Question: Would it take an extremely overweight person longer to starve to death than a regular weight person?

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 Would it take an extremely overweight person longer to starve to death than a regular weight person?

Once glycogen stores are depleted, the body will switch metabolic pathways and activate a process called ketosis. This is where the body uses its own fat for energy (triglycerides are converted into ketones in the liver, which the body can then use for fuel). An obese person would also likely have a greater store of nutrients (magnesium/potassium/sodium etc) to use during the time of fasting. If you google 'longest fast' you'll probably stumble upon a research paper detailing a fast where a man went from 467 lbs to 180 over the course of 387 days or so. They gave him some Mg supplements after a few months, but it was questionable whether or not he needed them. When you are consuming carbohydrates regularly, the body is running on the glycogen pathway, and since your body can really only store ~2000 or so USABLE glycogen calories, people feel very hungry once this supply starts running low. This is why fat people continue to stuff their face instead of fasting (and also psychological reasons). However, even with someone at a normal weight, they most likely have ~120,000 FAT calories on their body at any given time. But in order to use them more effectively, the body must transition into using the ketone metabolic pathway (it won't automatically switch if the body is still being fed, or still has glycogen in the liver to use). So once your body runs out of glycogen, and realizes it isn't being fed anymore, it will switch to using the fat stores for energy, and these fat cells will be converted into ketones (betahydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone) in the liver, which can then be used by the body for fuel. The brain and heart especially prefer ketones to glucose, and they are a much 'cleaner' burning fuel than glycogen to use for the organs.


Question: why we should wash our hands with comfortably warm water. Isn't that the ideal temperature for germs and bacteria to grow/multiply?

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 why we should wash our hands with comfortably warm water. Isn't that the ideal temperature for germs and bacteria to grow/multiply?

It is, but we're not really worried about bacterial growth *while* we wash our hands. We're not even usually worried about bacteria *growing* on our hands at all— the danger is that we'll transfer germs, via our hands, to a new place (inside out bodies, on our food, etc) where they can grow out of control. Meanwhile, warm water makes soap more effective at removing germs from our hands, interrupting their movement before they can reach places they'll be dangerous.


Question: How does ad blocker work and how does website know if we are using one?

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 How does ad blocker work and how does website know if we are using one?

The ad blocker has a list of rules on what page elements, JavaScript files and content servers to block. This includes rules like "servers belonging to Annoying Ads Inc" or "in Mega News site and subpages, a specific element called top-ad-banner" or "All scripts on Mega News site's /eviltracker/ directory". These are usually hand-made lists and are maintained by volunteers, because it takes effort to identify these things correctly and make sure you don't block too much or too little. Previously, it was also common to use some kind of heuristics (e.g. "All images that are yay big are probably ad banners and should be blocked") but those aren't that popular these days. The website can detect ad blockers by detecting if some particular page element is present or not. (Of course, nothing stops the ad blockers from blocking that kind of scripts, but hey.)


Question: During exams, what actually happens in your brain that causes your mind to go blank?

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 During exams, what actually happens in your brain that causes your mind to go blank?

One possible explanation is the stress of exams makes your body go into fight or flight mode where stress hormones such as cortisol diverts glucose (energy) away from the hippocampus and thus decreasing your ability to recall memories. For our ancestors, this gave them the extra punch needed to survive, as it was more likely for their survival to be hinged upon beating the predator threatening them than beating the test curve. Sadly, this means when you're stressed it'd be harder to recall specific memories.


Question: Can other animals suffer from things like autism or ADHD?

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 Can other animals suffer from things like autism or ADHD?

Autism and ADHD are developmental disorders/learning disorders. You can’t really easily monitor an animal’s social or learning development because they’re usually just trained simple tricks and don’t need to function “properly” in a social or an educational setting. If they do experience autism/ADHD, we probably won’t be able to notice it much. That’s why we usually don’t notice autism or ADHD in infants and very young toddlers. They’re too underdeveloped to be socializing much or getting an administered education. Animals can suffer from things like depression, anxiety, and PTSD though


Question: How does ‘Anti-Dandruff’ shampoo remove/prevent dandruff and how is it different from regular ‘pro-dandruff’ shampoos?

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 How does ‘Anti-Dandruff’ shampoo remove/prevent dandruff and how is it different from regular ‘pro-dandruff’ shampoos?

Depends; they have zinc which improves skin growth, and some contain anti-fungal compounds that clear up fungal based dandruff. Some also cause the dead skin to clump so it flakes off instead of powdering; this provides some protection for healthy skin to grow underneath. Regular shampoo binds to the dirt and oil on your scalp, and sometimes provides a mild moisturizer to replace the stripped away oil.


Question: What is Perfect Forward Secrecy and how does it work? Is it really perfect secrecy in practice??

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 What is Perfect Forward Secrecy and how does it work? Is it really perfect secrecy in practice??

PFS means that even if one server's private key is compromised, the session keys it protected are not known. It's a protocol characteristic, not a one-size-fits-all sort of thing. The concept is to choose session keys in a way that later disclosing the server key doesn't mean that all the old messages encrypted with the session keys can be decrypted.


Question: Why does it sometimes feel impossible to break bad habits?

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 Why does it sometimes feel impossible to break bad habits?

There are parts of the brain that take behavior out of conscious control. Ever drive home and forget how you got there? Or realize that you have no idea how you’re walking? Behaviors that you do a lot or get a lot of reward (like bad habits) become automatic. To stop them you have to consciously inhibit them, which takes attention and willpower. The more rewarding the behavior the more difficult it is to inhibit.


Question: Why is it that .com is such a widely used suffix to websites, what does it stand for and why does it matter what the suffixes are when the DNS server converts the websites to their respective IP addresses anyways?

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 Why is it that .com is such a widely used suffix to websites, what does it stand for and why does it matter what the suffixes are when the DNS server converts the websites to their respective IP addresses anyways?

In the early days of the internet there was a lot going on. When what we now call "the web" (meaning websites) was being spun up it was supposed to be more organized and you could tell by what suffix it had. Examples: .org - was for orgs and non-profits .edu - education .com - commercial sites .net - networks/internet infrastructure companies and sites. and so on However, pretty much the one that caught on during the ".com" boom of the 90s was... well, .com. So .com instead just because the universal standard and no longer had any deeper meaning. > DNS server converts the websites to their respective IP addresses anyways? A website its entire address, just like your home address (in the Us) needs a house number, street, city, state, and zip code Take this: 3600 Las Vegas Blvd. Las Vegas, NV 89109 Now what if we changed just the state: 3600 Las Vegas Blvd. Las Vegas, **FL** 89109 Now thats an entirely different place right? Maybe it doesn't even exist. A website that is URL_1 and one that is URL_0 are to wholly different sites. The whole address matters


Question: Why does one eye force itself close when it’s bright outside?

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 Why does one eye force itself close when it’s bright outside?

There are two reasons. Well actually it's one but there are two parts to it. 1. Your arm instinctively backs away fast when you get a cut, a sting, touch something hot etc. It does it to avoid further injury \(and other reasons which are not for this topic\) Your eyes close for the same reason. Extremely bright light can hurt your eyes, so they close to prevent too much light entering. 2. If you were to make a fist, and look trough it, you could make a small or a big hole. The bigger the hole, the more light comes in, the smaller the hole, the less light comes in. This is how eyes \(the pupil, that black thing\) controls the amount of light that enters. When you are in the dark, your pupils expand to recieve more light and see better. When it's bright your pupils get smaller, just like the hole when you make the fist. * IF your eyes didn't close, if your pupils stayed big, it would cause damage in the long term, also it would be hard for you to see during the day, everything would be too bright. It's the same with a camera, if you set the exposure too high and try to take a picture outside during the day, it will look too bright. But the same exposure during the night works perfectly. The camera also has that little hole that controls the amount of light that comes in. **NOW**, why does **one eye close** when it's bright? It's possible that the eye is damaged, and to prevent further damage it closes completely. Due to injury,illness or other things one or both eyes can become extremely sensitive to light. So if one eye closes a lot more than the other, i would suggest a doctor. **OR** that eye is facing the sun more than the other.


Question: If the universe gravitates to a state that maximizes entropy (i.e.: disorder) according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, then how does life exist?

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 If the universe gravitates to a state that maximizes entropy (i.e.: disorder) according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, then how does life exist?

The 2nd law only applies to *total* entropy of closed systems. There's no reason you can't have local concentrations of lower entropy, like life, as long as you have a net gain overall. There's also no reason you can't have an entropy drop of an open system, like earth, as long as you have an energy supply from outside the system (the sun). People like to poke at life because they're hoping it's a gotcha against evolution and an argument for intelligent design, but you might as well ask "How can my fridge work? It's getting colder, lower entropy!". Yes, entropy in the fridge is getting lower but the entropy outside the fridge is getting higher (and by more) so total entropy is still going up.


Question: Why are economic ideas called theories?

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 Why are economic ideas called theories?

Generally speaking, in an academic setting a theory is a proposed explanation for a set of data points that provides insight into the underlying workings or at least underlying formula that produced that data. Hence the theory of plate tectonics explains various geological features by proposing plates floating on magma. Or the theory of evolution explains biodiversity via various mechanisms of selection. Economic theories have the same goal, and so use the same terminology.


Question: Why does the US both buy steel from AND sell steel to Canada at the same time?

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 Why does the US both buy steel from AND sell steel to Canada at the same time?

Two things come to mind: 1) Canada and the US are both large countries. There could be places in the US that are closer to Canadian steel producers than to those in the US and vice versa. 2) There are many different kinds of steel. Not all manufacturers will produce all types.


Question: When you buy stocks, who are you buying it from? When you sell, who are you selling it to, and can that person say “No thanks, I don’t want to buy it back”?

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 When you buy stocks, who are you buying it from? When you sell, who are you selling it to, and can that person say “No thanks, I don’t want to buy it back”?

When you buy a stocks you are buying it from the first person willing to sell it for the price you are offering. when you sell stocks you are selling it to the first person willing to pay what you was trying to sell it for. And when I say person here, I'm really talking about a person or a group or a company or a fund. It doesn't really matter it's the first deal that matches the offer in the sale price.


Question: why are some cancers more common than others?

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 why are some cancers more common than others?

Some tissues are less likely to come into contact with carcinogens. Your lungs and skin are exposed to the world, but your pancreas pretty much just touches your bloodstream. Additionally, different cancers can be caused by different things. HPV can cause penile and cervical cancer, probably constrained by the fact that it lives in those tissues. Cancer is not one disease - each kind has different causes, effects, patterns, and behavior. Different diseases have different probabilities.


Question: Why is lightning so hot?

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 Why is lightning so hot?

Lightning isn't really that hot, it's the air around it that heats up that much. The reason it heats up so much is that air is a poor conductor of electricity. When something conducts it well, there is less friction. Friction is what happens when there is resistance to something passing another object, and that resistance generates heat. When an object is a good conductor, there is less friction, and therefore less heat Lightning passes through the air at 300 million meters per second, so as you could probably imagine, there would be quite a lot of resistance in a poor conductor Edit - hey thanks for my first award


Question: If our lungs are in the upper half of our chest, why does our stomach expand when we take deep breaths?

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 If our lungs are in the upper half of our chest, why does our stomach expand when we take deep breaths?

Your lungs are not muscles, so they don't make you breathe. There is a separate, large muscle in your torso that moves to expand and deflate your lungs, called your diaphragm. The lungs themselves are a soft spongy organ. This diaphragm is also adjacent to your stomach, so when the diaphragm moves the stomach moves.


Question: how are the stimulus checks going to effect my taxes, and how they expect us to pay it back?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 how are the stimulus checks going to effect my taxes, and how they expect us to pay it back?

It will be something you report when you file your tax return in 2021 for this year (2020), but it won't affect your tax liability. Meaning, it's a formality that you report more than anything else; you'll still get whatever refund you are owed (or owe whatever taxes you owe) as if you didn't get the credit to begin with.


Question: Why is it hard to get your mind off certain things, for example nausea?

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 Why is it hard to get your mind off certain things, for example nausea?

It’s part of our natural instincts that come from when we had to be hunters and gatherers so that we could survive in “the wild” from things like bear attacks. Fight: fighting back Flight: getting out of the situation Freeze: essentially being so scared to do something you don’t/can’t do anything. With nausea, your body goes into the “freeze” instinct. What your body does inside is that all your blood goes to where it is needed- e.g., heart, brain, major/big muscles- so that if you have to “fight” or “flight”, your body has the resources and physical ability to do so. So that the blood can go to all of those places, it has to leave other “less important/not as needed” places. We feel it the most in our stomachs. When the blood drains or the amount of blood goes down in the vessels in/around our stomachs, that triggers nausea. It is a way of our body saying “we don’t need anything in our tummy right now, we don’t need to waste our energy on digestion, so let’s get ready to let it out just in case.” I hope this helps! I’m a kindergarten teacher who did anxiety/depression group therapy where we learned about exactly this! It kinda sucks our bodies evolved from “OH NO THERE MIGHT BE A BEAR I DONT WANNA DIE I HAVE A FAMILY/CLAN/TRIBE TO KEEP LIVING” to “Well… maybeeeeee they’ll say no. I’m not sure what the response or reaction will be to my trivial question so I’m scared and that makes my body scared.” ~~~meNTAL HEAlth~~~


Question: How did the Soviet Union's economy grew faster than USA's during the Stalin era and the early years of the Cold war ?

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 How did the Soviet Union's economy grew faster than USA's during the Stalin era and the early years of the Cold war ?

It was because the USSR was starting at a lower point of development. Tsarist Russia was still mostly a feudalistic agrarian society with very little industrialization They were basically 100 years behind technologically speaking and between the Tsars wartime industrialization, and the full tilt industrialization adopted by the communist regime when they took over they basically condense that 100 years of tech advancement into a couple of decades. Once they reached parity in tech and industrialization they stopped being able to keep up due to policy.


Question: why does every website including Reddit want me to use an app instead of their damn website these days?

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 why does every website including Reddit want me to use an app instead of their damn website these days?

Hmm those apps sit in the background and silently collect user data. All those permissions you give them? Full contact, internet, storage, location access? They dont need all of that to work. They may need some, but they're collecting data silently. And you wonder why there's so much battery drain. After all you've signed your privacy away when you agreed to the permission access.


Question: How does Godel numbering work and what are the implications of it?

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 How does Godel numbering work and what are the implications of it?

The key idea is that you can map a logic statement or even a whole proof to a natural number in a way that lets you get back to the original statement if you're given the number. This lets you take anything you already know about natural numbers and functions that operate on natural numbers, and apply it to prove things about statements and proofs. The precise mapping isn't actually important as long as you can prove that at least one such mapping exists. You never really want to calculate the number for a specific statement, you just want to be able to say "let *n* be the number which represents this statement" and know that such a thing exists. Godel's approach was to assign a number to each possible symbol you'd write in a statement. Perhaps we let the digits 1-9 be 1-9, then 0 can be 10, + can be 11, & times; can be 12, = can be 13, and so on. Then "2+2=4" gives you the sequence of numbers 2,11,2,13,4. You turn that into a single number by raising the first prime numbers to those powers and multiplying them together, giving you 2^(2)3^(11)5^(2)7^(13)11^(4). This is nice from a mathematical point of view because prime factorisations are nice. An alternative that's perhaps more intuitive in the age of computers is to just write the statement in a text file and treat that file as one long binary number. Unicode does the same job of mapping symbols to numbers, so we don't need to make up our own.


Question: Why does kissing feel good?

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 Why does kissing feel good?

Your lips have more nerve endings than any other part of your body. When you press them against another set of lips or even warm skin, it just feels good. ... Along with the oxytocin and dopamine that make you feel affection and euphoria, kissing releases serotonin — another feel-good chemical.


Question: how do countries borrow money?

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 how do countries borrow money?

Governments and big companies borrow money by issuing bonds. These bonds have very similar terms to other loans for example mortgages so for example it yields a certain interest rate to the bearer and matures in a certain number of years when it will be paid out in full. A common misconception is that governments only borrow money from other governments but this is rarely the case. Most of these bonds is picked up by individuals or funds. Basically anyone with some extra savings who look for a safe place to put it. And most often this is people in the country that issues the bonds as it is both safe and patriotic investments. You have likely loaned money to the New Zealand government yourself, either through a savings fund, pension fund or your bank have used the money in your savings account to buy government bonds. So issuing more bonds have the effect of removing money from the economy as it makes it more lucrative to invest in government bonds. And this is a way to reduce the inflation that happens when the government spends money.


Question: Why is the contraceptive pill only 99% effective? What makes it fail?

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 Why is the contraceptive pill only 99% effective? What makes it fail?

The 99% effective is not to account for failure nessisariy, it is to prevent a law suite. If the claim was 100% effective and for some unknown reason someone became pregnant, the company who manufactures and markets that contraceptive could be held liable. There would be little statistical proof of even 99%, but it does leave enough room for error just in case.


Question: Why and how do electronic devices draw only as much current from a power source as required in that very moment?

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 Why and how do electronic devices draw only as much current from a power source as required in that very moment?

Everything draws only as much as it needs. Electricity flows a little like water, for ELI5. You open the radio a little when you need just a little, or all the way when you want a lot. Your television, to pick one, draws just a little power while it waits for you to turn it on. Then when it's on, it draws more to turn on the lights, change the sounds and so on. More specifically, like water, the ability to take as much as it wants (up to what's available) is always there. When parts of the electronics are used, and they need more, they take more. Different circuits close, allowing there electrons to flow, and more electricity gets used.


Question: How do we communicate with space probes?

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 How do we communicate with space probes?

Radio signals reliably travel that far. Probes are moving fast, but they're also far away, so like an airplane high up in the sky, you have no trouble keeping up with its movement, even though it's 600+ miles per hour, because it's so far away. In terms of physics, the angular velocity (how fast you have to turn your eyes to follow it) is very small, because it's the actual velocity divided by the distance. Trajectories are totally predicted, and calculated way before launch. NASA doesn't risk millions of dollars worth of space probe; it's got engineers to do these calculations and check and re-check them multiple times. So it's just a matter of aiming a powerful radio telescope to where the probe is. Your cell phone connection is unreliable because your phone only has maybe a watt of radio transmission power, and the cell towers may be too far away. Cell towers are designed to only reach a few miles around them, which is why they have to be placed everywhere in order to blanket the US and cover everything. A radio telescope can put out several kilowatts of radio power, aimed (like a flashlight beam) at a certain direction. Much more effective.


Question: What is the purpose of the turnable dial around the face of a watch?

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 What is the purpose of the turnable dial around the face of a watch?

The ring as we know it today on some watches, also called rotating bezel, actually dates to the first diving watches of the 1950's. At the time, using a stopwatch was impossible, because every additional pusher could further compromise water-resistance, so instead they relied upon the bezel as a basic timing apparatus. Right before a dive, the wearer aligns the zero mark on the minutes hand. The bezel then indicates the minutes passed since entering water. To add security, the bezel can only be turned counter clockwise, meaning that if it were accidentally rotated, the immersion time would appear longer and the diver would be compelled to return to the surface earlier. During the 1960's and 1970's, the US and British Ministries of Defence also incorporated the bezel into military standard, either to display dive time or hours.


Question: How do they make these piped cookies with truffle centers?

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 How do they make these piped cookies with truffle centers?

So there's basically a bigger "central" nozzle that pipes in the truffle center, and then this big nozzle is surrounded by smaller nozzles for the alternating mint and truffle. All of this stuff is fed through yet one more nozzle which drops and lifts the actual cookies on the production line. It may be easier to imagine one big pastry bag (filled with truffle), surrounded by a bunch of smaller pastry bags (filled with alternating truffle and mint) which are stuffed into an even large pastry bag (which is what you use to squeeze out each cookie). I did a quick internet search and came across a product which would achieve a similar effect, but at least you can see how the components would fit together & how it is possible to achieve the effect in your pictures. URL_0


Question: Whats the difference between a person with ADHD and a person without ADHD saying they can’t focus?

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 Whats the difference between a person with ADHD and a person without ADHD saying they can’t focus?

I can only speak to my own experiences, but the issue with people with ADHD is that they basically have a broken filter. For example, when I'm in a noisy cafeteria eating with a group of friends, my friends can hear what I'm saying clearly even though there's so much noise around us. They can focus on what I'm saying and filter out everyone else. On the other hand, I have a very tough time hearing my friends. I have to watch their lips move just to have an idea of what they're saying, and I still have to ask them to repeat themselves. At the same time, I can hear the other conversations around me. I can't hear EVERYTHING because all the voices overlap, but I can tell that the table behind me is talking about their kids, the table to the right of me is talking about work, the table to the left of me is talking about video games, and someone passing by is making annoyed noises because they're having a tough time passing around me. People with ADD/ADHD struggle the most when they have to filter. This extends to their own behavior. That's why ADHD people can be impulsive. You might want to make a rude joke, but you stop yourself because you know you'll probably get in trouble. Someone with ADHD may not be able to resist. Or they make the joke before they even think about it. Anyway, all this is why ADD and ADHD are noticed most in school. Imagine being in a classroom with 30 other people, and you can't hear the teacher over the sound of everyone else's pencils scratching on paper when they take notes. You can't focus on the words in your textbook because the glare of the fluorescent lights is reflecting off the glossy pages and making your eyes strain. Plus, you hear everyone else turning the pages of their books. Plus, you don't understand the lesson very well ANYWAY, so now you're frustrated. You get the urge to do something--ANYTHING to get out of this super uncomfortable situation. The first thought that goes through your mind: make a funny fart noise. Before you even think that it's a bad idea, you've already got both palms against your mouth and you're making the loudest, nastiest fart noise. "What were you THINKING?" Your parents ask you after they pick you up from the principal's office. You don't know. You remember wanting out, but you don't know why you chose to do what you did. "I'unno," you say. You could tell your parents all about how you didn't understand anything and how upset you were. But you feel like they'd just lecture you about being mature for once, and it'd just go on and on. And they'd ask you to answer a ton of other questions you know you won't know the answers to. So you just say you don't know. You know your parents will sigh and say that you never THINK. And how disappointed they are. And as much as it hurts to think about how much of a disappointment you are, at least it's over quickly. Then you go to your room, where it's quiet. You pick up your Nintendo 3DS to play some Pokémon. The next thing you know, it's 2am and you've played Pokémon the entire time. Surprise! You just hyperfocused! Years later, you think you might have ADD or ADHD, but you remember being able to play Pokémon for hours nonstop, so you decide you can't possibly have it. Except that hyperfocus is common to ADD/ADHD... Long story short, the lines are kind of blurry, I guess?


Question: What chemicals are added to cigarettes and what is their purpose?

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 What chemicals are added to cigarettes and what is their purpose?

Be aware those "there are 500 dangerous chemicals in cigarette smoke" ads are highly misleading. If you burn just about **any** organic material, a lot of chemicals get created, and most can be dangerous under the right circumstance, a campfire would produce about as many. Water and carbon dioxide are both "chemicals" and "dangerous", and both are produced by cigarettes. Make no mistake, smoking is really, really bad for you, but that statement is mostly propaganda design to use people's ignorance about "chemicals" against them.


Question: Why is it recommended to place fruit in a brown paper bag to ripen?

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 Why is it recommended to place fruit in a brown paper bag to ripen?

Ripening avocados produce a gas (ethylene), which plays a part in the ripening process. Putting the fruits in a paper bag helps keep more of the gas close to the fruit, so it speeds up the ripening. Simple as that. The same is true of many fruits (apples and bananas, for example). Other sorts of containers might work too, but I suspect that you'll hit other problems if the container is too airtight. A paper bag is going allow at least some flow of gases. Other chemicals can be used to get the same result. Acetylene is commonly used commercially, for example.


Question: Why can't our immune system fight against many diseases without external medication?

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 Why can't our immune system fight against many diseases without external medication?

You would be surprised how much your immune system can fight off. Many people just choose to seek medical treatment so they don’t have to suffer longer. You can fight off most minor infections, but who wants a month of an ear infection when we can cut that down to 5 days? You can be more proactive and miss less work when you get medical intervention. Not to mention feeling like garbage less. Edit: you fight off viruses naturally because you can’t cure a viral infection, the flu, rotavirus (stomach flu), common cold. Those take a beating on you, but you probably survived!


Question: How are sites like ThePirateBay still up?

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 How are sites like ThePirateBay still up?

Because there are no laws that govern the entirety of the internet. There are laws in countries that limit what the people living inside of its borders can do with the internet, but those laws dont apply if you arent in that country. All pirate bay has to do to stay operational is to find a country that doesn't care about copyright and doesn't care enough about the world stage to extradite them. Russia or SE Asian countries usually do the job quite well. The best part is that the owners dont even have to live in those countries, they just have to host the servers in those countries and the likely hood of an investigation finding anything is near zero.


Question: How do video game companies improve their graphics? What makes game engines better than others?

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 How do video game companies improve their graphics? What makes game engines better than others?

Graphics are a complex combination of resolution, lighting, artstyle, shadows etc. To create an object in a game you have a texture which basically is the "skin" of the object. This texture is basically a painting which can look like 3D even though it is 2D. This can make a flat wall look like a stone wall with cracks and crevices. The resolution of this texture is decided by how many polygons you have. A polygon is basically a small coloured area and the more you have, the more realistic your texture can become. But more polygons takes more processing power to render, so you need a more powerful graphics card. So one way of improving graphics is to have a more powerful card and add more polygons. For shadows and lighting you have algorithms that can calculate light reflections on surfaces, how a light source interacts with the surrounding etc. These algorithms are being improved over time and help create more realistic looking games. He art style can also have a big impact. Some games look very realistic while others focus on a more cartoon style. Both games can still have very high resolutions and fancy lighting, but they give very different impressions. Game engines are basically what brings it all together. The game engines also play a huge part in the physics of the game. Game engines are improved and optimised over and it's not uncommon for game developers to develop a new game engine to allow them to run the game the way they want. With game engines a lot depends on the coding and how it interprets and renders everything. A powerful but poorly optimised game engine can struggle to run a game while a less powerful but well optimised can run it smoothly.


Question: Why doesn’t pointing a camera at the sun directly damage it, like our eyes get damaged?

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 Why doesn’t pointing a camera at the sun directly damage it, like our eyes get damaged?

Nothing much. Cameras can be damaged by sunlight, they just can take a bit more abuse. But you absolutely can damage your sensor and even melt internal components by pointing a camera at the sun carelessly. DSLRs are a bit protected in that the sensor is normally only exposed to the light for very short periods of time, but it still can melt the shutter, and a long exposure of the direct sun is a bad idea. Lasers can also be dangerous. [Here's an example]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do "airline miles" (from credit card points) Not correlate into anything that resembles a mile?

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 Why do "airline miles" (from credit card points) Not correlate into anything that resembles a mile?

The "miles" originally correlated to distance travelled - you might earn 1000 "miles" by flying 1000 miles with that airline. This could then be cashed in for discounts on a future flight at a significantly reduced rate, like any customer loyalty program. Today, "miles" is just the name used for the points earned, as there are many more ways of earning points and there is often no longer a direct correlation to distance traveled.


Question: How do stocks work and how do you make a profit off of it??

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 How do stocks work and how do you make a profit off of it??

Shares of stock are tiny fractions of ownership in a company. The two main ways to make money are “buy low, sell high” and dividends. The first means that you buy shares, hope they increase in value and then sell them. So you buy shares of Apple at $50 and when it’s increased to $150 you decide to sell and buy Tesla shares. Dividends are quarterly payments from company profits that some companies make. They are typically about 1-3% of share price but not all companies pay them, choosing to reinvest profits into growing the business. There are also companies who pay out larger dividends because they are stable, slower growth companies (like utilities).


Question: Why has there been a surge in robocalls recently?

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 Why has there been a surge in robocalls recently?

I read something a while back that mentioned the internet as a big reason for the influx in robocalls. Basically, it's easier to produce fake numbers and send out a massive number of calls using a computer, compared to the onerous process of dialing one number at a time on a phone. Of course, the internet isn't exactly new anymore, so I guess that wouldn't explain you only noticing this influx very recently. Have you recently put your number out there in ways that you wouldn't necessarily intuit as opening you up to sales calls (applying for apartments, using a job search website, etc)? At this point I pretty much assume that anytime I put my info out there, someone unintended is going to end up with it regardless of assertions to the contrary. And I don't think the do not call registry will help, really. It's kind of a big joke, because scammers and spammers don't really care if they're violating the do not call registry when their purpose for calling you is an illegal scam in the first place. The registry only really stops reputable businesses from making cold calls.


Question: When transferring money from one bank to another digitally, what exactly is being transferred?

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 When transferring money from one bank to another digitally, what exactly is being transferred?

Its trading IOUs All your bank account really is, is the bank saying they 'owe' you your balance whenever you'd like it. And of course, you trust them to pay you when you want it. All this does is shift that. Lets say you transfer $100, the other bank now has an IOU you for $100, and your original bank takes $100 off their IOU to you.


Question: Why can't cigarettes be banned and free rehab is given to the people post the ban?

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 Why can't cigarettes be banned and free rehab is given to the people post the ban?

From a public policy perspective, the extreme cost and loss of liberty that a ban would require outweighs the harm tobacco products do. Cigarettes are harmful over the long term, but from a societal perspective, fairly benign over the short term. Nicotine addicts are fully functional members of society. Unlike most other drugs, you are not impaired while under the influence, you don't fly into a rage or crash cars. Overdoses are rare and you don't have to keep using more and more to get the same effect. Sure, the health consequences will eventually catch up with you and some of that cost will likely be born by society. But that is true for many activities, like overeating, lack of exercise, or riding a motorcycle.


Question: How come, given we hear ourselves differently from how we think we sound, we can reproduce musical notes accurately by singing, just by ear?

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 How come, given we hear ourselves differently from how we think we sound, we can reproduce musical notes accurately by singing, just by ear?

So, there are sort of two different things going on here. Nobody sings a single musical note, note really. When we sing, speak, or play a note, there are a bunch of different pitches that blend together. These give us the tone or *timbre* of the note. The thing we think of as the pitch of the note is the lowest or *fundamental* note. When we hear ourselves speak live vs in a recording, we don't hear a different note. Instead, we hear a different *tone*. The notes are the same, but the version we hear internally has more of the lower parts that make up the tone. But the lowest note is still the same one. TLDR: we hear ourselves sing the same note but with a different tone. Harmonising is about the note, so the tone doesn't really matter.


Question: Why people with O-Negative blood can only receive O-Negative blood?

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 Why people with O-Negative blood can only receive O-Negative blood?

It's not only the A & B antigens. O- people are also unable to accept O+ blood because it's missing the Rh factor or D antigen. O- is also known as Rh negative Apart from the four major blood groups, A, B, AB and O, there is another surface antigen called D or Rh, the presence or absence of which makes a blood group positive or negative - these are known as sub-types or sub-groups. O- is the universal donor as the absence of all three surface antigens (A, B, and D) makes it the least capable of arousing an immunological reaction in the recipient, whatever the blood group of the recipient might be. Since the positive groups are much larger in the general population, among the positive groups, O+ is as good as universal donor. However, O+ cannot be given to a person who is Rh negative as the anti-D antibodies in the recipient will react with the transfused O+ blood. Edit: Since you are O- will you consider donating blood? The blood bank is constantly low on O-Negative. It's the red blood cells that is most use during emergencies when there is literally no time to test the patient for his blood type. They will just grab O negative Red blood cells and transfuse.


Question: Why does acne often happen in specific areas of the face and not the rest?

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 Why does acne often happen in specific areas of the face and not the rest?

Acne happens when hair follicles are clogged with dead cells and oil from your skin. While these oil glands are everywhere on your body, they are in huge numbers on your face, upper back and upper chest. The more oil, the grater chance of a pore getting blocked, and a greater chance of becoming infected.


Question: Why do some flavors seem to blend together to make one unique flavor (think pb+j) while some flavors even when combined just taste like two separate flavors and don't work well together?

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 Why do some flavors seem to blend together to make one unique flavor (think pb+j) while some flavors even when combined just taste like two separate flavors and don't work well together?

Besides a general “taste,” flavours also have an “intensity.” I would imagine two medium but different flavours (salty peanut butter and sweet jelly) go well together, or even one intense and one light flavour. But two really intense flavours with different tastes would clash and cause the brain to perceive an unpleasant sensation.


Question: What is Pi exactly and how it came into existence?

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 What is Pi exactly and how it came into existence?

Pi is the ancient Greek "P" letter. A lot of mathematical and physics symbols use letters from ancient Greek as there is not enough letters in the Latin alphabet to avoid confusion. Pi stands for "perimeter" as it is the ratio of the perimeter of a circle to its diameter. The Latin letter p is usually used to denote a prime number so the Greek Pi was often used for perimeter.


Question: How does 3 phase power work?

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 How does 3 phase power work?

Normal power is like pedalling a bike with two pedals; it's very hard at the instant when one of the pedals is all the way down and the other is all the way up. If you could have a bike with three evenly-spaced pedals (and three legs!) then that problem is solved and the power flows more efficiently and smoothly.


Question: Why can’t you freeze something twice?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 Why can’t you freeze something twice?

Most food contains water. When you freeze something, the water inside expands, and the cell walls break down, leading to unrecognizable mush. The only exception, he says, is flash-frozen products. If you purchase something frozen, it likely has gone through a deep, flash-freezing process, so the water hasn't had time to pool and turn your food into sad slop. If you're freezing something in your home freezer, it freezes very slowly (i.e., mush city). For this reason, soup is something you can get away with refreezing, but meat—not so much. Freezing stops bacterial growth but it doesn't kill existing bacteria. When we thaw and heat, we introduce more bacteria. That's completely fine—bacteria will always exist. But ICE advocates that, ideally, the amount of bacteria would remain below the threshold where the body can fight it off. And freezing and refreezing tests those limits. [Source]( URL_0 )