Question: Why does pouring Rocket fuel on yourself (without igniting) cause Burns?

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 Why does pouring Rocket fuel on yourself (without igniting) cause Burns?

It depends on the exact fuel, but most of it is very nasty stuff. For rockets you want to have a mix of substance that will contain the biggest amount of potential energy in the smallest amount of mass/volume. You naturally want that for any fuel for any vehicle but you want it much much more for rockets, because rockets mostly lift up their own fuel. The largest amount of rocket fuel is usedup to get the rest of the rocket fuel high enough to burn that up to get the rest of that even higher. The actual payload is tiny compared to the mass of rocket fuel. You are basically launching a column that is 95% fuel and 5% payload. Making the fuel as energy dense as possible is very important under these considerations and a lot of common sense restrictions for fuels for terrestrial vehicles like cars and planes go out the window. A lot of the stuff is highly toxic and dangerous and may be very hazardous to your health if you come into contact with it this may cause chemical burns. Other stuff like liquid oxygen is not that chemically dangerous by itself but thanks to the fact that it is stored in liquid form (to make it compacter) it is also extremely cold and you can get burns from the cold too. Rocket fuel can be very nasty stuff. Stay away from it.


Question: What is the obsession with dumping trash and waste by rivers in so many places?

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 What is the obsession with dumping trash and waste by rivers in so many places?

Most of it isn't dumped directly into the rivers, but is blown or washed into the rivers instead, however many people also think that once it has been carried away by the river it is no longer their problem, out of sight out of mind is very strong in some people.


Question: why, in todays high tech age, do we still use film stock and lenses for movies and pictures, when it could all be done on a computer?

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 why, in todays high tech age, do we still use film stock and lenses for movies and pictures, when it could all be done on a computer?

Despite the standard of digital sensors, film still has the advantage in some areas. You can massively over-expose film and still see some details, where digital will just give you solid whites. It's the other way around at the dark end. Some people still prefer film. But you talk about lenses too! Those are used for both film and digital sensors. I don't see an alternative unless you're proposing rendering everything with CGI. Good as computer rendering is today, it's still not on the level of real-world footage. More to the point, it's massively more expensive. Yes, I wish they'd dump anamorphic lenses for everything. Not only is all the flare and bokeh weird, but they breathe in such a strange way, with focus pulls causing the aspect ratio to change.


Question: Why do we as humans form patterns of bad/unproductive habits? Why are we indeed Creatures of Habit? Why is it so hard to break bad/unproductive habits?

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 Why do we as humans form patterns of bad/unproductive habits? Why are we indeed Creatures of Habit? Why is it so hard to break bad/unproductive habits?

Learn how to form good habits and replace the bad ones gradually. Allow yourself to change your routine. Try to accomplish at least one new thing per day. Remember that it takes 21 days to form a new habit. So pick one habit to change and work on it. Don't try to fix everything at once. Objectify the issue and realize that it is separate from you. Then take a deep breath and confront your habit with purpose. Remember that you CAN change. We are supposed to. Life is change. Change is good.


Question: How can we tell a picture is taken zoomed-in even with the same framing as a regular picture taken closer?

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 How can we tell a picture is taken zoomed-in even with the same framing as a regular picture taken closer?

Zooming in is not the same as walking closer. When you walk closer, your perspective is also changing because you are viewing the subject from a different spot. When you zoom in, you are making the subject bigger without changing perspective, which is not something you can do IRL. Most camera actions have real-life equivalents - e.g., panning the camera left is like looking left, moving the camera sideways is like walking to the side, etc. But zoom does not have a real-life equivalent. If you want to give the appearance of walking forward, you have to actually move the camera forward.


Question: What does Botulism need to grow? Why isn't it growing in all sorts of leftover foods and liquids?

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 What does Botulism need to grow? Why isn't it growing in all sorts of leftover foods and liquids?

You can break bacteria up into two simple categories: ones that need oxygen and those that oxygen kills. Botulism is of the second variety. On top of that Botulism needs a low salt, low sugar, low acid at room temp environment to grow. Pile all of these requirements together and you end up with rare conditions thus rare occurrence. This is totally a ELI5 explanation and there are many other factors but these are key.


Question: Why do green apples taste more sour than red apples?

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 Why do green apples taste more sour than red apples?

Man has been breeding apples for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Each variety of apple has been bred to have a particular taste and grow in a particular climate. The most common "red apple" in the US is the Red Delicious and it's a fairly bland apple that was primarily bred for longevity & eas of shipping long distances. The most common "green apple" would be the more tartly flavored Granny Smith while the Golden Delicious (another common green apple) is more sweet & lacks any significant tartness.


Question: in chemistry, what's the difference between "-ite", "-ide", and "-ate"?

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 in chemistry, what's the difference between "-ite", "-ide", and "-ate"?

-ide is typically nonmetal compoundes (sodium chlorIDE). -ate is an ion with the largest number of oxygen ions, while -ite is used for a smaller number of oxygen ions (NO2 = nitrite NO3 = Nitrate) For more fun, lets look at chloride: Cl = Chloride ClO = HYPOchlorITE ClO2 = chlorITE ClO3 = ChlorATE ClO4 = PERchlorATE EDIT: A silly way to remember this is that the hungry hippo -ATE the one with more oxygens (substitute any rediculous animal to assist in making a mental image)


Question: Why fake news is not illegal?

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 Why fake news is not illegal?

(US perspective) Because the 1st Amendment guarantees freedom of speech and press. It is not appropriate for the government to take on the role of deciding what speech is okay and what speech isn't. However, we do have libel and slander laws that protect people who can prove they were harmed by false statements.


Question: Why are some international borders very irregular while some are completely straight?

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 Why are some international borders very irregular while some are completely straight?

Typically its a difference between a border developing over time vs being established in a treaty or some other decision. For instance, a lot of those "irregular" borders have a geological reason for their location, usually a river. Or perhaps it was a tribal border for years until the country formed. Meanwhile borders like the Korean borer were established exactly on a parallel due to a treaty. Different borders have different origins, and you have to dive in to figure out why.


Question: Why don’t the electrons in atoms just fall into the nucleus?

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 Why don’t the electrons in atoms just fall into the nucleus?

This is the exact same question asked by some of the greatest physicists of the last century and the answer sparked the beginning of quantum mechanics. The model used in the day was the planetary model, planets stay away from the sun and go around it, so electrons should too. Except for the fact that electrons going around in a loop, should produce photons (light) and lose energy that way. Then they should lose speed and slowly spiral into the nucleus. The solution was that they couldn't. There must be some closest orbit, lower than that they cannot go. It turns out that this is true and we can predict its size very accurately (for hydrogen). This doesn't mean they never leave the orbits. They do all the time, because in quantum mechanics, laws are more like suggestions than hard laws. They're just most likely to be in that orbit. They can be anywhere, sometimes they're even inside the nucleus! This leads to electron capture, where an electron combines with a proton to a neutron, but this is very rare. So in short, the electrons generally are in a lowest orbit around the nucleus and they can't spiral inwards.


Question: Why do heroin users have to switch veins? What does the heroin do to “kill” the vein?

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 Why do heroin users have to switch veins? What does the heroin do to “kill” the vein?

It's not the heroin. It's poking the same spot with a needle over and over again without giving it enough time to heal. It can get more complicated where if you *do* give it time to heal after you've abused it too much it will develop scar tissue which makes it harder to inject there.


Question: diuretic action in the body, is there a difference if induced by caffeine or citrus juice?

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 diuretic action in the body, is there a difference if induced by caffeine or citrus juice?

Yes, probably, but no one is yet sure how hesperidin (the chemical in citrus believed to be diuretic) works. They think it's by changing how much water leaks out of the blood vessels in the kidneys, by changing the behaviour of those blood vessels. If your arteries let more water out into the kidneys, then more water will come out in your urine. Caffeine works in other ways that are more systemic and difficult to explain. Your kidneys have very complex control mechanisms.


Question: How is an Operating System created?

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 How is an Operating System created?

Creating an OS from scratch is a lot of work. This is much more difficult than creating an app from scratch owing mostly to the lack of tools to use to create the OS. Linux was not created in a vacuum. Linux was trying to mimic an already existing OS, Unix. It had the advantage of only needing to support existing APIs defined by a well-defined standard (POSIX). But to the question. The first challenge in building an OS is getting it to start. Usually when an app launches, the OS launches it. What launches the OS? How does it startup. This process for legacy reasons is called bootstrap, where the OS launches itself. Where do you build the OS if not on the OS in question? Normally when building code you develop it on the same platform as you are running on. Building a PC app your buidl your app on your PC. So you have to do something called cross compilation where you build your code on your development platform then move your code to your bare metal machine you are trying to launch your new OS on. Then you get to worry about the larger topics of how to programs interact w/my OS and what services will my OS try to provide to said programs. And then it gets complicated beyond what I can cover in an ELI5


Question: How does electricity travel between a car battery and the car, and why is it always said that one should disconnect the negative terminal first when removing the battery?

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 How does electricity travel between a car battery and the car, and why is it always said that one should disconnect the negative terminal first when removing the battery?

The negative cable of battery is bolted to the frame of the car, so all the metal is the same as the negative post of the battery. If you disconnect the positive terminal first, and your wrench makes contact with the metal part of the car you have shorted the battery. If you first disconnect the negative post and the wrench touches metal, nothing happens. When installing a new battery positive connects first so the wrench can’t cause short if it touched metal.


Question: Why, while feeling sick, the pain/agony is less intense while laying down than while sitting or standing?

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 Why, while feeling sick, the pain/agony is less intense while laying down than while sitting or standing?

Depends a bit on your symptoms. While laying down, your body is spending less energy than when youre standing up. Your body has to make a bigger effort to make sure youre standing up or even sitting. So if youre laying down your body doing less of an effort and there for you feel more relieved. But this highly depends on your symptoms


Question: What do dissolvable plastic pouches (for example: tide pods, cascade pods) break down into? Do heat and humidity affect them significantly?

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 What do dissolvable plastic pouches (for example: tide pods, cascade pods) break down into? Do heat and humidity affect them significantly?

Tide pods are encased in PVA (poly-vinyl alcohol). This is just a bunch of ethanol bonded into long chains. Because of this, the PVA chains will dissolve on contact with water, releasing the individual chains. (Imagine ball of rubber bands separated into individual rubber bands). When exposed to high temperatures ( > 200 degrees celcius) and humidity, PVA will degrade into ethanol. PVA is also biodegradable by a few microorganisms, making it semi-biodegradable. I say semi, because most of the microbes are bacteria from the genus Pseudomonas, which are a niche species and not widely distributed.


Question: When maggots are/were put inside of a wound to disinfect it, what happens to them? How long are they left in there? Do they die?

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 When maggots are/were put inside of a wound to disinfect it, what happens to them? How long are they left in there? Do they die?

Mainly, they eat away dead tissue and leave the living tissue. URL_0 > They suppress our immune system. > Maggots are efficient consumers of dead tissue. They munch on rotting flesh, leaving healthy tissue practically unscathed. > Faster wound healing probably arises from several combined maggot effects, he says, such as increasing oxygen concentrations in the wound and enhancing cellular growth. However, stitching the wound up after isn't really going to help very much since the maggots require oxygen: [Wikipedia]( URL_1 ): > The wound must be of a type which can benefit from the application of maggot therapy. A moist, exudating wound with sufficient oxygen supply is a prerequisite. Not all wound-types are suitable: wounds which are dry, or open wounds of body cavities do not provide a good environment for maggots to feed.


Question: Why do some games handle alt+tab between them and other applications well, and others handle it really badly or not at all?

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 Why do some games handle alt+tab between them and other applications well, and others handle it really badly or not at all?

Imagine you run an factory that has a hundred employees, each of them doing different jobs with different equipment. You get on the intercom and say "Everyone put what you are doing on hold and meet me out in the parking lot as soon as you can." Most likely, it would take some people a lot more time to get out there than others. Some people have dangerous equipment that has to be shut down, while others are working more simple machines they can just flip a switch on and walk away. Some people are a bit more careless and will walk out without checking everything a bunch of times, and others will be too worried and want to make sure everything is perfect. Some people may even feel that they simply can't leave their post and so they never walk out. Just like how there are a lot of differences in how each worker will stop what they are doing and walk out into a parking lot, there are a lot of differences in how each program will handle losing or gaining focus. Generally speaking, when a program isn't in focus it will put some of its tasks on hold, but how much they put on hold versus how much they continue to do will vary. Likewise, they have to transition from a state of displaying information and interacting to not doing that or visa versa, and these changes in state require a little bit of work. And different programmers aren't necessarily going to have the same values, so some aren't going to want to optimize these functions as much as others will (generally, high-resolution video games are going to have a hard time transitioning between having focus and not because they take up a lot of resources and the programmers expect players won't constantly be exiting and leaving them anyway, for instance.)


Question: Why are levels of buildings called stories?

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 Why are levels of buildings called stories?

I’ve posted a dumb joke at first, so to try to make up for it, I’ve looked for an answer, but there are multiple theories and no definite result. 1: Back in the era of kings and queens, the floors of a castle were used for storage during sieges. Each floor would be used to store various different items, including weapons and food. The floors were referred to as 'storeys'. The term 'storey' evolved over time, and became used as a unit to measure the height of a building in relation to the number of floors is has. 2: Buildings were sometimes called stories, because of narratives painted on medieval buildings. 3: It doesn't come from Latin historia, like the other meaning of story does, but the Old French word estoree, which eventually comes from the Latin word instaurare, which means "to build".


Question: In Computer Science, what is NP, P, NP-complete, NP-Hard?

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 In Computer Science, what is NP, P, NP-complete, NP-Hard?

P is a class of problems that are easy to solve. NP is a class of problems that are easy to *check*. All problems which are easy to solve (P) are easy to check (NP), but no one has proven whether or not all problems that are easy to check (NP) are also easy to solve (P). No one knows how to solve a lot of those problems easily – *if* they can be solved easily at all – but they're easy to check – to see if you got the right answer. NP-Hard is the class of problems that's hardest to solve. The ones you can also easily *check* are called NP-Complete. These problems are such that figuring out how to solve any of them easily would mean that you can solve all of them easily, proving that NP and P are one and the same, and that you can easily solve anything you can easily check. See also: URL_0


Question: How does computational propaganda work?

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 How does computational propaganda work?

If someone puts the same message everywhere you go on Facebook, and you do need to appreciate that this was a Facebook campaign, you ignore it after a time or two. It generates far more interaction, sharing, and impact when you respond to posts like a person. The evildoer posts something, and then reacts to every comment they get. This makes them seem more "human" and thereby interesting, even if the responses are little more than Eliza-like parrots of canned phrases.


Question: If astronauts on orbit around Earth experience 0G because they are technically falling back to Earth, would they still be experiencing 0G when flying through deep space or would they be in total 0 gravity?

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 If astronauts on orbit around Earth experience 0G because they are technically falling back to Earth, would they still be experiencing 0G when flying through deep space or would they be in total 0 gravity?

There is no 'true zero gravity'. Zero G and zero gravity are the same thing. Astronauts in orbit are in free fall around the planet, and so experience zero gravity. If an astronaut was to travel to, say, Mars, they would essentially be in free fall _towards Mars_. The effect is the same.


Question: how does money laundering work? Why is it important?

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 how does money laundering work? Why is it important?

If nobody had to do taxes, and nobody cared about income, money laundering wouldn't be necessary. If however you worked flipping burgers at McDonalds and you suddenly rolled up in a brand new Tesla, someone's gonna notice, and sooner or later, when you turn up with your new Rolex, and your fitted suit, realize that something doesn't add up somewhere. Then suddenly you get investigated for people to work out where all this extra money is coming from and ultimately you end up with a bedroom with bars on the window. So money laundering. What that is is carefully and slowly introducing the illicitly gained money into the accounts of a legitimate business (known as a 'front') Extra sales, extra services bought, extra income to the business, from entirely imaginary customers. Enough so it looks legal. It's treated as ordinary income to the business, and goes through the same inspection, and you pay the same taxes on it. So yeah it costs you some money versus just spending the money directly. But it's money that you wouldn't have otherwise had. Obviously how much you can deal with without raising suspicion depends on the business you're using as your front, which is a whole point in Breaking Bad (spoilers) where Water is making way more money than their laundering business, the car-wash, can realistically take in, which is why he ends up with that massive storage locker of money that he can't spend, because it can't be laundered fast enough.


Question: How does brain measure light received by retina, to send the signal to increase or decrease the size of pupil?

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 How does brain measure light received by retina, to send the signal to increase or decrease the size of pupil?

I hope this helps.. the optic pathway gets a little jumbled with names, but in general: Special cells on our eyes called rods and cones receive light, communicates it to the brain via the optic tract and nerves. From that point it gets processed via our cranial nerves and travels to a special nucleus called “edinger westphal”, which computes that information and tells our iris sphincter muscles to contract/relax in response to change pupil size


Question: Why do you start seeing a word/phrase/expression everywhere right after you learn what it means??

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 Why do you start seeing a word/phrase/expression everywhere right after you learn what it means??

Might explain it **Frequency illusion**, also known as the **Baader–Meinhof phenomenon**, is a [cognitive]( URL_5 ) bias in which, after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more often, leading someone to believe that it has a high frequency (a form of [selection bias]( URL_4 )).[\[1\]]( URL_7 #cite_note-zwicky-1)[\[2\]]( URL_0 )[\[3\]]( URL_2 ) It occurs when increased awareness of something creates the illusion that it is appearing more often.[\[4\]]( URL_1 ) Put plainly, the frequency illusion is when "a concept or thing you just found out about suddenly seems to crop up everywhere."[\[5\]]( URL_6 ) [ URL_3 ]( URL_7 )


Question: Do clothes still shrink, when you wash them on the recommended °C, let's say 30 °C, but hang the clothes in 40°C on a hot Summer day? If not, why?

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 Do clothes still shrink, when you wash them on the recommended °C, let's say 30 °C, but hang the clothes in 40°C on a hot Summer day? If not, why?

Not generally, no. For shrinking to occur you need two things to happen: 1) the fibres of the thing you're shrinking needs to disconnect from each other at a microscopic level. Heat can cause this. 2) the fibres need to be moved to spots that are further away than where they started and then reconnect. Clothes tumbling around in a washing machine can cause this. If hanging, provided there's not a storm going on or tornado passing through, the second requirement is unlikely to be satisfied. As a result stretching is more likely to happen than shrinking, though just to be clear when I say "more likely" you'd still need extraordinary circumstances to see a noticeable effect (though I do believe it happens to sails).


Question: why do sometimes our body suddenly shivers when we pee?

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 why do sometimes our body suddenly shivers when we pee?

So we have these two systems controlling our body functions: one that makes us ready for action (sympathicus) and one that relaxes us (parasympathicus). The latter needs to get activated to allow us to pee and it sometimes 'overshoots' its effects a bit, thus leaving us with this sort of relaxing shiver. You can also have it while pooping!


Question: how/why does the loss of one oxygen atom from CO2 (thus turning it into CO aka carbon monoxide) cause such profound differences in effects on human biology?

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 how/why does the loss of one oxygen atom from CO2 (thus turning it into CO aka carbon monoxide) cause such profound differences in effects on human biology?

well I cant help too much on the chemistry side but can speak from a medical standpoint, see below. Stole this from a website: **Carbon Monoxide** (CO) is a chemical compound which contains one carbon atom and one oxygen atom and is also a colourless and odourless gas. Unlike CO2, it is entirely human-made and is not naturally present in the atmosphere. It is produced during the incomplete burning of organic matter, which can occur from motor vehicles, heaters, or cooking equipment that run on carbon-based fuels. CO is therefore spatially variable and short lived in the atmosphere, where it has a role in forming ozone at a ground level. When carbon monoxide is present in concentrations greater than 35 ppm it is toxic to humans and animals, as it prevents the blood from carrying oxygen. Rest of this post, is me: Medically how it prevents the blood from carrying oxygen is a fairly complex question, but ill do my best. Carbon Dioxide, which is naturally formed by our body, is actually only found in low concentrations in our blood. At higher concentrations in the blood it can be just as deadly as carbon monoxide. The vast majority of Carbon Dioxide however, is converted into carbonic acid which quickly dissassociates to bicarbonate (HCO3-) \[not harmful\] and a Hydrogen Ion (H+) using an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase. Where it is transported to the lungs or kidneys, where the same enzyme then converts it back to CO2 to be released by exhaling (CO2) or in our urine (as HCO3-) so it cant do any damage. In regards to the CO you need to have a basic understanding of how oxygen is transported in the body. In the most basic form, we breathe in oxygen, the high concentration of Oxygen in the air we breathe causes previously bound CO2 (relative small amounts of actual gas) to be released by hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, CO2, and few other gases) and the oxygen (usually a few molecules for each hemoglobin protein) takes its place and is transported around the body to where it is needed. The body knows where the oxygen is needed because there will be a high concentration of lets call them activity markers (basically molecules showing cells are doing work....H+, C02, etc). This high concentration of activity markers tells the hemoglobin to release the oxygen to that area, because oxygen is needed for the cells to continue their work. THe CO2, H+ etc is then picked up and headed back to the lungs / kidneys and the cycle starts over again. Carbon Monoxide is an issue because when in the human body, it not only binds to hemoglobin (like oxygen and CO2) but has a stronger affinity (wants to stay bound) to hemoglobin. Therefore when in the human body, the carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin and stays strongly bound to it preventing oxygen from being bound (at the lungs) and released to where it is needed (legs, brains etc), so the body doesnt get the oxygen it needs to survive leading to first confusion, blurry vision, headaches, vomiting etc, then loss of consiousness and eventually death, unless treated. In the simpliest of terms, Carbon Monoxide itself doesn't do damage, it just prevents the human body from getting the oxygen it needs. vs. Carbon dioxide, which is naturally found in our body, and therefore has multiple methods of getting released OUT of the body, but technically in high enough concentrations can do the same thing.


Question: Why/How do programs get signed?

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 Why/How do programs get signed?

Very similar to encryption. The operating system contains a collection of “root” public keys linked to the private keys of certificate authorities. The OS provider then encrypts these keys against their own private key. When someone signs an app, they sign it using a private key that is in turn signed by one of these authorities. Signing is essentially encrypting the checksum of some important part of the program. So the OS/end user can then use the public key that’s been authenticated by the OS to decrypt the checksum and compare the result against freshly checksumming the same data. Signing is not just limited to apps either; this same technique is used for signing digital documents, network sessions, DNS lookups, email server connections, and much more.


Question: Why does sound travel faster in warm temperature?

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 Why does sound travel faster in warm temperature?

The reason that sound travels faster in solids isn't actually because the molecules are closer together. It's because solids are *stiff*. A stiff material does not deform very much when it vibrates, which allows the vibration to travel very quickly. A compressible material, on the other hand, wastes energy expanding and compressing with every vibration, slowing down the wave. In fact, a material with a higher density actually results in a slower speed of sound, because it means that more mass has to be accelerated back and forth with every vibration. This means that the speed of sound in gold (~3200m/s) is much lower than in aluminum (~6300m/s), even though they're of comparable stiffness. So because cold air is denser than warm air, it has a lower speed of sound.


Question: how come we gave stopped inventing new musical instruments? Like the did the violin really reach its apotheosis in the 17th century?

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 how come we gave stopped inventing new musical instruments? Like the did the violin really reach its apotheosis in the 17th century?

We haven't. Synths and midi instruments come to mind. There are also plenty of independent instrument makers that make truly unique instruments. The reason we don't hear about them is because they are usually too niche to be adopted widely. For an instrument to gain any popularity it needs to have a somewhat low barrier to entry, and sound pleasant As for your question about the violin, same thing. We've still been innovating them it's just that is an instrument with a distinct sound that it only really has due to its design.


Question: Why can my computer copy a 500 MB file easily, but struggles to copy 5 MB of text in a word processor?

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 Why can my computer copy a 500 MB file easily, but struggles to copy 5 MB of text in a word processor?

When you copy a file it doesn't need to put the entire file in memory, and simply needs to copy the exact bits. When you copy in word, it needs to put all the text in memory and then format the text so it can be displayed to you. It's the difference between using the read/write power of your hard drive, and the computational power to format all the text, as well as formating the data in memory.


Question: Why is the water that comes from a natural spring so cold?

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 Why is the water that comes from a natural spring so cold?

Natural springs don't usually run that deep. When you're only a few dozen feet down the ground temperature is just above the average annual temp, which is usually only in the 40s or 50s (F) in the higher latitudes. Geysers are powered by subsurface magma chambers that are much deeper and far hotter.


Question: what chemically happens to milk when it goes sour?

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 what chemically happens to milk when it goes sour?

The lactose (milk sugar) is converted to lactic acid by lactobacillus bacteria (same ones that make yoghurt and cheese). The increased acidity causes the milk proteins to denature (unfold), exposing bits of protein that are hydrophobic (want to stay away from water). These bits then stick to each other, making clumps that hide the hydrophobic bits from the water.


Question: If movie projectors project light, how do they project the color black?

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 If movie projectors project light, how do they project the color black?

Movie projectors project light through a reel of film (or at least used to) the black areas are the parts on that film that are less transparent meaning less light get a though... so it looks darker. Which is how you get a contrast high enough for us to perceive it as black.


Question: What's 'Sharia law'? Why do people (apparently) want it in the US and why are conservatives and other people afraid of it?

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 What's 'Sharia law'? Why do people (apparently) want it in the US and why are conservatives and other people afraid of it?

It is law derived from Islam. Even if it were a good system (which it may or may not be depending on your beliefs/opinion) it's incompatible with U.S. law because it would violate the First Amendment right to freedom of religion. We wouldn't exactly have that right while being forced into the practices of one particular faith. So yeah. Just not something that needs to happen here, but may be desirable for some hardline Muslims.


Question: Why do electrons come from the negative side/terminal of the battery?

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 Why do electrons come from the negative side/terminal of the battery?

People that made up the convention of labeling one side negative and the other positive did it thinking positive current flows from positive to negative. Later we realized that (in a typical electrical circuit) it's actually negative current flowing the other way. We didn't know that it was electrons moving and not protons at the time. It doesn't matter (positive flow in one direction is synonymous with negative flow in the opposite direction), but the convention stuck.


Question: I have to teach 6th graders about investment and I want to talk to them about bonds, so I looked up the definition, and I have no clue what it's talking about. Any help?

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 I have to teach 6th graders about investment and I want to talk to them about bonds, so I looked up the definition, and I have no clue what it's talking about. Any help?

Say I borrow $100 from you. I write down that I owe you $100 on a piece of paper. That piece of paper is the bond. At some point in the future, I owe you the $100 I borrowed from you back. I am called the issuer of the bond because I wrote down the IOU on the piece of paper. You are the creditor aka the lender. Now say that you don't want to lend me the $100. You need it for something else. So I make you a deal. I'll borrow $100 from you today, but in 7 days, I'll pay you back $110. We write that on the bond. The extra $10 is called interest, and the 7 days is the maturity date of the bond aka the day I promise to pay you back. Now say you need your money back right away. But I don't have it. Instead, you find a third person and, they give you 100 or so dollars in cash in exchange for the IOU. Then I owe them the $110. They might charge you a little extra because they got you out of a bind. This is called selling a bond. Finally, say you trust me to give you back the money. You are confident that I will pay back the $110. Then things are great. But let's say you start to get nervous that I won't be able to pay you back. You can sell the bond for less than the face value. So if the IOU says that it's for $110, you can sell it for $70. Then you are guaranteed to get $70 instead of taking the chance you get nothing. For the other person, they are taking on the risk, but there is a chance they'll make $40.


Question: Why supersonic planes are designed with Deltawings, and subsonic planes are designed with swept wings?

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 Why supersonic planes are designed with Deltawings, and subsonic planes are designed with swept wings?

Long skinny wings have [less drag]( URL_1 ) for the amount of lift they generate, so they're more fuel efficient. But you can't have a long skinny wing on a supersonic airplane: if the wings stick outside the [cone-shaped shock wave]( URL_0 ) surrounding the plane, they may be damaged, and if not, the flight physics gets much more difficult. So supersonic wings are tapered to stay inside the shock wave cone. They still need enough area to generate lift, though, so they need to be wider from front to back -- thus the delta wing shape.


Question: Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

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 Why are stains like those from curry, yellow ginger so difficult to remove despite numerous cleaning?

It's turmeric - which is indeed a plant in the ginger family. I don't know why turmeric hangs on as well as it does, but it's been used as a dye forever. It's the curcumin in turmeric which produces the color. Interestingly, Indians have used turmeric as an antibacterial - you may wash your vegetables in turmeric water before cooking, for instance, or use a turmeric facial to help with acne - and it does indeed have antibacterial qualities similar to synthetics. URL_0


Question: If a movie or documentary has a scene where cocaine is consumed, often times it will be consumed over a mirror. Do people really do this and if so, why?

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 If a movie or documentary has a scene where cocaine is consumed, often times it will be consumed over a mirror. Do people really do this and if so, why?

It's worth more than gold per gram. You can see how much is in the line about to be consumed. Any external impurities are easily seen. Glass has fewer scratches than say for example something made out of porcelain. Scratches get filled with the stuff. I'm sure there are other reasons. Those are the ones I'm familiar with. I'm by no means a regular user. Never have been, never will be. It's not really something I enjoy that much. But I've partaken and will do so again down the line (pun intended) Edit - forgot some words.


Question: What are lagging and leading indicators?

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 What are lagging and leading indicators?

A leading indicator is a piece of data that points towards future events. A lagging indicator is a piece of data that changes in response to trends. For example... daily temperatures are a leading indicator for flu diagnoses. The flu spreads when it's cold out and people spend more time indoors, so when you notice daily average temperatures starting to drop, it's a leading indicator that there will be an uptick in flu cases. Lagging indicators are things like the Coronavirus death rate. It follows the infection rate by a few weeks - which is how you see the daily death rate go up even when daily infections are going down, because the people dying of Coronavirus today are ones who contracted it a few weeks ago.


Question: Why does it take the FDA many years to approve a new medicine?

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 Why does it take the FDA many years to approve a new medicine?

Basically, because before a drug gets approved, we have to be sure it's safe, and this takes years. The checks are done in Phases, first in 'modelling' on animals, which takes years in itself, then if there doesn't seem to be any adverse effects, it's tested on very small numbers of human volunteers to see what happens, then on increasingly larger samples to ensure it doesn't create side effects in a small percentage of people and also that it has advantages against other drugs (e.g. more effective, or equally effective but cheaper) already on the market. Each Phase of the trial (0-4) takes years, so the whole process takes a long, long time. This is frustrating for people who the new drug might help, but is necessary to ensure it's not dangerous. In times of absolute necessity - e.g. war, Ebola - some compromises can be made to get things through more quickly, but usually at a 'price'. Penicillin would probably never have been approved at any time in history other than during WWII, for example, as too high a percentage of patients are allergic to it, which would have thrown its trials, but with such a high number of casualties, something was better than nothing. There's a good overall explanation that might help [here]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why do some fabrics shrink when you put them in the dryer?

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 Why do some fabrics shrink when you put them in the dryer?

Wool fibers are scaled, meaning they are smooth going in one direction but jagged going in another. When you have fabric made out of wool, with all of those interlocking fibers, and you introduce heat, water, and agitation, those fibers pull tighter and tighter together and, because of the scales, can't pull back apart.


Question: Why does water always beat fire?

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 Why does water always beat fire?

Water has an extremely high specific heat. This means that a given mass of water can absorb a large amount of thermal energy before changing temperature much. Fire, on the other hand, is plasma and gas. It has very low density and is made of stuff with much lower specific heat. A given volume of water can absorb several orders of magnitude more heat than what can be stored in the same volume of fire.


Question: How do cheap subscription boxes like Dollar Shave Club actually make any money?

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 How do cheap subscription boxes like Dollar Shave Club actually make any money?

Economy of scale. Let’s say that to design, produce and distribute a single razor would cost you a made up figure of $40. So you sell that to your (single) customer at $45 dollars and make yourself a little money. But you’re ambitious, you want to get rich, so you don’t stop there. You produce 100 razors and the cost of each one is reduced. You’ve already paid for the design, the set up of the manufacturing etc. So the extra costs comes in raw materials and distribution of the 99 extra razors. Your company grows even more and soon you produce, let’s say, 5,000 razors each month. Your costs are now super low as you’ve got everything set up already. You can produce and distribute your razor for $2 and you charge your customers $4. Suddenly you’ve got $20,000 coming in but your primary costs are only $10,000. You’re rolling in it because you’re a business genius and are the envy of your friends and family. Congrats. (Real basic example, but it gives you an idea)


Question: How do 'dry' wines taste dry when they're a liquid?

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 How do 'dry' wines taste dry when they're a liquid?

"Dry" is just the wine lingo word for "not sweet." Sugar tends to make us salivate a little bit, which might explain why "dry" is used to mean a wine with little sugar - because the sour, bitter, and tannic flavors in wine can make the mouth feel drier without much sugar to compensate. However, it is mainly the tannins in wine that cause that puckery, drying out feeling on the tongue. The same compounds in a strong cup of tea. But we describe wines with a high amount of those tannins as "tannic," rather than dry. Confusingly, a wine can have plenty of sweetness and high tannins, meaning that your mouth might have that dry feeling, but the wine shouldn't be considered "dry." It's just a term that's been used historically for drinks without much sugar content.