Question: Why does private college cost so much?

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 Why does private college cost so much?

The cost of both public and private are similar for similar level/amenities schools. However, public colleges, for most students, are heavily subsidized by the government, obviously, private schools have little or no govt subsidies... so it might appear that public schools are cheaper, but in reality they may not be, you just pay it in ways other than direct tuition (generally through taxes)—while a private school is paid completely by direct tuition. Private schools sometimes also cater to a different audience than *some* public schools (such as religious oriented private schools) and as such can better tailor their cost to supply and demand in their smaller, more known market, this often results in those schools charging more, as students wanting to attend those institutions are willing to pay for that specific type of school vs a different style of school.


Question: Buoyancy: how can massive cargo ships stay afloat?

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 Buoyancy: how can massive cargo ships stay afloat?

Imagine a pool filled to the very top with water; there is isn't any room left in the pool for more water. Let's take an object that is 1 cubic metre in size and sink it in the pool. Doing so will overflow the pool. If we collect all the water that overflowed and measure it, we will find that it is 1 cubic metre in size, just like the object. That is what displacement is, the volume of water that a submerged object replaces. An object will float if it does not weigh more than the weight of the water it displaces. Let's take the example I mentioned above. The volume of displacement is one cubic metre. One cubic metre of fresh water weighs one metric tonne. So, if the object weighs less than one metric tonne, it will float. If the object weighs 500 kg, then it only needs to displace 500kg of water. Since the object has a total buoyancy of 1000 kg, the object will float half submerged. Ships float because they have a lot of underwater volume that displace a lot of water. When a ship is loaded with cargo, the majority of the hull be under the water. For example, my ship has a deck that is 14 metres deep, and when we are loaded, almost 8.5 metres of that depth is submerged. To think of it another way, ships float because they sink to a point deep enough where they start to float.


Question: Why do some materials resonate at certain frequencies when they is sound playing around them?

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 Why do some materials resonate at certain frequencies when they is sound playing around them?

Because they are easier to vibrate at those specific notes. Think about how your viola works. You vibrate one of the strings and if you want a higher pitched note, you shorten the length of the string by pressing the string to the fingerboard. You are using the same bow and same technique, but the string vibrates at the different frequencies(pitch). That change in strength length causes it to more easily vibrate at a different frequency. Likewise, the different shape and material of your viola versus your chair cause them to vibrate at different frequencies.


Question: Weird Math and Arbitrary Numbers?

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 Weird Math and Arbitrary Numbers?

Often, those kinds of numbers are indexed for inflation. So a number like 11,806 might have started as 10,000 when the law was originally passed. The following year, inflation was 2.7%, so it was raised to 10,270. The next year, inflation was 3.1%, so it increased to 10,588. After a few years, the numbers are seemingly-random amounts, but they’re really just something like “the amount of money that $10,000 in 2003 is worth today”.


Question: Why does India have union territories and states?

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 Why does India have union territories and states?

Union territories don't hold elections and are under direct control of the central government. There are 7 of them now. Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, Puducherry, Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These all have different reasons for being under central control. Andaman-Nicobar and Lakshwadeep were too far from the mainland and also in vital strategic regions. Chandigarh was a pet project by Nehru to act as a replacement for the loss of Lahore during partition so it had central control. Daman-Diu, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Puducherry were under different colonial control than the British. So the people there were sort of different than the states which surrounded them. The central government felt that they could administer these territories better. Plus these territories were liberated or relinquished a good deal of time after 1947. States have little to no role in the creation of these territories. The central parliament decides whether these territories can be converted into states, if there is just cause or political will.


Question: What actually is the difference between a psychologist and a therapist?

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 What actually is the difference between a psychologist and a therapist?

Imagine a venn diagram with the following bubbles: psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists, and others. They all intersect in various ways with each other. Psychologists are people who studied psychology - this includes how people make memories, develop language skills, adapt to social situations, develop their personalities, and the influence of their biology in all of the above. They can specialise to become educational, health, cognitive, clinical, forensic psychologists, or counsellors. Psychiatrists are people who have a medical background and then specialised in mental health, so they can diagnose people with mental health conditions and prescribe appropriate medication for it. Therapists are people who may have studied psychology, or psychiatry, and also specialised in psychological therapies - this can be CBT, DBT, psychoanalysis, etc. Clinical psychologists and counsellors would be the most common. Therapy may be a person to person talking therapy, or a computerised therapy (e.g. online CBT), or a mixture. While a clinical psychologist can conduct mental and cognitive tests and then may offer therapy, counsellors offer therapy to people who already have been assessed. Therapy may also run concurrently with medical treatment, e.g. taking mood stabilisers at the same time as having talking therapy about depression. Psychologists cannot prescribe medication, psychiatrists can. There are also people who adopt established therapy techniques without necessarily having a background in psychology or psychiatry and offer services to people. They like to call themselves life coaches.


Question: Why do we feel pleasure when we defecate?

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 Why do we feel pleasure when we defecate?

Imagine a ten pound bag with fifty pounds of stuff in it. Now, empty that bag completely out, and what happens? All the strain and stress that was causing that bag to almost burst at the seams is now gone. Now just apply that same idea to your colon and butthole.


Question: Why are we able to eat dessert after a large meal despite being full and unable to eat more food?

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 Why are we able to eat dessert after a large meal despite being full and unable to eat more food?

Because you're not full. If you were literally full you wouldn't be able to eat more food. Then normal feeling of "full" is your body saying, "I've got enough calories in here, you can stop now." There's plenty of physical space at that point. And dessert tastes \*really\* good, so we'll eat it even if we're "full". It's a new flavour/texture profile that appeals to us in a different way than more of the same food we just finished eating.


Question: How does dyslexia manifest in languages that don't have an alphabet such as Mandarin and Japanese?

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 How does dyslexia manifest in languages that don't have an alphabet such as Mandarin and Japanese?

Speaking as a Japanese person: Chinese characters are very often made up of multiple other simpler Chinese characters or character parts. Stroke order is also important in maintaining the right shape and balance of all the parts of a character. I've seen dyslexia in Japanese writing manifest in such a way that these parts get shuffled around or stroke order gets totally screwed up and the character looks totally unbalanced.


Question: What are endocrine and exocrine in hormone system?

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 What are endocrine and exocrine in hormone system?

The best example of this is the pancreas, since it has both endocrine and exocrine parts. Endocrine means the things are secreted directly into your blood. The endocrine part of the pancreas makes insulin. It secretes insulin into your blood system. Exocrine means secreted through an epithelium (or endothelium), typically out of your body. The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. The digestive enzymes go into your gut and you poop them out.


Question: How are chemicals in the brain made?

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 How are chemicals in the brain made?

The same way every other chemical in the body is made, using tiny machines called enzymes, which guide chemical reactions in a way that is beneficial to the body. We probably could synthesise them in a lab, but it would be far easier to instead harvest it from living cells grown in the lab! Happy to extrapolate if you want me to.


Question: How do radio stations measure how many listeners they have? Does the strength of the signal they send out weaken when more listeners tune in and they measure it?

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 How do radio stations measure how many listeners they have? Does the strength of the signal they send out weaken when more listeners tune in and they measure it?

There is no electronic means of measuring it. No the signal does not weaken as more listeners tune in. It's likely done through surveys "What radio station do you listen to?" and listener feedback. Those giveaways where they ask for caller 9? Yeah, that also tells them how many people might be listening. If they struggle to get 9 callers, then that's a bad sign.


Question: Why do pain pills with the same active ingredients have different purposes? Like headache vs back and body

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 Why do pain pills with the same active ingredients have different purposes? Like headache vs back and body

Generally speaking there's no difference whatsoever and the company is relying on you thinking it's a targeted painkiller that will help you more than a competitor's product. The exception is headache specified painkillers, which are usually a combination of several painkillers (typically acetaminophen and aspirin) and also include caffeine, a combination believed to be effective in reducing migraines for reasons nobody is entirely sure of.


Question: whats the difference between a subnet and a VLAN?

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 whats the difference between a subnet and a VLAN?

You typically use them together, but you don't have to. A subnet is a Sub Network that is part of a larger network. They are mostly used with IP networks, most notably IPv4. For example, you have a company that has 2 offices with about 100 or so people each. They are connected to each other over a VPN or WAN link. So you set up one office using the IP space 192.168.0.x and the other 192.168.1.x. Both of those are subnets. Then you set up routers so that the traffic can get from one to another. VLAN is a function of a network switch. Lets say you have a 24 port switch, and you have a need for 1/2 of it to be for one thing completely isolated from the other 1/2. You can set up 1/2 the ports for VLAN 1 and the other half for VLAN 2 and unless there is a router that spans the two port the two will never talk. Its essentially a way to take physical switches and divide them into multiple virtual switches (very simplified). A VLAN can also span switches if needed. If you have two VLANs like I show above, you will probably have two different IP subnets also. Though, that isn't a requirement. If the two VLANs are completely isolated from each other, you could use the same exact IP subnet on both and it won't cause any problems because the traffic will never see each other.


Question: How come its easier to gain weight the second time around compared to the first? (like if you gained weight, lost it, but then gained it back faster than you did the first time)

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 How come its easier to gain weight the second time around compared to the first? (like if you gained weight, lost it, but then gained it back faster than you did the first time)

one of the main theories there that is a bit old is that when you get fat your fat cells become programmed to store certain amount of fat, once you lose weight they are empty and when you start gaining again they are over zealous to fill up to the previous size so your body holds on to more calories, there's a lot more to it though nutrition is very complex and somewhat inconsistent amongst people


Question: How did people living in hot regions get ice before the invention of refrigerators?

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 How did people living in hot regions get ice before the invention of refrigerators?

Great minds think alike. Ahoy, fellow redditor. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How did people freeze items/ have ice back before freezers? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_20 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How was ice produced in the days before freezers in warmer climates? Was there any way to conserve foods/meats? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5:How did humans make and maintain Ice Cubes before the refrigerator? How did we keep drinks cold before ice cubes? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how did people in places like florida get ice before machines were made to make ice. ]( URL_3 ) ^(_8 comments_)


Question: Why can't the body restore it's nerve cells when a disembodied body part is reattached? It's the same genetic coding as it was before the dismemberment, so why can you be able to move it, but not feel/feel pain with it.

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 Why can't the body restore it's nerve cells when a disembodied body part is reattached? It's the same genetic coding as it was before the dismemberment, so why can you be able to move it, but not feel/feel pain with it.

Neuronal damsge can occur in the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Cns-damage unfortunately is irreversible because we sinoly dont have stem-neuron-cells in the cns that could differeniate into entirely new neurons. The pns has some kind of regeneration option, but whether the nerve gets repaired or not, depends on to what point the degeneration of neuronal tissue occured, and if an actual nerval connection is build through reconnecting the fibers. I can tell you so much to the first aspect, thst once a nerve is cut into two pieces, the part that is still attached to the cell body (in our case the part that actually is attached to the human body) also receives retrograde degenerstivr damage. If that damage reaches the cell body, where the dna lies, rebuilding thst nerve is never possible. There might also be trouble in reinnervating the right spot making you loose your sensoric afferents. Gonna add: there are in fact cases where after limb reattachment the pain part of the sensory nerves where retreived.


Question: what makes a Hydrogen more acidic in a compound than other H atoms?

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</answer>
 what makes a Hydrogen more acidic in a compound than other H atoms?

It's because of how acidity is measured, by pH. pH is -log(concentration of H+ ions). Namely, the more H+ ions (essentially free protons) you have, the more acidic the solution. If you have hydrogen gas (H2) dissolved in solution, if it breaks up into atomic hydrogen H the H will have no charge. On the other hand, if the hydrogen is in a compound and attached to something enecronegative, like an oxygen or a nitrogen, when it detaches, the electron will remain around the electronegative atom and you will get a free H+. If the hydrogen is attached to something less electronegative, eg. carbon, than the covalent bond will typically be stronger and fewer hydrogens will detach. So in the end, its determined by the strength of the bond keeping the hydrogen attached.


Question: why does the light of laser pointers look 'grainy'?

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 why does the light of laser pointers look 'grainy'?

@OP: the visible effect you're referring to is called the 'speckle effect' and is caused by interference between multiple rays of monochromatic light of the same wavelength but each having different phases and amplitude. When bouncing off a rough surface, such as basically anything in your home: paper, wallpaper, paint, wood, etc., a 'speckled' pattern will appear to the naked eye. Do note that every eye will see a different pattern and that this pattern will be different depending on the viewing angle. Lastly, laser light is extremely bad for your eyes, so don't look at it for more than a couple of seconds, and NEVER, EVER point a laser beam, regardless of type, directly into your (or someone else's) eye.


Question: From where does Earth get energy to rotate around itself and revolve around the Sun?

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 From where does Earth get energy to rotate around itself and revolve around the Sun?

An object in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by another force. The Earth's rotation and orbit originate from its formation from a spinning disc of debris around the sun. For it to continue moving in the same way does not require *further* input. In fact, the opposite is true. For the Earth to stop would require some other force to exert a (phenomenal) force against its motion.


Question: How do animators sync up their characters talking with audio?

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 How do animators sync up their characters talking with audio?

actual animator here: experience and timing. if you do as others in this thread say and just plug in whatever lip shape happens for whatever sound you get terribly ugly uncanny valley lip sync. It looks terrible and fucking creepy, it looks unprofessional and slapped-on. What mouth shape you think there'd be is not actually what would be there. The shape you'd use to make one sound in one instance, is not the same elsewhere. there's like 4 different ways to do an "eeeeee" noise, that changes in context to the dialogue it's in. An animator's talent lies in their ability to see how people actually move, not how they think they move, but also vice versa, so by compounding this experience and observation we animate characters- including dialogue- to look the best it can not just realistically but have it "feel" good as well. but the vast majority is just a large amount of eyeballing it with expertise and experience.


Question: How were blood vessels discovered if they're so small?

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 How were blood vessels discovered if they're so small?

I don't know what you're talking about. I can look at my arm and see my major veins & arteries & see them branch out into smaller ones. Early man would have been very familiar with killing & butchering animals & been able to see the blood vessels there. Sure, we might not have known about the smallest ones until we invented microscopes but it doesn't take advanced science to figure out how the system works.


Question: - Why do we use fonts that use make I (uppercase i) and l (lowercase L) look exactly the same?

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 - Why do we use fonts that use make I (uppercase i) and l (lowercase L) look exactly the same?

Such fonts are generally "sans serif" fonts, "sans" being the French word for "without", and "serif" referring to the little pointy bits at the tips of characters in a font like Times New Roman or Georgia. Take away the serifs and I and l look pretty much identical. On the other hand, with serifs, some fonts will have l and 1 (lowercase L and the number 1) look almost the same, for example, in Times New Roman. The reason for this is just "because it looks more uniform". Typefaces are usually designed with a "look" in mind, and a lot of things are done just for consistency. There are fonts that try to avoid the ambiguity. For example, DIN is a sans serif font, but it has little tails on the lowercase L to distinguish it from the uppercase i. Segoe UI is the current default font in Windows and it (like its predecessor Tahoma) has serifs on the uppercase i, even though it's technically a sans serif font. You'll also find fonts designed for programmers that, among other things, make their characters as unambiguous as possible, e.g. putting a dot in the number 0 to distinguish it from an uppercase o, in addition to the other tricks mentioned above.


Question: How does one get knighted?

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 How does one get knighted?

One does something of note such that the ruling monarch (presumably British, since that's where most popular knights are knighted nowadays) performs the ceremony to acknowledge and commend you for your work. Knighthoods bestow certain social privileges, the most minor and common of which is the use of the legal title "Sir" or "Dame" before your name.


Question: Other than admission fee and parking, how do zoos make money?

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 Other than admission fee and parking, how do zoos make money?

I've seen fundraising black tie dinners for $100 a plate for zoos, and here we have colorful giant fiberglass penguins all over the city that I believe raised the money to make a new penguin habitat. Local businesses bought them to attract customers. Google "Tulsa penguins". I've also seen memorial bricks where you get a brick engraved and put in a wall or floor in the zoo. Memberships too. Tulsa won America's favorite zoo and got a grant from Microsoft (zoo tycoon promotion). Personally I think Oklahoma city has a better zoo, but there's more $ and civic minded people here so they won the email campaign to get their members to vote. In short, creative hustling.


Question: What makes flying a helicopter so hard compared to a plane? Is there a "computer-assisted" mode on modern helicopters that greatly reduces this difficulty?

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 What makes flying a helicopter so hard compared to a plane? Is there a "computer-assisted" mode on modern helicopters that greatly reduces this difficulty?

Edit; Thanks everyone for not attacking this comment for it's simplicity as only the most basic of rototrcraft are operated as simply as this description any longer but understanding these basics will give you a basic understanding of most rotorcraft. It's not just coordinating the tail and the rotors as you describe that's required to control a rotorcraft. It's coordinating the three controls of the rotors, the *RPM's*, the *cyclic* and the *collective* in addition to controlling *Yaw* (flat horizontal rotation} with the pedals by controlling the tail rotor. The *cyclic* tilts the axis of the rotors left, right, forward and back like tilting an umbrella over your head. The *RPM's* keeps the motor in it's most safe and efficient operating speed range, while the *collective* controls the angle of the rotor blades as a group to increase or decrease lift. The tail rotor blows across the back end and by increasing or decreasing the pressure you apply here with your pedals you can counteract the natural tendancy of the helicopter to *Yaw* away in reaction to the torque produced by the main rotor or to control heading or yaw of the aircraft. The cyclic control is in the form af a larger joystick used to aim the lift forward, back, left or right in order to control orientation of the helicopter. If the overall rotor is tilted in One direction the helicopter will move in the direction that the rotor is tilted as long as the collective provides enough lift. The collective is in the form of a lever you pull up on which increases the angle of the blades of the rotor to increase overall lift. Edit; the collective also has a motorcycle grip style throttle incorporated into it that controls the RPMs of the motor independent from the collective control of the angle of the rotors. If you flattened out the rotors with the collective it wouldn't matter how much throttle you apply because the rotors would just be spinning flat and supplying no lift. In order fly you have to increase the RPM's of the rotor and then increase collective to increase the pitch of the rotors and provide lift and then control and direct that lift using the cyclic to tilt the rotors in the direction you want to go while preventing unwanted rotation (Yaw) using the pedals.


Question: why is Cosby's sentence 3-10 years? Why isn't it a definitive number?

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 why is Cosby's sentence 3-10 years? Why isn't it a definitive number?

Because the law in PA stipulates that there must be a minimum and a maximum sentence, with the minimum being no more than half of the maximum. This means that Cosby has to serve 3 years before being eligible for parole, and no more than 10 years if parole is denied.


Question: when people say "in today's dollars", how are they calculating it?

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 when people say "in today's dollars", how are they calculating it?

The most common way of measuring inflation is by calculating the cost of a collection of goods and average person would purchase regularly. This is known by the name "consumer price index". If we assume the items have remained largely the same (eg a gallon of milk then is a gallon of milk today.), The relative purchasing power of a currency can be calculated


Question: Why does internet explorer have such a bad reputation with tech-savvy people? Average users seem to have no problem with it.

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 Why does internet explorer have such a bad reputation with tech-savvy people? Average users seem to have no problem with it.

Here's just a few of the more common reasons. 1) It's had a history of security issues over the years resulting in people getting infected with viruses. Since microsoft typically only issues updates once a month unless something is considered seriously bad, Patch Tuesday might result in Exploit Wednesday when evil hackers know of a bug that wasn't fixed in a month's updates. 2) A lot of businesses invested in ActiveX applications for their internal stuff assuming Internet Explorer would be running them. This caused a number of problems where updates to IE would result in these applications breaking, plus Microsoft was pulling ActiveX support entirely over time. This is good from a security standpoint but would break so many applications. The options are to update the application (very expensive to completely uproot the user facing portion of it) or *not* update IE. Due to item #1 not updating IE is a major risk when you take it out into the public internet. 3) There's been a lot of tribalism on the internet about browsers. Web browsers making up their own standards and then web sites implementing them to the detriment of other browsers was (and honestly, still is) a problem and IE was pretty bad about it in the early days. While things have improved dramatically, IE has a stain on its reputation.


Question: what caused back injury when lifting something heavy in the wrong way? If we over work other muscles it’s just sore for a few days. Also, how does a weightlifter’s belt prevent injury?

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 what caused back injury when lifting something heavy in the wrong way? If we over work other muscles it’s just sore for a few days. Also, how does a weightlifter’s belt prevent injury?

The back is mechanically complex, and there are lots of ways you can injure it. What you are probably thinking about is a ruptured disc. Think of your spine as a stack of tuna cans, with squishy bags of jelly between each pair. Your back can bend because the jelly squishes, and the bags are stretchy. If you put too much force on the stack though, the bag will break, and the jelly will squish out. Now your cans get closer together - that space is used to allow your nerves to branch off from your spinal cord, and if they get pinched, you've got major pain. The weightlifting belt helps with this. Your spine isn't the only thing that supports the weight. Your abdomen does as well, like a big inflatable bag. Your body wants to increase the pressure in that bag when you are bearing a lot of weight - this is why you hold your breath and bear down when you lift something heavy. The belt helps maintain that pressure, which supports your spine and prevents injury.


Question: When streaming YouTube with poor Internet connection, why does the advertisement stream smoothly but the actual video is laggy AF?

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 When streaming YouTube with poor Internet connection, why does the advertisement stream smoothly but the actual video is laggy AF?

The way big systems like YouTube are set up is that they have a few massive warehouses stuffed with servers (primary datacenters) where it's cheap, and then lots of much smaller servers all around the world (edges). They push the most popular and frequently-used content to the edges, so that the most frequently-used stuff can come from a fast server near to you and serving only other people near to you. Less-popular stuff has to be requested from the primary datacenters, which can be thousands of miles away, serving lots of people at once. YouTube's ads are almost always coming from your local edge server because most users are watching the same small set of ads. So they're always available, always reliable, always fast. Depending on what video you're watching after, it's likely streaming from some place far away, off a more heavily-used machine that might be under unpredictable load, so they can be slower, less available, less reliable. In some cases, for the most popular services, those local/edge servers might actually be *in your ISP's headquarters*, making them really fast and bulletproof. Next time you're noticing this, try streaming the #1 current music video (it should be nearly as fast) and then something really obscure (like your grandmother's 408th video of her cat snoring) and you should notice a similar discrepancy. Of course, ads will always likely be faster even then, because serving ads is YouTube's #1 priority so they'll get prioritised over everything else.


Question: why did humans start cooking food?

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 why did humans start cooking food?

It's hard to not speculate on this one since we don't know *exactly* what happened with our ancestors but the explanation my teacher suggested was that humans, the something soon before us, kinda stumbled into it. Natural fires caused by lightning or something would've cooked carcasses which were then eaten. That was found to cause fewer illnesses and be more readily digestible than the raw alternative, so became the way things were done.


Question: What are the elements needed for sustaining life?

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 What are the elements needed for sustaining life?

It would depend on the organism. Wikipedia have a list of elements in the human body and if they are essential in humans. For some elements we don' know if they are needed. About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans. URL_0


Question: There was a school shooting recently. An 8-year-old died. Why is Reddit and the media making a bigger deal about some man being dragged off a plane?

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 There was a school shooting recently. An 8-year-old died. Why is Reddit and the media making a bigger deal about some man being dragged off a plane?

The news generally focuses its reporting on novel things ("news" and "new" share the same root, after all). As sad as it is, a child being shot at a school isn't really particularly novel in the United States, whereas a person being dragged off a plane is very unusual. It's the same reason why the news doesn't report when people die in car crashes: everyone knows that happens from time to time, so it's not worth reporting on unless it's unusual in some way (way more people than usual die, people die in an unusual fashion, etc).


Question: How does an explosion kill someone?

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 How does an explosion kill someone?

The air around the blast is collapses so fast the natural pressure changes, like going from the top of the ocean to the very bottom instantly. The body can't take the pressure and your organs basically get crushed. This starts to happen around 5 PSI (pounds per square inch) or imagine a 1lb weight squeezed into a tiny 1 inch area, than multiple all that force by 5. & #x200B; This CDC article is actually really well written and easy to understand: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do meals at restaurants contain more calories than the same meal made at home?

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 Why do meals at restaurants contain more calories than the same meal made at home?

Restaurants love to use oils, butter, and cream! They make everything taste delicious.... but they come with a hefty increase in fat and calorie count. Their goal is to make you a delicious meal that gets you to come back, not to worry about your waistline - aside from a few health-focused restaurants or calorie-light menus. At home, you're likely not to use those delicious ingredients, or to use them more moderately. If I order a steak at a restaurant, odds are pretty good it's grilled in butter and topped with some butter or a nice tasty sauce. If I make one at home, I'm probably just using a little bit of oil if anything. Still tasty, but not restaurant-tasty.


Question: Why is call hold music always so distorted?

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 Why is call hold music always so distorted?

The telephone system is designed for carrying human voices. It has very limited bandwidth, so we actually add compression onto it as well. This is why someone doesn't sound the same on the phone as they do in person. The compression that we do for human voices makes music sound even worse. This is because music has a much bigger range of possible sounds than the human voice, so the compression takes it even further away from its original sound.


Question: Why is 'attempted' murder a different charge to murder?

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 Why is 'attempted' murder a different charge to murder?

To keep more victims alive. Let's say we are alone, I get mad at you, and bash you in the head with a baseball bat, knocking you unconscious. That's attempted murder, and I am looking at serious jail time if I am caught. One of the best ways to not get caught is to make sure there are no surviving witnesses. If the punishment for murder and attempted murder is the same, I have little incentive to let you live, and a pretty good reason to let you, or help you, die. But if attempted murder is a lesser crime, it is more in my interest if you survive. This is the same reason that other serious crimes where the victim is the best witness, like kidnapping and rape, also have lesser sentences than murder.


Question: What happens to the water when there is city wide flooding?

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 What happens to the water when there is city wide flooding?

It flows down until it hits the ocean or can't go down anymore (and those few cases, eventually forms a salt lake and evaporates). In cities we have built drains to assist the process, and it may be assisted with pumps. For most areas though it means it is absorbed into the ground, and the excess is surface ruboff that flows a short bit until it hits a stream, and then the stream goes to a river and that goes to the ocean.


Question: What is a 'pasteurised' energy drink, and why does that equate to healthier/requiring no preservatives, according to claims?

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 What is a 'pasteurised' energy drink, and why does that equate to healthier/requiring no preservatives, according to claims?

Pasteurization is the process of taking something in a sealed container and raising the temperature of that food item high enough to kill bacteria and holding it at that temp for a long enough period of time that they kill most bacteria in that container. The fact that it is sealed, and now bacteria free is what allows it to be safe to eat, and what makes it have a long shelf-life.


Question: have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago?

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 have languages for animals developed over time similar to that of human beings, or say can a lion in this time communicate with a lion five hundred years ago?

When it comes to some animals like whales, dolphins, orca and the like, separated by 500 years they would most likely not be able to communicate well with each other, they have regional dialects just like us. I wouldn't be surprised if the same applied to elephants but I'm not certain how complex their "language" is compared to the ones of the killer whales. There is another interesting thing concerning killer whales, they have been shown to be able to learn the "phrases" from other dolphin species vocabulary, though to which extent that can occur is not really known. Lion communications are far more simple. I think they are pretty universal going back a few thousand years.


Question: If a bathroom is full of steam why does a towel not get saturated absorbing all the water in the air and can still dry someone off?

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 If a bathroom is full of steam why does a towel not get saturated absorbing all the water in the air and can still dry someone off?

Air that is saturated with water will hold onto that water until it cools down. So unless the towel is much cooler than the air, it's not going to significantly cool the air. Therefore, it's not going to create condensation on itself. Also, when water condenses, it gives off some heat, so what little condensation does occur will warm the air/towel ever so slightly, delaying any further condensation.


Question: How does the ISS never run out of fresh air to breathe ?

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 How does the ISS never run out of fresh air to breathe ?

**\[EDIT2\] This got a little more complicated the more I did research. So for a 5 year old:** The space station doesn't run out of air because NASA got really really good at recycling the things they already have on the station. They have some magic machines up there that can turn water into air. So then where do they get the water, you ask? From the astronauts pee, from their showers, from their sweat, from the humidity in the air. They turn that gross, weird water into drinkable / air-making-able water. BUT eventually they'll run out. SO they send up a fun little gas called hydrogen (which is a thing that's in water, but way way lighter than water and therefore cheaper and easier to send up) and they combine that with the stuff the astronauts breathe out (CO2) using yet another magic machine that makes water. **Full explanation:** Electrolysis of water (H2O) is the main method to generate oxygen aboard the ISS. Water is split into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). The oxygen is vented into the breathable cabin air system, known as the Oxygen Generation System, while the explosive hydrogen is vented externally. \[EDIT1\] Check the edit below, it seems like they don't vent the hydrogen anymore and instead reuse it to make more water. The station’s football-field-sized solar arrays are the power source to electrolyse the water. Each day the OGS continuously provides between 2.3 and 9kg (5 to 20lbs) of oxygen. The OGS is a component of the ISS life support system, known as ECLSS or Environmental Control and Life Support System, located in the US Destiny module. The Elektron system aboard the Russian Zvezda service module performs the same vital electrolysis service for the ISS crew. The Electron system was also used aboard the Russian Mir Space Station. Pressurized oxygen storage tanks replenished by visiting unmanned cargo ships provide a backup to the electrolysis method. Finally, the crew can also generate oxygen chemically by igniting Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation (SFOG) canisters comprised of lithium perchlorate. Each canister provides the oxygen needed to support one crew member for one day. From: [ URL_13 ]( URL_13 ) As for where the water comes from, after reading an article on URL_9 , it's mostly recycled. They have systems that efficiently gather all the water. This includes moisture in the air, sweat, urine, and shower water that was unused. ~~There's also apparently another Russian space station that has a large stock pile.~~ They don't usually ship more water from earth because it's so expensive but they can and do sometimes. The NASA article: [ URL_12 ]( URL_14 ) **\[EDIT1\]** I think the idea is the recycling is hyper optimal and also the water that is recycled is all drinkable. I just read some other article (which I closed out of) which mentioned the water tastes like bottled water, although it came from urine. Also /u/ubik2 just posted a good explanation of how the system kind of feeds into itself and how they can get around needing to ship up heavy water to the space station. > Since 2010, they’ve also been using the Sabatier reaction. That consumes the hydrogen from electrolysis and the CO2 from breathing, producing methane and water (which can then go back into electrolysis). This means you don’t have to keep shipping up a bunch of water. Unfortunately, that reaction needs more H2 than it frees (to make the methane), so we still ship that up. Fortunately, hydrogen is very light. As for "where does the nitrogen come from" which is necessary for the air, it seems like they ship that up there (couldn't find any magic processes that produce it). > One system is to have oxygen delivered from [Earth]( URL_7 ) via spacecraft. This oxygen is stored in external tanks; similarly, these spacecraft deliver [nitrogen]( URL_0 ) gas, which makes the ISS air supply. From [ URL_5 ]( URL_5 ) BUT it seems like you don't actually need that for breathing. Super interesting! > Nitrogen, a gas that makes up 78 percent of breathable air on Earth, is inert and can therefore be safely stored onboard spacecraft. Despite its high concentration within ambient air, nitrogen serves no particular physiological benefit to humans and only serves to keep the Space Station pressure at 1 atmosphere (14.7 psia). Prior to extra vehicular activities (EVA or space walking), astronauts purge nitrogen from their blood supply to prevent decompression sickness (“the bends”). It is neither important nor practical to reclaim this nitrogen. From: [ URL_8 ]( URL_1 ) **\[EDIT3\]** From /u/acorz on how often they fly out the resupplies (unchecked source but they mention that work at the [Johnson Space Center]( URL_6 ) aka NASA). > We fly N2 and O2 tanks 2 or 3 times a year. We fly most of our water once a year on [HTV]( URL_4 ). In 4 years, I've only seen small hydrogen tanks for a science experiments, not resupply. **\[EDIT4\]** /u/sharfpang has a really [awesome comment]( URL_3 ) explaining how the Sabatier process isn't actually *currently* used and that they do actually ship the water up. I'm actually not totally sure this is true but they sounded confident (and [this article]( URL_11 ) suggests Sabatier is used). BUT their comment goes into detail with the potential problems that come out of the Sabatier process and some other cool science stuff, so it's worth checking out. **\[EDIT5\]** Just a funny tidbit in this research is the Russian side of the ISS doesn't actually use their urine in the recycling process, but the US side does. I feel like I read it in a more credible source, but here's just a [random article]( URL_2 ) I Googled that says the same thing. **\[EDIT6\]** Alright back to business. So the plot thickens, /u/sharfpang sourced an [exchange thread]( URL_10 ) comment that makes it sound like Sabatier was a "success" which was actually a failure they silently decommissioned.


Question: How and why is Earth's orbit elliptical and not circular?

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 How and why is Earth's orbit elliptical and not circular?

Because perfectly circular is incredibly unlikely, almost all orbits will be at least slightly elliptical. Earth's orbit is only very slightly elliptical, its furthest point from the sun is just 3.4% further out than its closest approach to the sun which is an eccentricity(out of roundness) of just 0.0167, that's pretty round. It doesn't take much to change an orbit over billions of years. A few well timed tugs from Jupiter, Saturn, or another large mass while the planets were finding their orbit could tug Earth into a slightly different orbit. Again, at only 0.0167 eccentricity it wouldn't take much. Pluto on the other hand has an eccentricity of 0.2488 and has a very elliptical orbit because it has been being tweaked by Uranus and Neptune for billions of years.


Question: Why are some things "so cute it hurts?"

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 Why are some things "so cute it hurts?"

There is a strong link between emotion and physical symptoms, and vice versa. A really tragic moment can cause us to be overwhelmed with painful grief, and the opposite can happen where we get so elated or happy by something that we actually experience physical sensation. And as a trend, happy people get better from illnesses that physically affect them better than sad people do. The triggers and the overall intensity of this different greatly from person to person. What one person likes, another may love to the point of having their blood pressure spike, or mildly hyperventilating. A simple act of kindness might be one that someone could simply appreciate and be thankful for, or if they've been mistreated for a while or have had zero happiness for a long time, might be a overwhelming or painfully intense experience. Your particular trigger is your first kitten. For others, it's their first puppy, or their first baby. And for others, they like their pet, perhaps even deeply, but maybe aren't as overwhelmed by it because they're wired differently or have different backgrounds.


Question: How are computers able to understand code?

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 How are computers able to understand code?

It's both hardware and software. Computers speak one language and humans speak another. Code is the happy medium that helps us give commands to computers. At the core of the computer is its brain, the CPU. It speaks in 1s and 0s. We speak English etc. The two middle-man languages AKA our "translators" are assembly and high-level programming languages. High-level programming languages include C++ and python. Assembly is literally "store This." "Add That to This." "Load That." These are the actual commands the CUP executes. Some super smart people write special programs called compilers that convert the high-level programs into the assembly that the CPU can understand.