Question: How do small satellite dishes manage to detect waves from satellites in space, and doesn't that clutter the air with waves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do small satellite dishes manage to detect waves from satellites in space, and doesn't that clutter the air with waves?

Even small dishes are very directional. If they are pointed only half a degree away from the satellite, they won't hear from it. Geostationary satellites are spaced at 0.2° apart from each other - so your dish really only has to be worried about 3 or 4 satellites. Just like all radio devices, satellite receivers are tuned to a specific channel - a band of frequencies of radio signal that contain the signal that you want. If none of those 3 or 4 satellites that are nearby to yours are using the same frequencies, then you are golden. And the American FCC as well as other country's government agencies licence the frequency bands that the satellites can use. Satellites also use very high frequency signals. The width of a channel, that is, how the central carrier band is distorted to represent your signal, is the same no matter how high the frequency of the signal. So, if you were transmitting at 1 MHz, you might need 100KHz to carry the data you need. So that's one channel at 1MHz, another at 1.1Mhz, another at 1.2 - there's not that much space. But satellites transmit at 10Ghz, 10,000MHz and above - so that's one at 10,000MHz, one at 10,000.1Mhz .... with the same band width and the same amount of data - there's just so much more space to go around. Lastly, satellite signals are weak. Unless you have a dish pointed at the satellite, you won't hear it. Satellites don't make radio interference problems. But because the signals are so weak, they are susceptible to it, but the design of the dishes the 'feed horn' and the circuitry (especially the amplifier that is attached to the feed horn) that collects the signal is very good at rejecting anything that isn't coming from where it is pointed at.


Question: How do spicy foods like wasabi kill bacteria?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do spicy foods like wasabi kill bacteria?

The active ingredient is [Allyl isothiocyanate]( URL_0 ) which is mainly to deter animals - caterpillars etc. and larger animals like grazers - from eating the plant. It harms bacteria too by damaging their cell membranes, which are the outer containers holding all the machinery inside their cells. When this membrane is damaged, they start leaking, stop working properly and die. The exact way it damages them isn't fully understood yet.


Question: Why does a balance sheet have to balance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a balance sheet have to balance?

Let's say you start fresh and open up a new company, that is a separate legal entity from you. You give it $100 to start out with. If you give it $100 as a loan, then the company has $100 in the bank as cash, ie an asset. But it has to pay you back $100, so its the liability. And the company has no equity, you're balanced. & #x200B; Now you take that $100 and use it to buy raw materials for $100. You would lose $100 in cash, and gain $100 in raw materials. So you're still balanced - you're just converting one asset to another. & #x200B; Now the company makes something with that $100 of raw materials and sells it for $125. You remove your $100 in raw materials, and you convert it to $125 in cash, so you've made $25. But now you are unbalanced. You have more assets than liabilities + equity (which is still at $100). If we were going to be picky about doing our accounting, there would be a series of entries through the income statement that ultimately come back to the balance sheet, but lets ignore that for simplicity. Just intuitively, you've made $25 in income, and that is now yours, ie it is retained earnings/equity. So we increase equity by $25. (ie both sides of the balance sheet are now at $125). To make this clearer, let's take this a step further. Let's say this was all the business your company did and now you want to close up shop. The company has to pay you back for your initial loan of $100. So you take $100 of your cash to pay back the loan, so now you're left with $25 in cash/assets and $25 in equity. IE this balancing represents that the cash on your balance sheet is from equity. (versus in the beginning of this example, all the cash in the company was from debt, the differentiation of which is important for financial analysts). And since we are closing up shop, we want to zero out the balance sheet. that $25 would be paid out as a dividend to whoever the investor is in this scenario, and dividends come out of equity by definition. So we again pay out a dividend to reduce our equity and reduce our assets of $25 in cash to represent that that cash was used to pay the dividend. So yes, equity is always the balancing item on a balance sheet. It does get confusing when you're dealing with a corporation which does GAAP accounting and there are lots of estimates for revenue recognization, fair value, intangibles, etc. But in the end, equity is a balancing item. Hopefully that makes sense.


Question: Why does lactose-free milk taste sweeter than normal milk?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does lactose-free milk taste sweeter than normal milk?

When lactose is broken down, either by heat or with enzymes, it makes glucose and galactose. Both of those taste much sweeter to us than lactose. To make lactose free milk, they just break down the lactose into the glucose and galactose, so with so much more floating around, it tastes sweeter


Question: Given how fast ruins are covered by vegetation and dirt, how can something as simple as Nico Ditch (a 2-meter deep ditch) still be visible 1000 years after it was first dug?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Given how fast ruins are covered by vegetation and dirt, how can something as simple as Nico Ditch (a 2-meter deep ditch) still be visible 1000 years after it was first dug?

The short answer is it has. The ditch would have been much more pronounced 1000 years ago. That you still see it today is a testament to how deep and wide it once was. Edit to add after reading up on the wikipedia page there, apparently the ditch was used as a property boundary for many years after it outlived its usefulness as a defensive fortification. That would have lengthened its life and made it less likely to be backfilled, although it appears much of it has been anyway.


Question: In a situation where we could actually see a defined marker on the ground for the poles and the Equator, would they be staying seemingly still, or would there be any visible movement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 In a situation where we could actually see a defined marker on the ground for the poles and the Equator, would they be staying seemingly still, or would there be any visible movement?

If you go to the South Pole, and bring a pole with you, and put the pole in the exact right space, you will see - a pole in the snow. If you stand there all day (in the summer, it's too cold in the winter to try this) you will see the Sun go around you. You will see the pole standing there, just like you. If you could hover above the snow with anti-gravity boots, and you kept the sun directly behind your back, you would see the pole and the Earth rotate beneath your feet. If course, your sled dogs without anti-gravity boots would see you slowly flying around the pole at a super slow one lap per day rate and think you were very, very odd.


Question: When vegetables in the fridge are about to go bad, how does cooking them make them last a few days longer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When vegetables in the fridge are about to go bad, how does cooking them make them last a few days longer?

It kills the bacteria that have been breaking down the food. Basically, the cooked food without bacteria or more accurately dead bacteria is more sanitized than the previous state of uncooked food with bacteria. It's a similar principle of putting food into zero degrees Fahrenheit freezer, which stops all bacterial growth.


Question: Why do ducks and some other birds fly in patterns?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ducks and some other birds fly in patterns?

V-shape formations are more aerodynamically efficient for the group. The air directly behind a wing is pushed downwards (called downwash), and the air behind and to the side of a wing is pushed upwards (upwash). This is due to the vorticies formed on the wing tips. Flying in the downwash is harder, and flying in the upwash is easier, which is why ducks, geese, and aircraft flying in formation position themselves behind and to the side of the leading bird. [This diagram]( URL_0 ) shows this nicely.


Question: What is a capacitor? How does it compare to a battery? What are it's advantages and disadvantages compared to a battery?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a capacitor? How does it compare to a battery? What are it's advantages and disadvantages compared to a battery?

To add on to the other answer, capacitors have a much lower charge density/energy density than batteries. Meaning that a capacitor of the same size/weight as a battery would contain far less energy. Capacitors, however, are able to discharge the stored energy much faster than batteries (hence they are used in camera flashes).


Question: Can someone explain exactly what inflammation is and why it happens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone explain exactly what inflammation is and why it happens?

Inflammation as a whole is neither good nor bad. What it can be is appropriate versus inappropriate. Inflammation, generally speaking, refers to bodily changes following infection or tissue damage that results in increased immune response in the area: dilated blood vessels, cellular signaling, increased cell production, etc. Without inflammation, infections would never be dealt with and injured tissue would never be repaired. Inflammation becomes a problem when it's not associated with specific damage, or it's deployed against something that's not a threat: allergies, hay fever, *atherosclerosis* (narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup), etc.


Question: How is light the fastest thing in the universe without anything to propel it forward?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is light the fastest thing in the universe without anything to propel it forward?

Physics becomes... Quite unintuitive... When relativity is involved. Light has no mass. Since mass is often the only thing that prevents an object from moving, light moves at the fastest possible speed all the time. Think about it; heavier objects are harder to get moving and harder to stop. Light has no mass, so it takes no force to get it moving. It requires some force to create, but none to actually *move*.


Question: How does congestive heart failure cause pleural effusion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does congestive heart failure cause pleural effusion?

Blood flows from your body into the right side of your heart. From there, it gets pumped through your lungs, where it picks up O2 and drops off CO2. After that, it flows into the left side of your heart, which is very muscular, and shoves it out your aorta and back out into your body. Heart failure is commonly a failure of the left side of heart. It just can't pump the blood out the way it should. The blood "backs up" behind the left side of the heart, and eventually just kind of builds up in your lungs' blood vessels. If the back up is bad enough, the water component of the blood leaks out into the space between your lungs and your chest, as seen here: URL_0 If this continues long enough, it can start affect the right heart as well, as it has to work really hard to shove this blood through the lungs. In fact, the most common cause of right heart failure is left heart failure. Eventually, you can get fluid that leaks out in the rest of your body, particularly around your feet, causing what is called "edema". The backed up blood keeps your liver from draining blood correctly, which makes your liver larger (hepatomegaly). Heart failure is a very complex illness that affects your body in many ways, and can have a wildly varying prognosis from patient to patient. I wish your mother the best.


Question: Why do vegetarians/vegans get sick after eating an animal product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do vegetarians/vegans get sick after eating an animal product?

Your gut bacteria form an ecosystem of sorts and what you eat is the base food for that ecosystem. If you do not eat a specific type of food, or similar foods for a long time the bacteria that can digest it die out and are replaced by different kinds of bacteria. If you then introduce that category of food to your diet your body will most likely have great issue with processing it in digestion and you will be sick. You see this with people getting severe gas if they do not commonly eat vegetables, people having issues with spices if they do not eat them often, and with people who do not eat animal products choosing to eat them.


Question: how do ceiling fans collect dust while the fan is on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do ceiling fans collect dust while the fan is on?

The surface of the blades isn't entirely without friction, and dust comes in different sizes and forms. As the blades turn, dust small enough to fit gets trapped onto small cavities, ridges and hooks of this surface. The more dust that gets stuck this way the easier it becomes for other bits of dust to get stuck to the existing bits, creating layers. Everything that moves also build up a charge of static electricity, which makes matter such as dust cling to it easier. The compact layers of dust that forms on them is why it appears so dark when wiping fan-blades.


Question: Why are iPads experiencing such a steep decline?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are iPads experiencing such a steep decline?

That's just a search trends, not sales number, though it does suggest declinging interest in the platform. Here's some guesses **Market saturation** - everyone who's gonna get an iPad has one, and doesn't really feel like upgrading right now. **Larger mobile phones competing** - The size of the average mobile has gone up significantly, and for some people it might be enough screen real estate to not bother with an iPad. **Lack of innovation from apple** - this one is open to subjective interperetation. The iPad has not dramatically changed since it's introduction, they've simply made variants that are both bigger or smaller and thinner. While certainly impressive, they're not really enough leap forward for people to look at their current iPads and want to toss and replace 'em. **Shifting tablet market towards kids** - one of the biggest buyers of tablets are parents for young children: they're good entertainment devices. However, iPads are quite pricey, if you're going to get a kid a tablet they're going to use for learning games and YouTube For Kids... the low end Android units are serviceable and kids aren't going to care much, they'll just be happy to have their own device.


Question: How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does an eSport organization make money beside of the sponsoring and prize money of tournaments? How can it be a sustainable business?

Same way any sports team will be profitable. Sponsorship, advertising, donations, merchandise selling, and tournament winnings. eSports is a very popular audience passtime, and good teams have a lot of fans that are willing to watch their matches. Sponsors are willing to pay a lot of money to get to advertise to such a very targeted audience of this size. The teams also sells merch, t-shirts, mugs, posters, whatever that are very popular with their fans and can make a fairly good supplemental income.


Question: How do people die of a broken heart?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people die of a broken heart?

According to the American Heart Association (AHA), broken heart syndrome, or takotsubo cardiomyopathy, is a reaction your heart has to a surge of stress hormones caused by an emotionally stressful event. Broken heart syndrome causes the heart to stop operating normally, resulting in heart failure. During these situations, the body releases an increase of hormones, which temporarily paralyzes your heart and limits its standard functionality. While broken heart syndrome can affect anyone regardless of age, gender and lifestyle, it is far more widespread in women than men. Postmenopausal women are also more likely to develop broken heart syndrome.


Question: Why are HDDs still used more commonly for servers instead of SSDs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are HDDs still used more commonly for servers instead of SSDs?

SSDs getting cheaper, but still much more expensive than HDDs for the storage capacity. For your own computer, it may not be a big deal to spend $100 instead of $50 for storage, but when you're spending a million dollars on storage for a server farm, it matters a lot. The advantages of SSDs also don't matter as much for servers.


Question: Why is that when you do strong drugs they are bad for your body but once you become addicted your body dies without them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is that when you do strong drugs they are bad for your body but once you become addicted your body dies without them?

Your body chemistry adapts to the addiction. If you get enough of it (and you don't die from liver failure), then your body continues to work with that as the new norm. Many people don't know this, but if you go long periods without eating (taking vitamins as needed) and start eating normally, you die.


Question: How does pitch correction/autotune actually work? Likewise with voice changers

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does pitch correction/autotune actually work? Likewise with voice changers

Your voice is composed of a whole bunch of frequencies. Modern computers can record your voice, do a bunch of math to find these frequencies at any given instant, shift them all, and then generate new sound using these shifted frequencies. They can do this so fast that it seems seamless.


Question: why does hot air sometimes unfog car windows, and sometimes cold air instead?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does hot air sometimes unfog car windows, and sometimes cold air instead?

Dude, this is such a great question. Normally I default to using heat and AC at the same time but here's the science behind what's happening: Ultimately it's a dance with temperature and humidity. Generally speaking, the warmer the air the more moisture can be held in the air. This is very much like how more sugar dissolves in hot water than cool water. Let's consider two scenarios. It's winter and pretty dry outside (hello flaky cracked skin). You're sitting in your car waiting for someone while chatting with your mom on the phone. The windows start to fog up. This is because you probably have the heat on and your talking is literally expelling moisture into the air. When this moist air hits the windshield, the windshield is cold from the outside so the moisture separates out onto the glass (condensation). The air touching the glass can't keep the moisture in suspension. How do you fix this? Heat! Seems weird because it being warmer is part of the reason your producing condensate but if you blow heat directly on the windshield, the glass matches the temperature of the INSIDE conditions, so there is no reason for the moisture to separate out. Now you can stay warm and toasty. Scenario 2: it's a rainy summer day. The humidity is oppressive so you sit in a nice air conditioned car. That's when your windows fog up again. Ugh. This time, it seems more difficult to clear. More AC on the window seems to make it worse at first but maybe better in the long run? Heat doesn't seem to do much but you're not sure? This time the moisture is condensing on your window because you're cooling the cabin. Even if it's only 70% humidity outdoors, it's literally 100% humidity in your cabin because the volume of water in the air is the same as before you turned on the AC but now the temperature is lower. So the air throughout the cabin can no longer hold that much moisture and the water starts to separate out. You see it on the windows but you might even feel it on your skin. The windows may be worse because they cool faster than air. You might think, well, just like scenario 1, I'll equilibrate (make the same temperature) the windows to the inside of the cabin. I'll use AC. Well, that's just going to make more water separate out. Fine, you say, I'll use heat to warm the window so water doesn't condense on it's cool surface. Weeell, that might work work... or it might just blow more warm moist air into the cabin. Oh also. Get ready to be sweaty. The answer? Use both! The condensation you experience from cooling the cabin is actually dehumidifying the air. In the process it's condensing on the windows but this condensation and dehumidification are two faces of the same coin. Once the cabin is cooled and dehumidified, condensation is less likely to occur. It's the PROCESS of cooling that's the problem. So if you heat your window at the same time, you introduce enough heat to warm the windows, preventing condensation, while the AC continues to pull moisture out of the air. Of course, since you're a human and you breathe/sweat, you may need to continually run the heater and the AC. However, sometimes when you reach a steady state, you can get away with just using the AC. Fun fact: you can have condensation on the outside of your window. You may notice this happen when your windshield looks misty, you try to use your windshield wipers, but it's kinda "sticky" and doesn't really go away. Can you guess why this happens or what you should do in response? // TL;DR Like sugar in water, more moisture is held in warmer air. If it's winter (and dry outside) you need to use your heater to prevent moisture (from your body) from condensing on the windshield. If it's summer and humid, you need to use both heat and AC to both prevent condensation on the windshield and dehumidify, respectively. // I'm a nerd and want to know more: Look up psychometric charts (and how to read them). They give a very comprehensive look at the relationship between humidity, temperature, and dew point (when moisture separates out). // Edit: if you get more fog from using heat in the cold, you've probably "burped" some humid air onto the still cold windshield. I think this is more likely if you park in a warmer garage and then drive out into cooler air. You can use AC to dehumidify but if you just keep blasting heat, it fixes itself. Edit 2: spelling


Question: Why do some northern lights appear brightly colored while others just look like normal white-ish light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some northern lights appear brightly colored while others just look like normal white-ish light?

Part of it has to do with the brightness of the lights. They may appear somewhat bright compared to a dark sky, but aren't bright enough to trigger your color vision. It's the same reason only the brightest stars show their color, even though most stars have some red, yellow, or blue to them. Also, you have only seen the best and most spectacular pictures, the ones that get published, not the boring ones that lack color and detail.


Question: Is there any correlation between eating less and sleeping more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is there any correlation between eating less and sleeping more?

Both of those things—poor appetite and extra sleeping—are also signs of depression. It's something to at least be aware of. I know that for myself, when I find myself in that position it is usually a sign that I am drifting down into a depression. What's more, not eating well and not sleeping "right" both tend to aggravate depression, causing a pretty vicious cycle. If you think this could be the case, look into different avenues of help. Depression is no joke. Be well.


Question: How does a comic strip artist or a newspaper publisher know which comic strips are successful/interesting? People are buying the whole paper regardless, so how do they decide which ones to continue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a comic strip artist or a newspaper publisher know which comic strips are successful/interesting? People are buying the whole paper regardless, so how do they decide which ones to continue?

I think you have figured out the reason why even when newspapers were popular the comic section was unchanging to an extreme degree. It was hard to gauge if some new comic was or wasn't doing well, so most newspapers just run the same comics they always ran and you have a lot of comics with 40-100 year runs instead of it being something that changes up much at all.


Question: How does Luscher color test work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Luscher color test work?

It doesn't, and therefore is no longer used. The assumption is that the traits associated to each colour are generalities, and therefore incorrectly identified by participants as being accurate identification of their personality traits. He found out about the correlation by conducting tests and empirically allocating certain traits to certain colours depending on what each person's traits were, and which colour they considered their favourite.


Question: How does LSD affect people and what chemicals do it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does LSD affect people and what chemicals do it?

LSD is an abbreviation of the chemical Lysergic Acid Diethylamide. This *is* the active agent in LSD or acid. It's synthesised from an organic compound produced by the fungus Ergot: Lysergic acid. It works by activating serotonin and dopamine receptors in ways which aren't fully understood as for as I'm aware The effects of LSD generally consist of: + distorted time awareness; so quite frequently you'll have been tripping out for 2 hours and had it felt like 20 minutes (or vice versa) + distorted vision; this can manifest in various ways, like seeing lost of fractals, "breathing" surfaces ect. Also things will feel alot further away than they are. Contrary to common belief you generally won't imagine things which aren't there, you'll just won't understand exactly what you're seeing and think they're something which they aren't. Like one time I thought I saw a snake on the ground (I perceived that it was moving) but it was actually just a worm shit or something coiled up :/ + audio distortions; similar to with vision the sounds you hear are warped slightly, I find it sounds like sounds are being slowed down by a computer. The direction sounds are coming from is also off somewhat. + this one is from personal experience only, haven't read about it elsewhere really, but synesesia. Basically different stimuli influence other senses. E.g sounds can lead to funky tastes, and more often sounds directly alter my vision. + more physiologically speaking, you'll probably sweat quite a lot, eyes will dilate (leads to really bright and vibrant colours, very cool), I tremor quite alot, and you can become dehydrated quite easilu without drinking cos of the sweating. All in all a really good time, lasts about 10-16 hours. If you're interested I'd definitely read up on it and find yourself a trip mate/ sitter to give good wavy vibes Edit: check out the sub r/replications, it's about the visual replications of psychedelic drugs such as lsd, unfortunately they don't have much on audio stuff, it's pretty visuals heavy, but it is there if you search for it


Question: How come tea leaves a ring in the cup at its surface, rather than making the whole inside of the cup brown?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come tea leaves a ring in the cup at its surface, rather than making the whole inside of the cup brown?

Coffee and tea both have the same thing happening here. There are very tiny pieces of coffee grounds or broken tea leaves that are floating. As the water evaporates they dry out and stick to the side of the cup. They can't 'dry out' when submerged so this only happens at the water line. They will stain certain surfaces (even when dry ish) and since they sit there longer than anywhere else that's where the darker stain and a noticeable line form.


Question: Why isn't just the taste of candy enough to satisfy us, why do we have to eat it to feel satisfied?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't just the taste of candy enough to satisfy us, why do we have to eat it to feel satisfied?

Biologist here! We have taste buds down our throats, about a quarter way to the stomach. It takes the stimulation of them, the feeling of food in our esophagus, and the gas released from digestion, for our body to say "good job, you're fed" or "yes, you enjoy the taste of candy" Otherwise we could just suck on berries to feel full, gaining no actual nutrients and dying from starvation, thirst or vitamin deficiency. Sugar was rare in our first 500,000 years, and is high in energy, it was a super food to early man, so more rewarding when it breaks down in the stomach and triggers a reaction for reward


Question: Why do our joints ache when we get sick? What do we do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our joints ache when we get sick? What do we do?

When you’re sick, your body produces more immune cells to fight the sickness. As a part of the immune response, these cells produce inflammatory chemicals. Because there are so many of them, the amount of inflammatory chemicals is much higher than normal, causing more of your body to be inflamed and painful. Joints are a vulnerable area for inflammation, so they hurt


Question: What exactly is Brain Autopilot? What does it do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is Brain Autopilot? What does it do?

Our brains only convert interesting memories from short term to long term. If you are doing something routine and boring, like driving, you can be fully aware the whole time, and have nothing interesting enough to remember happen. This can sometimes give us an odd feeling of dislocation, where we can't precisely remember how we got somewhere. Since we did get there without apparent conscious effort, we attribute it to a sort of autopilot, when in fact we were fully conscious the whole time, and just don't remember.


Question: How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we measure how many calories are in food and drinks?

Using a device called 'calorimeter'. A calorie is equal to the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C. You use the calorimeter to burn a piece of food and the released energy is used to heat a known quantity of water. From this information, you calculate the number of calories.


Question: Does warming up before running actually makes you run better or is it just placebo?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does warming up before running actually makes you run better or is it just placebo?

Warming up is beneficial but warming up is not static stretches... Keep that in mind. The best way to warm up before any exercise is to do that exercise to increase blood flow to the muscles used in that exercise. So for running as an example, a warmup might be a short jog first before pushing yourself really hard. In weightlifting, the best warmups involve doing the exact same movement but with a lighter weight first. Same principle.


Question: How do seemingly uneducated people come up with very complicated recipes of household products to create recreational drugs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do seemingly uneducated people come up with very complicated recipes of household products to create recreational drugs?

There isn’t *many* recreational drugs you can just make from household products...and in most cases,(for instance meth) a chemist comes up with the method for making meth, and then people just learn how to do it from other cooks...there’s only a small handful of drugs that you can make from household products that people actually use...if you know what chemicals/ chemical reactions make meth, you then find household products that contain said chemicals...and surprisingly, not all drug addicts, are uneducated...there are many, many, very smart people who become addicted...addiction doesn’t discriminate...the smarter ones teach the slower ones. Source:former meth addict


Question: What mesures are taken in place to prevent foreign governments from intercepting/tampering with submarine fiber cables ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What mesures are taken in place to prevent foreign governments from intercepting/tampering with submarine fiber cables ?

The cable is thin and the ocean is large. There are stories of secret submarines taping fibres at depth, but that's a hugely expensive way to get an unreasonably large stream of data. What would someone do with that? Any data that's even remotely valuable is encrypted. There are concerns about denial of service attacks, and such attacks have happened (both on purpose and accidentally). Maps show "no anchor" regions to protect cables, but an evildoer could use that information to cause mischief. More cables in different places is the normal solution, or higher latency satellite links.


Question: What does it mean that mp3 is now "dead"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean that mp3 is now "dead"?

MP3 isn't dead from a consumer POV. It's actually better than ever. A patent is when you essentially say "I have invented this method of doing *something* on this date, and anyone who creates something using that method has to get my permission." For example, you might patent the technique of printing photos by combining streams of different primary-coloured ink. If the patent office in your country approves that, you have exclusive rights to make any printers using that technique. There were people who claimed patents on parts of the MP3 format and the methods to use MP3 files. Depending on where you lived, if you wanted to make a device or a program that dealt with MP3s, you had to pay those people a fee. Software patents are a messy thing that varies a ton by region so it was a hassle and could be expensive. But patents don't last forever. They usually last 20 years, with some differences and grace periods and so on. Last month, the last of the MP3-related patents expired in the US. This means that now, any programmer who wants to can create their own MP3 playing or recording software without needing to seek permission or pay fees. And any company who wants to make a music player can do the same, can support MP3 files freely. MP3 will still be widely used. MP3 files won't break. There are no security concerns. Systems won't stop supporting it -- MP3 files are incredibly popular (and now implementing support is free and easy) so pretty much all consumer stuff is going to support them for decades. MP3 was 'replaced' long ago, in the sense that better, more efficient formats have been invented, which give you better quality at the same size, or the same quality at a lower size. These are pretty popular (iTunes prefers AAC files for example) already. But a 320k MP3 is already good enough quality to serve 99.99% of people out there, and small enough that on modern systems people can store loads of them no worries. So there hasn't been a huge shift towards other formats -- MP3 is 'good enough.' Unlike video formats, where we keep adopting new ones because video consumes a ton of data and we can still benefit from better and better quality, so every new improvement is appreciated.


Question: Why does throwing a football with a spin, or shooting a projectile through a rifled bore, make it more accurate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does throwing a football with a spin, or shooting a projectile through a rifled bore, make it more accurate?

Gyroscopic stability. Think about spinning a basketball on your finger, or a spinning top. If an object is spinning around one axis, it becomes much more difficult to rotate around any other axis. A bullet fired from an un-rifled musket is at the mercy of the wind. It can be knocked off course by an air current, or if it collides with a fly or something, or if it has an imperfection on it that catches the air and sends it tumbling in an odd direction. This is why bullets from smoothbore muskets were spherical balls - because it wouldn't matter much if they spun in a weird direction. If you tried to use a modern bullet without a rifled bore, the slightest turn would cause it to tumble and tear itself apart in mid-air. Not ideal. By using a rifle, though, you add spin stability - it will resist being turned by unexpected factors, and will therefore be more accurate.


Question: What is the difference between utilitarian and deontology?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between utilitarian and deontology?

Deontology is based on a series of ethics, kind of moral rules, rights and wrongs, if you will. They are based in various theologies (see; kants universal maxims, etc) and inform what is considered the ethical greater good/outcome in this philosophy. Is it informed very heavily by a bunch of people's ideas of what is moral/good and is hugely variable. There are very old school ethics and more contemporary ones. This variability means it's hugely subjective and one can pick and choose which deontological philosophy to apply. Utilitarianism is based on consequences....decisions are made to ensure the consequence always = the greater good of all outcomes. It is relatively more objective however still open to philosophical discussion because there are many philosophical layers when determining the net good of an outcome. This ethic is applied on a case by case basis and there are no other rules or moral obligations to guide your decision other than purely maximising good for the greatest amount of people


Question: How is NASA sending commends to a probe that is 13 billion miles away from the Earth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is NASA sending commends to a probe that is 13 billion miles away from the Earth?

Radio and other electro magnetic waves can travel pretty much forever in space. We can see stars that are billions of light years away for example. There is the problem of getting the signal to to escape the interference of Earth's magnetic field, but we have the technology to do that for decades, the first radio signal that left the atmosphere was the part of the 1936 Olympics. and to receive data we need an antenna sensitive enough to pick the signal up from background noise, which again has existed for decades. The real engineering problem with the distances involved is that the signal will take time to reach the probe, and the probes signal will take time to reach us, this problem is solved by designing a probe to need as little input from the ground as possible for normal operation.


Question: How is the global warming situation so dire that humans may die out in the next couple hundred years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the global warming situation so dire that humans may die out in the next couple hundred years?

Time and spatial scales are important here. People who think humans are not at all at risk of going extinct due to climate change do not understand the ramifications of our civilization's environmental impact, how these will change the political behavior between nations, and how reliant we are on this careful stability. They also do not seem to understand the scales involved in the statement of "humans becoming extinct". They are severely underestimating just how much we rely on natural balance of ecosystems in order to survive as a species, from a natural and geopolitical perspective, and they certainly don't seem to make the distinction between "human species" and "human civilization". The truth is that our civilization is very fragile, and most modern humans do not have enough knowledge to survive on their own even on smaller groups. A large-scale destabilization of our civilization can plausibly be significant enough to render us unable to survive on the scale of a few centuries. With climate change, the oceans become warmer, more acidic and less oxygenated. This destroys coral reefs and other delicate basal ecosystems which support thousands upon thousands of species. This severely disrupts macroscopic ocean life. The increase in water temperatures and atmospheric temperatures disrupts water and atmospheric currents that are responsible for creating some stable matter exchange cycles between different regions. For instance, there are several barren patches of very high salinity water in the oceans that are being disrupted because of this, which means the ocean's salinity will likely increase and damage more ecosystems. The change in currents prevents distribution of nutrients in one region to others, which in turn also destroys animal life due to a sudden lack of nutrients, which in turn disrupts other animals higher in those food chains. All of this means climate change can and likely will collapse ocean life in a very short time. You'd instead have a huge increase in microscopic life like algae and bacteria, which are potentially toxic, which could pose a serious threat to other life forms, including us. After all, we still rely on fishing to sustain a large number of our population. On ground, climate change also disrupts life. If birds start going extinct due to deforestation and loss of vegetation (due to many reasons) you may expect a huge increase in insect population, which can attack our crops and will require aggressive use of pesticides. This could disrupt insect populations we rely on, like what's happened with bees. Without bees and other species, pollination of plants becomes a huge problem, and not just OUR crops, but all other plants that sustain the ecosystem we rely on to survive. (And for a sense of scale: right now, farmers hire beekeepers who come in with big trucks, just to help with this because of the sheer scale of the farming industry necessary to sustain us.) We can't simply pack up and move our crops to higher latitudes either, as some people seem to think, as the soil is not as fertile due to the lack of historical ecosystems to enrich the soil with nutrients, and to maintain it. Soil is not just dirt, there's billions of things that make soil good for plant life. We do not have anywhere near the technology to render so much soil fertile in a short time. Climate change will also increase the severity and length of large-scale climate disasters like droughts, snowstorms, blizzards, floods, tornadoes and hurricanes, and change the seasonal cycles of plants and animals which took thousands of years to stabilize. All of these can severely disrupt the lives and existence of millions of species of plant and animal life, and billions of people throughout the world. Such shortages and disruptions in food production (among other industries) and mass re-allocation of populations can severely disrupt our social and political structures. Worse, our civilization works because of a very careful social and cultural structure, which is also based on specialized knowledge of a few individuals (do you know how to plant crops? how to treat diseases? how to run a power plant? how to refine oil? how to forge steel?), and large scale scarcity can quickly deteriorate that structure. It doesn't even have to be global, as we rely on international stability. (What happens if China collapses?) Tension inside countries, the distrust of governments and authorities to handle these situations and the lack of cooperation between countries can quickly get out of control. Our reliance on capitalist economics to act on these issues and its economic inequality will certainly play a role in this tension and general distrust of the system. This leads to large scale conflicts, disease, violence and wars, all which cause immense loss of human life. Once the farmers, the doctors or the power plant engineers are gone, how are we supposed to pick up ourselves in time? How are other countries who relied on some other country's infrastructure supposed to adapt in time? Because a person's knowledge of Excel spreadsheets quickly becomes meaningless when things start to go bad. How long can most modern humans survive in the wild without reliance on the luxuries of our large scale civilization? But the takeaway from this is that you must not be anthropocentric when viewing this situation, like everyone always is. "Humans can adapt to anything!" is an *extremely* anthropocentric view of nature, which pretends that humans are outside of it. People always talk about what climate change will do to our crops and how we'll adapt, to our cities and to our populations and how we'll adapt, but they do not understand these things all rely on an entire natural ecosystem beyond our civilization in order to survive and to exist. Without these natural ecosystems in balance, humans cannot exist, and certainly not our civilization. So if you want to see the impact of climate change in our civilization, you must look at the ecosystem and the natural world first, not humans. So no, humans will not go "extinct" overnight, if that's what you think that word means here, but climate change certainly puts us into a path where our chances to survive as a civilization for thousands of years more is **greatly** reduced. Civilization as we know it is certainly at a huge risk, and the humans remaining may not last long enough in that post-civilization post-climate change world depending on the severity of the situation. Like I said, it doesn't take many humans to die before you lose the foundation of our civilization's survival, and most of us do not have the knowledge to restart things. It's not hard to imagine a scenario where we go extinct after a few centuries. Regardless, the planet will likely recover, but that will happen over tens of thousands to millions of years. Here are some sources: * URL_9 * URL_6 * URL_1 * URL_4 * URL_8 * URL_10 * URL_3 * URL_7 * URL_0 Some recent examples of how climate impacts large scale conflicts: * URL_2 * URL_5


Question: What is equity and why is it important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is equity and why is it important?

Say you borrow $100k to buy a house. At first the bank "owns" the house as you haven't made any payments yet. But after a few years you have paid it down to where you only owe $50k now. You have paid off half, so you now have 50% equity. It's important because it represents *your* percentage of ownership.


Question: Req: Given that whisky is roughly 40% alcohol, of what is the remainder comprised? Just water, or?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Req: Given that whisky is roughly 40% alcohol, of what is the remainder comprised? Just water, or?

A lot of water for sure. All the rest is trace amounts of ingredients that came from the process of making the scotch including stuff from the barley and from the barrels it was ripened in. Small amounts of chemicals can have a lot of flavour. Just look at how little chili it takes to make a dish really spicy. But most of it is really alcohol and water.


Question: What makes different peppers hotter than each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes different peppers hotter than each other?

The substance that makes peppers spicy is called [capsaisin.]( URL_0 ) It's actually an irritant to mammals, probably an evolutionary defense against getting eaten. Unfortunately for peppers, humans are kinda dumb and like to get high. Capsaisin is mostly found in the seeds of the pepper, the flesh is actually quite sweet. So some peppers have been bred to have less flesh and more seeds, so they are "hotter". It's all about breeding, like how some dogs are bigger than others.


Question: What are mutual funds? How do we make money of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are mutual funds? How do we make money of them?

People pool their money together under a fund manager and they invest following a particular set of rules. For example, it could be that 99% of the money must be equally distributed in S & P500, and less than 1% in cash. Periodically the fund manager buys/sells to keep the holdings balanced. Or the rules could be - buy a certain list of small companies, or large companies, or just American companies, or just Tech companies, ...there are a bunch of styles. You make money by leaving your money invested (hopefully), collecting dividends and/or watching stock prices go up. Gains are realized when you sell. Depending on the fund, managers have more of a human role, choosing what to buy/sell and when. Personally, I like “index” funds, where it’s more robotic - like the S & P 500 example. Over long periods of time, they do better and for a smaller fee :)


Question: Why and how does a panic attack occur? Is it describable by words?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how does a panic attack occur? Is it describable by words?

Basically it's your 'fight or flight' mode going into overdrive. The psychology is a bit more complicated, but essentially because of a mental condition such as a phobia or panic disorder, your brain decides that there is an immediate and very serious threat to you even though there isn't. Your brain then tells your body to prepare to either fight or run away. This involves the release of adrenaline and the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Your heart rate goes way up, you start breathing much faster and you sweat. The fast breathing (hyperventilation) is quite important in a panic attack. Your body is preparing you for the sudden strenuous exercise involved in fighting or running away, but of course you don't actually end up doing any strenuous exercise. This means that you expel loads of carbon dioxide out through your lungs without much of it being produced from exercise. A loss of a lot of carbon dioxide changes the pH of the blood, and this can cause some of the other symptoms of a panic attack, such as lightheadedness and dizziness. You may then interpret the combination of all of the symptoms as "feeling like you're going to die".