference in charge gets high enough, the ground gives up some of its electrons that flow through the air back to the clouds to balance them out. This flow creates a charged ion path through the air that lowers the resistance and lets yet more electrons flow back up to the clouds until they are once again neutrally charged. That passage through the air of electrons is what we call lightning.


Question: What's the difference between store brand cheese and name brand?

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 What's the difference between store brand cheese and name brand?

Not much, if you're comparing Kraft or Sargento to a store brand chances are they are made at the same factory/dairy. Then there are smaller producers like Cabot and/or specialty and imported cheeses that, I think, taste better, sharper, creamier. I will say that my local grocer, Publix, had a Brie that is consistently better than any of the imports IMO.


Question: How do money transferring apps like Venmo, that do not charge fees or have ads, make money?

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 How do money transferring apps like Venmo, that do not charge fees or have ads, make money?

Currently, Venmo doesn't make money. They charge a 3% fee if you transfer money from a credit card, but that's not enough to cover their costs. But Venmo is owned by PayPal, and it's used by them to help extend the reach of PayPal by allowing merchants to have a "pay with Venmo" option on their website (where the merchant has to pay a fee to accept Venmo payments). It's essentially a way to grow the PayPal brand.


Question: What is the slow motion effect we experience during car accidents or other traumatic events?

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 What is the slow motion effect we experience during car accidents or other traumatic events?

I've read that it's not really about increased perception, it's about increased memory formation. While adrenaline does create a heightenbed state of awareness and alertness, time really only seems to slow down in your *remembering* of the event, since your body created detailed memories of every instant of it (a snapshot every quarter second, as opposed to one every second, for example) to help you learn from it and increase future survival chances. thus the density of memories you have of the event makes it seem in retrospect like time was moving slowly.


Question: how the strong nuclear force works? Why are neutrons needed in the core to keep the protons in place?

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 how the strong nuclear force works? Why are neutrons needed in the core to keep the protons in place?

As most probably know protons are positively charged and repell eachother. And neutrons have no charge and are therefore not repelled by protons. The strong nuclear force causes particles to attract eachother e.g. protons and neutons regardless of charge. At short distances the strong nuclear force ist stronger than the force of the individual protons that causes them to repell eachother. So essentially the neutrons act as a kind of "sticky buffer" that keeps the nucleus together while also allowing the protons to separate evenly. & #x200B; This is to my knowledge.


Question: What is a logarithmic scale? Why is it more useful for some things than a regular numerical scale?

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 What is a logarithmic scale? Why is it more useful for some things than a regular numerical scale?

Your standard scale will have evenly spaced lines at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.... A log scale will have evenly spaced lines at 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 Log scales are useful for looking at things that tend to grow exponentially [like say deaths in a pandemic]( URL_0 ), they let you get details at both the lower end and the higher end. If you look at the left plot on there, you really can't get any details before it starts ramping up around March 22, everything left of that basically looks like its 0 because fitting both 10 and 40k on a graph with a linear scale really squishes data at the low end. If you look at the right plot which is a semi-log (x axis is linear dates, y axis is a log scale) you can see that things start getting reported around March 4th and then proceeds to climb at roughly a straight line. If you plot something like 5^x on a semi-log plot like this you'll get a straight line so when we look at exponential growth we expect to see a straight line. Log plots are used whenever the difference between the smallest and largest number is several orders of magnitude. If you are plotting sound over time you'd work in dB which are a log scale because the difference between the loudest sound and the quietest sound you can hear is 10,000,000,000x difference in pressure


Question: What would the universe look like after the heat death of the universe? Would rocks remain, or would they have somehow "decayed"?

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 What would the universe look like after the heat death of the universe? Would rocks remain, or would they have somehow "decayed"?

Heat death is when literally everything that exists, has ever existed, or will ever exist, has already decayed. Right now, we're pretty darn sure that all matter in the universe is composed of [17 elementary particles]( URL_0 ), where these 17 particles cannot possibly break down to smaller things. The heat death of the universe would be an endless sea of these particles, all perfectly motionless after aeons of bouncing around and eventually slowing down. With exactly zero possible interactions in the universe, entropy stops in place since it can't ever change. Nothing can change. Since exactly zero things can change after heat death, time also loses meaning and ceases to exist, since time is only used to measure change.


Question: Why are people subconciously uneasy or disturbed by corpses even if they know that little harm can come from them?

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 Why are people subconciously uneasy or disturbed by corpses even if they know that little harm can come from them?

Little harm? It's the same reason that most living creatures avoid already dead creatures all over the planet; disease and fear of nearby predators. Disease is a major killer in the wild, and corpses spread disease incredibly easily. Almost all living creatures have an instinct to avoid corpses for that reason. It's why we bury or cremate our dead, and have since long before any religious practice popped up regarding it. It was just safer. It's why many animals will leave the protection of their group in order to go die. & #x200B; Corpses and filth have killed more people throughout history than probably anything else. The plague that devastated most of Europe was spread by, among other things, corpses and filth.


Question: What is black pen ink made of and what color is it truly?

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 What is black pen ink made of and what color is it truly?

So there are a lot of different formulas for black ink and it depends on what medium the color is for. The earliest ink was just burnt carbon and oil. Today inks are mostly synthetic and have a lot of different formulas because black pigment is rather expensive. Some are really just very very very dark brown. Some are a combo of green and purple. There’s even different shades of black, like Mars black, ivory black, and lamp black. Sorry, there is not really a simple answer.


Question: What's the complete process of the milk I buy from cow to bottle?

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 What's the complete process of the milk I buy from cow to bottle?

So Before the cow is able to produce a drop of milk they need to be semenated to become pregnant. Usually this is a job where a farmer strokes a bull for his 'milk' almost positive there was a dirty jobs episode. After the jizz is placed in the Female cow she becomes pregnant, pregnancy/birth creates the hormones that allows lactation. After the baby cow is born their are two options, if its a girl she gets sent off to go through the same cycle as her mother. Now if its a boy this is where it gets sad, they are typically boarded up and made into veal. either way they don't get to drink the milk because its for us. Now after the baby cows are out of the equation a machine is used to express the milk from the teat of the cow. After this the milk is processed in two ways: homogenization which keeps the fat from separating, and pasteurization. Pasteurization is especially key now days since most dairy cows are kept in pretty dirty conditions and the amount of fecal matter that can make its way in from dirty udders is too damn high. After all of this its placed into either a box or jug or glass bottle depending on how pretentious the milk is. Now Im not saying all dairy farms are like this, but honestly the demand for milk is too high for cows to be raised in green pastures. (Source: was in FFA, Grew up in aggie town on a farm and visited a lot of CAFOS in central California)


Question: How much do hurricanes and other major weather events effect the underwater ecosystem?

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 How much do hurricanes and other major weather events effect the underwater ecosystem?

Waves don't make a huge impact on underwater species. They go down maybe 10 meters. The problem is the costal ecosystem which can get damaged heavily by typhoons and hurricanes. But normally the ecosystem can reform quickly, due to alot of food being flooded to them. Normally shallow water species can only migrate somewhat well, so they don't act like birds flying away normally. So yea. Not a huge impact.


Question: Why are some EU member states using different currencies?

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 Why are some EU member states using different currencies?

Member states were allowed to determine for themselves whether they joined the *Eurozone* with the collective currency. Many did, some didn't. Criticisms were a loss of control over their own currency, other countries ~~fuc~~ messing it up or in their opinion unfair conversion rates for their own currency to the euro and a whole bunch of combinations of other objections.


Question: What distinguishes the different types of light from each other?

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 What distinguishes the different types of light from each other?

The biggest solid divisions of EM radiation are A) what the average human can and cannot see with the naked eye, and B) what can and cannot cause ionization of atoms. frequencies of EM radiation above a certain threshold are energetic enough to knock away electrons from molecules, and this can cause weird stuff to happen chemically. This is bad for things that, like us, are biology, because biology relies on *very specific* chemistry in order to live, and randomly ionizing a molecule can cause that chemistry to go awry in spectacular (read:awful) ways. The opposite of this is also true to some extent though: sometimes the radiation can hit a certain molecule in *just* such a way that it causes a beneficial mutation in DNA that is inheritable and ultimately drives evolution, but 99% of the time you just get cancer and die.


Question: How does squinting helps us see better? Is it psychological? Does it ACTUALLY do something?

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 How does squinting helps us see better? Is it psychological? Does it ACTUALLY do something?

It's the pinhole camera effect. When you decrease the size of the aperture (the pupil in this case), the lens doesn't have to do as much focusing. So, the faults in your lens are less impactful to visual clarity. There's a downside of course. If you decrease the size of the aperture, less light comes in, making it harder to see in dim or dark, and it also decreases your field of view in the case of the human eye. So it's more like tunnel vision.


Question: Why food get "fridge taste" when they are in the fridge for too long?

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 Why food get "fridge taste" when they are in the fridge for too long?

A refrigerator is a closed up box which traps odor, food in the fridge absorbs oder making it tastes bad. So what you need to do is take everything out of the fridge and toss all leftovers. Then wipe down the fridge with a disinfectant cleaner make sure you clean under the vegetable drawers. Now get 2boxes of baking soda, (they make a special one for the fridge)and put 1in the fridge and 1in the freezer. Make sure you wipe down all your bottles of condiments. This should solve your problem. One more thing date your food and thow it away when it's a week old.


Question: Why is there so much buzz about sleeping early in night? Is the same 8 hour sleep not enough if done in the day instead of night?

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 Why is there so much buzz about sleeping early in night? Is the same 8 hour sleep not enough if done in the day instead of night?

At the end of the day (pun unintended), we are diurnal mammals, which means that we are not nocturnal. Light makes us active. And that's why we need shades, heavy curtains and a dark bedroom to sleep. That's why experts ask us to stop interacting with bright LED screens few hours before going to bed. It's the light sensitive cells in our eyes that cause this. So, we function best while the largest source of light and heat is shining, ie the sun. And we rest the best when the sun is not shining, ie at evening. Does it mean that we need exactly 8 hours of sleep? No. That's a myth. People have different sleep requirements. As you grow older, your sleep requirements decrease. In fact one stretch of 8 hours of sleep is a concept that is questioned quite a lot now. So, you may question the concept of number of hours of sleep. But the fact remains that because of our light sensitivity, we take better quality rest in the dark which is classically the evening. Since the advent of electric lighting the "day" has been stretched longer. It does not help that we now have jobs that pay us to be awake at night, called night-shift jobs. And yet, for one's health and sanity, it is continued to believe one should not do many night shifts back to back.


Question: How come batteries can die out without being used just from placing them in a device, but keep their energy stored if not?

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 How come batteries can die out without being used just from placing them in a device, but keep their energy stored if not?

Lots of devices aren't entirely off. They maintain a clock, volatile memory and such. So if you leave the batteries in there is a slow drain on them that isn't present normally. Of course, batteries don't strictly speaking keep their energy when stored. Single use batteries can hold a long time, but rechargeable often leak away their charge in a month or so.


Question: How can one audio waveform contain so many concurrent frequencies?

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 How can one audio waveform contain so many concurrent frequencies?

Basically yeah, that waveform contains all the information needed. You can make any waveform just by combining sine waves at different frequencies and amplitudes, or can do this in reverse and break apart any waveform into sine waves. When an analog signal is recorded digitally, the sampling rate does limit what the highest frequency is that can be worked with, but by measuring tens of thousands of times per second, you have plenty of data to work with to decompose the waveform into its constituents. [Here's a illustration showing the basic concept.]( URL_0 )


Question: How do whales not die of dehydration? Do they drink salt water?

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 How do whales not die of dehydration? Do they drink salt water?

Whales and dolphins don't usually drink water. They can get enough water from breaking down body fat (metabolic water) or through the food they eat. Marine mammals in general do have kidneys that can extract salt much better than ours. Seals/sea lions for example can have urine that is many times more salty than seawater, allowing them to hydrate by drinking sea water. However, like I said before, marine mammals tend to get a lot fo their water through their food and fat.


Question: How is the value of a new floating currency determined?

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 How is the value of a new floating currency determined?

every morning in the market square they will auction off one forex. however many goats the winning bid is gets translated to their weight in salt and the salt is then sold on the open market. the value of the salt then becomes the price of one forex for the day. this process is repeated at 4:37 every morning.


Question: Why is brown sugar always "wet"?

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 Why is brown sugar always "wet"?

Brown sugar is just regular white sugar with molasses in it, molasses is just really refined cane sugar syrup, and when added together it makes the mixture damp, not necessarily “wet”. You want brown sugar to stay damp for different baking needs and that’s why they are always added in with the eggs and wet ingredients.


Question: if you dont use, you'll lose it. but why do you start to lose muscle mass if you dont use it?

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 if you dont use, you'll lose it. but why do you start to lose muscle mass if you dont use it?

Our bodies are inherently ~~lazy~~efficient. More muscle mass takes more energy and thus food to maintain. Nowadays, It doesn't mean much since food is readily available. However, our bodies have not changed from the days when food was quite scarce and you were not sure when you will have your next meal. If you have excess muscle mass, it means you need even more food to survive which may not be possible. Thus, Buff McBuffington who kept all his muscles could not find enough food to live through the winter while your ancestor who lost the muscle mass he/she did not use managed to get through it to reproduce.


Question: What happens during a heart attack?

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 What happens during a heart attack?

A heart attack is a lay term for what is known in the medical world as a myocardial infarction, or MI for short. Infarction means that blood stops going to an area and the area dies from a lack of oxygen, because it is the blood that carries the oxygen. Myocardium is the medical word for the heart muscle itself. Therefore a myocardial infarction, or a “heart attack”, is when there is a blockage in one of the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle and that part of the heart muscle is damaged as a result. P.S. this is the correct answer


Question: How do we know that the stars we see at night are actually still there?

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 How do we know that the stars we see at night are actually still there?

We don't always, but by looking at the characteristics of stars, their approximate age and how far away they are, we can figure out if it's likely they've 'died' or not. EDIT: Light moves at a certain speed, and if the star is very far away, it takes a long time for their light to reach us. Astronomers and astrophysicists can work out a star's age and when it's likely to reach the end of its life. If that time has already passed before their light reaches us, then it's like looking into the past


Question: What exactly makes something flammable? Like why are rocks not flammable but wood is?

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 What exactly makes something flammable? Like why are rocks not flammable but wood is?

When something burns, it is reacting with oxygen. The molecules that make it up are being broken apart and combined with oxygen to make other stuff. Wood and organic matter is largely made up of hydrocarbons. These are things that contain a lot of hydrogen and carbon. These molecules can therefore break apart and combine with oxygen to make water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Rocks are made of stuff that generally doesn't like to break apart and combine with oxygen. Think of it like this. Imagine a landscape. It's got hills and valleys, and stuff tends to roll downhill. Hydrocarbons are like things which have gotten stuck in small valleys near the top of the hill. If you give them a wee push, they can get out their bowl and roll down to the bottom of the hill. This push is called the *activation energy*, and is like bringing a match to a pile of wood. Rocks are already at the bottom of the hill. They can't roll anywhere. Other things might require a large activation energy. These are like things stuck in deep holes near the top of the hill. The have got further to fall, but it takes a lot of effort to get out. Then other substances might be like stuff precariously balanced on the top of the hill. They're unstable, and just a tiny nudge could set them off.


Question: When water gets in your ears after swimming in a chlorinated pool, how does it get drained out and not chemically damage the inside of your head?

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 When water gets in your ears after swimming in a chlorinated pool, how does it get drained out and not chemically damage the inside of your head?

Water doesn't get "inside your head" through your ears unless you've got holes in your eardrum. At worst, you get a little stuck inside your ear canal for a while but that will normally drain out and/or get dried up unless you've got some sort of problem. [Here's a diagram of the ear]( URL_0 )


Question: why would a healthy, modern, growing company, Verizon want to buy an old, outdated (for years), company like AOL?

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 why would a healthy, modern, growing company, Verizon want to buy an old, outdated (for years), company like AOL?

While we consider AOL to be a has-been, one of the things you have to remember is these old internet companies own a ridiculous amount of intellectual property, which is worth quite a bit on the patent / IP licensing front. [Looking at what AOL has bought]( URL_0 ), there's a lot of names that jump out at you if you were around in the 90s.. Netscape, Compuserve, Mapquest, Engadget, Moviephone... not only does AOL now own their IP/patents but more than a few of these services are still kicking (and more importantly, still Making Money). Yeah, as a suave Millennial you may say "pshhhuh. Moviephone? Why would I call a 1-800 number to get movie times, I can just google." but a lot of the movie listing and online ticket purchasing is still run on their infrastructure.


Question: Why do mood swings occur?

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 Why do mood swings occur?

Mood swings refer to a rapid change in mood. They can occur in women who suffer from PMS or people who suffer from more serious disorders such an major depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, schizophrenia, or other mood disorders. They can also be caused by thyroid disorders. From my limited understanding on mood swings (I'm bipolar and have ADHD) there are neurotransmitters at play, one of them being serotonin. If a person has an abnormal amount of a neurotransmitter, this may result in a mood swing disorder (such as bipolar or ADHD). Serotonin is one such neurotransmitter which is involved in regulating our mood, sleep, and overall emotional state. Not eating or changes in your sleep patterns might alter your mood and therefore cause a swing as it would alter your serotonin levels and blood sugar. Someone more well-versed will likely come along.


Question: Whenever we are embarrassed in public, why do our faces get red? And a get huge lump of saliva in our throats ?

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 Whenever we are embarrassed in public, why do our faces get red? And a get huge lump of saliva in our throats ?

Well, blushing is due to a release of adrenaline, making your heart beat faster. Same as the fight-or-flight response. Your blood vessels dilate to help this blood flow. Facial veins seem to react to this shot of adrenalin and this extra flow of blood makes your face red. As to why, embarassment triggers this response is unsure, some say its a social thing to show regret to others. & #x200B;


Question: How does gravity make time slow down?

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 How does gravity make time slow down?

Speed is equal to distance over time. Gravity increases the distance light travels as it curves space. The speed of light is constant no matter where you are and no matter how fast you're going. So, if the speed of light is fixed and the distance increases due to gravity then time has to slow to make sure the equation still balances. The more gravity there is the more space is curved and the slower time moves. Edit - thank you very much to u/Undead_Kau, u/GamerKingFaiz and an anonymous user for the gold, it's very much appreciated.


Question: Why is a crowd cheering any louder than one individual shouting, if everyone is shouting at the same volume?

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 Why is a crowd cheering any louder than one individual shouting, if everyone is shouting at the same volume?

You know how when you're in the bathtub and you're splashing and it makes a wave in the water and then when it ripples back to you, you're still splashing around and the wave gets bigger? Sound travels in waves, and when those waves are stacked on top of each other, like in a crowd, the size of the waves get bigger and is therefore louder.


Question: Why can a rapid decompression suck you?

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 Why can a rapid decompression suck you?

There's lots of air molecules inside the ship. There's almost none outside the ship. We've found that gases like air want to be spread as evenly across the universe as they can as long as nothing stops it, like gravity, or the walls of a spaceship. So you punch a hole in the ship and all the air inside wants to go outside. Since that air's all around stuff in the ship, it drags the stuff along with the air, just like a strong wind will try to drag your umbrella down the street.


Question: Why and how does fire technically have a shape? I don't understand the reasoning behind the border between air and fire.

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 Why and how does fire technically have a shape? I don't understand the reasoning behind the border between air and fire.

Fire as you think of it is what happens when a gas burns. Even wood fire - the wood is heated until it breaks down and releases flammable vapor. Only the coals are actually a solid burning. The inside is the gas, the outside is air. On their own, neither can burn. When they mix, at the surface between them, you get fire. This makes fire something of a hollow shell.


Question: How are victims of severe starvation (such as holocaust survivors), safely brought back to a healthy weight?

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 How are victims of severe starvation (such as holocaust survivors), safely brought back to a healthy weight?

In an ideal clinical setting, a person with malnutrition will be monitored very closely for changes in electrolytes. These electrolytes, usually potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium in particular, will probably need to be supplemented. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) should also be supplemented. Fluids should be monitored and may need to be limited at first. When you first start feeding someone that is malnourished, you "start low and go slow," mainly in regards to carbohydrates which will affect the metabolism of those electrolytes. This process is typically the first few days of feeding a malnourished person. Source: ICU dietitian, I specialize in feeding these patients


Question: We know the universe is expanding, but where is this new space coming from?

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 We know the universe is expanding, but where is this new space coming from?

Ok, imagine this. You've got a big lump of chocolate chip cookie bread dough. That is, there's dough, and in the dough is chocolate chips. You put this ump of dough in your oven, and you cook it. As it cooks, it expands, okay? The lump expands in all directions, to become a bigger lump of bread. Inside the lump, as it expands, the distance between any two chocolate chips increases. Now imagine you are a magical ant. You somehow got stuck in the dough before it started cooking, and are sitting on a chocolate chip inside the dough. You're magical because you have the magical ability to move and see through the dough without any problems. What do you see as the dough expands? First, you see that the chip you are sitting on stays beneath you. Next, you see all the other chips appear to move away from you. What's really important to realize is that which chip you are sitting on doesn't matter! Any magic ant sitting on any other chocolate chip would see the same thing. The catch is that there is no edge to the lump of dough. It's dough in every direction, forever. & #x200B; The chips are planets. The magic ants are us. The dough is space. The space expands, and as it does so, everything in it moves away from everything else. We see everything moving away from us. Anyone on any other planet would see the same thing. To them, it would just look like we are moving away from them! It's not expanding into anything. It's expanding everywhere.


Question: Why do some contraceptives impact women so differently?

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 Why do some contraceptives impact women so differently?

The concept of these contraceptives is to make a very small change in a very complicated system. Sensitivities and hormone reactions vary widely from woman to woman, as her individual systems reach balance through puberty. The problem with "one size fits most" solutions is that it is very difficult to predict the reaction in an individual. It's easy to know that statistically 15% will have a problem, but that's not super helpful if the way to find out if you will have a problem is "just try it". A lot of work in the field of precision medicine is trying to discover markers that will be predictive in these sorts of treatments, but your daughters are more likely to benefit than you are.


Question: Why is the tip of the human nose made of cartilage?

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 Why is the tip of the human nose made of cartilage?

The actual reason, although rather vague, is that natural selection leads to traits that are more advantageous for survival to be selected for and thereby become more prevalent in a population. So having a cartilaginous tip to the nose allowed for better survival to reproduction. Probably because the nose sticks out relatively unprotected, and cartilage has some give that is more forgiving when hit compared to bone which would be more likely to break, possibly causing increased bleeding or chance of infection by breaking through the skin.


Question: What causes people to become less flexible?

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 What causes people to become less flexible?

Flexibility comes from our ligaments and tendons, the fibers that hold our muscles together and anchor them to our bones. Over time, they start to harden. Your genes only care about you as long as you can reproduce. There's no incentive to maintain the body past a reproductive age, so we start to deteriorate. Presbyopia is a really interesting example of this exact pattern.


Question: how do telescopic sight or scope in sniper rifle work? The scope is few inches higher than the bullet line so how are the bullet hit the mark in the scope?

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 how do telescopic sight or scope in sniper rifle work? The scope is few inches higher than the bullet line so how are the bullet hit the mark in the scope?

[Here is a helpful diagram]( URL_0 ), that shows an exaggerated view of what's going on. Bullets don't travel in a straight line, despite what it might look like. They travel up and then down in an arc, called a ballistic arc or path, just like throwing a football. Light on the other hand, for all intents and purposes, does travel in a straight line, which brings about your question. To make sure your bullet hits what you see through the scope you "zero" or "sight in" the scope or optic. This is where you pick a certain range, say 25m, where the bullet will be passing through that point where it looks like it is in the scope. It will then again pass through another point that is in line with the scope on its way down, say 300m. A shooter can pick different ranges to zero his scope, and each one will have a point where it intersects with the straight line path of the sight or scope on its way up the arc, and again on the way down. Different bullets, different barrel lengths, different calibers, etc all change what these paths are, so a good shooter will make a table or chart for a specific rifle, scope, bullet weight, amount of gunpowder, etc and calculate where the bullet will be for that particular setup at any given range.


Question: How does hitting a beer bottle with the bottom of another beer bottle make it foam up?

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 How does hitting a beer bottle with the bottom of another beer bottle make it foam up?

Beer contain Carbon Dioxide, a gas. This gas is either dissolved into your beer or is trapped into bubbles. Carbon dioxides are fines with being dissolved but what they like even more is getting into bubbles, make them grow so they can float and escape to the surface. Unfortunately there's not enough bubbles for everyone and they have to wait their turn to get a ride so it's a slow process. Now come the tapping, by striking the glass you're sending waves of vibrations across the beer, bubbles don't have a good time, it makes them shrink and eventually explode into a lot more tiny bubbles. More tiny bubbles means more rides to the surface for Carbon dioxides, they all rush inside, make all those new bubbles grow and they all rise to the surface at the same time. Even worse, as the bubbles are rising they pick even more passengers on the way to the surface, making them grow even faster and eventually making a big exploding foam. Edit : u/Shioclas linked a nice video deeper in the comment to see the process without tapping URL_1 They send ultrasonic waves, disturbing existing bubbles and making a lot more tiny bubbles. Leading to the foam explosion, this is basically what the tapping does but with expensive lab tools. There's also a gif to visualize the process on the bubble scale URL_0


Question: How does Newton's 3rd law work?

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 How does Newton's 3rd law work?

The bus is indeed being hit by the same amount of force that you are. What you're missing is that a bus is far more massive than you are, so that amount of force affects the bus proportionately less. This is because of Newton's Second Law, which says F = ma. So, suppose you weigh 90kg and a bus weighs 15000kg. That means that if the bus hits you with enough force to accelerate you by 3g, or about 30 m/s^2, the bus only accelerates backwards by 0.18 m/s^2, which is pretty much imperceptible. So you go flying and the bus hardly moves at all.


Question: How does peeing on a jellyfish sting help make it better? (Or whatever it does, I really don't understand).

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 How does peeing on a jellyfish sting help make it better? (Or whatever it does, I really don't understand).

It doesn't. Peeing on a jellyfish sting is not only ineffective and gross (unless you are into that sort of thing I guess) but may even make things worse. You are better off putting some vinegar on it, rinsing it with seawater, covering it with shaving cream or sand, then scraping it with a razor or credit card. Alternatively, just take an aspirin and try to ignore it for a day until it goes away. URL_0


Question: How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

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 How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

We actually have [colour databases]( URL_0 ), which colour scientists check to see if a colour they made already exists. If it doesn’t, boom, new colour. To most people, these don’t look like new colours, because they are all variations of colours we are all familiar with like red and blue. > How are colours made? New colours are made by mixing synthetic and naturally-occurring pigments together. There’s obviously more science to it, because colour is created when light bounces off atoms, but overall it’s just mixing stuff together. Hope this helped!


Question: Why do clouds flatten out on the bottom side closest to the surface, yet have such tremendous shape variations everywhere else?

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 Why do clouds flatten out on the bottom side closest to the surface, yet have such tremendous shape variations everywhere else?

They don't flatten out as such, which suggests they're hitting something and spreading after falling. It's the other way around: the water vapour that forms the cloud rises until it reaches a level (which is relatively flat) where the air is cool enough to make it condense into visible water droplets (ie a cloud). It then 'bubbles up' from that point due to convection, so you have a flat bottom, and a fluffy top.


Question: When clay hardens can you re-soften it by adding water? how did cave men use clay to build structures in the olden days

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 When clay hardens can you re-soften it by adding water? how did cave men use clay to build structures in the olden days

Oh hey, something I know a bit about: Clay can be remixed with water to be "reclaimed" up until the point that it is fired. Once you expose it to enough heat to completely dry it up and vitrify parts of it so that it is more sturdy, you can't remix it with water to make it into a workable state. If he just let it dry, it is possible that it didn't heat up enough for vitrification to occur, especially in a humid environment like the jungle, in which case it could be mixed again. My (very semi-educated) guess is that it was either not a very permanent pool, or he used some method like [raku]( URL_0 ) to get that change.


Question: Why are some letters given different symbols depending on case whilst others are simply changed in size?

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 Why are some letters given different symbols depending on case whilst others are simply changed in size?

Upper case and lower case letters actually evolved from two very different versions of the Latin alphabet. Capital letters have remained almost unchanged for 2,000 years, and [Roman inscriptions are still very easily readable today]( URL_1 ) (if you know Latin). This version of the alphabet had lots of straight lines and wide curves, great for chiselling into stone. That's where serifs come from -- those extra little strokes in some typefaces like Times New Roman: a mason carving an inscription would chip out a line and then, to tidy up the end, turn the chisel 90 degrees and give it one last tap. Lower-case letters came about from styles used when writing with brushes or pens. Straight lines were more difficult, so scribes developed styles with more curves, and those curves could become quite tight. Letter strokes could become longer and more graceful, and the characters could start to look very different from the original capital letters. An example of this kind of script is [Carolingian minuscule]( URL_2 ). For example, if you look at the "e", you can probably see that you get to it by writing an "E", but with the vertical stroke and the top and bottom stroke all combined into a single curve, like a "c", and then putting the middle stroke quite high up so it meets the top stroke. Later, scribes started to mix these two types of script. To make important words and phrases stand out, they would carefully draw the bigger, blockier capital letters. To mark the beginning of a section, they would turn these letters into works of art -- [here's an example]( URL_0 ). Over time, this became standard, and so evolved the convention of using initial capital letters to mark the beginning of a sentence and other important words, such as nouns. In most modern languages that use the Latin alphabet (as well as those that use the Greek and Cyrillic alphabets), most nouns are now written with lower-case initial letters -- with the exception of German, which continues the old tradition of capitalizing every noun.