Question: Why do hospitals and asylums get abandoned?

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 Why do hospitals and asylums get abandoned?

The Asylums were often abandoned because funding from the Federal Government and State Governments that provided for the indigent people in them was ended in 1950s. Some argued for the stopping because it was felt that institutionalization was not good. But instead of providing a replacement for the asylums people with severe mental illness have mostly been abandoned by the government if their families and friends are not able to provide for them. Hospitals tend to shut down if better facilities are built nearby, or if the population of the region drops below a level that can support the hospital.


Question: Why does task manager close stuff so much faster than normal closing methods?

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 Why does task manager close stuff so much faster than normal closing methods?

When you use the normal method to close a program it's going to close that program from within the program itself and it's going to run very specific code. For example, in a video game if you were to close it the developer might make it so that you also autosave before it closes. And if it's poorly programmed it might do a ton of other stuff before it even registers that you told it to close. When you use task manager windows kills the application and says to hell with all that extra crap.


Question: Why do spoons/forks sometimes taste like they have an electrical charge? (Almost like putting your tongue to a battery)

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 Why do spoons/forks sometimes taste like they have an electrical charge? (Almost like putting your tongue to a battery)

Depending on the cutlery, the acidity of your saliva, and the presence of any fillings/braces, you can experience something called a galvanic reaction. In essence a very small current is flowing in your mouth, either between different parts of the cutlery, from some of the metal ions dissolving in your saliva, or from the cutlery to fillings, using your saliva as an electrolyte solution. This is especially apparent if you have metal fillings and bite a piece of aluminum foil (VERY unpleasant) and you get a "shock".


Question: What is chemotherapy and how does it work? Why does it work?

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 What is chemotherapy and how does it work? Why does it work?

Chemotherapy is basically a poison that targets fast-growing cells. One of the trademarks of cancer is that it's a group of cells that are multiplying out of control, far faster than they should be. The chemotherapy hits your entire body and the idea is that it kills the cancer cells slightly faster than it kills the rest of your body. Other fast-growing cells like hair and digestive tract cells are affected as well, which is why people undergoing chemotherapy often lose their hair and experience nausea. For a little bit more detail, cancer cells need lots of energy in order to do their multiplying. This means they need extra nutrients from blood, so blood flow usually increases to cancerous tumors. By pumping the patient's blood with poison, the cancer cells receive more blood (and thus more poison) than the rest of the body. Once the cancer cells are killed off, then the chemotherapy is stopped and the patient can recover. Nausea will end once the digestive cells start to regrow, and the patient's hair will return.


Question: How did we come up with the asteroid theory for dinosaur extinction?

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 How did we come up with the asteroid theory for dinosaur extinction?

It's not the only theory but it's the one best explained by all the evidence. First, there's the 150km wide impact crater off the Yucatan peninsula. It was created by a roughly 10km wide asteroid impacting at 30+km/s and it's been date to 65 million years ago which is exactly when the dinosaurs became extinct. We know how catastrophic an impact like that would be so it already makes sense as the cause of the extinction. There's also evidence of a large impact besides the crater such as ejecta layers in the rock, shock formations in the rock, melted rock from the molten impact site, and the high presence of certain rare elements that are only found in asteroids or deep within the Earth. This is all exactly what you'd expect to find in rock layers from the same time period, and there's a lack of evidence for other explanations. The fossil record also indicates a sudden, catastrophic die-off rather than a slow decline in the number of fossils, which is what you'd expect from a sudden mass-extinction event.


Question: What is an event horizon?

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 What is an event horizon?

The event horizon is the edge of a black whole. To be specific, it is at the radius from the black hole where the escape velocity (the speed needed to get away from it) is exactly the speed of light. This means that passing the event horizon, the escape velocity is higher than the speed of light, thus nothing can come back from crossing it (not considering Hawking radiation which is a whole other story)


Question: What is the difference between Blackmail and being paid to sign an NDA?

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 What is the difference between Blackmail and being paid to sign an NDA?

You kinda got it towards the end. In a signed NDA (paid or not), its by mutual agreement that both parties understand and accept the penalties/consequences or rewards of mutually not disclosing < whatever > . One party keeps a secret for whatever good reason (IP, reputation damage) and another gains something some how. In the blackmail case, neither party would gain anything from the disclosure itself and only one party gains from its non-disclosure at the loss of the other.


Question: How does Debt create money?

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 How does Debt create money?

Fractional Reserve Banking allows banks to give away money thats not factually theirs. Person A puts 1000$ in his account. The bank must keep 10% for security Person B borrows 900$ from the bank and pays it to C to get his car fixed Person C puts 900$ in his account. The bank loans 90% I.E. 810€ to Person D. Repeat ad nauseam for 10.000$ now in bank accounts that is owed to other people indirectly. The total amount of money kind of stayed the same, but only as long all those people don't try to withdraw their money at the same time (before people start paying their debts off) wich would cause a so called bankrun.


Question: Why do head/scalp massages feel so intensely good?

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 Why do head/scalp massages feel so intensely good?

IIRC: It triggers a dopamine response that has a calming de-stressing effect. Mothers gently touching an infants head while nursing, then later washing and brushing their child's hair calms them and makes them feel safe. Animals do this with grooming their babies as well. The licking and grooming is key to the young's ability to tolerate stress.


Question: How do physical disk readers identify music "tracks" on the disc? How do they know where to stop/start?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do physical disk readers identify music "tracks" on the disc? How do they know where to stop/start?

The same way your computer knows how to read files on your hard disk. Audio CDs have a specific format called CDDA for Compact Disk Digital Audio. The format specifies a Table of Contents section that indicates the location of each track on the disk. The CD player is just a small special purpose computer. It has been programmed to understand the CDDA format. So, the program that reads the disk checks the Table of Contents on the disk, sees there are 12 tracks with track 1 starting at location X, track 2 starting at location X + 4:00, etc..etc... When you hit "Next Track" it simply tells the CD player to jump to the location specified in the Table of Contents and start playing from there. The same essential idea exists for things like DVDs. A standardized format for laying out data on the disk is adopted, which any device can then use to implement a program for reading data off of it. This is the same way your file system works on your computer's hard disk. The data is laid out in a certain format, with a root directory in a well known location. That root directory is a list of files and other sub-directories it contains. So in the case of your computer file system, the Table of Contents is decentralized, forming a tree structure. In addition the file system itself doesn't specify a format for the individual files, instead allowing arbitrary file formats. The "files" in the CDDA specification are of one specific format.


Question: Given that we started at $0 and we are now at countless zillions, where did all the worlds money come from?

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 Given that we started at $0 and we are now at countless zillions, where did all the worlds money come from?

You're making the assumption that there was zero wealth to start off. If I'm a caveman and I pick up a shiny rock that other cavemen want, I now have wealth. Likewise if I make a tool out of wood and stone, others might want that tool and not necessarily want to take the time or have the expertise to make their own, so I have a thing to trade. So now we have simple trading. I make tools, you farm food. I exchange some of my tools for your food. We both trade with the family that makes clothes. But this becomes unmanageable as you have more items for trade. How many X and you receive for Y when you have hundreds of options for both is just impractical. And when you have seasonal things, there may be times you have too much and others that you have not enough to trade with. Or things that simply can't be broken down for small trades such as if I raised oxen and want a simple tool that isn't really worth an ox. From here, civilization invented currency. Some common trading thing that could be easily quantized, carried, and traded for all other things. It had to be something relatively rare and have enough intrinsic value that others accepted it for trading. Things like shells, beads, and eventually metal coins have all been used by different civilizations. It's only extremely recently that civilization has moved beyond the necessity for currency to have intrinsic value.


Question: why does the sound of thunder come in successive booms?

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 why does the sound of thunder come in successive booms?

The average lightning bolt is five miles long. That means that for any given bolt you are unlikely to be equidistant from every part of it, meaning we would expect the sound to be drawn out to some extent. Another factor is that the sound will bounce off large features such as hills and mountains, again extending the sound by echo into a longer rumble.


Question: Why is it so hard for game consoles to include backwards compatibility?

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 Why is it so hard for game consoles to include backwards compatibility?

So, there are many different things that can cause these games to not work. & #x200B; & #x200B; First of all, when your game is trying to work on a newer system, it was equipped with a map of the older hardware, this allows the game to find all of the different pieces inside your console to run, whether it be memory, processors, video processors or even where the controllers are. When newer consoles come out, the map changes, and it was programmed on the older maps. Your program doesn't know where anything is. It gets lost and feels scared. & #x200B; Next, older consoles may have had only a single processor. Think of it like a little person doing things inside your console. Newer consoles have more little people working inside of them. Older games, if they sent out a person to go do jobs, the jobs always came back in the order they got sent out, because there was only the one guy. Newer consoles have more people, so sometimes, the jobs come back in a different order and the game doesn't know what to do with the completed job. It is used to only getting one thing back at a time. This can make your game have a panic attack and shut down. & #x200B; Also, there are other programs that are on your console that also do work and help your game work. Think of them less like little people and more like the school you go to. These programs are filled with rules, whether its handling how your game looks, or what buttons do when they are pressed, or what sounds are supposed to play. Just like your school, these programs have rules. Your game was written on the old rules, and doesn't know what the new ones are. It may try to do something it thinks is fine and a hall monitor pops up and yells, "You can't do that here!" Or, maybe your game is allowed to do something that would make it's day easier, but doesn't know that it's not against the rules. & #x200B; Edit: Thanks for all the appreciation and gildings!. A couple of things: I am not a programmer as a job. I had to drop out of college when I ran out of money. I wanted to work on video games, but it didn't pan out. My wife (who is much smarter than me) helped write the post. I am a locksmith. Also, there are apparently some caveats on weird wordings that didn't come across quite right, but others have responded below with far more technological information that I have. I encourage you to look through the responses, they are quite good. We tried our best for an ELI5, so the metaphors are imprecise. When I told my wife the prompt and what I was going with, she gave me an exasperated look and said, "Oh my god, so much." Apparently it can be really hard, but some programs are written to not utilize the hardware in weird and quirky ways are much easier.


Question: Why does turning on lights / flickering lights make sound? Do light make sound?

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 Why does turning on lights / flickering lights make sound? Do light make sound?

Light doesn't make sound. Without knowing what kind of lights you are talking about or getting too technical, it's basically the case that rapid electrical fluctuations can cause different conductive elements to buzz due to vibrations caused by rapid heating/cooling or rapid changes in the magnetic field produced by the current.


Question: How come a 4 minute .mp4 taken from my phone is the same size as a 2 hour movie?

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 How come a 4 minute .mp4 taken from my phone is the same size as a 2 hour movie?

Good video compression takes time... Each frame is compares to the next one and the previous one, a lot of optimizations are done, and the filesize is small. With a mobile phone, you have to do all that in realtime, and don't even have the next frame to compare the current one with, because it hasn't been captured yet. Even with modern computers, optimally compressibg a minute of video often takes more than a minute (even with a really good cpu and a graphica card). So, with a phone and a relatively weak cpu (compared to PC ones) , you could sacrifice quality, to compress video more, or just waste some more space, keep the quality high, and have the user delete/reencode videos later.


Question: how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

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 how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

Simply referring to a product by its trademarked name is not a violation of that trademark. Indeed, it is what a trademark is there for. So, whether or not Coca-Cola paid for references in that movie, trademark law does not provide PepsiCo (or Coke, for that matter) a right to object to it. It may have been a different matter of the packaging or logos are used, because those are also copyrighted - that is more of a grey area in the law.


Question: What would happen if a nuclear bomb exploded in space above the US, say at the height of the ISS? Would radioactive particles be mostly filtered by the atmosphere?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if a nuclear bomb exploded in space above the US, say at the height of the ISS? Would radioactive particles be mostly filtered by the atmosphere?

Simple explanation - This has been done before. "In the most dramatic stages of the Cold War, Russia and the United States were testing nuclear bombs left and right, and due to fears of a long-range nuclear missile or a satellite delivery system for a nuclear warhead, all eyes were on the skies. The United States had launched a series of tests code named Project Fishbowl, which were high-altitude nuclear weapons tests. The most impressive and historic test in this Project was Starfish Prime. On July 9th, 1962, a 1.4 megaton nuclear bomb was detonated approximately 250 miles above the surface of Earth. What would happen if a nuclear bomb went off in space? First of all, since there is no atmosphere in space, there was no iconic mushroom cloud, nor a blast wave (which is where most of the damage of a nuclear bomb comes from on Earth). Instead, there was an intense outpouring of not only heat and light, but high-intensity radiation in the form of gamma rays and X-rays, with no atmosphere to interrupt their path. Visually, the blast was roughly spherical, and the wave of radiation and light expanded to light up the sky. On the surface of the planet, vivid auroras of light would be seen for thousands of miles within minutes of the blast, because the charged particles from the blast would immediately begin interacting with Earth’s magnetic field. Imagine the aurora borealis, more commonly known as the Northern Lights, except spread across thousands of kilometers above the Pacific Ocean. Those ribbons of light and charged particle streams would continue to be seen for hours or even days after the blast (depending on the size of the explosion). In a nuclear blast, there is also quite a bit of debris, which would burn up in the Earth’s upper atmosphere, and heavy ions would also be absorbed by the atmospheric molecules of the planet. These extra radioactive molecules are actually useful in certain ways. Perhaps even more worrying than the huge amount of radiation being dropped into Earth’s atmosphere is the detonation’s impact on electromagnetic signals in a massive area beneath the blast. Essentially, those highly charged, rapidly moving electrons will create a small and incredibly powerful magnetic field, also called an EMP (electromagnetic pulse). You’ve probably seen this in sci-fi movies many times; an EMP bomb cuts off all electronic power within a given area (most famously, perhaps, in The Matrix Trilogy). Finally, regarding the long-term effects of a nuclear weapon detonating in space, that radioactive material falling into the atmosphere isn’t going anywhere. In fact, it dissipates and spreads around the entire planet. Those extra molecules imparted by that nuclear blast can now be accurately measured as a means of dating things, such as trees, wine, and animals. While that may be one useful thing about nuclear testing in space, that certainly doesn’t make the whole process any more sensible. There were only a handful of high-altitude nuclear detonation tests in the 1950 and 1960s, but in total, more than 2,000 nuclear detonations were conducted on Earth between 1945 and 1998." _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ **Answer is taken from this blog, I have just copied their content** - URL_0


Question: How do owls keep their heads so stable while their bodies can be moved around?

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 How do owls keep their heads so stable while their bodies can be moved around?

Humans can do that too in dance it's called neck isolation. You know that classic 90's early 2000 hip hop move where your body leans back but your head stays where it is, then they push their head back and repeat etc. They just NEED to do it and developed stronger muscles for that specific function. But try it. Youtube neck isolations dance


Question: - If a balloon is rubber, and rubber is an insulator then how come rubbing a balloon on your head creates electricity?

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 - If a balloon is rubber, and rubber is an insulator then how come rubbing a balloon on your head creates electricity?

Because rubber is an insulator. If you rub a piece of metal on your head (gently of course) any charge it contacts flows through the metal and into your hand. No electricity remains in your hair. Rubbing your hairs against each other produces static electricity, this is also how clouds make lightning. Since the rubber is an insulator, the charge can't stay there, and it has to go back into your hair.


Question: How is old music digitally remastered to sound good?

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 How is old music digitally remastered to sound good?

Old music (video as well) was often recorded into a format that had very good quality (called a master) but to replicate the media into a format that can be afforded by consumers meant that some quality had to be lost. At time went on the quality of consumer formats has progress and caught up with Enterprise formats of decades gone. If the old master still exist you can simply replicate the media to whatever new format now exist that is on par with the master recording.


Question: How do games "tone down" the graphics for low graphics settings?

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 How do games "tone down" the graphics for low graphics settings?

There are many options. They can reduce the draw distance, when objects get too far away, the graphics engine stops drawing them. They can change what this distance is, so that there are less objects to draw. You'll see this a lot in old games where objects just pop into existence as you move towards them. Textures can be lower resolution or not used at all. Different models can be loaded that are made out of less polygons. Features can be turned off completely: shadows, advanced lighting, particle effects, antialiasing.


Question: why is burning plastics (like polyethylene) bad when it's a hydrocarbon like wood?

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 why is burning plastics (like polyethylene) bad when it's a hydrocarbon like wood?

There are very hazardous substances out there which are "just hydrogen and carbon". One group of these are called "dioxins", which are produced in high quantities when plastics are burned and are highly toxic. There is also the fact that plastics don't always totally combust, and small particles of unburned plastic entering the environment (or your body) can be dangerous. Since plastics aren't easily processed biologically this contamination is more hazardous than, for example, wood ash. Also, as a final note, burning wood isn't exactly great for you. It may produce fewer toxic pollutants but it still produces a significant amount.


Question: What are cookies from websites?

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 What are cookies from websites?

A cookie is just a bit of data that the website stores on your computer to look at next time you come back. A common and very useful application of cookies is storing what account you logged into so that you'll be signed right back in when you reopen the site. What gets more ethically dicey is when the cookies are being used to store information about you for things like advertising (e.g. storing that you looked at X and then showing you ads about it) without your consent, which is why you see warnings about using cookies on websites.


Question: Why is it that the longer a piece of taut rope is, the looser it appears to be?

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 Why is it that the longer a piece of taut rope is, the looser it appears to be?

The first part of this answer has to do with pulling a rope truly straight. The amount of force used to "straighten" a rope is exponentially higher the closer it gets to completely straight. If you pull on a rope enough to raise it one inch, you have to pull on it twice as hard to raise it the next inch, and four times as hard to raise it the _next_ inch. The second part of the answer has to do with the length of the rope. The longer a rope is, the more obvious it is that it's not completely straight. If each end is a degree or so off straight, this is much more noticeable on a twenty foot line than on a one foot line. So 1) you have to pull really, really hard to get a rope completely straight (as opposed to pretty straight), and 2) it's a lot easier to notice that it's not completely straight if it's longer.


Question: Why are there business suit and jewelry stores in airports? Do people really casually buy a +$600 suit or $1,000 ring before they get on a plane?

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 Why are there business suit and jewelry stores in airports? Do people really casually buy a +$600 suit or $1,000 ring before they get on a plane?

There’s multiple things going on. One is that buying something in an airport’s international area can be much cheaper for residents of certain countries. International terminals are sort of like international waters so there’s no import duties or taxes. Luxury goods tend to be taxed at a higher rate so that’s what’s at the airport. (That’s less of an issue now because of decades of trade agreements lowering import duties but some products are still heavily taxed in some countries.) The stores are also sometimes just there for promotional reasons. People in an airport terminal are typically wealthier than average and are often killing time waiting for a flight. They might not buy anything at the airport but maybe they wander in, see something they like, and buy it from another location (or online) later.


Question: Why do some people get car sick, even if they are looking at the road while they are moving? And why is it more likely while you are on a hill or mountain?

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 Why do some people get car sick, even if they are looking at the road while they are moving? And why is it more likely while you are on a hill or mountain?

Car sickness generally comes as a result of your vestibular system sensing motion that does not agree with what your brain expects. The vestibular system is essentially the system your body uses to sense normal movement. Your inner ear and other nervous system functions work together to let your brain figure out if your body is moving. Normally, your brain takes input from the vestibular system and combines it with other senses to understand what's going on. What you see is one of the most powerful tools your brain uses to check and validate what the vestibular system senses. When you turn your head left, your vestibular system says "hey, we think the head is turning left". Your eyes say "hey, it looks like we're looking left now". Your brain recognizes that both systems are in agreement and accepts the turn as normal. When you're in a car, your vestibular system is sensing motion outside the control of the body. It feels acceleration, turning, and all sorts of input. Meanwhile, your eye's don't necessarily see the same things the body feels. Oftentimes looking out the window helps, but without a constant frame of reference, not all brains are able to reconcile what is seen and what the vestibular system feels. Any time the vestibular system isn't in agreement with other senses, the brain can potentially trigger a nauseous response. Very literally, your brain thinks it may be poisoned (that's how it explains why things aren't in agreement), and it wants you to puke up the potential poison. The reason it may be more common on a hill or mountain can come from many different reasons: - If you can't see the horizon clearly, you may not be able to accurately judge what "level" is, and it may confuse the brain. - Road conditions on mountains are often poor, and the small bumps may exacerbate the problem. - Driving on a flat surface generally means that motion happens on two axis. Driving on hills or a mountain introduces a third axis. That's another variable that might be off with your vestibular system, and it can lead you to getting sick easier. Essentially, the more chances you give your brain to have mismatched inputs, the more likely you are to get sick.


Question: What does it mean when they say “this company grew too big too quickly”?

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 What does it mean when they say “this company grew too big too quickly”?

Likely to mean that the management or owners of the company were unprepared to deal with the complexities that growth brought about. Small companies generally work with a high degree of informal systems and procedures. High growth usually requires hiring more people very quickly. The influx of a lot of new employees means the informal system doesn't work any more causing loss of efficiency, waste or customer issues. All companies also rely on external suppliers and high growth can outstrip supplier's capacity.


Question: Why does ice stick to the bottom of the glass?

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 Why does ice stick to the bottom of the glass?

There is an adhesive force between the ice cube and the glass mediated by a thin layer of water. Basically, when any two things get close enough together, there are both attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces that occur, called Van der Waals interactions. These forces can overcome gravity in certain situations, like when a gecko crawls on the ceiling. Water is a permanent dipole, which means the molecules act kind of like tiny magnets. It sticks to itself very well (coheres) and sticks to other things pretty well (adheres) depending on their surface chemistry. If your ice cube is smooth and flat enough that a large, thin film of water can adhere it to the glass, it will stick. If it's light enough, it can probably hang vertically from the bottom of the glass.


Question: How *thick* does a knife have to be to cut you?

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 How *thick* does a knife have to be to cut you?

The problem with neutrinos isn't exactly that they're small, it's that they carry no charge *and* are small *and* don't interact with the strong force, which gives them very few ways to interact with regular matter. But to answer your question, a good laser or carbon nanotube fiber would be capable of cutting through flesh with a thickness of no more than a couple of atoms.


Question: why does oil turn rainbow on pavement?

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 why does oil turn rainbow on pavement?

Oil doesn't mix with water but spreads out into a very thin layer on the surface on a wet pavement. That layer can be only a few micrometres thick, comparable to the wavelength of light. Light reflecting of the top and bottom of the layer interacts to cancel out some colours and reinforce others, a process called interference. We see the result as bands of colour, dependent on the thickness and the angle we see it at. Exactly the same process gives rise to the similar colours in soap bubbles and in the natural world like the iridescent scales on butterfly wings.


Question: What are we really seeing when we look at an image of an atom? Aren't the electrons, relatively speaking, really distant from the nucleus? How can they both show up in the same picture?

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 What are we really seeing when we look at an image of an atom? Aren't the electrons, relatively speaking, really distant from the nucleus? How can they both show up in the same picture?

We can never, ever see a "picture" in the common sense of a picture with light of an atom, since the wavelength of light is (for non-super-high energy light that would completly fck with everything we would want to observe) limited to around ~200nm, whereas an Atom is in the range of 0.01nm - 0.1nm. So light is **waay** too big to observe anything like that. Everything we see from individual atoms are nice visual *representations* of what we observe through different means (theoretical or experimental) of properties of atoms. Tl;dr: light's resolution is too bad to show atoms.


Question: Why is our moon is called “the moon” yet other planet’s moons have actual names?

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 Why is our moon is called “the moon” yet other planet’s moons have actual names?

Actually. Our moon is called Selene from the Greeks. And from latin it is called Luna. Also, the word moon can be traced to the word mōna, an Old English word from medieval times. Mōna shares its origins with the Latin words metri, which means to measure, and mensis, which means month. So, we see that the moon is called the moon because it is used to measure the months It's referred to as "THE moon" because it's our moon. Just like we call our sun "THE sun". "Sun" and "moon" can be countable nouns. ... Moon is demonstrated as a countable noun with this sentence: Jupiter has many moons. It used to be common to refer to any star as a sun, and in this context it makes sense to say "the" before it to make sure we are talking about our sun or moon


Question: How do pyramid schemes negatively impact society and the people that get caught in them?

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 How do pyramid schemes negatively impact society and the people that get caught in them?

As with most get rich quick schemes (scams) the most likely people to participate are those who are the most desperate and vulnerable. People who are wealthy/financially stable and looking for an investment opportunity are for the most part highly financially literate and most likely to opt for traditional investments to grow their wealth. People who are poor, have minimal levels of financial literacy and just want to improve their lives are the most likely to fall for such scams. A pyramid scheme by design benefits only the people in the top tiers of the scheme who know exactly what they are doing and are exploiting the vulnerability of people in bad situations. These kind of scams also often affect whole communities as people ask their friends within the community to join, not knowing it's nothing but a scam. This serves to keep people impoverished as well as ensuring that there is no investments which are put towards creating intergenerational wealth. People who fall victim eventually realise they've been had and this can cause depression, feelings of guilt and isolation from friends who were also caught up. The whole thing is a hot mess.


Question: Why is Carbon black but pure diamonds turn out clear?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Carbon black but pure diamonds turn out clear?

Each carbon in diamond is chemically bonded to four other carbon atoms. This produces a repeating crystal structure and changes the way the individual bonds interact (or here, fail to interact) with light. Other carbon-rich materials are either not 100% carbon like coal or tar, are disorderly like carbon black, and/or use a different bonding structure like graphite. Those materials interact strongly with light and absorb most of it. Also keep in mind that only super pure diamonds are clear. Slightly impure ones are colored (often yellow) and poor quality diamonds are practically black too. Those diamonds get used in cutting/grinding tools and drills instead of jewelry.


Question: How do credit settlement companies who claim that people who have a lot of debt don't have to pay it back work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do credit settlement companies who claim that people who have a lot of debt don't have to pay it back work?

Broke people can't pay their bills. It's just math. So let's say you owe your credit card companies $25,623 and you don't really have any way of paying that back. You might file bankruptcy, and the credit card companies would get little or nothing. OR they could agree to take $5,000 and just give up on the rest. This is probably a better option than forcing you into bankruptcy, because $5,000 > $0. So these companies work with your credit card companies and other creditors to arrange a settlement. It usually looks like them paying $5,000 to the credit card company to wipe out the debt, and then you end up paying them $6,000 over time, so they make money too.


Question: Why can’t/don’t ATMs give you money in denominations smaller than $20 these days?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t/don’t ATMs give you money in denominations smaller than $20 these days?

It's how they are setup . Every ATM has canisters in them filled with cash and only so much can fit in them so the people who own the ATMs decide to put only 20s in there so they can fit more money in there. The ATM at my old job had one that only gave 20s and 1s for the vending machines. It's also easier for independent ATM owner just to fill it with only 1 denomination.


Question: Why is the senate more powerful then the house of representatives? Today’s election outcome means what exactly for America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the senate more powerful then the house of representatives? Today’s election outcome means what exactly for America?

It isn't, actually. Senators seem to have more prestige individually, but generally speaking the House of Representatives, as a body, is more important, and the Speaker of the House is more or less the second most powerful person in the entire US government, after the President. As far as what this means moving forwards; the Dems now have all sorts of subpoena, oversight, and investigatory powers by running the House. Furthermore, if Trump fires Mueller (directly or indirectly), the House can simply rehire him as Independent Counsel so he can continue the investigation. It'll be interesting to see who the new speaker is; Pelosi is likely to take it back, but it's not a sure thing.


Question: Why aren’t 11 and 12 “teen” numbers like the others between 10 and 20?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren’t 11 and 12 “teen” numbers like the others between 10 and 20?

We use a system of counting called base10. So you count 00,01,02,03,04,05,06,07,08,09 and then once we get to 10 we add a digit to the tens place and then start again. In the past they actually used a base12 system. And so it is necessary that all the numbers in a base system have unique names so eleven and twelve are unique because of that. And in the original language eleven means (1 left over from 10) and twelve means (2 leftover from 10) in the original language.


Question: Why do bees make honey but wasps don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do bees make honey but wasps don't?

The reason for this is because since wasps eat meat and are parasitic creatures by nature they do not need to produce honey as bees do. The reason that bees produce honey is so that the young larvae have something to feed on while they grow where as wasp larvae feed on the body of the host they were implanted in. Bees also produce Royal Jelly which is a different more concentrated version of honey that they feed to the queen, it also has health benefits when consumed by humans. TLDR: Wasps don't make honey because they're cunts!


Question: Why are cotton swabs the shape they are if they are not meant to be put into ear holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are cotton swabs the shape they are if they are not meant to be put into ear holes?

The pictures on the box of possible uses are a joke. "Clean between your keyboard keys". "Use a single Q-Tip to cleanse your baby!". The only reason they say that they are not for your ear-holes is that they don't want to get sued. 90% of mine are used for my ears and I am addicted to that. I kind of wish I never started...


Question: What is a "Monopolistic Competition" and how does it work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a "Monopolistic Competition" and how does it work?

Monopolistic competition is a form of imperfect competition. I'm assuming you know what perfect competition is. Well, monopolistic is when the products different companies make aren't identical enough to be perfect substitutes. Hence, they are differentiated by brand or quality. This means that each producer has a bit of control over their pricing, because there are perceived differences between their product and other companies products, unlike in a perfect competition. Hotels would be an example. Technically, hotels serve the same purpose, but different hotel brands offer different qualities of service, and hence customers can pick or choose on their perceived differences.


Question: Why is tip-toeing quiter than normal walking?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is tip-toeing quiter than normal walking?

When you land on the ball of your foot, the ankle acts as a shock absorber. Most people walk and many run landing heel first. When you do that the ankle cant do that and the force contacting the ground is much greater thus louder. Look at barefoot runners. They all land on the ball, because landing on the heel when running is painful without shoes to act as a shock absorber.


Question: why does your body ache after a fever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does your body ache after a fever?

Could be a couple of things. If you had an infection, your immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf the bacterium to kill them. But neutrophils also did, releasing toxins into the body that make you feel bad. T cells kill viruses by killing the host cell that the virus is residing in. This causes soreness and pain as your cells are being killed. Lots of immune responses happen with the help of tiny signaling proteins called cytokines. Cytokines can be overexpressed and trigger a huge, not necessarily needed immune response, also leading you to feel bad.


Question: why do things look so much further away in pictures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do things look so much further away in pictures?

Because the photo you took and what you're using to view that photo is physically smaller than the span your eyes saw those mountains with in person. If I draw a picture of a mountain on a piece of 8.5x11" paper, the mountain is going to be and look smaller than the real thing.


Question: Why when we enter cold water we start to breath heavily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why when we enter cold water we start to breath heavily?

I am not sure if my answer is right but here goes. When we enter cold water, a lot of heat is suddenly lost through the skin. This causes a few reactions like increased blood circulation and rapid muscle contractions to generate heat. I believe these reactions create a need for energy and to do that we need more oxygen circulation and thus we breathe heavily. I answered assuming that you meant why we breathe heavily when we are partially submerged(like until knee deep) in cold water and not when we are almost fully submerged(neck deep). If your question was for being neck deep in water, i believe that puts sudden pressure on our lungs from being submerged and we take a few deep breaths until we are used to the water pressure.


Question: In what direction is the 4th dimension?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In what direction is the 4th dimension?

Bob lives in a 2d world. It has width and length, but that's it. We view his world from on high, seeing Bob (represented by a circle) maneuvering around various objects. A lamppost is a bright circle. A wall is a line. He can't go under or over anything, because that doesn't exist in his world. You just have to go around things. You drop your shoe into his world. What does Bob see happen? Well, only the bottom of your shoe intersects Bob's world. So this shoe-bottom-shaped obstacle appears out of nowhere. You pick it back up, and the obstacle vanishes. From what direction would Bob say the obstacle came? He can't say "up" because that's not part of his universe. He can't even point up, because there's no up to point. He can point in all the possible directions, by sticking his arm out and turning in a circle. But none of those directions point towards this 'other' dimension.


Question: what's the purpose of nuclear retaliation? (more details inside)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what's the purpose of nuclear retaliation? (more details inside)

> Then why should B retaliate They don't have to, simply because they *could*. The fact that they *could* retaliate means that no one is going to start firing nukes at them in the first place, and so the actual retaliation will never be needed. The entire point about nuclear weapons is basically that once you have them, you never need to use them. The threat that you *could* use them is enough.


Question: Why do some countries use alternative measures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some countries use alternative measures?

Not the expert but my presumption is that the world was once not as connected or as 'globalised' as it is now. Countries and regions would live in isolation from the other so they naturally came up with their own ways to measure volume, size, temperature etc. Only now that we live in a more global world is there a motivation to come up with a standard measurement that is universally understood.