Question: Why women's breasts trigger sexual arousal?

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 Why women's breasts trigger sexual arousal?

It's a cultural thing. Women's breasts are seen as sexual in some cultures with many people only seeing them in sexual contexts, therefore those same people tend to be sexually triggered by seeing breasts. However, in other cultures where breasts are not seen as sexual (such as many tribes still around today that go topless), there is no sexual arousal just from seeing female breasts. The better question is "why do some societies view female breasts as sexual?"


Question: Why can credit card transactions be instant, but refund can take days and weeks to process?

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 Why can credit card transactions be instant, but refund can take days and weeks to process?

Credit card transactions aren’t instant; only the bit between you and the merchant is instant. The only things checked are whether you are on the hotlist and whether you are over your limit. Then the transactions get batched up for end of shift/day processing, at which point they go through the processor to the credit card company. Then the transactions are sorted and batched to pay the merchant bank. On a monthly basis, the credit card issuing bank then asks you to pay down your card. For the refund, the request has to follow that same route, but YOU don’t get the money credited to your account until the entire path has been traversed.


Question: What are all those pop ups about binary trading options etc? Are they viruses/phishing scams?

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 What are all those pop ups about binary trading options etc? Are they viruses/phishing scams?

They generally aren't viruses. A goodly proportion of them are scams. Certainly the testimonials are generally fake. Binary options are a sort of bet that's for some reason not regarded as actual gambling. I'm serious: they represent a bet that a stock (usually, though there's no reason you couldn't do it with other market abstractions) will close within a certain price range at a certain time. They're called binary because there are two outcomes: either the target closes in the predicted range, and the option pays out (either in cash or a pre-specified asset), or it doesn't, and the option is worth nothing.


Question: What does 'cdn' in a url mean?

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 What does 'cdn' in a url mean?

CDN stands for Content Delivery Network. If a web site have a lot of images and videos they might go to a provider that have better infrastructure to deliver the content to the client. As they often have some dynamic elements and some static elements they need a separate domain so the clients know where to get the different content from. It is common to name these domains something with cdn, the name of the cdn provider or just static.


Question: What are the different types of ice? How are their physical properties different?

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 What are the different types of ice? How are their physical properties different?

Assuming you are just talking about water ice, the molecules pack together in different arrangements as the pressure increases and the temperature decreases compared to the way they do at atmospheric pressure and just below the normal freezing point. Most of the different forms only exist under huge pressure, at least 1000x atmospheric pressure and up to 10 million times. Under those conditions, the molecules squash together in more efficient ways to take up less space.


Question: How does Equifax have so many social security numbers? Do people give Equifax their SSNs, or do credit card companies give Equifax SSNs?

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 How does Equifax have so many social security numbers? Do people give Equifax their SSNs, or do credit card companies give Equifax SSNs?

Equifax is a credit reporting agency. Every time you apply for a credit card or loan, the people you're trying to borrow from send this information to Equifax (and the other two credit agencies). If you miss a payment, they send the info to Equifax. Every time somebody wants to know if they should loan you money, they ask the credit agencies about your credit history. This is all based on using your social security number to uniquely identify you instead of being one of 40 people named "Bob Smith". The main reason why your SSN is important to keep secret is **because** the credit agencies use it as the primary way of identifying you inside their system.


Question: How do drinks (sodas, canned coffee, etc.) stay mixed together and not separate into their ingredients?

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 How do drinks (sodas, canned coffee, etc.) stay mixed together and not separate into their ingredients?

Some stuff does separate a bit, like Yoohoo. Things that don't separate are because the ingredients are either completely in solution (like sugar dissolved in milk or water) or because the ingredients make a stable suspension when you get them evenly mixed (homogenized milk is stable because they stir the crap out of it). Dissolving works because it's energetically favorable. Things like sugar and salt have parts of their molecules that have a slight charge imbalance. Water does too, so they like to stick to each other, kind of like little bar magnets. They'd rather hang out with the water than clump together on their own. In the case of suspensions (colloids) you have things that don't want to mix, but you get them to because the thorough mixing breaks clumps. For the fat in milk, you stir until the fat ends up in tiny little spheres with water around them. The little clumps of fat want to stay together, and the water wants to stay together. To get the clumps of fat near to each other and start combining back into bigger clumps is a higher energy state, and in general, things want to stay at the lowest energy. It basically takes more energy to get the water (like little sticky magnets) out of the way that's keeping the fat separate. EDIT: Someone mentioned emulsifiers, which I totally spaced on. That's another thing that may keep a mixture together. Emulsifiers are ingredients that allows mixtures of polar and non-polar ingredients to stay together. An example would be water (polar) and oil (non-polar). Emulsifiers have one end that sticks to polar molecules and another end that sticks to non-polar molecules, so they sort of play matchmaker. Common examples for foods and beverages are egg yolk, mustard, soy lecithin, and various esters. EDIT2: In my enthusiam for ELI5'ing it I described homogenization as just 'stirring'. While some stuff can remain pretty stable by stirring hard (with like a blender or something), in practice, it works better if you go super saiyan on breaking up the clumps you want to remain in suspension with a more specialized device. As other commentors pointed out, milk is homogenized by forcing it through a small opening under high pressure.


Question: Why does water feel colder than air if they're the same temperature?

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 Why does water feel colder than air if they're the same temperature?

Water is able to hold more thermal energy than air. It's *also* more thermally conductive, so it allows heat to transfer faster. So in both of your examples, your skin is leaking heat into the surrounding environment. But the water touching your body takes far more energy to heat the same volume. And it can take that energy faster than the air can. This is why very cold water can kill you very quickly but a non-windy day at the same temperature is little more than uncomfortable unless you spend considerable time in it.


Question: Why are eggs so ubiquitously useful in cooking?

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 Why are eggs so ubiquitously useful in cooking?

Egg yolks are incredible emulsifiers; they help fat-based and water-based substances form finer blends. If you took a (pasteurized) raw egg yolk and added to it your salad dressing of oil and vinegar, you'd find that the the whole thing would form a creamy suspension that would stay together for a while. Meanwhile the egg white are basically water and protein, which as /u/mb34i said can do some pretty impressive tricks. The bonus is that the fat in the yolks, and the water in the whites already have an emulsifier in the yolk; the egg is a complete kit to emulsify itself and anything else. An omelette, or scrambled eggs, is just such an emulsion, cooked. On its own, the white can also be whipped up into a tight froth and used to add air and volume to something that would otherwise not be raised, such as meringue, souffle, or mousse. When you add all of those things and use them in different combinations, you have the reason for eggs popularity in cuisine.


Question: I leave the same time every morning and same drive. Yet some days my FM radio channel has a lot of interference and I canta hear my channel. There is not a cloud in the sky. I’d say this happens a couple different days each week. Why is it like that when the situation is always the same?

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 I leave the same time every morning and same drive. Yet some days my FM radio channel has a lot of interference and I canta hear my channel. There is not a cloud in the sky. I’d say this happens a couple different days each week. Why is it like that when the situation is always the same?

Interference can manifest itself from many seemingly benign sources, differences in temperatures along the cable path from the radio decoding the signals and the antenna can induce electrical artifacts that the radio itself misinterprets, small flaws in the wire and antenna itself can cause discontinuity along the conduction path degrading the signal before the radio can read it and differences in temperature can cause those flaws to be slightly different through many seemingly identical circumstances. Changes in the Earths magnetic fields and the sun's activity can also add artifacts to the signal, which if your radio were complicated enough could be compensated for, but also require lots of scrutiny on your antenna, its conductors, and all paths to ground along the equipment. Finally, there can also be bleed-through from neighboring radio channels that happen to be too far away to notice most of the time but manage to have 'good days' where it bleeds through and over your preferred channel, and other types of synthetic interferences from similar circumstantial causes. There is a lot more things going on in all of these scenarios, but that is the gist, it's mostly the electrical engineering quality of your radio itself, and the shortcuts to make it cheap add up to poor reception and negotiation of amplifying the signal it is trying to look at.


Question: why are random and prime numbers so important in cryptography?

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 why are random and prime numbers so important in cryptography?

Ok so currently one of the best encryption mechanism relies on the fact that if I give you a really really big number, you can't tell me what the factors are in a timely manner. If I multiply 2 prime numbers, ideally big ones, I get a really really big number that only has 2 factors, the initial 2 primes. I give the really big one to everyone so they can encrypt their messages with it. Then technically only me can decrypt the message because I know which 2 primes I used to make the really big number. Primes are important because they have no factors (beside 1 and themselves). If I used a number with tons of factors then it would be much easier for malicious people to find weak spots in my encryption. As for random numbers. Sometimes if you give me a really long list of numbers generated by a given algorithm I'd be able to find what's the next one. That can be used in a lot of exploits.


Question: How are different forms of medication "activated" by the body when taken simultaneously?

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 How are different forms of medication "activated" by the body when taken simultaneously?

Med student here. Any medication you take by mouth is going to go through a "first pass" effect. It won't get fully absorbed, it gets broken down by your liver, etc so it never actually reaches general circulation in your blood. Many oral medications are actually 'activated' by stomach acid, the low pH makes it easier for the drug to be absorbed by the gut and get to your blood. As for whether or not two drugs taken at the same time will combine to form a different chemical structure: not really. I'm sure that may happen on a small scale, but I don't think it will have a big effect.


Question: where do the bubbles at the bottom of your soda come from?

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 where do the bubbles at the bottom of your soda come from?

Soda's are carbonated, which is the process of dissolving carbon dioxide (a gas) in the solution. The soda's are kept in pressurized containers (which is why you hear gas escape as a hiss when you open them). That pressure keeps the gas in solution (literally squeezes the gas into the liquid layer) when the vessel is pressurized, but when the vessel is opened, the gas slowly escapes the liquid layer as a series of bubbles.


Question: what will happen to landfills after a long long time? Will they become geological formations? Or will they turn into oil.

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 what will happen to landfills after a long long time? Will they become geological formations? Or will they turn into oil.

This will depend on several things. 1. Will a bacteria capable of completely breaking down synthetic plastics evolve and survive on ancient landfills? 2. What's the geological activity around the specific landfill like? 3. Will humanity find a way of breaking down our waste more completely in the near future? Your answer will vary depending on the answer to these three questions. I hazard to guess that there are few situations where landfill mass becomes oil though, as our oil reserves are mostly made of ancient algae and zooplankton from a very specific period in history, rather than a majority macroscopic life.


Question: Why are we scared after having nightmares or watching horror movies when we know that they are not real?

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 Why are we scared after having nightmares or watching horror movies when we know that they are not real?

From an evolutionary psychology perspective, screens/movies/intense entertainment such as these haven't been around for very long. Anytime an ancestor saw something scary or threatening it's because it was real. Our brains still aren't designed for anything different. Nightmares are different. I read somewhere that our brains practise for life-threatening situations in our dreams, but I don't believe that. I just think our brains' recovery through the night utilizes some wierd neurochemical mechanisms/processes that it's not used to when it's concious, and it experiences this activity in the only way it can or knows how to: the way it processes conscious experience, even though these experiences are two very different processes.


Question: How does carbon dating work?

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 How does carbon dating work?

So most things have Carbon-14 in it. This is a form of carbon that is radioactive, and will decay over time. However, the time it takes for half of it to decay is very long. Because of this, we can measure the activity (measured in counts of radioactivity per minute, or Becquerels) and figure this out as a proportion to its half life. So if it has a half life of say, 10000 years and its activity is at 75%, we can tell it was from 5000 years ago as it is halfway through its first half life.


Question: How did old fashioned hooch makers figure out that adding sprouted grain to non-sprouted grain would convert starch to fermentable sugar, if they didn't know what starch, sugar, or enzymes were?

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 How did old fashioned hooch makers figure out that adding sprouted grain to non-sprouted grain would convert starch to fermentable sugar, if they didn't know what starch, sugar, or enzymes were?

Well, beer is thousands of years old. If you had some grain, and you wanted to soften it up for cooking, for instance, you might put it in a jar with some water. If you accidentally left that grain in that jar too long, you might end up with beer. Then if you ate that grain and got drunk, you'd want to know how to replicate it. So that's probably how it got started. They didn't know the actual process, but they knew that A+B=C. So when you want to get drunk, that's all you need to know.


Question: How does your body get more resistant to a sickness the more times you have it?

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 How does your body get more resistant to a sickness the more times you have it?

So, we fight infections with our immune system, and the immune system mainly fights bacteria, viruses, or multicellular parasites. There are two main branches of our immune system, those being the "passive" and "adaptive" immune systems. The passive immune system consists of physical barriers such as your skin, as well as chemical barriers such as a low pH (acidic) or high salt concentrations such as bile produced in the liver. Other components of the innate immune system are proteins and immune cells. The proteins, think of them as little organic machines, are called the "complement" system. These proteins circulate in the blood and the surrounding body tissue. These proteins have a few functions. 1. They "opsonise" the pathogen, which is basically making them sticky so your defense cells can attach and engulf the pathogens. 2. Once activated, they attract more immune cells and trigger an inflammatory response. Ever notice that a cut or scrape gets a little swollen and red? 3. They form a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that basically punches holes in the bacterial membrane. The cells of the innate immune system serve various roles. 1.Neutrophils and Macrophages are phagocytic cells that basically eat the bacteria, digest it, and in the case of macrophages, present chewed up bits of the bacteria to the adaptive immune system. 2.Basophils and Mast Cells contain many small granules (little packages) that once they encounter a pathogen (bacteria) get released into the tissue. These granules have many effects, such as attracting more immune cells, increasing the blood flow to the area, and making the blood vessels "leaky" allowing blood components into the tissue, again causing swelling. 3.Eosinophils are white blood cells that work best against larger, multicellular parasite, and have a similar function to the Basophils and Mast Cells. Your innate immune response is always active and never really changes its actions. Now for the question at hand, how do we get better at fighting certain infections? You're adaptive immune system has two major cells called B and T lymphocytes. B cells produce antibodies and T cells usually activate or stimulate other immune cells. B lymphocytes gather in lymph nodes. The lymphatic system being almost like a circulatory system for water. So, when your innate immune system encounters a pathogen, the macrophages and "dendritic" cells gobble up, digest, and then express parts of the bacteria/pathogen/whatever on their cell surface. As they are doing this, they move from the site of infection to the nearest lymph node. There they encounter The B cells. These B cells can undergo a rapid mutation of their components allowing them to produce thousands of variations in their antibodies. When a B cell produces one of these new antibodies, it shows up on the B cell surface, and if it can attach to the pathogen components being presented by the macrophage/dendritic cell that B cell begins to multiply. The new B cells that are produced carry the genetic information to produce an antibody that sticks to that specific pathogenic component. Then they migrate out of the lymph nodes, towards the infection, and then do some Pokémon style evolution into their final form, that being a "Plasma Cell". These guys basically camp out, producing and releasing these antibodies. These antibodies stick to the pathogen, making it easier for phagocytic cells to attach to and destroy them. Now, every type of bacteria has a different structure, such as sugars or fats or proteins expressed on their surface, so the B cell antibodies that stick to one won't necessarily stick to another. In fact the antibodies being produced against a certain organism may not really attach that well. Hence the more exposure you get to a pathogen, the more time you have to develop an effective antibody against that particular organism. tl;dr B cells produce antibodies specific to one type of organism. The more exposure they have to that organism, the more effective antibody they can produce. Antibodies are used by other immune system cells as little hand holds so they can grab them and eat them easier.


Question: How do we know math is correct and should be used?

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 How do we know math is correct and should be used?

You seem to be confusing math and applied math. Pure math doesn't care about the world. We can say 1+1=2 because we defined it as such. Math has lots of other logical statements (axioms) that we build upon. Math you can think of as a set of logical statements that we can manipulate to describe anything we want. What you are asking is why we apply specific math when describing the world. So you are really asking why science is confident it is correct. Modern science is based on building a math model and seeing how well it fits what we see. We know that gravity works in a specific math equation because we have made many independent observations that conform to the math model. Of course science can be wrong and has been many times. But of what we have observed we can be sure that it is not gibberish. edit: relevant [xkcd comic]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do animals and birds know to flee to higher ground before a tsunami strikes?

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 Why do animals and birds know to flee to higher ground before a tsunami strikes?

Just to be 100% clear on this, there is no scientific concensus or studies with significant results as to why or even *if* this happens. There are hundreds, if not more, of eyewitness reports. The most famous is from the 2004 Sumatra tsunami, during which, again, according to eyewitness, a group of elephants was seen fleeing. There are records of animals acting strange right before earthquakes and tsunamis but there is no prooven explanation as to why this happens. The most common hypothesis is that most animals have a wider range of hearing (dogs are a good example) and can detect very high or very low frequency sounds or vibrations caused by the incoming earthquake or tsunami before there are any visual cues of it.


Question: Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

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 Why are casinos considered the best way to launder money?

Laundering money is done best in a business where people pay in cash. Casinos are almost entirely done in cash. Laundering money works best when you have enough customers coming in that no one could keep track of them all. Where you don't have an actual product that you give that you'd have to have bookkeeping for. Basically, it's very easy to lie and just go "Oh yeah, we had a high roller show up and bet $2000 on a blackjack game." and there's pretty much no way for anyone to prove otherwise.


Question: Dealerships that offer "$XXXX over Blue Book for trade in" how are they making money on those promos?

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 Dealerships that offer "$XXXX over Blue Book for trade in" how are they making money on those promos?

Well across the world the motor industry is different, so my comment might not be entirely accurate for the USA, but when I sold cars in Ireland we always had between 2 and 4 thousand in discount to give away off a new car. So let’s say we have a promotion with 0% finance that everyone thinks is great, but really we would just reduce the discount. So someone says they want finance, they get 1000 discount and 0% and feel happy, but someone who doesn’t want finance? They get 2000 discount. Really you pay for every promotion without realising. So it’s the same principle, we boost the trade in with money we have available to give away. I’ve seen a bunch of promotions, multi car combos, finance offers, scrappage offers, trade in boosters..... None of them have really made any difference to the deal.


Question: How many of the same stars do I see in Alberta, Canada that my brother sees in Minnesota, USA?

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 How many of the same stars do I see in Alberta, Canada that my brother sees in Minnesota, USA?

Most of them. You see a slice of the sky based on your latitude at any given time of year, and the difference in latitudes between the two is not large. The stars you see are stars up to 90 degrees equatorward of you on the [celestial sphere]( URL_1 ): if you live at 30 degrees North, you can see stars up to 60 degrees *South* (that is, 90 degrees south of your position at 30 N) of the celestial equator. Assume your brother lives in one of the major population centers of Minnesota (~45 degrees North) and you live near Edmonton, Alberta (~53 degrees North). You would then see the same stars except for an 8-degree-wide [spherical lune]( URL_0 ) that is visible in Minnesota but not in Alberta: your brother can see stars between 45 degrees south and 37 degrees south that you can't. These stars would be near the horizon in your brother's southern sky for a short time each night. On the other hand, you would see a very different sky from someone in Santiago, Chile (33 degrees South). You'd only share the stars between 57 N (the northerly limit of Santiago's sky) and 37 S (the southern limit of your sky), which is a little less than half the sky. The other half (your northern sky and Santiago's southern sky) would be unique to each of you. The only two skies with no overlap at all (barring some very small effects like atmospheric refraction and the wobble of the Earth's axis) are at the north pole (which can see only stars north of the celestial equator) and the south pole (which can only see stars south of it). Every other point on Earth can see stars near the celestial equator on the horizon.


Question: Why is it only red light that develops photos? What makes red able to do this as opposed to any other color, or even natural daylight?

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 Why is it only red light that develops photos? What makes red able to do this as opposed to any other color, or even natural daylight?

Red light doesn't develop photos. Photos are developed with chemicals. They use red lights in dark rooms because black and white film is insensitive to red light, so you can see what you're doing without exposing the film more. For colour film, you in fact open the film and put it in a lightproof tank, in a lightproof bag, after which you can just turn regular lights on. You just see them using the red lights in the movies because pitch black rooms don't make for the most exciting footage.


Question: How do fiber optic cables work?

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 How do fiber optic cables work?

A digital signal is encoded using pulses of light and sent down the fiber optic. All digital devices (computers, etc) encode their data and instructions as a set of ones and zeros. Think of it like a light switch in your room. When the switch and light are on that’s a 1. When they’re both off it’s a 0. These ones and zeros can be arranged to represent any number. We use what’s called base 10 numbers in our daily lives. That means there are 10 “glyphs” (0 through 9) arranged to represent any number. When you do it with just 1 and 0 that’s called base 2 or binary. For instance the binary number 1111 equals 15 in base 10. To learn more google binary math. Anyway, these binary 1’s and 0’s, lights on and lights off are shined into the fiber. Because the fiber is made of glass it has a low refraction angle which means the light bounces off the walls of the fiber, without leaking out, as it travels down the line. At the end of the line a special integrated circuit called an optocoupler changes the energy from each light burst into an electrical signal which is then used by your digital device. No actually computing is done with the light. It’s just used to transmit data very fast. Someday we may have the capability to have light based computers which use optical transistors but we’re not there yet.


Question: Why is -40 the same in both Celsius and Fahrenheit?

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 Why is -40 the same in both Celsius and Fahrenheit?

Both scales are linear measurements of the same phenomenon with a different intercept and slope. So they have to intersect *somewhere*. It just so happens that this intersection occurs at -40 degrees Celsius. In contrast, Kelvin and Celsius (or Rankine and Fahrenheit) don't intersect because they have the same slope - 1 degree indicates the same increase in temperature.


Question: why does the radio sound so redundant now when it feels like 10 years ago it was playing much more music?

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 why does the radio sound so redundant now when it feels like 10 years ago it was playing much more music?

because you're 10 years older and just realizing how it's almost always been...radio as a business exists to sell commercials, they (the owners) don't care about the music (the djs might but they don't decide what's played). in general, research shows that the average listener only listens for about 15 minutes consecutively, so in order to get the average listener to stick around for those commercials, they need to guarantee that the average listener will hear as many of their favorite songs as possible in that 15 minute window. this means that the top 20 songs must be repeated as often as possible, especially during "drive times" such as on the way to and from work.


Question: Why do wireless printers have so many more problems compared to other, seamless technologies?

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 Why do wireless printers have so many more problems compared to other, seamless technologies?

Printers have always been problematic as a technology because of how they are sold. Most printers are sold right at cost or slightly above with printer companies trying to make profit on the ink, which is why ink is so expensive. Why this matters is that the companies try to keep costs to develop the devices very low and to use the cheapest parts possible to make a printer, which includes the wireless connection parts. Also, to keep the cost low the software drivers that allow you to print are developed quickly and cheaply and normally have bugs that can cause the problems. For most companies there is minimum desire to update the drivers if they work “most of the time”.


Question: How does experiencing anxiety or stress increases your heart rate and thus shortens your life span while exercising also increases it but makes your heart stronger and therefore makes you live longer ?

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 How does experiencing anxiety or stress increases your heart rate and thus shortens your life span while exercising also increases it but makes your heart stronger and therefore makes you live longer ?

Stress/anxiety don't just raise your heart rate, they release stress hormones which keep your body in a primed "stay sharp, something is about to go down" state, often for hours every day. Over time, that puts more wear and tear on some systems in your body, and prevents them from getting downtime to rest and recover. And when chronic anxiety or stress do raise your heart rate, it's not usually raising them to super high levels for a short period, it's raising them more slightly but more constantly. Exercise on the other hand puts your body in a highly active, highly primed state with a much higher heartrate -- but for a much shorter time, which is ideally followed by lots of calm downtime it can use to heal up, relax, recover, and improve. When you do a full strength workout, you're putting a lot of stress and strain on your muscles, and effectively tearing the fibers in them. That sounds bad, but if you go home and rest for a day while eating plenty of nutritious food, your muscles can take time off to heal and the fibers knit together even better, growing and improving the muscle. Other systems in the body work along similar lines. Basically our bodies evolved optimizing for periods of activity to be followed by periods of downtime, but chronic stress and anxiety keep your heart and brain from ever getting *proper* downtime.


Question: Is a hypothesis, in the scientific method, an explanation or a prediction?

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 Is a hypothesis, in the scientific method, an explanation or a prediction?

A hypothesis is a prediction of a law. Then that law is used to make a prediction. For example gravity. My hypothesis is that things will fall according to F=mg. Then I use that formula to calculate the speed at which something will fall. Then I drop the thing and see how fast it falls. If it falls at the speed I predicted then it means I'm probably right. If it falls at a different speed then it means that the formula is probably wrong.


Question: How come when something is wet, it's almost always cold also?

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 How come when something is wet, it's almost always cold also?

Water cools things down by absorbing the heat. Think of heat as rapid vibrations, and how squishy water is. It absorbs those vibrations, and spreads them out over a wide area. It also cools things off because if it gets too warm, it just turns into a gas, releasing the heat as it transforms itself.


Question: Why can't we remember everything we want, but when seeing a picture we instantly remember about it?

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 Why can't we remember everything we want, but when seeing a picture we instantly remember about it?

You are not in absolute power over your own brain. You are merely the train conductor, pulling levers and hoping for a response. Or less cryptic : your brain works largely on auto-pilot and only involves your consciousness when needed. So it will automatically link seen information with stored information and then tell your consciousness about it. Your consciousness only has limited power over the automatic processes.


Question: Why water expands when frozen but solid objects shrink when frozen and expand when heated?

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 Why water expands when frozen but solid objects shrink when frozen and expand when heated?

Additional heat means that the molecules are bouncing around more, exerting an outward force on the object and causing it to expand. When freezing, the molecules slow down enough that they can settle into an orderly pattern (at least for crystalline solids). In water's case, when the molecules slow down enough, their crystal structure is shaped in such a way that the molecules are a bit more spread out than they were when they were just chaotically wiggling around. This is due to the shape of the water molecule and the way in which it bonds to other water molecules.


Question: How can it be 37 degrees (farenheit) and snowing but other days be 37 degrees and raining?

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 How can it be 37 degrees (farenheit) and snowing but other days be 37 degrees and raining?

It depends on the upper atmosphere. As hot air rises and if it’s above the cold air front, Then the precipitation would first be rain and then freeze back into snow. As opposed to if it stays cold in the upper atmosphere, the precipitation would stay as snow. Does that make sense?


Question: Why does welding cause that sort of rainbow effect?

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 Why does welding cause that sort of rainbow effect?

The color is a result of oxygen coming into contact with the metal while it's still very hot. Welding torches pump gas (usually argon or helium or a mix of the two) into the area of the weld to prevent oxygen from mixing in with the molten metal and ruining it. The color depends on the temperature of the metal, with light gold being on the lower end, blue being in the middle and purble being in the high end, and if it is still motlen when oxygen gets in, it turns dark gray.


Question: What is "spin" regarding subatomic particles?

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 What is "spin" regarding subatomic particles?

Spin is an intrinsic property related to angular momentum (linear momentum is a quantity describing some mass in motion. Angular momentum describes some mass that is rotating). As far as it is intrinsic, this means it is something the particles have within them, even under no external influence (like mass or density of an object are). Although the direction of its spin can be changed, an elementary particle cannot be made to spin faster or slower; spin isn't a rotational speed. The spin a particle has determines what kind of particle it is; Those particles with half-integer spins, such as 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, are known as [fermions]( URL_1 ), while those particles with integer spins, such as 0, 1, 2, are known as [bosons]( URL_0 ).


Question: Why do they say not to use your phone while gas is being filled in the car?

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 Why do they say not to use your phone while gas is being filled in the car?

Static charge and electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) *can* cause fuel to ignite. But your phone is not putting out a very high amount of energy at all, and the fuel pump systems these days are very well protected, so the chances of that happening are probably worse than the chances of winning the lottery. This idea is much more serious at military bases where high-power radar poses a hazard to certain types of jet fuel.


Question: What happens to our brain when we fall in love, or what makes us fall in love with someone?

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 What happens to our brain when we fall in love, or what makes us fall in love with someone?

Over time you associate pleasant feelings a person makes you feel with that person, and you become more attracted to them and spend more time with them. You learn more about them and the pleasant feelings become more nuanced with more information. The crux of your question is how does the brain form associations between a person and pleasant feelings. This works by altering the connections between brain cells, and depends on many chemicals and regions of the brain working together. The amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus are relevant regions. Dopamine, glutamate, oxytocin, serotonin and GABA are relevant chemicals.


Question: How do you explain climate change to someone who doesn't "get it"?

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 How do you explain climate change to someone who doesn't "get it"?

The problem with climate change is that the public discourse is more political than scientific. The change isn't nearly as dramatic as people have been predicting and the consensus on the alarmist views aren't nearly at the same level that people claim. The biggest thing to understand is that it all comes down to a cost-benefit analysis. The level of which you believe climate change will impact the planet will determine the amount of money you're willing to suck out of the economy, and thus reduce your quality of life, to help fight it. Unfortunately, nobody really knows how large the change will be, we've over-predicted the changes historically to nearly absurd levels, and the attempts to rectify it have largely all been for show. It will take a massive global effort to make any meaningful change, but all global efforts to this point have been largely anti-climatic (pun intended). The closest thing we had to a global treaty on climate change that actually had teeth was the Kyoto Protocol. That was the strictest enforcement to bring down CO2 emissions globally, but nobody stuck with it because it punished certain countries while giving a pass to others. It also was economically devastating and even if successful, best case scenario we were talking about preventing 0.11-0.21 degrees of warming over the upcoming century... which most countries determined wasn't enough for them to reduce the quality of life for their citizens so they began backing out. The thing about climate change is that it isn't hard science in that nobody can accurately predict the level of warming we will experience. As a society and inhabitant of this planet we owe it to ourselves and the next generation to keep our planet in good shape. That being said, it's easy for wealthy Americans to say they are accepting of a consumption tax that will disproportionately impact the poor and lower everyone's quality of life when they are starting from a higher position. It's also easy for industrialized nations to scold other countries and prevent them from developing their economies via an industrial revolution when we aren't the ones dying daily from lack of technology and advancement of our country that such laws and international treaties would prohibit. We have already been allowed to go through our industrial revolution and reap the benefits of it. You should also be careful when using quotes such as "someone who doesn't 'get it.'" If you "got it" you wouldn't be posting on ELI5 for information. You shouldn't impugn those you disagree with politically while admitting you do not fully understand the issue enough to defend your personal beliefs. Coming at someone with that mentality to start will create a toxic conversation that will not help anyone "get it" or sway their opinion. My personal view is that technology will eventually make this debate obsolete. As clean renewable energy becomes more efficient and cost effective the combustion of carbon based fuels will become less needed. This is why it is crucial to help fund these technologies and help them advance quickly.


Question: Why are SCJs seemingly allowed to retain their political affiliations? Shouldn't the highest court be unbiased and non-partisan?

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 Why are SCJs seemingly allowed to retain their political affiliations? Shouldn't the highest court be unbiased and non-partisan?

Unfortunately your question is more a debate than one about answering something we can point to and say "these are the facts." Ostensibly an appointed justice is going to say they will serve without bias, based on the constitution of the United States. Something like 90% of SCOTUS decisions are unanimous, by the way. So one could argue that 9 out of 10 times, regardless of their political leanings, they are in lock-step. But 1 out of 10 times, you can see how a decision will herd some of them on one side, some on the other. Not always because there are times a former conservative will side with RBG, and vice versa. So you say "seemingly allowed" but it's more that a SCOTUS appointment is life-time, so once you appoint them, you get what you get, within reason. They can't go rogue, there would be massive out-cry. I think the best answer I can give you is you can put robes on someone, but it's not going to fundamentally change who they are at the core. The robes coerce them into trying to remain objective, but you can get into some decisions where one justice will interpret the constitution differently than another, and they write their opinions or their dissent opinions to explain their legal reasoning.


Question: why do voices sound deeper when slowed down, and vice versa?

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 why do voices sound deeper when slowed down, and vice versa?

Sound is waves in air. Waves have a frequency, or how many times every second the wave has a peak. If you play back sound at half the speed, then you get a peak only half as many times per second, and therefore a sound with half of the frequency. This coincides with a one-octave drop in pitch for half the speed.


Question: What is light rail? Are there any advantages of Light rail over streetcars or busses?

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 What is light rail? Are there any advantages of Light rail over streetcars or busses?

Light rail = subways or their above-ground equivalent. Trains that move people on tracks that aren't suitable for moving cargo. The advantage of light rail over streetcars/buses is that they do not travel on the road network. They are either in a separate right-of-way or they are underground. This means that they add nothing to traffic congestion, while removing commuters that would otherwise be adding more cars to the road network.


Question: What exactly is the difference between engine oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, and power steering fluid?

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 What exactly is the difference between engine oil, transmission fluid, brake fluid, and power steering fluid?

They're all a little bit different in their properties. Some need to be more viscous, others thinner. Some need to be able to absorb lots of heat without expanding in volume, other needs to be able to resist getting too thick at cold temperatures. For limited purposes, it's not impossible that some of the products can be interchanged, but I wouldn't do it for any system you care about. This YouTuber ProjectFarm does a ton of hardware, engine, oil, etc testing. He has messed around a ton with engine oils, transmission oils, etc, and has even put non-oil stuff where oil normally goes. If that is of any interest, check him out. URL_0


Question: Why can't SPAM emails be completely identified and then simply prevented from reaching a user, instead of being routed to a junk folder?

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 Why can't SPAM emails be completely identified and then simply prevented from reaching a user, instead of being routed to a junk folder?

There's nothing that clearly identifies something as spam. It's mostly a guessing game based on the origin of the email and another details about the email itself. They send potential spam to a junk folder so you will have some recourse if there are false positives and they identify something as spam you were actually expecting. If you've ever had a service that you sign up for say something like "check your junk mail if you do not receive an email from us," that's why. Your mail service may think it's spam if they are sending emails to a large number of recipients.


Question: If all of the cells in our body (including our brain) are constantly being replaced, how is our consciousness still "us"?

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 If all of the cells in our body (including our brain) are constantly being replaced, how is our consciousness still "us"?

That's an interesting and unanswered philosophical question. When you wake up, are you the same person that went to bed? From a biological perspective, who you are is constantly changing. But the individual doesn't exist any one part of the body, we arise from the *pattern* of cell activity--including the brain but also the hormone system and so on. New cells mostly organize themselves to take part in that pattern, though it's never identical from one moment to the next. Think of it like adding or removing instruments to a song, or changing the key; it's different, but there's a recognizable continuity of the essential pattern.


Question: Why do we still have "cave people" tendencies?

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 Why do we still have "cave people" tendencies?

Because evolution is *slow.* You wont believe just how vastly, hugely, mind bogglingly slow it is. Like you might think that a thousand years is a long time, but that's peanuts to evolution. Changes only happen randomly. And only on a generational basis, i.e. evolution doesn't happen to a single person. It happens between people. So like parent to child. So in order to get rid of all of our "cave people" tendencies. All of those changes would need to happen randomly over generations. And then people with those changes would have to have more babies than the people without those changes.