Question: I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I have been petrified of heights my entire life i.e. I get severe anxiety when walking through the second level of a shopping mall and I am scared of climbing a 4 foot ladder, however I really enjoy flying in a planes and helicopters, why?

Heights that are beyond our comprehension no longer seem high. It's beyond what we can perceive as a risk. Flying is relatively new to our species and it's not in us to register flying as a height risk. Some people have a fear of flying but are fine standing on a 10-story balcony; some people are the opposite, like you; and some can be afraid of heights AND flying although they are two different phobias.


Question: When birds fly in formation, they often form a "V", but one side has always a significant less amount of birds. Why?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When birds fly in formation, they often form a "V", but one side has always a significant less amount of birds. Why?

Becuase there are fewer birds that side. Quite seriously, that's all there is too it. Birds flying in a V do so becuase those not at the tip get a substantial benefit of drafting off the lead bird. They swap around regularly as the one at the front has to work much harder but after that it's pretty much of a muchness as to any other position in the group so it really doesn't amtter if there's 3 on one side and 13 on the other, everyone except the lead is getting a fairly simialr benefit. So they'll distribute more or less at random and that means that it'll be fairly even most of the time but a bit lopsided on occasion.


Question: Why/how do erasers get stale?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why/how do erasers get stale?

The erasers on the ends of modern pencils are usually some form of synthetic compound, possibly with some rubber, possibly without. The most common ingredient is vinyl, a petroleum based compound. Petroleum compounds are great for making flexible objects that perform elastically (like erasers and rubber bands), but those properties are partially due to the volatile chemicals in them. Exposure to light and oxygen accelerates the evaporation of these volatiles from the compounds, thus making the eraser go “stale”. The compounds that held everything together in that flexible matrix are gone, leaving only the solids behind, and a lot of times they are barely held together until you start to use them, at which point they crumble.


Question: What is the real world significance/ benefit of calculus?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the real world significance/ benefit of calculus?

The most unhelpful, but most true answer: Basically everything. Almost everything runs on, is modeled by, understood using calculus to some extent. Newton's second law, which is the basis of any kind of physical motion, and so used in all forms of engineering, mechanics, fluids, etc, etc, etc, is an equation in Calculus. The equations that allow us to discuss how electricity will flow, what magnetic fields will do, how light will propagate, are Calculus equations. Even many things in something that may seem like it has nothing to do with Calculus benefit from it, or discrete versions of it, particularly in Computer Science. Your whole world runs on Calculus. If you take advantage of anything invented after 1700, then you're more than likely directly benefiting from Calculus. Calculus is an infection. We are in symbiosis with Calculus. Calculus tells us how things change, and everything changes, so we need Calculus for everything.


Question: How do you pronounce the music effect flanging and how does it work?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How do you pronounce the music effect flanging and how does it work?

Hard to do an ELI5 for this but I'll do an ELI10... Flanging and many other audio FX like it such as phaser, chorus, delay & reverb, are achieved by manipulating time. In the case of flanging it is achieved by doubling the original signal, delaying the duplicate signal by a small amount (10ms-20ms for example) and then combing the duplicate signal back with the original. This creates a phase difference between the two signals and causes some frequencies to combine and subtract, just like it would with any two waves arriving at different times. At some places the waves will get bigger, and at other places the waves will be less, or cancel each other out completely. This time difference is variable and changes fast to create the effect which we hear as flanging. It is pronounced with a soft 'g', like the word 'changing'.


Question: Why is filling out tax forms so difficult?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is filling out tax forms so difficult?

It really depends on how complex your finances are. If you have no investments or property or inheritance and so on then doing your taxes is downright simple. With modern, online tax software it walks you through the steps of even more complex tax situations. If you have really complex investments then you hire someone to prepare your taxes for you.


Question: What are the properties of Red/Green/Blue that make them the primary colors for light? Are they the only set of three colors that could combine to make all other colors?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the properties of Red/Green/Blue that make them the primary colors for light? Are they the only set of three colors that could combine to make all other colors?

Yes, these are the primary colors of light, **for human eyes**. While the electromagnetic spectrum is continuous, and the eye sees color in a narrow spectrum, and there are relationships between the color sensing cells inside the eye. These cells allow the eye to sense a specific color space, the [CIE 1931 space]( URL_0 ). This chromaticity diagram shows the relationship between color frequency and the eye's perception of it. You could use many colors, but due to the shape of the space you can cover most of it with combinations only three colors if those colors are red, green, and blue. You can use other colors of light, and cover other parts of the space, but red, yellow, and blue only covers the lower right half of the space, so it's not as good as red green and blue.


Question: How do people beyond the great tree line up north; places like Nunavut and Greenland get oxygen to breath?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people beyond the great tree line up north; places like Nunavut and Greenland get oxygen to breath?

Most oxygen doesn't come from trees, but even if it did, the Earth's atmosphere mixes thoroughly over timescales of a few years to decades. The amount of oxygen in the air (as a %) is essentially the same everywhere on Earth and up to a very high altitude, much higher than the highest mountains.


Question: How can a snowflake be different than any snowflake in existence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a snowflake be different than any snowflake in existence?

Because there's more combinations of how water atoms can join each other in a snowflake than atoms in the universe. If you have something like 10^20 atoms in a snowflake, what are the chances that all 10^20 atoms are going to be in the exact same position as a different 10^20 atoms that make up another snowflake? Very, very small. Infinitesimally small. So small the chances of it happening in this universe are effectively zero.


Question: How is that when we see a extremly bright light on daylight, our sorroundings become darker?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is that when we see a extremly bright light on daylight, our sorroundings become darker?

There are two effects that cause that: 1) Your pupil will shrink to a very small size on detection of bright light, decreasing the total light going in by a significant amount. 2) Your brain automatically adjusts "exposure" which is how much to amplify the raw signal. The video you showed is much more dramatic than for human eyes because cameras have a much smaller dynamic range, but your eye does it too. In that video, the camera effectively says "each pixel will only be 1% as bright as normal" for example. The opposite effect is why taking a picture in a room will often cause any windows to look washed out with most detail gone.


Question: why is it that "objects in mirror are closer than they appear" on the passenger side only?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it that "objects in mirror are closer than they appear" on the passenger side only?

How much you can see in a (flat) mirror is pretty much the same question as how much you can see through a window, except that you're seeing things in the other direction. When you stand close to a window you can see a wide range of angles through it - far to your left and right. Move further away from the window and your view is more restricted. So with identical mirrors the passenger mirror gives you a narrower view than the driver's side, since it is further away. To compensate for this, the passenger side mirror is made convex. The alternative would be to make the mirror larger, but using convex glass is more practical.


Question: Why is a high note and a low note still considered the same note in music?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is a high note and a low note still considered the same note in music?

It is down to physics. The frequency of a given note doubles each time you go up an octave. Picking the note A because the maths is easy, the frequencies in hertz of the A keys of a piano are: 27.5, 55, 110, 220, 440, 880, 1760, 3520 We perceive this array of frequencies as the same note because they stimulate our senses in very similar ways. Unless listening to a pure tone, instruments will generate different harmonics as well as the fundamental frequency. It is the strength of these harmonics that we perceive as tone.


Question: What does it mean when a scientist says ‘per second per second’?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What does it mean when a scientist says ‘per second per second’?

It means that the rate of change itself changes. "meters per second" is speed - the rate of change of an object's position. "meters per second per second" (m/s^(2)) means the rate of change of the object's speed, i.e. acceleration. If a car is accelerating at 10 meters per second per second then it means that every second, its speed gets 10 m/s faster.


Question: How are onion sites hidden from search engines?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are onion sites hidden from search engines?

Because Google is a commercial company. Their algorithm includes the availability to access website - as has been seen by attempts to block The Pirate Bay, where search results invariably include an accessible proxy above the site itself in areas where the main site is blocked. A search engine where a result on the first page doesn't load for the majority of users will fail. Most users cannot access the Tor network. Therefore, it would be madness to include it in results.


Question: How do trees, which are full of moisture, burn down?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do trees, which are full of moisture, burn down?

forest fires are extremely hot. Look-up "flash point" and it may help you understand. A wet log will need a hot fire to burn, which if you are starting a fire or have a small fire in the fireplace a wet log wont burn well because the fire simply isn't hot enough. The fact that a forest fire can get so hot is the reason why wet trees burn.


Question: Who puts together programme schedules? And in the case of 24/7 channels, is it somebody's job to watch TV all night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Who puts together programme schedules? And in the case of 24/7 channels, is it somebody's job to watch TV all night?

There are major network executives who buy shows and then programming coordinators are usually the ones who are involved with scheduling. If there is a 24 hour station, you best believe at least one person (if not a few more) are at the station making sure, if there is a problem, that they can either delay the signal and fix the problem or just insert a new version (HDcam is the normal output version).


Question: How have we been able to determine atmospheric pressure and temperatures on Jupiter?What about planets outside out solar system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How have we been able to determine atmospheric pressure and temperatures on Jupiter?What about planets outside out solar system?

The [Galileo Probe]( URL_0 ) was released into the atmosphere of Jupiter and went down to the 22bar before contact was lost due to heat and pressure. No direct measurements have been made of planets outside the solar system, but models of gas giants have been made which explain the GP data. These models provide predictions for other planets.


Question: Why Do some Lights tinkle when they Light up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Do some Lights tinkle when they Light up?

If you mean fluorescent tubes, older fluorescent fixtures used a system which featured a bimetallic starter (the small, round, silver piece). Inside the starter is a bimetallic switch which "pings" when energized. Newer fluorescent systems, such as the "preheat" or "rapid start," are rendering the "ping" a thing of the past.


Question: How do old people get shorter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do old people get shorter?

Vertebral discs in between the bones that make up the spine shrink and harden over time. There are 33 vertebrae with discs in between them. While the discs are of different thicknesses and shrink differently over time, if on average each of 20-30 discs shrinks 1/8th of an inch, that's an overall decrease in height of 2"-3". Poor posture also leads to apparent shortening as well, and a lifetime of slumping can lead to "bent back" and rounded shoulders, both of which lower the top of the head.


Question: How come you are able to move your mouth at such high frequency when shivering, but nowhere near that fast under autonomic control?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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 How come you are able to move your mouth at such high frequency when shivering, but nowhere near that fast under autonomic control?

First off there’s some terms I think you might be confused by. “Autonomic” is involuntary nervous system function. An example of an involuntary function is digestion, your heart beating or eyes dilating. You have, for the most part, zero control over these things. I think you’re asking why you can’t voluntarily move your jaw as fast as when you are shivering. Shivering is an autonomic(involuntary) reflex and happens when your body temperature drops below an “equal” or normal range and your body is trying to generate heat by the rapidly moving muscles. Long story short shivering is a reflex and trying to move your jaw rapidly is a voluntary movement. This is why it feels much harder to accomplish on your own.


Question: How does compressing a file work? As in how can you can a specific amount of data in the form of bits take less bits to have the exact file?

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 How does compressing a file work? As in how can you can a specific amount of data in the form of bits take less bits to have the exact file?

Say I give you the following sequence of numbers, it's twenty digits long: `11111111444442222222` The sequence consists of eight `1`'s, followed by five `4`'s, followed by seven `2`'s. So you could code the same information in a different way using only six digits: `815472`. That's how compression works. (Compression isn't magic. A compression program only gives you a shorter output if there's some kind of pattern in the input that the program can "look for" and then code in a shorter way.)


Question: Whats so great about LED headlights? I understand that they're energy efficient but if they're blinding everyone else on the road is it even worth it?

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 Whats so great about LED headlights? I understand that they're energy efficient but if they're blinding everyone else on the road is it even worth it?

Yes. When fitted by the manufacturer they shouldn't to blind you and in newer lights they can actively turn sections off to prevent blinding. But Old uncle Joe that goes and buys aftermarket bulbs and doesn't set them up on a beam setter will blind every oncoming car, but if led lights hadn't been invented uncle Joe would just buy 120watt off road xenon plus bulbs and blind you the old fasioned way. In certain countries its a legal requirement to have head lights calibrated and not blinding to oncoming drivers.


Question: Why do cigarettes have so many chemicals in them?

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 Why do cigarettes have so many chemicals in them?

Tobacco already contains some chemicals naturally, the plant also absorbs chemicals. When the cigarette is burned chemicals will be created through combustion. Nicotine is the main addictive chemical, which is naturally found in tobacco. Getting around to the chemicals added by the manufacturer; preservatives are added (ex. To protect the cigarettes from moisture), taste enhancers, sometimes even sugar, chemicals to aid in combustion, etc. Most of the dangerous chemicals are actually created in the burning process and are not added by the manufacturer. Tar is not added by the manufacturer, tobacco residue is a byproduct of burning the cigarette. It adds nothing of value.


Question: Why does the Chinese Super League suddenly have so much money to buy foreign players? (football)

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 Why does the Chinese Super League suddenly have so much money to buy foreign players? (football)

If you have access to Capital, and are willing to take losses, you can spend more than you bring in. China now has the second largest GDP in the world. It would not be hard for them to put together a league with a bunch of billionaire owners, who want to blow their wad on expensive player contracts.


Question: What makes hot air look “squiggly”?

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 What makes hot air look “squiggly”?

> Why is that and why is this something exclusive to hot air? It isn't exclusive to hot air at all. You might notice that when you put your hand under water it also looks ripply, and it comes from the same sort of effect. What is happening is that hot air is less dense than colder air (which is why hot air balloons work) and as light passes between the different densities it is refracted or bent to take a different path. The turbulent interface between the hot and cool air makes a constantly shifting zone of slight refraction which you see as ripples in the light passing through it.


Question: Why does the electron remains in the orbit of the atom and doesn't fall into the positively charged nucleus?

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 Why does the electron remains in the orbit of the atom and doesn't fall into the positively charged nucleus?

[ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) Sometimes it does fall into, or get captured by, the nucleus. However, this is not governed by the electrical charge, but by another force called the weak force. Quantum mechanics says that orbiting electrons can only exist at specific energy levels, like how you can only stand on a ladder at specific heights. Anything in between doesn't work. The lowest energy orbit of the electron is where the electron will typically be. There's no way for it to orbit at a lower energy state, and the only way for it to jump down to the nucleus is to be captured by way of the weak force.


Question: What chemical makes a leaf or a flower a certain colour?

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 What chemical makes a leaf or a flower a certain colour?

chemical(s) - there probably a few dozen to hundreds but I'll just list the main 3 classes. Chlorophyll is the main one everyone knows since it's green and involved with how plant get energy. There's actually chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B that are slightly different colors where B a bit more yellowish. For oranges/yellow - the main structures are carotenoids like beta carotene; same structure that makes carrots and oranges look orange. For Reds, purples, and a few oddball colors - anthocyanins; which are a class that you would notice pretty much any plant that isn't orange, yellow, green (lets just say a colored flower petal or a strawberry). Anthocyanins are pretty unique that their color is based on both structure AND pH so they tend to have a fairly wide range of colors. If you're looking for a relationship they all have something called "conjugated double bonds" in their structure; it's just two double bonds separated by a single bond in organic chemistry. Technically all compounds can absorb light but something about conjugated double bonds seems to absorb visible light most of the time.


Question: If I toss a coin 100 times, does the option of getting heads 100 times have the same probability as getting 50 heads 50 tails?

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 If I toss a coin 100 times, does the option of getting heads 100 times have the same probability as getting 50 heads 50 tails?

No. There is only one route to getting 100 heads. There are a **LOT** of routes to getting a 50:50 split. To take a shorter sample of four flips: You can get equal heads and tails from HHTT HTHT HTTH THTH TTHH THHT But you can only get all H from HHHH


Question: Why does the real length of a river divided by its linear distance from spring to mouth almost always result in pi?

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 Why does the real length of a river divided by its linear distance from spring to mouth almost always result in pi?

[It doesn't.]( URL_1 ) Sorry. It's a nice idea, but it's just a coincidence if it happens at all. It's been suggested that it might have something to do with pi, but [later studies just haven't found that to be the case.]( URL_0 ) Any river with a sinuosity of more than 1.5 is considered to be 'meandering' -- that's a high sinuosity -- but the average is under 2... or a long, long way from 3.14.


Question: How does Earth create magnetic poles?

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 How does Earth create magnetic poles?

The center of the earth is a large ball of hot, pressurized iron and nickel. These elements spin with the rotation of the planet. Imagine a ball dropped into a spinning jar of hot pudding. As the core rotates it generates an immensely powerful electromagnetic field. This is due to the huge masses of conductors moving relative to each other. You will see a similar effect if you push an iron rod through copper coils. The rotation of the core is not matched or synced to the rest of the earth, and may experience fluctuations in temperature and pressure. So the field generated slowly moves as well.


Question: why are we looking only to planets with water for life when extraterrestrial organisms might not need water to survive and might live on planets we consider inhospitable?

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 why are we looking only to planets with water for life when extraterrestrial organisms might not need water to survive and might live on planets we consider inhospitable?

When you are looking for something it makes the most sense to look first for those things you recognize. We only have experience with life on Earth and that life requires water. Perhaps not all life requires water but if such life exists we don't know how it works or what it looks like, making recognizing it from vast distances away extremely difficult and unlikely. So it makes the most sense to focus our efforts in places where things more familiar to us might reside.


Question: What is the difference between primary and secondary, and difference between master and slave hard drive?

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 What is the difference between primary and secondary, and difference between master and slave hard drive?

Master and slave? In 2018, it's something to be ignored. It's a relic of ancient PATA two-inch-ribbon cable technology, when the cables were so big they had to connect not one but *two* hard drives to the motherboard. In fact, it's a relic of the earliest days of that technology when the drives had to be instructed whether they were "master" or "slave" by placing a little jumper across the "master" or "slave" pairs of pins. Later did they learn to figure out if they were on the first or second position of the PATA cable, and configure their own damn selves. Now everything is SATA! And SATA is one for one, and SATA doesn't care about ordering. Everything is configured in the BIOS. Disclaimer, I was born in '95 and invite any old timers to tell me where I'm all wrong.


Question: Why does San Francisco, home to an industry known for literally inventing telecommuting, suffer from so much location-based demand when the employees could be living anywhere?

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 Why does San Francisco, home to an industry known for literally inventing telecommuting, suffer from so much location-based demand when the employees could be living anywhere?

Many of the companies here in Silicon Valley have offices in other cities, and those offices do real tech work, so your assumption that the workers have to be here is slightly incorrect, but there are a couple of strong forces at work here that conflate together to create the Bay Area tech industry. First, people choose to live in SF. They do this even when their jobs are 75% of the way to San Jose, and they deal with their 1+ hour commute because they love living in SF. The Bay Area is a great place to live (except, of course, for the horrendous cost of living issue). Second, many jobs allow telecommuting, but some don't. I've always worked in embedded devices (mostly video game consoles), and often, those devices are secret and cannot leave the premises due to security. Silicon valley isn't just software jobs, it is hardware jobs, mechanical engineering jobs, aerospace, and a lot more. This doesn't mean telework is impossible (a lot of the companies you mention have a lot of telework options, and I always video conference from home for early meetings) but there are still strong forces encouraging companies to have their employees in a local space. And it helps the employees too. Not every job can be done from home and interviews tend to be local. So when I change jobs, being in a location full of companies looking for my skill set means I don't have to keep relocating. There are network effects here related to VC that also encourage a local system. Finally, tech companies do hire people from everywhere in the world, they just transplant them to Silicon Valley. That's why Trump's plans for H1-B visas are such a hot topic here. When you are going to hire someone, the cost of a plane ticket isn't that big of a deal. Hell, back in the dot-com days, you usually got a relocation bonus to help with rent (did I mention the cost of living problem?).


Question: How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

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 How do meteorologists and climate specialists determine the percentage for whether or not its going to rain?

Simply put, it's the percent of the area that they expect rain to occur. Oftentimes, a band of showers will come through, but they aren't a homogeneous mass, there are pockets of lighter or heavier activity, and sometimes nothing at all. So, the meteorologist will run the data, see if they expect the band to grow, and come up with a percent chance of showers for the area. A 90% chance means that in ~90% of the area, it's going to rain < which essentially means simply, "I might be wrong, but it's *going* to rain"


Question: Why can’t more money be printed to solve debt problems?

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 Why can’t more money be printed to solve debt problems?

This typically causes massive devaluation of currency when it happens. The total output of an economy is basically the same no matter how much paper money there is. If you just add more paper money without adding more value, the money just becomes worth less. Think of it as a pie, the more pieces you cut it into, the less each piece is "worth". Since the things we buy typically have some kind of value, the price will increase to match the devaluation of the currency. However, employers won't really pay people more to catch up, so the average person will be able to afford much less. TLDR, massive inflation


Question: Are there any alternatives to growth-based economy?

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 Are there any alternatives to growth-based economy?

Economic growth isn't solely tied to (or even primarily tied to) population growth. Yes, there are always new babies being born and those babies need shoes, but even in a completely stable population the economy would still grow. The biggest driver of growth would be the creation of new goods and services and the opening of new markets. Sometimes new goods and services replace old ones, shutting down old markets — compare the current market for horse-drawn carriages to the market for cars — but this happens specifically BECAUSE the new goods and services are more valuable to people than the old ones were. If the new goods and services weren't more valuable to people, they never would've displaced the old goods and services. So that's a type of economic growth that would still happen if the total population never changed. The other thing to remember is that, like I said, babies are constantly being born and those babies need shoes. Even in a steady-state population, we're not talking about a bunch of immortals who never change or age. Babies are born, grow into children, become adults, enter old age and die. Along the way, those people need different things at different stages of their lives. Even if the population never grew or shrank, there'd still be a booming market for diapers and legos.


Question: What are RAW images and how do they differ from normal images?

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</answer>
 What are RAW images and how do they differ from normal images?

RAW images = what your camera sensor sees, normal images = what your screen shows. There are a few differences: A sensor doesn't really record colored pixels. Color is achieved by placing a filter in front of it - so some pixels will record only red light, some only green and some only blue. While your monitor does works in a similar way, generally there those "subpixels" are grouped together to full-color pixel units. This translation has to be done before an image can be shown. And there are other things that have to be done in between the sensor recoding an image and a monitor displaying it. A camera would typically remove image noise, correct white balance (basically, remove any tinting that the lighting of your scene might have), and a lot of other different things. RAW images don't include all of that and are taken directly from the sensor data, including more details about some over- or underexposed areas, that would just appear "completely black" or "completely white" in a processed image. That means that RAW images aren't really "better", in fact they themselves are much worse pictures than a processed JPEG. They just allow you the freedom of doing those processing steps yourself (and adjusting the parameters to your liking) to get an even better end result - assuming you and your software are more capable than your camera (which might make some wrong guesses about how you want your photo to look).


Question: What will it look like when the student loan debt bubble "pops?"

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 What will it look like when the student loan debt bubble "pops?"

In a way this has kind of happened in the UK but reactions to it are muted so as to not destroyed the university system. Two years ago the government tried to essentially privatise the system by selling their loan book to banks. Those loans had repayment conditions such as time limits, fixed interest rates, and limits on the percentage of a person's income the debt holder could take. There was zero interest from the private sector and the government continues to hold most student loans. Subsequent analysis of this and economic predictions for the country in general now estimate that it will take so long for students to reach the repayment threshold (£25k I think, could be mistaken) and even longer for most recent graduates to make any kind of decent salary, that they will simply make lower payments until the loan expires and never clear the principal. TL;DR Education already costs more than it's worth.


Question: What is the argument behind not imposing term limits on United States congress members?

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 What is the argument behind not imposing term limits on United States congress members?

The argument is that we have regular elections where their seats come up. This means that they have to earn re-election each time and if their States want them to represent them then why should that be denied them. There is also the argument that experience in lawmaking is very important so the longer someone can be in congress the better.


Question: If you were to leave a small amount of money in your bank account, and something happened that you were alive a thousand years later, would you have a fortune in your bank account from interest or is that unrealistic?

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 If you were to leave a small amount of money in your bank account, and something happened that you were alive a thousand years later, would you have a fortune in your bank account from interest or is that unrealistic?

This is heavily dependent on three things: - The amount of money in the account to start with - The rate of compound interest applied to the amount - The bank remaining in business for 1000 years If you assume an interest rate of say 2% annual, and you had $100 in the bank account, and the bank stayed in business - after 1000 years you would have $39,826,465,165. Not bad. *edit* since people keep commenting about inflation, despite my having acknowledged it already... yes, that amount of money in 1000 years' time will likely not be worth a lot, even if we stick with the same currency.


Question: Where does money from a sale of a bankrupt company go?

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 Where does money from a sale of a bankrupt company go?

It depends. When a company files for bankruptcy, it is either to say "let's re-negotiate this debt, here's my plan to get the company back on track, and we can start fresh" (Chapter 11). or "There's no way I can reasonably pay back all of this debt so let's work something out, where I pay you whatever I got and can get from this business." (Chapter 7). The former (Chapter 11) means that the company gets the money, which they can use to pay down their debt or use it for something else (although the debt owners would probably only agree to the restructuring plan if the company was forced to meet certain payments at certain times. If they don't agree with your plan, they can force a Chapter 7. This negotiation takes place in what's called a Bankruptcy Court). For the latter (Chapter 7), any amount of money that can be squeezed from the business (either by sales of products or selling assets like warehouses) goes straight to the debt owners. Think of when you lose at Monopoly. Everything owned by the business has to be sold (or in other words, liquidated) to put as much of a dent as possible in the debt you can never re-pay anyway.


Question: Why does the United States (and part of Europe) fund Saudi Arabia when Saudi Arabia is obviously funding terrorism?

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 Why does the United States (and part of Europe) fund Saudi Arabia when Saudi Arabia is obviously funding terrorism?

It's the oil, but also WAY more than oil. The US buys oil from all kinds of places, SA produces oil and sells it to many consumers. But SA produces enough oil that it has a very large influence on the overall market. So what it chooses to do effects, everyone. And the US has a few key advantages that it would like to maintain. The first thing is that SA chooses to sell and price its oil in US dollars. This is an international convention but it need not be, SA could change its mind and demand payment in any currency it chooses. It means that if you are a country and you need some oil, you need to change your money into US dollars first. This drives up demand for US dollars, making it less expensive for the US to import things. This leaves SA with a shitload of US dollars. Now, it could sell those dollars in exchange for other currencies, that would lower the price of US dollar down to where it "should" be. But the Kingdom of SA brings in WAY more money than it needs to spend. So they created something called a "Sovern wealth fund". That's just a term that's used when a country is stockpiling money. SA could sell the US dollars for Saudi Riyal (SA currency) and spend that money around it's own country, but it chooses not to do this. Instead, they want to not spend the money, save it for a rainy day. So it takes those US dollars and invests them in the US stock market. We're talking billions and billions of dollars here. Those investments are in US companies, US government bonds, and other US holdings. Some international companies, but mostly American ones. The US government does not want to piss off US government bond holders. The US government also does not want to piss off large US companies who do not want to piss off their Saudi shareholders. So there's the fact that being the worlds functional currency props up the value of the US dollar and a large part of that is because of Oil. Then there's the fact that the Saudis are large holders of US assets and debt (US government bonds are US government debt). Next, there's the Oil itself. The US needs to get a good price on the oil it imports. If SA suddenly decided that they were not going to sell oil to the US anymore, the US would pay a higher price for oil elsewhere. This would be bad for the US's ability to compete. Sure, this is a temporary situation, but it's the current situation. Lastly, there's the military aspect. SA is "friendly" with the US military in an area of the world where the US does not have many friends right now. Sure, there are many things SA does that we disagree with, but the reality is that we need friendly skies where our jets can refuel and we need a government that allows us to place airfields and bases on their land without the threat that they'll remove them. Running all foreign operations from aircraft carriers is possible but extremely expensive and difficult. We NEED land based bases in safe, friendly countries near the wars we are or are going to be fighting. When launching an air mission you generally don't want to go into a countries airspace if you can avoid it. From SA we can easily hit Iraq, Iran, Egypt, the Sudan, Yemen, Oman, and Somalia. It's a short jaunt to Pakistan, Afghanistan or Syria. You'd just need to cross 1 border to do it. Those bases are.. really important, to the US military and their ability to strike anywhere in the middle east with very little notice. Lastly, and this is a big one. Selling arms to SA is more than selling government assets to a foreign power. When the US agrees to sell arms to a country what they are really agreeing to is allowing US military suppliers to sell to the country. Companies like Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Raytheon, General Dynamics and Northrop Grumman. These are LARGE companies and employ LOTS of Americans. Allowing them to sell to foreign countries is important to their business models and is very important to the shareholders of those companies. The thing is, SA has been a US ally for so long that they have hooks everywhere, in every industry. They're super rich, so they're both a BIG customer of US companies and a BIG investor in US investments. In every way a country could be important to the US, SA is important. The big problems, obviously, are that they're a bunch of assholes who treat women and minorities terrably. But they're so ingrained into the US business system that it's impossible to remove them at this point and they could do a lot of damage if they wanted to. So it's "important" to keep them as an ally.


Question: Why does a colored object receiving bounce light of another object of the same color change the hue of it's shadow?

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 Why does a colored object receiving bounce light of another object of the same color change the hue of it's shadow?

I'm not 100% sure I understand what you're asking about, but let me tell you what I think you're looking for. I don't see a shadow cast by the scaffold onto something else, so I assume you mean the shadow being cast onto the yellow scaffold, right? In that case, the shadowed region is being lit by light from the sky (and other objects in the area), but since the material/paint is so bright yellow, it's absorbing all the blue and only reflecting the yellow light in the light hitting it - which isn't much, which is why it's much darker than the other, full sun sections. That said I wouldn't describe it as a warmer color - the shadow is still cooler than the full sun sections. If you mean the shadow above the yellow scaffold, on the white building, which is also pretty yellow, thats because it's a yellow light coming off the scaffold which is the brightest light hitting it, and the white surface reflect almost all of that light.


Question: What's the difference between a condition, disorder, disease and syndrome?

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 What's the difference between a condition, disorder, disease and syndrome?

I'll give it the old ELI5 try - these terms are used to help medical professionals treat health issues by organizing them into categories. condition - a name given to a know situation or set of health issues: "he has a concussion" or "heartbeat irregular" - it summarizes/categorizes the patients health issue by known symptoms displayed. disorder - something isn't working right but the patient displays predictable symptoms, but the exact cause may be less than fully understood. Perhaps predictable isn't the right word as some disorders imply unpredictable behavior/symptoms/conditions....but at least you know what might happen from the name of the disorder. disease - usually referring to a set of condition with a known CAUSE (often an outside influence) causing harm to the patient - a concussion is a condition, but Coronavirus Disease is a set of conditions caused by the COVID-19 virus. syndrome - a very specific set of symptoms/conditions that often occur together, often indicating a disease (identifiable cause). PLEASE expand or refine my old 5 minute try if you can ELI5 folks!


Question: What's the difference between unleaded and diesel petrols?

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 What's the difference between unleaded and diesel petrols?

Diesel is a different type of combustion to gasoline. Gasoline requires a spark plug while diesel uses the pressure to start combustion. Gassoline is a result of the first stage of purifying crude while diesel mainly get extracted in the later steps. Diesel tends to be more efficient than gasoline however it has more NOx emissions and costs a lot more since there is more demand for it. Everything from heaters and power generation plants to ships and cars run off it. Gasoline mainly is used for cars. No expert someone should fact check me.


Question: how do residential street numbers work in the U.S? For example 742 Evergreen Terrace, where I live that would imply that there is at least 742 properties on that Street, with the odd numbers on one side and the even numbers on the other side.

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 how do residential street numbers work in the U.S? For example 742 Evergreen Terrace, where I live that would imply that there is at least 742 properties on that Street, with the odd numbers on one side and the even numbers on the other side.

It depends. Sometimes they are strictly sequential like you describe. Other times they might number them by block, the buildings on the first block on a street may start at 100, the buildings on the second block would start at 200, etc, even if there aren't 100 buildings in each block. Another method used in some places numbers buildings based on a formula that represents distance from the beginning of the street....something like 742 may be roughly 0.75 miles from the beginning of the starting point. Most of the time though they still stick to evens on one side and odds on the other. tl;dr - There's no enforced standard in the US for building numbers. They generally do follow a specific pattern, but it can change from area to area.


Question: How does febreeze actually destroy odour particles? If it even does?

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 How does febreeze actually destroy odour particles? If it even does?

“When you spray Febreze, the water in the product partially dissolves the odor, allowing it to form a complex inside the "hole" of the cyclodextrin doughnut shape. The stink molecule is still there, but it can't bind to your odor receptors, so you can't smell it. Depending on the type of Febreze you're using, the odor might simply be deactivated or it might be replaced with something nice-smelling, such as a fruity or floral fragrance.” - More [here]( URL_0 ) .