Question: What exactly is shame? How do one experience it?

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 What exactly is shame? How do one experience it?

Kursgesagt on youtube did an excellent video on Loneliness that explained. Shame is an evolutionary driver of social behaviour, and being social means humans are more likely to survive as we used to watch out for predators and help feed one another. Doing something that doesn't match with what society might expect, that we know is wrong, makes us feel shame, which we find uncomfortable, so we don't do it again and we don't end up being removed from our peers.


Question: How did scientists measure the age of the universe if spacetime is relative?

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 How did scientists measure the age of the universe if spacetime is relative?

Measuring the age of the universe doesn't really involve relativity because we're not comparing reference frames from different observers. If have 2 observers in 2 different reference frames, they might not agree on the age of the universe, but that's not really useful information for us. The main way we've measured the age of the universe is by measuring it's rate of expansion and working backwards. The further away an object is, the faster it's accelerating away from us. From this, we were able to make a model of the universe's expansion, and work backwards to when it was first expanding.


Question: Why do certain calculators add - presumably wrong - decimal places to the end of the result of a Subtraction?

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 Why do certain calculators add - presumably wrong - decimal places to the end of the result of a Subtraction?

This generally has to do with how computers represent non-integers (i.e., reals). While in mathematics 1/2 = 0.5000... with infinite precision, computer memory (which is how values are ultimately stored/represented in the computer) is finite. Correspondingly, the principal representation of reals in computers is using the common representational scheme of "floating-point numbers," most notably the de facto standard IEEE 754. A consequence of this representation is the "errors"/artifacts you have observed in the indicated calculations, with seemingly arbitrary values in the last decimal place (a consequence of the limited-memory representation of the resulting computation).


Question: How did they figure out Mount Everest was the tallest mountain on the planet?

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 How did they figure out Mount Everest was the tallest mountain on the planet?

In 1852, an Indian mathematician used some trigonometry to calculate its rough height, which was later confirmed by some Brits (Great Trigonometric Survey) who were surveying all of the highest mountains that had been reported at the time. It wasn't until 1955 that more accurate surveys were done using thedolites, and it wasn't until 1975 that the Chinese confirmed the newer surveying report. In 2005, some American guy anchored a GPS unit to the highest bedrock, which gives pretty accurate information regarding the measurements and shift due to plate tectonics.


Question: If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?

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 If I'm holding a stick that is light years long but has weight of just a gram. If I move my hand slighty, would the end of the stick also move at the same time?

No. Your hand imparts a pressure on the end of the stick and it must propagate to the end of the stick through the material of the stick. This pressure wave moves at a characteristic speed depending on the material, also called the "speed of sound" within that material. It will be well below light speed in all cases.


Question: How do scientists determine historical CO2 levels?

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 How do scientists determine historical CO2 levels?

They go to the arctic or antarctic. The ice there formed slowly over the last few thousand years, and it trapped air bubbles in layers. They can measure the CO2 in those little air bubbles. They can verify the process with past measurements over the past hundred years or so, and they can look at tree rings over the last few hundred years.


Question: What determines the range of Bluetooth devices?

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 What determines the range of Bluetooth devices?

The power available to each of the devices to send the signal is the principal factor. Both linked devices need to communicate in two directions, so one high powered and one low powered device are limited to the range of the least powerful. Interference from other signals in the same frequency is also a factor.


Question: why do soaps foam more on the second/subsequent applications? For example, when people "lather, rinse, repeat"?

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 why do soaps foam more on the second/subsequent applications? For example, when people "lather, rinse, repeat"?

Foam formation is inversely proportional to the amount of oil or grease on the cleaning surface. During the first application you have oil or grit in your hair that is washed off because of the soap. On the next application, since there is nothing to hinder foam formation you get a lot more of it


Question: what is the connection between inflation and interest rates?

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 what is the connection between inflation and interest rates?

Low interest rates make it cheaper to borrow, therefore increasing spending and demand. As demand goes up, so do prices, what we call inflation. In order to slow inflation, demand needs to be reduced. By increasing interest rates, it becomes more expensive to borrow, and therefore more expensive to buy things. Since, with higher rates, more of your income is going to debt service, as well as making larger purchases more expensive, demand goes down. This allows for price appreciation to slow, or sometimes even reverse.


Question: Why do muscles knot and tense up if you don’t stretch?

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 Why do muscles knot and tense up if you don’t stretch?

Not an expert but what I was told is that muscles are fibres and they are recruited when exercising to flex. If you dont stretch some fibres never activate and so you have uneven flexing. Stretching tells the body you need all hands on deck and so you dont have some lazy fibres nit getting the memo


Question: Why is fruit/vegetables so cheap despite the time and resources needed to produce them?

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 Why is fruit/vegetables so cheap despite the time and resources needed to produce them?

If you want to grow 1 carrot, you'll need a lot of preparation, time, and equipment compared to the output. If you want to grow 100.000 carrots, the amount of equipment, preparation and time doesn't increase by the same amount. If you want to grow 1 million carrots, you'll be churning out carrots at a rate that pushes price down. ETA Thank you kindly for the awards


Question: how do television shows make money? Aside from commercials is it based on how many people view the program and how does that translate to dollars?

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 how do television shows make money? Aside from commercials is it based on how many people view the program and how does that translate to dollars?

The number of people who watch the show determines how much the network can charge for ad slots. More viewers = more advertisers want their commercials to run during that show = network charges more. Similarly, actors/writers/directors can negotiate more lucrative contracts for themselves on established hits than they can for speculative projects.


Question: How do radio staions find out ratings?

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 How do radio staions find out ratings?

It used to be a journal that you filled out saying what station you listened to and at what times. Now they have a pager like device that you carry with you, and that will pick up the secondary signals the radio stations send out. This lets them know exactly what station you are listening to, at what times, and for how long.


Question: How does telephones actually work? How can someone in other part of the world hear my voice or sounds through the telephone with almost no delay?

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 How does telephones actually work? How can someone in other part of the world hear my voice or sounds through the telephone with almost no delay?

Old school telephones are little more than a couple of microphones and a couple of speakers connected by wire. The mouth piece of each telephone is a microphone. The microphone converts sound into an electrical signal, which can travel very quickly along wires. That signal gets fed into a speaker in the ear piece of the other telephone. The speaker converts the electrical signal back into sound, and the person on the other end hears the whatever was said into the other telephone. You know those old school switch boards? The ones where operators seem to be randomly plugging cables into a bunch of holes? They're literally plugging in the microphone/speaker pair of one phone into the corresponding microphone/speaker pair of another phone so two people can talk.


Question: You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

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 You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

Your socks on your feet are the same temperature as your feet. Whether you're just wearing socks or you've got shoes on. When you take your socks off they cool down quickly and the moisture from your sweat will cool too. Your feet and the sweat on your feet stay the same temperature roughly, so they are warmer than your recently removed socks. When you want to put the old socks back on again you can feel the temperature difference, and the wet and dry spots on your socks will also feel different. That feels gross. Your socks were already dirty and wet, but you can just tell the difference because of the temperature changing.


Question: What happens if you're caught with fake bills?

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 What happens if you're caught with fake bills?

I am in loss prevention. Or was. Currently out. Anyway.. The bank calls the store and says 'You had a $100 counterfeit bill on whatever date, and we have confiscated it." Then usually the store calls me, and I go watch all of the cash transactions and try and find who did it. 100% of the time its a dude, late 20s to mid 30s, ball cap, sunglasses. No way to know who he is, and we never see him again.


Question: Why does the US hoard gold (ie Fort Knox) if our money isn't based on the gold standard?

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 Why does the US hoard gold (ie Fort Knox) if our money isn't based on the gold standard?

The world has decided that gold has value, and is a good way to transfer value in bulk. The largest denomination of bank note in the U.S. is $100, so bank notes are a terrible means of exchange in the million/billion dollar range. And other financial instruments (bearer bonds, stocks, etc) are only as good as the institution backing them. And sometimes "money", meaning value, needs to pass between people not interested in each other's currency. Like if the U.S. and North Korea were to suddenly decide to do a deal, we wouldn't want to work in N.K. Won, and they wouldn't want to work in U.S. Dollars, as each are effectively useless in the other country's internal dealings. So the gold itself, by weight, is it's own specific currency equivalent. You and I can make a deal for $1million US Dollars worth of gold as of the gold price on a certain day and time. Or we can agree to a specific weight of gold. And really, currency is itself a commodity. The economic disaster of 2008 wasn't really about housing. The banks stopped lending money because they were afraid of (various reasons, this whole digression removed for brevity). So with insufficient actual or semantic U.S. Dollars in circulation there literally wasn't enough cash to go around. So I could owe you money, and you could owe Tim money, and Tim could owe me money; but with no actual cash none of us could pay our bills. If there's only two bucks in play, then I pay you two dollars, you pay Tim two dollars, Tim pays me two dollars, and we have to go round-and-round with that two dollars a thousand times to pay the $2k. And since we aren't just in the same room, the money has to go through banks and it could take _years_ for us to each get the $2k we are owed by just passing that $2 around. So governments _**don't want**_ to ship their currency into foreign lands because that can strangle the domestic cash supply. In short (I know, too late) every government wants to have a lot of other government's currency on hand, but they desperately do not want to ship their own currency overseas. The more of your currency I have, the greater my influence over your economy. So various goods are better for trade. And gold is a durable good (it won't rot in the sun like food) non-consumable (we use a little gold in manufacturing, but not enough to really matter) that is outstanding for transferring value between very large entities _without_ the payer having to expose their delicate underbelly of cash to the economic predators. EDIT: P.S. The above is also part of the reason that the Gold and Silver standards (and indeed any commodity-backed currency) are such a bad idea. If you promise to freely exchange your currency for the commodity then people will hoard your currency because it's lighter and more convenient that hoarding the actual Gold or whatever. And so, again, your economy can be strangled by a lack of actual dollars to pass around.


Question: How are nutritional values in food measured and calculated?

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 How are nutritional values in food measured and calculated?

Scientist use [Calorimetry]( URL_1 ) to assess the caloric value of foods. They do this by burning the food in a calorimeter, basically a test chamber very sensitive to heat, and then measure the heat given off by that food. We know that a calorie is the energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1C. (The kcal, or kilocalorie is the unit used for nutrition and is the same energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of water by 1C). So we can convert that heat energy into units of calories and get a nutritional value for that food. Proteins, carbohydrates, and other values are assessed by laboratory methods that normally involve breaking down the food to its basic compounds and measuring their values analytically. Protein, for example, is usually determined by the [Kjeldahl Method]( URL_0 ), which involves digesting the food in acid, reacting it in stages, and then measuring nitrogen content to extrapolate for protein content.


Question: Is consumption actually the "engine" of economic growth?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is consumption actually the "engine" of economic growth?

It depends on your viewpoint. In general all of them drive the economy. If you cut one of them out completely the system stops working. (Like, you can invest as much as you like, if people don't buy things companies won't sell things) What the "engine" is depends on your definition of the engine.


Question: Why is the UK going through a period of austerity with a debt to GDP ratio of 89% while the United States is consistently spending more with a debt to GDP ratio of over 100%?

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 Why is the UK going through a period of austerity with a debt to GDP ratio of 89% while the United States is consistently spending more with a debt to GDP ratio of over 100%?

Because austerity is a political choice, not some universal force of nature that you just have to "go through". If you want to strengthen your economy you basically have two choices: 1. you can create incentives for people and businesses to spend more money, through tax credits, subsidies or just more generous welfare benefits, give raises to people working in the public sector, and so on. All of this costs money, but it also ensures that the recipients have more money to spend, so they will hopefully boost the economy enough to make it work out in the end. But in the short term, it requires you to spend more money, possibly increasing your debt or growing your deficit. 2. or you can trim the sails and try to save money. Cut down on welfare benefits, keep wages in the public sector low, try to avoid *spending* money. You spend less, but you also give people and businesses less to spend. Spending less is obviously good if you want to fix your deficit, but it also comes full circle: when you spend less, the rest of the economy has less money to spend as well, and so there is less economic activity overall, and ultimately, less is being paid back as taxes. What politicians go for is largely an ideological choice. In the UK, the conservative government *wants* austerity to be the correct solution. They believe that austerity and cost-saving measures are the best way to "fix" the country's economy. It is also the approach chosen by the EU, and championed by Angela Merkel in particular, to the extent that many of the EU's financial rules effectively mandate some degree of austerity, forbidding countries from exceeding certain levels of debt, or from allowing their annual deficit to grow past a certain amount. And over the last years, the US has leaned more towards the first option, being more willing to spend money to boost the economy.


Question: Why, when peel hard boiled eggs, do some give up a layer of white but others allow a 'clean' shell-only peel?

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 Why, when peel hard boiled eggs, do some give up a layer of white but others allow a 'clean' shell-only peel?

There are a lot of reasons why some eggs are easier to peel than others. Older eggs will be easier to peel than new eggs. Eggs that are slowly brought up to temperature will be harder to peel than eggs that were added to already boiling water. It all comes down to the membrane inside the shell. If it sticks to the egg white then the shell will be hard to peel. But, if it stays separate from the egg white then you'll get an easy peel.


Question: What is the difference between luminescence and fluorescence?

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 What is the difference between luminescence and fluorescence?

Luminescence is the emission of light but that does not also emit heat. This is in contrast to incandescence, which is the emission of light as a result of heat. For example the chemicals in a glow stick are luminescent but a bonfire or an old-fashioned light bulb is incandescent. Fluorescence is the emission of light as a result of the absorption of light, where the emitted waves are usually of a lower wavelength than the absorbed waves. We normally think of fluorescence when the object in question absorbs invisible ultraviolet light but emits visible light, such as a white cotton shirt under a blacklight.


Question: What is the difference between (executive) producers, directors and studios?

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 What is the difference between (executive) producers, directors and studios?

In general... a movie studio is a large company that makes movies. They put money into making a movie and get the profit. They may collaborate with other studios, and would share the profits, depending on which studio put in more money. & #x200B; For major movies, the executive producer is generally an employee of the studio who is responsible for the logistics of making the movie. They pick the writer, director, and other major roles, manage the budget, and handle issues like "Where are we filming?" Other producers are generally people who have invested money into the production of the film, and may or may not have responsibilities to handle some aspect of the backstage logistics. A producer could just have written a check, or they may be doing things like figuring out who will be catering the set, or where to get new camera equipment from. The director of the movie handles the artistic choices. They decide how the film should look, from how the actors move and perform in a scene, to how the film is paced and filmed. They may delegate a lot of those choices to other people, but will have the final say in regards to the creative element of the film. The director is the artist, hired by the executive producer, to make the movie happen artistically.


Question: Why are the movement of people in spacemovies so slow, if there is no resistance? (Example: When they climb up stairs)

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 Why are the movement of people in spacemovies so slow, if there is no resistance? (Example: When they climb up stairs)

Have you ever been working in a tight space, with a low ceiling, crouched down, and then, without thinking, you stood up and banged your head? If you're not careful, that happens *every time* in space. Imagine pushing off from one end of a tube with about the same amount of force as, on earth, you'd use to get up on your tip-toes. When you reached the other end, your impact would be like walking, normal-speed, into a door. It hurts and you can break things. People in space move their bodies and their equipment slowly on purpose, because otherwise they'd go crashing into the walls and end up covered in bruises. (Besides, they don't have far to go. Space is unfathomably huge, but the space station is tiny.)


Question: How does electricity "know" the path of least resistance?

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 How does electricity "know" the path of least resistance?

Think about water. Water does that too. If you pour water down a path it will flow until it hits an obstruction. It will then try to flow around the obstruction and the first path that allows it to do that will get most of the water going down it. Electricity is the same. It doesn't know what is the easiest path, it just tries all paths and the path that offers the least resistence will get most of the current.


Question: Due to the recent drama of hurricane Harvey I thought this, what happens if you’re under house arrest during this hurricane? Do they let you evacuate or do you have to stay at home?

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 Due to the recent drama of hurricane Harvey I thought this, what happens if you’re under house arrest during this hurricane? Do they let you evacuate or do you have to stay at home?

That is pretty much why they give people human probation officers instead of just letting the tracking bracelet automate it. If there is some out of the ordinary situation like your house burning down or something they don't make you stay in the burning house, you leave then talk to your officer then they don't count it. In theory a jerk officer could try to push it as a violation to leave during a flood, but if there was a declared emergency it's pretty obvious that you'd win any court case on if it was valid.


Question: I recently learned about Graham's Number, which completely blew my mind. Then I looked up some other large numbers, and came across TREE(3). After reading some stuff about it, I still have no clue as to what it is. Can anyone explain this concept with general language terms?

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 I recently learned about Graham's Number, which completely blew my mind. Then I looked up some other large numbers, and came across TREE(3). After reading some stuff about it, I still have no clue as to what it is. Can anyone explain this concept with general language terms?

So a tree is a graph without loops. Lines connecting points, also called nodes, so that you can't get from one node to another without using the same route. We start by choosing number of colors. Say two. We then build a sequence of trees so that each tree has colored nodes, or points, using one of the two colors available. So blue dot connected to red dot would be a tree with two nodes. We have requirements for this sequence tho. We cannot have more than one node for the first tree, two nodes for the second, three for third, etc. We can however have less. So red node as first tree is valid, and blue node as second tree is valid. But red dot connected to blue dot, connected to another blue dot, connected to another blue dot, is not valid for third one, because it has 4 nodes. Second requirement is that we can't have an earlier tree be contained in a later tree. So red node as first tree, and two red nodes as second tree is not cool. It's not allowed. That later part is a bit more tricky since this "contained" is a bit specific idea that's hard to explain here, but for ELI5 you're not far off if you just settle with the intuition you have about the word "contained". TREE(n) refers to the longest sequence of trees you can build using these rules. TREE(1) allows just one color, so first tree is just a node in that color. Second tree would have to contain that, so 1 is the maximum length, and TREE(1) = 1 TREE(2) allows two colors. Start with red node as first tree. Second tree can be two blue nodes connected. Third tree can be one blue node(notice how we allow earlier tree to contain later tree, but not the other way around). That's three, and we can't build any longer a sequence. So TREE(2) = 3 TREE(3) uses three colors, and we have proven that there is only finitely many trees you can put into a sequence with these rules. However, we have no upper bound on how long this sequence can be. We know it's massively larger than Graham's number, but we know no number that for sure is larger than TREE(3).


Question: How do obvious scams like "you won a free trip to the Bahamas" make money. With as cliché they are, who would actually fall for it?

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 How do obvious scams like "you won a free trip to the Bahamas" make money. With as cliché they are, who would actually fall for it?

It only takes one person to fall for it for them to make something out of. The majority of people know to avoid them, but some people don't. It is like any kind of con in the real world. Some people will fall for it. So somewhere out there, someone will and so the scammers make their money.


Question: why do the numbers on digital clocks "jiggle" if I look at them while chewing or walking, and it doesnt happen when looking at text on a screen like a computer or phone?

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 why do the numbers on digital clocks "jiggle" if I look at them while chewing or walking, and it doesnt happen when looking at text on a screen like a computer or phone?

That happens due to multiplexing. Each digit has 7 or 8 segments, so a clock display would be made up of 28-32 individual LEDs. A controller chip with 32 individual outputs would be fairly expensive, so in order to control the display using a less complex, cheaper controller, they use a technique called multiplexing. Picture it like this: First the controller chip activates the first digit and illuminates the segments that need to be illuminated, then it turns off the first segment and moves on to the next digit and does the same. It cycles through the digits very rapidly, so to a human eye it appears that they're all lit at the same time due to the persistence of vision effect. In reality only a is on at any given point. If you move your eyes or you move your fingers in front of the display, the persistence of vision effect breaks down and you can tell that the display is actually flickering very rapidly. [This]( URL_0 ) is how your clock display would look in super slow motion. Note that in this example you only need 11 outputs (7 to address the segments + 4 to address the digits) to control a total of 28 LEDs. Without the use of multiplexing this would require a controller chip with 28 outputs.


Question: Why does honey never go rotten?

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 Why does honey never go rotten?

Honey is basically sugar syrup. All the water is chemically bound to the sugar, so there's very little free water for bacteria or fungi to use. It's also acidic, at around 3.9ph; this also helps prevent stuff from growing it. You can demonstrate this easily at home. Mix some honey and yeast, nothing happens. But if you water down the honey, the yeast will happily grow, because now it has enough water to live and eat the sugars. There are some anti-fungal and anti-bacterial compounds in honey, but these are not a very major factor compared to the lack of free water. This is also the reason jam rots much more slowly than the fruits it's made of.


Question: Why do certain fuels, such as jet fuel used in commercial airliners, only burn when atomized?

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 Why do certain fuels, such as jet fuel used in commercial airliners, only burn when atomized?

You need three things for fire, fuel, oxygen and heat. When you take a bucket of fuel and try to ignite it, the outside surface wil react with oxygen. Once that has happened, the new surface has to come in contact with oxygen again, which takes a while. In the meantime, the bit of the surface which is above the ignition temperature of the fuel is being cooled by the rest of the fuel, which hasn’t warmed up yet. By the time the new oxygen has reached the surface, it is no longer above the ignition temperature so the fire will stop. It is a bit like trying to boil a bucket of water with a single match. Fuel vapor, on the other hand, consists out of many tiny droplets mixed with a lot of oxygen. When ignited, the higher amount of oxygen makes the reaction go much quicker, giving the about to burn parts less time to cool down, while also having the different droplets much more insulated from each other which slows the cooling down. As a result, the outside surfaces heat up quicker than they cool down, keeping the fire going.


Question: How come the body doesn’t see the ink from a tattoo as a foreign object and try to attack/get rid of it?

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 How come the body doesn’t see the ink from a tattoo as a foreign object and try to attack/get rid of it?

The body does recognize the pigments in the ink as a foreign object and does try to get rid of it. This is why tatoos fade. The problem is that some of the pigments are physically too large to be transported away as there is not enough room between the cells to squeeze the pigment between them. They will therefore be left in place. They may be slowly broken down and there may be some openings as the cells rejuvinate to allow the pigments through but this is a very slow process that takes decades before the tatoo is visibly fading.


Question: What's the difference between types of glue like Wood, fabric and Craft? Also if you are gluing wood to fabric or vise versa, which would you use?

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 What's the difference between types of glue like Wood, fabric and Craft? Also if you are gluing wood to fabric or vise versa, which would you use?

Each glue has a special balance of how well it sticks to itself and how well it sticks to other things. Using: this to that dot com : # Wood to Fabric If you don't want your fabric to be crisp, we recommend: > [**3M 77**]( URL_2 ) But if you don't mind crispyness, use: > [**Elmer's Carpenter's Glue**]( URL_0 )[**LePage's Bondfast**]( URL_1 ) > > [**LePage's Bondfast**]( URL_1 )


Question: How is it possible that space is infinite?

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 How is it possible that space is infinite?

The problem with this question is it has no satisfying answer. You can easily counter with 'How is it possible that it could be finite?" Neither of these things are truly comprehensible to humans. We're stuck on this tiny little ball of mostly water after all. The less than helpful answer is that space is infinite because it is. Its a fundamental property of the universe. We can't really comprehend the idea of infinite space, but its still the reality of the situation regardless.


Question: Does ice ever go off?

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 Does ice ever go off?

It does fall under chemistry more. So if we're positing *pure* H2O, then no. It won't go off. It's simply locked into a crystal structure and has very little room to move let alone energy to transfer around. However, the stuff in your freezer isn't pure. Oh, it's not shabby, but not pure. There will be some sediments from your piping and whatever water supply you're drawing from which can include organic compounds that would decay and essentially rot even in the cold environment. It would take longer than if it was a liquid, and it might be in the m8ddle if the cube, but it *can* happen.


Question: How do video game display mechanics work?

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 How do video game display mechanics work?

This is highly dependant on the game. & #x200B; One semi-common option that some developer's do is tie the updates to the framerate (and lock the framerate when they do that). In those cases, you won't get a higher FPS with a better PC because the game is artificially limiting the rate to keep the physics working as expected. (There are some stories of games like this where if you remove the limit on the FPS everything in the game suddenly moves much, much faster). Additionally, this can be bad as a slow computer will run at a framerate less than expected, and the physics will slow down accordingly. Its done, but doesn't seem to be good game design. & #x200B; The other common way that I know of is to just have 2 threads: one for graphics updates and one for physics updates. In this case, whether or not your 10000FPS actually shows you 100000 different unique frames per second is dependant on how often the developer chose to update things. Its possible that the physics only get updates 60 times a second, but your camera movements and character position (i.e. things that are based on user input and not on time) might be capable of updating much faster. (Pure speculation, but I bet most games \*don't\* do that, and instead update character/camera position at the same time a slice of physics is calculated. I may be wrong though)


Question: What causes people to have a dominant hand? Is it more of a hand thing, a brain thing, or something else?

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 What causes people to have a dominant hand? Is it more of a hand thing, a brain thing, or something else?

Essentially it's both. Brain thing: left and right hands are linked to different parts of the brain. In early development, that brain development can lead into point two. Hand thing. The more practice you have the more coordination and proprioception you will have. Early development starts us on one hand before the other making it favoured, reinforcing it. Thing thing. It's essentially both to degrees


Question: why do people put their hand in front of their mouth when something horrible happens?

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 why do people put their hand in front of their mouth when something horrible happens?

There are a couple theories. 1) it's a polite habit. Shock or horror makes your mouth drop open and we are (almost) all conditioned to cover our open mouths. 2) it's protective; our mouths are pretty vulnerable and we cover them bc in that moment we can't keep them closed. 3) it's protective; we are trying to hide our expression from others and we can't school our expression so we physically cover them. Also to smother gasps or shouts that expose us. 4) we are subconsciously trying to contain emotions or reactions that feel too big - trying to physically hold them in. 5) a careful combination of some or all of the above.


Question: Why are headaches and toothaches much less tolerable other kinds of body pain?

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 Why are headaches and toothaches much less tolerable other kinds of body pain?

As far as teeth go, it's that teeth nerves are hardly shielded at all from debris and other shit. Cavities are basically tunnels leading to nerve endings. If we had our nerve endings exposed in such a way, it would also hurt quite badly. The equivalent of a cavity would be for someone to stab a hole in your skin, going into your nerve endings, except that your teeth do not heal naturally. As far as the head goes, it really does depend heavily on what kind of pain you're talking about.


Question: who discovered the act of smoking? And why is it that only a handful of plants can be smoked?

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 who discovered the act of smoking? And why is it that only a handful of plants can be smoked?

There wasn't one person who "discovered" it. Humans would make fire, and sometimes the plants they would put on the fire would make them feel different. Then they just eventually inhaled it as we smoke it now. Also, there aren't just a handful of plants. You can smoke any kind of plant really. But we have narrowed it down to a few that we have mass produced, therefore it only seems like a handful.


Question: why is it that sometimes when you touch something really cold it feels hot at first and takes a few seconds to register that its cold?

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 why is it that sometimes when you touch something really cold it feels hot at first and takes a few seconds to register that its cold?

There are three main categories of receptors in the skin at play here. We have warmth receptors, cold receptors, and nociceptors (pain receptors). Warmth receptors begin firing (meaning sending signals to your brain) around 30 degrees Celsius to about 45 degrees Celsius, at which tissue is destroyed. Cold receptors have a broader, bell-shaped range, firing between 10 degrees and 40 degrees, with the most activity occurring around 24-28 degrees Celsius (below 10 degrees, cold will act as an anesthetic [numbing agent]). Cold receptors also differ from warmth receptors in that they are both tonic (they send signals in a continuous rhythm at a given temperature) and, uniquely, phasic, which enables them to also detect change in temperatures. When a temperature change occurs, signaling activity will quickly rise, before dropping off to its normal activity at the new set temperature. Thus, when there is a sudden change in temperature, the cold receptor will be a little slow to respond, because it will take a little bit of time before demonstrating the correct temperature. If the sudden change is to a really cold temperature, the pain receptors will signal the brain that it hurts, before the cold receptors "tell" the brain what the temperature is.


Question: Why are guns with long barrels like rifles more accurate at long range than handguns?

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 Why are guns with long barrels like rifles more accurate at long range than handguns?

Three main reasons: 1. Sight radius: A longer distance between the front and rear sights allows for more precise aim. 2. Stabilization: Most modern firearms stabilize bullets by spinning them with grooves carved into the barrel (rifling). There is a certain minimum distance of rifling required to stabilize a bullet, and it is dependent on a lot of different factors. 3. Velocity: A longer barrel allows more time for the powder charge to fully burn, which means more push for the bullet. Faster bullets have less opportunity to drift off target before they hit.


Question: If i was traveling towards a star at a really high speed, would i see it's history unfold before my eyes?

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 If i was traveling towards a star at a really high speed, would i see it's history unfold before my eyes?

Les say you travel to a star 100 light years away. When you launch your space ship, the light you see is 100 years old so you’re looking g at the star as it was 100 years ago. Let’s call that T zero for reference. So you’re launching at T 100 Let’s say you travel at 50% the speed of light. After 100 years, at T 200, you have made it half way there and the light you see is 50 years old, so from T 150. so on your journey you observed the history of the star between T0 and T150 even though you only travelled for 100 years. As you reach the star after another 100 years, it’s now T300 and you see the stars light from T300 because you’re right next to it. On the entire way you saw everything from T0 to T300 but nothing from before T0. Basically your view of the star in that time frame got compressed from 300 years into 200. The light was therefor blue-shifted and also would have appeared much brighter that it actually was.


Question: Lighting Strikes! What happens with air resistance during a lightning strike, and how low does it get?

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 Lighting Strikes! What happens with air resistance during a lightning strike, and how low does it get?

Air has a certain resistance, some [10^16 ohms]( URL_0 ), and it actually depends a lot on the humidity of air. So what happens is, like with all other insulating materials, there needs to be a certain voltage difference for the electricity to "jump" through the material and produce a discharge / lightning bolt. 20,000 volts / cm gap, for air. Once the voltage is reached / surpassed, the electrons force themselves through the material, but they still go from atom to atom, more or less. You see, in metal conductors, you have a [matrix of atoms]( URL_2 ), but the electrons in the outer layers of these atoms are very loose, and basically float around kinda freely between the atoms, so it's very easy to get a current going and get the electrons flowing like a river among pebbles. In insulating materials, the atoms hold very tightly onto their outer layer electrons, but still, there is some electrical energy / voltage where these electrons can be ripped out of their atoms and forced to move down the stream. So the voltage of a lightning bolt does that to the atoms of air, and it rips the electrons out of the outer layers, and moves them towards the next atoms closer to the ground, like a cascade. So atoms that have missing electrons from the outer layers become IONS, and a gas (air) that is formed of ions becomes plasma. Fire is a plasma, the lightning bolt itself (through air) is a plasma. The energy is so high, the "turning to plasma" happens so fast, that the air explodes a bit and creates thunder. In any case, to finally answer your question, because plasmas are made up of IONS, and ions have a charge, plasmas conduct electricity very well. Materials that are conductors offer freely-moving charges (either electrons or ions) inside the material. So inside the [tunnel of the lightning bolt]( URL_1 ), the plasma conducts electricity to the ground as well as a metal wire. So the air resistance is initially high, 20 kv / cm, but once the bolt happens, the resistance of the air plasma is very low, actually goes negative (the more current, the lower the resistance).


Question: How does getting a tattoo affect your blood sugar?

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 How does getting a tattoo affect your blood sugar?

During a painful experience, your body dumps it's reserves of certain things into your system. Things such as adrenaline and cortisol are among them, and these are part of your body's fight or flight response. You want to do neither, but the old primitive part of your brain doesn't care; your brain is saying, "Hey, this hurts, and that's bad." It's a physical stress on your body, and it's responding. Another thing it dumps is glucose. Sugar. Energy. Power up to fuel the stressed system. So your blood sugar actually increases for a bit... and THEN it drops, because your stressed body has used up all the fuel to endure the experience.