Question: Why do humans wanna jump from high places?

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 Why do humans wanna jump from high places?

They are called "intrusive thoughts". They are thought to be as a way your brain creates fear of something you shouldn't do: you see a height, you think about jumping, then you think about yourself splatting on the ground, the result is you don't do it and gradually you developed a mild fear of height, which increases your chances of survival. Think of it like a simulation your brain runs to see if something is doable.


Question: What happens to the body’s chemistry during an Autonomous sensory meridian response?

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 What happens to the body’s chemistry during an Autonomous sensory meridian response?

We don't know. We're still not even sure whether or not ASMR is a real thing. Clearly, people are experiencing something, but the phenomenon may be caused by any number of effects, a combination thereof, etc. There's some evidence of altered brain activity during ASMR but nothing particularly conclusive yet, and nothing that I could find on chemistry specifically.


Question: What do all the different genders and sexualities actually mean?

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 What do all the different genders and sexualities actually mean?

Heterosexuality: attraction to the opposite binary gender Homosexuality: attraction to the same binary gender Bisexuality: attraction to both the opposite and same binary gender or attraction to two or more genders (non-binary genders included) Asexuality: no sexual attraction Pansexuality: attraction to people regardless of gender (attracted to personality more than gender) Demisexuality: attraction to people only forms after an emotional connection has been established Cisgender: gender identity matches gender assigned at birth Transgender: gender identity does not match gender assigned at birth Non-binary: a subset of Transgender in which your gender identity is not one of the accepted binary genders (exclusively man or exclusively woman). Intersex: a physical condition in which an individual has ambiguous sex characteristics (some women have XY chromosomes, some men are born with ovaries, some people are born with full reproductive systems for both sexes, etc) Note: I'm using male/female to refer to sex, and man/woman to refer to gender (as they are separate phenomena. For example: I, a trans woman, live outwardly as a woman and am accepted in society as a woman (my gender) even though I have male characteristics (my sex)). Also, even within the LGBT community these definitions can be contested but this seems to be what most people accept.


Question: Why do different animal meats have their own disntictive taste? Like you can easily tell chicken, pork, beef etc from each other.

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 Why do different animal meats have their own disntictive taste? Like you can easily tell chicken, pork, beef etc from each other.

Meat is a combination of interesting proteins and fats. All animals are different, but ultimately they mostly contain the same stuff in their meat. It’s just the different combinations of these compounds that matter. Adding more sugar to a cake will make it sweeter. In the same way, a meat with more glutamate tastes more savory. That’s why some people like to add MSG to make meat taste stronger.


Question: Why can’t we just burn all our trash?

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 Why can’t we just burn all our trash?

There are actually some power plants that burn trash, given some local/ state government subsidies they can be profitable but oddly enough produce less harmful emissions than coal fired power plants. Slightly worse than natural gas though. But to answer your question, it’s currently not cost efficient to do this in a controlled setting without government subsidies.


Question: What exactly is a derivative?

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 What exactly is a derivative?

The derivative is a measure of change. On a graph, it is effectively the slope. Now, a slope doesn't have to stay the same. If I take the graph of y=x^2 the slope clearly changes. So, what is the slope of this line at any given x value? If I graphed that, this new function I've graphed is the derivative of x^2 - if you're curious the derivative of y=x^2 with respect to x is y=2x


Question: Does Earth have a weight/mass capacity? If it does what can happen when it reaches max capacity?

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 Does Earth have a weight/mass capacity? If it does what can happen when it reaches max capacity?

what mass are you thinking of? we are a relatively closed system. We lose a bit of atmosphere to space all the time, and are likewise constantly bombarded by tiny asteroids that dont even register, but add up to several tons per day. All in all, this is negligable change on the scale of earth, and it doesnt matter, so long as nothing really huge hits us that changes our orbital velocity (It would need to be massive, probably kill us on impact anyway) then the weight of the planet wouldnt matter.


Question: Why do police tell you to recite the alphabet backwards as a test for drunk driving?

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 Why do police tell you to recite the alphabet backwards as a test for drunk driving?

Cop here: We don't. At least, it's not part of the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs). It's a common misconception like police reading you your rights when you're arrested. It's something that happens on TV, so people assume that's just what happens, because most people never deal with law enforcement like that. The SFSTs are the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test, the One-Leg Stand, and the "Walk-and-Turn" test. (The ELI5 of the HGN is basically an eye test where we look for eye wobble that occurs when someone is intoxicated). We can use other methods to determine intoxication like divided attention tests, having you say the alphabet from a certain letter to another letter (like D-R for example), or counting from one number to another. An officer wouldn't necessarily be wrong to see if you could say the alphabet backwards, but he wouldn't base his opinion of your level of intoxication solely on it. It would most likely only be done if it was obvious that you're plastered, and he just wanted one more thing on camera to prove it.


Question: What is a dollar index 7-day change chart?

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 What is a dollar index 7-day change chart?

That graph is a 7-day moving sample of the dollar index. Rather than show the index every day (or every hour as some graphics do) it shows the high and low in the last 7 days. This takes out some of the noise spikes, so that the spikes that remain are longer-lasting. When there is a spike, it means that over a 7 day window there was continued trading across a large range. The main thing that the graph shows is that people sure want dollars a lot more than their own currency. As someone else said, a "scary" amount more.


Question: What is the neurology mechanism during drug intake ?

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 What is the neurology mechanism during drug intake ?

That’s way too broad a question because different drugs have different mechanisms of acting on the body, but essentially drugs interact with endogenous (built in) signaling pathways in the body such as neurotransmitters and their receptors. To use one example, caffeine is shaped kind of like a neurotransmitter called adenosine that builds up throughout the day and acts on adenosine receptors to trigger sleepiness. Caffeine is shaped closely enough to fit in the receptors but not closely enough to actually activate them, so like a key that fits in the keyhole but can’t turn the lock, caffeine blocks adenosine from doing its thing, leading to us feeling more alert.


Question: How is there a cure/treatment being published almost every day in medical journals?

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 How is there a cure/treatment being published almost every day in medical journals?

The general public are not the target audience for academic journals. Studies are published there for fellow academics to read, scrutinize, follow-up, etc, and this is an important part of the process of furthering the study. The issue is not that they are publishing in journals, but that the quality of the reporting of these studies in other media is often lacking. Journalists will overstate the significance of preliminary results, or assert a much higher degree of certainty in a conclusion than the researchers actually expressed. For example, a study noting a small, but statistically significant, correlation between a particular food and incidence of disease will be reported in the papers as "X causes cancer, say scientists".


Question: What is a cyber domain, apart from being just a location where websites can be made?

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 What is a cyber domain, apart from being just a location where websites can be made?

The word domain is used for a number of unrelated concepts both within computer science and in other subjects also. A domain is always a portion of whatever you are taking about that works in a particular consistent way. When the links you saw in Google talk about the cyber domain, it is referring to the cyber domain of warfare or the cyber domain of crime. The meaning is, that portion of warfare or crime that is online and works consistently in accordance within the capabilities and limitations of online tech and takes advantage of this. An internet domain is (such as .com .org etc) is a portion of all internet servers. Originally the various top level domains (.com .org etc) actually were subject to different rules and so forth but not any more. I'm pretty sure that the term domain has flowed down to all internet subdomains as well. A Windows domain is a portion of Windows computers on a network that all consistently apply the same system policies as defined by the domain controller server. This makes the computers all behave consistently. There's probably other uses of the word domain in computer science also. These are likewise unrelated to other uses of domain except that they probably refer to a particular subset of something that works in a particular consistent way.


Question: How does a phone screen really work?

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 How does a phone screen really work?

The phone screen consists of a bunch of components that are all stacked and glued together. On the outer most layer you obviously have the glass that keeps things feeling nice. Behind that glass you have the digitizer which is what handles the touchscreen part, and the OLED or LCD display. All of these are stacked and adhered together so "replacing the screen" is swapping out all of these parts. [This Samsung page has a nice image showing how LCD screens are built up and all the layers used to create the image]( URL_0 ). In an OLED phone everything from the color filter back is replaced by the [OLED assembly]( URL_1 ) which doesn't need the back reflector or light guides because an OLED produces the light rather than filtering the light


Question: Why is the Nuremberg defense not considered valid?

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 Why is the Nuremberg defense not considered valid?

The Nuremberg Defense refers to a legal strategy employed by many of the defendants at the Nuremberg war crimes trials seeking to convict Nazi perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Second World War. Many of those defendants claimed that they were not guilty of the charges against them as they were "only following orders." Principle IV This principle, one of many drawn up in the run up to the Nuremberg trials, states: "The fact that a person acted pursuant to order of his Government or of a superior does not relieve him from responsibility under international law, provided a moral choice was in fact possible to him." Germans were not forced to be killers. Those who refused to participate were given other assignments or transferred. To this day no one has found an example of a German who was executed for refusing to take part in the killing of Jews or other civilians. [Rational Wiki]( URL_3 ) [Wikipedia]( URL_2 ) [Historians]( URL_1 ) [Facing History]( URL_0 )


Question: Why did we start with generation X, Y, Z instead of A, B, C?

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 Why did we start with generation X, Y, Z instead of A, B, C?

Generation X isn't an "official" scientific term, any more than other generational names are like "Baby Boomers" or "Millenials". The term Generation X was used as early as the 1950s for disaffected youth and was applied to the generation born between the mid-60s and the mid-80s after Douglas Coupland wrote his book *Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture* in 1991. So, the term had a prior meaning that seemed to apply to that generation, and subsequent names like "Generation Y" were just extensions of that (although the term "Millenials" has replaced "Generation Y" as the more common term for the generation after "Generation X").


Question: Confidence Intervals? What are they and what do they do?

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 Confidence Intervals? What are they and what do they do?

When we talk about statistics, we have to distinguish between studying a sample and studying a population. We very rarely can test the population as a whole, so we tend to take samples of the population to run our calculations on. Now, a sample is only part of the population, so the confidence interval lets us approximate a population parameter if we're only given a sample statistic Let's say that we want to know the average height of every adult male in the united states. We take a sample of 100 people from each state for some reason, and find that the average height of the sample is 5'9", with a standard deviation of 3" Then, if we know that the sample came from the population, we can make the assumption that the actual mean height of the population of adult males in the United States is within some range of 5'9" Specifically, we can say with some degree of confidence that the population mean is somewhere between 69-3z and 69+3z inches, where z is a value that is determined by the degree of confidence you want. So let's say you want to be 95% confident, so mostly certain, but with just a small degree of uncertainty. Then z=1.95, so we can say that the average population height is somewhere between 69-3(1.95) and 69+3(1.95) inches tall


Question: How does the entire city of NYC not have bed bugs?

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 How does the entire city of NYC not have bed bugs?

So I live and am a real estate agent in NYC. One thing I can assure you is that no matter how shitty the landlord they take bedbugs very seriously. The loss of potential rent and fines if they do not attend to the matter immediately scares them enough to action. Also when ever you rent an apartment they have to disclose any bedbug issues and confirm eradication if it happened in the last year or so.


Question: What exactly happens when you 'overclock' a computer?

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 What exactly happens when you 'overclock' a computer?

Operations in computers run on a clock signal. In a similar way to how a mechanical clock will have some oscillating element (pendulum or balance) and on every swing of that element the mechanism advances one step. The same thing applies to computers. The faster that clock rate the faster the operations will complete. Usually computer parts are designed to run at a certain clock speed that is decided on running stable and hitting a certain power target (higher clock leads to higher power consumption and heat). Overclocking means you simply increase the clock speed. Usually a multiplier that is referenced to a crystal oscillator.


Question: how do landlords make money, how do you start?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do landlords make money, how do you start?

Depends on house price vs rental potential as to how easily you can make money. We started by simply not selling our old house when we bought a new one. We maintained two mortgages instead and rented one property. We then slowly built up enough funds for further properties until we had five total. We have since scaled back to three but our own home is now entirely debt free. I would say that house rental is not as profitable as renting a flat/apartment. Our original house rental yielded virtually no profit. Flats on the other hand are fantastic. Also easier to maintain. Biggest profit though is in appreciation of property price - so choose your location carefully.


Question: What do they mean when they say that a country's currency is strong or weak?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do they mean when they say that a country's currency is strong or weak?

You can think of it as: "How many units of Country A's money can one unit of Country B's money buy?" If you're in the US, and $1 can typically "buy," or exchange for, 2 units of Country X's money, but today it can buy 2.5 units of Country X's money, the US Dollar is "strong." You get more of Country X's money than you typically could. If $1 can buy, or exchange for, 1.8 units of Country X's money, the US Dollar is "weak." You get less of Country X's money that you typically could.


Question: ; Why is it, that when we don't eat for a long period of time, we feel sick and repulsed by food but eating is what makes us feel better?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; Why is it, that when we don't eat for a long period of time, we feel sick and repulsed by food but eating is what makes us feel better?

Not sure if I can explain this properly but here goes. Not eating for a long time can cause stomach acids and digestive juices to build up . Juices like bile in excess cause some mild nausea , this maybe what you experienced when you tried not to gag. But as soon as you eat , these juices get put to work digesting and gets used up. So no more nausea or we don't feel sick.. hope this helps.


Question: How are metal forges made if you need to forge the metal they're made of?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are metal forges made if you need to forge the metal they're made of?

In simplest form, early forges were made of dirt and mud. So over time (copper age, bronze age, iron age) more complicated materials could be forged and forges were improved. I guess you could compare it to cooking, fire on the ground and now ovens in homes. You can still cook over an open fire and you can still forge with a dirt forge, but there are better ways.


Question: how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how dows Pepsi agree to be joked about in Coke's commercials/product placement?

Simply referring to a product by its trademarked name is not a violation of that trademark. Indeed, it is what a trademark is there for. So, whether or not Coca-Cola paid for references in that movie, trademark law does not provide PepsiCo (or Coke, for that matter) a right to object to it. It may have been a different matter of the packaging or logos are used, because those are also copyrighted - that is more of a grey area in the law.


Question: Why is getting chicken pox's as a child a good thing and as an adult a bad thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is getting chicken pox's as a child a good thing and as an adult a bad thing?

It's not particularly recommended to get it as a kid anymore, because an effective vaccine was released in 1995 that can prevent the possible dangerous effects of contracting the disease. Chickenpox can even be fatal. The effects of the disease can tend to be more severe in adults than children, which (especially before a vaccine existed) led some people to have their children infected to reduce the likeliness that they'd first be exposed to it in adulthood, as it is highly contagious. I would suggest any continued preference for chickenpox parties is largely a holdover from pre-vaccine times, rather than a good idea.


Question: Why is it so easy to reopen a book to the page it was previously on when the book is dropped or the place is lost?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so easy to reopen a book to the page it was previously on when the book is dropped or the place is lost?

People tend to open the book more or less flat at the pages they're reading, and the spine of the book relaxes there during the time it takes you to read the pages. When you pick up a dropped book, the most relaxed point in the spine is the place you were reading last, so the book often falls open in your hands at that point (or close to it).


Question: What is UTC and how does it differ from GMT?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is UTC and how does it differ from GMT?

UTC and GMT will always be the same time. In that purpose they are identical and often used interchangeably. Technically, GMT refers to the time in the GMT timezone itself, like saying "Pacific Time", while UTC just refers to the actual time, but its irrelevent because they are the same time, and everyone gets it. All that said, as UTC is used in aviation, sciences, and technology and such, I've actually always seen it referenced as UTC to absolutely avoid any confusion on what you're talking about and that you are specifically referencing a standard time, not any location or time zone, just the actual time.


Question: What is a financial crash and how does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a financial crash and how does it happen?

The economy has a lot of factors that go into play here, but basically a recession occures when there isn't enough spending. When unemployment is too high. People don't have money to spend. Therefore companies aren't making as much money, which in turn, gets resolved by more layoffs to recover the losses. More people without jobs means that companies have less potential customers. Which is why Ford was a big landmark company since they retained employees and kept wages consistent back in the early 19xx's.


Question: () Why do some of the world’s largest Oil producers (Exxon, Shell, BP) have such a low stock price compared to Big Tech (Amazon, Google, Apple) despite having similar or better revenue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 () Why do some of the world’s largest Oil producers (Exxon, Shell, BP) have such a low stock price compared to Big Tech (Amazon, Google, Apple) despite having similar or better revenue?

Stock price isn't an indication of a company's worth. Market cap is. Market cap is Outstanding Shares multiplied by stock price. A company that has 100 outstanding shares valued at $1 each, has a market cap of $100. A company who has a stock price of $100 per share, but only has 1 share outstanding has a market cap of $100. In this scenario, both companies are valued the same, despite the disparity in stock price.


Question: Why is it when travelling in a car and sleeping, it seems easier to stay asleep while the vehicle is moving around, but more often than not we wake once the vehicle slows/has stopped?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when travelling in a car and sleeping, it seems easier to stay asleep while the vehicle is moving around, but more often than not we wake once the vehicle slows/has stopped?

a vehicle's movement has a rhythm, and that steady (or mostly steady) rhythm is reassuring to very low-level parts of your brain (the so-called reptile brain). So long as the rhythm continues, your body thinks that you're safe. Once the vehicle's movement changes significantly (slowing down, coming in for a landing, swerving to avoid road moose, etc.), you sense the change. That change could be dangerous, so you awaken.


Question: Is a ripe mashed banana liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is a ripe mashed banana liquid?

Living tissue is made up of various materials, some are liquid while others are solid. The liquids are held in place by the solids, so they appear to be solid altogether. When you mash a banana you break down the solids into small pieces so they can't hold the liquids together. The result is still a mixture of liquid and solids.


Question: How do artists create the “localized” versions of their songs in which they mention the local radio station by name?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do artists create the “localized” versions of their songs in which they mention the local radio station by name?

> Does the artist have to sit in the studio and sing different station names or identifiers so that they can later be edited in? It is relatively easy for a label to have their artist go to a studio and sing a bunch of radio station names all in one big session.


Question: How are skin tags formed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are skin tags formed?

Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5 how skin tags are formed & why are they usually found in armpits? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5 What are skin tags and why do we get them? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_33 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What are skin tags, how/why does the body create them, and what's the best way to remove them? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_3 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do we get things like skin tags and new moles as we get older? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_1 comment_) 1. [ELI5: Why do we get skin tags when we're older? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_70 comments_) 1. [ELI5: What causes skin tags, moles, and warts? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_1 comment_)


Question: What’s the difference between liquid hand soap and body wash (if any)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between liquid hand soap and body wash (if any)?

I work for a well known company that makes a variety of products relating to personal care. Our hand soap and body wash are actually the same formula in our base products. In fact the base formula for these products are just distributed in different bottles and marketed as different things (Hand soap & Body Wash.) There are differences in formula between base formula and products that have other effects like moisturizing though. I’ve also heard, but I can not claim this as fact that our dish soap also is very similar in formula besides the scent/flavor. Edit: For those of you wondering, retailers and vendors use the term “flavor” more commonly than scent. However they are pretty interchangeable in the industry. Edit 2: Face wash is not the same as hand soap, there are chemicals added such as Benzoyl Peroxide or Salicylic Acid. (DONT USE HAND SOAP AS FACE WASH)


Question: Why do big companies/schools etc. use outside mass email services? Why not save money and send them themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do big companies/schools etc. use outside mass email services? Why not save money and send them themselves?

There are a lot of logistical issues with sending out an email to millions of people, and it’s generally cheaper and more effective to have a service do it. One of the big components is ensuring you get past ISP spam filters. If you send out a million emails all at once from one address, ISPs mark you as a known spammer and your emails will never even make it to their recipients’ inboxes (or spam folders). Mail services have automated ways to send out batches of email from known-clean addresses to make sure the ISPs don’t kill them. Analytics is another big component. Mail service providers typically have robust systems built up that allow marketers to see how many people received, opened, read, and followed up on their emails so they can figure out what works, what doesn’t, and whether the campaign was worth the money spent on it. They can also feed those data back into list management and do clever things like notice when you’re most likely to open an email, so they can make sure to include you in the batches that go out at that time. Speaking of list management: they tend to have good tools for subscribing and unsubscribing (which can be a regulatory headache otherwise), and for pruning bad and non-deliverable email addresses. All of that could be developed in-house, of course, but it would take a *lot* of IT effort and resources and probably be less effective than what you can buy.


Question: How is economic recovery engineered? For example, suppose a new government is formed in Venezuela, how do they make the currency regain any value?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is economic recovery engineered? For example, suppose a new government is formed in Venezuela, how do they make the currency regain any value?

The key to stopping hyperinflation is to restore confidence that the government will not continue to inflate the currency. Depending on what a new Venezuelan government is (i.e. is it Chavista-lite, completely different, etc.) this may be a very easy or very hard task. Zimbabwe, which did not undergo a political transition to end hyperinflation, had to abandon its currency and use those of other governments. However, a government perceived to be reformist and committed to economic recovery may end hyperinflation simply by being in power. However, hyperinflation is one of many serious economic problems facing Venezuela. A wider dismantling of price and capital controls, an end to arbitrary state seizure of property, proper management of assets the state retains, and for the government to bring its debt under control will be necessary for economic recovery. This entails a wide swathe of sweeping reforms that would be very difficult and likely costly.


Question: How are some songs able to remain on YouTube for years (via unofficial channels) while others are taken down almost immediately?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are some songs able to remain on YouTube for years (via unofficial channels) while others are taken down almost immediately?

Yuotube has a couple of different ways they allow people to deal with violations. One is to have the problem video removed. Another is to allow it to remain, but to demonetize it for the original uploader. That is, if there is an ad on the video, the money goes to the copyright owner (the music company, in this kind of case) and not to the person uploading the video. Many artists only care about "piracy" in the sense that they aren't getting paid, so if YouTube provides a method that they get paid for someone listening to their songs even if it's just some random internet guy posting, they're OK with it.


Question: If you buy a product from a company and it goes bankrupt before you get the product, how does credit card companies get the money back for you?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you buy a product from a company and it goes bankrupt before you get the product, how does credit card companies get the money back for you?

For IGG/KS renember you aren't ordering a product, your giving money to the project in exchange for a reward if the project is sucessful. If the project goes under, your CC company has no obligation to pay money out of their pockets to refund you, as the project creator already fuffilled all of their obligations. For a transaction where you did order a product, a credit card company will likely refund you out of their own pockets, and then later take your rights as a creditor and try to recover funds through bankruptcy court.


Question: what is the medical cause of that awful sour alcoholic body smell? I don't mean that boozy smell off someone who did a one-night binge, I mean that horrific chemical deathly aroma that radiates off the stranger in the public place, who you instantly know is an alcoholic from ten feet away.

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 what is the medical cause of that awful sour alcoholic body smell? I don't mean that boozy smell off someone who did a one-night binge, I mean that horrific chemical deathly aroma that radiates off the stranger in the public place, who you instantly know is an alcoholic from ten feet away.

What she is smelling is not just ethanol. Pure ethanol has little smell. If you were on jury duty it is safe to assume that he was not drinking the process so what you were smelling the body's breakdown products of alcohol. Acetaldehyde is produced first and the body tried to get rid of it (you smell it). Then it continues to be broken down to other molecules which all have a distinctive smell.


Question: When we hear thunder— is that lightning hitting the endpoint, or leaving its point of origin?

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 When we hear thunder— is that lightning hitting the endpoint, or leaving its point of origin?

It's lightning passing through the air. It causes a rapid expansion of the air around its passage, which then is collapsed back inwards again as the heating effect dissipates. The result is a powerful reverberation traveling through the air itself. Given that lightning bolts can be miles long, there can be a lot of 'sound' traveling your way that reaches you at different times. Of course, the bolt can certainly make extra noise depending on what it strikes on the ground as well.


Question: How did humans' perception of time originate and develop?

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 How did humans' perception of time originate and develop?

Think about it. Imagine you were living thousands of years ago. What matters to your life? You see very little change in the ideology, political or religious views around you. What you do see changing is basic cyclical stuff. Like the seasons for example. You know that each year you do X,Y and Z, which is very cyclical. You know that after you die generation after generation will repeat the same cycle of being born, having children and then dying, doing the same stuff which is again very cyclical. Your religion tells you the same too. For the most part people conceived of time as a cycle. Nowadays we have a more linear view of time, where things go from something to something else. It is to a huge part influenced by our ideology and the world we live in. Your grandchildren will have a very different life to the one you had, just like you had a very different life compared your grandparents. Our history seems to be progressing from point X to point Y, rather than just being a cycle. This is the biggest difference. We developed from "cyclical" view of time to "linear" one.


Question: How do live football field graphics appear beneath the players?

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 How do live football field graphics appear beneath the players?

You had the right idea already. It is indeed chroma key. The cameras are simply good enough that they can distinguish between the green of the grass and the green in uniforms. They actually need to continually reset the chroma key as the color of the grass changes as the sun moves or when shadows show up on the field.


Question: why is it safer to let food cool down before putting it in fridge, instead of putting it in hot?

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 why is it safer to let food cool down before putting it in fridge, instead of putting it in hot?

It's actually less safe for the food you're letting cool. However, it can temporarily raise the temperature of the fridge enough that other food may be at risk of spoiling. Extra steak you cooked that you aren't going to finish? Safer to put straight into the fridge because it doesn't have a whole lot of heat. Large pot of stew that's still piping hot? That has a *ton* of heat that will work your fridge harder and has higher potential to heat up other foods. Most modern fridges are fairly safe unless you're putting a lot of hot food in them. Industrial fridges are even safer because they have such a large amount of cold air within.


Question: Was music discovered or invented? How did we reach a consensus on saying what is a note and a half note (instead of vice-versa) and an octave before we could measure wavelengths?

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 Was music discovered or invented? How did we reach a consensus on saying what is a note and a half note (instead of vice-versa) and an octave before we could measure wavelengths?

Take a string, pull it taught and pluck it and you hear a note. Divide the string in half and you will hear an octave. Cultures have different definitions of what counts as a note, the same way they have different definitions of what counts as a distinct color. One of the earliest people to establish the basis for pitch in western music was Pythagoras. As the legend goes, he divided a string into various ratios and got the overtone series, which he then modified into the 8-note modal system. Then in medieval times, polyphony was invented and moving in 5ths was very popular. However, eventually moving in perfect fifths brings about the tritone, the devil’s interval (B and F). To avoid this, monks would lower B by one half step to create B-flat, but only when paired with F. Thus, accidentals were invented! (This is also why in some traditions B-flat gets its own letter “H” and not any other accidentals). Eventually the full chromatic scale was invented and we had 12 notes to work with, although we stuck to modes most of the time. Then Bach was born and he established rules for when we use notes outside the key (along with codifying western harmony). During his life, we tuned with harmonics, so you couldn’t really change keys unless you were moving to a closely related key because natural tuning is not symmetrical. However, soon equal temperament was invented, which put all 12 notes roughly the same distance from each other. Now playing in the key of C sounds the same as playing in F-sharp. Bach explores this in the Well Tempered Clavier and within a century equal temperament was standard practice, as it is to this day.


Question: Currencies of smaller nations vs $, €, £, etc?

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 Currencies of smaller nations vs $, €, £, etc?

In the context of Scotland it matters having your own currency as it effects your economy greatly. Ok so say Scotland went with it's own currency the *?* let's say. And on day one it's decided "well we will set the exchange rate to *?*1 = £1. So that's ok everything in Scotland costs the same, if every day you buy a drink from the shop that is imported from England before scotex it cost you £1, now cost you *?*1. But then oil prices plummet and the exchange rate changes so now *?*1 = £0.50. It still costs the shop £1 to buy. But it costs you *?*2 as that's how many *?* it takes to buy something for £1. Your wages haven't gone up so suddenly your buying power is diminished. Multiply this by the 1000's of imported products and you see how costs go up for everyone in Scotland. This in turn means for people to have a decent wage they employers need to pay more. But that pushes the cost of scottish goods up at home. This devalued the currency further. And the cycles continues. This can lead to economy's spiralling downward out of control with imports getting ever more expensive. I'm not saying this would happen but it's what people fear. The opposite could happen and the *?* soars upward but then the cost of exporting goods upward and can cause problems as now Scotland cannot sell goods and can cause the economy to crash from unemployment. It's a bit of a mine field really.


Question: . Where do birds go to die? We see birds that have been hit by cars or killed by birds. What happens to the rest?

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 . Where do birds go to die? We see birds that have been hit by cars or killed by birds. What happens to the rest?

Most things in nature that die get scavenged by something else, useful food doesn't go to waste. Anything from rats, foxes, carrion birds etc, down to fly maggots. Usually a combination of creatures. Because many of those will take bits away to eat in safety, the corpse disappears fairly quickly although you might see an area with feathers scattered around if it was a big bird.


Question: If the dollar is the strongest its been in a while, why isn't stuff getting cheaper?

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 If the dollar is the strongest its been in a while, why isn't stuff getting cheaper?

A strong/weak currency only impacts prices of trade goods when they involve foreign currency. It will have no (direct) impact on the price of milk from the farmer down the street. It is completely independent of inflation/deflation which would change the price of goods. That said, unless you are directly importing goods yourself you're not likely to see much impact unless the price change is dramatic. Companies try to make it so that currency fluctuations don't impact their prices too much and they are far more likely to raise prices rather than lower them if exchange rates change enough.


Question: How exactly does a shepherds tone work?

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 How exactly does a shepherds tone work?

A *Shepard scale* works as follows: A *Shepard tone* is two sine waves separated by exactly one octave. So, for this example, let's consider middle C as 1, and the C an octave above as 8. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. There's the eight notes in our octave. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Let's add the next octave, because it's important. (I'm ignoring the semitones -- the sharps and flats -- but the concept is still solid.) So we have middle C at 1, the next C at 8, and the C above that at 15, with the other notes equally spaced. Start off by playing a barely-audible 1 and a nice, loud 8. Next, play a slightly louder 2, and a slightly quieter 9. The two notes are the same volume in the middle (at the F^# ), and by the time the middle C reaches the next C, it's the same volume as the high C you started out with. *Now,* you start playing a quiet middle C again, and the cycle can repeat indefinitely. The reason this works is because your brain sort of "slides" from the rising pitch "down" to the note that's coming up from below, and that keeps repeating.


Question: Where do these trillions of dollars come from?

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 Where do these trillions of dollars come from?

The US government borrows it from investors. US treasury bond interest rates are near record lows, as the security of the US government appears valuable to investors. It's never been so cheap for the US government to borrow money, and they are borrowing a lot as a result. Printing money is more about people not liking germy old money than it is about monetary policy. That said, print production is up. Coin production is unable to meet demand.


Question: You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

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 You can walk all day in the same socks and they’re fine, but the moment you take them off and want to put them on again they’re wet and filthy. Why is that?

Your socks on your feet are the same temperature as your feet. Whether you're just wearing socks or you've got shoes on. When you take your socks off they cool down quickly and the moisture from your sweat will cool too. Your feet and the sweat on your feet stay the same temperature roughly, so they are warmer than your recently removed socks. When you want to put the old socks back on again you can feel the temperature difference, and the wet and dry spots on your socks will also feel different. That feels gross. Your socks were already dirty and wet, but you can just tell the difference because of the temperature changing.