Question: At what point, and how, does computer hardware touch/move/influence the software?

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 At what point, and how, does computer hardware touch/move/influence the software?

Software is usually just a list of instructions for the CPU to do, and the CPU just runs those instructions. Sometimes there is instructions for the graphics chip/card, or sometimes those instructions tell the operating system to write to disk. But it’s still just a list of instructions the cpu knows how to execute. Excellent video on how these instructions look if you are interested: URL_0


Question: What’s the psychological reason people’s urge to go to the bathroom gets more intense the closer we get to actually going?

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 What’s the psychological reason people’s urge to go to the bathroom gets more intense the closer we get to actually going?

I actually know this one. So your body works by having conscious and unconscious muscle contractions. Conscious, of course, being your biceps and things like that which you actively move. Unconscious is muscles like your heart that beats on its own (usually). So your intestines are the same, they move on their own pushing excrement further and further down the track! Since this is all done unconsciously, when you're getting ready to go potty your brain goes "potty time?" And those unconscious muscles start working harder and faster. As you get closer to going to the bathroom, the muscles contract and move more and more. Basically your brain does everything, as you get closer (or think you're getting closer) it's preparing your body to evacuate the excrement.


Question: What actually happens when you “restart” a machine - does it switch off? If so how does it start itself again?

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 What actually happens when you “restart” a machine - does it switch off? If so how does it start itself again?

Yes, it cycles off and back on, and just like a computer. The power button isn't like a light switch, it has a circuit it connects to that's on full-time waiting for a power button signal to turn other stuff on. That same circuit can be made to handle turning off and then making its own start signal without a button press


Question: Why does water affect electronics in a negative way?

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 Why does water affect electronics in a negative way?

Electronic devices have energy stored in a battery that's restricted in where it can go by the location of wires. When you add water, electric current can take other paths. Some paths go through components that were designed to be protected from direct battery current by resistors. When those protections are bypassed, the components can be exposed to more current than they can carry, causing permanent damage to them.


Question: Why do only some nuclear explosions produce the stereotypical mushroom cloud?

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 Why do only some nuclear explosions produce the stereotypical mushroom cloud?

The formation of a mushroom cloud is about the amount of energy released into the atmosphere. You can create a mushroom cloud from non-nuclear detonations as well, for example volcano. The same mushroom clouds are also generated on hot days where you have solar energy constantly heating the ground, however these mushrooms can take hours to form instead of seconds and do not carry the visual debris.


Question: Do "infinite timelines" & "infinite universes" mean the same thing or are they exclusive things?

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 Do "infinite timelines" & "infinite universes" mean the same thing or are they exclusive things?

They aren't necessarily exclusive, but these terms are often found in sci-fi where the meanings are molded to fit a particular story, and don't necessarily have some fixed meaning. Do you have a specific instance you are referring to? In actual physics, they are extremely speculative, and not things for which exists much, if any, evidence.


Question: . How its possible for the light to travel constantly with out stop slowing down from the most old galaxies?

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 . How its possible for the light to travel constantly with out stop slowing down from the most old galaxies?

Light is special because it has no mass and always travels at, well, the speed of light. This is one of its fundamental properties due to the laws of physics. You can’t really compare light to say, a spaceship, because it’s just not the same thing. But almost anything can move long distances in space without slowing down. By default, things continue moving at the same speed they’re already moving unless something acts to slow them. On Earth, everything needs to fight air resistance or water resistance or friction with the ground to keep moving. But in space there’s nothing to bump into (at least it’s very rare to hit something) so if you do nothing, you keep moving.


Question: Why does your pencil look flexible when you wiggle it with two fingers?

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 Why does your pencil look flexible when you wiggle it with two fingers?

Something I can actually answer! Your brain actually stutters what your eyes are seeing. It blocks out all images for a split second, but in total, you are blind for about 4 minutes a day. This is to avoid a laggy feel when you are walking, becuase, your brain is processing too much. (Think of it like Fortnite and a computer. The world is at Ultimate settings, while your brain can't handle that, so, instead of lowering the quality of the world {your vision} it instead blocks out a few frames.) When you are watching a pencil wiggle, and it "bends" it's because your brain doesn't process the full movement of the pencil, and tries to fill in the blanks with what makes most sense, therefore, BENDY PENCIL


Question: Why do coupons have a cash value of 1/100 of a cent?

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 Why do coupons have a cash value of 1/100 of a cent?

Some stores used to have "trade stamps" which were basically small pieces of paper you'd get with your purchase that, if you had enough, could be redeemed for merchandise at that store (kind of a loyalty card of sorts). These legally had to have a cash value, so that if you had enough you could also trade them in for their cash value. When coupons came about they were lumped with trade stamps from a legal perspective, so they also got some arbitrarily small cash value.


Question: What is GitHub? What is a Git?

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 What is GitHub? What is a Git?

Git is a version control system, which is used when you're working a project (usually a software project) with multiple people. Version control systems provide two main features: 1. It keeps track of all the files in your repository, and their histories. Whenever you make a change and commit it to the repository, it stores what changes you made. This way you can easily look up each file's history and what changes were made to it, and by whom. If there's a problem with a certain change, you can just revert it. 2. It lets different users work on a project together. There's a central repository on a shared server, and every programmer has their own copy of the repository on their computer. Whenever a user wants to make a change, they need to push their change to the shared server, and then all the other programmers can pull the change. If two people are working on the same code, then this would required them to *merge* the code manually. Github is a website that hosts Git repositories (i.e. Github is the shared server in the last paragraph).


Question: In accounting, why does a balance sheet always need to balance when comparing assets against liabilities?

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 In accounting, why does a balance sheet always need to balance when comparing assets against liabilities?

Every entry in accounting balances. So since each _entry_ balances, the sum of all the entries balances as well. You mention getting more assets. Think about how does a business do that? It could buy it from a vendor. The gain in assets is offset by the liability of having to pay the vendor. Then when vendor gets payed, that liability of owing them goes away. But so does the asset of having the money in your bank account. Also you mention “in a year.” Balance sheets aren’t on fiscal years like income statements.


Question: . How exactly do real estate agencies work for you?

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 . How exactly do real estate agencies work for you?

Negotiating deals is only part of it. It’s the agents job to guide the sale and closing process. They ensure that their clients best interest is represented. That’s not just “getting the best price.” It’s also ensuring standard contracts are used, with favorable terms. Deadlines and inspections are met. Deposits are held correctly, and returned correctly. That all the steps needed to close are completed correctly and on time. Most people only buy a few properties in their life time. You’re paying a real estate agent for their knowledge and experience in the process. About representing both the buyer and seller - professional ethics standards require realtors disclose any conflict of interest. Failure to do so would be cause to lose their license. Clients can acknowledge and accept this conflict, or find a different agent to represent them. EDIT: it’s probably also important to note that it’s rarely a win/lose situation. You’re not battling between the seller and buyer, you’re look to find a mutually beneficial agreement. Having objective 3rd parties (realtors) can help this process. The exception would be a competitive bid process, where you’re bidding against other buyers for the same property. The value this is the realtors experience with buyers and understanding how they’re likely to act so you can craft the best offer.


Question: How do recommendation engines work?

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 How do recommendation engines work?

These are big money makers, so the exact mechanics are secret. But as to how it knows which movie are SF or rom coms - the movies all have meta data, bits of additional information, this includes genre, actors, director, themes etc. That helps the computer know things like that. Many modern algorithms also collect additional data from users, so do simple machine learning - like it may recognise that SF fans also like big bang theory, or British bake off watchers also like rom coms.


Question: if lint is just fibers from my clothes being pulled out in the dryer, why are my clothes not completely dissolved after decades of being put through said dryer?

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 if lint is just fibers from my clothes being pulled out in the dryer, why are my clothes not completely dissolved after decades of being put through said dryer?

Basically: clothes wear out before they can fall apart, but this wear is partly due to shedding lint. Clothes made from natural fibers like wool and cotton, especially thinner weight items like t shirts, do wear thin after enough washes. As they get thinner they become easier to tear and we eventually throw them out long before they could actually dissolve, but if you kept at it long enough they would eventually just be rags, and if you kept washing those ece dually they'll be shredded, and if you kept washes those eventually they'd fall apart into pieces and somewhere down the line actually dissolve. Synthetic fibers are longer and often stronger so they break less easily. If your clothes are not 100% cotton, they will last even longer.


Question: What happens to a photon when it hits your retina?

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 What happens to a photon when it hits your retina?

Your retina has photoreceptors with specialized pigments which get modified by the inciding light. They change in conformation and affect nearby receptors, closing them and stopping a previously active influx of Na+ and Ca2+. Without the entrance of these positive ions, the cell membrane undergoes hyperpolarization (becomes more negative). This change in electrical potential is propagated until it reaches the end of the photoreceptor, upon which neurotransmitter vesicles sit. These neurotransmitters are usually released into the synapse on depolarization (the cell becoming positive), so in this case they will be *less* released. Nevertheless, the postsynaptic cell will detect this *alteration in neurotransmission* and will relay the signal to yet another cell, the ganglion cells. These ganglion cells take the signal to the lateral geniculate nucleus in your pons (part of your brain) which has another neuron that takes the signal to your visual cortex. There is more to it than that. For example, when one photoreceptor receives light, it hyperpolarizes, but it sends signals to the photoreceptors around it so they will do the opposite and depolarize. The neurons in the visual system aren't connected only vertically, but also horizontally, and these patterns are helpful for discrimination of contrast, geometric forms, and movement. Your nervous cells use several ion pumps to keep the electrical resistance greater on the outside of the cell membrane than on the inside. This increases the propagation of the current through the cell with minimal loss. Bigger nerves in your central nervous system also have myelin sheaths, which are layers of fat that make it even more likely that the currents will flow thorugh the inside. Note that not all cells in your retina are sensitive to a single photon, only those in the fovea, the place of highest visual acuity in the eye.


Question: How does Irma keep changing vastly between categories, shifting in speed? Is that normal?

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 How does Irma keep changing vastly between categories, shifting in speed? Is that normal?

It is in the middle of the Caribbean islands. The hurricane gathers energy from warm waters and lose energy in buildings, trees and mountains. So when it gets close to an island it slows down and when it gets into warm ocean it speeds up. So as it passes over the different Caribbean islands it keeps slowing down and speeding up all the time. So it is normal for hurricanes in that region to do this.


Question: why are videos on some YouTube channels demonetized due to swearing while others are not?

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 why are videos on some YouTube channels demonetized due to swearing while others are not?

This topic has many theories and little to no conformation from the side of youtube. All we "know" is that youtube has a, or a set of algorithms that seem to prefrence some channels over others. It is likley due to extreme vetting from youtube to control and conform the platforms content to better generate good publicity and ad revenue. Some content creaters just have qualities that youtube is biased against whether it is due to cherrypicking or "ai" learning.


Question: what is the advantage of being in a location with a few wireless access points over one where you have a lot?

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 what is the advantage of being in a location with a few wireless access points over one where you have a lot?

Wireless networking uses radio waves within a fairly narrow band, and the range of channels is such that there are only about three that don’t overlap at all, and 11 total with some amount of overlap with their neighbors. The problem this causes is that someone trying to talk to one access point on the same or nearby channel as another can interfere and be interfered with by people talking to that other access point. It is like trying to hold a conversation in a crowded room; because it is crowded you are necessarily wedged closer to other conversations and start talking over each other. Having a bunch of talking in the same space actually interferes with communication overall.


Question: Where do all the different elements on planet earth (or any other planet) come from?

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 Where do all the different elements on planet earth (or any other planet) come from?

Other stars. All elements from hydrogen to iron were created by fusion in stars. Only very massive stars larger than the Sun can fuse elements heavier than helium. Every element heavier than iron comes from truly massive stars dying in supernovae. During the explosion, the cores experience absolutely mind boggling energies and pressures that fuses the heaviest elements. When any star goes nova or supernova the explosion blasts all of those elements into space. It forms nebulae of gasses, which eventually collapse into new stars. As the gas condenses and collapses it keeps its angular momentum which causes everything to [swirl around the star as it forms]( URL_0 ). Heavier elements get flung outward, which is why there's so little of anything other than hydrogen or helium in the Sun. If you're wondering why gas giants like Jupiter, which are also made of lighter elements like hydrogen and helium, are so far out, well...they probably didn't form there. They probably formed much closer to the Sun, and rocky planets like Earth probably formed farther out. The orbits changed over billions of years to what they are now.


Question: How does the reinstatement of embargo on Cuba affect American cruise lines which already have cruises booked there? Are they all immediately cancelled? How quickly does it take effect?

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 How does the reinstatement of embargo on Cuba affect American cruise lines which already have cruises booked there? Are they all immediately cancelled? How quickly does it take effect?

At this point, the new regulations have not been finalized by the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Once OFAC provides the new regulations, then things will change. And that could very well affect cruise lines. However, American travelers who have made plans (bought airline tickets, booked hotels/cruises, etc.) for a Cuba trip as of today will still be allowed to go.


Question: How do embers stay burning for hours, even while buried beneath soot/ash?

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 How do embers stay burning for hours, even while buried beneath soot/ash?

The oxygen in the air is burning the fuel in the wood. Imagine the oxygen as a thirsty person, and the wood/charcoal/whatever as a glass of water. If the embers are completely open to the air, the oxygen can just drink it all up quickly. When the fuel is covered up with ashes and soot, it is more like trying to drink through a cocktail straw, as there is a much smaller path for the oxygen to get to the wood. So, the fuel takes longer to burn (and doesn't burn as hot)


Question: Why is scar tissue so different than normal tissue?

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 Why is scar tissue so different than normal tissue?

The purpose of scar tissue is to close your wound ASAP to prevent infection and to continue the healing process. It does this by skipping some steps of skin creation, mainly with the skin tissue and how it's aligned. Imagine you have to knit a scarf. You're given a week to do so, and all the tools and more are right there. Pretty easy right? You can even add some pretty patterns and make sure the scarf is warm and strong. This is how regular skin is made and replaces dead skin. Now imagine you're given three hours to do so, and only the bare minimum of tools are there. Chances are, it's not going to be a very good scarf, but it'll be a scarf, and should keep you warm enough to make another one. This is scar tissue.


Question: how do different analog media formats make sound? Particularly Vinyls and the wiggly lines on film?

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 how do different analog media formats make sound? Particularly Vinyls and the wiggly lines on film?

All the sounds you hear are actually just changes in air pressure. As the air pressure in your ear rises and falls, it makes your eardrum vibrate, and your brain recognizes those vibrations as sounds. Even if there are 100 different instruments all playing at the same time, all of the pressure waves from each instrument combine to create a specific pattern of air pressure changes & vibrations in your ear. You can use a microphone to record the pattern of air pressure over time, and you can print that pattern onto something like a record. Then the record player uses the pattern to move a speaker, which creates changes in air pressure to match the recording.


Question: Why does gasoline pricing produce such acute price sensitivity in consumers, despite the negligible differences in totals over filling an entire tank?

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 Why does gasoline pricing produce such acute price sensitivity in consumers, despite the negligible differences in totals over filling an entire tank?

I assumed the answer would be down here somewhere and just stopped by to upvote. Unfortunately it isn’t, so here you go in true ELI5 fashion: A long time ago a man had a gas station and wanted to sell more gas (and soda and chips) than everyone else, but he needed a way to get people to notice his business. Of course, he could’ve taken out advertisements in the newspaper, filmed commercials for TV, and even had someone dance on the street corner with a sign advertising his gas station, but all of those would be expensive. And besides, his competitors had more money and could do even more advertising than he could. But the man was clever and he knew two things for sure: people love to get a good deal and he had the cheapest gas in town. So the man posted a giant sign in front of his store with his (lowest in town) price. Now when people went to the other gas stations, they felt they were being duped and business started to roll in. Of course, the other gas stations had no choice but to lower their prices, but by this time everyone in town assumed that the man with the giant sign MUST have the best prices since he HAD A HUGE FREAKING SIGN with his gas prices posted outside. So of course all the other gas stations built their own signs as well. As with many changes, this one had consequences that no one thought of at the time. Because by advertising price above all else, the man with the gas station had accidentally taught his customers that everything else was irrelevant and that clean bathrooms, good food, and better quality gas were simply gimmicks designed to distract them from the lowest price which was (they were sure) the only thing that mattered. And now all gas stations must advertise their prices, for fear of being seen as the “rip-off” option in town, and since most people aren’t sure how much good gasoline might save them in the long run, and they have difficulty putting a price on any of the other features of a gas station, many still choose their gas the way they were taught to all those years ago by that first man with a sign. (/ELI5) This is a subject taught in any marketing school as a cautionary tale about choosing how you compete in your market. Once you teach your customers that price is the only important decision factor, it’s hard to unteach that. A great example of this is airlines which for years only showed their price and not amenities, seat space, or tv screens when shopping for flights. As a result, customer unfriendly practices took hold and Spirit airlines was born. So how much does gas shopping actually save you? The people in this thread referencing differences of $1 during the year are only fooling themselves (I can’t buy gas at July prices in January no matter where I go). So excluding truck stops (whose high prices tend to reflect a less price sensitive community who value other amenities provided and who aren’t paying the bill themselves), how much do you actually stand to save? The average American car gets roughly 25mpg and the average American driver drives roughly 1,125 miles every month. Let’s also assume a relatively liberal difference among quality gas pumps (discount gas is another issue you can read about [here]( URL_0 ) ) and say you can save 5 cents per gallon. Thats 45 gallons of gas for a grand total of $2.25 in savings for the month. Having worked in the field of marketing for a decade, I can tell you with confidence that there are VERY few industries that inspire the same kind of constant research and brand switching to get a $27 savings on a purchase which totals over $1,300 yearly on average. But customers have been trained to make this decision on price, and with electric cars becoming more and more common, I suspect the gasoline industry will die altogether before anyone can change the dynamic. Light at the end of the tunnel: check out Buc-ee’s. I don’t know how widespread they are, but they are all over Texas and they will change what you think about gas stations. Edit: Spelling Edit2: Can’t say that I’m surprised my first Reddit Gold contains a Buc-ee’s reference. Thank you kind stranger.


Question: Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?

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 Why would you ever need to know the anything beyond the 2nd derivative of an equation?

> U.S. President Richard Nixon, when campaigning for a second term in office announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third derivative to advance his case for reelection." Since inflation is itself a derivative—the rate at which the purchasing power of money decreases—then the rate of increase of inflation is the derivative of inflation, or the second derivative of the function of purchasing power of money with respect to time. Stating that a function is decreasing is equivalent to stating that its derivative is negative, so Nixon's statement is that the second derivative of inflation—or the third derivative of purchasing power—is negative. Also: > In differential geometry, the torsion of a curve — a fundamental property of curves in three dimensions — is computed using third derivatives of coordinate functions (or the position vector) describing the curve. But yeah, typically you don't *need* to know a third (or further) derivative. But it still *exists*.


Question: Why does Seawater take on different hues or colours in different parts of the world?

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 Why does Seawater take on different hues or colours in different parts of the world?

Algae an plankton can be different colors, so for example a plankton bloom in a certain area can color the water a certain color while the lack of it will make it nice and blue Its sort of like green algae water in ponds...but cooler and on a massive scale Google something like glowing plankton and youll see what i mean


Question: What causes an object/atom to begin accelerating due to gravity?

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 What causes an object/atom to begin accelerating due to gravity?

Not a physicist, but I think you answered it yourself - it's caused by / due to gravity. It's a fundamental force, and if you can reduce that to a more basic interaction, you'll likely get yourself a Nobel Prize. URL_0 > In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four fundamental interactions known to exist: the gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, which produce significant long-range forces whose effects can be seen directly in everyday life, and the strong and weak interactions, which produce forces at minuscule, subatomic distances and govern nuclear interactions. Some scientists[1][2][3] hypothesize that a fifth force might exist, but the hypotheses remain speculative.


Question: If weapon companies are private why is it usually the presidents who make the deals between countries?

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 If weapon companies are private why is it usually the presidents who make the deals between countries?

1) Trade between nations is done by the government, not the companies within the nation. There are a lot of limitations as to how much a company can sell to a foreign entity (citizen or otherwise) and weapons manufacturers have more limits than most. The President is in charge of the Executive Branch, which in turn is in charge of all diplomatic relations and trade agreements that we have. 2) Most of these weapons deals involve the sale of Surplus Weapons from the US Arsenal, or weapons we are phasing out of usage due to them being replaced by a better weapon. So they are not making new weapons to sell, these are weapons already currently owned by the US government. The President is in charge of the Military itself so has ultimate final authority over how surplus and obsolete weapons are handled. 3) Some of these deals are treaty promises. For the use of a military base, or support of troops from Country A the US will provide X amount of weapons to them. Because the President is in charge of foreign affairs (see point 1) and the military itself (see point 2) such treaty agreements are under their authority.


Question: - why does time slow down as you approach the speed of light?

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 - why does time slow down as you approach the speed of light?

When Einstein was first thinking about relativity, he came up with a thought experiment using a a loop of metal on a train travelling near the speed of light. He wanted to see what Maxwell's equations (which describe all of electromagnetism) would say if you ran a current through that moving loop. The math behind that experiment showed that if Maxwell's equations were true, then Einstein's thought experiment would create infinite energy. Einstein thought that this couldn't be true - Maxwell's equations must hold for everybody no matter how they are moving. The only way to resolve the infinite energy problem and keep Maxwell's equations in tact is if the speed of light (i.e. the distance it travels in a certain amount of time) is the same for every observer. Applying more maths, the only way that the speed of light can be the same for every observer (when you change the observer's speed) is for the distance light travels and the time it takes to travel it are DIFFERENT for every observer. Specifically, the math shows that if an observer is moving close to the speed of light (or is watching someone else moving close to the speed of light) they will see that everyone else is moving slower - time is slowing down.


Question: Why do clothes shrink after being put in the dryer?

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 Why do clothes shrink after being put in the dryer?

I can't explain the science behind it, but the general gist of it is that in producing clothing the fabric is stretched making the fibers more tense. When enough heat is applied the fibers are able to constrict back down to their relaxed state and the garment shrinks as a result. I've noticed that more quality garments shrink way less than really cheap clothes, so I guess the stretching is a way of making more fabric out of the same amount of yarn which reduces production costs.


Question: If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it’s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?

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 If Coca-Cola were to produce biodegradable packaging for their plastic bottles and if it’s true that biodegradable plastic decomposes in 3 to 6 months, how would Coca-Cola make they products last on store shelves and warehouses?

Biodegradable materials means it will break down due to bacteria and the like. Typically those are *anaerobic bacteria* which means they only exist somewhere there isn't oxygen. Like deep underground in landfills. Oxygen is toxic to those bacteria and will kill them. It won't be able issue anywhere you would expect to find drinkable coke.


Question: Why does squinting make vision clearer when you aren’t wearing glasses/contacts?

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 Why does squinting make vision clearer when you aren’t wearing glasses/contacts?

When you are short sighted, the light is focused slightly away from your retina towards the center of your eye, making things seem blurry. Your pupil is a hole that focuses light into your retina. When you squint, you make the hole even smaller, focussing light back towards your retina. This balances the focussing error from your shortsightedness and you are temporarily able to see more clearly. Squinting is very straining for your sensitive eye muscles though so I don’t recommend doing it for long periods of time.


Question: How do criminals get involved in the things they do?

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 How do criminals get involved in the things they do?

Desperation, mostly. If you don't have good job skills and are not able or willing to get any, you either have to flip burgers or take risks. And since you don't have much to lose, there is less to risk. So either you dream up crimes to commit or you are more receptive when someone asks you to help. From there it is a download spiral into increased illegality. You get caught, get a record, and now it is that much harder to get a legitimate job. And the legal system likely introduced you to some interesting new friends. You have even less to lose, so you are willing to take more risks, and just maybe you learned enough to get better at it.


Question: How can you calculate a day for a planet if it is tidally locked?

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 How can you calculate a day for a planet if it is tidally locked?

If a planet is tidally locked, then it always faces the sun with the same face. So if you define a day as the amount of time it takes the planet to make one rotation about its axis, it would be equal to its year. If you define a day as the time between one sunup and the next, it doesn't have them.


Question: How does car hotwiring even work?

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</answer>
 How does car hotwiring even work?

When you turn the key in a car, it just turns a rotary switch. A switch is just a mechanism that connects wires. If you know the right way to connect the wires, you don't need a switch to do the job. Now, a lot of newer cars make this impossible because of various security features (like chips in keys) but on older cars, all you need to do it grab the wires & connect them in the same way the ignition switch would have.


Question: what is a half life, and what is it’s significance in science?

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 what is a half life, and what is it’s significance in science?

A half-life is the amount of time it takes 50% of any material to decay. Most often this term is used when talking about radioactive materials. If Chemical X has a half life of 5 years, and you start with 1 gram, then: * In 5 years, you'll have only 500 mg of usable Chemical X left * In 10 years, you'll have 250 mg * In 15 years, you'll have 125 mg * In 20 years, you'll have 62.5 mg * etc. You'll never theoretically reach 0 mg because you half the previous amount, not half the original amount.


Question: Why does the USA have a jury in court? Why would you have citizens without a law degree decide on such important matters?

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 Why does the USA have a jury in court? Why would you have citizens without a law degree decide on such important matters?

The juries don't decide the law. They decide the facts, within the framework of law that the judge and lawyers give them. The questions the jury gets end up being pretty simple. Things like "Did the accused wrongfully enter the victim's home on the night of April 4th 2017". The idea is that justice has to be accountable to the community, not to a bunch of judges.


Question: How do flavors in foods “marry” after sitting together. Why does it taste different than eating immediately after combining?

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 How do flavors in foods “marry” after sitting together. Why does it taste different than eating immediately after combining?

1. When many types of food start to break down into less complicated molecules it releases a lot of amino acids that stimulates the human tongue (like glutamates). 2. Many harsh aromatics break down and produce a mellower flavor. 3. Taste particles in liquids (sauces, meatjuices etc) will become more evenly distributed over time, leading to a more even taste as there are fewer pockets of unevenly distributed flavor molecules.


Question: What is Markov Chain and why is it important?

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 What is Markov Chain and why is it important?

A markov chain is a mathematical approach to disentangling several possible events that depend on outcomes before it. To stay topical, take a look at March madness brackets. You have a pretty low chance of getting your bracket right. But if we apply some really simple logic, we can increase that chance. If you fill out the bracket as a set of unorganized fill in the blank boxes, you won't do well. For instance, you could have a team that you eliminated in the sweet sixteen winning the final four. That doesn't make sense. Instead, let's create a chain of causes that predict the inputs into the next block of causes. If a team doesn't make the first round, they can't end up in the later rounds. Better right? But if we have even more information, we can do even better. We could fill out our bracket *as* the tournament is happening and expect to do really well. A player who lead scoring got injured in the elite 8? We can use that information to reduce the team's chances in the final four. That's why a Markov chain is so.good at making predictions. It refined it's approach as it gets information. In real use, Markov chains get much more sophisticated. So sophisticated that becomes hard to keep track of all the variables. That's where higher level math like *linear algebra* comes in. In a *Hidden Markov Model*, you don't actually have to know how all the pieces fit together. You just need some good relationships: - taller players do better - players have to be healthy to play - scoring early is important Using *eignevectors* a mathematical approach can take a *system of related linear equations* and figure out which variables are *independent* of the rest. You do this by mathematically rearranging all the equations so that the few that dominate the rest fall out. - taller players do better and the early scoring for this team is directly caused by their best player being tall. It's really only one variable at work here. As the Markov chain gets updated, the most important variables might shift. - Taller players do better but this team's tall player is injured so the height variable is no longer part of what contributes to their early scoring.


Question: Libraries in programming. what do they help in?

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 Libraries in programming. what do they help in?

Libraries are just pieces of reusable code. Think copy/pasting a chunk of code into your program, but better. So they help with pretty much everything. You can code without using them, but you'll find that you have to do a lot of work lots of other people did before. Libraries are used to provide about anything. Functions for dealing with encryption, interfaces to web services, creating a better UI, etc.


Question: If a Power Line Touches a Tree, is the Tree Constantly Getting Electrocuted?

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 If a Power Line Touches a Tree, is the Tree Constantly Getting Electrocuted?

Yes and no. If we are talking high voltage, the trees presence will be immediately detected, and the line will go dark. (and someone will have to go out and look for it.) Low Voltage, and it's possible that the current that is being diverted from the power line is not enough for the tree to be detected. Or even possible that the tree is still providing enough insulation that there is no diversion.


Question: How is it possible to get two yolks from a single egg?

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 How is it possible to get two yolks from a single egg?

Same way we get twins in humans... not common, but not unheard of. I actually had a carton of eggs recently where I ended up with 4 twin yolks out of 6 eggs used when making breakfast one day (jumbo eggs, so I presume more jumbo sized ones will be twins).


Question: What do professional mathematicians do? What are they still trying to discover after all this time?

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 What do professional mathematicians do? What are they still trying to discover after all this time?

As a mathematician I get this question a lot. One can say that there are two parts of mathematics. The first is applied mathematics, which is revolutionizing fields from biology to computer science to finance to social work. The second is pure mathematics, or the development of mathematical structure, theory, and proof. Why study pure mathematics? Consider that when Einstein wanted to describe general relativity he used Riemannian geometry from the 1800s. String theory? Uses functions studied by Euler in the 1700s. Mathematicians are developing the tools and knowledge upon which the discoveries of tomorrow are built.


Question: Why is buying in bulk cheaper than buying stuff individually?

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 Why is buying in bulk cheaper than buying stuff individually?

Because some costs of an item are the same independent of how many you are purchasing. For instance, imagine that you need to buy a lot of paper for your business. The cost will include the paper itself, but also the cost of shipping. If you bought one pallet of paper the cost might be $1000 for the paper and $100 for the shipping. But, if you bought 10 pallets of paper, they still need to send just a single truck. So, the shipping cost might not go up at all and you're only paying for the extra paper itself. So, each item is cheaper per unit because the shipping cost is spread out across all of the pallets. EDIT: Here's a great video about the economies of scale in salt production URL_0


Question: Why is there a large build up of dust on fan and air vent covers when there is air being blown over them often to displace dust from settling?

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 Why is there a large build up of dust on fan and air vent covers when there is air being blown over them often to displace dust from settling?

So lets start off with two things that may not be obvious: 1) Although the air looks clear and clean, its not. The air you're breathing is actually filled with water and dust, you just can't see it because there is substantially more air than water/dust, and the water/dust particles are extremely tiny. 2) Although your fan blade appears to smooth, its actually not - at least not at a microscopic level. If you looked at most fan blades under a microscope you'd see that at that scale they are actually pretty rough - it would look somewhat like a sponge with tons of small pits and holes. So with that out of the way, lets talk about how a fan pushes air. As the fan spins, the blades get forced against the air, compressing it. But air doesn't like to be compressed, so it tries to expand back to its original size. The fan blade is designed so that the only way that this compressed air can expand is to move away from the blade, creating a breeze of air moving away from the fan. But like I said earlier, the air itself is filled with water and dust. When the fan compresses the air, it squeezes some of that water and dust out. The water and dust that has been squeezed out of the air form a type of cement, which then impacts the fan blade and cements itself into those microscopic pits and holes that the surface of the blade is covered with. This newly cemented dust on the blade creates a new surface for even more dust to cement to, steadily growing over time. Because all of this dust is microscopic, you can't see the process happening. All you can see is the visible mass of dust, which is the result of that microscopic dust slowly accumulating over a very long period of time. But you are correct in that the movement of the fan does cause some of that dust to break off. As those dust particles break off, they get flung at high speed into the case of the fan, causing dust to form there as well. The ratio of dust on the blades to dust on the case that you end up with depends on how fast the fan is spinning and how smooth the fan blade is. Faster, smoother fans will produce more dust on the case while slower, coarser fans will produce more dust on the blades.


Question: Why and how do insects stay still for hours?

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 Why and how do insects stay still for hours?

It's already been said, but to really ELI5: I dunno how much you know about computer software, but all computer programs are just a giant pile of "IF;THEN" instructions, for example, "IF: chrome icon is double clicked; THEN: open chrome browser". Bugs are so incredibly simple that their nervous system/conciousness is barely more complex than modern computer software(and may actually be less complex than modern highly advanced software), so a bug is literally driven by the biological equivalent of "IF;THEN", as in, "IF: bug lands in web; THEN: eat bug". So, since there's no bug in the web, they just stand still waiting. They're not complex enough for anything else. This is also why you can swat at a fly, and it will immediately land on you again. The "IF" that's causing it to land on you hasn't changed enough for the "THEN" to stop being "land on person". The implications this all has for more complex life, like humans, is actually pretty unnerving. Welcome to the free will debate, please try to keep your despair to a reasonable level, and have a nice day.


Question: Why is 67 degrees Fahrenheit cold when you're in water, but nice when you're outside?

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 Why is 67 degrees Fahrenheit cold when you're in water, but nice when you're outside?

It's basically the speed at which water steals heat from your body. Water steals heat faster than air. Your body doesn't measure temperature, it measures change in temperature. So your body is basically saying, holy shit I'm getting cold really fast, get out of here. The non eli5 is that heat transfers at different speeds through different mediums. Water conducts heat faster than air. Your body measures change in temp. So even though they are the same temp your body reacts more strongly to the faster changing temp, water.