Question: What's the Iran-Contra affair and how did it lead to the crack epidemic?

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 What's the Iran-Contra affair and how did it lead to the crack epidemic?

I had not heard about its connection to crack, so if one exists, I'll let someone else fill that in. There were a lot of drugs going in and out of there for various reasons, but I am not sure it was directly related to Iran-Contra. In 1979, there was a revolution in Iran. Before the revolution, the leader of Iran (The Shah as we called him in the US) was very friendly to the US. Like, extremely friendly. Like we probably put him there. Then the revolution happened. The Shah was overthrown and US citizens in Iran were taken hostage. President Carter couldn't make any headway into getting them released. This was probably a big factor (on top of a stagnant economy) that led to him losing the 1980 presidential election to Ronald Reagan. Because Iran was now the enemy of the US (even though the hostages did get released), the US enacted an embargo. No trade of any kind with Iran. We even gave money and weapons to Saddam Hussein in Iraq to fight Iran (he mostly used them to go after his own internal enemies). In Nicaragua, there was also a revolution. The new government there was very left wing (Marxist). Reagan didn't want this. But instead of invading with the US Army, he wanted to fund the opposition to the Nicaraguan government. A group of right wing Rebels called The Contras. But money given to them had to be off the books. How to get money to The Contras without anyone in government finding out? Sell arms to Iran. Money from arms sales to Iran went to The Contras in Nicaragua. Besides the Iran part being illegal, aiding the contras was also declared illegal by Congress (but it kept getting US funds anyway). The Contras also committed atrocities, and blamed the US for them. This is the Iran-Contra affair. Reagan claimed, under oath, that he couldn't remember any details about this. He threw Oliver North under the bus to take the blame for it. North is now a popular guest on Fox News. tl;dr, money we weren't supposed to have was given to people we weren't supposed to fund to "stop communism."


Question: Why is hand sanitizer bad for the environment, but washing hands with soap is not?

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 Why is hand sanitizer bad for the environment, but washing hands with soap is not?

It's not about the environment, it's about artificially selecting for tougher and tougher germs. It's evolution in action. *And alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not the problem!* Alcohol kills germs just fine. Chlorine bleach, if you use a product based on that to sanitize your kitchen counter, kills germs just fine. Washing your hands with ordinary soap and water removes dirt--and a sufficient level of germs--just fine. What's *NOT* fine are products with "anti-bacterial" additives like Triclosan. Such products *DON'T* kill all the germs when used...they only kill the weakest germs. The tougher germs survive, with their competition reduced, so they can multiply more. The tougher germs become a big problem "down the line" when the antibiotics we use to save people from infections become useless because of all the tougher germs we've helped to create. Use the three products I mentioned earlier: alcohol-based hand sanitizers, chlorine bleach-based cleansers, and ordinary soap for hand washing. That's all you need to be using.


Question: Why can't scientists just bump an electron off of mercury to get gold?

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 Why can't scientists just bump an electron off of mercury to get gold?

That is not how it works. When you bump an electron off a mercury atom you get a mercury ion. [However scientist have turned mercury into gold before.]( URL_0 ) They shoot neutrons at mercury until it sticks and radioactively decays into gold. The thing is they have to shoot it really hard for it to stick, this is much more expensive than just digging gold up out of the ground.


Question: Why can't "developing" countries just copy "developed" countries to improve their living standards?

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 Why can't "developing" countries just copy "developed" countries to improve their living standards?

Why can't you copy Lebron's basketball skills and be as good as he is? It's all there, for the world to see... except he's an exceptional talent with years of practice. It takes *time* to develop something. Western Europe had literally *centuries* of development to reach it's present state. China did it in decades because they had the template to follow and even they are having to make some of the choices that the West made along the way. Edit: For example - You can't just build a factory and expect your population to start producing computers. It takes an educated population of specialists to build things like computers.


Question: What do CEO's of Forbes 500 companies do exactly and why they are so generously compensated?

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 What do CEO's of Forbes 500 companies do exactly and why they are so generously compensated?

Their two key jobs are selling the company to investors and setting the company's strategy. They get paid a lot partly because the executives are a sort of reward for all the lower level managers, and partly because good strategy earns the investors a phenomenally large amount of money so even a small share is an enormous amount of pay.


Question: My internet was being slow < 5Mbps so I called my ISP and they were able to send a signal to get it to 500Mbps, how does this work?

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 My internet was being slow < 5Mbps so I called my ISP and they were able to send a signal to get it to 500Mbps, how does this work?

There are a whole range of things they might have done. \- They might have just rebooted your router. Sometimes a simple reboot fixes things. \- They might have assigned you to a different IP segment. Maybe the router you were going through is having issues or is overloaded. \- Maybe they discovered that your router's config was wrong, and you weren't getting the speed you were suppose to be, so they re-sent down the router config and that made the speed faster. There are probably a few other things that they could have done, but those are probably the most likely.


Question: . Why do so many bees drown in swimming pools?

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 . Why do so many bees drown in swimming pools?

Imagine you're a bee. You are thirsty. The edge of a pool seems like a nice place to get a drink... but wait.. it's not a nice edge like the edge of a lake or pond, you can't really get a grip. You fall in and as much as you try to find an edge or shallow area, a way to escape.. you cannot. Chlorine is not good for them either, but mostly it's the shape of the pool and the fact that they cannot stand on an edge to drink that really does them in.


Question: Why do Southeast Asians have lighter-skin colors compared to other peoples at the same latitude?

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 Why do Southeast Asians have lighter-skin colors compared to other peoples at the same latitude?

China has had a huge influence in that region for most its history. The Thai-Kadai peoples (Laos and Thailand) are native to south China around Guangxi (where the Zhuang still are) and migrated to southeast Asia during the time China was expanding (~1200 years ago) which displaced Austroasiatic peoples like the Khmer (Cambodians) and Vietnamese (which was ruled by China several times). Burmese are Sino-Tibetans (same group as the Chinese) and are also descendants of earlier migrations. You never had largescale migrations of peoples from India to southeast Asia but instead just religion and customs. Your Austronesians like the Malay and the other many languages of Indonesia and the Philippines originate from peoples who migrated from south China to Taiwan (around 8 thousand years ago) who then migrated south. They displaced the native Negritos who are dark skinned.


Question: Why does microwaved food seem to go cold faster than oven- or stove-heated food?

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 Why does microwaved food seem to go cold faster than oven- or stove-heated food?

It takes longer to heat something in the oven then in the microwave. So if you heat something in the oven it is going to get a very even temperature. However in the microwave the food does not have time to even out the temperature. So you can have some parts of the food at boiling temperatures and other parts at close to freezing. When you leave the microwaved food on the table it is going to even out its temperature and therefore the hot parts will get cold quite fast. However from that point on the microwaved food will have a more even temperature since the microwave heats the food on the inside as well as the outside while the oven only heats the outside so the inside might be colder then the outside. So if you reheat the microwaved food after letting it rest for a few minutes it will likely go cold slower then the oven heated food.


Question: Why is the Sun Yellow and the Moon White?

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 Why is the Sun Yellow and the Moon White?

I think this perception is more so that we accociate the sun with being yellow and the moon being white. However, this is not the case for either. You are right in that the sun emits more yellow light than other wavelengths, and due to scattering of the atmosphere, we see a yellow sun at sea level. The same thing happens with the moon as well, If you see the moon when it is still bright outside, it looks white because it is competing with light from the sun as well. But in the middle of the night and the moon is high in the sky, the moon will also have a slight yellow tint to it as well.


Question: Why does the general curriculum in schools require everyone to take math classes of algebra or higher (high school and above) when the majority of the population only uses the basic math skills, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division throughout the majority of their lives?

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 Why does the general curriculum in schools require everyone to take math classes of algebra or higher (high school and above) when the majority of the population only uses the basic math skills, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division throughout the majority of their lives?

The same reason you learn about cell division, the War of 1812, and Catcher in the Rye, things which are also unlikely to come up in your everyday life. The purpose of school past the first few years isn't to get you set up with everyday knowledge - it's about improving critical, analytical, and logical thinking, giving you a baseline to improve whatever skills and knowledge are required in your life, and hopefully about helping you find an interest that you can follow into later schooling and your life. I haven't needed to deal with a quadratic equation since high school, but step-by-step problem solving and being able to organize information to confirm what I already know and isolate my unknowns (variables) is a skill that pays off in a variety of situations outside of the x's and y's on your homework.


Question: Can someone explain who Getty Images is and why their name is under almost every photo online?

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 Can someone explain who Getty Images is and why their name is under almost every photo online?

Getty Images, Inc. is stock photo agency, which is also a supplier of stock images for business and consumers. So Whenever book uses their images they need to give credits. P.S. *Who is Mr. Page you see in every corner of every damn sheet.* Edit: Agency's owners name is MARK GETTY.


Question: Why temperature and speed affects braking force?

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 Why temperature and speed affects braking force?

Elementary physics is idealized. It typically assumes that the coefficient of friction is constant. In real life, the friction coefficient will change depending on temperature. The brakes are designed to operate within a certain safe temperature window and typical driving. For cars (not sure about planes), the brakes are NOT designed for repeated high braking operations done frequently. Doing this overheats the brake pads (boils the brake fluid too) etc and causes the brakes to fail or degrade. F1 cars, on the other hand, are designed to have repeated braking. The compounds used are most effective when the brakes are hot (much hotter than road cars) but conversely they operate poorly when below a certain temperature. You are almost certainly incorrect. Braking will cause more deceleration from a high speed compared to low speed. This is because the air resistance/drag at high speeds is much greater and this contributes to the car slowing down. But most drivers are conditioned or trained NOT to stamp on the brakes at high speeds because it results in the car sliding. So while it probably "feels" as though brakes work less effectively at high speed - that is related to the driver and not the physics.


Question: What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

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 What is Ideal Mechanical Advantage and how can I calculate it?

Ideal mechanical advantage is the number that your force is multiplied by in the absolute best case scenario when using a simachine (no friction or other ways to lose force applied.) How it's calculated varies depending on the machine you're using but can be generally expressed as: amount of force output divided by, force applied


Question: Why is there a considerable time delay in sending and receiving emails but none in messaging apps like Whatsapp or Insta ?

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 Why is there a considerable time delay in sending and receiving emails but none in messaging apps like Whatsapp or Insta ?

Email protocols are as old the internet, and go through many servers before they arrive at their destination. Whatsapp for instance uses the XMPP protocol which address some of the issue faced with email. But it wasn't meant to replace email as such, it was meant to replace IRC (internet relay chat). So because they are 'quite recent' they've been designed to work for shorter messages. Email has matured and now included other protocols such as IMAP, POP3, SMTP, etc. The software that runs email servers is highly configureable and stupidly complex. Most, but the best setups are probably not setup optimally to be honest. Insta probably works on the same protocol as Whatsapp or even websockets. Some protocols are even peer to peer so no middle man to slow it down either.


Question: Does cooling a sealed bottle/can of soda and then letting it come back to room temperature cause it to lose carbonation?

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 Does cooling a sealed bottle/can of soda and then letting it come back to room temperature cause it to lose carbonation?

No. The sealed bottle or can is much closer to an enclosed system than an open container - it can stay very well carbonated for months. It would be a reasonable simplification to say that the carbonation hasn't changed at all. However, there is another property that is important, Solubility. When you open up the can, the drink itself will lose carbonation due to relatively low levels of CO2 compared to the container it was stored in as time goes on. When the drink is colder, CO2 (and other gases) are more soluble. So, as the temperature increases, there is less dissolved CO2, which likely causes the impression that the drink was less carbonated to begin with.


Question: why are US schools funded by property taxes?

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 why are US schools funded by property taxes?

Cynically: So that wealthier people don’t have to fund schools in poor school districts. With a giant dose of race related politics in the US thrown in. You can see this play out in the post-segregation era where a lot of predominantly white suburban areas split off from the cities they surrounded to form their own school districts. This kept the mostly poor black kids out of the mostly white middle class schools, and also dried up funding for the schools in poorer areas to achieve the same result as segregation.


Question: What exactly is a normal distribution?

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 What exactly is a normal distribution?

A normal distribution shows that it is more likely that numbers in the middle will occur than numbers at the end. Like in a class, few people are likely to get 95 or higher, and few people are likely to get a 65 or lower. You're likely to get a lot of grades in in the 80-85 range. An easy example to think about is rolling two dice. To get a 2, you need to roll two 1s. That's not very likely. To get a 12, you need to roll two 6s. That's not very likely either. 2: 1+1 3: 1+2 4: 1+3, 2+2 5: 1+4, 2+3 6: 1+5, 2+4, 3+3 7: 1+6, 2+5, 3+4 8: 2+6, 3+5, 4+4 9: 3+6, 4+5 10: 4+6, 5+5 11: 5+6 12: 6+6 Do you kind of see how the numbers in the middle have more options? This gets more pronounced with the more dice you roll. So you could flip this on the side and draw a line above the number (or make them into bars if you want). The ends are less likely because there are less possibilities, and in the middle it's more likely because there are more combinations that lead to a higher probability of getting that.


Question: Why does having someone else scratch my scalp feel so much better than scratching my own?

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 Why does having someone else scratch my scalp feel so much better than scratching my own?

When you scratch your own scalp, your attention is divided between the act of scratching, and the perception of being scratched. If someone else scratches your scalp, you can devote your entire attention to the sensation of being scratched. It is also true that in evolutionary terms, primates have groomed each other long before the human race even existed. It is a very well established social ritual.


Question: Why does drinking sugary drinks make me even more thirsty?

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 Why does drinking sugary drinks make me even more thirsty?

Your body has difficulty distinguishing between high salt and high sugar levels so it tries to excrete the overload via the kidneys and triggers the impulse to drink more water. You should test for diabetes if this happens to you because it's one signal that your body is not releasing enough insulin to mop up the excess sugar. People can have diabetes for years with almost no symptoms while it does tremendous damage to your nervous system. Excessive thirst is the first sign.


Question: Why do scalp and muscle massages feel so much better when someone else gives them to you?

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 Why do scalp and muscle massages feel so much better when someone else gives them to you?

The current understanding as to why it doesn't feel good when we try and massage ourselves is linked to a feature of the brain called "efference copy". Basically the brain cancels out or ignors certain signals in order to operate more efficiently or effectively. Have a look at the definition: [here]( URL_0 )


Question: What does people mean when they say that a computer system runs on different architecture from another computer? Like when somebody says that an emulator can run N64 games faster theoretically but because of different architecture in practicality it cant?

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 What does people mean when they say that a computer system runs on different architecture from another computer? Like when somebody says that an emulator can run N64 games faster theoretically but because of different architecture in practicality it cant?

Processors each have their own language. In technical terms it's what's called an "Instruction Set Architecture". It defines the words that that a computer uses to do things. For instance one computer might have use "ADD 2 2" to compute 2+2. While another computer might use "SUM 2 2". When someone writes a piece of software like a video game, it gets compiled for a specific instruction set architecture based on the platform it's going to be used on. When a program is compiled, it gets turned from the programming language (C/C++ for instance) into the language of the processor. You might hear this called "machine language". So code that's been compiled for one processor type can't run in a different processor because the machines use different languages. Another way to think of it is you want to tell someone hello. You could chose to say it in either Russian or English. If you say it in Russian, the English speakers won't understand it, but if you say it in English, the Russian speakers won't understand it. Your choice of language is like compiling the software.


Question: Why can my heartbeats sometimes shake my entire body with each throb at 110bpm but not feel the same when my heart rate is 150bpm or higher?

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 Why can my heartbeats sometimes shake my entire body with each throb at 110bpm but not feel the same when my heart rate is 150bpm or higher?

Except at extremes, heart rate plays into pulse strength less than blood pressure does. While higher blood pressures can cause more noticeable heartbeats, the strength of a heartbeat/pulse is also largely dependent on something called the pulse pressure - the difference between the top blood pressure number (pressure while the heart beats) and the bottom blood pressure (pressure between beats). If the arterial pressure while the heart contracts is close to the pressure while it’s at rest, the heart beat (pulse) will be less obvious. Think for example, 105/85. But if each heart beat raises the pressure a lot relative to the resting/diastolic pressure, then the pulse is stronger, ie. 140/60.


Question: How do antidepressants such as Prozac help major depressive disorder?

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 How do antidepressants such as Prozac help major depressive disorder?

The major theory is that depression is caused by (or results in) an imbalance of chemicals (neurotransmitters) in the brain. All antidepressants work by increasing the levels of these chemicals in the brain, by different mechanisms. Most evidence suggests serotonin is the most important neurotransmitter involved in depression, although there are others such as noradrenaline and dopamine. Prozac (fluoxetine) belongs to group of antidepressants called SSRI's, or 'selective serotonin uptake inhibitors'. This means that is more selective for serotonin than older antidepressants were. It stops serotonin being reabsorbed when it is released, so it hangs around for longer and can have an effect for longer.


Question: why is glitter nearly impossible to remove from your skin?

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 why is glitter nearly impossible to remove from your skin?

The moisture on your skin. Water molecules are polar (have a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other). These molecules attract to each other like little magnets. As the molecules create these bonds the glitter bits become surrounded. The glitter gets trapped in a "web" of water molecules. All the while the air is pushing down on the flat surface of the glitter pieces. Air cannot get underneath the glitter to break the surface tension because the bits are surrounded by water


Question: How do we lose consciousness when we fall asleep?

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 How do we lose consciousness when we fall asleep?

I'm not an expert on this topic, but I'll make an attempt. Our brain has several parts that perform their own tasks like processing vision, recognising words, keeping your lungs breathing etc. When many of these parts work together, it creates processes that enable you to recognise a song, solve math, have conversation and everything else you can do. When you go to sleep, only some processes of the brain that contribute to your consciousness usually stop like processing vision and hence you do not feel conscious. However, all the parts of your brain are still active and because of which you can sometimes see dreams and experience consciousness in them- maybe hear songs, see mountains or make a decision to go boating in your dream. People also train to perform lucid dreaming, wherein, with practice you get cognizant that you are dreaming and try to control what you do in your dreams!


Question: When a country's capital is assigned an 'Elevation above sea level', how do they measure that. Part 1... Don't know what the stats are but some are bloody miles from the sea. Part 2... There's hills in that place so is it an average?

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 When a country's capital is assigned an 'Elevation above sea level', how do they measure that. Part 1... Don't know what the stats are but some are bloody miles from the sea. Part 2... There's hills in that place so is it an average?

Sea level is standard because water will all settle at the same elevation in the sea. "Sea Level" is actually properly referred to as Means Sea Level(MSL) as it's really an average. To measure distance from sea level we use air pressure. It has to be finely tuned depending on the weather as that will alter the reading. In hilly/mountainous areas people simply pick a reference point and call it "the center of town". It's a pretty arbitrary number(if you're talking about places like Denver being "a mile high") and people like pilots are going to use their instruments to do anything technical.


Question: If the bottom of an iceberg is surrounded by water, shouldn't the iceberg slowly melt? Isn't water warmer than ice?

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 If the bottom of an iceberg is surrounded by water, shouldn't the iceberg slowly melt? Isn't water warmer than ice?

Where icebergs form, there is no or almost no temperature gradient between the water and the iceberg, so they can last in those waters for centuries. Once they float a bit further south (or north) from their formation point, they encounter slightly warmer water and melt. But some icebergs are enormous - so large that it can take months or even years to melt even in (relatively speaking) toasty water. The largest icebergs can weigh more than 10 million tons.


Question: Why do some diseases tend to localize to specific areas while others remain more general? For example, Hand, foot, and mouth disease, or genital herpes.

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 Why do some diseases tend to localize to specific areas while others remain more general? For example, Hand, foot, and mouth disease, or genital herpes.

I suppose you're talking about communicable diseases. It all depends. But for viruses for instance, they can never infect a cell unless they bind to a receptor and get internalized. Not all cells express a receptor for a given virus, for example that's why you don't get the flu in your leg it binds to receptors in your airways. HIV to B cells in the immune system. Bacteria on the other hand, it depends on how they evolved. Some bacteria evolved mechanisms of immune evasion in particular environments, like the intestine and salmonella. Bacteria like to hide from the immune system because it's pretty good at killing them, so they tend to stay in the interstitium or in cells where the infection took place. H pylori for example evolved to dig into the mucosa in the stomach and hide from the acid by secreting a neutralizing buffer in its vicinity. Prions are another form of pathogen, they infect other prion proteins that are otherwise healthy. These proteins are most commonly found in the brain, so that's where prion disease progresses. You get the idea, but there's a lot more to the story obviously


Question: How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

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 How did Russia, a country that lost an insane amount of people in WWII, manage to become a superpower a few short years later?

it's true Russia lost an insane amount of people during WW2, both against the axis powers and from within, but they had an incredibly huge pool to pull from to begin with. not to mention that they were one of the few countries in the war that enlisted both men and women to fight, helped to broaden the manpower pool. The mentality of the Soviet Union at the time of the war and after was to sacrifice everything necessary for the good of and to strengthen the Union, this included the lives of it's citizens. Prior to WW2 the country was still struggling to modernize their industry, military and country as a whole, which is why their casualties were highest at the start of the war. They had very old equipment and not enough of it to equip their soldiers, so you'd hear reports of soldiers sent into combat in pairs, the first with a loaded gun, the second with an ammo clip. when the first man died he better have used his ammo, so that the second man could pick up his gun load his ammo and continue the push. The Soviet war machine and industrial complex was made the primary focus for the country during the war and they invested every dollar and available man hour ( and woman hour!) not used in the fighting to construct massive factories and resource harvesting complexes, with very little concern to the safety and the lives of those working. With millions of people working in factories and building new ones, and harvesting the materials needed for both, they could grow extremely rapidly. The soviets also got massive amounts of aid and lend lease supplies from the allies. over the course of just 4 years they received about 17.5 million TONS of supplies from the USA alone. This consisted of food, weapons, vehicles, ammo, industrial equipment. the Soviet Union expanded and grew it's industrial and military capacity so much that by the end of ww2, not after, it was already a world superpower, with the most massive land military ever in human history. TLDR: Russia was already a super power at the end of ww2 thanks to a complete disregard for life that was used to fuel their military industrial complex.


Question: What happens to the formation of ice when in a vacuum?

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 What happens to the formation of ice when in a vacuum?

Ice is less dense than liquid water not because of air getting trapped. It has to do with the intermolecular forces between the water molecules. The physics can get hairy, so I suppose it's enough to say than when water freezes, the chaotic yet quite significant hydrogen bonds become spatially ordered in a lattice that geometrically places the water molecules at a further distance from one another than the average distance is between them in the liquid phase. So essentially the molecules themselves are father apart in the ice, that's why it has lower density. Besides that, I don't actually understand your question. Perhaps this figure will explain: URL_0 This is a phase diagram, it shows you the state of water at different combinations of temperature and pressure. There is no vacuum in this figure (arguably there is no real vacuum anyway), but let's look at the lowest point, 1 pascal (compared to 100,000 Pa that is our atmospheric pressure). You see that at such pressure, the water transitions from solid to gas phase directly, skipping liquid phase, at -60 degrees give or take (as opposed to 0 in normal pressure, where melting/freezing occurs). So if you take water from normal room temp and pressure and suddenly place it in a very high vacuum and very low temperature (let's say -100 degrees), the water would boil immediately as it's at around 25 degrees, and the vapour transition takes the heat from the water itself lowering its temperature up to a point where the leftover freezes once it hits -60 degrees (assuming 1 Pa pressure). Even if you don't have low temp (at room temp), this phenomenon would happen, because the evaporating water still cools what didn't evaporate leading to its freezing. Check this video for instance: URL_1 Edit: for clarity


Question: How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

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 How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

If you want to know, I completed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy during my high school years to help combat my PTSD and Depression. What are your questions exactly? Like what kinds of things they got me to do? The point of it was to rewire how my brain thinks. Redirect thoughts and impulses.


Question: When you first light a candle, it oftentimes makes a “pop” sound and the flame flares up a lot before dying down and leveling off. What causes this?

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 When you first light a candle, it oftentimes makes a “pop” sound and the flame flares up a lot before dying down and leveling off. What causes this?

For the candle to light there must be wax evaporating from the wick. As you heat up the wick to that point, you can get a small cloud of unburnt wax vapor around the wick. When that cloud ignites you get a teeny tiny FAE (Fuel Air Explosion) that produces the POP!, and the overheated wick continues to boil off excess wax until the heat stabilizes. Re-lighting a candle that just went out has a similar effect. If the candle is putting out a stream of boiling wax you can light the end of it and watch the flame leap to the still hot wick.


Question: What are cookies and why do websites ask me about them?

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</answer>
 What are cookies and why do websites ask me about them?

At its most basic, a cookie is a small text file stored on your computer, which is associated with a specific website and can be read by that website. When they were first introduced, they were designed as a way to "save state": for example, if a website allowed you to change the font size (for example), that setting could be saved in a cookie so you wouldn't have to change it every single time you visited the site: it would "remember" your setting. However, since then, cookies have been used in more sophisticated ways; they can, for example, track which pages you visit, and this information can be read by an ad agency so that they can run ads based on what websites you visit frequently. Although this is usually benign, some people find it worrisome. This is particularly the case in, for example, eastern European countries, which spent nearly half the 20th century under governments that regularly spied on them -- they're not comfortable with the idea of a central database holding information about their browsing habits. So the European Union passed a law requiring all sites that use cookies to inform visitors of that fact. That's why you're constantly being asked to confirm that you're happy to accept cookies. If you're not in the EU, of course, this law doesn't apply to you; but many sites might still show the dialogue to everyone, simply because it's easier.


Question: how come scientists/developers cant make phones that capture and send odors,scents,smells?

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 how come scientists/developers cant make phones that capture and send odors,scents,smells?

Smells are actually **particulate matter** that our olfactory nerves inside are noses bind to and send signals to our brains to tell us that that particle is a " < fill-in-the-blank > " smell. For phones to do that, then those devices would have to be able to create molecules and release them for our noses to pick up.


Question: What state of mind do we go into while under anesthesia? Are we asleep? Unconscious? Something different?

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 What state of mind do we go into while under anesthesia? Are we asleep? Unconscious? Something different?

“Will I dream while asleep? While under general anesthesia, you are in a drug-induced unconsciousness, which is different than sleep. Therefore, you will not dream. However, if you are under a nerve block, epidural, spinal or local anesthetic, patients have reported having pleasant, dream-like experinces” A medical website I found had that to say about it. If you have ever drank heavily and went to bed, some times you won’t dream if you’ve drank enough.


Question: Why do hatchbacks come with rear wipers as standard equipment while sedans generally don't have them as an option?

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 Why do hatchbacks come with rear wipers as standard equipment while sedans generally don't have them as an option?

When you’re driving there is sort of a swirling area of low pressure air that will pull dirt and road grime up towards the back of the car. This has a tendency to coat the back of the vehicle and obscure a hatchbacks rear windows. On a sedan that has a trunk, the rear window is not in this swirling dirt area and will remain much cleaner. When it comes to rain, the airflow across the rear window of a sedan will keep it somewhat clear. This does not work as well on a hatchback (or van or SUV for that matter). On some flat backed vehicles you will see what might look like a spoiler that is pointing in the wrong direction. This is meant to scoop clean air from the top of the vehicle and blow it across the back window. Hopefully keeping it a little cleaner.


Question: So how does electromagnetism influence our daily life?

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 So how does electromagnetism influence our daily life?

Electromagnetism is one of the two forces that governs every single action you take on a day-to-day basis (the other force being gravity). Electricity is best described as the flow of electrons (like blueberry juice down a river). Any time you produce electricity, you also produce magnetism. Magnetism is best described as the force of attraction and repulsion that appears when electrons are forced to move. The reason you cannot put your finger through a table is electromagnetism (the electromagnetic force of your finger is repelled by the force from the table). Electromagnetism allows us to turn on our lights, run the blender, start the car, and ask questions on reddit. > Like its kind of strange thinking about how I am sitting here, typing this on reddit while essentially sitting in a force field? If this is incorrect please let me know! You are totally correct. It's super strange! But we are so used to it, that we take it for granted all the time.


Question: Why does the “water drop on beverages” advertisements work? Why does it make us desire the beverage more?

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 Why does the “water drop on beverages” advertisements work? Why does it make us desire the beverage more?

Condensation forms on the outside of a cold beverage container when it's in a warm, humid environment. Having enough condensation to drip down the sides of the container implies that the beverage is extra cold and you're sitting in an extra hot, humid place with it. They're screwing with your mind to make you feel thirsty while simultaneously showing you a drink that will quench that thirst.


Question: Microwave ovens cook things by shooting radio waves at food, right? So if I put something small in the microwave, and it doesn't catch many... microwaves, are the other microwaves wasted, or do they play some other role?

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 Microwave ovens cook things by shooting radio waves at food, right? So if I put something small in the microwave, and it doesn't catch many... microwaves, are the other microwaves wasted, or do they play some other role?

Microwaves bounce around the interior very quickly so your item has a lot of opportunities to "catch" those waves. But some proportion of them are instead going to be absorbed by things like the walls of the microwave or the magnetron itself. Heating up the magnetron is usually considered to be a waste so those waves are not useful.


Question: How do search engines know how long someone spends on your site?

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 How do search engines know how long someone spends on your site?

They know when someone clicks a link on the search engine, and they know if someone goes back to the search results after visiting. If people open your site and don't go back, or take a while before they go back, it means they probably liked your site. If they go back to the search results right away, it means they probably didn't like your site.


Question: How is gravity not faster than the speed of light?

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 How is gravity not faster than the speed of light?

This is a very perceptive question. You have touched on one of the fundamental flaws of Newtonian gravity: the fact that it is "non-local". We know that the speed of light must be constant in all frames of reference, and yet Newton's formulation of gravity requires that gravitating bodies *instantaneously* know where everything else is, as you mention in your question. So one of the motivators of general relativity was to develop a *local* theory; i.e. one in which the effects of gravity on a body are simply the results of some feature of its IMMEDIATE surroundings. And so we describe gravity as the effect of *curved* spacetime. We imagine that all masses cause a curvature in spacetime around them, and this curvature distorts the paths of other bodies in the vicinity. So the "gravity" felt by a body is simply the effect of the curvature of spacetime in its immediate region. This removes the issues of non-locality since no information needs to be transmitted at higher-than-light speeds. I hope this explanation helps, feel free to ask follow-up questions. Edit: I've mentioned this a little lower down in the comment chain, but it is an important point which belongs here too: *changes* to curvature propagate at the speed of light. i.e. if, through some truly epic disaster, the sun suddenly popped out of existence, we would not encounter the effects until about 8 minutes later. This is due to the fact that *information* cannot travel faster than light (in a vacuum).


Question: Why is photosynthesis so hard to replicate in a machine?

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 Why is photosynthesis so hard to replicate in a machine?

For the second part: because we don't need sugar, we need energy. Photosynthesis is very inefficient, the plants are around 0.1 - 2% efficiency (solar power converted to chemical energy) which is abysmal, and unusable for us. If you want to convert this chemical energy to electrical energy you will lose a big chunk of this stored energy again. Not to mention that photosynthesis requires a constant flow of raw materials and water, which is a possible point of failure. While our solar panels current efficiency is around 20%, and there is still room to grow. Based on the Shockley–Queisser limit our panels can convert up to 33.7% of the solar energy to useable electrical energy. And they don't require any raw materials after they are installed.


Question: Uranium-234 has a half-life of 246,000 years. How did we measure that if the technology to do that hasn't been around that long?

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 Uranium-234 has a half-life of 246,000 years. How did we measure that if the technology to do that hasn't been around that long?

You don’t need to wait 246,000 years to know. You just measure the decay of a know quantity over a known time period and extrapolate that curve out to when you hit 50% decay. For very long half-lives you need a bigger sample and/or a longer test time and/or a more sensitive detector but unless the half-life is so long that you “never” get a decay, you can gather the data and plot the curve with relative ease.


Question: What's the difference between shampoos for straight, curly, wavy, etc? Is there really a difference or is it BS?

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 What's the difference between shampoos for straight, curly, wavy, etc? Is there really a difference or is it BS?

People with different hair textures have different needs. The oil on your hair is made at the scalp, and it over time disperses to the length of your hairs. Now imagine that each hair is a slide, the straight slide is much faster than the curly slide. People with very straight hair get the oil all down the shaft of the hair much faster because of this. They might appear to have very oily flat hair, think of Severus Snape. They may opt for less of a deep condition, and a more thorough shampoo. Whereas people with very curly hair usually have very dry hair, cause its harder for the oil to make it down the shaft. Dry hair will usually be frizzier, Like Hermione in the first books. So someone with curly hair will opt for a more moisturizing routine, which leads to more defined curls. ie. Hermione at the Yule Ball. Now this is only the very basics, there are tons more variations in hair textures and scalp needs. As well as the fact that people with curlier hair also have thicker hair and coarser hair. Apologies for the formatting, I’m on mobile. Edited to include more Harry Potter references TL;DR: Yeah, curly and straight hair do have different needs. Curly hair needs more moisturizing than straight hair


Question: Why can we sometimes not see something we are looking for, when it is in plain sight?

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 Why can we sometimes not see something we are looking for, when it is in plain sight?

Your vision isn’t really just raw footage from your eyes. It undergoes heavy processing in the brain, which does a lot of color correction, depth perception, object recognition, facial recognition, etc. This post-processing results in a lot of optical illusions ranging from The Dress, to pareidolia (seeing faces in things that don’t really have faces like clouds or tree bark), the spinning ballerina and so on. If the object recognition portion of the process fails to pick out the thing you are looking for from your field of vision, you might be looking directly at it without “seeing” it, until something trips that switch and suddenly you notice that it is there and it pops into your awareness.