Question: In probability, how does the binomial coefficient (n choose k) calculate the possible number of ways you can have k successes in n trials?

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 In probability, how does the binomial coefficient (n choose k) calculate the possible number of ways you can have k successes in n trials?

Let's say that I have 5 people, and I want to sit three of them in chairs marked A, B, and C. How many ways can I do this? Well, clearly, there are 5 people possible for seat A. After I sit the first person down though, there are 4 people possible for seat B, and, likeways, 3 people possible for seat C. Thus, the number of ways that I can have those 5 people sit in the three seats is 5\*4\*3. However, if you think of n=5 and k=3, then 5\*4\*3 is equal to n!/(n-k)! =5!/(5-3)! = 5!/2! = 5\*4\*3. This looks really similar to the binomial coefficient, except that it is missing a k! in the denominator. Why? This is because what I just calculated was called a **permutation**. It's the number of ways to choose 3 things from a pool of 5 *if order matters*. However, in a binomial distribution, the order of the successes doesn't matter. If you have 3 successes in 5 trials, you don't care if the 3 successes happened in the first 3 trials or in the last 3 trials. You just care that you had 3 successes total. So anyways, if you imagine our example with the chairs, what we really want is the number of ways 5 people can sit in 3 chairs if the chairs weren't labeled. In other words, if {1,2,3} was the same as {3,2,1}. So we've established that there are 5\*4\*3= 60 ways for 3 people to sit in 5 chairs if order matters. But we're curious if order doesn't matter. So in this case, take {1,2,3}. This is the same as {1,3,2}, {2,1,3}, {2,3,1}. {3,1,2}, and {3,2,1}. In other words, for *each way to order 3 people in the original 60, there are 5 other orderings that are identical if order doesn't matter*. So there are 60 in total. We know that for every 6 in the 60, only 1 is unique. Thus, there are 60/6=10 unique pairings. Note that with 3 people, there are 6= 3\*2\*1 ways to arrange them if order matters. 3\*2\*1=3!, so what you're really doing is dividing by 3!. This gets us to the combination formula, which is n!/ k!(n-k)!.


Question: why is BODMAS used in mathematical problems? why not just solve the problem the way its shown?

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 why is BODMAS used in mathematical problems? why not just solve the problem the way its shown?

It's just a convention. But it's not a *random* convention. There are reasons behind it. One possible reason: Sums of products arise naturally all the time. Let's say that a hamburger costs 3 dollars, a hot dog costs 2 dollars, and a coke costs 1 dollar. If I want to buy 5 hamburgers, 7 hot dogs, and 13 cokes, how much will that cost me? Well, of course, 5 hamburgers at 3 dollars apiece is 5\*3 = 15 dollars 7 hot dogs at 2 dollars apiece is 7\*2 = 14 dollars 13 cokes at 1 dollar apiece is 13\*1 = 13 dollars The total cost is 15+14+13 dollars, or 42 dollars. Now *if* we adopt the convention that multiplication takes precedence over addition, then we can write the total cost as 5\*3+7\*2+13\*1. If we didn't use the BODMAS convention, then we would need to write parentheses to indicate that we need to do the multiplication first: (5\*3)+(7\*2)+(13\*1). TL;DR: BODMAS is a convention we've adopted in order to cut down on brackets.


Question: How does day trading work?

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 How does day trading work?

Day trading requires a fast internet connection, and a subscription to an online brokerage, like E-Trade. Day traders are not investors, but rather people who have a belief about what the price of a stock is going to do *today*, (go up or go down). They don't care about how the company will perform in the long run. They use the software from their brokerage to look at patterns in the behavior of stock prices and try to find specific signals that tell them to buy or sell the stock. If they see a 'buy' pattern, they send an order to the brokerage who buys the stock for them and credits their account. Selling works the same. There are tons of signals and patterns that traders can use, and many different trading strategies, all of which try to exploit differences in what our day trader knows about the stock's expected future price form what the rest of the traders in the market know about it. The difference is called arbitrage. Day traders often use leverage, which they call 'margin' to increase the size of the trades they can do and get more arbitrage than they could from the money they started with. The brokerage will often lend them money to use for the day, often several times the value of the trader's account, for a small fee. This is dangerous, because if the trader makes a wrong decision and buys a stock on margin that loses money later in the day, they still have to pay back the money they borrowed, even though the stock is worth less. Conversely, if the stock is worth more, the brokerage doesn't take anything but what they lent, plus their bit of interest. Day traders can also buy and sell other things; like gold, bonds, or commodities like timber or contracts to buy corn (these were some of the first markets, and it's what Mr. Scrooge from A Christmas Carol did). Day Traders can also buy and sell *options* which you can think of like... insurance on stock prices. An option contract is another kind of leverage like margin, since 1 contract represents 100 shares of a stock. A trader might have the opinion that a stock's price will go down, so he will buy a "put" contract for a set date, say June 15th. If the stock is below the strike price in the contract, plus the price (called a premium, like with insurance) that the trader paid, he will make some money. If the stock price is above the strike price, the option expires worthless and the trader is out a bunch of money.


Question: Is there a plateau of how energized you can get by caffeine?

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 Is there a plateau of how energized you can get by caffeine?

Well, yeah, it's called a heart attack. But seriously, it's all relative and personal, as drugs like caffeine affect people differently. Personally, the first cup is a big boost, second in a short period is about half as much, 3rd about half of that. If I've chugged my 4th, I'm mega-boosted but also spending that time jittering on the shitter rage pooping.


Question: Why do humans have ulcers in the mouth?

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 Why do humans have ulcers in the mouth?

The alternative is a scab which works by healing and then falling off, probably not something you really want flaking off onto the inside of your mouth. I don’t know how ulcers work but I had my fair share when I had braces for 4 years and they heal way faster than normal wounds so maybe that has something to do with it. Also probably something to do with the fact your mouth has lots of bacteria and is constantly moist.


Question: How does your skin deal with body size changes and is there any possibility for a person to go from a very large size to a small size without any excess skin (and the reverse; to gain a large amount of weight, without getting stretch marks)?

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 How does your skin deal with body size changes and is there any possibility for a person to go from a very large size to a small size without any excess skin (and the reverse; to gain a large amount of weight, without getting stretch marks)?

I went from 160 to 215 last summer when I worked the pasture at my grandparents house. My grandma fed me too well (first world problems, amiright) and now I have stretch marks everywhere. I would love to know how to get rid of them and keep away excess skin while losing weight.


Question: Why is it that Coriolis force is maximum at the poles where there is zero rotation and zero at the equator(maximum rotation)?

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 Why is it that Coriolis force is maximum at the poles where there is zero rotation and zero at the equator(maximum rotation)?

There is still the same amount of rotation at the poles. The difference in linear speed is greatest at the poles. Coriolis 'force' is just the ground moving at different speeds as you move towards or away from the center of rotation. This change in speeds is greatest near the poles since you are walking perfectly away from the center of rotation, as opposed to the equator where you are getting neither closer to it nor farther from it.


Question: How dangerous are the rainforest fires really?

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 How dangerous are the rainforest fires really?

fires don't just kill trees: they kill and displace wildlife, alter water cycles and soil fertility, and endanger the life and livelihoods of local communities. For example we have the fires intentionally caused to clear forests in Indonesia became one of the largest forest fires ever recorded in history. Hundreds of people died; millions of acres were burned; endangered species, such as orangutans, perished in the hundreds; and a mist of smoke and ash flew over Southeast Asia for months, which reduced visibility and caused serious damage to health.


Question: What is an inner product? (linear algebra)

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 What is an inner product? (linear algebra)

I'll try my best, but I've never successfully explained undergraduate abstract algebra to a five year old! [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) might be useful. You're right to say that the idea of an inner product is a generalisation of a dot product, but when we refer to a dot product, we mean the specific operation that involves multiplying and adding components that you're probably already familiar with. This operation happens to satisfy the following properties for any vectors, a, b and c (with the same dimension) and for any real scalar, k: * (a+b).c = a.c + b.c (distributive property) * (ka).b=k(a.b) (associativity with scalar multiplication) * a.b=b.a (commutativity) * a.a > 0, unless a = 0, in which case, a.a = 0 (positive-definite condition). An inner product is *any* operation that also satisfies these conditions. You can find examples in the link above, but do let me know if they're not particularly helpful!


Question: Why is it so hard for N. Korea to develop nuclear weapons and the means to deliver them?

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 Why is it so hard for N. Korea to develop nuclear weapons and the means to deliver them?

1) It's not that easy to cobble together enough fissionable material to actually build a bomb, and is actually far harder than making material suitable for a nuclear reactor for power production. This is doubly true when you account for the fact that the best fissionable materials (uranium and plutonium) are significantly rare. 2) This all get's much harder for a North Korean regime that is simultaneously dirt poor and ostracized by the rest of the world, such that it's exceedingly difficult for them to get both the technical know-how, raw materials, *and* technical equipment necessary to build the bomb. 3) This isn't even including the delivery system, given that ICBMs are rather complicated devices, and which *also* require all sorts of technologies that the North Koreans may not be able to replicate on their own. As an aside; just because you know how something works in general doesn't mean you can replicate it. For an example, take the development programs surrounding the Sukhoi T-50 fighter. On paper, the thing is every bit the match for the American F-22. However, it can't get *off* the paper, entirely because Sukhoi can't get the engines to work. What's significant, though, is that they probably know *precisely* how to make the engines. They've probably already gotten the plans for the P & W F-119 engine (used on the Raptor), either because they stole it themselves, or got it from the Chinese. But they simply can't replicate the engine components, because their manufacturing capabilities are just so far behind. It's a question of material science. Hence, they can't make an equivalent engine, which stymies the T-50 program and keeps them from being able to mass produce the aircraft. And that's in the case of a Superpower, and former hyperpower, with a very experienced aerospace and scientific community. So now compare that to North Korea, which has absolutely *none* of that experience, and you'll see why it's so difficult.


Question: I’m an adult but don’t know what cash (coins and notes) is a value representative of, can someone explain what gives cash it’s value and how it works?

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 I’m an adult but don’t know what cash (coins and notes) is a value representative of, can someone explain what gives cash it’s value and how it works?

Originally it was just gold and silver — a $20 coin was solid gold and a dime was a bit of solid silver — and the paper money could be redeemed on demand for the equivalent gold or silver. These days that's all gone. The value comes from the government's promise to accept it as payment for necessary taxes and fees.


Question: Why do people cough up blood after they get shot in the movies? Is that a factual depiction?

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 Why do people cough up blood after they get shot in the movies? Is that a factual depiction?

It can happen, but its sort of over-portrayed and it doesn't really look as dramatic as they make it seem. The only reason you would cough up blood from being shot is if there's a hole in your lungs, or some other means for blood to be leaking into your lungs or airway with enough force that its filling up against the pressure of the system. Usually, in movies I see them putting people coughing up blood even when they've been shot in some totally other place, which is totally wrong but I guess makes it more dramatic when they try and talk. You can start vomiting blood if you have enough trauma to your abdomen, but it looks different than someone spurt-coughing


Question: Why does hot water make dish soap so intense and cold water make it all disappear?

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 Why does hot water make dish soap so intense and cold water make it all disappear?

Hot air that is rising from hot water expands making more and bigger bubbles, this is aided by soap mixing with hot water more easily providing more soap to the waters surface. water colder than surrounding air makes little bubbles due to a greater pressure being pressed against water surface in addition to water having a low density of soap on the surface due to soap not mixing as well in unexcited cold water molecules. Honestly I'm just guessing tho.


Question: Why do credit scores start at 300 instead of zero?

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 Why do credit scores start at 300 instead of zero?

FICO already developed a credit scoring system in the 1950s that ranged from 0-300. In 1989, they developed a more accurate system that was on a scale from 0 to 550 points. However, some banks still relied on the old system to determine credit worthiness. In order to stop any possible confusion, FICO decided to start the new credit scoring system at 300 points. That way whenever a bank looked at a credit score, they immediately knew which scoring system was being used.


Question: How do insects often flip onto their backs when dying and why?

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 How do insects often flip onto their backs when dying and why?

Insects don't have skeletons like we do - bones on the inside, meat on the outside. Insects have the opposite - bones as an outside shell, meat secure inside. This combined with thier small size means they don't have muscles so much as they have hydraulics. They move thier limbs by pushing and pulling water around. By default, legs are all closed up like a hug. When alive, bugs are constantly pulling the legs open to stand. When dead, the legs snap back like a bear trap and this messes up the ability to stand.


Question: can anything be described as exact?

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 can anything be described as exact?

Yes, by the Intermediate value theorem if you walk away from your house at some point you will be *exactly* 1 mile away. it might only be for a fraction of a fraction of a microsecond, but you can't be *less* than 1 mile away from your house and then be *more* than a mile away a moment later without crossing the 1 mile mark. Teleporting isn't a thing when you're walking down the street. What your friend is correct about is that human measurement is always inexact. Measuring sticks might be imperfect, they might have a small degree of error, humans might read off the scale wrong, the situation might change between measurements, the phsical world doesn't play nicely in black and white boxes. Exact things cannot be measured, but they do still exist. There is a sphere around your house that measures all the points *exactly* 1 mile away, but you'll never find them.


Question: Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do liquids get even colder when shaken with ice? It seems even colder than the ice itself.

Shaking the mixture will pretty quickly bring it all into thermal equilibrium (bring the liquid down to ice temperature), since heat is exchanged by contact and circulation of the liquid and the ice. Shaking speeds that up. That's why the liquid is *as cold as* the ice. Why does it *feel* even colder? Well since it circulates, it can can also exchange heat with your body faster than a solid can. Your body doesn't really sense the temperature of things you touch, what it really senses is how fast heat is being transferred from you into them. A block of styrofoam that's been cooled in the freezer, doesn't feel as cold as a metal signpost that's just been outside in the shade on a cool day. The styrofoam might have a much lower temperature, but its very low thermal conductivity keeps it from feeling all that cold.


Question: Can the earth begin to weigh too much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can the earth begin to weigh too much?

Not realistically, no. Let's take Ceres as an example. It has an estimated total mass of over 1/3 of all asteroids at 2.3 * 10^21 kg That mass is about 0.04% of Earths mass. The Moon has the mass of 1.2% of Earth. So even if we mined the Moon and ALL the asteroids for EVERYTHING, we'd add less than 1.5% of mass on the Earth.


Question: Can inflation in an economy last indefinitely?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Can inflation in an economy last indefinitely?

Sure, it can last forever. Conceptually we won't ever run out of numbers. Of course once the prices start to become unwieldy the government can re-denominate the currency so if we are buying apples for $10,000 the government shifts to a new currency where they are 10 cents and people can just turn in their old money for the equivalent amount of new money.


Question: How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come balloons are so good at collecting electrons if you rub them on your hair, even though rubber and similar materials are generally terrible conductors for electricity?

The static generated by rubbing a balloon only occurs because the balloon is an insulator, otherwise the charges would be able to flow freely around the balloon and the local concentration of electrons would dissipate. The balloon is able to collect electrons because the molecules have a high electron affinity, meaning they accept additional electrons and bind them into the molecular structure (so they aren't free to move).


Question: How do air conditioners produce cold air?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do air conditioners produce cold air?

The fluid used in an AC unit turns into a liquid when under high pressure and back into a gas when under low pressure. the exchange from liquid to gas absorbs energy (think you need to heat water to get it to boil) and transforming from a gas to a liquid releases energy (think freezing water into ice, you're removing heat from the water by placing it in a cold area that absorbs the heat). So an AC unit has an evaporator coil inside the ductwork in your home. this is a low pressure area where the fluid is able to turn from liquid to gas. It pulls the heat out of the air in your ducts to get energy to transform from liquid to gas. This cools the air in the ducts, which gets pushed to the rooms in your house. The gas then travels to a compressor which puts the gas under a high pressure which will cause it to transform back into a liquid. This releases the heat to the surrounding air. This is done outside so the heat is just dumped into the surrounding air. The big boxy units on the outside of the home do this. The liquid then goes back into the evaporator coil where it evaporates again, pulling heat out of the air inside, etc. The same thing is done in window units as well.. So an AC unit doesn't make cold air, it just moves the heat from inside to outside. Your refrigerator works in the same way as well. There are also heat pumps, which are AC units running backwards, moving heat from outside to the inside of your home to heat it on cold days.


Question: Why do teabags require boiling water to permutate?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do teabags require boiling water to permutate?

*Permutate* is a different word from the one you should use, which is possibly “percolate” or “dissolve.” For a simple answer, it *doesn't* require boiling water. It's just faster that way. If you've ever made *sun tea*, you'd know that all you really need to make tea is water and time.


Question: How does a washing machine actually clean clothes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a washing machine actually clean clothes?

The spin cycle isn't for cleaning. It's to remove most of the water. The cleaning cycle twists the drum back and forth to move the clothes, soap, water around and the agitator (the thing in the middle) helps make bubbles and make things rub against each other. Basically it makes the items scrub against each other which removes the dirt.


Question: Why can't we capture and store sound energy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we capture and store sound energy?

We can - this is how a microphone works. The simplest way to think of a microphone is as a speaker in reverse. To make a speaker, you use a coil of conductive wire with a magnet suspended near the opening. Pass electrical energy into the coil and the motion of the electrons produces a magnetic field. If the electricity has a pattern in the strength of the flow, the magnet will react by being drawn in and out of the coil rapidly. Connect the magnet to a sheet like a drumhead that can transfer this motion to the air and you can create sound waves with the moving magnet. Now in reverse, you can capture a sound wave with a funnel that concentrates the changes in air pressure down to a small surface - put a magnet on that surface and when it vibrates, it will induce a current in any nearby coils. That *creates* electrical energy - which can be detected and recorded to form a microphone. Sound waves don't carry much energy, so it isn't very useful to power something other than a microphone.


Question: Why does Pykrete have the physical properties that it does?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Pykrete have the physical properties that it does?

Composite materials are strong. Combining a brittle substance with a flexible one yields a strong material that can be much stronger than either material alone. Wood fibers add flexibility allowing the material to have some ability to bend and return to it's shape, like the rebar in concrete. The combination of wood fiber and ice has a very low rate of thermal conductivity, so it doesn't melt as easily as just ice.


Question: How does the fact that qubits can be both 0 and 1 at the same time allows for faster computations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the fact that qubits can be both 0 and 1 at the same time allows for faster computations?

Quantum computer can evaluate combination of inputs. Let's say you have two people that say either yes (1) or no (0), and you have to decide whether they agree with each other. On classical computer, you ask the first one, then you ask the second one, then you compare the answers. You needed to ask **two times.** On a quantum computer, you can ask both of them at once. Or, better said, you can ask a "combination of them". You ask *first one + second one.* The answer will be precisely the thing you want: * 0 + 0 = **0** (mod 2) * 1 + 0 = **1** (mod 2) * 0 + 1 = **1** (mod 2) * 1 + 1 = **0** (mod 2) So, if the *combination of the people* answers you **0**, it means they agree with each other. If the combination answers you **1**, it means that they disagree. So that means asking **one time** was sufficient. Keep in mind that you don't have any information about their answers: 1. If they agree, you don't get to know what they agreed on. 2. If they don't agree, you don't get to know who of them said yes/no. However, this information is useless for your goal, all you need is some kind of aggregated information about all people.


Question: If you're arrested, how do you contact your lawyer if you've never hired a lawyer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 If you're arrested, how do you contact your lawyer if you've never hired a lawyer?

Common wisdom mixed up two issues. One is that you have a right to speak to a lawyer before and during questioning. Once you invoke that right they cannot ask you questions without providing a lawyer. But that *doesnt* mean you need to hurry up and get a lawyer so they can question you. It means the questioning stops. The second, separate issue is getting a lawyer to talk to about your arrest. You can call a lawyer from the station if you happen to know a criminal defense lawyer. If not, you’re better off calling family or friends and asking them to get you a lawyer. Once you’re arrested they have to take you to court within a day unless it’s a weekend. If you don’t have a lawyer at court a public defender will usually be there for you. If you are arrested DO NOT answer questions other than biographical info. Once you are arrested the police are not trying to help you - they are gathering evidence with which to convict you. You cannot say anything at that time that will help, but you can say many things that can hurt


Question: What does it mean when someone dies of "natural causes" or "old age"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean when someone dies of "natural causes" or "old age"?

The DNA in your cells duplicates itself every time the cell divides. Unfortunately, this process is not perfect, and in particular, the "ends" of the DNA chain tend to not get copied properly. In order to avoid issues, there are "useless" strands called telomeres on the end of your DNA, so if the ends break off during duplication it doesn't damage anything vital. However, these telomeres only have a limited length and don't regenerate, so eventually there will come a point where the cell divides but the DNA in it suffers damage which causes the cell to die. As cells die and are not replaced the systems in your body start to break down, and eventually they can't sustain your life--you just die. This is dying of old age. Dying of "natural causes" can really mean any number of things that can kill people--e.g. a heart attack or a stroke is a "natural cause" even if it kills you before your time.


Question: why do some shirts seem to shrink horizontally when washed and dried, whereas others seem to shrink vertically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do some shirts seem to shrink horizontally when washed and dried, whereas others seem to shrink vertically?

not entirely sure from this, can't see the shirts, but have seen similar situations. some fabrics, especially knits but also others, have a direction to them, the fabric is made in a way that the way the fibers are put together is not identical in all directions, like vertical vs horizontal, these tend to also stretch and shrink in non symmetrical ways. it's possible that you're shirts are made with fabric like that,but cut in different directions.


Question: what's the difference between the NYSE and the NASDAQ?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 what's the difference between the NYSE and the NASDAQ?

Both NASDAQ and the NYSE are [securities exchanges]( URL_1 ). That means companies that meet the listing standards are able to list their stock on them to be traded. * [NASDAQ was started in 1971 to be an electronic stock exchange.]( URL_0 ) As a result, it was marketed to be cutting edge and appealed mostly to tech companies. * The NYSE is older, [founded in 1792]( URL_2 ), so a lot of older, established "blue chip" companies are listed on it. Tech companies are still able to list on it, but because many tech companies are already listed on the NASDAQ, they often choose to list there instead. It should also be noted that many companies can find it more cost effective to list on one exchange over another, but it really depends on a number of factors.


Question: If photons are massless, how can they be redirected? How do they interact with the properties of a mirror for an example?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If photons are massless, how can they be redirected? How do they interact with the properties of a mirror for an example?

Light doesn't have mass, but it is an electromagnetic wave, which means it does interact with anything that has charge, most relevantly including electrons. Basically, when light hits an electron, it gets absorbed and then shot back out in a random direction. Mirrors just have the unique property that when you work out all the interactions it has with light, the only choice light has is to bounce back relative to the direction it came (the self-interaction or reflected light destructively cancels out all light that's not traveling at an angle equal to the angle of incident).


Question: To what degree does the daily use of cleaning products like soap and shampoo affect the state of water in a major city, and where does it go after entering the drain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 To what degree does the daily use of cleaning products like soap and shampoo affect the state of water in a major city, and where does it go after entering the drain?

The best explanation for a 5yo would start with a description of how all of the pipes from city plumbing eventually lead to a wastewater treatment plant. Then a picture would be better than a thousand words - > URL_0 Explaining each step would be complicated, but they’d understand that the waste water goes through many steps before it’s ready for reuse. The cleaning products are removed in the secondary processing, after the solid waste and particles are removed. They are particularly easy to remove, as the law requires them to be. Oil, gasoline, and toxic liquids are removed afterwards, are much more difficult to remove, and are illegal to dump in your waste water. It’s too bad that this particular picture doesn’t show the methane being collected and used as fuel by the plant, as a 5yo would probably think that’s cool


Question: How do we know we haven't found a groundbreaking cure for a disease yet, and that it simply doesn't work on mice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know we haven't found a groundbreaking cure for a disease yet, and that it simply doesn't work on mice?

We don't, also mouse models are pretty bad for finding treatment depending on who is making the claim the failure rate for drugs that work in mice dont work in humans 70-95% of the time. Given this it seems likely a substance tested on mice that failed would work in humans, the problem is human testing is far more difficult than mouse testing not only due to ethics but also you cant engineer a human to have diseases you want to test.


Question: Grading on a Curve - What is it and How does it Work?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Grading on a Curve - What is it and How does it Work?

There are a few ways to do it, but one of the common ways is that is you take the top grade, make that 100%, and increase everyone's grade by the same amount. So you sucked at teaching/created a terrible test/your entire class sucked. Top score was 72%. You take everyone's test and add 100-72=28%. The 72% is now 100% and a 50% is a 78%. The other ways to curve may be arguably better such as trying to force a distribution of x% A, y % B, z % C, etc. But generally when I had teachers curve it was just a straight increase and stick with the 10% per grade level.


Question: how birds, bees and other small flying creatures remember their path back to nest? No roads, no boards, no directions, still able to reach home daily after few miles of search for food.

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 how birds, bees and other small flying creatures remember their path back to nest? No roads, no boards, no directions, still able to reach home daily after few miles of search for food.

Roadnames and signs and stuff are not the only landmarks available for navigation. Imagine yourself in russia with all the street name,signs and directions in unreadable characters. You would chose different things as landmarks, like that big tree down the block, or the funny looking house around the corner and stuff like that. Or the small river a few minutes walk past the big tree.


Question: How significant is the temperature of the water you put into your kettle? Will it effect how fast it boils?

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 How significant is the temperature of the water you put into your kettle? Will it effect how fast it boils?

First law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be created or destroyed. Heat is energy. Water is storing that energy. If you already have half of the energy to reach boiling, you will only need the other half to finish the trip. Maybe your teacher meant the rate at which the water heats? Cold water will increase in rate of temperature faster, but it is still starting at a lower point and will thus take longer to reach boiling.


Question: How do skateboarders survive falls from such heights?

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 How do skateboarders survive falls from such heights?

The body can take impacts pretty well. But, it isn’t just that, it’s how you land. If you watch that video, he hits the ground, beds his knees all the way up into his chest, and then rolls out onto his back. In that, he is using the muscles in his legs to start to slow his fall. And then he falls/rolls out onto his back, spreading the force of his landing out over a larger area. Then the fact that he spreads out the fall by rolling/sliding instead of one sudden stop lowers the impact on the body. If you made the same jump and landed poorly, you could easily break you leg, arm, head. Skateboarders learn how to fall.


Question: Why is fried food so bad for you?

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 Why is fried food so bad for you?

It's not like it's poison or anything. It's just usually high in calories (because of the oil) and can have surprising amounts of carbs (because of the breading). It may also be high in saturated fats (if animal fats are used or if the chicken skin is left on) which isn't great for long term cardiac health. EDIT: as others have pointed out, many fried foods you buy also contain trans fats, which are considered unhealthful (I was thinking more of food you fry at home). So it's one of those foods that ought to be limited by people who are seeking to lose weight. I don't know that I'd call it "bad for you". Just something to moderate. Yes, as a broad generality, vegetable oils which are liquid at room temperature are healthier than animal fats which are solid at room temperature. They contain the same calories, but the solid fats have more saturated fat, which isn't great for your heart.


Question: How does a radio telescope turn its readings into a picture we can see?

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 How does a radio telescope turn its readings into a picture we can see?

The interesting bit is that all images made by modern optical instruments (cameras, radio, etc) work the same way. This is because radio, and visible light are really just the same thing. Think of radio as a color we can't percieve Modern instruments are made of a grid if light sensors. Each sensor simply detects if light has stuck it or not. When the computer reads it out it registers where the sensor is on the grid, and how much light it received. The computer then recreates the grid on a monitor, with more light received producing a brighter pixel. Different colors are achieved by taking multiple images, each one has a colored filter on front to only let a specific color through. This is then overlayed on top of the black and white image, and more light is brighter as before. This time though the light is displayed as a specific color to match the filter. If we want the signal as sound, the instrument simply makes the intensity translate as volume rather than brightness, and "color" is a different frequency (pitch). This works because while sound is different from light, it is still a wave like light, so we can treat then in a very similar fashion.


Question: what causes the pain in a headache?

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 what causes the pain in a headache?

OP we **do not know** the answer to this and I regret to inform you some will speak as if they do. There are *many* causes of headache, some more obvious than the other. For instance, some have told you already how it has something to do with the nerves. You do not have sensation in your brain. Local anesthetic is not needed for brain surgeries (ie lobotomies). You can sense pressure inside the head (which is actually distinct from pain), but that is the extent of what we know. Sometimes there are fragments of the skull in serious emergency that break off & cause pain locally, other times there’s well established types of cancers that cause headaches in certain regions, or splitting headaches. For a headache originating from, say, the common cold, we don’t know where they come from or how. There are some theories, but they’re VERY unscientific and some are unfalsifiable (ie making correlation observations) and could be interpreted many ways. TL;DR: We don’t know.


Question: how do you calculate the damage caused by an asteroid hitting earth?

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 how do you calculate the damage caused by an asteroid hitting earth?

There are five main factors that influence how much damage an asteroid will do if it hits the Earth: 1) Its mass. This is obvious - the more mass the asteroid has, the more oomph it is going to hit with. 2) Its velocity. Again, kind of obvious - an asteroid hitting at 30 km/s will hit with four times as much energy than one hitting at 15 km/s. 3) Its density. The denser an asteroid is (for the same mass), the better it is at penetrating the atmosphere - and thus the more of its energy it retains as it hits. 4) The impact angle - the shallower the angle is, the more atmosphere the asteroid has to go through and the more it is slowed down before impact. 5) What it hits. Depending on the material that is hit, there may be secondary damaging effects - for example, an asteroid hitting the ocean will cause a tsunami. For your example... let's assume a 20 m diameter asteroid made of iron, with a density of 8000 kg/m^3. Let's also assume it comes in at a 45 degree angle, and hits sedimentary ground. The asteroid will strike the ground at 6.74 km/s, with an energy of 180 kilotons TNT equivalent. It opens up a crater with a diameter of 577 meters and a depth of 177 meters. At five kilometers from the impact point, the seismic shock (which arrives about one second after impact) will have a magnitude of 4.1 and a Mercalli intensity of IV to V - dishes and windows might break, and you will definitely feel it. The airblast will arrive 15 seconds after the impact, with a peak overpressure of 0.105 bar and maximum windspeed of 23.7 m/s (a severe gale, level 9 on the Beaufort scale), enough to shatter windows. If you are just 1 km away, the airblast, with an overpressure of 2.07 bar, will be sufficient to cause multistory wall-bearing buildings and highway bridges to collapse - almost no residential structures will remain standing. I got these effects from the [Earth Impact Effects Program]( URL_0 ) - you can enter some data yourself, see what happens with different asteroid sizes, densities and velocities.


Question: What was that dial up noise? Why was it always the same and why was it necessary?

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 What was that dial up noise? Why was it always the same and why was it necessary?

Dial up modems communicated using sound waves to represent digital data. The dial up noise was the "handshake" used between the two modems to establish a connection, determine the communication protocols in use at both ends, and conduct other tasks to set up the connection. The dial up sound is what that data sounds like to human ears


Question: What causes structures in orbit to fatigue and develop structural problems?

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 What causes structures in orbit to fatigue and develop structural problems?

Mostly temperature changes. Anything that's orbiting close to earth basically spends half it's time in shadow and half in the sun unless it's in specially selected weird orbits. Background temperature when you're in shadow is \~3K, in the sun it's more like 300K. So every orbit the structure swings between two temperature extremes. For the ISS that's about every 90 minutes. Way too fast to get all the way to stable temperature so it's constantly going through thermal cycles. Thermal cycling, by itself, doesn't cause stress if it's even. But it's generally uneven because the structure doesn't heat/cool at the same rate everywhere, and the structure is made of many different materials with different coefficients of thermal expansion. The combination means you constantly have thermally induced cycling stress through the structure. There are materials that don't do this, but they tend to be heavy and make lousy space structure.


Question: Why does water make noise as it heats up?

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 Why does water make noise as it heats up?

The little bubbles you see forming at the bottom are only the large ones, if you were to look really closely with a high speed camera you would see a lot of little fast bubbles that collapse as soon as they form. Those steam bubbles form there because it’a the hottest place, but the pressure quickly makes them turn into water again This collapsing of thousands of bubbles is what creates that sounds, the sound slows down as the water starts to boil because the little bubbles get together and make the big bubbles that float up


Question: How did Denmark become such a large pork exporter?

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 How did Denmark become such a large pork exporter?

Only a guess but i know Denmark from a lot of visits. In the rural areas you often see massive Pig Farms. 1) Geographically very flat, lots of farmland 2) Pretty stable weather, not too hot in the summer and not too cold in the Winter 3) Property value in central Denmark is quite low so big industrial farming is possible 4) Connects to Germany and has a lot of Ports so Export is relatively easy 5) Pig farming has a lot of tradition there i think Edit: Formatting on the phone is shit From what i can remember theres also economical factors. Small farms couldnt survive because of low prices so a lot of small farms got eaten up by larger ones who could more easily get deals with export firms because its easier to deal with one big supplier than with a lot of smaller ones.


Question: How does fast charge actually work? Why was this never introduced before?

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 How does fast charge actually work? Why was this never introduced before?

standard chargers works at 5V and up to 2A for most phones. fast charge uses 9V and up to 2A for most phones. the amount of "power" transferred is the V \* A. So by using a higher voltage, it charges faster. this requires a more complex circuit, so it's more expensive. and charging faster always has the potential to wear out your battery faster than charging slower.


Question: What started and ended the great depression?

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 What started and ended the great depression?

Simply put, irresponsible banking and lending. The roaring twenties where a time of wild credit and over-reliance on fractional reserve banking (keeping a small percentage of what is in the bank and lending a large portion of the money out) allowed the wild growth associated with what is called the second industrial revolution, and the creation of many consumer goods. However, these accounts were uninsured and kept a far smaller percentage of what we keep today. This, along with the dust bowl, a massive dust storm caused by irresponsible agriculture in the great plains, speculative stock trading, buying stocks of companies on credit, in expectation of the stock price rising, isolationist policies of an America afraid of involvement in another war, all contributed to the great depression. Once the Stock Market Bubble Popped, those invested in the stock market ran to pull their money out of the Banks. Many people were invested in this massively profitable market. Once they pulled their money out, the market dropped further, and this triggered massive bank runs. The banks only held a portion of what people really had in the banks, and the people couldn't get their money out. No money, on confidence in the economy, no consumer spending, no jobs, no jobs, no consumer spending. What ended the Depression is more hotly contested, but it likely would have ended on it's own eventually. However, many economists credit Pres. FDR's use of Keynesian Economic Theory, that government spending to create jobs can kickstart economic growth, with both the New Deal and WWII militarization. However, his bank reform and insurance of accounts definitely helped, and contributed to the quick recovery from the 2008 banking crisis, which was a very similar scenario.