Question: Why do people have "tells" when lying?

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 Why do people have "tells" when lying?

Despite what we like to believe, most of our actions are not consciously controlled. So, when we lie, our face and our body give away clues as to what the rest of our subconscious brain is really thinking in ways we can't control. This is for a variety of reasons, such as it makes us nervous to lie, part of our brain is against lying in the first place, or simply that it is harder to make up a lie than tell the truth. These conflicts within our subconscious brain register outwardly as tells. The interesting part is that the "tells" are mostly registered by the other person subconsciously as well. When they do studies on this, people will say things like "I knew he was lying because he was sweating". Except the person wasn't sweating, so it must have been something else that told them they were lying


Question: How does URL_0 work, and has a petition ever succeeded making a change?

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 How does URL_0 work, and has a petition ever succeeded making a change?

I mean there was a petition to bring GTA V to PC that hit [almost 750.000 people]( URL_0 ), and then it came out roughly a year later. But im fairly certain it was at least already in the talks, maybe even had a few people working on it before that and then after they saw interest they put more resources into it.. It definetly showed Rockstar that there was a market though.


Question: how does a sailors clock work?

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 how does a sailors clock work?

This kind of clock is known as a "ship's bell", and it has a chime of eight bells at 4, 8, and 12 to mark the end of standard four hour watches. There is also a single bell for the first half hour, along with an additional bell for every following half hour. So you go on watch and a half hour in you get one bell. An hour in you get two bells, an hour and a half into your watch you get three bells, etc. After four hours you are up to eight bells and you switch with the next person on watch.


Question: How do snakes digest their food when they eat the animal whole?

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 How do snakes digest their food when they eat the animal whole?

The snake's metabolism kicks into overdrive with its heart beating faster and its liver sometimes doubling in size, and it breaks down the carcass with the same thing we break down our food: sulfuric acid. It just takes a lot longer for a snake to dissolve a whole aligator or deer than for our bodies to dissolve already broken up, wet bits of food. It also takes more energy. In humans, when we eat consistently, up to 20% of our metabolism is used for digestion. You can imagine what it's like for snakes.


Question: How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

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 How are the prices of fuel at gas stations determined everyday?

Mathematical modelling. One obvious input is the cost of oil. However, this cost only forms a smallish fraction of the cost at which a gas station can get fuel from their supplier. A large part of that cost is more or less fixed -- taxes, distribution costs, etc. And the fluctuations on oil costs are, by far, not the only input that influences the final price. Notably, in many European countries the current standard is already beyond "prices determined every day". Most gas station chains adjust their prices dynamically during the day to optimize their profits. They use computers to crunch the numbers they have to determine the optimal deviations from the mean gas price. For example, during the morning rush hour and (to a slightly smaller extent) at night they can raise the price by a few cents without scaring off customers, while at off-peak hours it pays off to lower the price by a few cents to attract bargain hunters. Some other countries didn't get to this point yet, and others have legislation preventing the gas stations from this degree of optimizations (usually requiring them to hold the declared price for 24 hours). In those countries the computation of the final price becomes a bit easier, but it's still a cost-benefit analysis where you use both the costs of inputs and your data on customer behavior to determine the price that yields the optimal profit. One final thing to note is that the fuel margins are quite small and a gas station cannot survive on those alone. Most of the profits are usually made in store (fast food, snacks and drinks, lottery tickets, etc.), so your customer behavior is also one of the inputs into the process of determining the price, and slightly *lowering* your fuel margin but attracting more customers who then spend money at the store can often be more profitable in the end.


Question: How do scientists calculate the approximate surface area, mass, and weight of planets?

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 How do scientists calculate the approximate surface area, mass, and weight of planets?

Well, mass and weight are related. In order to determine the mass of a planet, we simply need to see how much gravity the planet generates (gravity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional distance squared). We can observe this by observing the moons orbiting them - how far away they are and how fast they complete one revolution around the planet. For size/surface area, if we know how far a planet is from us, and the angular size of the planet in our telescopes, we can determine the size of the planet using SOHCAHTOA. Tangent(angle) = size of the planet / distance from Earth to the planet.


Question: If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?

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 If electricity travels so fast, why does it take so long to charge a battery?

You are thinking of charging a *capacitor,* which simply stores electric charge. It's incredibly fast, but doesn't hold a lot of energy per gram of equipment. By contrast, a *battery* doesn't directly store electricity. Instead, it uses a chemical reaction to deliver electricity, and when recharging it runs this reaction in reverse (using energy to undo the chemical reaction). It's the movement of these chemicals that takes more time -- they don't move at the speed of electricity in a wire.


Question: If formula 1 qualifier rounds decide your place on the start at F1 races, why doesent everyone do badly to get further up on the start line?

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 If formula 1 qualifier rounds decide your place on the start at F1 races, why doesent everyone do badly to get further up on the start line?

I think you’ve got it backwards...the best time in qualifying starts first on the grid, not last. A bad qualifying time puts you at the back of the start. The qualifier isn’t to even out the pack. It’s to put the fastest cars at the front. Everyone has an incentive to go fast in qualifying, otherwise you start further back and have to fight your way up to the front if you want to win.


Question: Why can you look directly at the sun during sunrise or sunset but not when it's middle today?

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 Why can you look directly at the sun during sunrise or sunset but not when it's middle today?

When the sun is directly overhead, it's light is being filtered by much less of the atmosphere than if it were peeking over the horizon. This is also why the sky appears more blue overhead, and appears more white-ish the closer you get to the horizon. You're literally looking through more atmosphere.


Question: how did they resuscitate people before CPR?

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 how did they resuscitate people before CPR?

Basically, CPR is just a standardized form of a procedure that has been done for a long time - in 1740 the Paris Academy of scientists officially recommended mouth to mouth resuscitation for drowning victims. People knew that giving breaths would save people, but when they discovered that chest compressions could save people in 1903 more research was done to find an optimal ratio/procedure.


Question: How do you apply the 9 rules of inference in logic?

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 How do you apply the 9 rules of inference in logic?

The rules of inference are the way we take statements and determine if they are 'right' or 'logical'. Here are the first four. A. Modus Ponens: If we accept that p - > q is true, and p is true, then q is also true. It's a deep-thinking version of what "If" and "Then" means. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. This thing in my hand is an apple. Therefore it is also a fruit. B. Modus Tollens: If we accept that p - > q is true, and *q is false*, then p is also false. It's the 'opposite' of Modus Ponens. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. This thing in my hand is *not a fruit*, therefore, it is also *not an apple*. **Note: If p is false, nothing is proven! Just because something isn't an apple, doesn't mean it's not a fruit!** Hypothetical Syllogism: If p - > q, and q - > r, then p - > r. The old 'transitive property' that we all saw in high school geometry proofs, then forgot about. Example: If a thing is an apple, then that thing is also a fruit. If a thing is an fruit, then that thing is also from a plant. This thing in my hand is an apple, therefore, it is also from a plant. Disjunctive Syllogism: If p or q is true, and q is false, then p must be true. In other words, if we know at least one is true, if one is false, it must be the other that's true. Example: An apple is either red or green. This apple in my hand is not red. Therefore, it must be green. The next two are the easy ones: 1. Addition. If p is true, then (p or q) is true. Basically a definition of what 'OR' means. 2. Conjunction. If both p and q are true, then the statement (p and q) are true. Basically a definition of what 'AND' means. The next is Absorption. If p - > q is true, then p - > (p and q) is true. Basically, connecting the two statements: If we know that all apples are fruit, and this thing is an apple, then we know that this thing is *both* fruit and apple. The last is the Dilemma. If you accept two conditional (p - > q AND r - > s), and you know that one of the premises are true, then you know one of the conclusions are true. Example: All apples are fruits, and all ducks are birds. If you know you have at least one duck or one apple, you also know you have at least one fruit or one bird. **You need to check whether this is the list that your professor gave out. To me, this isn't a standard or complete list. That said, I took this class over 25 years ago, so your mileage may vary, and I could be thinking of the wrong list.**


Question: Why is the research done at high energy particle accelerators important for mankind?

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 Why is the research done at high energy particle accelerators important for mankind?

Particle accelerators help scientists understand how the physical world works. Theoretical physicists can construct models of quantum mechanics and particle physics, but without experimental equipment like particle accelerators, they're flying blind. High level physics is how we get the super high density computing in your smartphone. Or the radiotherapy to treat cancer. Or atomic clocks that let GPS work. There are also spinoffs that come from developing the computers to analyse all the particle physics data. All websites run on HTTP, which was developed at CERN.


Question: Are photons emitted from a source at infinite angles?

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 Are photons emitted from a source at infinite angles?

Kinda...photons are somewhat particle like but also somewhat wavelike so they have some spatial extent. They're not a point, they have "area" in the sense you're talking about. But if you go far enough away then the photon flux (photons per area) will drop away to below 1 and then the light is so dim that you're only getting sporadic photons, not a continuous stream. On average, they're emitted at infinite angles but any particular photon does have a direction.


Question: Why do MRI machines make such loud and strange noises when performing a scan?

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 Why do MRI machines make such loud and strange noises when performing a scan?

MRI magnets work by switching powerful electromagnets magnets on and off. They also have a 2nd super powerful magnet which is always on. When the electromagnets are turned on and off, they attract or repel each other and the always-on magnet. This attraction/repulsion causes vibrations which you hear as sounds. (This is basically how a loudspeaker works - you have a magnet, and an electromagnet connected to the speaker cone - you put an electrical signal into the electromagnet and it attracts/repels the other magnet moving the cone). Most types of scan with MRI make a sort of clunking or buzzing noise, but certain types (with strange names like diffusion weighted imaging, or functional imaging) make extremely loud beeping sounds, because the electromagnets are turned on and off so quickly that they produce a high frequency sound. It is possible to have much quieter sounds, by sequencing the electromagnets to only turn on and off gradually. This way, you don't get sudden attraction/repulsion which causes the big vibrations. Most scanners have an option to run in "silent" mode, with certain limitations (scan takes longer, images not as sharp, diffusion weighted imaging not available, etc.) There is a 2nd source of noise on most MRI scanners, which is much quieter and always on, which sounds like a strange little birdy tweeting - a sort of rhythmic tick-whoo-tick-whoo. This is the special cooler needed for the main magnet. The main magnet needs to be cooled to a low temperature (about -271 C), and it uses a special device called a Gifford-McMahon cooler which makes this strange pulsing noise. This actually makes noise from moving parts (it's the only moving part, apart from stuff like ventilation fans and the slider on the table).


Question: Viewed as an expanding sphere,does the Universe consist of concentric spheres of galaxies?Or,is it a single layer of galaxies?

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 Viewed as an expanding sphere,does the Universe consist of concentric spheres of galaxies?Or,is it a single layer of galaxies?

The universe is what is called "Isotropic" and "Homogenous" on large scales. What that means is that when you start to look at the observable universe as a fluid, with galaxies as particles in that fluid, you notice this: The universe is roughly the same, as seen from anywhere, in any direction. The distribution of matter and energy are what you'd expect from "random", the temperature is what you'd expect as well. It's a very even soup, and galaxies and all of the stuff we're made of are like thin ribbons of condensed "stuff" in the soup. So no... it's not layers, it's a bowl of soup that might not have a center or an edge. Everyone in the bowl of soup, looking into the night sky, sees that they're at the center of the bowl of soup, no matter where they are, or how far they go in any direction.


Question: why is the square root of -100 an odd equasion?

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 why is the square root of -100 an odd equasion?

The square root of 100 is 10. There is no "real" square root of a negative number, because ~~no two numbers multiplied together~~ *no number multiplied by itself* can make a negative number. So we invented an "imaginary" number called i to represent the square root of -1. So the square root of -100 is 10 * i, also written as 10i. In other words, 10, but imaginary.


Question: Why do different types of alcohol affect us differently?

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 Why do different types of alcohol affect us differently?

Are you asking why different types of distilled spirits (whiskey, vodka, etc?) seem to affect people differently? That’s behavioral, mostly— the ethanol in the drink is the same, with some minor differences in the rest of the liquor. If you’re asking why different chemical-compound-alcohols affect people differently (methanol vs ethanol) that’s an entirely different situation. The body process that breaks down ethanol in the body turns it into carbon dioxide and water. When provided methanol, however, the methanol is broken down into formaldehyde, which is highly toxic to humans.


Question: Why is there so much got damn static electricity in the winter?

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 Why is there so much got damn static electricity in the winter?

Cold air has a much lower capacity to hold water than warm air. Water conducts electricity, so when the air is wetter static electricity dissipates through the air more quickly. Thus, when the weather is cold, the air acts as more of an insulator and static electricity builds up more readily.


Question: how can we prevent the mentally ill from possessing guns when health records are protected information?

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 how can we prevent the mentally ill from possessing guns when health records are protected information?

It really varies state to state, but [most states]( URL_0 ) require one of two events: - The court found you to have a mental issue severe enough to warrant actions - You were involuntarily committed to a mental institution Neither of those are private events covered by HIPAA - they are matters of public record. Now, for states that have stricter rules, you can still have the doctor pass along disqualifying information without disclosing your specific health information. Having them send a "disqualify" flag doesn't speak to the specific health information.


Question: Why does the US gov have boneyards for Airplanes rather than selling for scrap?

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 Why does the US gov have boneyards for Airplanes rather than selling for scrap?

Because the boneyard itself is effectively a spare part repository for other planes that are still active; if you have 100 planes and only need 50, using the other 50 as spare parts donors is more cost effective than selling them off (either as intact planes or as scrap metal) and then trying to use the cash to pay for custom replacement parts as you go. Not to mention that striking aircraft from inventory, arranging their sale, and transporting them out of the country to a buyer is a lot more hassle than just parking them in the desert, pulling out all the consumables (fuel, ammunition, batteries, etc), and covering the sensitive bits in plastic. Additionally, a lot of airframes moved to the boneyard have the potential to be re-activated for significantly cheaper than what it would cost to build a new one, especially if the aircraft itself is out of production. Getting a company to set up a production line, train employees, etc., can be psychotically expensive, especially if you're not going to buy a lot of planes. As u/Witty-User_name mentioned, there are also treaty demands, particularly when it comes to nuclear non-proliferation treaties and demonstrating compliance to those treaties. You take your nuke delivery vehicle, smash the crap out of the structurally critical components, and leave it out where people can see. They can still act as spare parts donors, but are past salvage for reactivation themselves.


Question: If neutrinos have no charge and are basically massless, how are neutrino detectors even able to detect them?

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 If neutrinos have no charge and are basically massless, how are neutrino detectors even able to detect them?

You put as much matter as you possibly can in the way of the neutrino, and isolate that matter from every other kind of interaction. For example, [Super Kamiokande]( URL_0 ), one of the biggest detectors, is a giant underground pool of water. Other materials are used, but they are pretty much all underground to isolate them from cosmic rays. Neutrinos passing through very, very rarely will interact with an electron or nucleus and kick it enough to emit some light, which extremely sensitive detectors on the wall pick up. Other mechanisms than this are used - sometimes neutrinos can promote changes from one type of atom to another - but in all cases the effect is tiny and we must isolate our system as much as possible to get accurate detection.


Question: How wealth is not a zero-sum game ?

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 How wealth is not a zero-sum game ?

It's not a zero-sum game because the economy can grow in size. The amount of value in the world is not fixed. As time marches forward, our ability to extract more resources increases, and we learn to use those resources more efficiently. We also develop new ways to efficiently convert the time of human labour into productivity (think about how much faster accountants are at their jobs since the invention of spreadsheet software). Many companies (and their owners) generate their wealth by doing these kinds of endeavors. Their own personal wealth is gained from the growth of the overall societies wealth


Question: Jury nullification and it's consequences?

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 Jury nullification and it's consequences?

The judge will instruct a jury that their duty is to apply the law. But no one can force a jury to decide a certain way. If the jury decides that the defendant should go free, they can return a verdict of not guilty, even if they think the law is clear and the evidence shows that the defendant broke the law.


Question: Why does a weighted blanket feel so good/makes you feel so relaxed?

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 Why does a weighted blanket feel so good/makes you feel so relaxed?

The pressure on your body from the weight of the blanket relaxes the nervous system as well as triggers the serotonin neurotransmitter and causes a calming effect on the mind and body. Much in the same way 'deep touch pressure' applied therapy works for people with anxiety or people with ADHD or spectrum disorders. Edit: spelling.


Question: What is codependency? Why is it bad? Could it be good?

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 What is codependency? Why is it bad? Could it be good?

Imagine a fictional couple, Alice and Bob. Alice is a mess. Maybe she's mentally ill, maybe she's an alcoholic, maybe she's a drug addict, maybe she's got very poor coping skills, maybe she's just really immature. Until or unless she gets better, Alice can't cope with the real world, can't really even survive. Bob has really low self-esteem but good coping skills. Bob deals with this by looking for someone who *really, really* needs him, who can't really survive without him, and becoming that person's support structure. Mind, you, Bob never confronts Alice about her problems. Nor does he ever encourage Alice to seek treatment or counseling or any kind of education. If she got better, she wouldn't need Bob any more. Bob doesn't want that. Alice is what we call *dependent.* Bob is what we call *co-dependent.* Alice needs to get help for her problems. Bob needs to do something about his low self-esteem and stop keeping Alice from getting help.


Question: Why do you need to study and memorize the best chess plays by previous players to actually become better at chess?

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 Why do you need to study and memorize the best chess plays by previous players to actually become better at chess?

> everyone is just following one play out of the set of documented plays That is definitely not happening. Or rather, it might be happening, but VERY rarely. Chess has a huge number of (viable) variations, and the moment you opponent does one move different from your memorized play, it will play out very differently. Almost every game by good players will be something the world "hasnt seen" (aka none of the players have the moves memorized, in the huge pool of games that are played there might ofc be some that are exactly identical). The initial phase of the game - "the opening" - works kind of like that (because it starts from a fixed situation, so there isnt so much variation yet. This phase lasts maybe 3 to 8 turns. & #x200B; > and why is it so important to study/analyze past plays You try to understand general strategies for long term plays. You also try learn to recognize situations that allow you to apply certain tactics. Looking at games from good players and trying to understand their moves is a good way to do that. & #x200B; Cant comment on the Carlsen-question.


Question: How are illegal immigrants able to work, go to school, own property and pay taxes?

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 How are illegal immigrants able to work, go to school, own property and pay taxes?

I was illegally for 20 yrs so i can anwer better than few misconceptions above stated. 1. First you get a fake green card and social sec card.(the number is random) 2. You get a job because many places, many, many don't care to e verify the documents or dont want to(cheap labor) 3. You can go to school (proof of legal status is not required, unless you want to apply for financial aid, grants, scholarships etc. If you want to apply for the above mentioned you need to privide a real social security number that belongs to you hence you cant apply for financial aid as undocumented. This has changed in the last years in few states i believe. California where i live being one of them. 4. Unfortunately as undocumented you cannot own property unless is co-owned by someone with a valid social security number. Unless you pay cash up front for it. Other forms of property such as cars, furniture, jewelry etc is normally financed through smaller businesses who take the risk and charge a much higher interest or bigger down payment for making such purchases. Banks also extend prepaid credit cards and you can use those to create your credit worthiness. Not one bank would issue a home loan if you are undocumented. Again unless you are an investor or you co-owned. 5. Undocumented immigrants pay income taxes. Yes , the irs issues you an itin number if you cannot provide a social security number. All you need is your birth certificate from your home country and your w2 . Once the irs mails your itin number you can use that number instead of a social security number to file taxes. ( worth noting that many undocumented immigrants have filed taxes and were deported or moved back to their home countries leaving behind unclaimed their social security contributions)


Question: Why can we eat runny egg yolks without the threat of salmonella but not the whites?

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 Why can we eat runny egg yolks without the threat of salmonella but not the whites?

Other people have already stated that risk of salmonella is actually very very low. However if an egg IS infected it is likely the yolk that is the problem, not the white. Heating to 165 F is the only* way to make it safe which would also cook the yolk. This is why you will see many menus in the US saying that eating raw or undercooked eggs can be hazardous to your health. It’s their disclaimer. The fact that we eat so many sunny side up and over easy eggs kind of proves how safe they are. *You can use a sous vide to heat to a lower temp for a longer duration which would also guarantee safety (kill bacteria) without cooking the yolk (coagulating the proteins in the yolk). Aside from this, sous vide eggs are the fucking bomb.


Question: How are IQ tests scored and what evidence is there for their accuracy engaging a persons intelligence in every day life?

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 How are IQ tests scored and what evidence is there for their accuracy engaging a persons intelligence in every day life?

URL_0 IQ scores are a proxy for a percentile. They find out what percentage of people can achieve what level of success on the test, and scale the results to the scores. There is no reason to think there are multiple types of intelligence. It can be somewhat split into smaller pieces, but they overlap quite a bit. Insofar as you can actually measure intelligence and use the measurement to make meaningful predictions, there is only one type. You need to explain what 'in every day life' means, as it sounds like you could be defining intelligence as the ability to make good decisions, or something like that. The evidence for the accuracy of IQ tests is that they have high reliability (people will get similar scores taking the tests multiple times) and that they have a strong ability to predict how well a person can perform complex tasks. For example, IQ correlates strongly with grades achieved in school. Also, if you go to environments that require high intelligence, you will find high average IQ's. Students at elite universities will frequently be two standard deviations or more above the average IQ of the general population. IQ is a data-driven subject, it isn't guys sitting around in a circle who just decide that intelligence has one dimension. Models that say there is more than one intelligence have been suggested, but they failed to actually produce useful measurements that could predict performance. It does seem simple, but that is what the results led too, sometimes scientists find something simple.


Question: Why do I have to put a constant on an undefined integral and don't have to in a defined one?

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 Why do I have to put a constant on an undefined integral and don't have to in a defined one?

Think of integration as backwards derivation. If you derive the result of your integration, you get back to where you started right? But it also works if you add any constant to the end of your integrated function (derivative of constant =0). So the true integral you're looking for could have any number as that last constant. You can't know what that number is without more info (an initial condition), so you leave it as C When you're given a definite integral your result will be a number, not a function. No need to worry about weather you're missing possible functions when your answer isn't even a function


Question: What does it mean to "own the float" in regard to stocks?

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 What does it mean to "own the float" in regard to stocks?

Some wrinkle brained ape will explain this better, but I’ll give it a shot. When they own the float, they are talking about the shares that investors like you or me can buy. This is nothing exciting until you add in the naughty things the hedge funds have been doing. Very simply put, hedge funds have been selling shares that they don’t own. So many in fact that if they were ever ‘forced’ to give these real shares the the people that bought them, they would have to buy 1.7 times or more of the total float (depending on how naughty they have been selling fake shares). So imaging you have 10 bananas, and the hedge funds (HF) only have 3, but own someone else 15 bananas. They will give their 3 away, pay you basically whatever you decide to sell your 10 bananas at, plus they have to rebuy 7 more bananas from the person they owed 20 bananas to, and give them back. And that’s if you even want to sell them. You might like the stock (company), and bot want to sell. Now it’s all much more complicated then that, as the hedge funds were actually shorting the stocks, and strong evidence they have been trading off market to manipulate the prices of the stock. It’s a very interesting rabbit hole to go down if you join the superstonk or other group and read some due diligence (DD).


Question: - 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe?

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 - 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe?

> 10 trillion years from now, will the Cosmic Background Radiation have dissipated beyond levels of detection? Yes. > If so, how would future civilizations measure the age of the universe? They won't. The general consensus is that if the universe expands as expected then civilizations in the distant future won't have enough information to understand the universe's earlier history or its eventual fate. This isn't just due to being unable to detect the CMB, but also caused by the majority of galaxies disappearing over the cosmological horizon.


Question: Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

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 Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

So as the Roman Empire fell, and most places were conquered or left in chaos, a lot of the artistic developments of Greece and Rome faded away. 1 point perspective, 3 point perspective, and so on would be lost for a long time. But not only that, at the time most couldn't read, so artists needed to make religious works easy to follow, with defined symbols and elements that would be recognized by any person. (Think like, how Batman wears a cowl with pointed ears, anyone would know thats batman, even if it wasn't 100% accurate. This would apply to religious leaders, with stuff like the color of their garments donating their position) Most artwork of medeival europe were done by Monks, and they often would create hundreds of characters with the same generic face to differentiate the commom folks from the important ones, who were the only ones whos images were made in their likness.


Question: What exactly is plastic and how did it become so wide spead?

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</answer>
 What exactly is plastic and how did it become so wide spead?

Plastic is composed of [polymers]( URL_0 ). Polymers are organic molecules composed of a chain of many monomers; basically an organic molecule that easily links to others of its kind to form really long strands or surfaces. Basically, carbon has 4 links and can easily link with other carbon molecules present in organic compounds, forming really long chains or large surfaces. Plastic is wide-spread because it is easy to create (chemically), because it's easy to get different plastics with different characteristics, from soft to rubbery to hard, transparent or not, etc., because it just takes a little bit of heat to be able to shape it into whatever shape you need, and because it's chemically inert. Thus, plastic is an alternative to glass (which is brittle), to metals (which can be shaped but can be rare or expensive), to wood (degrades if wet or left outside in weather), and to ceramics (also brittle). This is why it's popular.


Question: Why do smaller loans have much higher interest rates than larger loans?

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 Why do smaller loans have much higher interest rates than larger loans?

If you ask for 1 pen, it costs you two dollars. If you ask for 100 000 pens, they will only cost you one dollar each. I prefer selling you 100 000 pens at half price, than selling you 1 at full price and have 99 999 sitting around doing nothing. In a similar way, if you ask for a small amount of money, you pay a big interest, and if you ask for a big amount of money, you pay less interest. The bank actually wants you to ask them for a LOT of money, so they lower the price the bigger the loan is. Loans is where they get their profits from.


Question: How does hazing even happen?

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 How does hazing even happen?

There is a lot of science behind the idea of a common misery or trial that will bond the “survivors”. It can happen on a small scale such as a fraternity group, all the way up to a nationwide/global scale. When humans overcome an obstacle together they develop trust in on another. In small groups, usually the task requires everyone to pass. So it develops the trust in the stronger people to know that even the weakest will pull their weight. And that the stronger will do their part to help out the weaker.


Question: Why is the airline industry seemingly so fragile?

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 Why is the airline industry seemingly so fragile?

The airline industry is ultra competitive. Margins are really thin and they do insane amount of business. They are businesses with a moderate upside, but their costs are so enormous that they have a giant downside if things go wrong. The situation is that when things are going fine, the industry is competitive, and they are all pulling in OK (or better) profits. But when things go wrong, the costs are so high and its so competitive, that an airline can quickly just go bust, especially larger ones that have much higher expenses. **tl;dr**: Airlines have ok business upside, but a huge downside


Question: How large can an explosive volcanic eruption get?

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 How large can an explosive volcanic eruption get?

We don’t know. But we know of a super volcano under the Yellowstone. And we know that the Deccan Traps have are big enough to be a possible explanation for K-T extinction that more or less removed 3/4 of life on Earth. And of the Siberian traps that were even larger and could have been the cause of the even greater dying in the P-T extinction.


Question: Why does chelation therapy not work on thallium poisoning?

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 Why does chelation therapy not work on thallium poisoning?

From what i read, there are solutions which can treat thallium poisoning. "The optimal therapy for thallium intoxication is currently considered to be the administration of Prussian blue, combined with forced diuresis with furosemide and mannitol, which may be supplemented by hemodialysis. Activated charcoal may be used in place of Prussian blue (IPCS, 1992; Wainwright et al., 1988)." Other articles i read showed that you need a mix of chelating agents, but it still works. Some cases were unreliable, but it could be used in dire situations. This link provides chapters upon chapters about how it works. URL_0


Question: Why do companies consistently release products with much lower retail values than their eventual market values?

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 Why do companies consistently release products with much lower retail values than their eventual market values?

The gains in coolness factor lead to more overall sales than they give up. Let's say there's a limited edition pair of Nikes where they make 1,000 pairs and sell for $200. Perhaps Nike is foregoing some profits on the pairs they sell, but the lines at stores selling them and hype from them selling for $1000 on ebay all help build their brand reputation/cool factor that lead to a million more people choosing Nike products over other brands. The "lost profit" is a lot cheaper than running TV ads or other major media campaigns, and is a lot more effective in building a fashion brand.


Question: Why do rechargeable batteries get weaker over time? What's "wearing out"?

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 Why do rechargeable batteries get weaker over time? What's "wearing out"?

The rough idea of how a battery works is that there's two chemicals. They want to merge, creating one waste chemical + electricity. A rechargeable battery uses chemicals that can go in reverse. If the rechargeable battery has a ton of waste chemical, you can put in electricity and then it will un-merge and make the two original chemicals. Thing is, processes like these are like any other process in life - they are not perfect. Instead of converting at 100% perfection, it might convert at 99.999%, which means that *tiny* bit of the conversion goes elsewhere - probably a separate unusable chemical, or some of the energy is wasted as heat. Eventually both the original chemicals and the waste chemicals turn into enough crappy unusable chemicals and everything just clutters up.


Question: In trading Options, why are option spreads better than just an option?

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 In trading Options, why are option spreads better than just an option?

Option spreads lowers your cost to get in on bull call spreads, which is a great place to start. Simple strategy, simple results. You could buy a SPY 340/345 debit spread. It works as follows, you buy a call at 340 while also selling a call at 345. The 340 call might cost you 2000 to buy, but you take in 1750 from selling the 345 call. So to get into the position it would cost you the 250 difference. Since their is a 5$ difference between your strike prices, if the stock is above 345 at expiration, you collect the difference of 500$, pulling in 250 profit. Compared to buying a call and having it the possibility of it expiring worthless, the spread is a safer strategy in my opinion.


Question: What makes it difficult to make flavors that taste exactly like pie, roast chicken, spaghetti and other food of the like?

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 What makes it difficult to make flavors that taste exactly like pie, roast chicken, spaghetti and other food of the like?

That's a very broad question since you're talking about a wide variety of foods that all have different flavours for different reasons... But I think a good example of why it can be difficult is stuff like the Maillard reaction. [The Maillard reaction]( URL_1 ) is a reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that results in browning and produces the chemicals that make many foods taste pleasing when cooked. The thing is that there is not just one kind of amino acid and reducing sugar. There are many different kinds, and when the maillard reaction occurs in cooking, it doesn't just produce one chemical, it produces a whole range of chemicals, and some of those chemicals break down to make other chemicals. Each food can have its own unique maillard reaction with it's own unique profile of flavouring chemicals as a result (leading to wildly different tastes), so to make exactly the same flavour profile you need exactly the right starting chemicals, reacted in exactly the right conditions. That's a lot harder to produce than say, the characteristic flavour of pears, which is mostly down to mixing together one specific carboxylic acid with one specific alcohol to get [one specific ester]( URL_0 ). The Malliard reaction is just one case of a thing that creates complex flavours. Any taste that involves the interaction of many different chemicals is probably going to be hard to recreate synthetically.


Question: Why do Hard Drives need to be defragmented?

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 Why do Hard Drives need to be defragmented?

If you never deleted anything from a hard drive you wouldn't have to defragment it. But, when you delete something, you leave a hole. Later, when you write a new file it might not be the same size as the hole that was left. So, part of the file is written to the original hole, then the other part is written to the next empty spot on the disk. The file is now fragmented. When the computer wants to read that file it has to pull it from two or more spots on the disk instead of one contiguous spot. This slows things down. Defragmenting is moving things around so that all files are in a single, contiguous piece.


Question: What exactly happens inside our body that gives us cramps around spleen level while running?

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 What exactly happens inside our body that gives us cramps around spleen level while running?

There’s no clear answer, but the diaphragm has generally been ruled out because swimmers get it and their muscle use doesn’t put the same pressure on the diaphragm. In walking and running, it is almost always caused by uneven pacing. If it ever strikes, try focusing on making every step the same pace. It will generally fix it. There’s a reason why it hits the less fit kids (running at the end of the line, stopping, then hurrying to catch up, then slowing, then speeding up again) more than, say, track and field athletes.


Question: Why does closing your eyes when lying down make you feel like you're resting but lying down with your eyes open you feel no rest? What does closing your eyes trigger in your body?

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 Why does closing your eyes when lying down make you feel like you're resting but lying down with your eyes open you feel no rest? What does closing your eyes trigger in your body?

When your eyes are open your brain is still processing everything you see for information. Whereas when your eyes are closed you're blocking out that sense from your brain to process. That's why people might go in sensory deprivation tanks at a spa or for therapy. In those tanks, it's completely dark taking away your sense of sight. On top of that you float in the salt water at skin temperature, so that lessens your sense of touch and you're enclosed in a tank with minimal smell. tl;dr: eyes close- > less info processed- > brain rests


Question: Why do rose plants come back bigger the next season after cutting them all the way back in the winter?

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 Why do rose plants come back bigger the next season after cutting them all the way back in the winter?

Plants like to grow as wild as you let them. I’ve come across some rose bushes that were left to go feral, and if you don’t cut them back, they can end up completely not a cultivated bush shape, and end up growing really long stems. Like, 10 foot stems. They can end up entirely crazy. But with almost every plant, it rebels against being cut back, so it tries to grow back what it has lost even faster and thicker than the last time it grew. I’ve cut trees down that then spawn 15-20 shoots off the edges of the stump, trying to get back to being what it was. The trick is not cutting the plants so far back that you kill them, but also not letting them grow completely out of control.