Question: Why do some cysts and zits appear to have multiple chambers?

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 Why do some cysts and zits appear to have multiple chambers?

A possible partial answer to your question: Chambers can exist, but I'd characterize them as random. The puss that fills the chambers is mostly dead white blood cells(neutrophils), dead bacteria, cellular debris and fluid(water, cytoplasm from dead cells, plasma etc). As opposed to sebum. The chamber phenomena your discussing is a result of the immune system. Chambers form as a result of the inflammatory process. Your body identifies the problem. A gland blocked by dirt, or that is infected, triggers the immune system. Immune cells near the problem areas release chemical signals, the capillaries dilate in a process called diapedesis. This allows more immune cells from the blood stream to pass through the walls of the capillaries into the tissues where they can do their job of destroying the foreign material...dirt and or bacteria. The chambers will appear where most of the white blood cells have collected after leaving the blood stream and pooling in the tissues. So it is not uncommon to have pockets or chambers develop based on the underlying capillary response. The immune response isn't terribly precise in that it will not occur only at the infection source. Picture a dart board with the bulls eye being the infection. Most of the response will occur at this location and to a lesser and diminishing degree as you radiate away from the bulls eye. A simple way to envision the formation of the chambers would be through an analogy. Imagine a kid blowing soap bubbles into a pool of water. They can blow one big bubble, or if they blow hard, they'll get several random smaller bubbles with distinct walls that all kind of stick to each other. Instead of bubbles, you have a pocket or multiple pockets appearing where underlying capillaries have dilated allowing immune cells to pass into the tissue. These concepts typically apply to pimples and cysts.


Question: What is a web server?

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 What is a web server?

Web servers are simple enough that I've elected to use real example code to illustrate them instead of metaphors. I am aware that this would confuse an actual five-year-old. --- A web server is software that implements the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), or a computer that is running such software. This means that if you send a message to this computer that constitutes an “HTTP request”, then the computer will respond with a message called an “HTTP response”. A simple example of an HTTP request is: GET /foo HTTP/1.0 The plain-English meaning of this request is “send me the document called ‘/foo’ ”. A simple response to this request might be: HTTP/1.0 200 OK Date: Sun, 7 Apr 2019 12:34:56 GMT Content-type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Length: 13 Hello, World! This means that the request succeeded and was sent as the given time, that the document you requested is plain text, and that its contents are “Hello, World!”. Date, Content-type, and Content-Length are called *headers*, and “Hello, World!” is the *response body*. (I'm handwaving some technical details that aren't relevant to the example, like versions of HTTP, line endings, and such.) When you type ` URL_0 ` into your web browser's address bar and press enter, your web browser will: - Find the address of the server named ` URL_1 `. - Send an HTTP request to that server… - …that looks something like `GET /r/explainlikeimfive HTTP/1.0`. (In practice, your browser will almost certainly use HTTP 1.1, and it will send a bunch of other information in headers. It may also use an encrypted form of HTTP called HTTPS. These things are important, but they are not central to what a web server is.) Often, when you request a document from a web server, it will send you an existing document that it has in its filesystem. For example, I might have a web server for the purpose of sharing documents on my hard drive under `/var/sharedstuff`. If you send an HTTP request for the document `/foo.html`, then I will send you the file that's on my hard drive at `/var/sharedstuff/foo.html` if it exists. This is how “static” web sites work. However, I could also have a complex system that generates documents on demand using information from a database or elsewhere. For instance, when you request `/r/explainlikeimfive` from Reddit's servers, those servers will create a brand-new document with the current front-page posts. If you ask for `/r/explainlikeimfive` a few minutes later, you will get another brand-new document that may have different content.


Question: How 100,000 hour technology tests are actually conducted?

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 How 100,000 hour technology tests are actually conducted?

It's mostly just calculation. The electronic components in your LED have known degradation and failure rates so they know a certain capacitor is rated to do a certain thing with a certain amount of energy for so long before it fails. Usually they don't say "tested" they say they have a "life" or "last." Some wont, some will fail quickly and they know that. They calculate a percentage they are ok with and go with that. So, they know that 25% of their capacitors fail after 100,00 hours. So they say, "100,000 hour life." knowing that out of the smaller percentage that are likely to fail early, there is an even smaller percentage of people that wouldn't just throw it out. The others, they just give a new free bulb to.


Question: what is posix in Linux? Read multiple articles, not understanding.

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 what is posix in Linux? Read multiple articles, not understanding.

Posix is a bunch of standards about how operating systems should work if they want to be compatible. An operating system is the basic computer program that "runs" a computer; it's what supports all your applications and lets other programs actually work with the computer's hardware. Windows, Mac OS, Android, Linux, etc. are operating systems. Posix isn't an operating system, it's a bunch of standards about how an operating system should behave, how you "talk" to it, etc. Any operating system that follows the posix standards is posix compliant. Linus is a posix operating system. So is Unix. So is (I think) MacOS X since it's sitting on a posix-compliant operating system called NEXT. This makes it relatively easier for programmers to work with multiple operating systems, since they can work with them in pretty similar ways. A rough analogy is the USB standard...any USB plug fits into any USB port and they can work together even though they might be made by different companies and support wildly different devices.


Question: How do animated shows like South Park and Futurama sync up audio and the animations? What’s the process here?

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 How do animated shows like South Park and Futurama sync up audio and the animations? What’s the process here?

There are animation tools that do this automatically. You provide the tool with a library of mouth positions that correspond to different sounds in a language. Then run the voice actor's audio through the program, and the program detects what sound is playing at each moment, and selects the correct mouth position accordingly.


Question: How does Iodine (pill form?) help reduce the effects of radiation poisoning if you’re already irradiated?

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 How does Iodine (pill form?) help reduce the effects of radiation poisoning if you’re already irradiated?

It doesn't. Potassium iodide does one thing and one thing only: It protects your thyroid by blocking it from taking up radioactive iodine-131 which can cause thyroid cancer. It does nothing if you take it after exposure and it doesn't protect any other part of your body or protect you from any other radionuclide.


Question: Why does washing your face refresh and wake you? Is there some sort of biological/mental mechanism behind it?

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 Why does washing your face refresh and wake you? Is there some sort of biological/mental mechanism behind it?

Yes, it stimulates the vagus nerve. Its the one you feel when your stomach drops. Responsible for the physical feeling of anxiety. Next time your feeling anxious at a mass gathering, splash cold water on your face and it will help you relax. Source: my therapist told me Edit: some clarification and grammer


Question: What determines which country has the strongest currency?

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 What determines which country has the strongest currency?

Note that "strongest currency" isn't really a well defined term. Currently, the "strongest" in a truest sense is the dollar, due to the petrodollar, America's large presence in the world economy, etc. But, what about the pound or the euro? Aren't those "worth" more than the dollar? No. That's not how it works. *Relative* movements can say something about an economy's strength; the absolute amount is completely arbitrary and due to historical events with no relevance to the current time. The value of currencies relative to each other is supply and demand. People, and countries, buy currency. If Walmart wants to buy some toys from China, they have to buy RMB with dollars to buy the toys. That means the RMB goes up in price, because there's more demand and less supply of RMB. The YEN is roughly 1:100 with the dollar. Does that mean the US's economy is 100 times stronger than Japan's? If Japan decided to denote everything in "super-yen", where 1 super-yen = 10 dollars, is Japan's economy 10 times stronger than the US's? Even though they didn't do anything? No. It really doesn't matter. If one guy says he has 20 nickles, and another says he has 4 quarters, does the guy with 20 nickles have more money? Not really, it's just a different base unit. At some point in the mid 20th century countries decided to toss the gold standard and use this "free market" based approach for the relative value of their currencies. The relative values at that time because the "base". Furthermore, countries can (and have) "rebased" their currencies by just inventing a bigger base.


Question: How do trick candles work?

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 How do trick candles work?

So, in a regular candle, the heat melts the wax, the wick absorbs the wax and pulls it up to the flame, the flame vaporizes it, and the vapor burns. The smoke you see when you blow a candle out is the last bit of vapor. So the trick to getting a candle to relight on its own is to add something highly flammable to the wick that will reignite that vapor. In most cases, they achieve this by adding powdered magnesium to the inside of the wick. ETA: next time you light a candle, when you blow it out, hold a lighter to the smoke coming off of it (close to wick, but not not directly to it), and the candle will reignite, because the wax vapor is flammable. That’s basically what is happening in a trick candle, except they are using magnesium to make it hot enough to reignite rather than another flame.


Question: How does car rotation in auctions work?

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 How does car rotation in auctions work?

Usually auctions won't have "unsellable" cars. Unless the car is a rusted, unfixable junker, chances are it can be sold. If it's becoming tough to sell, they'll likely lower the starting price the next time around. & #x200B; If the auction house is one of multiple under the same management, it might get transferred around the locations as to show to more possible bidders.


Question: What causes bread to go stale? What’s actually happening that makes it “stale?”

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 What causes bread to go stale? What’s actually happening that makes it “stale?”

When bread goes stale it is caused by a chemical reaction in which the food is slowly beginning to rot or go bad. Because bread has a high amount of starch in it, it can quickly crystallize in cooler temperatures such as in a refrigerator, cool porch or basement during a process called retrogradation. The reason why retrogradation increases rapidly in locations that are constantly kept cool is because of the added amount of crystals that form when the bread is exposed to cool, moist air. The formation of crystals cause the bread to dry out faster leaving the edges hard, crunchy and difficult to bite into. Bread can go stale if left out at room temperature. Once the bread and the starch make contact with bacteria in the air, the process of the ingredients beginning to slowly decay have already begun to take place. Bread must be kept away from heat and moisture when it is out of the refrigerator. The variations in temperature will quickly cause bread to begin to go stale, and mold will soon start to form on the bread


Question: how do long tongues fit in people’s mouths?

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 how do long tongues fit in people’s mouths?

Go find a mirror, open up big and wide, and lift your tongue. At the base of your tongue you’ll see this thin ‘wire’ connecting your tongue to the base of your mouth. This is called the ‘frenulum’. Most of us have one, and it’s fairly short/thick, more firmly holding the tongue down and back. Those with ‘long’ tongues have a similar sized tongue as us, but a longer/thinner frenulum, allowing heir tongue more range of motion.


Question: What exactly does an "EMP" do?, and how long does it last?

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 What exactly does an "EMP" do?, and how long does it last?

A moving magnetic field creates an electric field, and vice versa. An EMP is a near instantaneous and powerful burst of an electric and magnetic field that as it passes through objects will induce a current in anything made of metal. Think like a wireless charger or a transformer. Except in the case of an EMP, it's typically much larger and uncontrolled. Instead of a limited amount of current passing through coils put there specifically to harness the current being generated, it is a current passing through *all* of the wires more or less simultaneously, often in the wrong direction, and usually at a much higher voltage than the circuit is designed to handle. Which is essentially what a short does, too. Everything except superconductors have electrical resistance and your electrical device is not made of superconductors, so there is resistance. Resistance creates heat. Wires melt, semiconductors (like the transistors in computer chips) melt. Parts that do not melt are degraded by the heat. Solder melts off, destroying contacts that are supposed to be there and creating shorts that aren't supposed to be there. Resistors are overloaded and melt. Capacitors are overloaded and melt or explode, or shorts are created that cause the capacitor to empty where they shouldn't. Batteries may be shorted and catch fire. Whether or not the device survives depends on its complexity and the power of the EMP. Something delicate like a computer chip almost certainly won't survive and will be completely fried. But, say, a diesel engine vehicle that doesn't have any kind of computer in it will probably just pop most or all of the fuses and will work just fine once the fuses are replaced. A powerful enough EMP can even melt the wires so "will it work" becomes a subjective argument at that point - the engine will, after replacing all of the wiring but at that point it's not really the "electronics" that survived. If it's a mild EMP that can't generate a high enough current then stuff may or may not survive, it really depends on what the thing is. In general, though, it's a bit like chucking the thing in the bathtub and then chucking a toaster in along with it. You can shield electronics from EMPs using a Faraday Cage, which is a mesh of wires that absorbs the EMP and directs the energy around and away from whatever is inside. The downside is that the Faraday cage blocks *all* electromagnetic radiation so, for instance, a phone will not get a signal inside of it which kind of defeats the purpose of having a phone.


Question: Why does water evaporate at room temperature?

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 Why does water evaporate at room temperature?

Water consists of a lot of molecules that is bumping into each other all the time. The warmer the water the faster the molecules go on average. The boiling point is the termperature at which the molecules have enough speed to brake free of the other molecules and evaporate into steam. However because the molecules are just randomly bumping into each other transfering energy between themselves it is possible for single molecules to get enough speed to turn into steam even though the average speed of the water is lower. And if this molecule is near the surface it might not hit any other water molecules before it gets into the air. There is not really an evaporation temperature but the rate of evaporation does increase with increasing temperature. Even ice will technically evaporate but at much lower rates then water at the same temperature as it requires a lot more energy to brake out of the crystal structure of ice then from the more lose structure of water. Another factor in the rate of evaporation is the humidity in the air. The same way that water molecules from the water can get enough energy and be pushed up into the air the water molecules in the air might occationally crash into the water and get stuck. This reduces the rate of evaporation.


Question: If honey bees make and store honey for food, why can we take so much from them without harming them?

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 If honey bees make and store honey for food, why can we take so much from them without harming them?

Hi! I'm a beekeeper. The honey is indeed intended as a store of energy for the winter. However, when we take it (called 'extracting'), we replace it with either blocks of sugary fondant (kind of like what you get in Christmas and wedding cakes) or a sugar syrup. Both have loads of energy and a similar composition to honey which bees can break down and use just like they would the honey


Question: - What is difference between 5G & 4G?

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 - What is difference between 5G & 4G?

As [this video]( URL_0 ) elaborately explains, these are “mobile” internet speeds that can be run on a phone or mobile device. Each connection type (3G 4G 5G) has its own speed: •3G is ^tinytiny speed and slow like a very old turtle. •4G is a little fast and can run like a dog or horse. •5G **BREAKS THE SCALE AND IS EXTREMELY OUTRAGEOUSLY FASTFASTFASTFASTFAST** like a cheetah if it’s on a bullet train.


Question: What makes a rainbow a single large rainbow? If raindrops act as prisms wouldn't that make up millions of little rainbows and the colours would line up?

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 What makes a rainbow a single large rainbow? If raindrops act as prisms wouldn't that make up millions of little rainbows and the colours would line up?

There are, in actuality, millions of rainbows being projected all over the place by the millions of water droplets. But only the ones in a very specific orientation to you are the ones projecting into your eyeballs, and each of those droplets are only projecting a very particular section of their spectrum into your eyeball. One particular drop at a very particular location is projecting only a very small part of its red spectrum, for instance, based on its very specific orientation from you. Then another one nearby is projecting part of its yellow spectrum. Etc... All together they will collectively show the entire spectrum as they all fit together like puzzle pieces, but each one is only a very small component depending on its location.


Question: What does the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics mean?

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 What does the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics mean?

Basically that if A = B And C=B Then A=C It's related to thermal equilibrium which is a fancy way of saying "stuff is at the same temperature" If you and I are in the same room and we each have a glass of water that is at room temperature. That means that each of our glasses of water are in thermal equilibrium with the room. And because of that they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.


Question: What factors/characteristics make a city location an ideal investment opportunity for large businesses and industries?

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 What factors/characteristics make a city location an ideal investment opportunity for large businesses and industries?

If the business is in retail, cities provide a larger single market. This might be be offset by higher costs (like rent and salaries) but the large market is usually a great benefit. Cities are generally good at attracting younger professionals. This is a good source of employees. It is also easier to retain executives who might prefer city life and the attractions that it offers. More modern industries might be located close to but less often within cities. It depends on the industry, of course with high value add (medical eqpt, pharmaceuticals etc) manufacturing not suffering much penalty. But heavier, more traditional manufacturing would generally not want to pay high rents, deal with zoning and other restrictions and also prefer locations with more lower skilled labor rather than higher paid professionals. Other things like transportation networks, availability of services (legal, advertising, accounting, etc) favor cities. Hopefully this helps with your homework.


Question: What does it really mean when a famous person/public figure gets an "honorary doctorate?" Is it actually worth anything, or just a kind gesture?

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 What does it really mean when a famous person/public figure gets an "honorary doctorate?" Is it actually worth anything, or just a kind gesture?

It's only meant to be a gesture. Universities generally note that the recipient can add the letters after their name, but should not use the title Dr. except in interactions with the school that granted the degree. Most honorary degrees are specially titled along the lines of LL.D (Doctor of Laws) or Sc.D. (Doctor of Science) so as to avoid confusion with an earned degree (Ph.D, J.D., M.D., and so on.) So: * John Smith, who studied music composition at a university and got a high-level degree, becomes Dr. Smith or John Smith, D.M.A (Doctor of Musical Arts.) * Jane Doe, who studied music theory at the same university, becomes Dr. Doe or Jane Doe, Ph.D * Edward Kennedy Ellington, who did not study music formally but made enormous contributions to the field, was awarded several honorary doctorates, and became Edward Kennedy Ellington, D. Mus, but not Dr. Ellington. His title of "Duke" is arguably honorary, but I would consider it more meaningful than any title of nobility.


Question: What is electrical potencial. Is it an energy? What does it do and how it affects current?

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 What is electrical potencial. Is it an energy? What does it do and how it affects current?

This is the ELI5 I was given when trying to understand the relationship between potential, current and resistance: Imagine a wire as a river. 1 gallon of water in the river is a charge (coulomb) and the flow of water is ampere (gallons pr. second or coulombs pr. second), or current. Now, these gallons of water need a force to move them in order to make a flow. In case of the river, this would gravity. The electrical potential (or voltage) is the equivalent of gravity, except it's provided by a generator (and it is variable, whereas gravity is more or less constant). Lastly, you have the resistance. This can be rocks and other objects apprehending the flow of water (resistance of the wire) and, for example, a watermill (electrical consumer, like a lightbulb or an electrical motor). As the potential (gravity, force) increases, the higher the current (ampere, flow of water, gallons pr. second) will be across the resistance (rocks, watermill, lightbulb).


Question: If the observable universe is 14 billion years old, does that mean that the furthest reaches of the universe which we can see is 14 billion light years away?

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 If the observable universe is 14 billion years old, does that mean that the furthest reaches of the universe which we can see is 14 billion light years away?

> If the observable universe is 14 billion years old, does that mean that the furthest reaches of the universe which we can see is 14 billion light years away? Yes, mostly. The light we see is *from* 14 billion light years, but since it takes 14 billion years for that light to get to us, we have a 14 billion year gap between what we see, and what is actually happening right now that far away. When something that makes light is moving away from us, that light takes on a longer wavelength. This light is called red-shifted light. When the object is coming towards us, it becomes a shorter wavelength. This light is blue-shifted light. It's similar to the Doppler effect, where when a police car speeds past you, the siren sounds different when the car is coming towards you, compared to how it sounds when it's going away from you. Red-shifted light is how we determine how far a celestial body is away from us, and that is ultimately how we discovered the age of the universe, and the fact that it is expanding in the first place. > if a person moved 1 light year away from the surface of the Earth, that person could observe 14 billion light years plus 1 light year in that respective direction? The issue with that, is that the light that is as far away from us as can be, has already hit us. That would be the light of everything just after the big bang. When red-shifted light is too far away, it goes into the infrared spectrum, which we cannot see with the naked eye. Astronomists can use infrared telescopes to see this, and they are able to look as far back as 380,000 years after the big bang, as this would be about the time that electrons would be able to scatter from atoms, making light. This light is just a big jumbled mess called cosmic background radiation, which has been charted by the European Space Agency's Planck spacecraft, and also makes up for a significant portion of static you see in TVs and Radios. In short, if someone from earth were able to teleport instantly 1 light-year away, the light they see on either side would just be respectively red/blue-shifted by the difference of 1 light year.


Question: How Can Something Be 0 Calories?

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 How Can Something Be 0 Calories?

If your body can't get energy out of it, it's zero calories. If you swallowed a small rock, for example, it would be 0 calories, because your body isn't getting useful energy out of it, and it's probably just coming clean out the other end... Artificial sweeteners are like this - they trick your tongue into thinking that it's tasting sugar, but when it gets to your stomach, your body can't break it down like it would break down normal sugars.


Question: How do hackers "inject" code into a webpage, like in the Newegg checkout process?

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 How do hackers "inject" code into a webpage, like in the Newegg checkout process?

There are two main types of code injection vulnerabilities for websites: SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS). SQL is the language used to retrieve information from the database. In general queries are formatted like this: > SELECT [attributes] FROM [table name] WHERE [condition] For example if you search for "hammer" in a DIY catalog, it may look like this: > SELECT brand, name, price FROM tools WHERE type= "hammer" In this case, "hammer" is chosen by the user, and should be handled carefully. An attacker could write some SQL there, and create the following query: > SELECT brand, name, price FROM tools WHERE type = "hammer AND SELECT password FROM passwords" [Computerphile has a nice video explaining it]( URL_0 ) and also [an actual example]( URL_1 ). In a similar way, attackers can also inject scripts into HTML pages. If you rightclick on any webpage and select "view page source", you can find some < script > tags near the bottom indicating the beginning of a script. Scripts are very powerful, and serve a lot of purposes: animations, advertisement, data collection, ... . One place where script injection could be possible is in comments like these on Reddit. I'm typing this text, and Reddit pastes it into the web page. If I were an attacker and Reddit wasn't careful, your browser would interpret the < script > tag I used before as the start of a script, and start executing whatever follows. That's of course very dangerous, and Reddit needs to filter my comment before blindly pasting it into the page. I don't know what the Newegg exploit exactly is about, but it probably uses a variation of these. I'll look into it.


Question: Why do ants, wasps, spiders, etc. Have a specific repeller? Why can't ant spray kill spiders?

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 Why do ants, wasps, spiders, etc. Have a specific repeller? Why can't ant spray kill spiders?

They behave differently, so different poisons are made to adapt to their behavior. Ants bring food back to their colony. Spiders only eat things that are alive. Wasps nest near certain areas. Ant poison will kill spiders if the spiders *ingest* it. Spider poison will kill the few ants that happen to become exposed to it. But spiders won't eat ant poison, and killing a few ants won't eliminate your ant problem. You have to make the ants bring the poisoned bait back to the colony, and you have to spray the places that spiders or wasps like to nest in. Edit: Ant *spray* does kill spiders. Unless you are talking about natural oil based sprays. Those sprays don't necessarily "poison" the ants; they usually drown them. Ants are small, and exposure to most oils will kill them since they can't break the surface tension to escape.


Question: Why do uneducated people tend to have more children?

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 Why do uneducated people tend to have more children?

TL/DR; Less education means more children. More religion means more children. Less access to health care means more children. Earlier age of marriage means more children. Poor people have less education, more religion, less access to health care, and an earlier age of marriage. Also, minorities and immigrants from less developed countries tend to *want* larger families because of their culture. These groups also tend to be poor. ----- **EDUCATION: Less education = more children** Poor people tend to be less educated - they perform poorly in school, are more likely to be expelled or drop out, and struggle to afford higher education. There are many theories about why education relates to family size: 1) Women with less education are less likely to be able to support themselves independently. Because they rely upon a husband, they tend to think of their contributions to family as more important to contributing to economy. Ergo, more children. 2) Women with more education will have a career, not just a job. They prefer to work rather than parent, and will focus on vocational success. Children and families make financial success more difficult. By focusing on a career, the woman neglects settling down to have children until later in her life. 3) People who are more educated tend to have better impulse control. They are more likely to plan out when they want to have a family based upon their finances. They are less likely to have unprotected sex, or to use drugs and substances that might result in accidental pregnancies (hooking up while drunk, for instance). They are also more aware of the various birth-control options available and will seek them out. 4) Poorly educated people might not know about all the contraception options that exist, how to use them properly, or where they might obtain birth-control pills or spermicides etc. Most individuals learn about contraception in school - so where do drop outs learn about it? They might not have access to Google... **RELIGIOSITY: More religion means larger families** Poor individuals are more likely to be religious that wealthy individuals. Also, less educated individuals are more likely to be dogmatically religious that people with a 4-year degree. This can have several outcomes: 1) Contraceptives are purposefully ignored. Catholics, for instance, view the use of birth control or condoms as a sin. Many denominations view abortions or "the morning after pill" as murder. 2) Some religious denominations actively encourage women to be caring mothers with lots of children. You see this more with fringe groups, like the (small) snake-handling group within Pentecostalism or the (small) polygamist group within Mormonism. 3) Religion encourages an early age of marriage. The younger a woman is when married, the more children she will have over her lifetime. Also, married couples are more likely to have unprotected sex than couples that are cohabiting or having pre-marital sex. **INCOME: Less money means more children** This is pretty obvious when you think about it. Contraception costs money. Condoms, birth control, spermicide, morning-after pill, and abortions are all expensive - particularly if you add up the cost-per-month and look at years at a time. Most birth-control pills require prescriptions, which means doctor visits, which are super expensive if you don't have insurance. Even though condoms can be bought for a dollar a piece, that's expensive if you are living on welfare (and I don't think food-stamps cover contraception). ~~Hysterectomies~~ Tubal ligation and vasectomies are also a rather common contraceptive used by middle and upper class individuals. Usually after they have had a child or two and think their family is big enough - so no surprise children later in life. Also, people with more money tend to thing in economic terms. Children are expensive, and people with money budget for this; they will wait to have children until they can afford them, and will prefer small families because it is easier to pay for karate for 2 boys than for 5. This thought process isn't seen in poor families. **RACE: Minorities and Immigrants are over-represented among the poor. Immigrants from developing countries are more likely to *want* larger families.** Developing countries don't have large families *only* because of lack of birth control, they have large families because it is *culturally acceptable and preferable* to have large families. If you take a couple from Sub-Saharan Africa, teach them all about condoms and birth control, and put them in America and give them access to contraception they are still more likely to have a large family because *they will want to have many children*. Culturally speaking, more children means the parents are better people. This idea carries over into the children of immigrants, as well as the grandchildren. The family size declines with each generation, and by the 4th generation the birth rate looks more like the rates of the host culture. ----- EDIT 1: Clarity and phrasing. EDIT 2: Removing implied causality statements.


Question: Why can it be a specific temperature outside, but feel like another?

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The 'feel' is based on how fast the air is sucking heat out of your skin, and that's based on several things. The obvious one is the temperature, but there are two other things that matter a lot. First, airflow: if the air is dead calm, your body warms up the air right next to you and that shell of warm air protects you a bit. (Wearing clothes is about trapping that shell of warm air, so it doesn't blow away or get left behind when you walk. Same thing with blankets or a sleeping bag.) When there's wind, the warm air around you is constantly getting blown away and replaced by new, unwarmed air. Second, humidity. Normally your skin has a bit of moisture on it, and as that evaporates it cools you off. But if the air is humid, your sweat doesn't evaporate as easily and the cooling effect is lessened. If the air is at 100% saturation, then your sweat doesn't help at all; there's no evaporative cooling. So, regardless of temperature, dry-and-windy should feel coldest and humid-and-calm should feel the hottest. "Wet cold" is definitely a thing, but that's more about how moisture affects clothing. Most kinds of insulation work far worse when they get damp; the wet material doesn't loft and water conducts heat through the insulation way better than air would have, and that's why cold-and-wet can be so miserable.


Question: What causes the sour aftertaste of sugar? I mean isn't sugar supposed to be sweet?

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 What causes the sour aftertaste of sugar? I mean isn't sugar supposed to be sweet?

I’d never heard if this but searched and this is one answer given on Quora The answer to this question is really simple. After eating sweets or cakes, the some sugar or starch is left in your mouth and on your teeth. Well, your digestive system decides to release enzymes through your saliva, into your mouth. This breaks down the sugars, as well as making the bacteria in your mouth release malic acid. So, really all your tasting is the malic acid that is being created to destroy any leftover sugar and starch. Sometimes the sourness can be strong, while sometimes you won’t be able to taste it at all. The stronger it is, the more sugars you had left in your mouth. I hope this answered your question!!! Thanks for reading,


Question: How is Oxygen stored in water and how can fish extract it to breathe?

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 How is Oxygen stored in water and how can fish extract it to breathe?

Oxygen is just dissolved in water, in the same way that you can dissolve sugar in water, or carbon dioxide in water to make a soda. Fish gills have a huge surface area to maximize how much contact they make with the passing water. Oxygen molecules cross the membrane of the gills just like they do in our lungs, and then get carried to the rest of the body through the fish's circulation!


Question: Why is the default position for a 3-D model a T pose?

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 Why is the default position for a 3-D model a T pose?

It tends to make things easier when animating. For example, if a model's default pose was just A Normal Person Standing With Their Arms At Their Sides, the animators would have trouble making that model lift their arms without the armpits looking janky and weird. Putting the model into a T-pose makes the shoulders, some of the most maneuverable joints on the human body, easier to animate no matter which direction the arms need to go. It's also part of why the legs tend to just Be There. Most of the time, the legs just need to walk. They don't go doing the splits for every day-to-day activity, so they don't need to get splayed out like the arms do.


Question: why does wine go bad when exposed to air, but when air gets through the cork in tiny amounts it ages?

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 why does wine go bad when exposed to air, but when air gets through the cork in tiny amounts it ages?

You got something backwards in there. It's doesn't get O2 through the cork, it gets O2 FROM the cork. It's a finite amount of oxygen contained withing the compressed cork itself, thats why they seal the bottle with wax or a metal wrapper outside the cork. You want a little O2 for the nice slow oxidation of compounds in there to age properly, but once it's sealed the outside air isn't getting in. Letting it breathe when it's open aims for a different reaction with other compounds, and its much more dramatic. But let it go on too long and the wine will be real nasty. So both aging and breathing aim for oxidation reactions, but different compounds at different rates for different goals.


Question: What did Jordan Peterson do and why did he get so much backlash?

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 What did Jordan Peterson do and why did he get so much backlash?

When Canada was proposing their recent law regarding the required use of preferred pronouns he objected. This was for several reasons. 1) He believed that people and institutions would use the law erroneously to punish people who even tried to discuss the topic or who otherwise did not hold the exact opinions of the far left. This was proven true with Lindsey Shepherd a TA at Wilfrid Laurier University who was labeled as Transphobic for attempting to have a discussion about pronoun usage, which in part touched on this debate and used a part of one of Peterson's speeches as a video prompt in a language class studying a unit on pronouns. 2) He has studied Authoritarianism fairly thoroughly and is firmly against the government policing language. That is something he considers to be absolutely totalitarian, and something that borders on the kind of totalitarianism seen in Communist or Fascist regimes. So he spoke out against the bill before it was made.


Question: Why is obsidian so sharp?

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 Why is obsidian so sharp?

Because obsidian is a glass. So the boring answer is it's really sharp for the exact same reason a dropped cup will shatter into those curved chips like impossibly sharp little razors. When you sharpen anything, what you're doing is littrealy breaking bits off of it, removing material until you get an edge. However a lot of materials, including metal have a crystal structure when you get down to the atomic levels. Crystals like to break in specific ways, defined by the structure of the crystal. If you've ever broken a piece of quartz or something you'll have seen this. It prefers to break along flat planes, and edges form at the same angles. You can have large breaks or smaller chips, but large or small it'll be the same. So when you're trying to sharpen steel, eventually you get to the point where you're trying to break those crystals. That will prevent you from getting finer or cleaner edge; chip off any more material and it'll break in exactly the same way it did before, and thus not be any sharper. Another problem is that the atoms in steel can move around each other fairly well, so even if you get the edge as fine as possible, it wont stay that way. Still good for cutting a tomato in the kitchen, but if you're doing something where it needs to be a sharp as possible as long as possible, it doesn't cut it Glasses like obsidian don't have that problem. They're amorphous solids: They don't have a crystal structure at all. So unlike crystals they don't break in any preferred way (the fancy term is conchoidal fracture). If you do it right, you can get a very very clean edge that's only a few atoms thick. [Someone stuck an obsidian blade and a steel scalpel under an electron microscope]( URL_0 ) so you can see the difference at the atomic level. The steel is still jagged and rough and no matter what you do it will always be that rough. The obsidian meanwhile is extremely smooth even at that level.


Question: Why should you not defrost things, then refreeze them?

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 Why should you not defrost things, then refreeze them?

A couple reasons. One is bacterial build up. Another is texture. When you freeze something in a normal freezer, ice crystals build up and damage the cells. When you thaw it, those cells rupture. This leads to a bad texture and makes it more available for bacteria. Freezing again just causes more damage.


Question: what is a white dwarf star made out of?

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 what is a white dwarf star made out of?

To an extent it depends on the star that died. A White dwarf is essentially the exposed inerds of a sunlike star once the outer atmosphere has been cast off and nuclear fusion has ceased. What it's made of depends on it's mass and what it was last fusing before the reaction ceased. Stars begin and spend most of their life fusing hydrogen into helium, then either stop or move on to Fusing Helium into elements like Carbon and Oxygen and Silicon (plus a few others) Really heavy stars can go on to start fusing them into other things, but I think your average white dwarf is probably going to be a ball of mostly carbon, oxygen and silicon


Question: What is resonance in physics?

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 What is resonance in physics?

Resonance is the frequency at which an object likes to vibrate. For example, guitar strings make different sounds when you pluck them because they naturally vibrate at different frequencies due to being different thicknesses. If you shorten any of the strings, it will also make a higher pitch. Resonant frequency is related to the inverse of the length of the vibrating object. This is because the inverse of frequency is wavelength, and if the wavelength matches the length of the vibrating object, there will be resonance. So if you force a vibration at a particular frequency, the object will vibrate better the close it is to its resonant frequency. In fact, if the it is exactly its resonant frequency, and there is no damping, the object's vibrations will getting larger and stronger indefinitely! Think about pushing someone on a swing. They are swinging at a certain frequency. If you push them close to that frequency, their swinging will get bigger. This resonant frequency is how singers can supposedly break wine glasses with their voice, why washing machines will shake the floor when spinning at a certain speed, and why microwaves can heat up water molecules. It is particularly imporrant when designing bridges and tall buildings, because the right frequency caused by the wind or and earthquake can do a lot of damage. Look at the Tacoma bridge for example: URL_0 URL_1


Question: What is the point of an income tax and a sales tax?

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 What is the point of an income tax and a sales tax?

Sales taxes are localized. A city with a bunch of public service costs such as roads and other infrastructure can have a higher sales tax than somewhere out in the country with lower costs. Similarly a sales tax is paid by visitors as well as locals so a popular tourist location might charge a higher sales tax to shift the burden from locals and more onto tourists.


Question: Why does power saving use grayscale?

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 Why does power saving use grayscale?

LCD screens have white backlights that are filtered through basically tiny colored foils. If you want red. You shut the blue and the green subpixels. And since the whole light comes from the backlighting, you basically shut out 2/3 of the generated light. With greyscale, all subpixels are „opened“ equally and you get the most of the backlight, alowing to dim it and save power.


Question: Do saws ever need to be sharpened?If so, how is it done efficiently?

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 Do saws ever need to be sharpened?If so, how is it done efficiently?

Yes, saws need sharpening. But there isn't really a cool way of doing it: you just have to sharpen one tooth at a time with a file, dremel, stone, or whatever. A human can get in a rhythm and fly through the process, or you can build a jig or machine to advance the teeth and grind them, but it's still a repetitive process. Some saws have disposable blades of course, but that's cheating.


Question: How and why do certain salts and minerals grow into perfect geometric shapes?

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 How and why do certain salts and minerals grow into perfect geometric shapes?

It's because of the structure of the ions in the salt. Different ions can fit a different number of bonds around them (for a basic example in Sodium chloride every sodium is bonded to 6 other chorides and same for each chlorine). Because bonds repel each other they want to be as far away from each other as possible, and this is achieved by them all being at right angles If you have a bunch of things bonded at right angles you start to form small cubes, and as you add those small cubes together you form larger cubes (or cuboids). So basically, it's because that's the shape they make when you add lots of their small building blocks together


Question: Why does a paste like mix of Bicarbonate of soda and Vinegar remove red wine stains?

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 Why does a paste like mix of Bicarbonate of soda and Vinegar remove red wine stains?

Baking soda itself is sort of magic. It deodorizes, reacts smoothly with heavy acids, buffers well. Works as toothpaste, Hydrophilic, If there is a major chemical spill the first thing the government does is dump a literal ton baking soda on it. Vinegar is acidic and colorless, also polar. The way you remove something from a surface is by either goving the spill something better to stick to, of the carpet something better to stick to it. Thermodynamically speaking you need to give it somewhere nice to go. The powdered, water absorbing base, buffer salts created, and aqueous acid cover most of the bases and are all colorless. So the whine jumped at the vinegar/baking soda mix and jumped to it, then it was off the carpet and good to go. Baking soda is magic.


Question: Why is depreciation considered an expense in accounting?

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 Why is depreciation considered an expense in accounting?

When you buy a $500,000 piece of equipment, you trade the the money for the equivalent value of equipment. The company still has $500,000; it's just been converted from liquid cash to a physical asset. But when the value of that machine begins to depreciate, your company has lost "money". You no longer have $500,000 worth of assets. That lost money is an expense.


Question: How do torches burn so long?

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 How do torches burn so long?

They are coated with a petroleum or tar substance which is what burns. Here is a fun experiment: get a metal tray and some cotton balls. Try burning a cotton ball. Now dip one is rubbing alcohol and light it. Burns hot and fast, eh? Now smear some Vaseline on one and light it. Now it burns a long time. Kind of sooty but long lasting.