Question: Why exactly do we need differential calculus?

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 Why exactly do we need differential calculus?

It is no exaggeration to say that anything university level that requires mathematics will need calculus. In fact it is probably the basics of what you need. Things only get more complicated from there. Differentiation is basically calculating a rate of change. Turn that around and you get integration, which basically allows you to find out different things given a function, i.e. a graph. It is easy to calculate the area under a graph if it is a straight line. Once it becomes more complicated, like a curve, then it becomes more difficult. So you use integration. Many topics in advanced education begin to use mathematical models to define things. Even things you wouldn't expect. And often these mathematical models will involve the use of calculus. For example, in psychology you are often required to take statistics, which uses calculus. Even in a management class you can be given a formula which may model a market or effect of change in prices on demand. **These will use calculus to find an optimal solution to something.** How would that work? well we know differentiation is finding the function that defines the rate of change. How would you find the optimal solution to a function; say the profitability of a product is defined by a curved function; it goes up, then starts slowing down (i.e. curving) before going down, due to the idea of diminishing returns. What would be the optimal solution? how do you find the "peak"? well that is simple. You find the precise point where the rate of change is 0; it is the precise point from when it increases to decreases. The peak of the curve. What happens if you differentiate that profit function? you are finding the marginal profit; how much more profit you get per unit of production. What happens if you integrate that function? you get the total amount of profit. You can even use it to define the amount of profit you get at different points of the curve.


Question: Is there a science behind food and drink parings?

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 Is there a science behind food and drink parings?

Yep! Just like you can have complimentary colors, you can have complimentary tastes. Often things that are bitter pair well with things that are creamy. Things that are smoky pair well with things that are sweet and earthy. Sweet can also pair well with salt. You can go even deeper and find foods that seem to have very different flavors, but actually share some flavor compounds. URL_0


Question: volts, watts and amps... what do they mean?

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 volts, watts and amps... what do they mean?

Imagine poking holes in a dam. If you poke a hole towards the top of the dam, not much water would flow out. If you poke a hole at the bottom of the dam, the water would shoot out much farther because there is more pressure. Volts = Electrical pressure that makes electrons flow, like how the pressure differs based on the height of the hole in the dam. Amps = The actual flow of electrons, like the water actually flowing out of the holes. Watts = A measure of the power, calculated by Volts * Amps. Not sure what this would be in my dam analogy though.


Question: i've been watching old VHSs from my childhoods and I wonder how they work. Specifically, when you rewind it, how does it just play the film backwards? What mechanism exists so you can watch the film forward (with sound), and backward (without sound).

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 i've been watching old VHSs from my childhoods and I wonder how they work. Specifically, when you rewind it, how does it just play the film backwards? What mechanism exists so you can watch the film forward (with sound), and backward (without sound).

VCRs record the video in stripes diagonally across the tape. This is done by placing the heads that read the video on a rotating drum, set at an angle to the tape. The video is stored as an analog signal, so even if there are problems with it, you still get a signal. So when you wind the tape backwards across the heads, you still get a video signal. It won't be perfect, however - the angle of the stripes assume the tape is moving forward, so if the tape is moving backwards, the angle is wrong, so each picture on the screen will show part of one stripe, part of another, and part of what is in the gap between them. Now, as for audio - originally, the audio on a VCR tape was another analog, mono signal, placed along one edge of the tape by a fixed head almost identical to an old-school cassette tape head. But users demanded stereo audio, so they instead created a digital audio signal and squeezed it between the stripes of video data. But, again, because the angles are wrong when the tape goes backwards, most of the time the audio heads will be reading video data, which would work out to be full-volume noise if put through the audio decoder. Thankfully, they turn it off to preserve both your ears and your speakers. Of course, they could give you the audio off the simple mono audio track, which would work, but they chose not to do that. It would probably be at the wrong speed, because rewind is normally faster than normal play speed, and would be annoyingly high-pitched.


Question: Why do CPUs have multiple cores, why not just one super core?

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 Why do CPUs have multiple cores, why not just one super core?

because one super core is not possible. /u/Pnuttn's analogy is pretty good. There are lots of cases where it would seemingly be better if they could just get one person or *thing* to do *all* of the work, but it's simply not possible. Instead of having a hundreds of trucks delivering goods all over a city, why don't we just have one that drives hundreds of times faster? For one core to do the work of 8, it'd have to be 8 times as fast. But we're already making the fastest cores we can. It gets more and more expensive to make individual cores faster. We're at the point now where doubling the number of transistors on a core only makes it perhaps 5-10% faster. That's not worth it when those transistors could instead be spent adding a whole new core adding *twice* the computational power.


Question: How is a professional sports player bought from a different team? Is the multi million dollar value what the player gets, or is it what another team would pay a club to get that player?

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 How is a professional sports player bought from a different team? Is the multi million dollar value what the player gets, or is it what another team would pay a club to get that player?

Sometimes a player switches teams when their contract with their old team runs out, which means the money reported is money being paid entirely to the player. Sometimes a player and/or a team wants a transfer to happen before their contract is out, and the new team will have to buy out the contract and pay the remaining money that the old team still owes the player. If a team is giving something directly to another team to make a transfer happen, it's usually other players, or future draft picks, etc. I don't know of any examples of a team paying another team cash to make a transfer happen, but it may happen. sometimes.


Question: How are trade agreements like NAFTA and TPP considered bad deals for the U.S. Economy?

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 How are trade agreements like NAFTA and TPP considered bad deals for the U.S. Economy?

This is very complicated and not all economists even agree on the basic facts. Moreover it's very difficult to seperate the effect of NAFTA from the effect of other macro-economic things happening at the same time, like automation. That said, economists agree on a few general principles: 1. Lower tariffs in general is better in the long-term on average. Part of this is producing labor intensive products in places where labor is cheap, but the other part is producing education-intensive or engineering-intensive products in places with good education systems. 2. The winners and losers are specific to the particular negotiations and the particulars of the existing tariffs. There are no "good deals for America"--winners and losers in trade deals are industry specific. Even figuring out the balance of the winners and losers in a giant deal like NAFTA is difficult. However, in a populist politics and to some extent in the press, almost all trade negotiations are considered bad deals by everyone involved. NAFTA for example is often blamed for job problems in Mexico, Canada, and the US. Why? This is because the job losses tend to be concentrated and the job gains are diffuse across the whole economy. In other words, the losers see the next factory built in Mexico and the local one closed. This is an easy story for the press to cover. In contrast, the identity of the winners is not as clear. For example if Boeing sells a few more planes at lower tariffs to Mexican airlines, the jobs that those sales create are hard to tie to NAFTA in the press and the popular imagination. It's just that Boeing's profits are higher and they employ more people, but that "win" is mixed in with whatever else is going on in Boeing's balance sheet and employment situation for that particular year. This is not an easy story for the press to cover. This diffuse gains and concentrated losses situations often leads to inaction. So why do free trade deals happen at all? In this case the potential winners are companies (e.g. Boeing) and companies do a lot of quiet lobbying and they are often organized into industry lobby groups who quietly pressure congress. So what happens is that many congresspeople will be publicly opposed to trade deals (because of the optics of closing factories) but be privately in favor (because of the diffuse benefit to many companies). The press coverage on the other hand is almost always about the specific downside risk to specific existing jobs, which paints free trade as a job killer. TL;DR: After trade deals, the losing companies and workers tend to be concentrated, loud, and angry, but the winners tend to be diffuse and quiet. The losers drive the press narrative, but reality is much more messy and complicated.


Question: Is there a specific reason as to why printers use cyan as opposed to just blue?

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 Is there a specific reason as to why printers use cyan as opposed to just blue?

There are three primary color, Red, Green, and Blue. Paints work by absorbing certain colors, and reflecting the rest. If you take away all the Red, you are left with only Green and Blue. Green and Blue make Cyan. The Cyan paint is basically the paint of Not Red, it absorbs all the red light and reflects the rest. Like wise take away the Green, you get Red and Blue combined. Red and Blue make Magenta, the paint of Not Green. and Take away the Blue, you get Red and Green combined. Red and Green make Yellow, the paint of Not Blue. Mix these together and you can absorb the color's you don't want and reflecting the colors you do work.


Question: why the UK didn't adopt the euro and stick with using the pound sterling?

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 why the UK didn't adopt the euro and stick with using the pound sterling?

There was a fair amount of popular opposition to the idea. One of the problems with a supranational bloc like the EU is that different countries often have different ideas about what it should be: while continental Europe has long been used to ever-changing borders and even currencies, Britain has always been insulated from that kind of fluidity, and so is more used to stability. The pound sterling wasn't even decimalised until 1971, and even that relatively minor change (the pound remained the same, it was simply subdivided differently) was highly controversial. Even today, some people of my parents' generation (born in the 40s and 50s) refer to the old system as "real money". But there was also a pragmatic reason. In preparation for the euro, there was the "exchange rate mechanism" (ERM), in which several EU countries undertook to maintain their mutual exchange rates within certain limits. The pound was part of this, but it didn't go well: it was subjected to intense currency speculation and other problems, and the government found it impossible to keep the exchange rate stable -- and so the pound was forced to leave the ERM on what became known as "Black Wednesday". That experience confirmed to skeptical British economists that the euro was a bad idea. They saw that view vindicated a few years ago when the euro went through a crisis that saw, among other things, violent protests in Greece, which almost had to leave the euro. The euro is a single currency for several different economies -- currency union without economic union -- and this has never been tried before. This meant that the fate of the Greek economy was suddenly in the hands of, mainly, the German finance ministry: Greek citizens protested because they felt Germany wasn't taking its obligations to weaker economies seriously, while German citizens protested because they didn't see why their taxes should go to bail the Greeks out of a problem they were accused of causing in the first place. It got to the point that a lot of experts were predicting that the euro would soon fail, but that hasn't actually happened. Still, the mood of British voters at least is that the euro is a Bad Thing Generally, and in a democracy, the government does actually take note of what voters think. It may, however, have more to do with a vague sense of euroskepticism (fuelled by the virulently anti-EU tabloid press) than any rational economic arguments.


Question: If heat makes molecules expand, why does the clothes dryer make garments shrink?

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 If heat makes molecules expand, why does the clothes dryer make garments shrink?

Garments are made of fibers, which you can think of as long chains of molecules without being too far wrong. The chains are stretchy and springy, as you know, and when they are heated and dried the fibers tend to "scrunch up" (that is the technical term), which makes the strands of the fibers shorter and a bit thicker. As they get pulled and wetted, they stretch back out a bit, so by the time you're done wearing them they are slightly larger than they were when they came out of the dyer..


Question: Does colder air make a fire less hot?

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 Does colder air make a fire less hot?

Yes and no. Absolutely all else being equal, yes. The energy produced by the fire heats the air by a certain amount, not necessarily to a certain temperature. But cold air is denser, so fire being 'fed' colder air actually gets more oxygen by mass, which means it burns faster and creates more energy. I'm not sure exactly what that means for the temperature of the products, since you have 2 factors with opposing effects.


Question: My daughter gets a Flintstone vitamin every night, puts it in her mouth, takes it out, and then asks why the color changed. can you help me?

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 My daughter gets a Flintstone vitamin every night, puts it in her mouth, takes it out, and then asks why the color changed. can you help me?

The color spots can cuddle closer together after you get saliva on them. This makes them change color so they look brighter! & #x200B; More detail: The color comes from dye mixed with the vitamin. When it gets wet, the other stuff dissolves and the dye molecules get closer together, which deepens their color.


Question: how can other animals instinctively tell they're related but we wouldn't know unless someone told us?

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 how can other animals instinctively tell they're related but we wouldn't know unless someone told us?

Pheromones. Animals produce chemicals called pheromones, which slowly turn to vapours in the air. Other animals that breathe those vapours in will detect them with their pheromone-detecting cells in a way that works basically the same as smell. Animals recognise the unique pheromones of those they're closely related to which subtly influences their behaviour. Humans have pheromones too btw, and it's thought that we also use this same mechanism to avoid wanting to fuck our siblings, and certain kinds of human pheromones can make us perceive people as more attractive.


Question: Why Can We "Think" Along to Songs in Different Languages, but We Can't Sing Along to Them Aloud?

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 Why Can We "Think" Along to Songs in Different Languages, but We Can't Sing Along to Them Aloud?

It's because singing is done by a different part of the brain than speech, it's also why stutterers can often sing just fine. The part that does the singing isn't verbally minded, so it just cares for the sounds it needs to make (as it sees your voice as a musical instrument).


Question: Why does the Heat Index not take into account windspeed? Similarly, why does Wind Chill Factor not take into account humidity?

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 Why does the Heat Index not take into account windspeed? Similarly, why does Wind Chill Factor not take into account humidity?

Your question is tautological. Heat Index doesn't take wind speed into account because it doesn't. It was defined to not do that. In the same way, Wind Chill doesn't take humidity into account because it is a specific human-created measurement which was intentionally defined to only care about Wind Chill. Your understanding is correct, which is why differently defined systems DO take multiple measurements into account, such as TrueFeel.


Question: Is it possible to remove cancer through surgery or is it only possible to remove tumors but not cancer?

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 Is it possible to remove cancer through surgery or is it only possible to remove tumors but not cancer?

Tumors are clumps of cancerous cells. "Cancer" is generally the ailment of being afflicted by cancerous cells; we can't surgically remove all "cancer" from a patient because manipulating individual cells is well beyond the capabilities of any surgeon. Conceptually they are physical objects which could be manipulated but it is beyond our practical ability at this time.


Question: The Byford Dolphin Incident: How do you get sucked into something so strongly by a change of air from 9 atmospheres of pressure to 1?

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 The Byford Dolphin Incident: How do you get sucked into something so strongly by a change of air from 9 atmospheres of pressure to 1?

The best way to think of it is to think of the "weight" of air. 1 atm is how heavy all the air molecules are above you at sea level. It doesn't seem like a lot but it is actually just under 15 lbs. So multiply that by 9 and you get 135 lbs. That's 135lbs of force being applied to every square inch of a person. This is essentially the same as an explosion. Which is why these events are known as explosive decompression.


Question: In simple math equations like 6÷3+2×7, different orders of operations produce different results, why is one more "right" than another?

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 In simple math equations like 6÷3+2×7, different orders of operations produce different results, why is one more "right" than another?

Imagine I have four blocks. I add six, and then I take half away. I now have five blocks. Now imagine I have four blocks. I take half away, and then I add six. I now have eight blocks. Same numbers, different order of operations, different results. What this tells us is that the order of operations is arbitrary. It isn't a universal mathematical law. It's a convention that we came up with to make sure that we all mean the same thing when we look at a given equation. All we're doing is coming up with rules that we all agree on about the order in which we're dealing with the blocks.


Question: Why has Africa remained poor despite it's abundant resources and huge manpower?

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 Why has Africa remained poor despite it's abundant resources and huge manpower?

This is an extremely complex issue, so my answers will only cover a small portion of it: 1. Infrastructure plays a huge role. Even if African countries have huge amounts of resources, they don't necessarily have the infrastructure in place to leverage those resources. Not having things like rail systems, deep water ports, and road systems limit the ability of African countries to produce products and trade them on the global market. A lack of infrastructure also limits what kind of production that can be done. 2. Imperialism (both historical and ongoing) has limited the amount of wealth that has been reinvested back to Africa. Usually increased economic activity helps build up states by creating revenue that can go to things like infrastructure, education, and other investments. Much of the wealth that's been created in Africa or by Africans has gone to enrich people and companies outside of Africa. 3. Local turmoil. From civil wars, to widespread disease, to cultural racism, there are lots of reasons why outside entities have been hesitant to invest in Africa. 4. Without getting too political, there is evidence to suggest that economic protectionism helps developing countries, but foreign money is only willing to do business in Africa if they adopt economic liberalism. Many loans given to African countries are given on the condition that the countries adopt free trade policies that may actually hurt them in the long term.


Question: Why was the city of Venice built on a lagoon?

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 Why was the city of Venice built on a lagoon?

Barbarians. Venice was built out of fear of barbarian attacks from all sides, so they built in the middle of a lake to make it virtually impossible to siege. As the rest of Italy burned down, more and more people began seeking refuge in Venice with the poor farmers and fishermen, eventually turning it into a large, major city we know it to be.


Question: How can something be 46 billion light years away from Earth, When the age of universe itself is 13 billion years?

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 How can something be 46 billion light years away from Earth, When the age of universe itself is 13 billion years?

The universe is expanding faster than the speed of light. [This video]( URL_0 ) goes into how the universe can expand faster than the speed of light and personally I find it easy to follow. The basic explanation is that the speed of light limit does not apply to the expansion of the universe.


Question: how does the sun give living organisms energy?

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 how does the sun give living organisms energy?

The sun releases different types of light. Light is just traveling energy. Some organisms, like plants, have chemical machines in their cells that can catch that light energy and store it in the cell. The energy can be transferred to other parts of the cell that carry out the process of living for the plant, or it can be used to make sugar which is stored by the plant for later use. Think of it like electricity making a factory work.


Question: How high is the chance that the universe contains matter?

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 How high is the chance that the universe contains matter?

We don't know. If all universes start similarly to ours (and just fundamental forces have different values) than the chance is probably very high (if they start with the very same conditions, the chance is probably 100%), but since we can't observe other universes, let alone their beginnings we can't know.


Question: Why do we skip a number when two (or more) things are tied for the same rank?

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 Why do we skip a number when two (or more) things are tied for the same rank?

We skip a number because it doesn't matter if there are 2 tied for first or there is a first and a second, the next one is the 3rd best -- because there are 2 ahead in the ranking. It's the number of people/cities, etc. ahead, not the number of unique scores that matter.


Question: Why is matter referred to as 'information' when related to black holes?

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 Why is matter referred to as 'information' when related to black holes?

usually when matter does things in the universe, we know about it because we can see it--either through visible light or other types of radiation a black hole absorbs not only the matter itself, but _all_ of the things that might let us know stuff about that matter so 'information' in the black hole context doesn't refer to just matter, but matter PLUS everything that might tell us stuff about that matter. we say information to broadly assert that no clues of any kind may be found about matter after it enters


Question: How are multinational corporations/organizations run properly and efficiently when each nation may have different laws or economic systems?

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 How are multinational corporations/organizations run properly and efficiently when each nation may have different laws or economic systems?

The local subsidiaries operate according to the laws of the country they are in. Head office will have experts in the various aspects of their operations worldwide so they can comply with things like export regulations and technology exchange laws. Also they can often organise their finances so they generate the profits in territories with low tax, for instance by charging one part of the company for services provided by another.


Question: How do missiles locate their target? How do they identify that they got the correct target?

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 How do missiles locate their target? How do they identify that they got the correct target?

Generally the target is found first by a much fancier system and then the missile goes where its told Missiles can be sent to a specific location via GPS guidance, or they'll use inertial navigation to know how far and what direction they need to go from their launch points Others will track a specific thing like a radar return, or laser beam, or heat source, but generally some person first found the target and then selected it as "this is where you should go little zoomer" and the missile uses its onboard sensors to pick up the same target, confirms that it got the right one with the launcher, then goes for it Very very rarely do missiles get sent in and try to pick up the target on the way. Missiles don't have much computing power in them so they are far easier to trick into going to a wrong target than the full electronics suite of a reusable plane or drone.


Question: How were ISP's able to "pocket" the $200 billion grant that was supposed to be dedicated toward fiber cable infrastructure?

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 How were ISP's able to "pocket" the $200 billion grant that was supposed to be dedicated toward fiber cable infrastructure?

It also helps to start in the 1980s with the history of how we got our current ISPs. The TLDR version is: [AT & T had a monopoly]( URL_0 ). They built a lot of their infrastructure via [eminent domain]( URL_1 ) law and taxpayer money, for the "greater good." As a business, using other people's money to grow is a good move. The issue currently is ISPs don't want the government telling them what to do with the infrastructure. See, in the 1980s all these other people wanted to get into the same business AT & T had, but they didn't want to invest in building infrastructure when AT & T already did, using eminent domain and tax money. These other businesses argued that AT & T having sole control over the lines was unfair, since taxes paid for some of it. The government stepped in and said, "sorry, Ma Bell, but you have to share." Because of this we got a lot of ISPs that sprang up in a short amount of time, and until a few years ago all those ISPs were fighting for their own chunks of business. Now we're stuck with a few large ISPs that control everything, just enough to the point of legally being able to say it's not a "monopoly" when for the most part people have no choice in their city for an ISP. America has been sick of having no choice, and poor internet speeds, so the government has once again tried to encourage growth by using tax money as an incentive to expand. The problem is the ISPs are deathly afraid of expanding while the Net Neutrality laws exist because they don't want other small ISP startups coming along and using the infrastructure they're making. What I mean to say is, the big ISPs don't want to expand with better fiber service anywhere unless they can control it, but they also won't pass up free tax money. They take any free tax money they get from the government and then exploit loopholes from shoddy contracts to avoid actually expanding. They invent excuses to avoid actually expanding. Basically the ISPs have been holding internet infrastructure expansion hostage until the FCC rebrands them, because they don't want to be held accountable to governmental oversight. They want to monopolize the new fiber system before they actually build it, and recently the FCC caved in to their demands. I'm not just regurgitating stuff I've read on the internet here. I used to work for MCI, a company that wouldn't have existed if the FCC didn't break up Ma Bell in the 80s. (*edit:* clarity) (*edit:* Thanks for the Gold! It's my very first one! I'm deeply Humbled!)


Question: If horse racing tips had any merits, why wouldn't the bookies adjust their odds to match?

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 If horse racing tips had any merits, why wouldn't the bookies adjust their odds to match?

Betting on horse races is fairly straight forward. If more people bet on a particular horse because they think it has a good chance to win, odds will adjust. The horses with low odds stay that way because few people will bet on them. The bookies do adjust the odds, in horse racing and pretty much any sporting event.


Question: Does your body digest foods with less important nutrients quicker than foods with more important nutrients?

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 Does your body digest foods with less important nutrients quicker than foods with more important nutrients?

Carbohydrates, as the body's primary source of energy, generally pass through the digestive tract more rapidly than either protein or fats. Protein digests faster than fats. Some carbohydrates digest more quickly than others, depending on the type of sugars and starches they contain, while others, such as fiber, don't break down at all in the digestive tract. Therefore,it simply depends on the macronutrients and not the content and quality of the food.


Question: How do scientists know how the earth was formed?

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 How do scientists know how the earth was formed?

> how do they know that there was a meteor shower long ago that formed the water? This is what we call a testable hypothesis: it's *possible* the water came from meteors, and because Earth continuously loses hydrogen to space at a much greater rate than we lose deuterium we can calculate backwards from the currently observed isotopic ratio on Earth to what the isotopic ratio of those meteors should be. To actually see if our calculations match up with reality, we need to send space probes to test enough different comets to get a representative sample, which we haven't quite done yet. If the measured data, once we get it, doesn't agree with the model then something is wrong with the model and we need to figure out what it is. > and how the core was made? Same basic principle: it's a *possible* explanation which we can use to predict how certain things should work, and test by measuring how those things actually work.


Question: When a ballpoint pen temporarily stops working; why does it work on a different place on the paper, but keeps not working where it initially stopped working?

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 When a ballpoint pen temporarily stops working; why does it work on a different place on the paper, but keeps not working where it initially stopped working?

IN general, it means that there is a patch of oil or wax on that part of the paper. It means that the ball in the point of the pen doesn't grip the paper, so it doesn't spin around. The ball spinning is what pulls ink from the barrel of the pen and deposits it on the paper, so if the ball isn't turning the pen won't work.


Question: Can someone explain me how does a microphone convert an input of sound energy into electrical energy?

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 Can someone explain me how does a microphone convert an input of sound energy into electrical energy?

the basic explanation: the microphone has a membrane (diaphragm) that is attached to a magnet, that magnet is surrounded by a coil, sound is nothing but pressure waves and as they hit the "diaphragm" of the microphone it makes the magnet vibrate accordingly and it induces an electrical current in the coil that is very similar to the sound wave, typically this wave has a very low energy and needs to be amplified but that's besides the point. now the important bit that you probably want to know is how exactly does a magnet induce an electric current on a coil, and this is better explained visually, and i would suggest you watch this video by veritasium: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

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</answer>
 When the taste (or scent) of a food “turns your stomach” what is the physical (or psychological) process that’s happening? And could it be connected to food allergies?

Interesting question, reasonable premise! Poking around recent literature, that doesn't seem to be the case. Rather, there doesn't seem to be a non-psychological link between just smelling/tasting food and a stomach reaction. There is such a thing as fragrance contact allergies but those seem to cause skin issues, not stomach. Additionally, asthma patients that experience allergic coughing to capsaicin (the thing in peppers that causes the burning sensation) demonstrate a greater sensitivity to capsaicin during pollen season (so affected by allergies). But, no, doesn't seem that the scent/taste of food causes a direct stomach-churning effect ala chemistry. Closest I know of is peanut allergy (at more severe levels, known to cause palpable swelling in the throat at the mere scent of peanut butter, but, again, not stomach). As a fun add-on to /u/MoosesMom7 's theme of "smell associated with stuff that will make you ill if consumed", which also happens to extend to other dangers*: There is mounting evidence that pregnancy-induced food aversion is a survival tactic to support the baby's development. Researchers are noticing that the subject and timing of aversion (by smell/taste/sound) of pregnant women corresponds to foods believed to pose dangers if consumed. Most noticeably, food aversion is at its strongest when the baby is at greatest vulnerability during brain development. (The opposite also seems to be true: pregnancy carvings tend to reflect "safer" foods with nutritional/micronutrional value) *like the smell of feces, which you probably haven't eaten before but are likely repulsed by; or decaying flesh, as a danger signal for "get out of here, something killed this animal and it could kill you too" and the pathogenic microbes that grow in it. Some of the same receptors in your nose that detect odors are in your lungs; instead of stimulating a "scent", they make you cough so the offending particles are removed from the easy-access-to-your-blood membranes in your lungs.


Question: What exactly causes people to get amputated because of diabetes?

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 What exactly causes people to get amputated because of diabetes?

/u/dimplesgalore has the eli10 the eli5 is more along the lines of diabetes causes blood flow & circulation to not be so good. This means eventually the circulation would eventually stop, and that body part would literally die. That causes a ton of issues mostly relating to infections going rampant. They get amputations either as a preventative (to avoid infection), or after infection, as a solution.


Question: How do touchscreens work? And why do some surfaces work while others do not?

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 How do touchscreens work? And why do some surfaces work while others do not?

There are two basic kinds of touch screens. Resistive and capacitive. Resistive detect pressure and so you can use almost anything to interact with them but they can usually only detect a single touch at a time. Capacitive screens are what is used in almost every smartphone and tablet you've used in the past 10 years and this detects the electrical charge potential of your skin. These can detect many more points and don't require any pressure, simply contact. But, they don't work with objects that don't store electrical charge. So, a plastic stylus won't work but a rubber one would.


Question: How do factories like Snapple, create a vacuum seal?

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 How do factories like Snapple, create a vacuum seal?

The fluid going into the bottle is very hot. This means that the air bubble under the lid is also very hot. When the fluid and the air cool down, they both shrink. This causes a partial vacuum inside the container. Since the sides of the bottle can't compress, the little button on the lid pops in.


Question: When driving down a straight road on a sunny day, why does the road up ahead appear more reflective?

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 When driving down a straight road on a sunny day, why does the road up ahead appear more reflective?

Asphalt absorbs sunlight’s energy really, really well. It makes it heat up, and because of this the air directly above it heats up as well. This hot air becomes less dense, which affects how light passes through it - namely, light goes through it faster. And when light changes speed going from cooler air to hotter air, it can refract. This gives it that shimmering appearance. When at the right viewing angle, this shimmering air covers the road, and that’s when it becomes noticeable to us because it refracts the light from the road. This makes the road appear reflective, as the light from it gets altered before it reaches our eyes.


Question: Why are there no university tuition fees in Scotland for Scottish people or EU citizens but are fees for English people?

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 Why are there no university tuition fees in Scotland for Scottish people or EU citizens but are fees for English people?

Education is a devolved matter in Scotland. That means anything related to education in Scotland is decided by the Scottish Parliament rather than the UK Parliament. The Scottish Parliament decided they wanted to offer free tuition to residents of Scotland. Not charging tuition to students from the rest of the UK would be very costly considering that would give them a big incentive to study in Scotland rather than England. However part of the EU treaties say that people from other EU member states must be given equal treatment to local students. So they have to give them free tuition. But that only applies to people from *other* EU countries, and for this purpose the UK is considered one country. These EU rules don't say anything about having to give your own citizens equal treatment, hence there is no obligation to give English students free tuition. Presumably this will no longer be the case once the UK has left the EU and the single market, and any non-UK students will be expected to pay tuition fees in Scotland.


Question: Why are the elements that make up water flammable on their own, but put out fires when combined?

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 Why are the elements that make up water flammable on their own, but put out fires when combined?

Chemical properties and Electrons. By themselves, Oxygen and Hydrogen are pretty reactive. They combine to form water because chemically it allows them to become more stable. And now that they are stable they are less reactive to things like heat. If you take water and split it into its two atoms again, they become reactive again, and can ignite. In the same manner that Carbon and Oxygen are pretty reactive, but combined as Carbon Dioxide, they become unreactive and can be used to put out fire.


Question: If you can't sleep so you lay still for an extended period of time with your eyes closed, does that do anything to restore energy? Or does the fact you're still awake make it a useless gesture?

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 If you can't sleep so you lay still for an extended period of time with your eyes closed, does that do anything to restore energy? Or does the fact you're still awake make it a useless gesture?

When you are laying at night with your eyes closed and relaxed, but you feel awake, you may actually be in the first stage of sleep. People who go for sleep studies can report that they didn't sleep all night but when their brain wave activity is analyzed, they were going in and out of light sleep.


Question: Why exactly do we need verification that you're not a robot when accessing some sites?

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 Why exactly do we need verification that you're not a robot when accessing some sites?

Owners of many sites don't want people to be able to create large numbers of accounts (for example, to send out spam e-mails) or overload the server with requests that ultimately lead to it being unusable for the intended use (for example, you could write a bot that attempts to request a million Google searches per second - without countermeasures, this kind of attack can cause websites to go down temporarily when orchestrated from many different computers at once).


Question: why do old people talk so slow? Have we sped up our language pace over the years? Do their brains deteriorate with age making it harder to talk?

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 why do old people talk so slow? Have we sped up our language pace over the years? Do their brains deteriorate with age making it harder to talk?

There is some cognitive deterioration and delay as we age, which slows down the thought process and delays effective sentance stucturing without a bit more time to think about it. Also most older folks have hearing loss, and it's easier to make sure you're not tripping up on your own words if you talk slow and can hear yourself.


Question: Why do you need to tell the card terminal whether the card is debit or credit in the USA?

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 Why do you need to tell the card terminal whether the card is debit or credit in the USA?

Many cards can be processed either as debit or credit. While some cards issued by banks may only be used as debit, there are some banks that allow processing as a credit card even though they still function as debit cards on the bank side. Also retailers are charged different fees and have different liability structures for credit versus debit. Some places of business will add a surcharge for debit transactions so consumers who hold cards that can be processed either way may opt to use credit processing to avoid the surcharge.


Question: What's the best way to measure intelligence, and how do we compare it to genetics?

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 What's the best way to measure intelligence, and how do we compare it to genetics?

IQ is NOT a controversial subject in the scientific field. It is the most researched and best-understood part of our minds. Because it's a measure that can be reduced to a single number it is a very good subject of research. It involves a lot of very complicated statistics when creating the tests to make them measure the actual intelligence. It can be made culture-independent. The research is not controversial, only the results are. They show differences between ethnics, namely, Africans have much lower IQ than Europeans, who have lower IQ than south-easter Asians. Any and all research into the topic is considered racist by the PC crowd, to the point of ending careers. Identical twins raised together have almost identical IQ scores (the variability between them is same as the variability of a single person doing multiple tests). The correlations are smaller for less genetically related members of the family and even smaller if they are raised in different backgrounds. Upbringing has an influence on IQ but it seems that it is mostly negative (that is, bad childhood lowers IQ bad very good one does not raise it). IQ is also correlated to simple measurable biological traits like the weight of the brain. Imagine a very simple experiment: a button and a light, the subject presses the button as soon as they see the light turning on. The speed at which they react in this simple test (literally see light - press button) is correlated with their IQ. It cannot be argued that such a simple test is culturally biased. Creating a serious test is a rather complicated process. You start with lots and lots of questions and give them out to lots and lots of people. We are talking thousands here. Then statistically analyze the results and see which questions are linked together (that is, if the people who do well on question A do just as well on question B then those questions are linked). The broadest set of linked questions can be considered the G factor if intelligence.


Question: Where the US get the $2.2T for the CARES Act?

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 Where the US get the $2.2T for the CARES Act?

Great info here explaining that there's actually several places where the money is coming from (savings, portfolio shifts into U.S. Treasury debt, and central banks): URL_1 Also, here's an explanation about how Federal Reserve leveraging works to create more money as needed: > How the Fed’s Magic Money Machine Will Turn $454 Billion Into $4 Trillion URL_0


Question: If an astronaut was to open his suit in space and all the oxygen was sucked out where would it go? Would it somehow make it to Earth? If you were closer to another planet would it affect the outcome?

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 If an astronaut was to open his suit in space and all the oxygen was sucked out where would it go? Would it somehow make it to Earth? If you were closer to another planet would it affect the outcome?

Each molecule would move according to the velocity it gained while being expelled from the suit, determined by the pressure behind it and its initial speed. If there was a planet nearby, the planet's gravity would pull on it; whether it could pull it all the way in would depend on that initial velocity and the mass of the planet. If it had sufficient speed, it would go into an independent orbit around the sun, or even possibly escape the solar system entirely, becoming an indistinguishable part of the interstellar medium.