Question: Why Is Gravity So Weak?

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 Why Is Gravity So Weak?

If you had the answer to that question you would win a Nobel Prize. Why gravity is so much weaker than the other forces is an open question that no one knows the answer to. One possible explanation is that gravity interacts with additional dimensions of spacetime that the others don't. Think about painting a square meter of space: it's the length times the width, and you can do it easily with just one bucket of paint. Now, think about filling an entire cube: by adding another dimension (height) you vastly increase the amount of paint you need. Now, it's buckets and buckets of paint! Similarly, it could be that gravity propagates through some extra dimension or dimensions that we can't perceive, requiring a lot more gravity to "fill up" those dimensions *and* the ones we can perceive. Those dimensions would be imperceptible because they are very tiny, curled up, looped dimensions that are on the order of the Planck length in size. So they're there and mean that gravity sort of spreads out more, making gravity appear to be much weaker than it is, but they are too small for us to interact with in a meaningful way (that we know of). Another possible explanation is that gravity isn't a native property of our universe. That is, it's sort of "bleeding in" from another universe parallel to ours. There's not a good analogy to explain this, unfortunately. If you know anything about the other forces, it would sort of be like how the strong nuclear force is really the color force, which binds quarks together and forms protons and neutrons. A little bit of that force leaks out of the protons and neutrons, which sticks those bigger particles to each other. The idea with gravity is that it's as strong as one of the other forces except we're not in that universe. A bit of of leaks out into our universe, which is much weaker here. There are many theories but right now none of them have been experimentally confirmed either way. It's *probably* the case that solving the problem of why gravity is so weak will explain problems with gravity like incorporating it with quantum field theory.


Question: Why are the Chinese tariffs a big deal?

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 Why are the Chinese tariffs a big deal?

Its only a big deal because the US imposed tariffs recently so China is retaliating. Its absolutely, 100% expected in every way (if someone imposes tariffs on you, you almost always strike back with tariffs of your own), its just a big deal because tariffs can significantly effect certain parts of a country's economy. Ok but even more so Its a big deal because Trump is HUGE news in the media. And this is Trump news FAR more than it is anything economic. Business people and economists can deal with it all, but for the general public, the words: Trump (always brings in readers), tariffs (sound scary!), and China (oh we care about them) make a freaking great headline. There are complicated economic policies and changes happening almost every day, but they don't have the name recognition to the general public as these do.


Question: What is the difference between ‘executive producer’ ‘producer’ ‘supervising producer’ and ‘produced by’ and why do TV show credits have all of these?

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 What is the difference between ‘executive producer’ ‘producer’ ‘supervising producer’ and ‘produced by’ and why do TV show credits have all of these?

Typically, an Executive producer is a person who manages the money, a supervising producer is the main manager for the production, as well as the script. The producers are the people who organise the actors, sets, permits, etc. (working under the supervising producer). Depending on the production, the executive producers may do regular producing things as well.


Question: How are taxes on crypto calculated?

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 How are taxes on crypto calculated?

That's not how tax brackets work. You don't get taxed 29% on all your income if your income is between $150k-$214k. You get taxed 29% on the income you make *between* $150k-$214k So if the $320k is your total gain, and you're only taxed on 50% of your gains, you would be taxed 29% on $10k (because you're being taxed on $160k of income and only $10k of that income is over $150k - ignoring any deductions for simplicity), and you would be taxed *less* on the remaining $150k (based on what the lower tax brackets are). So you would owe $2.9k for the $10k *over* that bracket you are, **plus** all the tax you owe for the lower brackets. Think of it like buckets of money. The 29% only holds about $64k worth of money (214-150), but you can only put money in that bucket once the previous buckets are full (and add up to $150k). So if you make $160k, only $10k gets put in that 29% bucket because the rest is already in the other lower taxed buckets. Example: Lets say there are 3 tax brackets - $0-$50k at 10%, $50k-$100k at 20%, $100k-$200k at 30%, and your taxable amount is $160k. You pay: * $5k for the first bracket (10% of the first $50k, reaching the $50k limit for this bracket) * $10k for the second bracket (20% of the *second* $50k, reaching the $100k total limit for this bracket) * $18k for the last bracket (30% of the final $60k remaining, reaching your total taxable income of $160k) So your total tax would be only $33k instead of the $48k it would be if your *entire* income was charged the higher 30% interest.


Question: Different interpretations of probability ?

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 Different interpretations of probability ?

Frequentists view probability as ratio of some machine of sorts. Throwing a dice for example is seen as a machine which 1/6th of the time gives 2. You can know this ratio by doing repeated tests on it and checking how the results turn out. Which makes sense. But this way of thinking sort of collapses when you're asked to make probability estimates of things that only happen once. Like, lets say olympics. Each competitor is currently in unique place in their own career, some are completely new faces. You can't just repeat these same olympics over and over the get frequencies of each competitors successes. So in a way, the whole frequentist way of thinking collapses and you simply can't make statements like "this guy probably wins". Which is where Bayesian way of thinking pops up. It treats probability not as some ratio of an abstract machine you need to study, but rather as your degree of certainty that some event happens. If you believe, for whatever reason, that some event is likely, bayesian system enables you to measure exactly how strong this belief is, and how it should change as you receive new information. The outline I'm familiar with is that bayesian interpretation of probability is mainly used in cognitive psychology and AI research because it provides guidelines to how one should react to new information. All other times there is little harm in treating probability as a ratio of some weird machine you may or may not understand.


Question: How can something be "anti-microbial"? Cant germs and bacteria grow on any surface?

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 How can something be "anti-microbial"? Cant germs and bacteria grow on any surface?

Antimicrobial surfaces are usually impregnated with a chemical that deters bacterial growth, such as silver or Triclosan. These substances interfere with the bacterial life cycle, preventing growth and reproduction. These surfaces are not used for everything because they are more expensive, and Triclosan in particular can contribute to bacterial resistance, and some studies suggest it can be harmful to humans over extended exposure.


Question: What is radioactivity and what does alpha, beta and gamma particles got to do with it?

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 What is radioactivity and what does alpha, beta and gamma particles got to do with it?

Radioactivity = when atoms in a sample of matter (like, molecules in a block of Uranium) are unstable because of their structure and they are trying to find stability. To do this, they break down into other elements by losing physical parts (in the form of alpha and beta particles) or energy (in the form of photons, which is what x-rays and gamma rays are). Alpha particles are heavy - they are two protons and two neutrons. Beta particles are lighter and faster moving - it's basically an electron from inside the nucleus of the atom. In other words, radioactive decay (the breaking down of unstable elements into other elements) causes radiation (physical, subatomic elements or electromagnetic waves that get emitted outward).


Question: How can pension schemes actually pay out despite demographic time bomb?

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 How can pension schemes actually pay out despite demographic time bomb?

Good question. There's some question as to whether many pension funds are actually going to be able to pay off as the boomers retire and the genx and millenials take their place. If the pension fund managers have done their job, then they've take all the contributions the boomers made and have invested them well and grown the fund. I'm thinking here of the Ontario Teachers Pension Plan for example. It has $189 billion in assets, manages the pension plans for 185,000 teachers and is paying out pensions to 140,000 retirees. It pays about about $6bn / year, but has investment returns of ~9%.. so about $17bn, or $11bn net, which gets plowed back into the fund. Even IF the number of retirees drawing a pension *doubled* (which isn't far fetched if you think about it... Boomers retiring), the fund can still maintain its value. Of course your pension fund's results may vary.


Question: What is a coma exactly? Why can the patient not wake up? When they do wake up, what suddenly changed to make them wake up?

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 What is a coma exactly? Why can the patient not wake up? When they do wake up, what suddenly changed to make them wake up?

The brain has some natural states that are normal, just like computers have states that are normal. For simplicity, say a computer that is working correctly may be running a program or asleep (minimally active). A computer crash with an error screen is an abnormal state. It's not just asleep, something went wrong and is messing with how it works; for example, maybe the memory failed unexpectedly. Humans are usually awake or asleep. But sometimes we crash, too. That's a coma. Sleep is normal; the brain does stuff during sleep. A coma is when your brain's ability to do things is screwed up. The thing your brain specifically is failing to do is create consciousness. Last bit: it's not sudden. Waking up out of a coma is nothing like on shows. It takes months and is very gradual. The person usually first starts showing signs of normal sleep-like brain activity, but won't wake up. Then they may "wake up," but be totally unable to speak, understand or move much. Slowly, each time they wake up again, they're more aware and able to control their body. Sometimes people never regain full ability. Just depends on their brain. Children may be better suited to faster recovery because their brains are so versatile (a young enough child can grow up to seem basically normal with only half a brain!). Edit to add: oh I forgot to describe why people wake up at all. I haven't read up on it in awhile, so my knowledge may be out of date. Latest I remember is that we don't know exactly how it works. We just know specific brain regions need to be functioning correctly for you to wake up (e.g., the reticular activation system).


Question: When I’m driving, the wind can blow my car all over the road. When I’m parked, the wind can’t move my car one inch. Why?

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 When I’m driving, the wind can blow my car all over the road. When I’m parked, the wind can’t move my car one inch. Why?

But it does move your car. If you're driving down the road and a gust of wind hits the side of your car it's going to push it off to the side until you correct it. That's because your car is already in motion but it's shifted slightly to the side during that motion. However while it's parked that same gust of wind will cause it to rock back and forth a bit. The only difference is that it doesn't feel as extreme because you're not in motion.


Question: - Why so bubbles form inside a glass of water at room temp if you let it sit long enough?

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 - Why so bubbles form inside a glass of water at room temp if you let it sit long enough?

There are two important parts to your question. First, water that you drink from a tap isn't entirely "water" - it has bits of other things like salts dissolved in it, and that includes air and other gases. Normally, these gases are quite happy to stay stuck inside the water, and very rarely run into each other. This is where the second part comes in. The inside of a glass isn't totally smooth - there's roughness and texture that you can't see, whether the glass is made of actual glass, plastic, or anything else. The rough parts of the glass make a perfect spot for the gases in the water to attach to. Once a tiny bit of gas is stuck to the wall, it allows other bits of gas to attach to it. After enough time and enough accumulation, this gas becomes a proper bubble. So your theory is partially right - there are microscopic bubbles forming inside of the glass, they're just dissolved gas coming out of the water rather than water turning into vapor.


Question: Why is heart cancer so rare?

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 Why is heart cancer so rare?

This is because muscle cells (also called muscle fibers) don't divide, and cancer is most common in cells that divide a lot. Dividing cells are primed for cancer because: 1) a lot of the machinery needed to divide rapidly is already present in the cell so not a lot extra is needed to make it grow uncontrollably into a tumor/cancer 2) the more a cell divides the more chances it has to make errors. DNA replication isn't perfect, and over time these errors can accumulate into dangerous mutations (this is also why cancer is more common in the elderly) This is why we see a lot of cancer in tissues with a high "cellular turnover" rate - skin, liver, colon, etc. Cells that never divide (muscle fibers, neurons) almost never get cancer. Brain cancer is usually caused by a special type of brain cell that can divide (but not signal) call neuroglia, which forms the cancerous "glioma." Bonus biology fact - because muscle cells fibers don't divide, you have the same number your whole life. Arnold Schwarzenegger has the same number of muscle fibers now as he did as a baby, they're just more packed with the good stuff. Source - biochemistry major, medical researcher.


Question: Why Do We Get a Lump in Our Throats Before We Cry?

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 Why Do We Get a Lump in Our Throats Before We Cry?

When we are crying, our body is essentially in a state of stress. Stress activates our sympathetic nervous system which is responsible for the fight or fli8ght response. This increases blood flow and respiration. To allow for the extra respiration, a muscle called the glottis opens up for more air to pass through. Now when you need to swallow it creates tension in this muscle, resulting in that lump-like sensation. Edit: Spelling


Question: How do we know that two identical snowflakes have never existed and never will?

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 How do we know that two identical snowflakes have never existed and never will?

The reason we can say no two snowflakes are identical with such high confidence is due to the absolutely disgusting number of possible differences that can occur in the formation of a snowflake. To put it into perspective, take a deck of cards and shuffle it. Statistically speaking, the order in which the cards end up (from top to bottom or bottom to top) has never existed in the history of mankind. This is because a deck of 52 cards can have 52! (52 factorial) different ways to end up after being shuffled. Thats 8,065,817,520,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 different combinations, and thats just with 52 variables (cards), this number is so big that our monkey brains actually don't understand just how big it is. Assuming "identical" here means down to a molecular level, then the formation of a snowflake would have millions, or billions or trillions of variables, i.e a number so big (1,000,000,000,000!) that we can just about say "yea that's not happening, wrap it up and go home"


Question: Why are microfiber cloths better at cleaning screens than other types of cloth?

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 Why are microfiber cloths better at cleaning screens than other types of cloth?

So glass is super smooth. It's actually one of the most common and most smooth materials we know. When small bits of sticky substances hit it, they get stuck on the very, very tiny bumps and imperfections on the glass. Dust and stuff then sticks to the sticky stuff. A microfiber cloth lets you wipe the sticky stuff off from the small bumps. TL;DR junk gets stuck to screens and microfiber cloths can reach down to the junk's tiny source and remove it easier.


Question: How and why do Americans "do" taxes? Isn't it just deducted from their salary?

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 How and why do Americans "do" taxes? Isn't it just deducted from their salary?

The final amount you owe is based on other factors like how much you made throughout the year in total from all sources of income, whether or not you have any dependents (children), if you made charitable contributions, and so on. These things aren't known ahead of time when you're getting each pay check.


Question: How does IRS know if you lied on how much you make?

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 How does IRS know if you lied on how much you make?

It depends on how you obtain the income. If you're being paid as an employee, then your employer is reporting how much they paid you and that can be used to confirm the amount you report. If you're a contractor then there is more room to do illegal stuff, but you can easily be caught out. The IRS regularly audits people and if you did business with company A who gets audited, your invoice to them will show up in that audit. If the invoice from you looks fishy, then the IRS could target you next. Also if you have unexplainable wealth in a bank account or public stocks, etc, this could trigger an audit. And even if you cover your tracks well, the IRS also conducts audits basically at random to put the fear of god into you. If you get caught it's a very serious offense. Intentionally misleading the IRS is fraud and you can go to jail for an unpleasantly long time.


Question: What is the physiological cause of that deep seated anxiety lump in our chest during stressful or disheartening experiences?

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 What is the physiological cause of that deep seated anxiety lump in our chest during stressful or disheartening experiences?

The "anxiety lump" in your throat (when you're about to do public speaking, or when you're upset and about to cry), is caused by muscular tension keeping your glottis dilated to maximize air flow. The "clenched chest" or "heartache" deeper down your torso is caused by vagus nerve (which largely controls parasympathetic control of your organs) getting kicked out of "chill" mode by stress and entering "survival" mode, so it's going to tell the various organs to pump blood harder and faster, stop digesting, start producing cortisol and adrenaline, etc.


Question: How does a country determine where it currently sits on the Laffer curve?

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 How does a country determine where it currently sits on the Laffer curve?

It doesn't. The Laffer Curve merely expresses a truism that tax revenue goes to zero at both 0% tax rate and 100% tax rate, but is non-zero in between. It does not predict the nature of the curve in between. It's more important as a philosophical concept, since people's intuition is that increasing tax rates increases government revenue when this isn't necessarily the case.


Question: There a only a handful of viable operating systems out there (Linux, Windows, and (?). What makes it so difficult to make a fresh operating system?

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 There a only a handful of viable operating systems out there (Linux, Windows, and (?). What makes it so difficult to make a fresh operating system?

It's not. Writing your own basic OS is a fairly common computer science/engineering undergraduate assignment. But that's a purely academic OS that doesn't really do anything interesting and has zero applications. Writing a full-featured modern OS is the evolutionary tasks of hundreds of engineers working for years (potentially much more). It's not trivial so you need to have a really good reason to do it. The major consumer OS's (Apple, Linux, Windows) do almost everything that anybody wants for most applications. Specialized industrial OSs are absolutely a thing but you rarely see them outside their niche. It's like asking "Why is it so difficult to make a new optical disk format?" It's not, but there's a giant install base of Bluray players and they do almost everything anybody needs so you need a really compelling reason to get all those people to switch. It's a lot easier, most of the time, to just figure out how to do whatever you want to do on an OS that already exists. OS's also have many of the same core functions...once you figure out how to do that really well, where's the benefit in writing new code to do the same function over again?


Question: Why are protons specifically positively charged while electrons are specifically negatively charged, and not the other way around?

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 Why are protons specifically positively charged while electrons are specifically negatively charged, and not the other way around?

Because we had to pick one to be negative and one to be positive. They could have called them black and white charges (although, as of right now, colors have already been claimed by another force), or day and night charges. It's just a convenience, so we know they are opposite charges.


Question: Why does human eyesight worsen with age?

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 Why does human eyesight worsen with age?

There are several common ways your vision worsens with age. The first can happen at a young age, often while your body is growing. Light from the world in front of you enters your eye through a clear disc shaped object called the lens that bends the light and tries to focus it on the back wall of the eye, called the retina. As you’re growing through adolescence and the shape of your skull changes, the shape of your eye does as well. This can move the back wall closer or farther away from the lens which can make the perfect point of focus created by the lens either too far or too close. Interestingly some young children that are born with bad eyesight and wear very thick eyeglasses, can actually “grow into” their focus and end up having perfect vision as teenagers. The next most common way that our eyesight worsens with age happens around our mid forties when the lens starts to become less flexible. Flexibility helps us bend light, especially when looking at objects up close, like reading or threading a needle. Without that flexibility, we have to hold the object further away so that changing the shape of the lens is not required. You can play a fun game of this at a restaurant and guess a person’s age pretty accurately by how far they hold the menu from their eyes. Lastly, lots of other problems can happen as we get much older and other parts of our eyes degrade, blood supply becomes poor, and other diseases affect the health of the retina.


Question: How can the body take a drink such as a colored Gatorade and filter it so well that it is clear when it comes out in a matter of minutes?

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 How can the body take a drink such as a colored Gatorade and filter it so well that it is clear when it comes out in a matter of minutes?

Whether something passes through your bladder or your gut depends on how well it can pass through your stomach, blood, and kidneys. These things are very selective for what they allow through, it has to be the right size, charge, and have the right stuff dissolved into it. Gatorade is engineered to get into your blood quickly, so it comes out quickly. The color? Not so much. It's a larger molecule that's charged differently. You'll typically find that in your poop. With things like redbull, the color will remain in your pee as the B vitamins pass through just as well.


Question: How can a person have both myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness) at the same time?

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 How can a person have both myopia (near-sightedness) and hyperopia (far-sightedness) at the same time?

You cannot have both conditions in the same eye, however you can have either condition with presbyopia. Presbyopia is the process of the lens losing it's flexibility to change focus. What that means is if you're myopic, you have to take your glasses off to read(unless you have a multifocal), and for hyperopes, they'll need reading glasses of some sort to see close up items.


Question: What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

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 What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

Light is a form of EM radiation. EM radiation is a continuous spectrum which is extremely broad. At the bottom end of the spectrum is things like radio and microwaves, then infrared, then there's the narrow section of the spectrum we can see, then UV, X-rays, and finally gamma radiation. These divisions aren't abrupt, but as you look at EM radiation higher and higher in the spectrum the general properties change. The characteristic of EM radiation that determines where in the spectrum it falls is its frequency (or wavelength, or momentum per photon, or energy per photon... it turns out once you know one of these you can quickly compute all of the others). Similarly, within the visible spectrum frequency is what determines the "color" of light. As far as physics is concerned there's just one scale here, which really ranges from radio to gamma but for our purposes here it ranges from red to blue, going along the rainbow. You may notice here that there are many colors not in the rainbow. What's brown? White? For these we turn to biology. In your eye you have to types of cell that sense light: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive and turn off in bright light; they're what give you your night vision and don't contribute to color. Cones are less sensitive and are what give you color vision. Cones come in three flavors; traditionally these are named long, medium, and short, but here I'll call them red, green, and blue. Each flavor of cone is sensitive to a band of frequencies, being most sensitive to the frequencies at the center of that band and less so to frequencies a little further off. The three flavors are sensitive to slightly different bands, but the bands overlap (*especially* the green and blue ones). Your perception of color is based on how much each of those flavors of cone gets stimulated, but note that you can't tell *how* it got stimulated. To explain via example, imagine two light sources. One consists of pure yellow light--every single photon coming from that source is the same frequency, and that frequency is what we see as yellow. That is to say, it stimulates both the red and green cones. The other light source has two frequencies: one red, and one green. This *also* stimulates the red and green cones. To a human these light sources are indistinguishable, but if you got out the right kind of sensor it could analyze the two light sources and tell that they're different. Modern displays take advantage of humans' inability to tell the difference between those two light sources: since our perception boils down to "how much red cone stimulation, how much green cone stimulation, how much blue cone stimulation" there's no need to ever have a display produce yellow light. It's sufficient to have displays built with sources for red, green, and blue light. Whatever sensation they need to generate it's always possible with those three colors. Since the frequency bands for each flavor of cone overlap there are some sensations that are impossible: you can't have something that's so green it stimulates the green cone and no others, since pure green light also stimulates the blue cones. This is where the concept of impossible colors comes from: what if we found a way to stimulate just the green cones and none of the others? What would the sensation be? Is that a greener green than any green could ever be?


Question: How do so many poor people live in New York City?

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 How do so many poor people live in New York City?

You're looking for an entire apartment for yourself for $2k/month. Immigrant families put 6 people in that same apartment with 2 or 3 of them working full-time. Also, rent control. Over a million New Yorkers live in rent-controlled or rent-stabilized apartments, which means the same family has been living there for 30+ years and their rent hasn't gone up more than inflation. I know a family living in a rent-controlled apartment. 2-bedroom, 1600 square feet, an entire floor of a small building. Only $600/month. That's also the premise of the TV Show Friends, by the way.


Question: why are some plastics recyclable but others aren’t?

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 why are some plastics recyclable but others aren’t?

Different plastics are made with different chemistries. Some are easier to melt with heat, some are easier to dissolve with specific solvents. Some are also more toxic than others. So it's not that some plastics aren't recyclable, but that some areas don't have facilities available to recycle certain kinds of plastics in bulk, or don't have a good way to differentiate between some plastic types. Automated single stream recycling facilities have always fascinated me... some smart people have figured out what order to break down the plastics in order that they can re-use the compounds from multiple plastic types without pre-sorting.


Question: How do impact garden sprinklers work?

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 How do impact garden sprinklers work?

There's effectively 3 pieces to it, the base where you attach the hose, the nozzle where water comes out, and the impact piece. The impact piece had 2 arms which are angled to alternately catch the water, giving the back and forth motion. The nozzle assembly can also rotate, but does so only when hit by the impact piece. There's some trickery with levers and springs so that the impact motion moves the nozzle one way slowly, CHK CHK, and then when it hits the stop it goes the other way quickly, CHRRRRR. Then it hits the other stopper and repeat.


Question: How does Amber so effectively preserve specimens for supposed millions of years and is there an artificial equivalent?

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 How does Amber so effectively preserve specimens for supposed millions of years and is there an artificial equivalent?

Amber is just fossilized tree resin, ~~which is a kind of sticky tree sap~~. We have tons and tons of different kinds of synthetic resins that behave in much the same way. Amber is a great preserver because it's watertight and airtight (why we used to use tree resin for boat building!), and so anything that it encases can't really be affected much by the environment. Because of this property, any bacteria or insect inside the resin will quickly die, and no bacteria or insect outside can get in. This means there is nothing to actively decompose the encased material. With no active decomposition, and no passive environmental wear, the encased material is extraordinarily well preserved as long as the amber remains undamaged. edit: u/foramsgalorams


Question: Can someone explain to me why pyramid schemes are illegal?

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 Can someone explain to me why pyramid schemes are illegal?

From what I remember it is because you are not actually selling product but recruiting employees for whatever pyramid company you are selling for. You make money from getting people to use your reference code when they sign up to buy a bulk package from the pyramid company. The more people you get to sign up using your reference code the more commission you earn, but the company supplying the product will make much more selling the "starter" package. Also those pyramid scheme companies do not release sales numbers or anything so it is hard to figure out if they even pay their "employees". If you want more information John Oliver did a great piece on this on his Last Week Tonight show. It should be free on YouTube. Fun fact: If you get 15 people to sign up and those 15 people get 15 more under them, you will exceed the population of the Earth after 7 times.


Question: How do waterfalls and rivers never run out of water?

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 How do waterfalls and rivers never run out of water?

The quick answer is: they do! A lot of river and waterfalls have times of the year that they are just dry riverbeds or have just a trickle. Depending on the climate, they are usually fed by either a steady supply of rain water or by slowly melting ice chunks from the heavy snow season.


Question: How do the open freezer bins in grocery stores keep food frozen?

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 How do the open freezer bins in grocery stores keep food frozen?

They're often open to the top (heat rises) and have an air curtain blowing across the opening that reduces the amount of mixing between warm store air and cold freezer air. An air curtain is moving air that keeps to air masses from mixing. You likely have felt a more powerful air curtain when entering stores (it's usually blowing down at you). It's not as efficient as glass doors (and those aren't as efficient as insulated doors) but having the products readily available boosts sales by more than the energy cost, so it's worth it to the store owners.


Question: What exactly is a watershed and how does it work? For instance, we live in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed area. I have attempted to read on the subject, and consider myself a smart gal, but this just confuses me all day.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a watershed and how does it work? For instance, we live in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed area. I have attempted to read on the subject, and consider myself a smart gal, but this just confuses me all day.

Pick a spot on the ground. Imagine that a raindrop falls on that spot. Imagine that it doesn't soak in, but it runs downhill. Which way will it go? Trace its path. Eventually, it will flow into a stream. That stream will flow into a bigger stream, which will flow into a river, which may flow into a bigger river, and so on, which will eventually reach the sea. The last river will have a name; let's say it's the Mississippi. That means your original spot was part of the Mississippi watershed. Sometimes large watersheds are divided into smaller watersheds named after the various rivers that flow into it; for example, the Mississippi watershed may be divided into the Ohio watershed, the Missouri watershed, and so on.


Question: If a low carb diet works by restricting carbs so that the body burns fat for fuel, how does a normal calorie restrictive diet work?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 If a low carb diet works by restricting carbs so that the body burns fat for fuel, how does a normal calorie restrictive diet work?

Your body has 2 primary concerns in daily life. 1. Get enough fat or carbohydrates to run the brain, typically this is either 30 grams of fat (if you're in ketosis) or 100 grams of carbohydrates. 2. Get enough protein to be able to keep making cells After this it's all kind of meh, during respiration your body typically burns through a mix of 60% stored carbohydrates and 30% stored fat, 10% protein. As those stored carbs are used up your body begins to turn towards the fat to get more energy, and as long as the brain's needs are satisfied it won't try to burn through any of your musculature. On ketosis the percents are flipped between fat and carbs, and there's a solid chance you don't really have anything to worry about with running out of fat to run on. That said, either way your body is producing ketones, but with a normal dietary usage of about 10% you're going to have very few in your blood stream.


Question: Why does soap make me clean and make the shower dirty?

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 Why does soap make me clean and make the shower dirty?

Soap can make your shower dirty because the soap molecules (fatty acid salts) can react with calcium and magnesium in the tap water to make an insoluble white solid called soap scum (real name of one type is calcium or magnesium stearate). This builds up on the inside surfaces of the shower, and can actually trap other dirt/crud and turn brown or some other colour. To prevent it, you can either clean it off with an acid cleaner (vinegar or citric acid, for example), or switch to an alkyl sulfate soap, like those used in body wash or shampoo (SDS), which don’t form soap scum.


Question: Is today's Qi charging the same wireless power technology that Nikola Tesla was ostracized for working on?

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 Is today's Qi charging the same wireless power technology that Nikola Tesla was ostracized for working on?

Basically, but it's also the same wireless power technology that's inside every AC power adapter and electrical transformer in the world. You've got two electromagnetic coils, and alternating current in one induces a voltage in the other: the only difference with Qi is that the two coils are in separate devices. Tesla's great achievement was perfecting the use of magnetic induction to transfer power from one electric circuit to another. His great mistake later in life was believing that it could be done *at long range*, miles or more, without losing energy to the environment. He was never able to overcome the power loss problem, and there's no reason to believe his scheme would have ever worked.


Question: With web extensions, like the heavily-advertised "Honey" service, "automatically find[ing] and appl[ying] coupon codes at checkout with a single click," wouldn't this drive up prices at these websites?

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 With web extensions, like the heavily-advertised "Honey" service, "automatically find[ing] and appl[ying] coupon codes at checkout with a single click," wouldn't this drive up prices at these websites?

What lost income? If anything, they may see increased income. Having easy to access coupons can encourage buyers to buy more, or buy stuff they weren't planning to originally buy. It also attracts buyers who weren't going to buy anything. New sales can make up for the discount provided by the coupon. Not to mention most of these coupon savings are minimal (like 10% off or free shipping) and if a product is sold at a high enough profit margin, the company is still making money.


Question: Why does the Gulf Stream's warm air heat Europe's west coast, but not the US's east coast?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why does the Gulf Stream's warm air heat Europe's west coast, but not the US's east coast?

The Gulf Stream that warms Europe is the Gulf Stream ocean currents that travel from the Gulf of Mexico up to the UK. They do not hit the US East Coast but instead cut out across the Atlantic. They hit the UK coast then travel up toward the arctic before looping around and carrying those cold waters down the US East Coast eventually completing the connection at the Gulf where they warm up and do the circuit again. Air Temp has very little to do with these currents.


Question: How does NASA know exact trajectories and locations of space craft in interplanetary space?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does NASA know exact trajectories and locations of space craft in interplanetary space?

2 things. First is simple physics. Once a spacecraft is on a trajectory, it doesn't change. Once you calculate a trajectory and burn the engines to put the spacecraft on said trajectory, you know it's there because there's nothing to make it go anywhere else. Second is tracking. We have to communicate with spacecraft, which means sending and receiving radio signals. If we're sending and receiving radio signals, we obviously know where they're coming from and where they're going. That tells us where. To get a trajectory, we just track the signals over a period of time and then plot out the rest, because, again, the laws of physics allow us to calculate it.


Question: Is music that I download from the internet a good or a service?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is music that I download from the internet a good or a service?

If you download a file that you can store on your computer separately from the software, that's a good. If the song is streamed to you, or the download can only exist within the software, that's a service because you never take real ownership of a copy of the song. Rather, you're paying to access it.


Question: How come most (or all) TV remotes are black?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come most (or all) TV remotes are black?

TV remotes are colored to match the TV they go with. Recently, consumer electronics (such as TVs, stereos, etc.) have all been black. Black is a great color, because it doesn't clash with most home decors. Black has been the most fashionable color for a while. In the 80's the color of choice was silver/grey. In the 70's it was fake wood paneling. (And I've seen remotes with fake wood paneling stickers. Really.)


Question: Why does the ocean look blue from space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why does the ocean look blue from space?

The simple answer to these types of questions is simply that water looks blue because it *is* blue (and so is air). A deeper explanation may talk about how short wavelengths of light are scattered more by mediums like air and water, and that's why they look blue (because blue is on the short end of the visible light spectrum). And that's true, but you could go into just as much detail when trying to explain, for example, why a sunflower looks yellow. This has to do with the electron orbitals of the atoms on/near the surface of the flower petals, and so that explanation is least as complicated as the explanation for why the sky/ocean looks blue. And yet, people don't ask "why do sunflowers look yellow?" so much as they ask "why does the sky/ocean look blue?". The latter seems more puzzling to us somehow, but I think the reason why it is puzzling is just that both air and water are only very (*very*) slightly bluish, and so the color only appears when you're looking at (or through) a whole lot of it (e.g. an entire lake or atmosphere), but not when you look at only a small amount (say, a glass of water, or the air inside a room).


Question: Why have usually US semi trucks "nose" compared to European flat cabin semis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why have usually US semi trucks "nose" compared to European flat cabin semis?

European roads were often designed for horse and wagon, not industrial vehicles. That means they are small and hard to maneuver in. As such they have to greatly limit the size of vehicles so they can maneuver. The US does not have this limitation often as we designed most of our cities after the invention of the automobile and our road tend to be wider. Safety requirements are as strict here, but our roads allow for longer vehicles to operate safely. In fact it is not uncommon for trucks to carry multiple trailers connected into something that looks somewhat like a train here in the US.


Question: how do people know recipes on masterchef?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 how do people know recipes on masterchef?

So I used to be friends with a woman who had a master's degree in culinary arts (her specialization was pastries, she literally had a Master's Degree in cupcakes.) Basically when you are at culinary school you learn recipes but you also learn HOW and WHY certain recipes work. So you might not have ever learned a SPECIFIC recipe, but you probably learned the components to it or similar recipes that you can use as the base of the recipe.


Question: is bubbly soapy water as antibacterial as putting soap directly on dishes?

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 is bubbly soapy water as antibacterial as putting soap directly on dishes?

Anti bacterial properties are due to antimicrobial chemicals in the soap, anti microbial chemicals work on 3 criteria, exposure, concentration and duration of contact. Bubbles in the detergent are due to its emulsifying properties, meaning detergents can allow oil and water to mix. So yes bubbles clean oils and grease but antibiotics, heat, pressure and time kill microbes. Cheers!


Question: How do arms deals work?

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 How do arms deals work?

The deal is between the UK government and the Saudi government. Regulations prevent BAE Systems (or anybody else) from just selling dangerous weapons on a retail basis. They sell them to the UK government, deliver them in Saudi Arabia, and get paid by the UK government with money they got from the Saudi government. If you just set up your own munitions factory and sell to anybody - you're a terrorist.


Question: why do apps consume more memory the longer you have then open all else being equal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 why do apps consume more memory the longer you have then open all else being equal?

* Those apps are poorly coded and don't properly return unused memory to the operating system. * It's like a child who keeps wanting another glass of milk. * Instead of reusing the glass they have, or washing it when they are done, they just put it aside and grab another glass.