Question: If a human was spinning in space, would curling into a ball make them spin faster? And stretching out reduce their speed? Why/Why not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 If a human was spinning in space, would curling into a ball make them spin faster? And stretching out reduce their speed? Why/Why not?

A human would spin faster when you curl together and slower when you stretch out just as you do down here on earth. The only difference is that you do not need something that make it possible to spin with low friction like down here on earth. You can look at how human ice skaters or divers spin when they are in the air. The reason is the conservation of angular momentum that is a quantity that is preserved in the world and is why the earth rotates around its axis and around the sun. What happen is when you change shape it that your rotational inertia changes, the is how hard something is to spin. Take a long stick. It is simple to spin when the rotation axis is along with its length (like rolling on the floor) but harder to spin it like a propeller. That difference is different from rotational inertia because of how the mass is distributed. Angular momentum is rotational inertia \* revolution per unit of time. For the angular momentum to be constant the rotational speed need to change if the rotational inertia changes.


Question: If heat comes from the sun then why it is cold at the top of the mountains? Shouldn't it be hot because it is closer to the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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 If heat comes from the sun then why it is cold at the top of the mountains? Shouldn't it be hot because it is closer to the sun?

It’s a matter of scale, compared to other factors. So yes it is closer to the sun, maybe a few thousand metres closer, but the sun is 93 million miles away, so you would expect, without any other factors, for it to be maybe a tiny amount hotter. A much more influential factor is air pressure, if you pressurise any gas it gets hotter, and air pressure at the top of a mountain is much lower then at sea level, which means colder!


Question: How does each pixel inside an LCD or similar display know what color to display, and when to change colors so that the entire screen updates at the same time?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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 How does each pixel inside an LCD or similar display know what color to display, and when to change colors so that the entire screen updates at the same time?

I can't give you a proper ELI5 answer (hopefully that comes along, because I'm curious as well) but to get a good idea of what's happening on the screen I recommend you watch [this video]( URL_0 ) of both a CRT and an LCD, close up and in slow motion. One thing to keep in mind is that the entire screen doesn't update at the same time. Each pixel is updated individually, one at a time, in lines from left to right, top to bottom. (That's for a progressive scan TV in landscape orientation.) This happens incredibly fast. In a 1080p, 60Hz TV there are 2,073,600 pixels drawn each 1/60th of a second. But how a TV manages to do that is beyond me.


Question: What is a derivative? Why are they important?

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 What is a derivative? Why are they important?

In algebra you learned to calculate the slope of a straight line. y = mx + b, right? m is the slope. But what about a curved line? Then the slope isn't constant. It changes: it's higher when the line is steeper, and lower when the line is flatter. So instead of a single number, the slope is a function of x. At any given x, your line has a certain y value, and a certain slope. Calculus is the set of math tools that allow you to find the slope function from the original function, or the original function from the slope function. The derivative is finding the slope function. For example the derivative of y=x^2 is y'=2x. That means a basic parabola has a slope of 2x. Later you will learn about integrals, which are the opposite: they allow you to reverse the derivative, finding the original function from the slope function.


Question: how do fractals have unlimited perimeter but limited area?

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 how do fractals have unlimited perimeter but limited area?

Imagine it in 3D. Take a ball of dough, or any squishable material, and roll it out flat. Its volume is still the same but its surface is now much greater. Now imagine that you can keep rolling out the dough, that there is no limit to how thin it can become. Its volume is still exactly the same as the start (you have not added or taken anything away) but its surface area just keeps getting bigger and bigger and bigger.


Question: How does a website display a custom error message when the server is down?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does a website display a custom error message when the server is down?

A typical modern web site have at least four layers. Load balancer, front end cache, web server and database. However you do not need this entire stack for just displaying a custom error message. So if the load balancer is unable to find a working server within a reasonable amount of time it can return an error message.


Question: why do some US outlets have 2 prongs and others have three?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 why do some US outlets have 2 prongs and others have three?

The 3rd prong is for grounding the electronics. Typically the chassis or outer metal shell is connected with a direct wire to the ground, such that if any short were to happen between any wiring and the chassis, the current would flow through the ground and trip the breaker. It's a safety measure and was not common on old homes. Now I'm pretty sure it's a requirement on new homes in most states.


Question: Why are the hottest/coldest days of the year not the same as the solstices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why are the hottest/coldest days of the year not the same as the solstices?

Basically, thermal capacity. The oceans and land masses have to warm up/cool down, and that does not happen immediately. At the winter solstice, the oceans are still warmer than what they would be if the temperature was constant during the entire year. It takes about one or two more months for them to reach their lowest temperature, and by that time the energy coming from the sun starts warming the oceans up again.


Question: What kind of tasks are humans going to be still doing manually and cannot depend on automation or technology to do them? And why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What kind of tasks are humans going to be still doing manually and cannot depend on automation or technology to do them? And why?

From a robot technician: Current robotics are just starting to merge the fields of AI with real-world applications. See "Spot" for an example of this. However, the vast majority of robotics nowadays are in factories, and these robots are able to react to limited input, as long as its pre-programmed. For instance, if the part Is red, use bolt 1, otherwise, use bolt 2. Generally speaking the more repetitive some task is, the easier it is to automate. For instance, screwing toothpaste lids on in an assembly line. It's nothing but a repetitive motion, and a robot could be set up to do this task in probably less than 10 minutes. Whereas say a travel agent takes a starting location and a destination location and looks for the cheapest price. This is more complex, but can be broken down into many simpler processes. (Find itineraries, find cheapest itinerary, book itinerary), and is why online travel agencies have be one commonplace over the last 10 or so years. A task such as designing a vehicle for instance, does not have one correct answer, and there are many many factors and processes tdd o consider, as such this is a very difficult process to automate, potentially even impossible. So the safest jobs are those that are complex, but cannot be broken down to several simpler tasks, or those professions that require creativity.


Question: How did phone operators work in the past?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did phone operators work in the past?

Way back in the day, when telephone lines were new and neighborhoods were small and close-knit, people would share a single telephone line. Meaning, instead of dialing a number, you simply picked up the phone and “rang” the line, usually by sending a small current through to ring a bell connected to the phone. This would cause everyone’s phone to ring, and everyone would scramble to the phone to see if it was for them or someone else. As more and more people became connected with this technology, it became apparent that having entire cities put on one phone circuit wasn’t an option. So different lines were split up into smaller sections, and instead of leading to each other, all of the lines lead to one area: the switchboard. A switchboard operator would sit and wait in front of the board, and when a call came in for the operator, that output jack would light up. The operator would put a headphone jack into that line, ask who you needed to call, and then physically wire your phone line directly into theirs. Today we have massive server farms with computers set to automatically handle these connections, but this is where all of our telephoning terms come from. Busy: someone else is already talking to who you need, meaning that there is a line into their phone already. You physically could not talk to anyone until the first person was done. Operator: the person who would actually connect you to your intended recipient Telephone technology back then was simply a more sophisticated version of two cans and a string, but the string is now wire and the cans are specifically designed receivers that hook to this wire together. When two people are on the same line, they can talk. We still use this basic form of telephoning with landline phones, which is why you can still pick up a phone in the house while someone else is using it and listen. As for party lines, just imagine getting a third can and tying a new string to the middle one. Now speaking into one can let’s both others receive your voice. Bonus fun fact: in rural areas that couldn’t afford proper phone line, people would sometimes hook their phones to their fences. Many of these fences had unbroken lines of wire that ran along multiple houses, making them a perfect substitute infrastructure.


Question: Why is there a difference between your heart beating fast and beating hard?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is there a difference between your heart beating fast and beating hard?

When you exercise, your blood pressure is regulated by a combination of your arteries expanding, arterioles in the muscle expanding, and heart rate increasing. For any given increase in intensity, it takes 2-3 minutes for that change to fully occur. When you’re at rest and under stress, your muscles don’t put out the same dilation (known as functional sympatholysis) yet your heart rate may still increase. In that instance, the heart has to pump more forcefully to overcome the blood pressure shift and maintain the same ejection fraction (amount of blood pumped vs amount of blood left in left ventricle).


Question: Why humans are relatively Hairless?

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 Why humans are relatively Hairless?

Hairlessness allows us to regulate our body heat more easily. One of the main advantages humans have over other animals is our ability to run long distances, and hunt animals by tiring them out. If we were covered in fur, we would simply heat up too quickly and not be able to run for long.


Question: What happens when you save a game?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What happens when you save a game?

The game creates or updates a file that it is using to store your current game state. This can be a very basic set of information (like what level you were on) or a massive set of information like the positions of hundreds of items you’ve littered all over Skyrim, the contents of numerous storage containers, the quests you’ve completed, the state of every NPC... Exactly what is saved and in what format varies considerably between games.


Question: Why is 12 hour time even taught? Wouldn’t it just be easier to remember 13:00 instead of 1:00pm?

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 Why is 12 hour time even taught? Wouldn’t it just be easier to remember 13:00 instead of 1:00pm?

12 hour time is a *very* ancient system that traces back to the Mesopotamian empires. They had a cultural fixation on the number 12, used a base-12 numerical system, and divided up most things into 12ths whenever possible - including day and night. The 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night system spread throughout Europe and the Middle East and has defied multiple attempts to change it over the centuries.


Question: What is so different about their pathways that causes aspirin to be useful in anti-platelet therapy and Ibuprofen to be a detrimental factor regarding heart disease?

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 What is so different about their pathways that causes aspirin to be useful in anti-platelet therapy and Ibuprofen to be a detrimental factor regarding heart disease?

Both aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit COX1 & COX2 yes but the degree and mechanism for each is different. Ibuprofen is a reversible inhibitor of COX2 so you only get the anti-platelet effects when you’re taking it. You have to keep taking high doses to get those anti-platelet benefits but you risk GI ulcers from constantly inhibiting COX1 and heart failure from your kidneys having to continually clear the large amount of drug. Aspirin is a irreversible inhibitor of COX2 so a little bit goes a long way. Once aspirin inhibits COX2 it is inhibited for the life of the platelet, about 8-9 days, so you don’t need to continually take high doses to reach therapeutic levels like you do with ibuprofen. EDIT: Aspirin is an irreversible COX 1 inhibitor, and that’s where platelet inhibition/antiplatelet works. My bad!


Question: How do they make tape sticky? And how do they make duct tape even more so?

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 How do they make tape sticky? And how do they make duct tape even more so?

Imagine the tape is a massive flat piece of wrapping paper, they spray adhesive onto one side if it and then roll it up tightly, the adhesive is on the inside of the roll. This long tube of adhesive covered wrapping paper is then sliced up into thin slices and you have your roll of sticky tape. Differing adhesives and ‘tape’ materials change the properties, like electrical tape doesn’t stick to much but itself, masking tape sticks to a lot but with less adhesion, duct tape isn’t really more sticky if you buy low quality stuff, but good stuff just has more/better adhesive - probably tuned to the expected application of ducts... so tape to metal.


Question: Why do people say vinyl records are higher quality?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do people say vinyl records are higher quality?

It’s mainly because of the “loudness wars”. Read more here. URL_0 Record companies figured out they could increase the volume on Band XYZ’s song. Therefore on a radio, Band XYZ’s song would be louder than Band ABC, and theoretically get more attention. By increasing the volume, they removed a lot of the dynamic range. Dynamic range being the difference in volume between different instruments and vocals. For instance, say Band XYZ really wanted the guitars to be louder, and the drums to be quieter and the vocals somewhere in the middle, so they master the album that way. Then someone else comes in and says “screw that, make everything loud” for the purpose of grabbing more attention on the radio. The “loudness war” began, and people who have higher end audio equipment immediately hated most CDs because almost all mainstream music was being released this way, and when a “remaster” came out, almost always it was just taking the original recording, and making it louder, and the mainstream perception was louder = better. And from a sound quality perspective, it’s not.


Question: How much energy from sunlight is stored in a material in a vacuum?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How much energy from sunlight is stored in a material in a vacuum?

The object will still loose energy as radiation. The rate rate will depend on the cube of the temperature so the warmer it is the faster it will loose heat. So it is a possible way but the better question is if it is a efficient way. To store heat efficiently you like a large mass with small surface area because then i will cool down slower. There vill be a relative small area exposed to the sunlight in a system like compare to the mass. A better way is to have large area where you can collect solar energy and transport the material to a storage area where it is more compact. The most common way to do that is [Solar\_water\_heating]( URL_2 ) where heat water in large collectors and stor it in a tank. You can stop the water flowing to the collectors when the do not add energy. That result in small surface area for storage but large for collecting light. The storage tank can be isolate to reduce the rate that it looses heat and you could have vacuum as a part of it. A regular [thermos]( URL_0 ) uses vacuum for isolation. I suspect that is it not cost efficient for solar heating because you can have thick layers of cheaper material that is not conductive if it cool down to fast with just a tank. System like that work for heating housed and create warm water but not efficient create electricity. To create electricity you like higher temperature difference. You can use mirror to create steam from water directly and drive turbine or lik in the [Crescent\_Dunes\_Solar\_Energy\_Project]( URL_1 ) use mirror to heat up molten salt instead of water. Regular table salt melt at 800C( 1473 F) and boil at 1465C (2669F). So you you high temperature range and can use it to create steam from water and drive a steam turbine to create electricity. & #x200B; So it would work but is not efficient. Water or liquid slat can be stored in large tanks that will loos energy quite slowly and you can use a lot larger area to collect the energy. heating a solid is not ass efficient because you cant pump it around.


Question: When my body is itchy. What is really happening? & why does it feel so good to scratch it?

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 When my body is itchy. What is really happening? & why does it feel so good to scratch it?

There are nerve fibers on your skin that specifically report itchiness, which can be triggered physically (an insect walking on you) or chemically (an insect injecting something into you). It's likely we evolved itching and the mild euphoric sensation of a scratch as methods to rid these disease-carriers critters off our bodies


Question: Why do some light bulbs last longer than others, even when they were installed at the same time?

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 Why do some light bulbs last longer than others, even when they were installed at the same time?

Thermocycling affects the life of the filament in bulbs. Every time you turn on and off a bulb the energy pushed through the filaments weakens it. If you have a bulb that always stays on and a bulb that you turn on and off every day, the bulb that always remains on will last much longer. I have bulbs that I never turned off and still go strong 6 years later. Every year when the fire inspectors test my apartment they turn off my kitchen lights on the way out. In all the years I’ve lived in this apartment the only bulbs to go are the ones that they keep turning off. Fun addition: the longest running bulbs in the world stay lit without interruptions. There was a famous fire station light bulb that ran over a century only to be turned off when the station moved locations. Try googling century bulb to find it.


Question: Why do modern bathrooms still use tiles when grout is so hard to clean? Haven't we come up with a better solution for water-proof surfaces by now?

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 Why do modern bathrooms still use tiles when grout is so hard to clean? Haven't we come up with a better solution for water-proof surfaces by now?

Solid plastic shells and linoleum floors. But they're generally seen as cheaper options. And they wear out faster. Tile is fancier and lasts longer and is more expensive. Slate doubly so. But trust me. The cheaper and easier to clean options get PLENTY dirty too. You ALSO have to clean them. If you're super-wealthy and can splurge money on stupid things, your bathroom can look like a chunk of nature with living moss floors, drift-wood counters, and hollowed petrified dinosaur egg shells for the sinks. And it's all an absolute bitch for your maid to clean. What do you care though, you're rich. Rich people spend money on stupid stuff all the time just to show how rich they are. Leather seats in cars are a terrible idea. They don't actually need a wristwatch to tell time, and it CERTAINLY doesn't need actual mechanical gears. Nobody actually needs pillars to hold up the front of their house. And the fancy ornate parts at the top and bottom were superfluous when they transitioned from wood to stone WAY back there. It's an old trend. tl;dr Tile is fancier than the more utilitarian option. (Stainless steel sheets are probably the most long-term high-utility material. Like the sort you find in restaurant kitchens. But don't they also go with tile floors?)


Question: Metals can memorize their "original shapes" and shift back to those states when under heat. But what actually dictates the metal's original shape?

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 Metals can memorize their "original shapes" and shift back to those states when under heat. But what actually dictates the metal's original shape?

It's all about heat treatment, aka "temper". The "original shape" is whatever shape it was in the last time it got the right heat treatment to "set" the alloy. Like /u/fishingforworth said, that's usually heating it to a high temperture. Then you cool it back down and bend it (within limits). That changes some internal solid phases of the metal. If you heat it to an intermediate temperature, the metal will revert to the original phase and, in the process, back to the original shape. If you \*hold\* it in the new shape and heat it up higher, it will set to the new shape. The general process of heating things up until all the internal stress relaxes out is called "annealing", it's very common with metal and glass working. The fact that bent shape-memory alloys move without any outside force is a dead give-away that they've got internal stress. You're basically annealing them and letting that internal stress relax by going back to the shape they were in back when their structure was first formed. If you re-anneal it in a new shape, that's the new "original shape".


Question: Insurance - what is it exactly? What is its purpose? How is it implemented? How come people are against insurance companies?

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 Insurance - what is it exactly? What is its purpose? How is it implemented? How come people are against insurance companies?

Insurance is a way to control risk. The situations where insurance makes the most sense is when there is an event of a low probability of occurrence but with very severe consequences. For example there is car insurance where you *probably* won't get into a car accident if you are careful but if you did the financial impact would be large. With insurance everyone pays a smaller amount of money into a pool which is available to cover the cost of this bad event. With car insurance you pay a few hundred dollars so when someone crashes they can pay thousands to fix the cars. Most people who pay in don't get any payout, just safety from the risk of needing to pay a large amount. Insurance companies are organization which create, market, and administer these pools of money for various purposes. You can get insurance on pretty much anything but there are some things which are more common: Automobile insurance, homeowners insurance, life insurance, etc. People are often "against insurance companies" because the companies have an interest in maintaining the pool of money. Such companies carefully assess and predict the amount of risk involved with a certain event and base their fees off that calculation. If they estimate too low then they will run out of money in the pool and go out of business, and if they guess too high they can't offer competitive rates. One of the biggest points of anger is about the specific circumstances the companies pay out under. For example suppose you are worried about dropping your smartphone and breaking the screen so you purchase insurance. Then you go off and drop your phone in some water and it doesn't work; the company is going to refuse to pay out for your phone. Why? They only agreed to pay for a broken screen from dropping it, not water damage! If they needed to cover every possible damage from dropping the phone you would need to pay more. Or suppose you come in with a broken screen but it was caused by running over it with your car, not because you dropped it. They would still not pay out because they assessed the risk of *you dropping the phone and the screen breaking*, not the screen breaking for any reason. Usually such anger comes from a lack of understanding of the precise limits of the insurance purchased.


Question: How does our body temperature stay the same (if we're not sick) even if we are in an especially warm or cold place? And when we are sick why does the temperature rising a couple degrees up or down make such a difference?

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 How does our body temperature stay the same (if we're not sick) even if we are in an especially warm or cold place? And when we are sick why does the temperature rising a couple degrees up or down make such a difference?

The body has ways of regulating temperature. If it's cold, the body restricts blood flow to arms and legs where there's a lot of surface area for heat to escape. It can ramp up metabolism in order to just produce more internal heat. Shivering is your body spasming your muscles to generate heat. The primary way of cooling down is sweating. When sweat evaporates from your body, it takes a bit of heat with it. The reason we maintain the temperature is because the things our cells do keep us alive work best at this temperature. But, bacteria the get us sick also work best at this temperature. So changing the temperature can weaken the bacteria for immune system to kill. But this also messes with our own bodies which is why a fever feels so bad.


Question: Why do companies like Apple avoid paying so much tax, what's the point?

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 Why do companies like Apple avoid paying so much tax, what's the point?

There's a recent video of John Oliver's Last Week Tonight that touches on this. Iirc (if I even understood it at all), the US government hopes these big companies will create jobs, on which they can then put income taxes, I think. They also expect these companies to help the economy grow and probably bring in money from other countries. These big companies also have lots of money they can invest in legal teams, which can find loopholes and optimal locations etc. to avoid taxes. I imagine the cost for these legal teams outweighs the taxes they would have to pay. As this is an educational sub, please correct me if I'm wrong. I'm just a guy on the internet who thinks he knows something, I'm by no means an expert.


Question: How does the science of solar (photovoltaic) panels actually work?

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 How does the science of solar (photovoltaic) panels actually work?

The real science is based on quantum physics which can be hard to explain. But the simple explanation is that photovoltaic cells consists of two different crystal structures bonded together. One side have impurities that cause it to have too many electrons then it should have and the other have impurities that cause it to have too many holes where electrons should have been. This creates a natural voltage gradient preventing electrons from passing one way but do allow them to pass the other way. This is called a diode and is the same construction as is found in LEDs and transistor logic although the size and structure is different. When light hits the PV panel it energizes an electron and can knock it past the gradient into the other side. But due to the voltage gradient it can not return by going steight back. So it gets pushed onwards into the wires that is connected to the crystals which charges the battery.


Question: How do we know that unsolved math problems have an answer?

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 How do we know that unsolved math problems have an answer?

For a math problem, there may be both constructive and non-constructive proofs. A constructive proof proves that there is an answer, **and** the answer is given by the proof. A non-constructive proof is not as good, perhaps, but it simply proves that there is no answer, or it proves that there is an answer but not what that answer actually is. For example, Euclid's Theorem has a non-constructive proof that there is no "largest prime number". The problem "What's the largest prime number?" is now proven to have no possible solution.


Question: Does the speed of drinking an alcoholic drink matter, when it comes to how fast you'll be drunk?

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 Does the speed of drinking an alcoholic drink matter, when it comes to how fast you'll be drunk?

Yes, it matters. Just consider the extreme case: You pour yourself one glass of whiskey and then sip on it for a year. After the end of that year, will you be drunk? The concentration of alcohol in your blood is a function of both how much alcohol you consume and how fast you consume it.


Question: How are artificial flavors produced?

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 How are artificial flavors produced?

scientists are able to isolate the chemical compounds responsible for a flavor. Then they can synthesize compounds either identical to it, or similar to it. They sometimes will combine multiple compounds to produce more unique flavors that aren't found naturally. Other times they will use chemical compounds completely unrelated to the original, but still create a similar taste. The people who do this have to have extensive knowledge on flavors, how to describe flavors, what compounds cause what flavors, and how to make them without accidentally coming up with dangerous compounds. Its exactly as difficult as it sounds. Very few people are involved in this, even compared to a lot of other highly specialized fields.


Question: Why does using an ice pack help healing?

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 Why does using an ice pack help healing?

Ice packs reduce swelling and pain. Indirectly this may make you more willing to use an injured limb, which helps healing, but on their own they don't do so. Heat speeds up all chemical processes including the ones involved in healing. Certain colours of light apparently does the same (according to a physiotherapist I met, while I've experienced it myself it wasn't part of a controlled experiment so I've no idea whether or not it helped).


Question: What is Zero Point Energy? And how could alien ships use this for fuel?

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 What is Zero Point Energy? And how could alien ships use this for fuel?

Zero point energy is the lowest possible energy state of the vacuum, the "buzz" of the void. It cannot be accessed or used in any way, no matter how advanced the technology (unless our physics is wrong). A difference in the amount of energy is needed in order to extract some to do some work. Since every spot in the universe teems with zero point energy, there is no differential due to zero point energy anywhere that can be extracted an used. Every point in the universe has at least that amount of energy already.


Question: What is the procedure in stopping/regaining control of a hijacked plane using air force jets?

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 What is the procedure in stopping/regaining control of a hijacked plane using air force jets?

You cannot regain control of a hijacked airplane. The interceptors are scrambled so that if the hijackers try to fly the plane into the Pentagon or a major building again, the interceptors can destroy the plane before they do so. But this is a last resort because everyone recognizes that the occupants of the plane would almost certainly be killed.


Question: Why is there different percentages of milk?

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 Why is there different percentages of milk?

The % you see on the box/carton refers to the concentration of fat in the milk. Skim milk is lowest % and full cream is highest. Healthwise there are pros and cons to consuming either substance (to be fair, milk in general is not very good for humans anyway) but which one you'd want to drink would depend on the individuals diet, exercise habits etc.


Question: How does kidnapping insurance work exactly?

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 How does kidnapping insurance work exactly?

Same way as medical insurance but with kidnappings. Medical emergency happens, you get a bill for 500,000 dollars, but yay! You have insurance that you pay for and the insurance covers it! Kidnapping (or other crises, sometimes including other violent crimes, depending on the plan) emergency happens, you get a ransom note, “pay us 500,000 dollars”. But you don’t have 500,000 dollars on hand, but yay! You have kidnapping/extortion insurance, and they step in to help. Same premise, just for a different kind of emergency.


Question: That super lazy feeling you have when you wake up, that makes you want to stretch. And when you stretch, it feels really good. What exactly is happening?

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 That super lazy feeling you have when you wake up, that makes you want to stretch. And when you stretch, it feels really good. What exactly is happening?

After you've been laying down for a long amount of time in a certain position, your muscles become stagnant and fluid pools up in the areas that have not been moved. Stretching massages the fluid back to its rightful location. It warms up your muscles while releasing endorphins to help start your day. Source: I stretch.


Question: Why does the sunlit area in this photo appear almost "foggy"? What causes this lighting phenomenon? (There is no processing on this picture, the effect was visible with the naked eye)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the sunlit area in this photo appear almost "foggy"? What causes this lighting phenomenon? (There is no processing on this picture, the effect was visible with the naked eye)

Short answer? There's stuff in the air. Pollen, dust, and other small particles. Over a long enough distance everything looks a little foggy. In the shadows, there's not enough light bouncing around to reveal it, but when there is enough light it bounces around creating a halo-like effect. If the air was cleaner, you'd see less of the "glow" and just more empty space.


Question: Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?

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 Do satellites fall faster towards earth everyday?

They are constantly accelerating, due to gravity, but that acceleration is at right angles to their motion. Thus they do not speed up or slow down, they just turn so they go around the Earth in a circle. You are right that there is no air resistance in space (because there is no air).


Question: How does the bending of light affect things appearing in the horizon?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does the bending of light affect things appearing in the horizon?

How would the light bend in such a way as to make it seems as though something is coming up out of the ground? Light bounces off of things in the atmosphere, it's true, but that actually makes it possible to see things that are *past* the horizon, by having the light bounce off of the air to get "around" the "corner" of the Horizon. This is how mirages form!


Question: Why do Japan ministers insist on dumping the Fukushima Daiichi radioactive cooling water right into the Pacific Ocean?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do Japan ministers insist on dumping the Fukushima Daiichi radioactive cooling water right into the Pacific Ocean?

Well the problem is they are constantly generating radioactive water. Its not that they have to. Its that unless they get more money and build more tanks they will have to. That being said, diluting it and dumping it isn't that bad of an idea. The only thing they can't filter out before the dump is tritium, and diluted down to what qualifies as safe levels usually means levels that amount to like an extra hour of sunlight a year. Tritium in particular is super harmless. Its "radioactive decay" is essentially spitting out an electron.


Question: People claim doctors get kickbacks for prescribing certain brand meds to patients. How can this be true, if patient information is kept confidential?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 People claim doctors get kickbacks for prescribing certain brand meds to patients. How can this be true, if patient information is kept confidential?

Every time the pharmacy tech puts prescription information into the computer, certain information is automatically added to a database. No patient information is listed, just doctors, prescription names, dates and pill counts. Pharmaceutical companies have access to this database, and thus can tell which doctors are prescribing how much of which medications without violating HIPPA. URL_0


Question: How does technology remember or know what time it is even after being completely shut off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does technology remember or know what time it is even after being completely shut off?

Many electronic devices have a small button battery, which runs a chip that keeps time while there's no power. These batteries will last for years, usually longer than the actual device itself, so most of the time they never need to be replaced. Smaller devices like phones don't have this though, so they'll sync with the internet or cell towers whenever power is applied.


Question: What does a computer do when it "extracts" a zip or rar file? Where is it getting that extra data from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does a computer do when it "extracts" a zip or rar file? Where is it getting that extra data from?

It's extracting the compressed data from within the zip file. Compression attempts to store the same data in less space through clever math. As an extremely basic example, say you wanted to compress this string of characters: "aaaaabbbbbcccccdddddeeeee". Originally, the string is 25 characters long, but you could compress it to 10 by turning it into "a5b5c5d5e5". A program that knows about this type of compression knows that "a5" decompresses into "aaaaa", but the program that originally created the file doesn't know what these 5s are about. The computer needs to decompress or extract the string before that program is able to use it.


Question: How’s the method in which a game like GTA V with its Online and constant updates or Tesla’s software with its updates is developed and shipped called? Is this something like iterative or incremental development?

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 How’s the method in which a game like GTA V with its Online and constant updates or Tesla’s software with its updates is developed and shipped called? Is this something like iterative or incremental development?

There's a bunch of terms for the same basic idea. Incremental development is a good general term. "Spiral development" or "spiral deployment" is commonly used in defense contexts. "Agile development" is often used in a software context (or "SAFe" in some industries...Scaled Agile Framework for Enterprise). I'm pretty sure other industries have their own term for the same basic idea.


Question: How does a battery continue to support the exact same functionality as the charge decreases over time? As in with a phone battery, how does the screen not get slowly dimmer, sounds from the speakers quieter?

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</answer>
 How does a battery continue to support the exact same functionality as the charge decreases over time? As in with a phone battery, how does the screen not get slowly dimmer, sounds from the speakers quieter?

First of all, I'll make a slight correction to your question: "maintain the same amount of voltage as the amperage decreases" Actually, it's quite the opposite. It's the **voltage** that decreases as the battery is discharged. The current (amperage) mainly depends on what is connected to the battery (what we "demand"). And the voltage can have some dramatic drops when the battery is discharged, from 4V to 3V (25% less), or even from 4.2V to 2.7V! (35% less) Normally, this would be quite noticeable, as you correctly imagined when you asked the question. & #x200B; So, in order to avoid this effects, there is an extra circuit in the devices. This circuit maintains a fixed output voltage, independent of the input voltage. This is called a buck-boost, or step down-step up. This circuit works by converting the input voltage (whatever it is) into the output voltage just like a Transformer does. The only rule you have is that Power in = Power out (+losses). & #x200B; As an extra: Electrical power is calculated as P = I\*V, where I = current and V = voltage.P(in) = P(out), so V(in) \* I(in) = V(out) \* I(out)This would mean that as V(in) decreases, I(in) must increase in order to keep the total power (brightness of your screen) fixed. This would mean that the current (amperage) actually **increases** as the battery discharges.


Question: With all the financial crimes that happen worldwide, how do we know if our economy is stable?

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 With all the financial crimes that happen worldwide, how do we know if our economy is stable?

You read about them but, as far as the total amount of economic activity, financial crimes (not property crimes etc) are not even a fraction of a percent of the total. (total global GDP is probably close to $80 trillion/year) In any case, financial crimes, in some sense, transfer value from one party to another. There might be efficiency losses but, if someone stole $1m, then they gained $1m and someone lost $1m. The $1m isn't "destroyed". There are countries that are so corrupt that the economy is damaged or underdeveloped but that doesn't appear to be the direction of your question.


Question: How are black holes in space created? Also what are they?

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 How are black holes in space created? Also what are they?

A black hole is a pinch in space-time caused by the presence of an unimaginably dense object. Much in the same way that an object will fall towards the earth because of the earth’s gravity, objects will also be attracted to a black hole. But unlike the earth, black holes create a gravity well that is so strong that not even light can escape (hence the slightly misleading name). Black holes are normally created by the collapse of large stars, which leave behind a crumpled, condensed core. Supermassive black holes (like the one we believe is at the center of our galaxy) are likely cause some other way, which gets a little more complicated.


Question: Why do bees create honey? If it's their food, I feel like a jerk taking their food from them.

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 Why do bees create honey? If it's their food, I feel like a jerk taking their food from them.

In the case of the European honeybee they make and store honey for the same reason that humans, ants, and other animals that can store food and can't hibernate store food. European bees had to store food and developed honey as the way to do it. For the modern honey bee, they have been bred to maximize a colonies production of honey. They are cared for and housed by humans and humans often produce the sources they will produce honey from. The upside for the bees is fantastic, some protection from natural predation, a more or less guaranteed source of foodstuff, and outside maintenance of their hive and the protection it offers. Humans, in return, get the excess honey the bees generate, as the bees produce vastly more honey than the colony actually needs and if the honey were not harvested the colony would actually collapse. Source: My grandfather had over 72 hives of bees when I was a kid and a teenager. I have done everything you could think to do when it comes to bee farming, including making beeswax candles.


Question: What is the stinging sensation we feel in our feet after sitting for long periods of time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What is the stinging sensation we feel in our feet after sitting for long periods of time?

If you are talking about pins and needles that usually happens when a nerve(s) are compressed and it makes it difficult or stops the nerve from sending signals to the brain, this is when the area is "asleep". After the pressure is relieved and the nerves start working normally again, that's when you feel pins and needles.