Question: Why is it accepted that some commodities can fluctuate in price daily, (like hotel rooms or gas), but others are expected to stay relatively stable (Windex, batteries, an iPhone)?

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 Why is it accepted that some commodities can fluctuate in price daily, (like hotel rooms or gas), but others are expected to stay relatively stable (Windex, batteries, an iPhone)?

Apple certainly decides how much the next iPhone is going to be priced for, based on popularity / sales of the previous year's iPhone. Likewise, a grocery store certainly updates prices regularly based on demand as well (go check out the 'clearance bin' if you don't believe me). So demand-driven pricing still applies to all those things, but you generally don't see it because it happens on a much slower time scale, and you're not regularly buying those things. What's special about the items that you do observe price fluctuations on, is that those items are based on _immediate delivery_ of something that has a _limited supply_. For those industries, the price fluctuates much more quickly. Also, when a local sports team near me moved from standardized ticket pricing to dynamic ticket pricing, the local media / fans _did_ go apeshit. We complained and yelled. And then we got used to it, and bought the tickets. So I guess the real answer is, that behavior is ok because we let those companies get away with it.


Question: Why does leaving something in the sun fade the color?

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 Why does leaving something in the sun fade the color?

Yo ho ho! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why does leaving something out in the open dull the color? What is that darned sun up to? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5 why Colors Fade in sunlight? What actually happens to the color? Does it dissipate into the air somehow? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_19 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do the colours on paper or card fade when left in sunlight for very long periods of time? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_5 comments_) 1. [ELI5:Why does the color of an object fade after being exposed to sunlight for a long period of time? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why does sunlight fade colors? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_17 comments_) 1. [ELI5 why does the sun make things fade (i.e. chairs and paint) but tans our skin? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How/why do colors fade (ex. house siding) from the sun? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_3 comments_)


Question: Why does cooked food generally taste better than raw food?

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 Why does cooked food generally taste better than raw food?

Different factors play a role here. What happens to food if you apply heat? I'll name a few things: Fat melts, becomes liquid or creamy. Makes the texture nice and pleasant. Sugars caramelize. Starch granules pop and gelatinize, therefore become smooth and soft, have a better mouthfeel. Proteins (with some sugars) go through the maillard reaction which is still not understood in its entirety. It's the reaction which causes the browning of meat, for example. (Unpleasant-ish) textures change. Eggs and doughs solidify - meat and hard vegetables become softer and nicer to eat and chew. Some toxins are denatured (e. g. beans and some mushrooms need to be cooked to be edible). And of course one point could also be that we've grown to prefer the taste of cooked food during our evolution, as some of these processes make foods more digestible and therefore provide an evolutionary advantage.


Question: why do our phones charge faster when they have low battery?

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 why do our phones charge faster when they have low battery?

When your phone is dead, it requests lots of power to fill it up quickly. But once it starts to fill up, it requests less and less as not to damage the battery with too much power. Think of it like filling a bucket to the brim. At first, you might run the water at full pressure to fill it fast, but if you don't want the water to over flow, you'll want to lower the pressure as it's about to reach the top.


Question: How are we bankrupting hedge funds by all buying the one stock?

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 How are we bankrupting hedge funds by all buying the one stock?

Say, for example, some people want to buy a bike for a $100 but I've heard that people don't really like that make of bike and the price of that bike is going to go down to $10 in a week. I can buy a lot of those bikes on credit and sell them to people. I have that week before I need to pay for all those bikes. I am certain that when the time comes for me to pay for all those bikes I sold I will only have to pay $10 for each of them. Something crazy happens and everybody loves those bikes. Can't get enough of them. Price on those bikes go up to $1000. Now my week is up and I got to pay for those bikes. I have to pay $1000 for every bike I sold for $100. I lose lots of money. This is what happend with GameStop stock. But it was billions. Hedge funds lost a over $14 Billion today betting that GameStop stock would tank and it didn't. That is shorting simplified..


Question: How did taxation work during medieval times when most of the population was illiterate?

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 How did taxation work during medieval times when most of the population was illiterate?

People didn’t have 401ks and healthcare plans they needed to calculate against their income after standard deductions. They had a local lord who sent his tax collectors /armed goons around to eyeball how much money people might have and extract what they figured was due. The illiterate folks weren’t really in a good position to argue. The lords then owed goods/cash to their regional managers, who in turn coughed up the big bucks to the king. Going back further there were some right bastards - for a while the Roman Empire used to have bids for the right to collect taxes. To win the contract you had to commit to collecting more than anyone else was willing to commit to - then you and your goons go around and extract as much money as possible from the population and at the end if you collected more than you bid you got to keep the rest. I’m sure you can imagine how that went.


Question: Why are earnings obtained actively through labor (wages) taxed at a significantly higher rate than earnings obtained passively through investments (capital gains)?

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 Why are earnings obtained actively through labor (wages) taxed at a significantly higher rate than earnings obtained passively through investments (capital gains)?

Its to incentivise people to invest money in the economy and leave it there for a while letting it help the economy instead of jsut sitting in big scrooge McDuck bins. If income and capital gains were taxed at the same rate rich folk would want to invest in compaines that basically gave all thier earnings out as dividends instead of putting that money back into the company growing it. In our modern day this has lead to some problems as now companies overvalue growth over a sustainable profit but capitalism ain't perfect.


Question: why can people eat hot foods (temperature wise) and not burn themselves but if they drop the same food on their skin get burned?

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 why can people eat hot foods (temperature wise) and not burn themselves but if they drop the same food on their skin get burned?

Water has a high thermal capacity and the ability absorb heat. On a much larger scale, think about how water is used to put out fires. Since your mouth is wet, the moisture absorbs some of the heat from the food. This is why our mouths can tolerate hotter food/beverages than our fingers, for example.


Question: if cocaine and meth release dopamine, why do they feel good?

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 if cocaine and meth release dopamine, why do they feel good?

Dopamine has varying effects in different parts of the brian. It may well induce both pleasure and desire depending on what the rest of the brain is doing at that moment, as well as the place in the brain it gets released. Another factor is the type of dopamine receptors. Receptors can be compared to keyholes which unlock when they meet with the right key, and trigger a signal if unlocked. In this case dopamine is the key which fits into several locks; the dopamine receptors. For instance, there are at least 5 major classes of dopamine receptors which have different responses to dopamine. The response also depends on other factors in the synaptic cleft. A synaptic cleft is the place where the end of one neuron (the axon) releases neurotransmitters (signal molecules/keys), to excite/trigger the neuron it is connected to. More than one substance may be released into the cleft (for instance ATP), and varying relative amounts of substances can have different effects. One of the leading hypotheses for the causative mechanism of symptoms of schizophrenia is an increase of a particular type of dopamine receptors in one part of the brain and a decrease in another part, for example. Don't pin me on this though as I know next to nothing about how the brain works; just a little bit about the physiology at the micro level. Edit: important notion from u/EverDownward that no single drug is a perfect 'key' and different drugs thus activate multiple receptors to varying degrees. His comment that pleasure can be experienced in multiple ways/dimensions is also a meaningful addition.


Question: How does your body know not to cross that line between replenishing bodily fluids (blood, spinal fluid, stomach acid, etc.) and exceeding capacity?

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 How does your body know not to cross that line between replenishing bodily fluids (blood, spinal fluid, stomach acid, etc.) and exceeding capacity?

ELI5 version is that there are a bunch of meters all over your body, lining cavities like your stomach, intervertebral canal, etc. that tell your body when they are full, empty, etc. A little more ELI 16 is that there are millions and millions of receptors everywhere in your body, some are chemoreceptors looking at chemicals, some are baroceptors looking at pressure, and there are other types as well. Each of these types is integrated depending on location, and feedback is given to the cells/tissues responsible for maintaining equilibrium, whether that be volume, osmolarity, or some other metric. As these are monitored, often on a continuous basis, the body directs what needs to happen. Each system is a little different but the general idea of receptors and feedback is basically the same.


Question: How can a medication cause suicidal thoughts?

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 How can a medication cause suicidal thoughts?

Antidepressants can induce suicidal thoughts due to the chemical interaction it has with the brain. The goal of these medications is to repair the neurotransmitters responsible for serotonin and dopamine. However, this all varies from person to person, because everyones brain reacts differently. For decades, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIIs) have been linked to increased suicidality.


Question: How and why is the wasp's stinger area still actively moving despite the wasp already killed?

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 How and why is the wasp's stinger area still actively moving despite the wasp already killed?

Death twitches. Most animals, humans included, will continue to twitch even after death. This is caused by the body's muscles expanding and contracting on their own, adjusting to the built up tension from normal use as well as the blood and energy settling. It usually stops after a minute or two.


Question: difference between udp vs tcp ????

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 difference between udp vs tcp ????

TCP checks everything. It's slower, but more reliable: * A: I'm sending you a thing! * B: Acknowledged! * A: Here's the thing! * B: I got it! * A: I'm done sending things now! * B: Acknowledged! UDP checks nothing. It's faster, but less reliable: * A: Here's the thing! * (That's it) UDP is better when speed is crucial (e.g. gaming). TCP is better otherwise, whenever a slight delay doesn't matter (e.g. most anything you do online).


Question: Why does pain take a few seconds to really hit?

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 Why does pain take a few seconds to really hit?

The central nervous system is extremely complex. Nerve fibers are different sizes, different thicknesses. Some are myelinated, some are unmyelinated. All this variation affects the speed of the conduction and the amplitude. But generally the fast sharp pain is meant to cause you to jerk whatever body part is affected, away from the source of pain/temp/whatever. The sharp pain then goes away so you dont keep flinching about, which could cause further injury. Then the dull throbbing pain comes in on the slower nerves which is meant to remind you that an injury has taken place and to not move whatever was injured.


Question: Why are the laws of physics impossible to break?

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 Why are the laws of physics impossible to break?

The laws of physics aim to describe the reality "out there". As such, they are the best way we can come up with to describe and predict the behaviour of physical objects. However, those laws and theories are not reality, they are just models and representations thereof. And these models and representations are by necessity reductive, as all models rely on simplifications and assumptions. Ultimately, however, those objects do not care about our description. The "laws of physics" have been falsified countless of times, the most prominent example perhaps being Newtonian Mechanics, which was superseded by the Theory of Relativity. In that sense, the laws of physics *can* be broken, which leads to a need to repair or replace those laws in order to be compatible with those new observations.


Question: On my auto loan I see this thing called “Disbursement Limit” What does that mean?

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 On my auto loan I see this thing called “Disbursement Limit” What does that mean?

Disbursement is another way of saying "how much actually gets transfered" (to you). So there's an initial loan disbursement which is how much the lender sent to the car seller for the purchase price of the car. If thats not the same as your "Disbursement Limit", I'm willing to bet the Limit might be equal to or greater than what your initial loan disbursement is. Probably a cap on what your lender was willing to loan you which may be beyond what the car in question actually cost. i.e. you qualified for a car loan up to $40k, but the car you actually bought was $35k. Or, they leave wiggle room in the amount they're willing to loan you to handle last minute extras or dealer fees etc. that you might not know about when you're talking to the lender to qualify for the loan up-front. Like license plate fees and crap like that. So you're pre-qualified for "up to" the limit. Otherwise you'd have to go back and forth between the dealer and the lender to finalize the money = hassle. This way they say "your car is gonna be around $35k, but if its a bit more we're ok for it... up to $40k limit".


Question: How are several lower quality photos of the same object use to make a high resolution composite picture?

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 How are several lower quality photos of the same object use to make a high resolution composite picture?

With cameras it’s all about the amount of information you can give them to work with. Having several images allows the cameras processor to stack them and use data from all of them to make filling in “missing” data (areas with less detail) more accurate than with just a single image.


Question: what would happen during a nuclear winter?

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</answer>
 what would happen during a nuclear winter?

First of all, you should know that nuclear winter is not settled science. The thought is that bombs that detonated over cities would cause a firestorm in that city which would lead to a huge amount of soot and ash being sent up into the atmosphere. That soot & ash would partially block sunlight and dramatically cool the planet, cause widespread crop failures and alterations in local rainfall patterns which would just make things worse. If all of that happened then a lot of people would starve, more would try to move somewhere "safe" or at least warm and unstable societies would have a very tough time. Even major nations could be driven to war or collapse. The thing is that the above is dependent on a set of assumptions about how much soot & ash would be released. The assumptions are themselves dependent on observations of the Dresden firestorm in WWII and the bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki. In the first instance, there is no evidence that nuclear weapons would produce the sort of firestorm that the sustained incendiary bombing caused in Dresden. That's not to say it can't happen but we just don't have any evidence of it. In the second instance, Hiroshima & Nagasaki were primarily wooden buildings which were highly flammable. Modern cities are composed of reinforced concrete and glass. No modern city has undergone a firestorm event and we aren't about to test out a nuke to see if it would. So nuclear winter, if it occurred would be very bad. Things is that the science behind what a nuclear winter actually is, is not itself on very firm ground.


Question: In the Paralympics, why are the wheels on the wheelchairs angled, and what makes them differ from the usual parallel wheels?

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 In the Paralympics, why are the wheels on the wheelchairs angled, and what makes them differ from the usual parallel wheels?

It is called [Camber angle]( URL_1 ) and the bottom wider then the top is called negaive camber. Some cars have had high negative camber like URL_0 Cars have not parallels wheels but a have a both negative or positive camber in the region of a few degree so it is not visible to the naked eye. You do that because in part because of how tire deform especially when you turn. High negative camber give higher stability and handling at low speed but less stability in high speed. So what you have depend on the application and if it needed. A regular wheelchair would perhaps be a bit better with high camber wheel in handling but it would be wider and harder to navigate trough doors or in a store so you have 0 or low camber on them.


Question: Why do hard metals (mohs) get worn down by softer materials?

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 Why do hard metals (mohs) get worn down by softer materials?

Mohs hardness only covers large scratches. Ultimately, softer materials can eat away at harder materials through two processes that I'm aware. One is just speed: Sufficient speeds can sort of overcome mohs hardness due to inertia. Things are moving so fast that they really don't care how hard their target is. This happens in a waterjet cutter when cutting really hard things with gypsum. Another is just tiny abrasions. Mohs hardness only applies to large surface scratches, not microscopic ones, and through many microscopic scratches materials can be worn away.


Question: Why are so many news websites formatted so badly?

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 Why are so many news websites formatted so badly?

They're designed around two things- making you click on ads, and making you click on more articles. The confusing layout is, indeed, somewhat intentional. They don't want you to just read the article and close the webpage- they want you to get distracted by another headline, load another page, and possibly click on an ad or two by accident.


Question: Why do cucumbers taste so mild while you're eating them, but taste so strongly when you burp afterward?

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 Why do cucumbers taste so mild while you're eating them, but taste so strongly when you burp afterward?

It's the cucurbitacin in them. It's a chemical that they have to help prevent certain animals from eating them (too much and there wouldn't be any to make more-hey nature!) It's mostly in the stem end so if you don't eat that part it will cut down on it too. Also can deseed them and they will help prevent excess gas from coming up. Also the "American" slicing cucumbers have more in it and the Asian/English types have less.


Question: Why were wars like the American Civil War and the American Revolution fought using Volley Fire and not guerilla warfare? Wouldn't it have resulted in less casualties if all soldiers weren't lined up like sitting ducks?

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 Why were wars like the American Civil War and the American Revolution fought using Volley Fire and not guerilla warfare? Wouldn't it have resulted in less casualties if all soldiers weren't lined up like sitting ducks?

I can't believe the answers you're getting. It's all in the physics, not about honor at all. Up until the civil war most soldiers used muskets. Muskets were smoothbore guns which had a practical range of a hundred yards at most. Most of the time they were fired at a range of fifty yards because they were so inaccurate. They were not designed to be aimed. It took massed ranked fire to produce real effects from that kind of weapon. So soldiers lined up shoulder to shoulder, and everybody aimed in the general direction of the enemy and fired upon command. It was considered more important to fire all at once than to fire with accuracy with muskets for the shock effect. Add to that the generally short range of voice and musical instruments used to command soldiers back then and you wanted tightly grouped ranks of men. Add to that the fact that most musket volleys were backed up by the bayonet charge to break the enemy, again by massed ranks of men, and you wanted your guys held together for mutual cohesion and support. Some troops were issued rifles but they were specialists. And some troops shook out into open formation but they were a tiny part of the formation known as skirmishers who were intended to prevent the enemy quickly overrunning your main formation. When lines of battle formed they quickly moved into the main line as regular troops. There are other reasons but within the scope of ELI5 this is good enough. Basically, the guns used demanded close rank formations. It wasn't until the civil war when the rifle was adopted by rank and file that formations opened up, and even then it took a while to adopt new ways of command and movement that allowed troops to work in open file as a general thing. Pretty much all the way through the Civil War rifles were still used in large massed formations to blast away at each other at close range. Mostly it wasn't until the Indian Wars that troops adopted open ranks with their repeating cartridge rifles. You are right, by the way, that guys hiding behind trees and rocks and sniping at ranked units (or attacking from the woods) could be deadly. The militia in the American War for Independence hammered British troops in formation by fighting this way, until the British could stand in the open and blast away at them. Fighting in formation like this has distinct advantages, but also distinct weaknesses. In the fRench and Indian Wars, the French and Indians favorite technique was the catch British columns in the woods and bushwhack them.


Question: why does water feel colder on your back than on your front?

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 why does water feel colder on your back than on your front?

This is a combination of things. 1) the skin on your back will, throughout the day, be at a higher surface temperature than the skin on your front. We sit with our backs touching backrests, our closes usually open in the front instead of the back, and are more closely laid on the back, allowing for less ventilation,we tend to walk with the sun on our backs, and lean forward when we walk. This causes our perception of what a "normal" surface temperature at our back is to be greater than the average temperature of our front (same thing for between our legs, under our arm bits, etc.). 2) the back has more nerve endings and can sense temperature changes faster.


Question: Why does sad and melodramatic music have a tendency to make some people happy and feel 'better' when they're also feeling down?

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 Why does sad and melodramatic music have a tendency to make some people happy and feel 'better' when they're also feeling down?

Strong emotive music (ones that are sad, angry, happy, etc in nature) help us explore the emotions in greater detail. They give us an external source of this emotion which our conscience can then better rationalise where the feelings are coming from. A study from the University of Queensland looked at metal fans and exposed them to a playlist of their favourite bands following an anger induction technique and compared them with those who sat in silence. The music condition participants still had elevated heart rates, however were better able to rationalise these emotions and explore them. The music treatment saw improved outlooks on the future and felt more inspired than those without music


Question: If wealthy people can avoid paying taxes through loopholes in tax codes or laws, how would taxing people who make over 400k be different from whatever the cutoff is now?

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 If wealthy people can avoid paying taxes through loopholes in tax codes or laws, how would taxing people who make over 400k be different from whatever the cutoff is now?

It's not cost effective to have a team of accountants and tax pros for most people. It makes financial sense for corporations and the people at the top, but it's not worth the trouble for the vast majority of people making $400k to the low seven figures. Some of them will avoid the taxes, but many more will just pay it. This also comes with the assumption that some loopholes and deductions will also be removed to prevent people from avoiding large amounts of taxes in the first place.


Question: How does adding more protons change hydrogen into iron or some other element?

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 How does adding more protons change hydrogen into iron or some other element?

“Positive energy” isn’t a thing, unless you’re into crystal healing and chakras. Hydrogen gas is a molecule (meaning it’s atoms bound together). Changing elements is nuclear physics, and we normally just consider atoms on their own. So lets consider one hydrogen atom. It’s a proton (which has positive electrical charge), and will have an electron nearby (negative charge) giving an overall neutral atom. If we add 25 more protons, we’ve made the atom a whole lot bigger, and it’s now Iron. We also need to add 25 more electrons to keep it electrically neutral. Also if you have loads of protons all together it gets unstable, so you also need to add about 25 neutrons to the nucleus next to the protons. Adding all the electrons also means you can do different chemistry than you can with hydrogen. Chemistry is basically just connections between atoms involving electrons. So to answer your question, we aren’t adding positive energy, we’re adding mass. We’re adding protons, neutrons and electrons. Doing that changes the overall mass of the atom.


Question: How is the earths weight calculated?

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 How is the earths weight calculated?

You can’t really tell the “weight” of the earth. Remember, weight is dependent on the gravity of the environment as well as it’s mass (weight=mass*acceleration of gravity, where the acceleration of gravity is different for each planet) so since the earth is sitting in space, it doesn’t technically weigh anything. You can calculate it’s mass though. Mass is like an intrinsic property, it’s the same in every environment. By the laws of gravity, Kepler’s laws mainly, we learned that gravity has a special relationship with mass. SO by looking and calculating the orbit of the Earth around the sun and with other planets we can “plug” that orbit in to an equation and derive the mass. I’m a PhD student in Astrophysics and I actually did an independent study last term in orbital mechanics. :)


Question: Is there any downsides to planting trees/flora in every place on Earth that we can?

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 Is there any downsides to planting trees/flora in every place on Earth that we can?

I'm not an expert on this but I could imagine that it depends on what plants you plant. Whenever humans try to increase something natural they end up messing with ecosystems to some point often introducing harmful invasive species. However, I'm assuming you are talking about urban reforestation and in the creation of cities humans have already substantially messed with mother nature. That said there is research on the benefits of urban reforestation and increasing urban greenery in general ranging from cleaner air to lower noise pollution. Ultimately the question is whose perspective are you asking from. Health professionals will tell you it's good because of cleaner air. Some urban developers might say that it is wasted space. Depending on where you plant these plants it might also be problematic. For instance if rich white neighborhoods say "hey we need more fresh air, let's plant some trees" it might end up that they plan to do so in lower income and/or predominantly black or hispanic communities which could end up being a massive downside to those communities (think gentrification). So all in all, in my non-expert opinion I would say it really just depends on your goals and on proper execution.


Question: How a railgun functions and also Lenz’s law and Fareday’s law have to do with it?

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 How a railgun functions and also Lenz’s law and Fareday’s law have to do with it?

Because Science did a video on this and explains better than me ( URL_0 ). However, here is a basic run down. It uses the Lorenz force for all of it. Effectively running a current through a wire will cause of a force experiences perpendicular to that wire. The force is directly increased and decreased with the amount of current run though the wire. So, the idea is run a massive amount of current through a large wire. The proportional force will be immense. However, it is not very focused. Railguns focus this power by creating long tubes in order to focus the force down the barrel.


Question: Why do TV hosts and YouTubers have an over the top personality, when in person it would be offputting?

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 Why do TV hosts and YouTubers have an over the top personality, when in person it would be offputting?

Kids and younger viewers mostly. Humans react to exaggerated emotion and love excitement, and kids especially so. Many content creators target younger viewers because they have more free time and are more prone to spending a ton of time on the platform. To a majority of these audiences, loud and wildly expressive = hilarious and fun. When PewDiePie gets scared in a game, he freaks out. Kids love it. They haven't gotten to the point where they've outgrown it. The same thing applies to the silly :O thumbnails. It grabs kid's attention and makes them want to click, because if they're making that face it must be exciting. If you find some of the content more aimed at adults/young adults, you'll notice a lot less over-the-topness. TL;DR - kids love it, kids are a huge demographic.


Question: Why do two phones in the same room make weird sounds when on a live call?

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 Why do two phones in the same room make weird sounds when on a live call?

This is called feedback and is similar to what happens if you put live microphone near a speaker connected to it. Microphone on one phone picks up a sound, then the other phone plays that sound and the first phone picks it up again and amplifies it in an continuous loop ultimately causing a high pitched noise.


Question: How do people who make less than 10,000 dollars a year able to get a 6,000 dollar (or more) tax return?

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 How do people who make less than 10,000 dollars a year able to get a 6,000 dollar (or more) tax return?

there are tax deductions and there are tax credits. You can deduct till your blue in the face, but that wont get you below 0% tax rate. credits on the other hand are a form of govt assistance, children/dependents are probably the biggest, there are also some education credits that students can qualify for. these are effectively cash payments that can put your tax obligation below zero.


Question: What is Variance and Standard Deviation?

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 What is Variance and Standard Deviation?

We use these for data where there are multiple values. We can use these values to make a distribution curve, which just shows how the data is spread out. If we plot these values on a graph, we get a bell shaped curve. We take the mean, which is basically the average of these values. So that's the centre of the curve. On either sides of this curve is the SD. And 1SD is 33% of the values. So if your mean is 1, and SD is 0.2, that means that if you add and subtract the SD, and make a range (in this case 0.8 to 1.2) that would just mean that 68% of the data comes in that range. So it's basically telling you how spread out the data is from your mean. If your data is close to mean, you'll have a small SD. If it's far away from the mean, it's a large SD.


Question: How does fluoride prevent cavities?

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 How does fluoride prevent cavities?

The enamel on your teeth is made out of a mineral called hydroxyapatite. It's hard and durable, but becomes soft when acids are present. Bacteria produce acids as they eat the sugars in your mouth, which soften the enamel and cause it to erode away. Your saliva contains dissolved minerals that slowly rebuild small bits of damage, but with a modern diet, the bacteria erode your teeth faster than your saliva can rebuild them. When fluoride is present, it reacts with the minerals in your saliva to form a closely related mineral called fluorapatite, which is then deposited into the minerals on the surface of your teeth. Fluorapatite is very similar to hydroxyapatite in most of its properties, but it's more resistant to acid, so it doesn't wear away as easily when bacteria grow on it. As a side note, if fluoride was in your drinking water when you're a kid, your whole tooth contains traces of fluorapatite (because fluoride was present in small amounts in your body when your teeth were being formed). This makes your teeth more resilient for life, and is why we add fluoride in small amounts to drinking water.


Question: How can a liquid (H2O) form from two gases (Hydrogen and Oxygen)?

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 How can a liquid (H2O) form from two gases (Hydrogen and Oxygen)?

The reason that water is a liquid at room temperature is because of hydrogen bonding. Yeah, it's a small molecule at ~18 amu and heavier molecules like propane (~44 amu) are gasses at room temp, but water forms temporary bonds between the hydrogens and oxygens between molecules, creating something like a lattice that causes the molecules to be more tightly packed together. This proximity allows for water to be a liquid at room temperature. It's also why water has surface tension.


Question: Whats this "Earn It" bill Im hearing of recently? What do I need to worry about as it seems like people are going crazy over it?

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 Whats this "Earn It" bill Im hearing of recently? What do I need to worry about as it seems like people are going crazy over it?

The EARN IT bill is an effort to mandate backdoor keys to all encryptions in the commercial sector. Encryption is a means of encoding data so only people with the right code or “key” can read it. It is vital for banking, commerce, and private communications. If this bill passes, all commercial companies would be required to have backdoors to access all data encrypted on their servers. That means that they can see all your banking info, messages, history etc etc etc. Having a backdoor means a built in massive vulnerability to hacking, or over zealous or authoritarian government. The proponents of the bill argue it would make it harder for pedophiles to share images, or other criminals to commit computer crime, but opponents say (correctly imho) that it is far more dangerous than useful to do


Question: How does a computer program uninstall itself?

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 How does a computer program uninstall itself?

When a computer program is running, parts of it, and sometimes all of it is copied from the hard drive to RAM. Once there, it is free to delete the what is on the hard drive and continue running. When it is done, it signals the operating system, which will remove it from RAM.


Question: Do babies still dance if they haven't been exposed to it?

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 Do babies still dance if they haven't been exposed to it?

Yes. There's pretty good research indicating that even infants as young as five months will respond to music by moving rhythmically. The degree to which they're successful at synchronizing their movements with the beat increases with age, but it's something we seem to have an innate instinct for. But it's probably more the *beat*, than the music as such, to which the youngest infants respond. Simple drums, or even just repetitive, rhythmic sounds of any sort, seem to provoke the same kind of response as anything most people would be tempted to describe as "music" as such.


Question: What does it mean to die from “exposure?”

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 What does it mean to die from “exposure?”

Dehydration, overheating (which is most dangerous when dehydrated) and hypothermia are the main three that people mean when they say someone died of exposure. In short, this means that the environment, over a prolonged period, became too intense for the body to maintain life. Dehydration kills you because you have too little water and your kidneys can't filter your blood properly. You die of your own poison because you can't pee it out. The hotter you are (as you would be outside), the faster this happens. Heat kills you because your body's efforts to cool you backfire if you're way too hot or mildly too hot for far too long (and get dehydrated). In the case of the former, the lack of blood to your intestines (it goes to your skin to cool you) can make your intestines start to die, which can poison you. Your brain might swell up, causing neurological damage. Over about 120 degrees, your cells will start dying directly from the heat. Cold kills you by slowing everything down. While your skin may die from the cold directly, your slowed blood flow can cause oxygen deprivation, leading to brain damage and organ failure. There's a point where your metabolism slows so much that your heart can't keep up and will eventually go into cardiac arrest. Keep in mind, that in every single one of these cases, things start failing and it's the cascade of problems that that initial failure causes that eventually kills you. If you already have issues in that area, you might just die faster (i.e. someone with bad kidneys will experience dehydration symptoms far sooner).


Question: How do these erasable highlighters work?

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 How do these erasable highlighters work?

So the way these types of things work is that the ink used in them contains a compound that makes it so that instead of soaking in to the paper, it gets layered on top, similar to how pencil lead rubs off on paper. In erasable pens, this is usually some sort of rubber cement type thing. Idk about what chemical is used in those highliters but the principle is the same. When you erase it with rubber, the ink is smeared off by the rubber. However if you don't erase it the ink dries and saoks in


Question: Why do mathematicians obsess over prime numbers so much?

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 Why do mathematicians obsess over prime numbers so much?

All positive integers correspond to unique combination of primes, which when multiplied together, give you that number. This can be useful for example in trying to figure if an integer is evenly divisible by another integer. Say, 36 has prime factorization of 2^2 * 3^2 . If you wanted to divide that by 8, you'd only have to know that 2^3 = 8, and thus because 8 has more 2's in its factorization than 36, it can't divide 36 evenly. There's a whole branch of mathematics dealing exclusively with integers, so for these, a large number of questions go back to asking questions about primes. And vice versa, answering questions about primes tends to resolve lots of other questions since so many things hinge on understanding exactly how primes behave.


Question: Why sliding a knife makes a better cut than just pressing it down?

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 Why sliding a knife makes a better cut than just pressing it down?

Knives cut by tearing the object, much like a saw, but on a much smaller scale. At the microscopic level the edge is not very sharp, and cuts using friction. The movement of an object is what does the cut not the edge, but the edge it where the force is applied. The sharper the knife the smaller the area that the force is applied over.


Question: why is the download speed of a file always less than the speed shown on an internet speed test like ookla?

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 why is the download speed of a file always less than the speed shown on an internet speed test like ookla?

First of all, you're mixing up mega*bits* and mega*bytes*. A byte is 8 bits, and internet speeds are usually given in megabits, while actual download speeds are given in megabytes. So your speedtest result is 30megabits/s, which is 3.75megabytes/s. Additionally your bandwidth is limited by the server's bandwidth. If the server doesn't want you to get more than 1mb/s then it doesn't matter how fast your internet connection is.


Question: How is it that ads load in 4k immediately but my 720p stream struggles to load?

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 How is it that ads load in 4k immediately but my 720p stream struggles to load?

I’m no expert but one theory is that the app (I.e. YouTube for example) stores data on your mobile, like your password, username, your downloaded videos, etc as “Cache”. This cache can also store the ads that would normally be recommended to you by your preferences. Please tell me if I’m wrong I’d like to know the answer to this too. I remember one app that I helped develop did this...? I’m more front end so I don’t really know how this works :(


Question: how seeds are sold deshelled so perfectly?

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 how seeds are sold deshelled so perfectly?

It's a combination of winnowing and filtering. You crush the shells. Then you bounce the mixed shell fragments and nuts across a mesh. You can filter out large shell fragments with a mesh that's just large enough for the nuts to drop through, and you can filter out small shell fragments with a mesh that's just small enough that nuts can't drop through. Also, nuts are denser than shells. Bounce them both, apply compressed air in one direction, and the shells go further than the nuts. That gets you good enough for many purposes. To finish up, you can have a human pull out the remaining debris.


Question: Why does black clothing "catch" sunrays and heat much better than all its other colored counterparts?

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 Why does black clothing "catch" sunrays and heat much better than all its other colored counterparts?

Because it absorbs more light. Basically, the colour of an object is determined by the wavelengths of light it reflects. A blue object absorbs the red end of the spectrum and reflects the blue, a red object absorbs the blue end of the spectrum and reflects the red. White objects reflect all the spectrum, and black objects absorb most of the spectrum. So a black object absorbs more energy that a coloured object.


Question: If viruses can't move on their own, how come phages latch onto bacteria and inject their genetoc material?

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 If viruses can't move on their own, how come phages latch onto bacteria and inject their genetoc material?

Viruses can’t “move” or really do anything, in a way that requires chemical energy. They don’t have the materials within them for movement with something like flagella (little tails many bacteria use to move around.) They only float around randomly until they bump into the bacteria. But they do have hooks on their legs, with a very specific design, and latches on to the bacterial surface. Once the latch is activated, the tube opens, and the sheer pressure of the DNA or RNA and (sometimes) protein, ejects the material from the heads of the phages. The energy required for this comes from the pressure of the dense packaging. When phages are being built, it steals a tremendous amount of cell energy to force all of the genetic material into the heads, then the phage is sealed shut, so a lot of potential energy was stored as pressure.