Question: I never understood what scientists meant when they said the universe came from nothing. I know they don’t literally mean “nothing” but can you you explain, in simple terms, how the universe came into being from this “nothing?” What does it mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I never understood what scientists meant when they said the universe came from nothing. I know they don’t literally mean “nothing” but can you you explain, in simple terms, how the universe came into being from this “nothing?” What does it mean?

Actually, they do literally mean 'nothing'. Prior to the big bang, the universe didn't exist - the universe was created during the big bang itself. The best we can figure today is that all of spacetime was condensed to a singular point of infinite smallness. Then, it expanded - creating all of the energy, matter, space and time of the universe itself. Before the Big Bang there was nothing in the truest sense of the word, and then there was everything. As to how or why, we have _no_ idea. We have a good sense of how things operated in the moments after the Big Bang occured, but as best we can figure the very concept of physics was created during the event, so we have no way to study what happens 'before'


Question: What does RAM do In a pc and how much is needed for high-end gaming?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does RAM do In a pc and how much is needed for high-end gaming?

Think of your hard drive as a series of bookshelves. You can't read a book on the shelf. Instead you take it to a reading table (RAM) and lay it open to read it. The more RAM you have the bigger the table and the more books you can have open at once. If the table fills up, you have to return a book to the bookshelf before you can get to another. Some games might need you to read 4 books at a time, others might need 8 to get the information fast enough.


Question: How and why is Calculus considered a fundamental subject in the field of Engineering?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How and why is Calculus considered a fundamental subject in the field of Engineering?

Much of what engineering has to deal with is how things react to change. Many things we can observe and are interested in measuring or controlling require an understanding of how measures change under different conditions and over time. All electronics is about changing/varying signals and conveying information through those changes. Calculus is the mathematics dealing with changes. Without it, very little modern engineering can take place. We'd be reduced to approximating everything with simple linearized and/or static behavior models or resorting to empirical tables or rules of thumb.


Question: How was the height of a hill or mountain measured before GPS?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How was the height of a hill or mountain measured before GPS?

For regular field use you would use a barometer. This measures the pressure in the air and the higher up you are the lower the pressure. This would have to be calibrated on a regular basis as it is also affected by weather patterns. & #x200B; However for accurate surveying you would use triangulation. By measuring the angles between known points and an unknown point you can get the distance to that point. And measuring the angle from the horizon (or a spirit level) to the point you can find the height when you have the distance.


Question: Is it easier to make a movie with a cgi "invisible" monster, or a visible practical effects monster?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it easier to make a movie with a cgi "invisible" monster, or a visible practical effects monster?

Low-budget CGI will likely result in a worse film than low-budget practical FX. Both can work, but practical FX can be bodged up more easily by a bunch of amateurs and (this is the clincher) if you can do stuff in-camera on-set the actors can see & react to it better (more believably). This is one of the main reasons big studios are going back to practical FX for a lot of things (source: a friend works in the industry). CGI is great and still used heavily for touching up, hiding wires and stuff, filling in backgrounds and all that it excels at, but if you want your actors to have a believable reaction to a monster you can't beat a real monster really coming at them on-set, even if it's a dude in a costume and you CGI in the glowing red eyes and paint out the zipper up the back later in a computer. There are decades of brilliant practical FX experience out there, much of it was done very cheaply (or would be very cheap nowadays with tech like 3D printing), you can find loads of documentaries & behind-the-scenes stuff on YouTube and blogs etc. - the guys from Mythbusters did a lot of effects work and you see them showing a lot of techniques in the programmes & their later work on Youtube. Also a lot can be achieved with creative shooting - some great movies you don't see nearly as much as you think you did: Jurassic park they used a lot of reaction shots and practical effects like the glass of water to make (by modern standards) pretty poor CGI seem more believable. Attack The Block is a favourite example - the monsters are pitch black which makes the effect very cheap as you just have to make a black blob with two glowing eyes rather than a full detailed believable monster. A lot of the old film techniques are very achievable with modern digital editing etc. for almost zero cost.


Question: How do railroads work? Are they just like freeways for trains? Could I buy a train and drive it anywhere I want?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do railroads work? Are they just like freeways for trains? Could I buy a train and drive it anywhere I want?

Nope. Either you own the tracks, or you negotiate the right to use it with the owner ("trackage rights.") Most railroads in the U.S. are privately owned by companies like Norfolk Southern or Union Pacific. Amtrak is a peculiar case: It's a for-profit corporation, but partially government funded. Outside of the Boston-Washington corridor, it mostly uses privately-owned tracks from other companies, meaning Amtrak trains often have to wait for more-profitable freight trains. In many countries, the rail network is fully government-owned, like the SNCF in France. I don't know the exact legal framework, but I'm confident they don't allow people to use them without asking.


Question: How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you calculate the digits of Pi beyond what’s physically measurable?

Pi is a mathematical constant defined in terms of abstract ideas like circles, so it can be derived through purely logical processes without relying on physical measurement at all. For example, with some calculus it's possible to prove that the series 1/1 - 1/3 + 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 - 1/11 + 1/13 - ... converges to pi/4, so you can just compute this series to whatever extent you like, multiply the result by 4, and get something close to pi. This series actually converges extremely slowly, though. Other series have been found that are more complicated but converge significantly more quickly.


Question: Why does baby food have issues with levels of toxins and dangerous metals but adult food does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does baby food have issues with levels of toxins and dangerous metals but adult food does not?

Babies are smaller. The same amount of a poison given to a baby and an adult may do nothing to the adult, but kill the baby. Similar aspect with metals. Giving babies fish will expose them to dangerous levels of mercury. An adult eating the same fish would not have this issue, because they are larger despite the amount of mercury being the same.


Question: Why so we need to know so much of pi? When NASA only uses up to the first 18 digits of pi, why would we possibly need billions of digits? What does that accomplish?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why so we need to know so much of pi? When NASA only uses up to the first 18 digits of pi, why would we possibly need billions of digits? What does that accomplish?

Calculating decimals of pi really is just something some hobbyists do. It's not really that interesting thing to do mathematically, but it's sort of cool so if you have say a new supercomputer and want to demonstrate its might, might as well try to calculate digits of pi with it. If you calculate more digits than others, you may get some free publicity from doing something no one has ever done before, which is kinda cool. However, understanding number pi better is actually interesting mathematically. It's sorta the most important constant in mathematical world(well, beside 0 and 1), and us not knowing something about pi could mean there is something big we're overlooking. After all, it's a number we've used for thousands of years, we should know pi by now. If we don't understand these properties as they appear on pi, how would we detect them when we venture further into mathematical land, full of much weirder things? However, I must admit that I only know one somewhat important open question about pi. That is, if pi is a normal number. I'm not sure if any of pi's properties are that relevant to any of the big open questions about mathematics, that's way above my level of understanding, but my pop-science based understanding of it is that solving properties of pi is not really that focal to any of those major, really big problems.


Question: What is the difference between regular light bulbs and growing lights for plants?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between regular light bulbs and growing lights for plants?

Growing lights are just designed in a way to deliver the maximum amount of light that specifically plants can use (they don’t use all light frequencies equally, e.g. they don’t use green light, they reflect it back, which is what makes them look green) with the minimum amount of electric power. Seeing that growing lights can be kept on for hours and days on end, they can rack up quite a bill.


Question: What tax “loophole” allows rich people to pay less in taxes than middle class people?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What tax “loophole” allows rich people to pay less in taxes than middle class people?

the big one is the capital gains tax vs paycheck income taxes. Rich people make a lot of money from the sale of stock, but that sale is taxed at a much lower rate than income taxes. Another is that they can afford accountants who can spend the time to look for deductions, write-offs and other ways to reduce their tax liability.


Question: How were companies (a few generations ago like in the 50’s and 60’s) able to hire people straight out of high school with no work experience or college degree?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How were companies (a few generations ago like in the 50’s and 60’s) able to hire people straight out of high school with no work experience or college degree?

There are a few things going on. First of all, those entry level jobs that 'require a degree' don't actually require a degree. It's just that you'll never be able to get the job competitively - as a resume plucked from a pile - without one. But if you know the manager? You can easily get the job. However, in the modern day you *don't* know the manager - and you're unlikely to know them. We've got smaller families, so you don't get the benefit of the connections your 4 older brothers, aunts/uncles, etc. built up. Even if you've got a large extended family, they're probably spread all over the country rather than being in a concentrated area. You probably don't know lots of people from church since you probably don't go to church. And so forth. The pattern of career development has also changed quite a bit. Staying with a single company is becoming rare. What's actually happening is that everyone is jumping ship for better opportunities so often that employers have responded by primarily hiring people with 5 - 20 years of experience - and passing on people outside that range. They don't want to pay to train employees who are just going to jump ship later. Likewise, they don't want to hire people on the downslope of their career when they could hire people in the prime of their career. This often makes it incredible difficult to break into a field and means that by the time your kids are old enough that your connections could help them, those connections are going away because no one hires old people. Technology has also done away with vast amounts of 'semi-skilled' labor. Consider draftsmen. Every architecture and engineering office used to have a small army of these guys rendering technical drawings. Because the work of the office passed through their hands, they could very easily learn the next level of work. In the modern day, those draftsmen have almost entirely been replaced by CAD. The same is true to a lesser extent with secretaries (primarily because most secretaries were women whose career wasn't going to advance anyway) - your secretary sees everything you do, so she can easily learn quite a bit about how to do your job.


Question: Why is declining birth rates a problem and more importantly what kind of changes would need to take place for a society to function with a decline before steadying out again at a lower rate? More than "ITS BAD HAVE BABIES" like the news always says.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is declining birth rates a problem and more importantly what kind of changes would need to take place for a society to function with a decline before steadying out again at a lower rate? More than "ITS BAD HAVE BABIES" like the news always says.

Declining birthrates in themselves are not a problem (in fact some environmentalists argue its a good thing). The problem is that - in your typical Western country - declining birthrates causes secondary economic issues. Broadly speaking, our economies are set up that the working population of younger healthier adults pays taxes to take care of the older retired, unhealthier adults. This works great in traditional scenarios, where the elderly die, and there is a constant stream of new workers to pay tax. The 'problem' is that these days there is better medicine and quality of life, so there are more retired elderly people living longer to support, and there are not enough babies being born to support them in future, assuming nothing changes. And it's easier to ask people to have more babies than to change how society's economics are structured.


Question: Why do gas prices change daily but other goods remain almost constant?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do gas prices change daily but other goods remain almost constant?

Because gas is sold at a much closer state to the raw material. That's rare, most consumer goods have enormous value added before they're retail goods. [Oil prices]( URL_1 ) and [wheat prices]( URL_0 ) have very similar volatility, but bread prices don't move nearly as much as gasoline prices. That's because wheat accounts for about $0.05 of a loaf of bread. So when wheat prices double, that's only a 2.5% move on a $2 loaf of bread. Gasoline is almost entirely oil prices (on average something like 70% of gasoline's value comes from the value of the input oil). The refiner, service station, and taxes split the rest. That means when oil prices jump, gas prices have to follow.


Question: What is Wikileaks? What is the current situation with them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Wikileaks? What is the current situation with them?

Wikileaks is a website that originated by civil libertarians who intended to promote transparency by publishing leaks of sensitive information about governments and large corporations, given to them in secret by whistleblowers. They rose to fame in 2010 with the publication of a huge number of military records and diplomatic cables, given to them illegally by the whistleblower, Chelsea Manning, who was a soldier and computer analyst in the US Army. Chelsea Manning was sentenced to 35 years (threatened with a death sentence for “aiding the enemy”) and released after 6 after receiving a commutation of her sentence by President Obama in the last months of his president. Chelsea Manning is a transgender woman and was subject to humiliating treatment and solitary confinement inside of the military prison where she served time. She attempted suicide at least one time that we know of. The US government also put out a warrant for the arrest of one of the founders of Wikileaks, Julian Assange, an Australian citizen. Julian is also wanted in Sweden on accusations of sexual assault, and the Swedish government has been attempting to extradite him for questioning regarding the allegations against him. To avoid these attempts at arrest and extradition, Assange applied for asylum in Ecuador and was granted it, and when blocked from boarding a plane in London, he took literal refuge inside the Ecuadorean embassy, where he has lived for the last 6 years. If he attempts to leave the building, British police intend to arrest him immediately, to extradite him to Sweden. He has said he would be willing to allow himself to be extradited to Sweden to face the sexual assault charges (which he denies) if given promises that he would not be extradited to the US. The Swedish government have said that they wouldn’t, and the British claim they would only extradite him to Sweden, not to America, but he claims to not trust their word on this. Further complicating matters, in recent years, Assange and Wikileaks are seen to be biased by many observers. They’ve been accused of softballing or ignoring leaks that are damaging to Russia, and focusing exclusively on leaks that are damaging to the US. They are also seen as having favored Trump in the 2016 US presidential election, and opposed Hillary. Some have gone as far as to say that Wikileaks is basically an arm of FSB, the Russian intelligence agency that is the equivalent of the CIA in America. And then to add to it, Assange seems to have overstayed his welcome in the Ecuadorean embassy, where, as I said, he has lived for 6 years straight now and not once left the building (London police are parked outside the building 24/7 waiting to arrest him should he ever leave). They’ve built him a small residence inside the embassy building, with a bed, bathroom, and small kitchen. And they claim he is obnoxious, doesn’t shower often, and intentionally inflames the situation diplomatically, causing trouble for the Ecuadorean government. They’ve reportedly cut off his access to the Internet so he’ll stop talking.


Question: How do headphones create a sense of something being behind/in front of you, when they only play sound to the left and right of your head?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do headphones create a sense of something being behind/in front of you, when they only play sound to the left and right of your head?

I want to elaborate on the other answers to explain how it actually works. Your ears aren't just two holes in your ear- they have flesh that is shaped differently in each direction. As sounds come to your ear through different directions, the shape of your outer ear alters the sound (making certain frequencies change in volume by the time they hit your inner ear). Your can (sort of) reproduce this in the studio by accentuating different frequencies and affects like reverb. But placing audio in front and behind is actually a lot harder to replicate than left and right. "Far vs near" and "left vs right" can be done easily - "forward vs backwards" and "up vs down" are a lot more ambiguous.


Question: Can empirical rule be applied to discreet variables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can empirical rule be applied to discreet variables?

The empirical rule applies only to normally distributed values. The normal distribution does imply a continuous distribution, however the common binomial distribution for discrete trials approaches a normal distribution for large enough sampling. For the probability of a single day having rain based on previous samplings on that day and location, I would imagine you would use the mean and standard deviation from those trials, but I'm not sure if it would be normally distributed.


Question: What causes people to get goosebumps, and is it possible for someone to not have them at all?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes people to get goosebumps, and is it possible for someone to not have them at all?

The pilomotor reflex is the base of hairs (or where hairs would be) trying to make the hair stand up. This can be to make the person appear bigger, capture air to keep warm or due to sexual arousal. Stress, fear or other strong emotions tend to trigger it (the reaction is tied to mental state and adrenaline), and some people have a more pronounced reaction than others.


Question: How do authorities discover the true cause of a fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do authorities discover the true cause of a fire?

Arson investigation is as much of as an art as it is a science. It is very rare for anything to be burned so completely there's no trace of anything left. You can follow burn patterns back to the source area. You can look at how deep things are burned to see how hot a fire got and that tells you what burned. You can chemically analyze things to check for traces of accelerants. Then it's experience. Fire started in the garage? Check to see if someone stored gasoline next to the hot water heater. Started in the bedroom? Check for overloaded outlets or someone falling asleep with a smoke. An abandoned warehouse with no power or utilities burned? Check for homeless stoves, meth labs, or even insurance scams.


Question: What does the term "baking" or "baked in" mean in video game design?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does the term "baking" or "baked in" mean in video game design?

When something is described as "baked in", that means it is fundamentally part of the game. When you bake a cake, you can't ever get the eggs back. So when a game mechanic, bug or something is described as "baked in", it means it isn't getting patched out or radically changed because that would mean making the game over or changing it completely.


Question: Do psychopaths know they are psychopaths?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Do psychopaths know they are psychopaths?

Yes and no. Insight (the degree to which you know what is wrong with you) into a mental illness is neither binary nor static (it's not one thing or the other, and it doesn't always stay the same over time). Certain disorders tend to be higher insight than others. OCD for instance is usually high insight. These are the people that have to flip the light switch 20 times before every meal or they feel like the food will poison their family. They know it's ridiculous but they have to do it anyway or their anxiety spikes horribly. Compare this to schizophrenia or bipolar which are typically low insight. To these people their actions seem to make perfect sense, and the world is just going crazy around them. People with schizophrenia might believe and even see shadow people following them everywhere, and to someone who is manic, the rest of the world seems painfully slow send obstructive. In this context, their actions of attempting to evade the shadow people or attempting to get shit done anyway make sense. That said, at the height of their illnesses, their insight can decrease, and increase again when they are feeling better. A person with OCD can become so anxious that all they can see is a loved one attempting to interrupt the ritual that will relieve their anxiety, instead of their partner that is just trying to get the kids ready for school on time. When someone with schizophrenia or bipolar looks back on their previous actions while lucid, they may understand that their actions don't make sense. In fact, the person with bipolar may be very upset with themselves for buying three cars. And like I said it's not a binary either; it doesn't necessarily fit neatly into one box or the other. The person with OCD might understand that flipping the light switch 20 times before every meal is ridiculous, but they might think washing their hands 20 times is normal and good, after all, it removes germs. The person with schizophrenia or bipolar might know that the shadow people aren't real, but still think real people are out to get them, or might think three cars was too many, but one was ok, even though they couldn't afford it. So back to the original question. First of all they don't call it psychopathy anymore. They call it a personality disorder, and it's usually one in cluster B, with the ones that are dramatic and erratic. Personality disorders are pervasive in people's lives, they've gone on a long time, they don't go away when life circumstances change, and they impair the person's ability to bond with other people in some way, and they generally don't respond to medication. Usually their empathy is altered in some way, and I do mean altered. Sometimes it is missing, but more often people just have difficulty separating their emotions and needs from others because someone important in their life growing up overrode their boundaries (things they want and need, physically and emotionally) a lot. They've usually learned bad ways to make things work, like instead of asking for things they want or need, their childhood has usually taught them that no one will care, and they must try to force other people to meet their needs and wants by making physical or emotional threats. These disorders are typically low insight. Usually this person thinks they are acting normally and everyone else is the problem. When they run into repeated problems at work or in their personal life they often blame it on other people being difficult or the rules being too strict. That said, a lot of the time they can also see that other people don't seem to have these issues. Other people seem to be able to make friends and keep jobs and win the respect of others. They may blame this on the other person, they may blame it on fate, but usually somewhere, deep down, even if only a little, they understand that it's something they're doing. Unfortunately, this usually doesn't encourage them to seek treatment, they usually just use their bad coping mechanisms harder. Narcissism is a great example of this where the person has terrible self esteem, so on some level they know there is something wrong with them, but they're always trying to prop up their self esteem with lies and shallow affection from others. Now me, I remember as far back as elementary school, everybody else could make friends and I couldn't. I've been working on it ever since and it's a little easier with therapy, but man. Even when you know you're fucking shit up, old habits die hard.


Question: When the air is humid and sticky, it feels heavy and makes you feel tired and sleepy. Why is this the case?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When the air is humid and sticky, it feels heavy and makes you feel tired and sleepy. Why is this the case?

When the air is warm and the humidity is high, your sweat will have a harder time evaporating. Evaporation is a cooling process (heat from your body is transferred to the water to make the phase change). With less evaporation, your body will feel warmer than usual. That's all I know for sure. As the other poster said, it is possible that being warm and sweaty affects people differently.


Question: If baking powder is just baking soda with cream of tartar, why do recipes not just call for extra soda and cream of tartar instead of baking powder?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If baking powder is just baking soda with cream of tartar, why do recipes not just call for extra soda and cream of tartar instead of baking powder?

Baking powder, these days, *isn't* just baking soda and cream of tartar. Now, you usually get double-acting powder, which has two pairs of chemicals that, when they get wet (or wet and hot, for one of the pairs), react and give off carbon dioxide. That way, even if your, say, pancake batter has been sitting in the fridge for an hour, it'll still puff when it cooks.


Question: Why do we occasionally get sudden, random and sharp pains without there being any visible external stimuli or pre-existing medical condition?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we occasionally get sudden, random and sharp pains without there being any visible external stimuli or pre-existing medical condition?

It could be several factors, most likely just nerve impulses getting jittered. Stress can cause it, when someone is under stress their body produces specific hormones that can make them sensitive to pain and muscle tension which could lead to intense, sharp pains. I've also heard that vitamin D or iron deficiencies can cause it too. I always thought of it like someone has a voodoo doll of me and is clearly fucking with me. I know it's not the case but it's fun to think about. Edit- For the people ~~whining~~ concerned about my choice of word, when I say "jittered" (an actual word) I mean when the pain receptors are activated and send the signal to the brain via nerve fibers, sometimes that signal gets fucked up. More times than not, that's the source of a sharp pain that doesn't last long, but it can also happen from stress/tension in the muscles or vitamin/mineral deficiencies.


Question: How does the moon produce waves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the moon produce waves?

I assume by waves you mean tidal waves, aka tides One of the universal forces in nature is the force of gravity. That is, objects with mass attract each other. This attraction is higher for objects with more mass, and lower for less. Simultaneous, this attraction is higher when the objects are closer to each other, but lower when they are far The moon has quite a lot of mass, not as much as earth, but the moon is the largest mass orbiting the earth. So the moon exerts a gravitational attraction, or pull, on the side of the earth facing the moon. This pull stretches the earth a bit, but the largest stretch we see is in fluids, so water in the oceans. This creates a tide facing the moon. But remember, the gravitational attraction is lower the farther you go. So the ocean/water on the far side of the earth, the side facing away from the moon, feels the least attraction from the moon towards the earth. So the stretch is highest near the moon, medium in the middle, and lowest on the other side of the earth, creating an oblong shape with two tides on the opposite sides of the earth (with the earth itself in the middle) There's also quite a bit more to it, but that'll require too much text, so I've linked a nice YouTube video explaining it here, URL_0


Question: How did Eratosthenes figure out Earth is round and calculated earth circumference 2000 years ago?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did Eratosthenes figure out Earth is round and calculated earth circumference 2000 years ago?

Grab a paper towel tube and hold it up to your eye like it's a spyglass and you're a pirate. Declare "yarrr!!" Now use your new cardboard spyglass to look close to a light, but not quite. The line from your eye to the light is blocked by the wall of the tube, so the light doesn't reach your eye. If you turn your head just a little bit then the tube aligns and you can see the light. Now you know that the tube is aligned between your eye and the light. Eratosthenes did much the same, but with wells. These wells are long tubes that were bored straight down, where "straight down" is a direction that changes as you move from place to place. Most of the time sunlight won't directly shine on the bottom of a well, since the sun isn't directly overhead. However, at 12:00 noon on certain days of the year the well and the sun align. Someone leaning over the edge of the well will see the shadow of their head against the water at the bottom of the well. On that same day at the same time someone some distance away could try the same thing, but they find that the sun isn't aligned. It's a little bit to the north or south, depending on whether the second location is north or south of the place where the aligned well is. (Aside: if the second location is East or West then that also messes things up, but we'll assume here that either the second location was due north or due south or that the second observer makes their observation at their own local noon). At that location the observer can erect a tall, vertical pole of known height and look where the shadow of the top of that pole lands. Based on the length of the shadow and the length of the pole they know the angle of the sun. The final piece of the puzzle is the distance between the two locations. This allows the observer to set up a ratio: "If I walk XXX miles (or stadia, as the case may be) then the sun changes angle by YYY degrees. Therefore, to make the sun change in angle by a full 360 degrees I'd have to walk < circumference of Earth > miles."


Question: Why WOULD birds fly all the way from South America to the Galapagos? What purpose could it serve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why WOULD birds fly all the way from South America to the Galapagos? What purpose could it serve?

Because being the first species to a new ecosystem is incredibly beneficial. No competition for food, mates, territory, resources, etc. There are also no natural predators evolved specifically for hunting the species that enters the new ecosystem, so any existing predators may not be properly equipped with mechanisms they need to hunt the new species. And lastly, it was a chance event. We can’t really know why they went, we just know that they did and that, because they were so isolated, we learned a lot about evolution and natural selection specifically.


Question: How can humans sense each other without ever seeing or hearing them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can humans sense each other without ever seeing or hearing them?

There's more than just seeing and hearing. There's smell and touch. When someone comes near you they disturb the air around you. That's where smell and touch comes into play. You can feel the air disturbance and smell the slight difference in the air as they approach. It's all very subconscious and instinctual.


Question: why do satelites need to perform correction burns in order to stay in orbit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do satelites need to perform correction burns in order to stay in orbit?

There are many things that can mess with a satellite's orbit. The most important is the atmosphere. Yes, the atmosphere still exists in space. There isn't a magic line where the atmosphere ends, it just gradually becomes less and less dense. So, the closer a satellite is to earth the more the atmosphere will drag its orbit down. Solar winds (particles ejected from the sun) can also cause drag on the satellite. Another factor is gravity of all the other bodies in the solar system, especially the sun, Jupiter and the moon. These other objects will tug on the satellite and screw with its orbit. Yet another is the fact that earth isn't a perfect sphere and it is not uniform in its makeup. So there are regions with higher gravity and lower gravity which will push and pull on the satellite's orbit.


Question: What is the purpose of a dual ethernet port on a motherboard? Why get one?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the purpose of a dual ethernet port on a motherboard? Why get one?

Most of these answers have some truth to it but also some misconceptions. Most people have no use for it. Yes, you could have your internet connection running off one, and use the other for local network communication/local gameplay and the like, but in almost no cases will the bottleneck be the limitations of the network adapter, and you can just as easily accomplish local network communication through a switch or the existing ports on your router, without a specialized motherboard and additional configuration on the computer. I mean sure, something like a NAS (Network Attached Storage) server may get more benefit from two ethernet ports instead of one but very few home users are going to need that, and those that do are much better served by using more purpose-built hardware for such demanding applications. Where could it be useful? Special use cases such as if you're using a computer to build a router or other special purpose machine like a server that could benefit from one network adapter on a public-facing network (internet) and one on a private-facing network. Or if you're running a virtual machine off of that computer and you want the VM using one ethernet port.


Question: Why do heat waves make what you’re seeing bend? Like the space above a fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do heat waves make what you’re seeing bend? Like the space above a fire?

Basically, in the case of both fires and hot ground, hot air rises and interacts with cooler air in little pockets. That means you have lots of tiny pockets of hot air rising around pockets of cooler air with different densities. When light is travelling theough a substance and encounters something with a different density, it often gets bent ( think water, glass, etc). The shimmery, wavy look of the air is basically the result of light being bent as it travels through these pockets of warmer and cooler air of different densities.


Question: Why is it that acute pain lasts so shortly even though you still have damage on your body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that acute pain lasts so shortly even though you still have damage on your body?

We get pain when a nerve gets stimulated to send a pain signal. If your body is damaged in a way that isn't stimulating nerve then no pain. You have three basic types of pain receptors. Mechanical (pressure), heat, and chemical (chemicals released by damaged cells trigger this one). If you have a clean cut and your body doesn't inflame the area then there won't be much damaged cell material floating around to trigger your chemical receptors and without inflammation you won't trigger the pressure receptors. So there is little to nothing there for your nerves to detect as painful. Helping this is probably it's location. Your back has fewer nerves than something more sensorially complex like your fingertips or your eye. A pea sized chunk of flesh cut off of your back won't compare to an infected hangnail because there will be a tremendous difference in the number of nerves able to send out signals. Long term pain such as arthritis, never stops causing more damage and triggering those nerves. The swollen joints constantly pressure the mechanical nerves and that same pressure continuously damages cells and triggers the chemical nerves. Pain originating from the nerves is worse yet. Nerves start reporting pain with no or insufficient stimuli, and since most of our pain reducing medicines treat symptoms or block pain receptors from noticing stimuli, we have drastically fewer tools to combat a nerve that doesn't care about stimuli and is going to report shit tons of pain regardless. TL:DR Pain is not measured in missing chunks of meat is is measured by pressure, heat, and dead cell goop. A clean and uninfected incision or a recovering bone fracture once the swelling has gone down are not experiencing any pressure or heat and the dead cell goop has been cleared away already. Thus no pain.


Question: How does blood get into bones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does blood get into bones?

Under a microscope, your bone is a hollow lattice like structure. There are all sorts of spaces between the tiny archways of calcium for cells and small vessels to be. The guy who designed the Eiffel Tower actually drew inspiration from a human femur bone under magnification. So yes there are blood vessels that run into and out of your bones. They aren't nearly as big as the ones that run to your muscles however.


Question: How can traders trade commodities that they don't actually physically own?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can traders trade commodities that they don't actually physically own?

You don't actually trade wheat. You trade the right to buy wheat. Basically there is a contract that says "I will sell 2,000lb of wheat to the owner of this contract on Feb 7 2021" You buy this contract today for 500$ hoping that on Feb 1 2,000lb of wheat will be worth 600$ you then sell the contract to some one who actually wants 2,000lb of wheat on Feb 1 and pocket the 100$. The person who buys the contract from you for 600$ is paying for the last minute buy. They may not know how much wheat they will need until Feb 1, Or they were betting that wheat would only be 400$ in Feb and they were wrong.


Question: Why do mountains appear blue from a distance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mountains appear blue from a distance?

Posting as a top level comment. Air scatters blue light better. This is what gives the sky it's blue color. Light hits the atmosphere, and the the red light is more bent, and the blue light is scattered. The bent red light is what gives a blood moon it's color. And the blue scattered light then travels in random directions, but there is so much light coming from the sun, that there is more than enough to give the sky it's blue color. There is a lot of air between you and the mountains. And the air is always scattering blue light at random. Some photons (light particles) scatter, see don't. But with more air between you and what your looking at, there is more light that can be scattered. This means everything has a bit of blue tint to it, but, it's only noticable over large distances. The sky has a huge 'distance', so, it has a strong blue tinting to it.


Question: Why does water turn white when going over a waterfall? My 8 year old asked me and I was at a loss to explain.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does water turn white when going over a waterfall? My 8 year old asked me and I was at a loss to explain.

I don't think anyone has given a proper answer here, so I'll see if I can make a very clear answer. Take a look at this photo of chipped glass pieces: [Photo]( URL_1 ) Notice how the glass has bright reflections in it on the edges. Yet if it were not ground up you'd just see the green color you see in some other parts of the photo. This is the effect of scintillation or light bouncing around inside an object, and the effect of being redirected and focused or spread out. This is exactly why a diamond is shiny where as a sheet of glass is clear. The exact same process is happing with the water. It's like taking a big sheet of clear material and turning it into many very very small sparking gemstones. The gemstones will appear far brighter, because they reflect light most of the time, while the sheet appears clear most of the time. Flat planes like lakes only shine in at one angle which is why you get a blinding reflection of the setting sun off the water but *not* off the waterfall. That's where the extra brightness is coming from. The thing that turns a dark surface of water into bright waterfall is millions of tiny air pockets being trapped in the water. These then act like the above mentioned gemstones and sparkle inside the water itself, making it lighter. So the millions of tiny diamonds in water make it white. That's how I usually teach this to kids. Hopefully that helped. Edit: Here's a nice example of a macro photo of water foam, you can see the reflection of the window on the bubbles giving them brightness, but the window is not reflected on the undistubed water. [Photo]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do sentences that end with quotes have the period within the quote and not outside?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do sentences that end with quotes have the period within the quote and not outside?

It's a throwback to the way text used to be typeset with little pieces. The period and commas inside the quote add extra strength to the tiny shim. It's a little weird, because so many more sentences end without the quotes, but I suspect those are bigger pieces with space after to separate sentences and clauses or lists. This was adopted in writing so that it didn't seem weird when reading other forms, and has stuck through with digital typesetting and messages. Curiously, question marks and exclamations occur within the quotes only if they're part of the quote. This allows the reader to associate the emphasis or question correctly.


Question: - how do credit cards work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - how do credit cards work?

Basically, paying for stuff with a credit card is like buying with someone else's money, You get 2 options, 1.Pay it all back from your money within a month (ish), then everything is good again 2. Don't pay it all back within a month, then the credit card charges you until you do pay it all back (called interest) APR (annual percentage rate) is how much extra (interest) you pay your credit card company, but per year. (has to be shown like this due to regulations) Eg APR of 20% Spend £100 on stuff, don't pay it back for a year, you pay £100 + 20% = £120. For a month this would be more like 1.53% (I did some maths). So spend £100 on stuff, don't pay it back for a month, you pay it back £100+1.53% = £101.53 Balance transfers fee is when you haven't paid off your credit card and transfer it to another, basically owing someone else instead. Pointless unless there's some fancy special offer (alot of these around in the UK atm) but an easy way to get into crippling debt. Disclaimer - the "Month" actually tends to be 30-60 days varying on a couple of specific dates but didn't want to go into that. TLDR-buy stuff with someone else's money, pay it back quick or pay them money on top.


Question: Why can't you give blood for a week after a dentist appointment ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't you give blood for a week after a dentist appointment ?

From what I can tell, this is a Canadian thing - in the US there is no such restriction. Here is the reasoning I was able to dig up: _The reason for this policy is that having dental work can result in “nicks” in the gums. Micro-organisms from the mouth can enter the bloodstream through these nicks, creating a risk of bacteria in the bloodstream._ _If these bacteria were collected through a donation, they could grow significantly during the storage of blood components, and therefore be potentially transferred in very large amounts to the recipient. This could result in a very severe transfusion reaction._


Question: Why were older game discs able to be put into the system and instantly played, when now you have to download the entire game first?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why were older game discs able to be put into the system and instantly played, when now you have to download the entire game first?

Because the older games had the entire game stored on the disc, and now there is only a part of it on the disc and the rest has to be downloaded. It allows them to make games bigger, more complex AI, better graphics, and the backbone of the games more complex than a single disc could hold, but also allows for updates to bugs in the code.


Question: Leveraged Buyouts, siphoning off debts, and who is holding the bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Leveraged Buyouts, siphoning off debts, and who is holding the bag?

The basic answer is, when a private equity firm does a leveraged buy-out, often the company being bought out is the collateral for the loan. So the bank is taking the risk that the equity firm rebuild the company successfully, or at least that the bank may become the first creditor and recover enough to cover the loan. Because TRS is a corporation, it's a separate legal entity, the owners of the company, be it a private equity firm, or share holders aren't legally responsible for the debts. If for example coca cola went bankrupt, the bank can't come and repossess your home just because you were a share holder.


Question: How do the antiplagiarism mechanisms work in uni?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do the antiplagiarism mechanisms work in uni?

My honest answer is don't plagiarize... I know that's not what you wanted, but copying work in university will potentially get you kicked out, and with that on your record it will be harder to find another university that will accept you. As for exact mechanisms, in my experience it is going to be at the discretion of the instructor to look up any questionable information you have used by putting it through a number of different sites that will automatically flag anything that is too close to someone else's published online/print work. Code is different from what I've seen. Most of the time you can find solutions to assignments on Chegg and instructors know that so they check to see how close your code matches that solution. But if you only include code that you were actually taught how to use in class, and turn what you didn't learn into something similar that you did learn to create the same functionality you should be fine.


Question: Why a mother's allergies or autoimmune diseases antibodies don't get transmitted through colostrum to its newborn, but the rest of the antibodies do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why a mother's allergies or autoimmune diseases antibodies don't get transmitted through colostrum to its newborn, but the rest of the antibodies do?

Not all antibodies are the same. Colostrum is mostly IgG, IgA, and IgM. Allergies are usually IgE mediated. IgE generally causes a very strong response, and is used in fighting parasites in a normal animal. Generally IgE is located in tissues and is very reactive (skin and lungs especially), and is very low in the blood. Colostrum gets antibodies (and other stuff) from the blood, so since there isn’t much to begin with it doesn’t get into colostrum in meaningful amounts. Autoimmune diseases aren’t always due to autoantibodies, but those can be transmitted. I can’t find much evidence that it causes disease, but it could. However, colostral antibodies don’t last forever. Generally they get cleared after awhile and the individual’s own immune system takes over.