Question: What is a DNS record composed of? What data can it store?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a DNS record composed of? What data can it store?

Your question didn't make clear if it was about what goes on the wire or what is defined on the name server. On the wire, there are requests and there are replies. Requests only had the requested label and some basic options in it, modern requests also have a bunch of options it which could be of importance of the answering name server to answer the question. One of these new options can be "I'm located in Australia", so that the answering name server knows the return information most relevant for Australian users. The label is the thing which is requested, for example the name "www. URL_0 ". The basic options are which protocol to us (yes, this was designed in the time before the Internet Protocol overtook everything and you had different protocols on the wire) and what the request is for (an IP address or a mail gateway or a something else) Replies have more things in it: It has the requested label in it (the "www. URL_0 "), it can have an answer in it (Either a real answer for the request or a "you should ask these name servers" referral), it can have a "these servers also know all about this" in it, it can have some extra information in it ("I told you to talk to these others servers, here is their IP address"). On the server, each DNS record consists of various fields: - A label, for example "www. URL_0 " or "4.3.2.1" or "_ldap._tcp. URL_0 ". - A protocol, these days it's all "IN" from Internet but in past you had different protocols. - A record type, A for an IPv4 address, A6 for an IPv6 address, MX for a mail server, TXT for a text record, SRV for a service record etc. - A time-to-live, the maximum time the answer for this request can be used by others. - And an answer, which format depends on the record type. Some examples in BIND format: www. URL_0 IN A 3600 1.2.3.4 URL_0 IN MX 7200 mail1. URL_0 10 The first one is the A record (address) for www. URL_0 , with a TTL of 1 hour and the answer 1.2.3.4. The second one is MX record (mail server) for URL_0 with a TTL of 2 hours and the answer of mail1. URL_0 which has a cost of "10". Enjoy your travels through DNS land, it's very exciting.


Question: Why does 5ghz Wi-Fi penetrate less than 2.4ghz?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does 5ghz Wi-Fi penetrate less than 2.4ghz?

There are two different factors at play here. Both are very important and could easily be compared to am\fm radio. It's about wavelength. In the case of 2.4 vs 5 gig Hz it's more than twice the wavelength difference. How does wavelength impact the way the energy travels? 1 the lower the wavelength the farther the energy will travel (so 2.4 gig is better there) 2 the higher the wavelength the less interruptions it will encounter as it moves thru objects (walls Windows doors clouds etc) (so 5 gig is "slightly" better there) The biggest improvement is the increase in bandwidth by it is offset by slightly shorter range. But both are up in the gig spectrum meaning they are not going to travel very very far unless you have a really powerful amplifier connected to your wireless router. (Which would be very dangerous for other reasons)


Question: How did Native Americans in the United States become so involved in the gambling industry?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How did Native Americans in the United States become so involved in the gambling industry?

The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed in 1988 and, despite its name, legalized gambling on land owned by Indian tribes without any regulation. Those casinos don't have to be on Indian reservations and the tribes don't really have to have anything to do with the actual casino. All that matters is that the land itself is owned by the tribe and the tribe permits the casino to operate. The totally unregulated, wild west nature of Indian casinos attracted a lot of mob money, which had been forced out of Vegas and Atlantic City. That money caused a rapid build up of casinos across the country and you have the situation that currently exists. Also, even though they're called "Indian Casinos" you do have to keep in mind that the tribes usually have little to do with them. A typical relationship is that the casino is owned by a company in which the tribe owns a 50% stake, with the other 50% owned by a non-tribal group (IE, organized crime in many cases) and its the non-tribal group that is responsible for the day to day running of the casino. The tribe's 50% interest is just there so that they get a share of the profits, but they don't have anything to do with the casino's day to day operations. The casinos are also rarely built on reservations. They can be built on any tribal owned land so its not difficult for the tribe to just buy land outside of the reservation and plop the casino down there. If they do that they do have to reach an agreement with the local government that allows them to operate, but otherwise aren't subject to any state or local laws. edit: if you're wondering why the Federal Government passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act - poverty on Indian reservations was and continues to be endemic. The idea was that by allowing tribes to open up casinos, they would be able to generate revenue to develop their reservations and/or provide jobs for tribal members. Unfortunately tribal governments are horrifically corrupt and that has not happened. and double edit: Indian tribes are *not* independent nations and are not magically immune to Federal law. An Indian tribe has a similar legal status to a state in the sense that states have no authority over them. They have less rights than states do, however, as the 10th Amendment doesn't apply to tribes and so the Federal government is in charge of determining how much authority the tribes have. In practice the Federal government gives them the same legal authority that states have, but it doesn't have to.


Question: How come babies are able to learn the basics of a language just by hearing it but adults can't?

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 How come babies are able to learn the basics of a language just by hearing it but adults can't?

Adults can they just don't because it's very hard being that open minded. You need to copy what someone is saying, use context clues, don't get discouraged if they laugh, commit to not using your language, no translation even in your head. But many people do learn just by copying and mimicry like a baby but it also takes FOREVER! It takes babies like a year to say 1 word and like 2 years to say their first true sentence. The method is very slow. In depth and thorough but slow and adults are impatient


Question: Why do people reject political beliefs/any other belief they can't even define? Are we just all ignorant?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 Why do people reject political beliefs/any other belief they can't even define? Are we just all ignorant?

We are bad at differentiating our disagreement with a view from our irrational dislike of such view. It takes quite a bit of attention, time and conscious effort to critically analyse a certain position and reach a conclusion following strict reasoning. We are very prone to follow our guts and believe what we're comfortable with instead of what is right.


Question: Why does water put out fire?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does water put out fire?

Fire needs fuel, oxygen, and heat. Using a matchstick as an example, the fuel embedded into the head of the match. When you strike the match, a moderate amount of heat is generated which triggers a reaction between the fuel and oxygen, making fire. Then, the fire continues to consume the fuel using oxygen in the air. Adding water does two things. It creates a barrier between the fuel and oxygen, and will cool the fuel down to a point at which it can’t sustain the reaction.


Question: Why is it that in web browsers the address will often have %20 between every word?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is it that in web browsers the address will often have %20 between every word?

%20 is the code for a space character. You're not allowed to have spaces in a URL, because otherwise including a url in a sentence like URL_1 upon a time would be really confusing. But if someone puts a file containing spaces on a web server, and you want to access that file, there needs to be a way. So the way you do that is that you put %20 in the url instead of a space. The web server translates the %20 to a space and then looks for a file with that name. Why 20 and not some other number? Every character a computer understands has a numerical code, from the ASCII or unicode standard. You can look up the code for any character and "escape" it the same way. For example, try typing r% URL_0 into your web browser's address bar, it will still take you to reddit because %65 codes for 'e'.


Question: Can someone explain to me what an Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) does in terms of statistics and studies?

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 Can someone explain to me what an Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) does in terms of statistics and studies?

Let's start with the basics. Univariate would be a single variable, such as my dog's weight: I weighed him several times and saw that he weighed 52, 53, 51, 54, and 53 pounds again. You could do some basic statistical analysis on this list, such averages (mean, median, and mode), standard deviation, etc. It gets more interesting if you pair the list of weights against the list of dates when he was weighed. This is a bivariate (two variable) analysis. You might look for trends: is he gaining weight? Losing weight? Is there no relationship at all between weight and time? Things get more interesting if you combine weight and time with other data, such as the amount of food he receives every day, how often we go for a morning run, weather data (temperature, precipitation, clouds), how much I'm travelling for work (he stays with my aunt while I'm gone). This multivariate data set might reveal some interesting things: he gains one pound per week that he stays with my aunt, regardless of how much I tell her to feed him. We exercise less when the weather is bad, but this does not seem to have an effect on his weight. Multivariate analysis is useful in engineering, when you're trying to optimize a complicated system. First you need to figure out how all the variables are related, then you can work to optimize for cost, performance, reliability, etc.


Question: How do those glasses work that help colourblind people see colour?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How do those glasses work that help colourblind people see colour?

The cones on your eyes overlap, and people who are color blind don't have a working cone for a particular color or whatever. The most common type is red-green color blindness where the red cones are much less sensitive than normal. Another thing is in general, the cones have large swatches of their range where they overlap, so yellow generally triggers the red and green cones at the same time. The glasses work by just blocking most of the light in the areas where they overlap, you get an overall dimmer view, but the portion that contains the color information (red vs green) is better separated. [This article has some graphs]( URL_0 ) that show how the response looks in color blind people, and what bits the glasses block.


Question: Why do things turn black when they burn?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do things turn black when they burn?

Your samples are all carbon based and elemental carbon is black. Also a lot of what we use to burn things uses fuels that are also made with carbons and leave black residue when burning. Burning is a fast chemical process that generally breaks down molecules into more basic elements, in this case black carbon.


Question: Why do certain things (like VapoRub) help with blocked noses?

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 Why do certain things (like VapoRub) help with blocked noses?

A blocked nose isn't really to do with the amount of snot. There's actually erectile tissue in your sinuses which works very similarly to other erectile tissue (e.g. the penis). Blood vessels dilate (get bigger) which increases the flow to the tissue and it swells up, blocking the passage of air. Anything that unblocks your nose is causing the blood vessels to constrict (get smaller) so less blood flows to the tissue and therefore it isn't swollen and air can pass through freely.


Question: - How do firemen determine the origin of a fire?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 - How do firemen determine the origin of a fire?

The pattern of charring and extent of damage are frequently looked at. Additionally the way the fire moves is considered. Things like accelerants and trailers can cause a fire to burn in an atypical way indicating something was specifically done to allow fire to move from one location to another or burn more than it would have in one area.


Question: What is the World Trade Organization? Why is it important? And what are the consequences of leaving it?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the World Trade Organization? Why is it important? And what are the consequences of leaving it?

The world trade organisation makes standards for trade which countries follow to make trade more efficient. For example, how to handle shipping animal/food products between countries, standard sized containers and related equipment, how to handle country of origin for products built in multiple countries and many many more. The WTO also settles trade disputes, such as product dumping, unfair restrictions on trade and other trade matters. It also encourages member states to reduce tariffs to make the world more efficient and promote economic growth worldwide. If a country leaves the WTO, it is a symbolic stance that they will no longer follow these rules of international trade. They may ignore the greater good of mankind and do everything solely in their own favour. Countries may freely ban goods from certain countries, raise tariffs, make goods incompatible with a rival nation to hurt them, slash currency price to dump their products and so on. Fundamentally, the WTO is a solution to the prisoner’s dilemma. We can all prosper if we cooperate, suffer if we fight, but it is always more beneficial for a party to fight than cooperate. We put faith and trust in the WTO to force us to cooperate.


Question: What is going on with the human body during Sleep Paralysis?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is going on with the human body during Sleep Paralysis?

When sleeping, the brain releases a chemical that prevents the body from moving, so that actions taken in dreams will not cause you to for example, lash out your arm and break it against something. Sometimes, you come to Consciousness before the brain releases the chemical required to enable movements. That's all that's really happening during sleep paralysis. Signals from the brain to move the body are unable to go because they're being blocked by the chemical.


Question: What are the advantages of a duodecimal system ? Would it be worth to change the way we usually count ?

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 What are the advantages of a duodecimal system ? Would it be worth to change the way we usually count ?

The main advantage is that 2 and 3 are factors of twelve. That means that 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, and 1/9 can all be expressed with a finite number of "decimal" digits. It also means if you have "10" dollars, it can be split evenly 2, 3, 4, or 6 ways. By comparison, in base 10, only 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, and 1/8 have a finite "decimal" representations, and 10 can only be split 2 or 5 ways.


Question: What is the difference between Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Lightroom? And when to use each one?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is the difference between Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Lightroom? And when to use each one?

PS is used to modify photos individually, add/remove objects, etc. LR is used to process photos individually or in batches, create catalogues, etc. There is a fair degree of overlap in the software. I prefer to use LR for most things, plus it allows me to quickly organise sets of photos. I use PS for focus stacking, object removal, and that's about it. Depending on what you're doing will dictate which you need to use, but I almost always import with LR, do a basic process (levels and lens correction), then open in PS if needed.


Question: Watching the House Judiciary Committee - why, when the chairman asks the reason to pass to another speaker, do they say "Strike the last word" and the Chairman responds "Time to the x speaker"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Watching the House Judiciary Committee - why, when the chairman asks the reason to pass to another speaker, do they say "Strike the last word" and the Chairman responds "Time to the x speaker"?

It's using a procedural rule to get time to speak. Essentially it's introducing an amendment to the bill being debated in committee (i.e. getting rid of the last word) and per the rules, the member introducing the "amendment" gets five minutes to present it. Of course, they don't formally introduce anything, as in reality, it's used to get five minutes to talk about the bill currently under debate.


Question: Why do we need to 'Cool down' after swallowing before we can do it again?

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 Why do we need to 'Cool down' after swallowing before we can do it again?

Swallowing is a whole process of involuntary movements after you choose to swallow. It takes a little time before you finish that process. Chug some water and put your hand lightly over your adam's apple. It will move up and down as you swallow. You'll see that there is only a very short delay before you can swallow again, basically just the time needed to tell yourself to do it. All that movement is there to push the food back and down your esophagus while preventing it from going down your windpipe. It's extremely important, paralysis of the muscles that do that movement will quickly result in aspiration of food or liquid into your lungs.


Question: Why does boiling oil burst into large flames when water is poured in it?

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 Why does boiling oil burst into large flames when water is poured in it?

Water doesn't cause it to burst into flames, but it *does* make the oil explode out of the pot. Since the pot is likely to be over a flame and oil is very flammable, oil flying everywhere over a flame will quickly burst into flame. Oil is less dense than water, so the water sinks down to the bottom of the pot. Oil can be heated to well above the boiling point of water, so when the water gets to the bottom of the pot is flash boils and rapidly expands as steam. The rapid expansion is happening *under* the oil, so it lifts up under the oil and blasts the oil all over the place.


Question: Why do our voices sound different on video, than we hear them?

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 Why do our voices sound different on video, than we hear them?

Your vocal chords are internal to your body. This means that the vibration not only propagate thru your mouth opening but also thru your own body. This means that not only you are hearing yourself but are also "feeling" your voice from the inside. Listening to a external device that reproduce your own voice is different because you are not experiencing those vibrations internally and your brain is trained to detect that difference.


Question: What are capital gains taxes and what do they do?

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 What are capital gains taxes and what do they do?

The capital gains tax is a government fee on the profit made from selling certain types of assets. These include stock investments or real estate property. A capital gain is calculated as the total sale price minus the original cost of an asset. So tax is only paid on the *profit* made from the sale of the asset. It's currently either 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on the income. It is *much* lower than normal income tax. Which tends to result in people who generate their income primarily from investments paying very low tax rates. The current proposal would boost the top-end of the capital gains tax to 43.4%.


Question: If our butts are passageways for waste products, how come we can shove medicine into it as alternative for oral administation?

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 If our butts are passageways for waste products, how come we can shove medicine into it as alternative for oral administation?

Well, lets run through how you eat and digest. 1. You chew. This breaks down food into small chunks and helps compress the food. 2. You swallow. This moves the food from your mouth to a tube in your neck and upper chest called the esophagus 3. You swallow (more). This moves the food through your esophagus, to compress it more, and transfer it to your stomach 4. You digest. Your stomach breaks up the food into small bits while acids and enzymes break down food into a nutritious, but acidic liquid 5. Your duodenum (small chambers before your small intestines) add in a few more enzymes meant to help absorb protein and fats. It also starts to absorb nutrients 6. Your jejunum (the first part of your small intestine) starts to absorb all nutrients 7. Your ileum (the last part of your small intestines) starts to resorb water, bile, and nutrients. 8. Your large intestines absorbs water and moves the indigestible food out. 9. Your undigested food becomes fecal matter. It has been thoroughly dehydrated, and at your earliest convenience, you poop it out. It is important that you understand the role of the large intestine and colon. They are meant to suck water out of things. They do this so you can retain most of your water. To do this water resorption, there are are lot of blood vessels and a very thin wall to allow water to move quickly into the blood stream. This is why you can take temperatures rectally (proximity to blood vessels). Fast absorption of water means fast absorption of water-soluble drugs, which are the drugs you can take rectally. Your colon doesn't know the difference, will think it's just poop, and just suck suck suck all the water out until the drug is all circulating in your circulatory system!


Question: Does the immune system get weak or “rusty” having not had to fight off human spread infections for over a year while in quarantine?

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 Does the immune system get weak or “rusty” having not had to fight off human spread infections for over a year while in quarantine?

It really depends upon the organism being bacteria or virus. Nobody knows how long Covid-19 vaccines will offer immunity, yet. Also different vaccines will vary. Chicken Pox vaccine (varicella) lasts \~40-50 years, then immunity lessens, that's why there is a Shingles vaccine for elders. Measles last your lifetime. Tetanus should be re-vaccinated every 6-10 years. The yearly flu (influenza) lasts only about a year, but not because the immune system weakens, it's because the virus changes and the body no longer recognizes it. Vaccines or the natural infection itself (such as chicken pox) give the same immunity. With chicken pox whose immunity lasts about 40 years, it is the immune system getting weaker. With influenza, it's "I don't recognize this enemy." With Tetanus it's "I forgot how to fight this." Not all mutations are bad. Back around 2009 the "swine flu" hit the world, another pandemic, but the virus mutated so much that it pretty much was no longer a big issue. Unfortunately Covid-19 is not being so polite, but it also could mutate into a friendlier form, or as you've heard a "worse" one. In this case it's not more harmful, it simply spreads easier. Covid-19 vaccines are most likely going to become an annual thing, maybe even mixed with the flu shot. Remember though that vaccines can give "partial immunity." This means that while you might become ill, you might not become seriously ill.


Question: Why are most people right-handed?

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 Why are most people right-handed?

In the 1980s, neurologists at Harvard proposed an answer. Most lefties, they suggested, are just righties whose specialized brain centers have been reversed in the womb by abnormally high levels of testosterone. The concept has a faintly medieval ring: The word left is derived from the Old English lyft, meaning "weak" or "useless." However, a neuropsychologist at University College London came up with a genetic model of handedness which is the most widely accepted in the field. According to his model, lefties are, if not more evolved, at least more recent arrivals on the hominid scene. Left-handedness is the product of a gene mutation that occurred somewhere between 20,000 and 100,000 years ago, long after right-handedness became the norm. The other ape species have handedness, and the same right bias as humans. This mutation, rather than directly coding for left-handedness, simply cancels out the bias to the right, giving those who inherit it a 50-50 chance of ending up left-handed. This explains identical twins with different handedness.


Question: Why are humans so comfortable staying at the same place and not leaving their 'comfort zone' while exploring new things is more exciting and gives us so much dopamine and adrenaline rush, which is supposed to make us happier and life less boring?

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 Why are humans so comfortable staying at the same place and not leaving their 'comfort zone' while exploring new things is more exciting and gives us so much dopamine and adrenaline rush, which is supposed to make us happier and life less boring?

It isn't a question of comfort so much as the need to eat. Most people have enough to do to keep a roof over their heads and food on their table. There haven't been many poor explorers in history - most coime from affluent backgrounds and can afford to fund their "exciting" lives. The poorer you are, the less you can afford to take risks, as losing what little you have will leave you with absolutely nothing. And even many middle-class people, especially those supporting a family, do not feel confident enough to risk what they have for a bit of excitement, putting their family at risk.


Question: Why do sports bars have captions turned off when they have TVs on with the sound off?

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 Why do sports bars have captions turned off when they have TVs on with the sound off?

CC for sports is going to be a play by play that isn't at all synced up to what's actually happening and it's a big black box randomly positioned that will likely block some part of the image. Also most sports bars have a switching system setup so they can adjust which audio is going to be live, the better ones adjust to the more pressing games for the clientele at the time.


Question: - Why are 5G speeds worse than LTE when industry has been praising how fast we’d be surfing with it?

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 - Why are 5G speeds worse than LTE when industry has been praising how fast we’d be surfing with it?

Because its not really fully developed yet... the u.s. and china have been in a race to both develop it peoperly... naturally since we havent been able to the cell peoviders released a "5g" network that doesnt really work at the same speeds... in short... your 5G signal is nothing more than 4g. LTE with a different brand


Question: How much math should a physicist know?

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 How much math should a physicist know?

Most STEM people know the math they need to for their area expertise + a little more. Mathematicians and physicists are the same way. Physicists need lots of calculus, linear algebra, probability, statistics, programming skills, knowledge of differential equations, and so forth. The physicist learns additional math as they need to, but stereotypically don’t have the level of theoretical math knowledge that a mathematician would, and, in fact, they don’t generally need to — applied mathematics/modeling is a different beast than pure math. :) Source: have a degree in physics and am definitely no mathematician.


Question: Why do most AAA games servers fail at launch?

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 Why do most AAA games servers fail at launch?

Unfortunately the response you don't want is the correct response. Even AAA companies can only stress test a server up to a few hundred people. Even back when centralized server based games were new (late 90s), server instability during major launches were common. As to why they don't go big and scale down: money. It's cheaper and more effective to weather a rocky launch week than to overbudget the server needs.


Question: What determines a company's stock price and how can you tell if it's over or under valued?

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 What determines a company's stock price and how can you tell if it's over or under valued?

So, a share of stock means you own some fraction of a company. The value of the company is the total price of all the shares put together. So, stock price is directly related to what a company is worth. What makes a company worth something? Profits and assets. The value of a company is basically determined by how much profit the company is going to put out over time, plus whatever stuff / cash the company currently owns. So, it's not always that easy to guess how much profit the company is going to make in the future, which makes stock prices somewhat subjective, and also makes them go up and down depending on how things are going in the company, their market, and the economy in general. Usually, stocks get a price based on how the company is doing, how the market they are in is doing (e.g. a movie studio vs. the film industry in general), and rule-of-thumb ratios that people use to compare the value of one company to another. So if one company is doing pretty well but it's valued at 10:1 stock price : earnings, and its competitors are at 12:1 and not doing as well, you would conclude that company is under-valued. On the other hand, you can look at a company like Uber, and see that they are actually not that profitable, and probably conclude it's over-valued. The reason companies like this have high valuations is investors expect them to make big profits or acquire/make lots of assets (for example, valuable patents) at some point in the future. There are a lot of other ways to judge the value of a company, but at the end of the day it's profits, future prospects, assets (minus liabilities) and various formulas people like to apply to those.


Question: How did the Spanish Flu end in 1919/1920?

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 How did the Spanish Flu end in 1919/1920?

Viruses mutate and evolve. Over time it evolved to be less deadly. More and more people survived catching it and developed immunity to it. Immunity can be passed onto offspring somewhat and so children born could already have some immunity to it either preventing them from catching it or making it so they could survive it easier. It's actually still around and people still catch it every year.


Question: If distant galaxies are moving away faster than those close to us, will we ever reach them?

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 If distant galaxies are moving away faster than those close to us, will we ever reach them?

The furthest identified galaxy, GN-z11, is ~13.4 billion light years away. Due to the current expansion of the universe, if you left today traveling at the speed of light you would arrive in about 32 billion yers. It is very unlikely we will ever reach them barring some presently purely hypothetical method of transportation that exceeds the speed of light by a very large amount. Somewhat related reading: URL_0


Question: "Too much oxygen things go boom" It means Oxygen can be used as fuel like a gas stove, or lighters, or that some mundane things like clothes/footwear can ignite from friction in a concentrated oxygen room?

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 "Too much oxygen things go boom" It means Oxygen can be used as fuel like a gas stove, or lighters, or that some mundane things like clothes/footwear can ignite from friction in a concentrated oxygen room?

Too much oxygen means that things we don't normally think of as explosive or even flammable, things like metal, can burn or explode. Stuff burns because it combines with oxygen. Normally, air is only 20% oxygen, and the more oxygen you provide, the easier and faster it burns. If you use pure oxygen at high pressure, heavy oils that normally needs a flame to ignite and burn calmly, explode with only a little friction. Steel or brass, which we don't think as flammable, ignites with only gentle heating. And soaking something flammable in liquid oxygen turns it into an explosive. There is plenty of oxygen, and it is in close contact with the fuel - provide a source of ignition and the two will combine rapidly.


Question: How does an LED change colors?

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</answer>
 How does an LED change colors?

A color changing LED isn't one LED in a package but three LEDs along with a small computer to drive them. The LED is made up of red, green and blue LEDs each of which can be controlled by a microcontroller. Since the two legs on the LED that supply the power are connected to the microcontroller and not the LED elements a current limit resistor is not required. The microcontroller is able to turn each of the colors on or off, so if the red LED is turned on then the output from the color changing LED is red. When the blue LED is turned on it is blue, if both the blue and red LEDs are turned on then the color changing LED is a shade of purple (called magenta). Similarly combining red with green gives yellow and blue & green gives cyan. Although the color changing LED uses the six colors mentioned above, it slowly changes from one to another. This is still done using the three basic red, green & blue elements. If the red LED is combined with the blue LED, but the blue LED is only driven at 50% of its normal brightness then a color half way between red and magenta is generated. Whilst the red LED is left turned on, if the blue LED is slowly taken from 0% brightness to 100% brightness then the color will gradually change from red to magenta. If a standard LED is turned on and off very quickly, say 100 times every second then as far as the human eye is concerned it looks like it is constantly on. If the amount of time the LED is on for is the same as the time it is off for then it will be on for 50% of the time and 50% of its full brightness. This same method can be done with the three LED elements inside the color changing LED. This means it is possible to combine any amount of the red, green and blue to give the desired color. Looking once again at the change from red to magenta, if the blue LED starts mainly turned off, goes to being on and off in even amounts and then to mainly being on then the the color will change as required. [Source]( URL_0 )


Question: How do mold/mildew resistant shower curtains work?

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 How do mold/mildew resistant shower curtains work?

It's all down to the material the curtain is made from and waterproofing chemicals. Synthetic fiber, Nylon, and Polyester curtains with high thread/fiber count have natural water resistance because of the properties of the fibers and how tightly woven they are together that sheds off water rather than absorbing it. Lower thread count and natural fibers don't have as strong properties and are more likely to develop mildew. They can also can be treated with water sealing and water repellent chemicals to further increase their water resistance.


Question: Why Does Alcohol Destroy Tree Sap So Easily?

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 Why Does Alcohol Destroy Tree Sap So Easily?

Alcohol is a good organic solvent. This means it's good at grabbing onto other organic snot like oils or tree resin and pulling it off of whatever surface it was sticking to. It basically washes oils/sap off like water does with dirt - except due to how the molecules are structured, water cannot grab onto oil but alcohols can.


Question: Why does the same sound at the same volume sound louder when there's more of them? eg: choirs

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 Why does the same sound at the same volume sound louder when there's more of them? eg: choirs

**Twenty** tone generators all of the same configuration, generating the same tone and at the same energy level, placed next to each other will of course sound louder than **one** of those tone generators, because **there's more energy generating those tones**. But that's so obvious that I must be misunderstanding your question. Please clarify.


Question: What are numbers and why do they do such a good job of explaining the universe?

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 What are numbers and why do they do such a good job of explaining the universe?

Great question. For starters numbers are an abstraction. In reality, things just are. There is no number, because there are no category of things that can be repeated. No apple is truly the same as another and therefore a person cannot have more than one of anything. The real world is infinite in its complexity. However, the human mind is not. The human mind is simple and must make assumptions and estimations to get along. The human mind considers an apple and another apple and doesn't see their infinitly distinct reality. The mind sees an abstract simplified token - just an apple and another apple. Two apples. This is a kind of magic. Representing several things as though it was a modified version of one thing, frees up the mind to do so much. It allows us to store large amounts of information *outside* of our bodies. The simple human mind can only really conceive of about 3-6 things at once. If a person without counting is asked which group is larger and is shown two groups, one with 33 apples, and another with 31, is extremely difficult to tell. But with numbers a person can count. They can set aside the reality of the apples and use several kinds of abstract representation to tell how many there are. They can arrange the apples into groups of three - which can be easily identified - and use their fingers outstretched to represent their place in counting each group. This is storing information outside of oneself. This is a **profound** transformation. It can be shown that numbers are a kind of representative logic. Adding the ability to store information outside the human body transforms humans from just an animal into *Turing complete*. Turing machines can Solve any problem that is computable given enough time. To the extent that we are right that one thing is like another thing, abstraction and counting save us a lot of brainpower. It's a kind of compression. When we use numbers to represent things, we discover that there are certain logical properties that can rearrange these groups (numbers) in ways that are more understandable without affecting their accuracy or changing the number at all. For instance, three groups of 10 apples is the same as 30 apples. Multiplying doesn't do anything to the groups but it does make a simpler token to represent it in our memory (30 as opposed to 3 sets of 10). These conceptual simplifications let us represent other relationships we discover. Like the fact that planets (from the Greek for *wanderer*) seem to look like stars that moves throughout the sky. By putting numbers on how much they move we can compare this that are hard to directly observe - just like the large groups of apples. And we can store that information outside of our minds so we can compare it over long periods of time. Comparing these numbers lets us discover patterns that describe how the planets behave like Newton's equations of motion and gravitation. What's more, they let us predict how they will behave. There is a lot more to say and I think the most interesting and readable author on the subject is Bertrand Russell in his book [introduction to mathematical philosophy]( URL_0 ) Listen to the first chapter for a fantastic answer to your question.


Question: Why can’t we treat Cancer with organ transplants?

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 Why can’t we treat Cancer with organ transplants?

For one thing, a lot of the places we get cancer we do not know how to transplant. For example, if you get brain cancer, you cannot get a brain transplant - we just don't have the ability. Another point is that cancer often metastasizes, and this is what makes it deadliest. Metastasizing is just a fancy way of saying it travels to other parts of the body. When this happens, you need to attack the cancer throughout the body, and solving the problem in one particular area simply won't do. A final reason is that organ transplants are fairly problematic. For example, lung transplants have a five-year survival rate of roughly 50%. This means that I may remove your lung cancer, but now your body starts attacking *the lung itself.* This further removes transplants from being a long-term solution until we really figure out how to improve their own survival rates.


Question: Oxygen supplies are running out in California, oxygen is everywhere, how hard is it to make more?

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 Oxygen supplies are running out in California, oxygen is everywhere, how hard is it to make more?

However hard or easy it is, it requires time to do. So if the pure oxygen is being consumed faster than it is being produced, you will have a shortage. Also important to factor is that the pure oxygen is available, just not in those specific locations having a shortage. They don't make it on site, it's made elsewhere and shipped to the locations that need it. So if you use more than you have ordered or requested from somewhere else, you will also have a shortage.


Question: What are "natural flavors" in food products?

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 What are "natural flavors" in food products?

Lets say I want to make almond flavored cookies. I can grind up a bunch of almonds for that, but to get the flavor I'm looking for, my cookie will be pretty much just crushed almonds. What I want is just the chemical responsible for the almond flavor. Then I can add a tiny drop of it and have my cookies taste as strong as I want. I want an extract! But almond extract is principally just one chemical - benzaldehyde - and benzaldehyde isn't unique to almonds. Lots of plants make it in varying amounts. So why extract it from expensive almonds when you could extract it from apricot pits, which are essentially free? I can use benzaldehyde and a few more chemicals and make a cherry flavor (ever notice almond extract kinda smells like fake cherry flavor?) Theres a ton of overlap in nature. The chemical responsible for the smell of a not-quite-ripe melon is the same as the smell of freshly cut grass (cis-3-hexanol, best described as "green smell"). Vanillin goes into everything, and acetaldehyde is in practically every fruit. A flavor house will source a few thousand of these chemicals, along with various exracts, oils, fractions, and oleoresins, and a flavorist will mix them together to make it taste like whatever. They're listed as natural flavor because 1. The mix is a trade secret. 2. Complex flavors have like 60 ingredients and ingredient decs would be a mile long 3. The substances used have been individually vetted as safe by either the FDA or the FEMA GRAS panel. So what do flavors look like? A natural vanilla flavor with other natural flavors would be something like: A little vanilla extract Vanillin St. John's bread extract Propenyl guaethol Fenugreek extract Maltol You can keep adding to make it more convincing.


Question: how can one speaker produce multiple sounds at the same time?

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 how can one speaker produce multiple sounds at the same time?

The sound your ears hear and the brain processes is always a combined waveform of many sounds all at different frequencies and pitch. The brain the processes them and can pick out timbre, pitch, and volume and deconstruct them so you can pick out the violin or trumpet from an orchestra separately. A speaker is doing the same But I guess backwards. Sending out a massively complex waveform so combine the sounds. Also many "speakers" have more than one driver "speaker" and so actually do send out separate sounds. Like your 5.1 setup at home. The subwoofer is sending out a different sound wave to the left front which is itself different to... etc


Question: How do computers play Chess? Is it a near infinite web of decisions that each have a probability of success associated to them?

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 How do computers play Chess? Is it a near infinite web of decisions that each have a probability of success associated to them?

There are a lot of possible games, yes, but there are only a finite number. Further, there's only a finite number of legal moves that can be made at any given time. Computers will follow a set of moves and the possible counter moves, analyzing both the value of a move and the probability of a counter-move. Low value and low probability moves are discarded without further computation and after a certain depth of recursive computation, the computer will give up and cease calculating further, only considering the value of of already analyzed moves. Along the way, it will take shortcuts, such as assuming that its opponent won't make stupid or pointless moves. The assumption that it's opponent wants to win dramatically narrows the field of possibilities and speeds up computation. Basically, computers take shortcuts and give up after a time, but ultimately brute-force a solution.


Question: Why do many beginner physics problems involving inclined planes use a 57° angle?

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 Why do many beginner physics problems involving inclined planes use a 57° angle?

My previous comment got removed by the automod for being to short, so I guess I will elaborate. 57.3 degrees = 1 radian. Degrees are a pretty arbitrary way of defining an angle. Radians are more useful in scientific contexts as they have an easy interpretation based on arc length. Take a circle of radius one. The arc of that circle which subtends one radian has a length of 1. This just comes down to the formula for the circumference of a circle, C = 2 pi R. Set R = 1, C = 2 pi. Since there are 2 pi radians in a circle, the arc length of unit radius circle has to be equal to the angle in radians. Edit: [Horrible paint sketch]( URL_0 )


Question: What would it be like swimming in zero gravity?

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 What would it be like swimming in zero gravity?

Not in the way you're used to. In zero gravity, water will tend to pull itself into a floating sphere, unless it's completely contained, in which case you wouldn't have a surface to enter through. In a sphere of water, nothing would float, there's no up or down. Kicking and pushing will still move you through the water, but will also distort the water in unpredictable ways. There's no bottom to push off of, and staying on the surface might or might not be harder. The basic problem is that everything you're used to about how water works is based on the assumption of gravity. If those assumptions are gone, nothing will work the way it's supposed to, and it would be far to easy to end up drowning.