Question: Are we able to kill bacteria and viruses by force? (E.g. if I slap my leg, have I killed the microbes there?) Why or why not?

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 Are we able to kill bacteria and viruses by force? (E.g. if I slap my leg, have I killed the microbes there?) Why or why not?

You can kill them by crushing but think about how hard that is and how flat they already are. Like if you slap a piece of paper it doesn't get crushed down any noticeable amount, right? Think of slapping something a thousand times thinner than that. You would need to crush them very carefully between two really smooth totally inflexible things


Question: How come rotary phones came before phones with buttons? Isn't it much simpler to use buttons?

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 How come rotary phones came before phones with buttons? Isn't it much simpler to use buttons?

That was all before my time, but we covered it in electronics class. If im remembering right. The simplest way to explain it is that buttons were digital, rotary was analog. Buttons on phones are called "touch tone" because they don't actually work by button press=1/no press=0, intead they communicate with operations entirely through the sonic tones created when pushing a button. That was the whole foundation for "freaking" AKA 70s/80s machine hacking done by whistling. Touch tone was more efficient as the amount of telephones per household increased. While rotary phones are all mechanical dealing with governors and gear systems that establish the connection more directly, which worked well in a time when not everyone had a phone.


Question: when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

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 when govts buy land from people to build roads, railway, etc, how do they know figure out how much to pay for it?

Every building, piece of land, is assessed by the locality on a regular basis. This is how taxes are paid. Your home is assessed at $100,000 value or whatever, then taxes based at that value. When the government, or anyone else, wants to buy property, they start with the assessment. Then negotiate from there. Owners wants a low assessment when owned and paying taxes, but a high assessment when selling. And government and buyers want the opposite.


Question: - How do Video Game servers work?

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 - How do Video Game servers work?

I'm going to assume you're talking about servers for typical FPS (First Person Shooter) games. All the server is doing is acting as a "middle man" to ensure all of the players (clients) know what all of the other players are doing, and to handle any reactions to those players actions, and again, ensuring all of the players observe the same reaction at the same time. Multiple times per second, your computer sends information about exactly where you are and what you are doing - moving in a certain direction, opening a door, firing a gun - and does the same for every other player at the same time. Then, multiple times per second, the server shares that consolidated information with all of the players, so that each player's computer knows what to display on the screen. Certain decisions are also made by the server - did that bullet you shot hit that other player? How much damage did it do? Did it kill the player? All of that information is sent to all of the players at the same time, so everyone observes the same thing. It gets more complex.... on games with really big maps, the server may only share information to players from other players in their vicinity, so not every player is receiving the same information, but players who are close to each other would get very similar information. This is a very high level summary - it gets far more detailed and complex and varies between different games.


Question: How can North Carolina introduce a law banning same-sex marriage, directly negating a federal court decision?

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 How can North Carolina introduce a law banning same-sex marriage, directly negating a federal court decision?

Law makers can pass any law they want. If people think there is a conflict (which there is) it will get challenged in court (which this will) and the courts will decide. Ultimately the reasons these laws get made is to specifically get them challenged in court, escalated to the Supreme Court, with hopes that a SC ruling will change the laws/precedent in the direction the lawmakers desire.


Question: Why do small objects grip to wet surfaces best, but large objects grip to wet surfaces worse than a dry surface?

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 Why do small objects grip to wet surfaces best, but large objects grip to wet surfaces worse than a dry surface?

Water really likes to bond to itself. It forms lots of intermolecular connections between various water molecules. This makes it hard to separate water. Think of sticking two objects together with taffy. It adheres to both itself and the two objects and holds them in place. Water does the same thing, but to a lessor extent. Water can manage to "hold on" to a very small object like a grain of sand. However, something larger will greatly overpower these bonds and then it just acts as a lubricant, with water molecules sliding over each other as your hand moves across the rock.


Question: If the symptoms of being sick are your body’s reaction to fighting an infection, why are my symptoms different every time and vary in severity so much?

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 If the symptoms of being sick are your body’s reaction to fighting an infection, why are my symptoms different every time and vary in severity so much?

First, I want to clarify that not every symptom of every disease is a result of your body's immune system attacking infected cells. While most of the common symptoms are primarily caused by the immune system (fever, inflammation, runny nose, etc...), plenty of symptoms are caused by toxins released by the pathogen themselves (mostly true of bacterial and parasitic infections). There are a few different things that can change your body's response to the same type of pathogen. For one, while you could have the flu 2 different times, they are likely slightly different variations of the flu virus so your body isn't necessarily fighting it in the same way or the specific variant might be slightly more resistant or susceptible to common immune system techniques like fever. Moreover, different factors in your own life like stress, dose level, dietary changes, and contact with other pathogens that you don't even know about can affect your current epigenetic profile and determines the exact level of response your body has to a pathogen. Basically, your immune system does whatever it thinks it can do to kill a pathogen while doing as little damage to host cells as it can and these changes can affect how much effort it has to put into this.


Question: what is a hot spot after a fire, and why does it last for hours after the fire has been put out with cold water?

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 what is a hot spot after a fire, and why does it last for hours after the fire has been put out with cold water?

Hot spots are small pockets of fire that are hidden or protected from the main deluge of water or other fire suppression. They continue to smolder or burn quietly until they finally burn out or reignite the rest of the fuel. They're usually found in some small, hidden away log or deeply charred piece of framework. Before fire crews carried thermal cameras or even point-source thermometers, it was not uncommon to have to get called back out to a house fire that had re-ignited sometime during the night. Hotspots can also cause range/brush fires to reignite if the winds pick up after a fire has been thought to have been extinguished or contained. And it never failed that they would relight at about 3am after I'd gotten back home from the fire scene, showered, and was just about asleep.


Question: What’s the meteorological processes that made the current winter storm so particularly bad?

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 What’s the meteorological processes that made the current winter storm so particularly bad?

At the top of the planet there’s a circulating rope of air called the Jet Stream that keeps the super cold Arctic air up in the North Pole. Now if the jet stream happens to get an influx of energy or some kind of disturbance, it will stretch out kind of like a spinning rubber band does from centripetal force. When it does this, it kind of droops down towards the middle of the planet so now the barrier that stops the Arctic air from going south is no longer in northern Canada - it’s in like Kansas. This is the simplified version. Interestingly climate change is expected to cause harsher winters due to this effect.


Question: Why does light have a finite speed? What is preventing it from going faster than it does?

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 Why does light have a finite speed? What is preventing it from going faster than it does?

The speed of light isn't some speed limit imposed only on light. That speed is the fastest that any sort of causal event can happen. This includes the transmission of force, the transfer of information, everything. Light just happens to always be going at that speed. The speed of light is actually the speed of causality. If the question becomes, why is the speed of causality what it is? Well, it's not really clear. It appears to be just a fundamental property of the universe, which would make it so there is no answer to "why". We do know that if it were infinite, that physics would break in really disastrous ways.


Question: How do enzymes work? I know that they speed up chemical reactions, but how?

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 How do enzymes work? I know that they speed up chemical reactions, but how?

Chemical reactions are all about energy and position. In regards to energy, some reactions need a certain amount of energy to start, even if the reaction ends up releasing energy in the end. Some enzymes help to reduce the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. In regards to position, some reactions require the various molecules reacting to be in very specific positions in order to proceed efficiently and in order for the correct reaction to occur. Some enzymes work by holding molecules in specific positions relative to each other.


Question: What exactly is an executive order and what does it mean for everyday Americans?

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 What exactly is an executive order and what does it mean for everyday Americans?

The president is the chief executive of the US. When he issues Executive Orders, they tell his employees in the Executive Branch of government to do stuff. The workers then do that, within the limits of their statutory authority. It does nothing to the Congress, and the Judiciary Branch is available to people who feel the actions of the workers are outside their authorities. Yea Balance-of-Powers ! In recent years, Congress has chosen, lazily in my personal opinion, to grant broad authorities to these Executive Branch workers. Increasingly the Executive can issue sweeping orders, like allowing DACA people to remain in the country illegally without penalty, which can be reversed when the Executive Branch changes hands.


Question: Why do the last few pieces of cereal tend to come together and form clumps rather than float independently?

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 Why do the last few pieces of cereal tend to come together and form clumps rather than float independently?

Surface tension most likely. Bubbles and such also act the same. If you look closely you'll see that the milk isn't level where it touches the object. Depending on the liquid and the thing in it, the liquid will either curve up or down where it meets. This leads to the things tending to close ranks if near each other and stick together. Disturbances in the milk increase the chances that the cereal will snap together as they swirl about in different currents.


Question: Are the Gambler's Fallacy and Bayes Theorem Contradictory to one another?

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 Are the Gambler's Fallacy and Bayes Theorem Contradictory to one another?

No. Bayes Theorem is related to dependent events. Gambler's fallacy is related to independent events. Taking the example from Wikipedia, if a drug test has a 99% chance of being a true positive and 99% chance of being a true negative, and the population of drug users is 0.5% sampled randomly then the probability that anyone tested positive is actually a drug user is about 33%. Why? Because there 99.5% of people that are not drug users, 1% of them will be a false positive, but 99.5% * 1% is still bigger than the true positive rate of 99% * 0.5%. This example is dependent on the probabilities of "if this is a drug user, it has some probability, if not a drug user, it has another." The probability is dependent on another condition. Gambler's fallacy doesn't have anything like that. There is no reason to expect that a coin tossed again after being heads or tails will be one or the other.


Question: How can Fibinacci do stuff like this?

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 How can Fibinacci do stuff like this?

It has nothing to do with Fibonacci, and there is no missing piece. This is actually a trick. The image is not a triangle! The hypotenuse of the overall triangle is actually slightly concave (bows inward) in the top image, and convex (bows outward) in the bottom image, and that accounts for the apparent extra space. You can easily see this if you look at the slopes (measured as "rise over run") of the red and green triangles. The red triangle rises 3 units over a run of 7 units. So it has a slope of 3/7 = 0.428571429 The green triangle has a rise of 2 units over a run of 5 units, for a slope of 2/5 = 0.4. So the red and green triangles have different slopes, and thus do not form a straight line when joined together!


Question: what is the Kernel in an operating system?

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 what is the Kernel in an operating system?

The kernel has full access to all physical system resources ( i.e cpu, memory, network card, disk ) Applications have to go through the kernel by making ‘system calls’ in order to request an allocation of resources, to access or to make changes. It’s basically the interface between your physical hardware and your applications. For example: The kernel knows how to write to all different types of media. The application doesn’t care on the media type, as it just wants to store a file. So the application only needs to know or be programmed with the knowledge on how to tell the kernel that it wants to save a file. It does more than this and is a bit more complex but this is an ELI5


Question: How is time different on the moon?

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 How is time different on the moon?

Where did you find this out? Time passes at a *very* slightly different speed on the moon due to relativity, but this is so slight as to be measurable by only the most precise of scientific instruments. Days last much longer, but time itself, as in the relationship between cause and effect, remains pretty much the same.


Question: How can we think in terms of more than 3 dimensions?

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 How can we think in terms of more than 3 dimensions?

It’s something called “projecting.” When someone draws a cube on a piece of paper, that’s a 2D representation of a 3D object. That’s projecting. A 3D cube’s shadow is a 2D square, right? If an nth-dimension object casts a shadow, that shadow is (n-1) dimensions. So then a 4D “cube” (not sure what the name would be, but something of a similar nature to a cube in a higher dimension) would have a 3D cube as its shadow. Using that, we basically use our imaginations to think of higher space. You can’t craft an exact image of it, but you can certainly think of its shadow and use that to gather some of its properties. It’s really confusing, but the shadow thing is the best way to start processing it.


Question: How does both fission and fusion create usable energy?

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 How does both fission and fusion create usable energy?

It has to do with the stability of the atom. Fusing two hydrogen atoms into a helium atom creates a more stable system, and therefore requires less energy. The excess energy is released. You can think of it like a company. If you hire more employees, it takes less energy per employee to do the same amount of work. But this only works to a certain point, beyond that point, adding more nuclear particles (or workers) to the system makes it less stable (efficient). The most stable (efficient) atomic configuration is iron. Atoms that are heavier than iron are less stable, and will therefore release energy when nuclear bonds are broken (fission). Atoms that are lighter than iron are also less stable and will release energy when forming nuclear bonds (fusion).


Question: Why is Adobe Flash so insecure?

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 Why is Adobe Flash so insecure?

The "idea" of Adobe Flash was to give websites access to functionality that previously only installed programs had. This reduced the need to install a bunch of programs and avoided conflicts from having a bunch of programs installed that you weren't using any more. Alas, this is also exactly what malware wants to do. The Adobe people can't do the obvious things, like restricting dangerous capabilities, because that undoes the purpose of the program. That's why many security people say the only safe thing to do with Flash is not use it.


Question: Why do salt water fish NEED salt in the water to survive?

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 Why do salt water fish NEED salt in the water to survive?

Freshwater fish will die in salt water too. Marine organisms are adapted to the environment they are in - because they are surrounded by water, the osmotic pressure inside their cells is balancing the pressure of water around them. If you put a saltwater fish in water that has less salt than what’s in their cells, the cells will pump the excess salt out to balance it, and that will mess up the physiology of the cells (because it evolved to function with a certain concentration of salt inside). Similar things happen to humans who have unbalanced electrolytes - if you have certain conditions, your kidneys could work overtime and eliminate potassium out of your cells, which then causes a whole cascade of issues.


Question: is there a chemical reason we don’t make banana jam or jelly? Or is it just some weird flavour preference that the whole world seems to share?

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 is there a chemical reason we don’t make banana jam or jelly? Or is it just some weird flavour preference that the whole world seems to share?

Home canner here. Yes, there is a chemical reason we don't make all that much banana jam/jelly. Not by itself, anyway. Without getting into too much detail, there are two basic canning methods: water baths and pressure canning. Water baths basically just immerse jars in boiling water for a while, long enough so that the entire contents of the jar reach the boiling point. Pressure canning actually gets the temperature *much* higher, which you can accomplish with pressure vessels but not with regular pots. Problem: water bath canning doesn't work for all kinds of food. It only works with foods that have at least a certain level of acidity. Many fruits (including tomatoes) are high-acid, and so can be canned using a water bath. But pretty much all vegetables, not to mention meat, fish, and poultry, are all low acid. To safely can low-acid foods, you either need to use pressure canning or add something to the food to raise the acidity. Example: the recipe linked by /u/onions_can_be_sweet includes lemon or lime juice. The citric acid in the juice should be enough to do the trick and permit water bath canning. But now it's arguably not just "banana jam". It's "banana-lime jam" or "banana-lemon jam" or whatever. So, why not just pressure can it? Well, two reasons. First, it is highly inadvisable to can *anything* that hasn't been scientifically tested to be safe. And nobody has done the testing to figure out whether and if so under what conditions bananas are safe to pressure can. But second--and I'm going out on a limb a little on this one--it may simply be that bananas don't take to the high temperatures of pressure canning all that well. Not everything does. The trick about the scientific testing is to find a minimum set of standard conditions that produce safe canned food *that people still want to eat*. Stick anything in a pressure canner for two hours and yeah, I can pretty much guarantee it'll be safe to eat. But that doesn't mean it'd be tasty. I have a sneaking suspicion that running bananas through a pressure canner long enough to ensure food safety would simultaneously render them highly distasteful, if not outright inedible. For what it's worth, this is why you don't see much in the way of canned pumpkin or squash. It's possible to do this commercially, but for the home canner, there's no safe way of canning those foods that results in something anyone would want to eat. For those foods it has to do with how thick they are when you mash them. Proper canning depends upon liquid circulating throughout the jar to ensure uniform temperature and eliminating pockets where bacteria might hide. Squash puree is so thick (and squash lumps so solid) that that doesn't happen. But unlike meats, which are perfectly edible even after extended periods of pressure canning (though they do take on a distinct "canned" flavor due to basically overcooking them), pumpkin/squash isn't. No one has found any safe and reliable way to can them at home with an acceptable level of quality. Much the same goes for dairy products. Just. Doesn't. Work. All of the above aside, there's probably a more basic, historical reason we don't see more canned bananas: they're a relatively recent grocery item. Until the invention of refrigeration, it wasn't really possible to export bananas from the Caribbean to the US. Not on any kind of commercial scale, anyway. So by the time bananas became staples in American grocery stores, refrigeration technology rendered home canning largely obsolete. It's still done by a relatively small number of people as a hobby, but you don't see large numbers of people depending on home canning as a major food source the way you did a century ago. So the period of time in which home canning was a widespread phenomenon (something like 1830 to 1950) and the period of time in which bananas were readily available in the US (maybe 1930 onward) don't really overlap all that much. Certainly not long enough for a culture to have developed around canned bananas.


Question: Why exactly does length contraction occur?

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 Why exactly does length contraction occur?

Some areas of physics just explain how things ARE, and not really why, or what they look like. For example, subatomic particles, can't really see them. String theory. Quantum mechanics. Anyway, time dilation and length contraction: if you accept as true that "the speed of light is always the same", well speed = distance / time, so distance and time must "deform" in order to accomodate your unyielding speed of light constant in all possible scenarios. We can't travel at the speed of light, or even close enough to it to see these effects, but Einstein's theories have been proved true through various experiments, and gravitational lensing also demonstrates that space can be deformed. Mathematically, it's what happens when your "dimensions" (x, y, z) are no longer independent of each other / perpendicular to each other. For physics though (the actual spacetime), it's difficult to imagine.


Question: How do chicken pox work, and why does it become more dangerous if you get it at more mature age?

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 How do chicken pox work, and why does it become more dangerous if you get it at more mature age?

People who get chickenpox as adults can get lethal complications. When my brother and I had it as children, my Mum had already had it as a child and did not get it again. My Dad had not had it as a child, and experienced a more severe case than us. Also it is bad for pregnant women to catch it because it can have a bad effect on the baby, which is why doctors often check then if you are immune and vaccinate if you are not. Also you have to avoid people with shingles and chicken pox when pregnant, in case you catch it. e.g. My friend had shingles, and while her yet to be vaccinated baby was in the potentially developing chickenpox timeframe, pregnant friends stayed away to be safer.


Question: When photographing a model, why do photographers stay far away and use a huge lens rather than get closer?

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 When photographing a model, why do photographers stay far away and use a huge lens rather than get closer?

Because those lenses and distances don’t distort features in the image. Short focal length lenses at close distances tend to stretch things out. You never want to make a model’s nose look bigger than it is in real life. lol. With longer focal length lenses photographers can still take relatively close up images and keep the natural proportions without distortion.


Question: Why cant paper be folded more than 7 times?

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 Why cant paper be folded more than 7 times?

Actually it can, if you use a hydraulic press. If I have a sheet of paper that is unfolded, it will have 1 layer of paper. If I fold it once, now I have 2 layers of paper. Let's continue: 2 folds = 4 layers 3 folds = 8 layers 4 folds = 16 layers 5 folds = 32 layers 6 folds = 64 layers 7 folds = 128 layers It's going to be terribly difficult to fold a 64 layer thick sheet of paper in half with your bare hands, especially if it is a very small rectangle (if you start with standard letter paper, this is what will happen). If you use a hydraulic press, it is possible (be careful though, the tension from folding it that flat can cause the paper to explode). Now, if you got very thin paper, like tracing paper, it's much easier and 7 folds by hand is possible because the layers are much thinner. If you got a very very very big sheet of paper the size of a football field, you can also fold it more times because your paper size would still be quite large once you got to the 7th fold. I believe the Mythbusters folded this football field sized paper 13 times using a forklift (to lift the very heavy paper, not to fold). Fun fact, if you folded the paper 42 times, you would have reached the Moon.


Question: if the Grand Canyon was created by water erosion from the Colorado river, then how come there isn't grand Grand Canyons around all or most major rivers?

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 if the Grand Canyon was created by water erosion from the Colorado river, then how come there isn't grand Grand Canyons around all or most major rivers?

Nobody has yet given you the most important reason: **uplift**. Yes, softish sedimentary rock is important, but if the whole region is not being uplifted by tectonic forces (even far away from plate boundaries, bits of continents can get squished, bent, stretched, fractured, uplifted or depressed), then any rivers flowing through the area will not be cutting down too far before they reach gravitational equilibrium, ie. before they run out of energy to incise into the rock beneath them. If an area is continually uplifted for a few million years (as much of the American west was), then any rivers are constantly being moved higher than the sea level, so will continue to cut into the rock until they get back to sea level. This has resulted in the deep open canyons to be found all over states like Arizona, Colorado and Utah, especially our friend the most Grandest of Canyons. Canyons can exist without consistent uplift or a permanent river, but soft rock and water in the form of flash flooding is still required and you end up with slot canyons, like [this]( URL_0 ) or [this.]( URL_1 )


Question: Why is it that you breathe into someone’s mouth during CPR, but we exhale carbon dioxide which is something humans shouldn’t inhale?

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 Why is it that you breathe into someone’s mouth during CPR, but we exhale carbon dioxide which is something humans shouldn’t inhale?

First, our lungs don't absorb 100% of the oxygen in one breath; there's plenty of oxygen left in your breath when you breathe and exhale normally. So the idea was that, even though there's some CO2 from your breath, there's also quite a bit of oxygen and you're getting it into the other person's lungs. And second, as of a few years ago, the [recommended CPR technique]( URL_0 ) is to skip the mouth-to-mouth and just do chest compressions. The ribs kinda get some air into the lungs by themselves, and it's actually more important to get whatever amount of blood to the brain you can (by compressing the chest).


Question: - why are there tears when crying?

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 - why are there tears when crying?

A lot of stress hormones leave the body when you cry. A kid who don't know what hormones are might better understand it like the sadness/emotions leaving the body when you cry. There is also the aspect of human communication. You might explain that tears are just a way that shows people how one feels like just like smiling.


Question: If low interest rates stimulate the economy what are the advantages of raising them? What are the disadvantages of keeping them low permanently?

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 If low interest rates stimulate the economy what are the advantages of raising them? What are the disadvantages of keeping them low permanently?

If interest rates stay low, that will encourage people to borrow money because they can borrow it at low interest rates. That stimulates the economy because it encourages economic development, but there are at least two risks that I know of: 1) If interest rates stay low, then that means that there’s a lot of money flowing through the economy, which causes prices for goods and services to rise (a process also known as inflation). If that goes on unchecked, then you could see prices rise so much that you enter a period of hyperinflation, where the price of goods and services rapidly rises beyond what most people can afford. Rates usually rise to collect that extra money in the form of higher interest rates to temper inflation and prevent hyperinflation. 2) If enough people who aren’t financially responsible borrow money when interest rates are low, but then can’t afford to make regular payments on their debt when interest rates rise, then they could default on their loans and the lender (say either a bank or the government) has to take the loss. If that happens across enough individuals and businesses borrow more now than they can afford later, it forms a bubble that bursts when they later default on their loans and that could overwhelm the lender, which again could very well be the federal government. In turn, the lender can either go out of business, or the government can bail out the lender or itself with taxpayer dollars, which could’ve gone to more worthwhile causes.


Question: why does the west coast burn while the east coast seems relatively unaffected?

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 why does the west coast burn while the east coast seems relatively unaffected?

water currents always spin in the same direction. warm water is dragged up from the equator towards the Arctic on the East sides of continents, while cool water is dragged down from the Arctic toward the equator along the west side of continents. the water current along the west coast drags cool water along the coast; moderating temperatures, and keeping it relatively dry. The current on the east coast drags warm water along the coast; giving us varied seasons. this is also why the east coast gets hurricanes, but the west coast doesn't. this is true for all continents. The west coast of Afro-Eurasia has weather like the west coast of America. so Europe is much warmer than the equivalent latitude on the east coast of America; despite being much further North. Europe also never really gets Hurricanes. Compare this to east Asia and their typhoons. Japan is famous for it strong hurricanes, because it and china are affected by the same process as the east coast.


Question: How we went from Hurricane Laura to Hurricane Delta when hurricane names are supposed to be in alphabetical order?

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 How we went from Hurricane Laura to Hurricane Delta when hurricane names are supposed to be in alphabetical order?

First off the names are given to tropical storms and not hurricanes. Some of these tropical storms grow into hurricanes and they retain their names. And only a few of these hurricanes reach land and cause damage. So after Laura there have been a number of tropical storms and hurricanes that have been given names but have not ended up in mainstream media. The problem is that the naming system were started when it was unheard of to have over 21 tropical storms in a year. So they figured that naming them alphabetically would be enough. However both this year and in 2005 there were more tropical storms then names. So a backup system have been used which just calls the storms by letters of the Greek alphabet.


Question: How do scientists make an adult cell turn back into embryo like state?

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 How do scientists make an adult cell turn back into embryo like state?

The difference between an 'adult' cell and the embryo like state is ultimately the types and amounts of proteins it makes. This is usually done by epigenetic modifications (if u want to know it depth then read up on this). These modifications change the type of the cell but the information required to produce proteins to be any kind of cell is still stored inside the cell in the genes. Scientists usually insert certain molecules (usually other proteins called transcription factors) into the cell to induce it to start producing the same proteins that it would make if it were in a embryo like state(stem cell).


Question: How is military technology developed?

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 How is military technology developed?

This is an answer that could take up an entire shelf of books. Some research is done by the military, but a lot is also done by private contractors. Some is done by people independent of the military with hopes that they'll be able to sell their inventions to the military. Other times, the military goes out and hires people to do research, or even have competitions. DARPA, for example, offers a prize for teams to build the best vehicle that can drive and navigate itself over heavy terrain. College and other engineering teams compete for that prize. Getting tech into the field is also a very complex field. Sometimes it's very simple and fast; the military has certain centers that are designed for quickly engineering solutions to field problems and producing the products as quickly as possible. Other times, it can takes years or even decades for technology to be fully developed and deployed.


Question: What is the difference between an RN and a CNA?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What is the difference between an RN and a CNA?

A CNA is basically "You are certified to help assist a RN with basic tasks around the hospital (bathing/dressing patients, serve meals, etc)". A LPN is more of a "You can perform some medical tasks, but mostly under the supervision of the RN (take vitals, provide medications, change wound dressings, etc)". An RN is in charge of CNAs and LPNs but also can perform all the medical stuff (assist doctors, evaluate patients, teach self-care, etc) and has a much higher level of responsibility. In short, from a job-progression standpoint, you go from being a CNA, to being a LPN, to being an RN. CNA is like the entry-level job, LPN would sit between entry-level and senior-level, and RN would be senior-level.


Question: Why do car speedometers go up to > 120 mph when we can’t go that fast on roads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do car speedometers go up to > 120 mph when we can’t go that fast on roads?

1). Speed limits change. There’s stretches of roads where the speed limits are 70-80. There’s even one toll road in Texas that has an 85MPH limit. I still remember the craziness of upping the limit from 55 to 65. 2). There are times where it is permissible for a regular car to exceed the speed limit. For example. If you’re a volunteer firefighter in Texas and you have proper lights on your personally owned vehicle, you can exceed the speed limit when responding to a call.


Question: why is our first instinct to grab and hold where it hurts when we stub our toe or otherwise accidentally hurt ourselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why is our first instinct to grab and hold where it hurts when we stub our toe or otherwise accidentally hurt ourselves?

Our pain signals are obviously set via pain receptors. So when we hurt ourselves the pain receptor sends it to the brain and we feel the pain. If we grab the sore area or rub the sore area we are activating what are called mechanoreceptors. These receptors stop the pain signals from being activated. The mechanoreceptors are activated by rubbing or grabbing. So it's our instincts to grab to stop the pain.


Question: Why are some clouds blacker than others?

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 Why are some clouds blacker than others?

For naturally formed clouds it has to do with the thickness of the cloud. Thicker clouds block more light. A thunderstorm cloud can be several thousand feet thick, whereas white fluffy clouds are typically only a few hundred feet thick at most. For artificial clouds created by smoke, smog, or dust, the color has more to do with what the cloud is made of. Soot from burning coal can turn clouds dark grey or black in color. Clouds of steam and water mist are typically white. Other types of dust can turn a cloud grey or brown.


Question: why isn’t cost of housing include in the CPI? It seems like it’s the largest inflationary factor in most people’s lives?

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 why isn’t cost of housing include in the CPI? It seems like it’s the largest inflationary factor in most people’s lives?

The cost of a fridge or a car or a loaf of bread doesn't vary much between NYC, San Francisco, and Topeka. But housing varies drastically from market to market. Also, if you're locked into a 30 Year Fixed Rate mortgage, your housing costs don't vary much year to year, but if you're a new buyer or a renter they do. Modeling this into CPI would be difficult, I imagine. & #x200B;


Question: - Why does it take so many eggs to scramble vs fry to make a meal?

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 - Why does it take so many eggs to scramble vs fry to make a meal?

Advice: Mix two eggs with some milk in a bowl and then scramble them in a pan. You will get the same portion as 2 fried eggs. Milk increases volume. Fun fact: in hotels they use that trick with scrumble eggs, they add milk, so they dont need to use a huge amount of eggs. And if im honest its more delicious (fluffy) 👌


Question: What is preventing us from effectively storing energy harnessed by windmills and solar panels?

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 What is preventing us from effectively storing energy harnessed by windmills and solar panels?

You have to turn the energy in potential energy and then later release it to get electricity again. This is always a process that involves some losses. You can improve the efficiency a bit, but you will always have some loss. There are many ways you can store energy. A commonly used one is a flywheel. You use the energy to make a weight spin around and later use the spinning weight to generate electricity. This works somewhat in the sort term but the longer the wheel turns the more energy it loses to friction. There are also limits to how big you can make these things and they have to be by their nature stationary. A flywheel on a moving vehicle will encounter all sorts of problems. Batteries that store electricity as chemical energy are good for longer storage of energy, but they have a very limited capacity. They also involve all sorts of nasty chemicals to build. They are good for small mobile needs to store energy but less so for huge ones. You can have something called pumped storage, which is basically storing electricity by pumping water upwards into some storage and later releasing it though some regularly hydroelectric generators to get new energy. With this method you are only limited to how much water you can store. An artificial lake on some hill may hold much, much more energy than any battery of batteries ever could. You don't need to use all sorts of rare or nasty chemicals to build an artificial lake, but you do need to turn some place that is not currently a lake into one, which will affect the local wildlife a bit. So it is not 100% green. You also have some losses due to evaporation if you store the water for too long. The main issue however is that you need a suitable place to build it. Denmark for example is not know for it mountain ranges and hill country. There is no suitable place to build anything like that there. However some people have looked into alternatives that would involve pumping air into caverns to pressurize them and later using that air pressure to make electricity. Denmark apparently has some caves and caverns and old mines that might be airtight enough for that to work in theory. Currently it is cheaper to sell surplus energy and buy when there is a deficit rather than spend money in trying to create a storage that would lose most of the energy anyway.


Question: . Since VPNs can change your IP address, can you connect to a WiFi even if your device is originally blocked from that same WiFi?

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 . Since VPNs can change your IP address, can you connect to a WiFi even if your device is originally blocked from that same WiFi?

Imma go with no. When your device connects to wifi it doesn't actually use an IP address initially, but uses the MAC address, which is kind of like your device's personal signature. It is possible to change your MAC address, but a VPN isn't where that happens. Wifi routers can block a particular device by excluding that device's MAC address. Your WiFi router does also assign a local IP address, but that is done by the router while you are establishing a connection and is only used inside the local wifi network. A VPN won't change this local address. The VPN only interacts with your device once you actually connected to the internet, which happens AFTER you establish a wifi connection. The VPN then assigns an IP address for your device, which is used to identify your device when doing stuff on the internet. So, in summary, while you are connected to WiFi AND the internet you actually have at least two IP addresses. One is your internet address (what the rest of the world sees and uses on the internet) and one is the local network address (what the router sees and uses). Changing your internet address with a VPN doesn't change your local address and doesn't change your ability to connect to a wifi router if you are blocked.


Question: How do we draw a straight line on a curved surface?

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 How do we draw a straight line on a curved surface?

How would you definite a straight line on a flat surface? No bends. No angles. Doesn't turn. Sure, but what's all that really come to. It comes to it being the shortest path between two points. If you pick point A, and you pick point B, well, then the shortest path between then is a straight line. So now move to any curved surface, and that holds up. What's the shortest path from Paris to LA on the spherical surface of the earth? Well, it's not a straight line, but there's definitely a shortest path a plane can take. We need a new word for this shortest path. And that word is geodesic. A geodesic is a more general straight line. How would you find the geodesic? Well, you can use math to get to the answer for a whole host of arbitrary curved surfaces. However, with a sphere, like say a globe, you can just pull a string. Pulling the string makes the tension find the shortest path and because the outside of a sphere is convex making the surface also the shortest.


Question: How does heartburn imitate arrhythmia?

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 How does heartburn imitate arrhythmia?

The esophagus (where reflux or GERD manifests after acid travels in a reverse direction from the stomach) travels in very close proximity to the heart as it goes from your throat to your stomach. Irritation of the esophagus may lead to some minor irritative symptoms of the posterior (back side) of the heart, including palpitations or feelings that are like palpitations. It's difficult to say whether this is from the esophagus moving in response to the irritation and pressing on the heart or if it is coming from the heart itself.


Question: How do the companies that sponsor benefit from having game shows give away their products to contestants?

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 How do the companies that sponsor benefit from having game shows give away their products to contestants?

I was on a game show with my family once and the show had a specific rule. "If we offer a prize you act excited. You clap, cheer, etc. if you miss out on a prize, act disappointed. Whether or not you like the prize, or already own the prize, you will make that prize seem like the best thing in the world or we'll send you back to your seat and pick some other contestant who will."


Question: Why does light bend when it goes from one medium to another?

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 Why does light bend when it goes from one medium to another?

Think of a row of 10 people, marching side by side. Now imagine that row of people hits a swampy area head-on. They all slow down as they hit the mud. Now imagine them approaching the swampy area at an angle instead. The marcher at one end hits the mud first, and slows down. The other marchers continue at normal speed, until the second marcher hits the mud and slows down. But the rest continue at normal speed until the 3rd hits the mud, and so on. This causes their path to 'bend' as they, one by one, hit the mud and slow down. Same thing, other way around when they get out of the mud onto firm ground- one end marcher does it first, then the next, then the next. When light moves from one medium to another, and the mediums are different densities, the light bends, just like that row of marchers.