Question: What is actually happening to the food when it's being deep fried?

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 What is actually happening to the food when it's being deep fried?

Basically, the water in the food boils and evaporates, and the fat of the oils you fry it in takes the water's place. Because of this, the food doesn't seem to dry out like it would if you made the water evaporate by normal frying, as you still have a sort of liquid in the food instead of just dryness. Of course, there is a limit to how far in the oil can reach.


Question: Recent study about alcohol use says that the greatest proportion of alcohol-related deaths among young people were from tuberculosis, road injuries and self-harm. I get the road injuries and self harm.. but TB? Why are TB and alcohol connected?

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 Recent study about alcohol use says that the greatest proportion of alcohol-related deaths among young people were from tuberculosis, road injuries and self-harm. I get the road injuries and self harm.. but TB? Why are TB and alcohol connected?

Alcohol makes your immune system weaker. Therefore your body is less likely to fight off a new TB infection. For people who have had TB, a weakened immune system can let the dormant TB come back as a full infection. Secondly, alcohol consumption typically occurs in places where TB can be transferred from person to person such as bars, shelters, and other social institutions.


Question: Why would a child think that a different shaped container would hold more or less liquid vs the other which has the same volume of liquid? And what is the name of this?

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 Why would a child think that a different shaped container would hold more or less liquid vs the other which has the same volume of liquid? And what is the name of this?

Piaget's theory of conservation. A child's brain develops in stages. Some theories have been put forth to try and classify the little developments into discrete stages and tried to understand what stage comes first. The ability is to understand that if you have two identical glasses with the same amount of water (call them A and B) and you acknowledge that they contain the same amount, then pour everything from A into glass C which is taller and narrower (water level higher), you logically cannot have more or less water in C than B. If you cannot make this logical deduction, you haven't hit that developmental stage.


Question: Spin of an electron. What is it? Why can there be only two electrons with opposite spin in an orbital? What does “opposite spin” even mean?

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 Spin of an electron. What is it? Why can there be only two electrons with opposite spin in an orbital? What does “opposite spin” even mean?

A spinning magnet produces an electric field. Electrons produce a similar electric field so they were said to 'spin'. We now know electrons are not physical particles that spin but the term has stuck. Electrons produce a magnetic field as if spinning. Some do it as if spinning clockwise and others as if spinning counter clockwise. So we say they have opposite spin. Each electron is paired with one that has the opposite spin. This makes the total spin balanced. When an electron has its spin altered, its paired electron instantly alters its spin to match no matter how far away. We do not know how this can happen but it does. So to sum up: we know electrons exist, have magnetic fields in one of two directions, and are paired. We don't know what they are, how they produce a magnetic field, or how pairs are linked. We use the term 'spin' even though it is inaccurate because we have no better term.


Question: Why are airlines not required by law to update their planes more often and use newer models? Many commercial planes being used today are older than most people on this website.

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 Why are airlines not required by law to update their planes more often and use newer models? Many commercial planes being used today are older than most people on this website.

The planes are constantly under maintenance and are retrofitted quite often. If the engines and the body are in good shape, all sorts of things can be changed at a much lower cost than replacing the plane. Airline travel wouldnt be affordable if they replaced the fleet every 5-10 years, but they change the avionics, engine parts, etc. Many parts are mandated to be changed after a certain number of hours, so even the guts of the engines are replaced over time. Airline travel remains one of the absolute safest methods of transportation so it’s simply not necessary.


Question: Why does too hot water in the shower hurt and too cold doesn't?

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 Why does too hot water in the shower hurt and too cold doesn't?

My though on it would be cold water could never be “cold enough” to actually hurt us, like freezing cold water because our bodies are more resilient to cold, but hot water, can burn because our bodies/skin can’t take that high of a temperature, like boiling water, you’d never stick your hand in that.


Question: What are ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds? What makes them different from each other?

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 What are ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds? What makes them different from each other?

An ionic bond is when two atoms trade an electron, one atom gives it up, the other gets it. The two atoms become ions because of this. Then the electric charge of the two atoms attracts them together. A covalent bond is where the two atoms share 2 electrons. Basically the electrons start orbiting around both atoms in a figure 8 pattern (not really, but it is a good ELI5 analogy). Metallic bonds happen with metals. Basically metals tend to have more than 1 or 2 missing electrons. So instead all the metal atoms share a bunch of electrons between them. The atoms form a lattice or crystal structure and the electrons flow between all the metal atoms.


Question: Why do some spicy foods hit hard and fade quickly (wasabi), while others start subtle but build up (flaming hot Cheetos), and others hit hard, stay a long time, and ruin my sleep (lamb vindaloo)?

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 Why do some spicy foods hit hard and fade quickly (wasabi), while others start subtle but build up (flaming hot Cheetos), and others hit hard, stay a long time, and ruin my sleep (lamb vindaloo)?

Its worth pointing out that Wasabi (and horseradish) contains a different spicy chemical than chilies. That's why you feel wasabi up in your nose, that chemical evaporates much more easily and you end up breathing it out, whereas the chemical that's in chilies is an oily liquid that doesn't really evaporate. These two chemicals also act on different receptors in our mouths, creating different sensations.


Question: Why does music sound slower when I'm sick?

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 Why does music sound slower when I'm sick?

Your body temperature can deregulate your internal clock. Quoting [PubMed]( URL_0 ): > Experiments investigating timing behaviour in humans under conditions where body temperature was raised or (much more rarely) lowered, dating from 1927 to 1993, were reviewed. These tested the hypothesis that humans possess a temperature-sensitive chemical or biological internal clock. Most studies used conditions in which subjects produced or estimated durations less than 100 sec long, probably using chronometric counting, but other experimental paradigms were sometimes employed. Data from each study were expressed in a uniform fashion, as plots of changes in the rate of subjective time (estimated from changes in timing behaviour) against changes in body temperature. In almost all cases, rate of subjective time increased when body temperature increased above normal, and decreased when body temperature was lowered below normal, although observations of the latter type were rare. The data also suggested a parametric effect of body temperature, with higher temperatures generally producing faster subjective time. Some possible mechanisms for the effects obtained were discussed, with the most promising explanation probably being that the temperature manipulation produces changes in arousal.


Question: What makes the earth rotate on its own axis ?

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 What makes the earth rotate on its own axis ?

Newton’s First Law An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This applies to rotation as well. It continues to rotate because there is nothing stopping its rotation. It originally was spinning mainly because during its creation, the matter which makes up our planet was spinning slightly and when it was pulled together. Some may answer “conservation of angular momentum” which is also correct but that is ultimately a consequence of other laws including Newton’s. It has nothing to do with space time.


Question: Why does binary use 0 and 1 instead of 1 and 2?

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 Why does binary use 0 and 1 instead of 1 and 2?

The same reason our base-10 number system uses 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. There is no symbol 10 in base 10. Any base has symbols up to, but not including the base you say it is. So base 10 has symbols up to 9. Binary has all the symbols up to 1.


Question: Why is dimethylmercury so toxic? Can you be cured from mercury poisoning?

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 Why is dimethylmercury so toxic? Can you be cured from mercury poisoning?

So usually, your body has a hard time holding on to metals. You're made of organic compounds which basically interact in a mechanical fashion. Metals are basically little ball bearings that would much rather stick to each other. If you drink a shot glass of mercury, pretty much the exact same amount of mercury is going to come out the other end - basically the only part that'll make it into your bloodstream is the tiny part that vaporizes and makes its way into your lungs. Dimethyl mercury is a mercury molecule attached to a dimethyl group (an organic molecule), which acts as a handle for your body to grab onto. Organo-metals are generally not good for you, but dimethyl's are particularly bad news. Anything with a dimethyl group goes right through cell membranes(and latex gloves) like they're not even there. If you spill Dimethylsulfoxide on yourself (a common solvent in organic chemistry, and thankfully nontoxic) you'll be able to *taste it in seconds*.


Question: [MATHEMATICS] Why is any non-zero number to the power of zero is always 1?

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 [MATHEMATICS] Why is any non-zero number to the power of zero is always 1?

To multiply that number by itself a certain number of times, we use an exponent. For example, three to the second power is three multiplied by itself 2 times, or 3*3=9. Let's look at a few examples: 3^5 = 3x3x3x3x3 = 243 3^4 = 3x3x3x3 = 81 3^3 = 3x3x3 = 27 3^2 = 3x3 = 9 3^1 = 3 = 3 You can also see that each time we reduce the power by 1 we divide the value by 3. Here are some examples: 3^0 = 3/3 = 1 3^-1 = 1/3 = 0.3333 3^(-2) = 1/3/3 = 0.1111 3^(-3) = 1/3/3/3 = 0.037037


Question: Why are movies so quiet during normal dialogue, yet so loud during music score or action scenes?

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 Why are movies so quiet during normal dialogue, yet so loud during music score or action scenes?

The movie sound recording is mixed for use in theaters, which have different standards for audio levels, having a large dynamic range. Its an artistic choice of sorts, to give impact to loud sounds like explosions, gun shots etc. They could of course remaster these levels for home audio, but they don't because it costs money. You can fix this somewhat if you have a surround setup by boosting the center channel volume from your amplifier, where most vocals are panned. Its worse however if you just use the TV or a 2 channel system, because the center channel becomes a virtual channel only (it plays identical sound through both speakers, making it sound as if its centered). While boosting a virtual center channel is technically possible, it requires digital sound processing that would add cost to any playback device.


Question: If 97/98% of climate scientists agree that global temps rising is probably man made, how are they remaining % able to publish peer reviewed journals?

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 If 97/98% of climate scientists agree that global temps rising is probably man made, how are they remaining % able to publish peer reviewed journals?

Peer review is not a "golden bullet" for detecting error or fraud. It's basically a "sanity check": Does this methodology and argument seem at least even plausible to someone else in the field? Has this author made really elementary errors or overlooked something really obvious? Does this article have even a possibility of being useful to other academics beyond as an example of "what not to do"? Said reviewer is not going to re-run the experiment, re-crunch the numbers, or re-read the sources, most of the time. They're not asking, "is this true?," they're asking, "is this to a sufficiently high bar that it is worth discussing?" Later studies are responsible for the "is this true?" aspect of science. And of course for most papers you are talking about at most 3 peer reviewers and sometimes only 1, depending on the journal. People can and do make errors of judgment, and there are of course middle-ground areas that experts disagree on all the time (where one expert would say, "go ahead and publish it" and the other would say, "this is trash"). It is not uncommon for anyone (in any field) who uses peer review to have one negative reviewer and one positive reviewer. (Google "Reviewer #2" if you want to see discussions by academics about the frustration of reading the negative reviewer.) And then the journal editor has to hash out a publication decision from that (accept, deny, or "revise and resubmit"). Peer review is a clunky tool and should not be confused with a gold stamp of truth. That is not its goal. Again, that's what other, later publications are meant to establish. We don't say a scientists' theory is true because it made it past peer review, we say it is true because later experiments and articles gave further confirmation of its truth. Peer review is not even really meant to ferret out fraud or error with any kind of reliability. It's just meant to make the bar for publication sufficiently high that journals are not swamped with obviously inferior work. That's it. If anything it probably filters out too much good work. (As a historian of science I would also point out that peer review is not as fundamental to the history of science as people think it is. See [this lovely article]( URL_0 ) on the history of peer review. And as an academic I can personally relate how frustrating peer review is — and I can imagine that those that I review are frequently frustrated with me, as well!)


Question: Why does (sometimes) a small electric shock occurs when people touch?

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 Why does (sometimes) a small electric shock occurs when people touch?

A shock is your nerves reacting to the movement of electrons. Electrons move from a place of high potential (many electrons) to a place of low potential (fewer electrons) because nature prefers balance. A person may gain electrons in many ways. Just walking across a carpet can do it. It really depends on many parameters. If you touch a person with higher or lower potential than you then electrons will flow. Ouch.


Question: How does life on Earth recover after a mass extinction?

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 How does life on Earth recover after a mass extinction?

There are always survivors after mass extinctions. Sometimes there's a lot, sometimes not so much. But they're always there. Those survivors branch out into newly unoccupied lands and niches. They evolve to fit those new climates and food webs. Slowly, they diverge from their original species, just as the original species can evolve to something different, and then you have two species. Continue doing that for millions of years and Earth is refilled. If you're talking about the one happening now, there are quite a few species that are booming, especially city scavengers like rats and birds. Some insects are rapidly increasing in numbers as their predators collapse.


Question: Do perfect mirrors exist? Could you trap photons in a perfect mirror container?

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 Do perfect mirrors exist? Could you trap photons in a perfect mirror container?

Light *refraction* turns out to be the key to total light reflection on a surface. It's not really a mirror by definition, since the [total internal reflection]( URL_0 ) depends on the light's angle of incidence. It's the basis of fiber optic cables that can transmit pulses of light through snaking twists of a thin cable, across the Atlantic Ocean floor, for high speed data transfer. Transmission isn't optically 100%, but good enough for thousands of miles. To go beyond ELI5, there's also the issue of the lack of "sameness" of photons after interacting with matter. But that's too far afield. So the tl;dr answer is: no perfect trap for photon energy, but close enough for our needs.


Question: I read that one of the symptoms of Syphilis is "an increasing onset of insanity", can someone explain how that works? What exactly happens?

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 I read that one of the symptoms of Syphilis is "an increasing onset of insanity", can someone explain how that works? What exactly happens?

After a prolonged time there is a significant risk that the disease will spread to the brain. It's called [neurosyphilis]( URL_0 ). Neurosyphilis can occur at any time during syphilis sickeness but the risk is significantly higher with time. The inflammation of the brain causes a variety of neurological symptoms, from blindness to psychosis. Fun fact, Nietzsche is often claimed to have gone insane and die from syphilis. There are sources claiming that it was a nazi smear-campaign and in fact he was a victim of cancer.


Question: Why do we enjoy a cold drink so much more than a warm oder medium temperature one (Coke, cocktails, beer)?

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 Why do we enjoy a cold drink so much more than a warm oder medium temperature one (Coke, cocktails, beer)?

Temperature changes the flavor characteristics of food greatly. For example, cold makes you less able to taste properly compared to room temperature, in general. However, a lot of the draw of cool drinks is because it is a slight change on your system which is nice, like going from a snowy outside to a nice hot fire inside.


Question: why can you touch both sides of a 9V battery, you can even do it with a wet tongue and hardly get shocked, but a taser with that same battery can knock you out?

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 why can you touch both sides of a 9V battery, you can even do it with a wet tongue and hardly get shocked, but a taser with that same battery can knock you out?

Tasers use circuits to * increase the voltage (some models go to 50 000 volts) * store the electricity from the battery in capacitors that can build up a charge over time and release it all very quickly There are DIY taser type circuits on line if you want to see what the circuits can look like


Question: -How do job interviewers find your social media account even when your name isn’t your social media username, along with other things about you?

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 -How do job interviewers find your social media account even when your name isn’t your social media username, along with other things about you?

Changing your name on Facebook is not nearly as effective as people think it is. Yeah it may discourage a few casual searchers, but if anyone really wants to find you, it only takes a small amount of extra effort. Think about it. They have your name, where you live, and your previous employers. Presumably you are going to be friends with most of your family members, neighbors, and former co-workers. A hit on any one of those will lead them right back to you.


Question: How/why gold rates rise and fall?

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 How/why gold rates rise and fall?

Gold is just like any other commodity. For all intents and purposes, there is a 'fixed' supply of gold, so the price goes up or down based on how many people are looking to buy and sell gold. Now, gold is special in that it has historically been seen as a good store of value during uncertain economic times. People have always seen gold as valuable, so it is likely that they will always see it as valuable going forward. If there are fears about economic prosperity, inflation, or general stock market losses, people will invest heavily in gold to 'ride out' the storm. This massive wave of investment will drive prices higher. The opposite will happen when opposite economic conditions happen.


Question: Why do atomic nuclei with odd number of protons behave as magnets when introduced to a magnetic field?

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 Why do atomic nuclei with odd number of protons behave as magnets when introduced to a magnetic field?

The magnetism of an atom comes from its electrons. Each electron shell can hold a pair of electrons - one with "up" spin and one with "down" spin. Electron spin isn't the same as normal spinning, but it's also not *not* like normal spinning. The spin of the electron creates a tiny magnetic field. When the shell has both electrons, their spins cancel each other out so there is no overall magnetic field. When there isn't a pair, there is one electron more with that direction of spin than the other direction, so its magnetic field isn't opposed by another electron. This gives the atom an overall net magnetic field. Atoms *generally* have the same number of electrons as they have protons. An imbalance between the two creates a charged ion, which is very likely to either capture an electron or eject an electron so that the charge becomes neutral again. So an odd number of protons means an odd number of electrons, which means the outer shell doesn't have a balanced spin, so it has a tiny magnetic field associated with that spin.


Question: How are the high quality photos of microscopic creatures taken and why do they look fake?

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 How are the high quality photos of microscopic creatures taken and why do they look fake?

They are not photos, at least not in any sense of the way most people understand photos. These are taken by a scanning electron microscope, then processed out into an image that we can recognize. So in a sense, yes they are computer generated 3D models, but they are based off of the exact measurements and readings of a massively powerful microscope.


Question: How open-source is better than proprietary software for security?

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 How open-source is better than proprietary software for security?

(1) Lots of people can look at the code. This includes people smarter, dumber, richer and poorer than those who wrote the code, and so it is more likely that errors will get noticed and reported. (2) No financial incentive to keep bad code even when it's known to be faulty (looking at you Microsoft) (3) More developers will make use of the code in their own projects, guaranteeing that weird side-cases and oddball scenarios are encountered more often and related bugs will be reported and fixed. (4) Open Source tends to encourage a sense of community and dedication to the "craft". This communal feeling makes some developers feel obligated to help fix bad code, even if they aren't going to use it.


Question: How was the number Pi invented and calculated?

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 How was the number Pi invented and calculated?

Pi is just a number, it wasn't "invented" any more than 1 or 2 or 3 was invented. The fact that all circles have the same ratio between their circumference and their diameter has been known for thousands of years. Presumably it was first calculated with a simple method like using a string to measure a circle's perimeter and then straightening it out to compare it to the diameter. Ancient cultures usually just approximated it to one or two decimal places, which was close enough for the architecture of the time. The main way the ancients approximated pi was to draw regular polygons. As the number of sides increases, you get closer and closer to a perfect circle. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek mathematician Archimedes made it up to a 96-gon and proved that pi was between 223/71 (~3.1408) and 22/7 (~3.1429). Around a thousand years later, a Chinese mathematician made it up to a 12,288-gon, which gives an approximation correct for the first seven decimal places. That algorithm was used until around the Renaissance era when studies of infinite series and calculus were developed.


Question: Barrels of oil : what do they mean ?

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 Barrels of oil : what do they mean ?

Both, a barrel is 159 liters (a teensy bit less actually). They use it as a measure because they ship and sell it that way. It was an older convention that meant exactly both, now it means a measure of the amount, but they still use the older unit, and often still ship in barrels.


Question: Why do online job applications ask you to submit your resume, but then ask you to manually fill in the information on said resume into the application itself?

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 Why do online job applications ask you to submit your resume, but then ask you to manually fill in the information on said resume into the application itself?

Your resume is usually a stylized document intended for a human to comfortably read. However a lot of recruiters use computer systems to filter and sort applications and these computers can not read the documents as easy. So they ask you to fill out the information in a form that can be read by a computer but also attach a human readable version of the resume for when it is picked up by humans to read. A lot of times the resume does include information about you that is not asked for in the forms but is still very relevant.


Question: Why can we inhale smoke from weed but not wood?

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 Why can we inhale smoke from weed but not wood?

I think it's a bit unfair to compare the two as one is a dried flower and the other is wood, a hard structural part of the plant. Although I'm not exactly sure what a dried flower is composed of exactly I'm sure it contains cellulose and maybe some lignin, as well as other various organic compounds and in the case of a Cannabis flower, THC, etc. Wood on the other hand I know contains a lot of cellulose and a lot of lignin. Wood burning is not very efficient, a lot of smoke and ash is created in the process due to incomplete combustion. There are various compounds in wood smoke including small particulates of carbon etc as well as a caustic alkali compound called "fly ash" which is probably one of the main culprits in irritating your nose throat and lungs. That being said, the amounts of material in a bonfire vs the amount of material in a "joint" is vastly different. I can't imagine your nose, throat, and lungs would fair much better in a "bonfire" of "weed".


Question: How did the Earth form and how did it get all of its water, plants, and animals?

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 How did the Earth form and how did it get all of its water, plants, and animals?

Like all planets, it formed from dust and gas in the early solar system. As bits of dust stuck together, they slightly increased their mass, hence their gravity, attracting other bits of gas and dust until it grew to planet size. At some point, it seems that it was hit by another large body that ripped a big chunk of it that later formed the moon. Water came from bits of ice in those bits of dust, large comets and other ice floating around the same dust cloud. Life evolved on earth some 3+ billion years ago, and eventually evolved into plants and animals.


Question: How do tax havens work?

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 How do tax havens work?

Usually these places are self- sufficient, meaning that the government is making enough money by themselves that taxing of the general people is not needed. Tax havens are what these are. Typically small, sovereign countries with a small population. Monaco, for example, is a tax haven for the rich and famous. The Monte-Carlo Casino, a famous casino in Monaco, generates so much traffic and revenue that the government only needs to take little or nothing from its 38,000 people (in form of tax, of course)


Question: How do humans get "vibes?"

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 How do humans get "vibes?"

In some cases the vibe is justified, it's based on real sensory input and your subconscious mind reaching a conclusion about a given situation without your conscious mind being fully aware of how. We would also call this "instinct", and it happens because, evolutionarily speaking, our ancestors that didn't develop this natural sense failed to recognise danger sooner or didn't form cohesive tribes. That doesn't necessarily mean this instinct is always correct, but in general false positives have fewer consequences than false negatives. I.e. it's better to run from the rustling bushes just in case it's a hungry tiger, even if it ultimately turns out to just be the wind. In other cases the "vibe" is unjustified, we just get good or bad feelings about things that aren't based on any rational conscious or subconscious reasoning.


Question: Why is there such thing as activation fees? Where does it originate from?

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 Why is there such thing as activation fees? Where does it originate from?

Originally, it was because there was a cost to set up a product or service. It wasn't all instant or quick and easy to do like it is now - getting a phone set up or programmed took time and certain knowledge, or involved a lot more physical work to properly install and program a SIM card or the like. For other things, like cable or telephones, it might have involved someone coming to your house to actually make the physical connections needed for the service. In modern context, though... mostly companies recognized it was something they could charge for, and people will pay it, so they charge it because they can, even if the original problems or costs involved had nearly vanished.


Question: Advocates of communism say that Soviet Russia wasn't a real communist government. What's separated it from a true communist style of government?

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 Advocates of communism say that Soviet Russia wasn't a real communist government. What's separated it from a true communist style of government?

The confusion here arises because there are two common uses of the word 'communist.' A communist *society* is, per [Wikipedia's definition of Marxism]( URL_0 ), > a classless, stateless, humane society erected on common ownership The key word there is 'stateless'. There is no state/national government in a communist society. The Soviet Union had a state: therefore by definition it was not a communist society. The second use of the word is to simply indicate someone who *believes in* communism. This is what the term means applied to the USSR. The country was run by a party who believed in pursuing communism as a long term goal (at one point they famously promised "Communism by 1980"). Imagine that if you were in, say, England in the year 1400, and you formed a group called the Democracy Gang, and your goal was to create a democratic society where instead of kings and lords, you had government agencies appointed by elected officials. You topple the king. Is England now a democratic society? No, not yet. But you say you'll start the process of setting up election laws, getting rid of all the lords, forming new agencies, figuring out how they'll all work, organising things, etc etc over the next years so it *will be*. That's basically what the USSR was, or claimed to be. And there were many people who called themselves communists but objected to the USSR's ideas and plans. See also [this thread on /r/AskHistorians]( URL_1 ).


Question: what is borderline personality disorder? My mother has it and I’m trying to understand her.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is borderline personality disorder? My mother has it and I’m trying to understand her.

Best I can explain is it's an emotional rollercoaster. People with BPD experience emotions that dwarf a normal persons. So when they are happy, they can be ecstatic, when sad, they can be completely depressed and suicidal. An ex of mine had BPD and it wasn't easy for sure. They need a lot of patience and understanding, also a lot of support and encouragement goes a long way.


Question: If I have a 1 light year long stick and push it, why does that information not travel instantly?

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 If I have a 1 light year long stick and push it, why does that information not travel instantly?

Information travels through materials in a wave at roughly the speed of sound in the material, not light. When you push on the end of a stick, you are pushing on atoms that then have to push on adjacent atoms, which push on adjacent atoms, etc.etc. until the far end of the stick moves. There is no such thing as a perfectly rigid object.


Question: What makes the Caribbean Sea so clear?

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 What makes the Caribbean Sea so clear?

The water in the Caribbean appears blue because it absorbs the red, yellow and green wavelengths of light while reflecting the shorter blue wavelengths of light. The Caribbean water is very clear due to the absence of suspended particles and plankton, further increasing the blue color. [Info taken from here]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do certain setting changes on your computer or phone require the device to restart and other don’t?

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 Why do certain setting changes on your computer or phone require the device to restart and other don’t?

If you want to change your car's tires, you have to stop driving it while the work is being done. The tires are fundamental to the car's use, so they can't be changed *while* the car is being used. You can change the station on your car's radio any time you like, because the radio isn't fundamental. Same thing - if the setting is going to change something that's fundamental to how the computer is working, then rebooting it is the equivalent of putting it up on a lift to change the tires (just much faster!).


Question: What benefit do stores receive for giving cash back to customers?

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 What benefit do stores receive for giving cash back to customers?

Cash is expensive for shops. It has to be counted and stored in a secure place. Banks in the UK charge businesses for depositing cash. This is because all that cash needs to be counted sorted and stored. Worn notes have to be picked out and sent back to be destroyed. It all costs money If they can reduce the amount of cash they have to bank, they save money. By effectively switching it to electronic money they cut costs.


Question: What are the differences between dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins?

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 What are the differences between dopamine, serotonin, and endorphins?

Serotonin promotes long-term positive feelings, psychosis, and digestion. A lack of it causes depression and anxiety. An overdose can cause seizures and death. Dopamine helps with seeking behavior, medium-term pleasure, and movement. A lack of it can cause catatonia, dementia, and a few other disorders. Endorphins stands for something like endogenous heroin, so they’re primarily painkillers, though they can also promote short term calmness. They’re what most often modulates addictive behaviors. In short, they can all make you happier, but they do it through different pathways, with different side-effects, and for different periods of time.


Question: Why have the salaries of athletes, actors, TV personalities, musicians way outpace salaries of traditional occupations over the past 100 years?

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 Why have the salaries of athletes, actors, TV personalities, musicians way outpace salaries of traditional occupations over the past 100 years?

Increasingly, salaries are tied to how replaceable we are rather than anything about how hard our job is or how much work is involved. Cleaners work very hard and long hours, but you can get someone else in to take over a job immediately with little training if someone quits, so they are paid crap money. Doctors/nurses/teachers are always in high supply because they are jobs that people want to do regardless of the pay, so they don't get paid much either. Celebrities that bring in lots of money for companies because of who they are as individuals are quite hard to replace. If you don't pay Dwayne Johnson enough to do the job you can't get another Dwayne Johnson. With movies, particularly, up until around the 60s (not exactly sure) there used to be a studio system where an actor/musician/director/writer etc. would sign a contract with the movie studio and they couldn't do a film for another studio until their contract was up or the studio allowed it - it's a bit like comic book movie franchises at the moment. Because actors were contractually tied to studios they couldn't demand ridiculous salaries or threaten not to make the movie, and when there are only a handful of studios the bidding wars can't really get that high when contract renewals come around.


Question: How do time shares work?

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 How do time shares work?

At a very basic level, let's say a developer builds a timeshare with 10 units. You buy one week at one unit, so that is now your week and you have fractional ownership. When it's sold out, the timeshare is now collectively owned by 520 different people. At that point, the developer is out, they're done. They leave behind a management company that handles the day to day operations of the timeshare, so owners are still required to pay annual dues to pay for maintenance, upkeep, etc. They also usually tie into a master timeshare trading system where you can, in theory at least, trade your week in a given year for a week at a different timeshare somewhere else. They tend to get a bad rep because the sales tactics used are extremely pushy, trying to get people to make an impulse buy of something that really should have a lot of thought attached--yeah being able to have a vacation condo on the beach to go to every year when you're in the middle of your beach vacation, but if you had time to think about if you want to go to the same beach every year for the next 20 years it may not seem like such a good idea., and the money numbers the salespeople throw out may be, shall we say, somewhat exaggerated... There are also many variations on the initial "buy one week" idea--points systems, systems connected directly with hotel chains, etc, but the concept is fundamentally the same--you are purchasing partial ownership in something to be able to go there for a short amount of time.


Question: How do we know how much a currency cost next to the other?

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 How do we know how much a currency cost next to the other?

The underlying reasons are complex and people debate that all the time - but the stability of the country, economic development, confidence all play a role. How is the value determined? Go to a bank and ask for an exchange. All the people wanting to exchange one way or the other means there is an exchange market - if more people want to purchase that currency, the value rises. If more people want to sell that currency, the value drops. Since there are people holding all these various currencies - their combined desires set the exchange rate. The exchange rate is like the price of a product, in this case it is the "price" of that currency. The price of a product freely traded is determined by demand and supply.


Question: Why do our backs get stiffer as we age and how do we stop the process?

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 Why do our backs get stiffer as we age and how do we stop the process?

Your back has bones which are separated and cushioned by cartilage. With age, that cartilage degenerates, and in short, doesn't do it's job as well. At the same time, your muscles get weaker with age and can't support the spine as well. A third factor is that many back injuries or conditions *accumulate* - Pre-existing conditions can likewise become worse with age. As for what you can do about it, there are several things: 1. Lift with your legs. Don't bend over at the waist to lift things. 2. Avoid twisting and lifting at the same time. 3. Exercise your core. This is especially the case because as people age, they tend to end up in jobs that are less and less physical (sitting in a chair all day). 4. Get a good bed. Some people cheap out on this, but it's where you spend a third of your life.


Question: What technologies are there so that your credit card information cant be stolen while in your wallet?

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 What technologies are there so that your credit card information cant be stolen while in your wallet?

Information on a credit card is presented in three ways 1.) In printed or raised lettering on the face of the card 2.) Encoded on a magnetic strip on the rear of the card 3.) Stored within a microprocessor located on a chip embedded in the card If a credit card is located within a wallet, it's safe to say that interception via #1 is impossible straight off the bat. Interception via #2 requires that the magnetic strip be exposed as the sensor needs to be incredibly close to it, and must scan across it cleanly. Interception via #3 is impossible because there's no way to get the credit card information from the EMV chip. How it works is far beyond the scope of ELI5, but the entire transaction is encrypted; furthermore, transactions beyond a certain value are further authenticated with a PIN known only to the card holder.


Question: How come you can "feel" when someone is watching you?

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 How come you can "feel" when someone is watching you?

You can't actually tell other than by looking at where other people are looking. Humans are social animals and we look around quite a bit to check where others are looking without really noticing. Only when we detect someone looking our way do we take note, sometimes thinking we somehow knew we were being observed. But when tested under controlled conditions that simply isn't true.


Question: why does shaking your muscles out after doing something strenuous make them feel better?

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 why does shaking your muscles out after doing something strenuous make them feel better?

The general theory is that this encourages increased blood flow through inflamed muscles. This in tern allows built-up lactic acid to be flushed out. It's also effective to elevate your legs in rotation (e.g. put them up for 5 minutes, put them down), for the same reason. I do not know of any studies on this and - as such - is one of those "makes logical sense, but could be taking logical leaps too far" sort of pseudoscience. So...grains of salt and such.