Question: Do wet objects stay wet in a vacuum?

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 Do wet objects stay wet in a vacuum?

It depends on whether the system is closed or not. If it's a closed system (e.g. a closed box) then the moment the wet object is placed inside, it will no longer be a perfect vacuum and the wetting liquid will continue to evaporate until the equilibrium vapour pressure is reached. In that case, it's perfectly possible that the object will stay wet forever, it depends on the liquid (and how much of it there is), how big the box is and the temperature. If it's an open system (e.g. space, or a vacuum that is actively being pulled) then the partial pressure of the vapour around the object will always be below the equilibrium vapour pressure (because the vapour is constantly being removed as it is formed) and the liquid will always be able to evaporate. In that case, the object would eventually dry out.


Question: How do knife/tomahawk throwers know that the head of the axe/knife is going to hit their target?

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 How do knife/tomahawk throwers know that the head of the axe/knife is going to hit their target?

I took an axe throwing class last summer. A well thrown axe always revolves a certain number of times when thrown a specific distance with a specific amount of force. By practicing different types of throws from these specific distances, an experienced thrower can make every throw land. Different distances require different throw types, based on the number of revolutions. For example, when I stood at around 7 paces from the target, I could throw with the axe head facing forward (the axe would make one revolution and land handle down). When I moved to around 12, I had to throw with the axe head facing backwards, because it went throw 1.5 revolutions from that distance (the axe would land with the handle facing up). Hitting consistently from further than that (the two revolution distance, I never moved beyond that) was hard.


Question: Math questions often ask “what is the chance of x and y happening, with each being independent events” What about when they’re not independent?

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 Math questions often ask “what is the chance of x and y happening, with each being independent events” What about when they’re not independent?

Then they are dependent (go figure) and each event influences the other. For example, imagine you draw a card from a deck and reveal it's a King of Spades. Since there are 52 cards in a deck, you could surmise there was a 1/52 chance of drawing that card. Two dependent events would be calculating the chance you receive a 2 of hearts from the same deck. Since you have already removed the King of Spades, there is a 1/51 chance. Two independent events would be calculating the same thing, but with a different deck. Since it's a new deck, the chance remains as 1/52.


Question: How do you increase water pressure? (A brief explanation of the physics would be appreciated)

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 How do you increase water pressure? (A brief explanation of the physics would be appreciated)

I'm not sure exactly what you're asking but the pressure is just how much force is being exherted. Of course, pressure is also determined by the size of the container of water, but if we think of a straight pipe that doesn't narrow, we can simplify it to just thinking about how much force there is. So think of a similar situation. How do we increase the pressure/force on a rock sitting on the ground? We can push down on it, squeezing it against the ground. Water works in the same way. If you have a pipe of water, you can push on one end of it. If the other end is closed, the water is being squeezed: it is at a higher pressure. In real life, it might be the pipe system leading to your faucet. If the tap is closed, then it's being pushed on by the pumps or water towers or whatever your city is using to pressurize the pipes. If you open the tap, some of the pressure is relieved in the form of water coming out of the tap. The harder the city pushes the water, the faster it comes out.


Question: Why your printer needs magenta just to print in black and white?

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 Why your printer needs magenta just to print in black and white?

Because the people who made printers want you to buy a new printer cartridge. They make close to nothing on the printers, they make money on the inks. They've configured the computer programming parts of the printer to say you are out of ink, so you go out and buy more ink.


Question: How do medications create side effects such as dry mouth?

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 How do medications create side effects such as dry mouth?

What causes skeletal muscle to contract is when a little neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger from your brain) called Acetylcholine binds to its specific receptor on skeletal muscle. However, acetylcholine is used for more than muscle contraction, it is also used for the parasympathetic nervous system as stated below. When Acetylcholine binds to parasympathetic receptors, it causes effects that allows your body to "rest and digest", such as salivation, digestion, urination, etc. The muscle relaxers you are taking probably block acetylcholine release higher up in the chain of command, meaning they affect more than just skeletal muscle. Some muscle relaxers can act right at the skeletal muscle and prevent the Acetylcholine from binding to the receptor on that muscle. Others are less localized (like preventing the release of Ach from your neurons) which will affect other body systems as well.


Question: When they say "the math hasn't been created yet" how does one go about creating math?

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 When they say "the math hasn't been created yet" how does one go about creating math?

First, you define your assumptions, for example "any two points can have a line segment drawn between them" and "parallel lines never cross" Then you go on to use these assumptions to calculate how to calculate stuff, for example the relationship between the sides of a triangle. Preferably in a way that only uses your assumptions and things you've already proven.


Question: what was with the weird static noise speakers made when someone called on an old phone?

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 what was with the weird static noise speakers made when someone called on an old phone?

That's a side effect of some of the older cellular technologies; the towers communicated with the phones (for some protocols) on a frequency and modulation that was really good at coupling with the amplifier circuits in headphones and speakers. Basically, the speaker/headphone was becoming an unintentional antenna and "hearing" the signal from the cell tower. In the days of yore, cell phones weren't constantly talking to the cell towers beyond a simple "here I am". Modern phones are constantly exchanging data with the tower to run all your apps and data feeds in the background, but the old voice/text only phones wouldn't broadcast much until they were actually asked to do something. The interference you hear is the cell tower "yelling" at the phone to say "Hey, wake up, you have an incoming call."


Question: How do we know that the entire universe is expanding by just looking at the observable universe?

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 How do we know that the entire universe is expanding by just looking at the observable universe?

It is primarily due to something called the Doppler effect. Basically, the wavelength of waves (be they light or sound) decreases as an object moves towards the observer, and increases as they move away from the observer. So, an object that is moving closer to you will slowly start to sound higher pitch, and an object moving away from you will slowly start to sound lower pitch. Light works the same way, so we are able to observe subtle changes in the wavelength of light from other astral bodies. Since this change almost always show wavelengths increasing, we can determine the objects are moving away. Edit: I will add that this only tells us about the _observable_ universe - we are relatively sure that the objects we can observe are moving away from us and thus the section of the universe we can see is expanding. We extrapolate that to the hypothesis that the rest of the universe is probably expanding too, but that is just a hypothesis.


Question: Many animals have set mating seasons. Why do humans mate and reproduce at any time?

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 Many animals have set mating seasons. Why do humans mate and reproduce at any time?

Most mammals have a heat cycle where humans have the ability to get pregnant any month of the year (only for a few days each month) It has to do with how often they ovulate. And how stressful their environment is. Many animals go into a mating season and over winter while pregnant (bears, deer, etc) and give birth in the spring when food will be more plentiful going into the spring and summer months.


Question: When you stub your toe, why does it take a bit before the pain kicks in?

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 When you stub your toe, why does it take a bit before the pain kicks in?

The body has several different types of pain receptors and they are generally divided into two categories: fast and slow. Fast pain is transmitted via myelinated A delta fibers and is described as sharp, localized pain. The pain travels at 6 to 30 meters per second. Think of a burn or a cut and how quickly one is able to realize this pain and respond to it. Slow pain is transmitted via unmyelinated C fibers which is often described as dull, aching, throbbing. Most often associated with joints, muscle tissue, tendons. Velocity of slow pain is 0.5 to 2 meters per second. This is a very simplified explanation. The action of stubbing your toe involves blunt injury to the skin and more significant trauma to the tendons, muscles, joints. You're receiving pain from your C fibers which is why there is a bit of a pause before you feel the pain. Unless you stubbed your toe on a piece of furniture which had a pointy thumb tack sticking out of it which pierced your toe at the same time--then you would activate both your A delta and C fibers. You'd get the rapid pain followed by the deeper slow pain--slow follows fast.


Question: When the USA aquired Alaska from Russia, why was the border between Alaska and Canada effectively a straight north-south line until the very southern portion and then it suddenly juts eastward?

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 When the USA aquired Alaska from Russia, why was the border between Alaska and Canada effectively a straight north-south line until the very southern portion and then it suddenly juts eastward?

Alaska was never densely settled, and in the 19th century settlement was limited almost entirely to the coast. The inland part of Alaska was practically devoid of people on both sides of the border. Without a natural feature to follow, and with no people to complain, drawing a straight line is the easiest way to draw a border. Along the coast Russians settled on the seaward side of the mountains, but never went inland as the colonies were primarily concerned with fishing. As Canada expanded West across the plains the border eventually came right up against the coastal Russian territories.


Question: How are different marijuana strains made?

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 How are different marijuana strains made?

Marijuana is a flowering plant. To make seeds you need to take pollen from a male plant and put it in a female plant which you allow to grow to seed. Those seeds have a mixture of the DNA from both parents. Like other flowering plants, you can mix and match how you move the pollen to get a wide variety of hybrids.


Question: What causes the internal sound of humming when in a quiet place?

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 What causes the internal sound of humming when in a quiet place?

If it's really quiet, you might be hearing your own blood circulate. It's an interesting feeling. If you've ever been in one of those submersion tanks or a sound-proof room, you notice it big time. It's similar to when people say you can hear the ocean in a sea shell. You're just hearing your own circulation. More likely, it's that or it could be a kind of tinnitus. Some people get Tinnitus when they go into a quiet place due to constantly being exposed to background noise.


Question: What are all the different types of noises that an MRI makes when you’re getting a scan? And why is it different noises every few minutes?

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 What are all the different types of noises that an MRI makes when you’re getting a scan? And why is it different noises every few minutes?

An MRI machine collects data by delivering electromagnetic energy into the body to ‘flip’ the spins of nuclei in the body. When the nuclei flip back, they emit electromagnetic signals of the same frequency that are then detected by the system. The machine is set to have as homogeneous a magnetic field as possible at the center of the tube when nothing is happening. When a scan is taking place, the system rapidly changes the magnetic field within the magnet, using gradient coils, to provide spatial information. The sounds you hear have a variety of purposes. The slow knocking sounds that precede a scan are a pulse sequence designed to tune the cool to maximize the signal returned from the body. Then, the rapid knocking is from the rapid changes in the gradient coils during the scan itself. Different scanning sequences change the gradients at different rates, so the frequency of the sound you hear differs. The gradient coils that sit on the outside of the magnet are long loops of wire that vibrate due to the current pulsing through them during the scan. What you hear is that vibration. Source: spent 10 years working for MRI vendor.


Question: How and why is mental illness hereditary?

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 How and why is mental illness hereditary?

Not all forms of mental illness are hereditary. For example some forms of schizophrenia are related to the COMT gene. However, there are 20+ other genes with different connections. It may turn out that schizophrenia is like "cancer", a bad generalization based on common symptoms for many different diseases. However, trauma isn't genetic. There may be a genetic sensitivity to some sorts of trauma, but that's hardly the same thing. Mental illness is very complicated, and any "one solution" explanation is wrong.


Question: How does a RBMK reactor explode?

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 How does a RBMK reactor explode?

Reactors use really hot water that’s maintained at a constant pressure as a coolant. The pressure prevents the water from boiling at its normal temperature. If there is change in this balance and the water turns to steam in the “primary coolant loop” the water becomes ineffective as a coolant. The reactor gets hotter and so does the water. More heat, more steam. This causes a feedback loop and eventually something in the system will break down.


Question: Why benzodiazepines can cause terrible physical withdrawal syndrome which can last many month while alcohol physical withdrawal usually is a matter of days/weeks max? Both drugs acts on same receptors (GABA).

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 Why benzodiazepines can cause terrible physical withdrawal syndrome which can last many month while alcohol physical withdrawal usually is a matter of days/weeks max? Both drugs acts on same receptors (GABA).

It's because a drugs half life strongly correlates to how long the withdrawal symptoms will last. Let's use an opiate example heroin has a half life of I believe ~6 hours, with withdrawals lasting around 7 days for the acute. Methsdone has a half life of like 24-48 hours and it's withdrawals will take months. Now let's compare alcohol which doesn't have a half life but a steady state metabolism and is metabolized in 3 hours. Compared that to diazepam (a benzo) which has a half life of 100 hours and you can see why the withdrawals are so long and drawn out. Source: BS in Biochemistry, work in Pharma, and ex poly drug addict


Question: Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

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 Why do phones have a time limit to how long they can stay underwater for? What happens to the phone after the time limit?

Phones that are water resistant are designed to have as small cracks between components as they can make. But there is still some small cracks where water can seep through. But as they are small this takes time. How fast the water enters the phone depends on the water pressure or if in air the humidity. The deeper you go the higher the pressure and the more water enters the phone. This water can damage components causing shortcircuits and corrode things over time. This is why even though a phone can resist water splashes or short underwater events it might get damaged by being left out in the rain.


Question: How do drivers get money during insurance fraud? Why do you get money for someone crashing into you?

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 How do drivers get money during insurance fraud? Why do you get money for someone crashing into you?

The accident itself is just part of the insurance fraud. After the accident the parties will put forth their claim for damages. If they are able to claim more damages then were actually done then they will get more money then they spend. Either by artificially inflating the value of the damaged property or by claiming expenses that never took place. For example if someone accidentally backed into a post and damaged their car but did not have insurance for it they could be tempted to get someone else to crash into them from the rear so their insurance pays for the repairs. They might also start medical treatment and unemployment which allows them to claim the cost of the entire treatment and unemployment period only to cut the treatment short when they receive the money and rather go back to work.


Question: DMP, MMP, RUP voting systems for proportional representation voting??

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 DMP, MMP, RUP voting systems for proportional representation voting??

DMP is Dual member proportional voting. Basically every district in a DMP system would have two representatives. You would vote for one of them directly and the second seat will be proportioned to most accurately reflect voter alignment. Basically if you have 3 parties and one of them wins every election with 51% of the vote they would only end up with 51% of the available seats. It would be possible to lose an election and still represent a minority party. MMP is Mixed Member Proportional Representation. Its somewhat similar to DMP, but instead of everyone voting once, they would all vote twice. Once for a particular candidate and a second time for a party. The first vote would only effect your district, while the second vote would be used to fill the remaining seats between districts. RUP is rural urban proportional voting. Which is actually just the MMP system combined with STV system. People living in more urban areas will vote for just their districts using ranked voting, while the more rural districts will utilize MMP. Essentially giving the rural districts some voice in the urban districts, but not vice vs.


Question: Why are alpha and beta particles forms of ionising radiation if they are technically just helium ions and electrons respectively?

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 Why are alpha and beta particles forms of ionising radiation if they are technically just helium ions and electrons respectively?

Any charged particle* can ionize, because it can knock electrons or whole atoms/molecules loose from their bond. Alpha and beta are special because they are ~~small and~~ fast enough (as /u/BeautyAndGlamour says, because of their decay origins) to penetrate through barriers. \* Photons can also ionize because they interact directly with charged particles, rather than by electromagnetic mediation. Edit: It's not accurate to say this is because they are small. [Large high-energy ions]( URL_0 ) are just as dangerous (in fact more dangerous per ion).


Question: How does chrome take 4 gb of ram? That is like 5 full movies.

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 How does chrome take 4 gb of ram? That is like 5 full movies.

Since the introduction of Javascript websites are not just content shown to you. Websites are full on programs - some of them very complex with thousands and thousands of lines of code that is run by your browser. Look at Facebook - the website is an instant messenger program, a media player, an image viewer, a tracker (I'm sure a lot of the workings of the site are about tracking your interactions in minute detail), and a rich advertising program - and this is all running on your PC for every tab you have open. So you're not just holding the content, you're holding everything to make the website "program" run. Websites couldn't be as dynamic and responsive as this if they were just rendering content.


Question: In cartoons, certain clothing patterns such as checkered or plaid, it seems like it's a static pattern that the characters move around on. Why is this, and how is it done?

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 In cartoons, certain clothing patterns such as checkered or plaid, it seems like it's a static pattern that the characters move around on. Why is this, and how is it done?

On a technical level, their shirt is actually transparent, and there is a layer with the picture of the pattern behind the layer the character is drawn on. The character and their shirt moves, but the background layer does not, resulting in what you've described. The reason for doing this is that its a cheaper/faster/easier way to animate clothing with those types of patterns. The alternative is redrawing the whole thing each time the character moves slightly.


Question: How do ears/inner-ears/brains/? know how far away the sound is (is it close by or far away)?

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 How do ears/inner-ears/brains/? know how far away the sound is (is it close by or far away)?

The brain calculates the differences between what the left and right ear hear to determine the properties of the sound. The time difference between the arrival of the sound among the ears is used mainly to determine the sound's direction. It then calculates the energy level absorbed (which means how strong the vibration on the ear is and is actually how loud you hear a sound) by the ears to approximate the distance. It is not much different to what our eyes do, the same principal applies, but the ears as perception organs are imperfect when compared to the eyes. To get an idea of the principal at hand try to gauge the distance to an object with one eye closed or with both open.


Question: If Microsoft has the most info on Malware/Viruses/Spyware - why is Windows Defender not the best at its job?

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 If Microsoft has the most info on Malware/Viruses/Spyware - why is Windows Defender not the best at its job?

For starters, who says Microsoft has "the most info on malware/viruses/spyware"? Though Microsoft is able to collect more information on its products' usage than any other organization, that doesn't mean it is granted some secret knowledge about virus development that other companies don't have. All antivirus companies know the same things about viruses and malware. Secondly, Windows Defender is pretty good. Not great, but pretty good for the average user. It's not the best because Microsoft doesn't put as many resources into developing it as some other companies whose sole focus is malware protection. Windows Defender is almost an afterthought—it's a very nice feature that ships with Windows for free, but it's not Windows's selling point. Its selling point is the operating system as a whole. Compare that to other companies' products whose primary selling point is antivirus software—there's an entirely different focus there. Lastly (and this point is debatable), in reference to you saying Windows Defender "is not the best", we don't really have a definition for "best". I've used strong, strict third-party antivirus software that has prevented legitimate programs from running because it's suspected they're dangerous. However, I have never had this issue with Windows Defender. Is being overly strict "better" even if it raises false alarms? Maybe, but maybe not. However, you can be certain that any review that compares various antivirus softwares' effectiveness will be basing their review almost entirely on *how strict* the software is, not *how reasonable* it is. **tl;dr—**Microsoft does not have "the most info" on malware, and Windows Defender is not a bad antivirus software. However, it would likely be improved if it were a bigger selling point for Microsoft.


Question: Why is it so necessary for the scientific community to have the climate change deniers agree that human intervention is the main cause behind the rapid climate change over the last couple of centuries?

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 Why is it so necessary for the scientific community to have the climate change deniers agree that human intervention is the main cause behind the rapid climate change over the last couple of centuries?

Since the deniers are backed by some powerful and wealthy institutions, many of them corporate entities actually responsible for the release of greenhouse gases, getting them to admit that their activities contribute to the problem would significantly change the dynamic of the discussion and might even lead to real action by the petrochemical industry.


Question: What is the difference between http and https?

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 What is the difference between http and https?

The S in httpS stands for "secure". What this means is basically two things - encryption and authentication. Encryption simply means that the data send between your computer and the server is encrypted. Anyone intercepting this communication should be unable to decrypt it. Authentication means that the server sends a digitally signed certificate which proves the server is indeed the entity that it claim it is. This way, for example, you can know for sure that the banking website that you just entered your credentials in is indeed your bank, and not a phishing website that wants to steal your password.


Question: How can France implement a new president in a matter of days when transition in the U.S. takes months?

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 How can France implement a new president in a matter of days when transition in the U.S. takes months?

For one thing, the two jobs aren't exactly comparable: France has a semi-presidential system, with a President and a Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the one that does most of the day-to-day stuff and is responsible for recommending cabinet ministers to the President. In the US, both of those jobs are combined into one office, so the American president has a lot more on his plate. Also, the Constitution says that Jan 20 is the inauguration day. There simply isn't much interest in changing that, though it probably could be moved up without issue.


Question: Why are there no mammals with more than 4 limbs?

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 Why are there no mammals with more than 4 limbs?

Because all mammals (and all reptiles, ambiphians, and birds) are all descendant from prehistoric tetrapods. The basic model of the tetrapod is having four limbs (tetra - four; pod - foot). While some have adapted these limbs into wings (birds, bats) and some have lost the limbs altogether (snakes), none have gained any limbs. Occasionally an organism will be born with extra limbs as a result of some mutation or birth defect, but these are usually harmful to their survival, so it does not catch on as a trait.


Question: Why are guilty plea's of value to the state?

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 Why are guilty plea's of value to the state?

They don't have to undergo the cost (the state pays the judge, prosecutor, court staff, and jury, small stipend but also the cost of the time of the state's citizens) of a trial and gets a desired result (the person the state believes commit a crime accepts their guilt and faces some punishment). The generosity of a plea bargain greatly depends on the facts of the case (how likely the state is to win in court), and whether the accused has testimony that could be used in other cases. Think of it this way, if a plea bargain gets a minor traffic offender 80% of the sentence they would get if convicted, the state saves an enormous amount of resources, in exchange for very little (many traffic offenses aren't punished that severely).


Question: Why is it so difficult to make "perfect" software?

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 Why is it so difficult to make "perfect" software?

Software developer here, > but why aren't then virtually bug free by now? We haven't been working on the same programs this whole time. Every time you change an existing code base, you no longer have the same program. Business people assume software is more malleable than it is, and they are loathe to throw away IP. So I write a piece of software. Let's say it's perfect. Now management comes to me and says they want +feature. The software wasn't built with +feature in mind, this changes the scope of everything. The proper thing to do would be to reconsider the whole project from square one and understand how +feature contributes, then throw away anything and everything in the program that does not conform to this new design. But that takes too much time, that *wastes* too much IP that is currently valuable and profitable. So what they want me to do is *shoe horn* +feature into the program. It's a hack. It's ugly, and it breaks design assumptions and invariants. If I can do it before, I can do it again, and again, and again, and the code gets more and more divergent from it's original design. This sort of tack on feature creep grows complexity exponentially. > Why has no one thought to just suspend releasing updates until software is virtually flawless? Business people are short sighted. We have a cancerous belief that our economy is a growth economy, and that market gains and profits now are more important than long term achievements for the company. I've never been with a company that has kept a CEO more than 4 years. These guys only care about looking good in front of shareholders, getting rich, and moving on before it blows up in their face. Then they can say look back at their history, their golden path of success. The failings of those companies after them are the faults of that next guy. There's also the principle of "Worse is Better." Look it up. Perfect software isn't successful in the market. > With all the computing power we have, why can't supercomputers stress-test software to insure quality? You don't need a super computer. Most testing is useless, as they only prevent regression, they don't discover unknown bugs. QA departments are big wastes of money because they can't exercise every possible combination and permutation, only a sample set of possible inputs. And typically, they have no fucking clue what they're doing and only check for regression, which we have automation setup to do, and they'll only ever do the tests the developers have done themselves. If testing were productive, you wouldn't find bugs in production. > I'm sure there is a much higher standard in embedded software and super critical applications, but why not everywhere? It's unnecessarily costly and the market will tolerate a lot of shit. > WTF can an old fashioned TV remote on a non-smart TV respond instantly but a "smart" TV runs like shit with lags and delays? Old televisions were more like electro-mechanical machines than electronics. They were either on or off, they didn't need to boot. Hell, the old CRTs needed to literally warm up like you would a car engine. > am I alone in thinking stuff should be flawlessly responsive and super fast first, and loaded with features no one asked for second? The programmers lament...


Question: Why is everyone blaming the "boomers" for today's economy?

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 Why is everyone blaming the "boomers" for today's economy?

To add to what others had said, they created a tax policy that incentivized outsourcing jobs and paying workers as little as possible while shifting as much of the money and profits as possible to the already-wealthy investors. They decreased the funding for government research & development that helped the US be a tech leader in the 50s and 60s while cutting their own taxes and driving up the national debt. They focused on making themselves as wealthy as possible at the cost of the environment while pushing the debt and cleanup costs to the next generation. Privatized profits and socialized debt. Edit: I want to add that this is not a problem of the past. The Trump tax cuts tripled the deficit, adding trillions to the national debt while almost all of the benefits are going to the already wealthy boomers that are now in their 60s, 70s, and 80s.


Question: when ordering through a food delivery service with a discount, who takes the loss? The restaurant or the delivery service?

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 when ordering through a food delivery service with a discount, who takes the loss? The restaurant or the delivery service?

Either or. It depends on who is offering the discount. If McDonald's is offering a free order of Mcnuggets if you spend more than 20 bucks, then that's McDonald's cost to eat. If Uber Eats has a 30% off all orders if you spend more than $50, then no matter who you order from, uber will pay for that discount.


Question: Why can't we use railgun technology to launch satellites into orbit?

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 Why can't we use railgun technology to launch satellites into orbit?

Low Earth orbit requires a speed of 7800m/s So lets say you have a humongous rail gun that’s 400 meters long. The lazy math says that to exit at 7800m/s, the satellite will be spending something around 0.06 seconds accelerating. That gives you an average acceleration of 130,000m/s^2 That’s 13,250 times earth’s gravity, and your satellite is pulverized.


Question: - How exactly does water put out a fire? Is it a smothering thing, or a chemical reaction?

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 - How exactly does water put out a fire? Is it a smothering thing, or a chemical reaction?

The smothering helps, but mostly it's just cooling down the burning material. Heating up the water cools the fuel down a lot, but when water evaporates it pulls a lot more heat out of the fuel. Edit: Reworded some things. Glad to know my chemical engineering degree's still useful to people even after moving out of the field.


Question: Why are community colleges able to provide classes for such a low cost while university tuition is sky-high?

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 Why are community colleges able to provide classes for such a low cost while university tuition is sky-high?

I think it has to do with the efficency between community colleges and state universities. Since community colleges don't provide some of the luxuries that a university offers such as research, luxury spas, study abroad programs, these institutions can focus more on instructing students at competitive rates. In addition, community colleges do not compete as agressively as universities when it comes to faculty. Also, universities are known for having more higher education administrators, which adds to the cost of a university education.


Question: Why do humans like music?

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 Why do humans like music?

We don't really know why! This gets into the question of how we evolved to make music and what purpose (if any) it serves in terms of our evolutionary history. There's a lot of debate over this, and no clear right answer. All humans everywhere in the world make music (and dance!), so it's likely that it's been with us since the beginning of our species. Some psychologists think that it's a side effect of our brains being wired for language; others think that it actually predates language and has more in common with songs in other animals like birds or whales. It definitely uses a lot of the same brain skills that language needs--recognizing melodies and rhythms is pretty fundamental to being able to speak and understand. Some think that music and dancing evolved as a group activity to facilitate human social bonding; others think that it started as a mating ritual or a way for men and women to show off and look sexy. We don't really know, but we do know (as the other person commented) that it triggers the pleasure response in our brain just like food, sex, and drugs do.


Question: If you throw a wad of wet, scrunched up toilet paper at a wall, it sticks even after the water has evaporated out of it. How come?

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 If you throw a wad of wet, scrunched up toilet paper at a wall, it sticks even after the water has evaporated out of it. How come?

Paper is basically wood pulp (often with other additives), held together by glue. In toilet paper specifically, the glue is very soluble in water. This is so when you flush it, the glue melts, and the paper dissolves. If you throw wet toilet paper at the wall, the glue is partially dissolved, and will stick to the wall. When it dries out, it's still stuck to the wall.


Question: What is color sampling? when someone throws ratios like 4:4:4 or 4:2:2 what do those corresponding numbers mean. How does this relate to the design of a CMOS sensor?

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 What is color sampling? when someone throws ratios like 4:4:4 or 4:2:2 what do those corresponding numbers mean. How does this relate to the design of a CMOS sensor?

4:4:4 means that every pixel has an independently defined brightness and colour. 4:2:2 means that every pixel has its own brightness, but adjoining pairs of pixels share the same colour. Similarly there's 4:1:1 where rows of four pixels share a colour and 4:2:0 where two-by-two blocks of pixels share a colour. These schemes allow video to be encoded with fewer bits and work well because our eyes can't see detail in colour as well as we can in monochrome. An 8 megapixel camera will have 4 million green sensors, 2 million red sensors and 2 millions blue sensors. Typically (with Bayer pattern) groups of four pixels are arranged like this: G B R G This is a close match for 4:2:0 colour sampling since colour is only fully defined for groups of four pixels. Note that an 8 megapixel camera only has 8 million pixels in all whereas an 8 megapixel display, e.g., a 4K TV, has 24 million sub-pixels: 8 million red, 8 million green and 8 million blue.


Question: How many earth-like planets can aliens see in our solar system using our technology?

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 How many earth-like planets can aliens see in our solar system using our technology?

On one hand, they would probably have trouble seeing Earth, since we have several gas giants on the outer edge of our solar system; most Human technologies for detecting planets has to do with gravity's effects, and having large gas giants can obscure the smaller gravity wells of the inner planets. But, if we were a human-like alien, on an Earth-like planet, with Earth-like technologies looking at Earth's solar system from light-years away, and weren't put off by Jupiter and Saturn, they would see three earth-like planets in the habitable zone: Mars, Earth, and Venus. There's a slight possibility that their math may be inconclusive and detect a 4th planet just inside Jupiter's orbit or mis-measure Mars' size and orbit, due to the asteroid belt, but the asteroid belt doesn't have much mass (less than the moon) so it might not be an issue.


Question: Is blocking a punch effective if the arm used to block is in contact with my body?

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 Is blocking a punch effective if the arm used to block is in contact with my body?

Your arms have much more muscle protecting your bones and do not house vital organs. Blocking a punch with your arms will distribute the force initially before it reaches your head. Knuckle-to-skull might as well be bone-to-bone. You may notice from boxing/UFC bouts that cuts do not occur to a fighters arms, but can easily be done to the head/face. The tension to break the skin is more common when the surface it comes in contact with is less malleable. And I know it's not related to physics as much, but in a combat setting, it makes more sense to be able to have your hands in-place to parry incoming strikes; often directed at the easiest place to render someone incapacitated (head).


Question: Are animals able to distinguish their own siblings if they grew up together, got separated (i.e. zoo or adoption), and if they're reunited in adulthood?

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 Are animals able to distinguish their own siblings if they grew up together, got separated (i.e. zoo or adoption), and if they're reunited in adulthood?

My dog lived for her first 6 months with her sister who she was identical to. They were very fond of each other. We had other dogs and plenty of mirrors but when we adopted her she would sometimes catch sight of herself in the mirror and immediately drop her ears and start wagging her tail the way she does when she greets dogs and people she likes. When she realised it was the mirror she would just sit and stare in to it and I am sure she saw her sister in her own reflection and missed and mourned her. We arranged for them to meet about eight months later and she recognised her.


Question: Why can humans sometimes hold and control a large quantity of urine(say 600ml) without peeing, and sometimes can't control their peeing even if it's a small quantity like 100ml?(Same person)

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 Why can humans sometimes hold and control a large quantity of urine(say 600ml) without peeing, and sometimes can't control their peeing even if it's a small quantity like 100ml?(Same person)

Part of it is likely training. If you get into a routine that includes peeing at a certain time, you will experience the need to pee when this trigger occurs. This will happen even if you have relatively little urine to expel. It can also be due to mental engagement - if you're hyper-focused on something, then you don't notice hunger or other needs as much. Finally, simple posture might be a factor. I'm sure many an older redditor can attest to sitting down for long periods, only to need to use the toilet upon standing up.


Question: Why do treads on a tire increase traction? Without treads, isn't the same around of pressure applied by the vehicle to the road?

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 Why do treads on a tire increase traction? Without treads, isn't the same around of pressure applied by the vehicle to the road?

Treads help water under the tire move to the side and prevents the water acting as a lubricant, reducing traction and causing hydroplaning (car sliding). So in wet conditions the traction is vastly improved with treads, however in dry conditions the traction will be slightly less due to a reduced contact area between tire and road. This is why some racing cars use treadless tires called 'slicks', obviously these are only used in dry conditions.


Question: When someone says the universe is 13.5 billion years old, what exactly does that mean?

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 When someone says the universe is 13.5 billion years old, what exactly does that mean?

Time is being defined as "what we're experiencing here on Earth right now." Hence the use of the word "years", which is an Earth-orbit related unit. Basically, if they wanted to specify a different frame of reference for the universe age, they would have specifically mentioned it. If you're wondering HOW they arrived at the "13.5" number, [this Wikipedia article]( URL_0 ) explains it in some detail. Briefly, there are two assumptions: * That the rest of the universe, even the parts that are too far for us to observe, behave like the near parts of the universe that we CAN observe, so that we can generalize what we see. * That the current behavior of galaxies moving away from us at the observed rate and acceleration, is not some recent phenomenon, but has always been happening (this is the Big Bang theory). So they look at what they're seeing right now, and they assume that the forces of gravity etc. always behaved the way we currently observe, and predict backwards how long it could have taken to get to where we are right now. And they're using "size" and "time" in Earth terms. As if you could take the Earth "OUT" of the universe and observe without being affected by it, with time passing on Earth as you're observing as it does now (1 year per year).


Question: Why do some cheeses melt well like gruyere, some melt and split into oil like cheddar, and some don't melt at all like halloumi?

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 Why do some cheeses melt well like gruyere, some melt and split into oil like cheddar, and some don't melt at all like halloumi?

Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [Do different kinds of cheeses have different melting and boiling points? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do some types of cheese melt when heat is applied? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do different types of cheese melt differently? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do somethings like cheese melt when heat is applied but eggs solidify? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does something with cheese get greasy and oily when you reheat it? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_10 comments_)