Question: When an employer makes you take a personality assessment test, what are they really measuring?

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 When an employer makes you take a personality assessment test, what are they really measuring?

> And how serious is a company evaluating you based on the results you get? Are you smart enough to pretend to be a functional human. That's it really. The answers should, generally speaking, be obvious. The tests are all garbage and none of them actually measure anything worthwhile other than whether or not you're smart enough to lie about the amount of stealing you're going to do.


Question: Why do images on the internet sometimes load all-at-once in rows and other times they load from a blurry image to a sharper image?

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 Why do images on the internet sometimes load all-at-once in rows and other times they load from a blurry image to a sharper image?

It's a decision made by the designer of the page. A blurry low-resolution version of an image requires very little data, so it can be downloaded and displayed immediately, while the user waits for the full-resolution version to download, and this looks smoother than having images suddenly pop into existence. But it requires more data overall (since you're downloading the full image, plus the low-res version), requires some extra effort to set up, and doesn't necessarily work in all browsers or under certain browser settings. The technique is called progressive loading, and if the user has JavaScript enabled, you can do more sophisticated and thoughtful versions of it too. For example, you can detect whether the user is using mobile data or Wi-Fi/a wired connection, how fast that connection is, and how high-resolution their screen is, and then decide what versions of things to load based on that. So a desktop user with a 4K screen and a fixed 100Mbps connection gets the super high-resolution versions of images loaded progressively, all the custom fonts, the background art, the HD video, etc, while the mobile user on 3G gets no special fonts, the 360p video, and has lower-resolution images that 'pop in' instead of progressively loading, to minimize the data usage.


Question: Instead of making content safer for children, why not just ban children from viewing it?

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 Instead of making content safer for children, why not just ban children from viewing it?

One answer is that creating a foolproof system to ban minors would be overly invasive, too expensive to implement, and might repel some viewers. A more cynical answer is that these websites rely on children for a large part of their income, so have no intention of actually making their website childproof. However, they have to pretend to comply with regulations, so they introduce some decoy measures.


Question: How do we decide where one ocean begins and another ends?

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 How do we decide where one ocean begins and another ends?

It's arbitrary. All of the oceans are a single contiguous body of water. Different organizations have different definitions of where the boundaries are, but the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is the main one, along with the National Geographic Society, various national authorities, and others. But none are any more objectively correct than any other.


Question: Why do quarterbacks yell things like “Blue 80” before the snap?

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 Why do quarterbacks yell things like “Blue 80” before the snap?

They're calling the play. All the teams have "playbooks" with codes for where each man should run/block/throw. When they line up at scrimmage, the QB sees how the defense is set, and makes a call for the best play at that time, which may or may not be different from what they prepared in the huddle.


Question: Why does sweat leave a yellow stain in white material?

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 Why does sweat leave a yellow stain in white material?

The color of sweat and urine is largely from a waste product called Urobilin. It has a strong yellowish-brown color. This compound is a product of the breakdown of hemoglobin and other related proteins, by the spleen and liver. This enters the blood and then is filtered out through the kidneys, and to a lesser extent the sweat glands.


Question: How do our eyes work?

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 How do our eyes work?

Light travels toward the eye. The cornea (the clear covering over the iris and pupil) does most of the focusing. The lens fine tunes the focus. The pupil controls how much light reaches the retina, like the aperture of a camera. The retina contains light sensitive cells called photoreceptors. "Rod" cells can only detect luminosity (brightness) and are mostly used at night or in dark places. "Cone" cells can detect color, and there are three kinds. Contrary to what you may hear on popular science programs, the cones are NOT "red, green, and blue" sensitive. Rather, it is more correct to think of them in terms sensitivity to short, medium, and long wavelengths of light. [The actual colors they are most sensitive to are blue, greenish-yellow, and yellow-orange]( URL_0 ). The reason displays use RGB as their primary colors is to separate the responses of the cones as much as possible. Each cone covers a wide range of wavelengths, and they all overlap each other. The medium and long-wavelength cones in particular have a *huge* amount of overlap in their color response, so it's important to stimulate them as differently as possible so the largest amount of colors can be reproduced. Moving on, the retinal ganglion cells receive visual information from the photoreceptors, perform some basic pre-processing on the information, and then transmit the data over the optic nerve to the visual cortex, different parts of which are responsible for the detection of vertical or horizontal lines, colors, shapes, etc. Eventually the processed data is sent to the temporal lobes where it can be associated with and compared to other sensory data and personal memories (hence the term "association cortex").


Question: Why Does Good Alcohol Feel "Smoother" Than Bad Alcohol?

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 Why Does Good Alcohol Feel "Smoother" Than Bad Alcohol?

Pure ethanol is flavorless. The off flavors in spirits come from other fermentation products like esters and fusel alcohols. Those other fermentation products can't be totally separated from the ethanol without multiple distillations and losing a fair percentage of the end product. So cheaper spirits generally do fewer distillations to get more product out of a batch, and end up with more byproducts that taste nasty and burn your mouth.


Question: ... How can a infection like chicken pox trigger alopecia?

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 ... How can a infection like chicken pox trigger alopecia?

Imagine your body is a city that you have to protect from invaders. You have the city walls (the innate immune system) and the city guards (the adaptive immune system). Each of these city guards has been trained to look for a particular characteristic that no normal person in your city has, say brown hair with a ponytail (this could be something like the spike protein in COVID-19). Now suppose this guard arrests an intruder with brown hair and a ponytail. They are now on much higher alert than before, so much higher that they start arresting anyone with brown hair, or anyone with a ponytail, even if they are innocent citizens. This is how an infection in your body can cause autoimmune disorders. The T-cells in your body are sensitive to particular antigens but are also mildly sensitive to many other antigens, sometimes even self-antigens i.e. your body's own cells. What can happen is that during an infection like chickenpox, the T cell that is specific to a chickenpox antigen will be activated making it much more sensitive overall. It can then react to self-antigens that it was only mildly sensitive to before and begin attacking the body's own cells.


Question: Why are game updates so large if they're not including assets?

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 Why are game updates so large if they're not including assets?

Think of the video game as a bridge. If you want to update the bridge with aesthetic exterior lights, all you need are the lights and mounting equipment. This update can be small relative to the size of the bridge. Other times, the updates are more substantial. If you want to retrofit the bridge to be earthquake-proof, you'll need to update the load-bearing structure. Even if this overall change is to swap out a beam for a stronger one, you can't just take out the current beam, leave a gap, and then add the new part and hope the bridge still stands through it all. Sometimes, you have to replace the entire section of the bridge for just one beam simply because it supports everything around it. This is why some updates, although the change is small, require changing out a large portion of the overall game files, leading to many tens of gigabytes to replace a large portion of the game structure.


Question: How does a spacecraft use thrusters to move through essentially nothing? If they blast, and there’s nothing (aka, atmosphere) around them to get traction, how does it propel itself forward? And how does it steer?

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 How does a spacecraft use thrusters to move through essentially nothing? If they blast, and there’s nothing (aka, atmosphere) around them to get traction, how does it propel itself forward? And how does it steer?

No air is required. Newton's 3rd law of motion says that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. When a rocket shoots fuel out one end, this propels the rocket itself in the opposite direction. Atmosphere is not required for this to function. Steering is done thru thrusters on the sides of the spacecraft that can nudge the nose or tail in a specified direction.


Question: Why do you often have less of an appetite when the weather is hot?

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 Why do you often have less of an appetite when the weather is hot?

Some can be attributed to needing less input. If your body does not need to create any warmth of its own because the weather is doing that for you, your body uses less than its normal amount. Keeping warm is just one use of food energy, but a significant one. Less drawn from reserves means less desire for food input.


Question: Why does the "strength" of a password matter?

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 Why does the "strength" of a password matter?

> but with keyloggers and people hacking into databases does it even matter how strong a password is? With keyloggers you are correct, it doesn't matter how strong your password is, if you have a keylogger installed then it will record whatever password you enter. With databases it's a different story. Passwords shouldn't be stored in databases as-is, so that if a hacker gets access to the database, they can't just extract all the passwords. Instead, a *hash* of the password is stored. A hash function is something that takes a string and transforms it into a seemingly random string of characters. The hash function is "one-way", i.e. it's not possible to figure from the hash value what the original string was, except for brute forcing it (i.e. trying every possible input until you get the desirable output). When you enter your password to login to somewhere, the backend server runs the hash function on the password you just entered and compares it to the value stored in the database. If you entered the correct password the values will match. There's also another mechanism in use called "salting", but we'll ignore that for now. So why do you need a strong password? If the hacker managed to get a copy of the database, they now have the hash of your password. But they don't know what your original password was - they have to brute-force it. If your password is complex, brute-forcing become unfeasible.


Question: Why does blood rush to your head but not your feet?

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 Why does blood rush to your head but not your feet?

It can. Your body is designed to operate in the upright position at 1G (blood pressure keeps the system moving properly). If you want blood to pool (rush) in your your lower body you just have to go past 1G. This happens to fighter pilots during extreme maneuvers. The result is you'll black out. Fighter pilots wear suits that literally squeeze their lower bodies and force blood back up to the rest of their system. Low blood pressure can also create this pooling affect. Blood rushes to your head while inverted bc your body is literally fighting gravity to get blood to your brain. If it suddenly has gravity doing that job for it, blood pools in the head and without gravity assist to leave, can also make you pass out. Part of the reason astronauts must be in peak physical condition. Too high or too low blood pressure in zero G environment could make you sick.


Question: what is the difference between a headache and a migraine?

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 what is the difference between a headache and a migraine?

A migraine is a very specific type of headache, often identified by the symptoms "POUND"; P: Pulsating O: onset of several hours U : unilateral N: nausea D: debilitating Many people get extremely sensitive to lights and sounds and need to stay in dark rooms until the migraine goes away. Some people get changes in their vision called auras before the migraine begins. There are several other headache types including "tension headaches" (the most common, often called stress headaches).


Question: Why do we have an easier time sorting things by strings of numbers vs by strings of letters? (Ex: T#124567 vs T# ASEDTZ)

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 Why do we have an easier time sorting things by strings of numbers vs by strings of letters? (Ex: T#124567 vs T# ASEDTZ)

The order of numbers is meaningful, 2 comes before 7 for a reason. We are also used to counting up and counting down, which reinforces this order in our minds. The order of letters is arbitrary, we could rearrange the alphabet and it wouldn't make much of a difference. There is nothing innate about K that makes it come before P, so it requires more mental effort to figure out their proper order.


Question: what are the fundamental differences between beer, ale and other beers, as well as other alcohol-related terms (malt, rocks etc.)?

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 what are the fundamental differences between beer, ale and other beers, as well as other alcohol-related terms (malt, rocks etc.)?

There's a hell of a lot of terminologies involved with spirits (liquor), wine, beer, and bartending, and to attempt to describe all of them in one ELI5 would likely end in folly, but hey--I'm a fool. Alcohol can generally be broken down into three basic categories; Beer, wine, and liquor. Beer is produced through the fermentation of wheat or barley (generally), wine is produced through fermentation of grapes (generally), and liquor is produced through distillation (which is a secondary process after fermentation). Of the three, beer has the least alcohol, wine is in the middle, and liquor has the most alcohol. Percentage of alcohol is called "proof" ("proof" is basically 2x the percentage of alcohol, so "80 proof" is 40% alcohol). Beer falls under four categories; Ales, Lagers, Stouts & Porters, or Malts. Lagers are the most popular beer in the world (as far as I'm aware), and most of the famous brands fall under this category. Their flavor is **highly** varied, so if you don't like one, you can almost always find another one that you do like. Lagers are typically yellowish to yellowish brown, and typically taste fairly bitter with some sweetness. Ales are darker than lagers (and the second most popular type of beer) and typically have a much stronger or bolder flavor. Malts are generally very dark and very sweet, but not terribly popular. Stouts and Porters, while slightly different, are handled under the same category because they're very full-bodied beers, and you'll often find that they feel more like a meal; they're thick, very flavorful, very dark brown/black, and they're very rich. There are a huge variety of styles that each of these beer types can fall under, so I won't go into that. If you have any questions regarding a specific style of beer (IPA, Pale Ale, Pilsner, etc, etc) feel free to ask. Spirits (liquor) falls under two categories; hard liquor and liquor. Hard liquor has the highest alcohol content (it has been distilled the most), and regular liquor has the second highest alcohol content. Many do not distinguish between the two. There are several kinds of liquor; whisky (also called whiskey or scotch), rum, brandy, vodka, and tequila being the most common. The only terms you really need to know here are "single malt", "blended", "mash", and "proof". We already covered proof. "Mash" describes what the liquor is made of (grain, fruit, or vegetable derived). "Single malt" or "single barrel" means that all the liquor in the bottle comes from a pure barrel at the distillery. "Blended" means that the distillery has taken two or more barrels at combined them before bottling; this is very common and does not necessarily mean it is bad. The distillery may have added one pure barrel to another pure barrel of the same type, but legally they still have to call it "blended". Wine is out of my wheelhouse, so I'll leave that to someone else. Finally, we have bartending terminologies. When you order a drink, you must order it by name. There are thousands if not tens of thousands of drinks out there, so you must be specific when ordering. The most common orders are; Neat, straight, up, on the rocks, fingers, with a twist, virgin, dirty, dry, shot, and chaser. Neat, straight, and up all mean the same thing; you just want the liquor, on it's own, in a glass, with nothing else. On the rocks means you want the bartender to put ice in the glass, and then pour the liquor onto the ice. Fingers (usually 1, 2, or 3) are a rough estimate (the width of your finger) of how much liquor you want in your glass. This is an older term that isn't used as much these days. "With a twist" means you want the peel of a citrus fruit (lemon or lime, really) in your drink. This can alter the flavor of some more subtle drinks like gin or vodka. "Virgin" refers to a drink with no alcohol in it; a virgin daiquiri is basically a fruit smoothie as an example. "Dirty" and "Dry" typically refer to martinis. Dirty means you want olive juice or brine in the drink (makes it salty and acidic), and dry means you want a less sugary vermouth in your drink. (My martini order is a Gin martini, dry, stirred straight up.) Martini ordering is **detailed** to say the least. A shot is the standard measurement of alcohol in your country. In the USA, it's 17.7ml, whereas in Australia it's 12.7ml, and in Japan it's 25ml. This varies from country to country. When you order a shot, it comes in a shot glass. You can ask for your drink; let's say a rum and Coke, with any amount of shots you prefer. A double or triple are common; "I'd like a double/triple rum and coke" for example. If you do not specify the amount, you will always get a single shot. Finally, a chaser or back is a second drink, on the side, that you use to either prepare your mouth/throat for your liquor, or to follow your liquor. For example, you might have a shot of Fireball whisky and then chase it with a beer to get rid of the burning sensation of the whisky, or you might take a sip of beer as a back and then drink your whisky to minimize the burning sensation. After all of that has been said, if you have any specific questions about specific kinds of drinks (as I said, there are thousands), or any follow up questions, feel free to ask away. Remember, when you go to your bar to order a drink, keep it simple. "A *drink name*, please." You don't have to complicate things, and you don't have to know every single term there is to know. If you order a type of liquor without specifying brand, you will get the house standard (generally somewhere between the lowest price and the highest price on offer). "Whisky, please." will get you the preferred whisky brand of the bar, in a shot glass.


Question: when an atomic bomb goes off, why does "dust" fall off of surfaces such as on buildings immediately when the bomb goes off, before the shockwave even arrives at that location?

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 when an atomic bomb goes off, why does "dust" fall off of surfaces such as on buildings immediately when the bomb goes off, before the shockwave even arrives at that location?

What you're seeing in this video is smoke caused by the incredibly intense light and radiant heat of the fireball. Light travels and the speed of light which is about 300,000 km/second. The speed of sound is glacial by comparison. This is the same as putting toast in the toaster for too long. But just imagine if your toaster was 100x more powerful. It would cause the bread to char and smolder almost immediately. Would also likely blind you if you looked at the slot directly. The cameras have dark filters similar to a welding mask, that were timed to activate moments before the bomb was triggered, otherwise the film would have been damaged.


Question: Why when you evaporate coffee and store the steam until it becomes liquid again, the liquid no longer has the color of coffee?

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 Why when you evaporate coffee and store the steam until it becomes liquid again, the liquid no longer has the color of coffee?

Evaporating water, collecting the steam, and condensing it back into water is known as distillation. By doing this with coffee, you are essentially just separating the coffee from the water - the coffee stays in the cup and the water turns into steam (that you collect and condense back into water). Because the water no longer has the coffee in it, it goes back to being clear.


Question: Why do presidents and CEOs typically resign after a controversy instead of staying or being fired? Like for a example a while back the president of a university resigned after hate symbols appeared around the campus why didn’t he stay?

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 Why do presidents and CEOs typically resign after a controversy instead of staying or being fired? Like for a example a while back the president of a university resigned after hate symbols appeared around the campus why didn’t he stay?

So the reason for the departure is that it allows the institution to blame them and move on. The university can say "It was the president's fault, we will move forward and improve", even though it's possible they do nothing afterwards it gives the appearance of action. The reason why they usually aren't fired is because it's seen as a courtesy to allow someone to resign. Getting fired is really bad for their future prospects as a job and allowing them to publicly say they voluntarily resigned allows them to save face.


Question: What are the lines that appear behind flying aircraft? & what causes them?

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 What are the lines that appear behind flying aircraft? & what causes them?

They're called condensation trails sometimes shortened to contrails. ~~Idiots~~ Conspiracy theorists think they're chemtrails, but chemtrails aren't real. Wings work by deflecting air downwards. At the wing tips air that isn't being deflected downwards meets air that is being forced downward by the wing. This causes a drop in pressure. The drop in pressure causes water to condense around bits of stuff in the air. This is the contrail you see. You also see it coming out of the back of jet engines. The air coming out the back of those is hotter, moving faster and often has tiny bits of unburnt stuff in it. So all those things combine to make it really easy for contrails to form.


Question: why do ice cream cones have the grid of squares at the bottom inside, no matter the brand?

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 why do ice cream cones have the grid of squares at the bottom inside, no matter the brand?

That gives the bottom additional strength without needing excess material. It's kind of like adding [I-beams]( URL_0 ) to the bottom of the cone. Otherwise, it would quickly start to fall apart, especially as the icecream melted and got the cone wet. It's a good solution to a problem that all ice-cream cones have, so pretty much all brands have converged on that same solution.


Question: Why do magnets "die" after a while of being used?

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 Why do magnets "die" after a while of being used?

Imagine the atoms in a magnet as little arrows. When manufacturing magnets, all of the arrows are arranged In one direction. This is done because it makes the arrows useful. ⬅⬅ ⬅⬅ These arrows don't like to all go in the same, linear direction. This is because they don't like their tips touching, or even getting near each other. As you can see, when they are all going in one direction, the arrow tips are very close the ones above. The arrows don't like this, and only want to be near the end of another arrow. This makes the arrows unhappy, so they become unstable and want to move. When the arrows are in a position they enjoy, they become happy. When they are happy they are stable and don't want to move. ↙ ↖ ↘↗ Because the arrows are so closely packed it is hard for them to rearrange in a way that makes them happy. One thing that makes this easier is when they are hot. This gives the arrows the energy and wiggle room they need to point at something they like.


Question: What exactly is an allele?

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 What exactly is an allele?

I think, if you imagine an allele is like a particular ticket, or group of tickets, in a line of unrolled mostly pink tickets. The allele’s specific ticket(s) would in this case, be colored green instead of their surrounding pink, and that represents the allele for example, Green Eyes. Then, there is the other alleles for the same “type” of trait, Eye Color, which will also be an unrolled line of mostly pink tickets. But this time, the allele is a group of blue tickets, in the same spots the green ones were in for the other roll. This blue allele, codes for Blue Eyes. In more scientific terms, the allele is the variation of the type of gene. So blue or green or brown or gray eyes, but they all have to do with the same trait, eye color. And the allele is an “area” on the DNA that controls the eye color. Now, eye color isn’t actually that simple but i think it’s useful for seeing it, at least for me. I hope that helped!


Question: Why is water so difficult for 3d animation?

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 Why is water so difficult for 3d animation?

Water presents a number of challenges. First off, since it's a liquid it can move in a huge variety of ways, which means it's difficult to simulate well, and the more accurate you want to get, the more computational time it's probably going to take. If you're simulating something where the water is constantly moving (a river, or waves on a shore), that's a lot of work to be doing if you want it to look really good. A common method of doing this is having the computer represent the water as a whole bunch of spheres that collide with each other and with the surrounding geometry. This determines where the water is going, and then graphics shaders render it to look like a continuous liquid rather than separate spheres. The more spheres you add, the more fine grained and realistic your water moves, but the more you increase the computational requirements. Second, water is mostly transparent, but not entirely. So for it to look good, you want to be able to see through it, but not have it be completely clear. If there's enough water, it eventually absorbs a significant amount of light, and not equally across all wavelengths. So you have to try to get that right. Also if you're looking into the water from above it, you get refraction, and if the surface of the water is moving and/or has waves/ripples/etc. then that's even more complicated. Third, while being transparent, water is also reflective. So there's another layer of complication, and again it gets even crazier if the surface of the water is in motion. Now, a lot of this stuff can actually be simulated pretty realistically, and we've figured out ways to make it look good. But the better of a job you want to do, the more work the computer needs to do, and if you're playing a game there's only so much processing time that the computer can spend on water for each frame. So a lot of times various tricks/shortcuts/etc. are used to make something that looks good enough that we'll accept it as water, even though it's not a particularly accurate simulation.


Question: ] If he was just like any other guy out there in the silent film industry, how did Charlie Chaplin attain so much fame?

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 ] If he was just like any other guy out there in the silent film industry, how did Charlie Chaplin attain so much fame?

He wasn't just like any other guy. For starters, he was absolutely excellent at his physical comedy so that helped. But Charlie Chaplin funded, produced, and directed many of his own films. And he was an absolute perfectionist at it. For some scenes, he shot dozens or even hundreds of times until he was satisfied. He put a great amount of effort into putting together casts and crews of people who could get along to achieve excellence. And he wasn't afraid to fire anyone who compromised his vision. He was also an accomplished musician and scored his own movies when sound in film became possible. When you think of Charlie Chaplin, you think of the tramp, the popular bumbling character he developed. But he was a lot more than an actor, from his early film days onwards, he had a huge impact on the way movies and the movie industry developed. Simply put, Charlie Chaplin's career pretty shaped film making as we know it. He was at the forefront of film making innovation for the first half-century of the industry's history.


Question: If computer/tv screens operate on projecting an image through light, how do they convey shades of black?

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 If computer/tv screens operate on projecting an image through light, how do they convey shades of black?

Full disclosure, with some newer technologies maybe this has changed, but it used to be that screens were designed to present as black as possible without any kind of light source behind them. When the color black was required, the television/monitor would simply not display any colors to that particular “dot”. So it was truly just an absence of light you saw.


Question: What exactly is the Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy in simpler terms?

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 What exactly is the Apollonian-Dionysian dichotomy in simpler terms?

This is perhaps easiest to understand in terms of the archetypes the words come from. Both Apollo and Dionysus were gods in the Greek pantheon. Apollo was the god of things like science, medicine, and (ironically given that quote) music. He's often portrayed as rationable and reliable, but also kind of boring and distant. Apollonian behavior emphasizes rational analysis and prudent action. Dionysus was the god of wine and revelry. He's often portrayed as the life of the party, but his parties can quickly get out of hand. Dionysian behavior emphasizes fun and creativity. People who create comedy have long known that it's funny to pair an Apollonian persona with a Dionysian persona. The Dionysian pushes the Apollonian into situations where he's not comfortable, and the Apollonian tries to reason with someone who cannot be reasoned with. Both make for great comedy. The classical example of this is The Odd Couple.


Question: When something non-radioactive has been exposed to radiation, and itself becomes radioactive, what happens to it?

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 When something non-radioactive has been exposed to radiation, and itself becomes radioactive, what happens to it?

Fusion reactions like those aren't common in practice, but that's the general idea, yes. An irradiated object that itself becomes an emitter in this way is dangerous for the same reason any emitter is dangerous; ionizing radiation can mess up all sorts of things in otherwise tightly managed biological systems, if it can penetrate far enough or the emitter gets inside you. Specifically, knocking out atoms or adding a neutron here and there disrupts/alters the function of proteins and introduces errors in the DNA that may prove unfixable.


Question: Why hasn't commercial supersonic flight been attempted on a wide-scale since concorde?

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 Why hasn't commercial supersonic flight been attempted on a wide-scale since concorde?

The main issue is it just isn't worth it. It cost about as much to fly the Concorde across the Atlantic as it does 747, which has three times as many seats. Not many people are willing to pay that kind of money. 3.5 vs. 7 hours might sound good, but super sonic speed doesn't get you through the security line any faster. Door to door is more like 7 hours vs. 10.5, and that point you are blowing a whole day no matter what.


Question: How come we don't use carbon capture at the exhaust towers of power plants to directly capture co2 before it enters the atmosphere and put it back into greenhouses or store as rock?

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 How come we don't use carbon capture at the exhaust towers of power plants to directly capture co2 before it enters the atmosphere and put it back into greenhouses or store as rock?

Because it can't be done just anywhere and requires power, meaning it would probanly decrease the efficiency of a traditional power plant. It also needs water and the right kind of rock (basalt) to filter it through. This location was specifically chosen for this technology: "Iceland is one of several places on Earth offering the ideal conditions for this process. Its volcanic origin makes the country one of the world’s most potent geothermal regions. The particularly high geothermal energy means that the Earth’s heat can be converted to electricity cost-effectively and virtually CO2 neutrally. Furthermore, the rock in Iceland has the ideal composition for storing large amounts of CO2."


Question: What exactly is a pyramid scheme?

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 What exactly is a pyramid scheme?

A pyramid scheme is a money-making venture built on lies. The guy who makes it recruits a few people for a fee, who each recruit a few more. The new recruits are the source of income for the whole company. It's called a pyramid scheme because, like a pyramid, it has a large base leading up to a single point. And they are illegal because no matter how strong the pyramid seems, you eventually run out of new people to recruit. Without new recruits, the people on the bottom have spent money, but not made money, and are left in debt.


Question: Why is the labor theory of value no longer considered correct?

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 Why is the labor theory of value no longer considered correct?

Labout theory of value was changing a bit and was not used only in marxism. Try to imagine this scenario. You build three identical houses. According to LTV all should be equaly valuable. Right? Equal work was needed to build them. First house is standing in huge city, full of jobs, universities, cinemas,... Second is in the village where it is calm, clean air, nature,... Third is standing near big, dirty, noisy and polluting factory. Now, you have to pay same amount of money for the third house as the owner paid for the first or second house. Do you think it is fair? Are you happy with that? And that is. It does not reflect reality and so it does not work. Either you will want to put your money into something you like (expect it is option 1 or 2) or you buy no.3 but you will not want to pay same amount. This works for any servise or thing. Ps. I do not like this in ELI5 because it feels more like political debate. Yet I do not say it does not belong here.


Question: Consider a copper bolt which is inserted through a copper coil and by tightening a copper nut, some energy is stored in the compressed coil. Then, this assembly is put into the nitric acid and dissolved. Where the stored energy is gone?

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 Consider a copper bolt which is inserted through a copper coil and by tightening a copper nut, some energy is stored in the compressed coil. Then, this assembly is put into the nitric acid and dissolved. Where the stored energy is gone?

Depends on exactly how it dissolves, but I assume you’re talking about the most interesting case: if the coil dissolves evenly all around, thus maintaining its shape and tension until the very end. Well, when you tense the coil, you’re forcing some atoms out of alignment. That’s what gives it the potential energy. Those atoms are not where they prefer to be, and are “struggling” to get back. So when the acid reacts with those atoms and releases them, they’ll fly off with on average more energy than they would have if the coil was untensed. So you end up wit slightly warmer acid.


Question: What's the difference between accuracy and precision?

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 What's the difference between accuracy and precision?

You throw a dozen darts at a dartboard. * If they mostly land all around the bullseye, you are **accurate**. Your results were all close to the target, even if they were spread out around it and not close to each other. * If they mostly land off on the edge, but they're all clumped together, then you were **precise**. You kept getting the same result over and over again, even if it wasn't the target you were going for. * If they all land near the bullseye *and* all clumped together, then you were accurate *and* precise.


Question: Why can people run/walk several miles without any discomfort, yet it is extremely uncomfortable to stand still in onw place for 15mins?

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 Why can people run/walk several miles without any discomfort, yet it is extremely uncomfortable to stand still in onw place for 15mins?

It's the constant pressure in one place. When you're running you're moving all your joints around and they are getting short bursts of pressure followed by no pressure whereas standing you have constant pressure. Also there is the matter of blood flow, when you're running your heart is pumping blood like crazy and it's getting everywhere. When your just standing your blood sorta sets at the bottom of you. Of course not entirely, but enough to be uncomfortable and sometimes make people pass out


Question: What is the difference between paracetamol and ibuprofen?

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 What is the difference between paracetamol and ibuprofen?

Ibuprofen is an NSAID (Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug), this means it acts by inhibiting the enzyme COX, reducing synthesis of prostaglandin which is both central in the **inflammatory response** as well as **pain response**. NSAID shouldn't be taken for too long because they **can cause gastric ulcers** (prostaglandins act as vasodilators (increasing radius of arteries) and the gastric mucosa is VERY dependent on good blood flow to protect against the acid environment). Paracetamol isn't an NSAID. The mechanism of actions is not well understood but it is believed that it also act in some way on COX. Paracetamol can be toxic in large doses, but is usually used as the pain reliever of choice if you have to take a pain reliever for an extended period of time (since the alternative NSAID cause gastric ulcers). **Paracetamol is not anti-inflammatory.**


Question: Why does earth’s axial tilt affect our climate significantly more than perihelion even though the latter brings us 5 million miles closer to the sun?

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 Why does earth’s axial tilt affect our climate significantly more than perihelion even though the latter brings us 5 million miles closer to the sun?

Solar power radiated per unit area decreases with distance from the sun in accordance with the surface area of a bounding sphere at that radius, proportional to r^2. So, from perihelion to aphelion, the ratio difference in energy intensity is 91.4^2 / 94.5^2 , or about a 6.5% reduction. Conversely, the intensity of radiation striking the Earth's surface is proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence. The Earth is tilted approximately 23.5°, but that swing is either side of the equator from winter to summer, so the effective difference is actually double that. This corresponds to about a 27% difference in energy intensity from winter to summer at either tropic. So, the axial tilt represents over four times as profound a change in energy input as is caused by the change in proximity to the sun.


Question: What would happen if you walked into somewhere with immense radiation?

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 What would happen if you walked into somewhere with immense radiation?

Your heart won't be what goes first, and you may not even die that day, but you'll die soon No one has been exposed to radiation of this magnitude so everything that follows is a guess based on the aftermath of criticality accidents, the only other things to produce sudden, high doses of radiation, primarily the Demon Core incidents of Daghlian and Slotin For reference dosage of 4 sieverts is generally fatal and 8 is guaranteed to be fatal even with treatment The first symptom of acute radiation poisoning is generally nausea and vomiting, this would likely commence within the hour. Louis Slotin is estimated to have been exposed to 21 sieverts of radiation during a criticality incident with the Demon Core. He is reported to have vomited as soon as he left the building. There is a limit on how quickly this can happen. The inner lining of your GI tract will instantly die, but it will need to slough off to make you queasy and that will take time Next would be great pain as all of your organs begin to shut down. You would effectively be sunburned not just on the surface but on your insides too. Slotin was described as having a 3D sunburn, it continues down hill from here > Over the next nine days, Slotin suffered an "agonizing sequence of radiation-induced traumas", including severe diarrhea, reduced urine output, swollen hands, erythema, "massive blisters on his hands and forearms", intestinal paralysis, and gangrene. He had internal radiation burns throughout his body, which one medical expert described as a “three-dimensional sunburn.” By the seventh day, he was experiencing periods of “mental confusion.” His lips turned blue and he was put in an oxygen tent. He ultimately experienced "a total disintegration of bodily functions" and slipped into a coma Coma is likely the highlight of all this. With a 200 sievert dose your body would likely go into shock quicker than Slotin's did so you'd hopefully be unconscious for a bit more of the 3-5 days it takes you to die(yayyyyy.....) Daghlian was unfortunate enough to only be exposed to 5.1 sieverts, he experienced most of these symptoms(to a lesser degree) over 25 days before finally slipping into a coma and dying Once you get a 200 sievert dose you're guaranteed to either die int he next week or turn into a ghoul but neither process is going to be fun or pretty


Question: How are well-known piracy websites such as piratebay still up and running despite offering illegal services?

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 How are well-known piracy websites such as piratebay still up and running despite offering illegal services?

> offering illegal services Are they? Torrent trackers don't host pirated content, they just let your computer find ones that *do*. That in itself isn't illegal (or at least wasn't/is a grey area in some countries). Plus, torrent and "shady" file sharing sites lease servers and domains in backwater countries that 1. have big holes in their internet and/or copyright laws allowing for these sites to operate legally 2. are a complete PITA to pursue legal action in from a different country So basically it's a whackamole game of copyright holders struggling for months/years to get traction to get a server shut down - only for it to spring back up from a fallback location in hours.


Question: What prevents an employer from "firing" you if you want to resign?

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 What prevents an employer from "firing" you if you want to resign?

Generally you often don’t inform your current employer until you have an offer from the new one. Then it doesn’t matter if you get “fired.” Though it is good to leave on decent terms if you can. Also, as an employer having someone resign is usually better for you. If you fire them and the job offer falls through, you could be on the hook paying for unemployment. And there is always legal risk with a firing.


Question: Why does having a strong core help with exercises like pull ups?

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 Why does having a strong core help with exercises like pull ups?

You can hold your core and legs steady and that makes the pullup easier to control and execute. You have to hit the right angle and then hold it. Alternatively you can do sloppy kipping pullups a la Crossfit. I never do pullups that way though as it looks like a great way to get hurt when you're my size. ;D


Question: why do ballpoint pens work better on a stack of paper, like a notebook, than one paper on the table?

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 why do ballpoint pens work better on a stack of paper, like a notebook, than one paper on the table?

The sheets of paper cushion the pen, as opposed to a hard table. This makes it more comfortable but also gets more ink out because the surface area of contact is increased. I have the same thing with my favorite writing pen, a Zebra gel pen. It feels and works horribly on a single sheet, but it's so smooth once I get a second sheet underneath.


Question: Why are donations deduced from taxes?

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 Why are donations deduced from taxes?

You get tax reductions on donations because we want to encourage people to donate money. Tax can be used as an incentive system, basically. We tax things we want to discourage (like sugar, tobacco, alcohol, etc) and we don't tax things we want to encourage (like donations). This is the fundamental idea behind the carbon tax. We tax carbon emissions so that it's less costly to just not use carbon-emitting energy sources.


Question: 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

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 1) Why is there gaps or spaces between galaxies? 2) What fills these gaps or spaces? 3) Why aren’t galaxies connect like a web or something?

Galaxies *are* connected like a web or something [if you zoom out enough to see it]( URL_1 ). It's important to note that the blobs of light in that image are *not* galaxies. They're *clusters* of galaxies, or superclusters, which can contain *thousands* of galaxies. Consider the organization of the solar system. Most of the matter that formed the solar system became the Sun, and the rest spread out over a [huge distance]( URL_2 ). That matter is pretty concentrated in local spots, which are the planets. The space between planets is pretty empty, of course, but it still has a lot of stellar dust particles and comets and asteroids and a lot of *stuff*. But compared to the density of matter on Earth, interplanetary space is *really* empty. Then again, compare the density of matter within the solar system to the space between our solar system and the next one. The solar system has a ton of matter. Several planets' worth. But there's less between us and the Alpha Centauri system. It all seems random and empty until you zoom out and look at the galaxy and see the [spiral arms]( URL_0 ) that show the organization of the local groups of solar systems. It doesn't look like there's a lot of stuff between us and Alpha Centauri, and there's not, but when you look at the bigger picture you see that, in fact, there's still a *lot* of stuff pretty close together. And there is a lot of dust and rocks and stuff out there, too. And you can zoom out again to see the nearby galactic local group. Then the Virgo Supercluster. Then, finally, the structure of the universe as far as we know it. In the empty voids between galaxy superclusters, there's sparse traces of dust and gas, but that's it. The rest of the matter is concentrated in the superclusters. And within the superclusters, most of the mass is concentrated in the galaxies. And so on.