Question: what is the difference between digital currency and only using money digitally? (I.e. debit cards, PayPal, Venmo, digital wallets.)

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 what is the difference between digital currency and only using money digitally? (I.e. debit cards, PayPal, Venmo, digital wallets.)

(In bed with a fever typing from my phone so hope this is not too incoherent) There are a ton of digital currencies (of which cryptocurrencies have been in the newslight recently). But let's take Bitcoin as an example, since most notable CCs inherit from its tech and/or ideas. Paypal has the power to (or can be forced to by the US): Lock funds Blacklist senders/recipients (eg Wikileaks) Have complete insight in each transactions of each individual user Take your money and run Etc etc In short, you need to **trust** the service provider. And pray that having you as a customer aligns with their business interests. This is all true of VISA, banks, etc. Furthermore, access can be limited on a network level (think Chinese firewall) or by arbitrary rules (country of origin, personal background). They can also be hacked, or taken down. These systems are therefore **centralized**. Then there is the aspect of the currency you are using. Take the USD, for example. The Fed controls supply and printing of money, and therefore inflation (if they print a lot of USD tomorrow, prices will increase due to higher supply of USD and your savings will therefore be valued less). Bitcoin (and many other cryptocurrencies) are: **Trustless**: as long as you keep your private keys safe, no one can limit your ability to participate. **Decentralized**: there is no "Bitcoin company". All it takes to be part in processing and validating Bitcoin transactions is hardware, software (open-source), electricity and Internet. This is called "mining". Miners are paid in Bitcoin and this is where all Bitcoin come from. The printing of Bitcoin is determined by predefined rules in an open-source software. No one can change the issuance rules unless they change the software and convince people to install their version instead.


Question: How does water prolong a cut plant’s life? How does it still end up dying?

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 How does water prolong a cut plant’s life? How does it still end up dying?

Plants need water to live. They take in water and other food (nutrients) through their roots, which they use along with light to make food. When you cut the plant from its roots, the plant can’t survive in the long term. In the short term though, the cut part of the plant can continue to take in water for some time, which will prolong its life. Adding “plant food” type packets will also help, because they have some of the nutrients the roots used to take in. The plant can’t live off these forever though, and eventually it will die.


Question: Why does pushing on a normal bruise hurt, but pushing on a hickey that looks the same does not?

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 Why does pushing on a normal bruise hurt, but pushing on a hickey that looks the same does not?

A bruise and hickey are subcutaneous (below the skin) contusions (broken blood vessels and congealed/coagulated blood). In a bruise I believe that more of the underlying tissue is damaged relative to a hickey. I haven’t looked at cross-sectioned skin/fat/muscle tissue in either of these cases, so I say “I believe”. A bruise also means that there was some type of impact trauma to the tissue, which you don’t have when you get a hickey. A hickey just has the most superficial layers of skin with coagulated, blood. That impact trauma with coagulated blood has a pain response from the nervous innervating your skin, fat, and muscles. Applying a warm or hot (with water) towel to a bruise or hickey will loosen up the coagulated blood and make the bruise or hickey disappear faster than if you left it alone.


Question: Why do symmetrical drawings of faces look beautiful, but perfectly symmetrical real faces look so disturbing?

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 Why do symmetrical drawings of faces look beautiful, but perfectly symmetrical real faces look so disturbing?

When a realistic looking human face looks disturbing for indescribable reason, it can be due to [uncanny valley ]( URL_0 ). In this case, it may be due to the center line of the mirrored face not being in the exact right place, resulting in a face that’s very much like a human face, but just slightly off in an unnatural way. Drawings don’t evoke the uncanny valley, because your brain recognizes it as a drawing of human face, instead of trying to process it as a human face.


Question: When you look at a mirror from 2 feet away is that that same as looking at yourself from 2 or 4 feet away?

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 When you look at a mirror from 2 feet away is that that same as looking at yourself from 2 or 4 feet away?

Yes. It's doubled. This is why when you go to the optometrist they use several mirrors to bounce the image back and forth across the room to increase the distance which the image is perceived. This allows the to triple/quadruple the distance and not need a really long hallway to do the test.


Question: Why does it feel funny when your dead leg slowly comes back to life?

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 Why does it feel funny when your dead leg slowly comes back to life?

When you have a "dead limb" or a limb "falls asleep", what's really happening is that you have a [pinched nerve]( URL_0 ). Signal is interrupted between the limb and your brain, and when signal is restored, it can take a little while to reestablish the right connections. Think of it like the power going out in your house. When the power comes back on, it can take a few moments to return to what you were doing before the power went out.


Question: Why do some tasks become more difficult to do when you think about it?

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 Why do some tasks become more difficult to do when you think about it?

Because it really is "auto-pilot". You've learned, probably through repetition, how to do something well enough that your consciousness isn't involved in the process anymore. When you focus on this process you get in the way of automation, like you're stopping someone going through a checklist to bother them about the weather or something so they can't keep doing this job, so you to start over to re-activate the routine (or just slowly do it manually yourself again). There also seem to be other factors. Our consciousness seems to actually be pretty shit at most things. For example, you can give someone a problem and then either have them sit there and think about the problem for a couple of minutes before trying to solve it, or instead distract them for that time so they can't think about it before making them try to solve it, and generally people seem to do better when they *don't* have the opportunity to consciously think about the problem. Basically, most of your thinking goes on 'below the surface' and is managed by modules whose processes are completely invisible to the person, who only experiences their results as a general feeling that the answer is probably X but they can't tell you why (though if they are intelligent they can come up with plausible-sounding lies to justify those feelings, without even realizing that that's what they're doing). Conspicuous exceptions to this are problems that our brains are bad at. Randomness is one of those. Human brain can't do randomness to save its life, unless you teach it how first - and even then you gotta keep reminding it. Statistics is another. We're decent at somehow acting like intuitive bayesians (our brain isn't *actually* doing bayesian statistics, because it doesn't know statistics, but whatever it is that it is doing generates results at a close approximation of it) when it comes to stats we have direct personal experience with, but for anything else your intuitions are just crap and you have to whip out the pen and paper or otherwise consciously employ methods that you have learned how to use that aren't intuitive at all. TL;DR is our "auto pilot" systems are better at just about everything than our conscious systems are, though they need to be trained to get to that point. This does kind of beg the question of what's the point of consciousness to begin with it it keeps getting in the way of more effective processes, but you'd have to ask someone smarter than me for that one.


Question: How does lightning hit things that aren't grounded?

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 How does lightning hit things that aren't grounded?

Imagine that there is a big cloud of charge up in the sky and it wants to get to the ground which is neutral. The problem is that there is around 2-3 miles of air between the charge and the ground, and air is a pretty good insulator. Eventually this charge is going to grow large enough that it can jump across the miles of air gap anyway. But it is going to jump along the easiest, least resistant path which first becomes available. Obvious targets would be tall objects as they reduce the total distance to be traveled, but there may also be other shortcuts. Imagine a paraglider flying in the air. Which has less electrical resistance, running a charge from the top of the parawing through the cords and out the bottom of the rider, or jumping an air gap the equivalent height of the paraglider and canopy? Generally speaking conducting through the paraglider would be easier so it is sort of like a flying shortcut for lightning. Depending on how things are arranged a detour through them might be the shortest path!


Question: What is CBD oil and how does it work?

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 What is CBD oil and how does it work?

It's not too good to be true. It does have many of the beneficial properties of cannabis, without the THC. CBD is hemp oil, from the non-psycoactive plant cannabis sativa. It comes in three different forms, green (unfiltered, straight help oil), blue (filtered, but not "cooked down", and gold (filtered, carboxilated (cooked down)). The benefits claimed by the companies will vary - of course - but from my personal experience, it does work as a mild analgesic, and has a calming effect as well. I did a lot of research on it before I purchased my first bottle ( URL_0 ), and it does help with the grinding pain of arthritis, and the anxiety that comes with just getting old. It doesn't work as well for me as full-on cannibutter, but since I live in Texas, it's the only legal way I can get the relief I need. I suggest you do a bit of research (there are loads of websites. Just put your Googles on), and you can find them. As always, YMMV, and *always* fact check from several sources before committing to anything.


Question: Gyroscopic precession - WHY does it exist?

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 Gyroscopic precession - WHY does it exist?

A combination of angular momentum and Newtons 1st law. A spinning object will have it's energy and momentum concentrated about the axis. This is why [galaxies and solar systems]( URL_0 ) always arrange themselves in a disc spiral. Once it is spinning, it stays more stable, because an object in motion tends to stay in motion.


Question: Why is booking with an airline so much more complex and confusing than booking with Expedia, Kayak, etc?

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 Why is booking with an airline so much more complex and confusing than booking with Expedia, Kayak, etc?

Airlines have been adding new restrictions to tickets, 'basic economy' vs 'standard economy' vs 'premium economy' that define which seats you can select (if any), if baggage is allowed, etc. Expedia is only going to show the lowest price (basic economy), though they have started showing the different levels there as well and calling out additional fees. But this requires extra programming for each airline and fare class (there isn't a 'standard' for saying which ticket is economy vs basic economy).


Question: How come the first 100 digits of Pi is enough to calculate the diameter of the solar system down to a grain of sand?

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 How come the first 100 digits of Pi is enough to calculate the diameter of the solar system down to a grain of sand?

That's wayyyyyy more decimal places than you need. With just 36 digits of pi you could calculate the circumference of the *observable universe* down to 1 angstrom which is roughly the diameter of a hydrogen atom. There's only 36 orders of magnitude between the diameter of the observable universe(~10^26 meters) and the diameter of a hydrogen atom (10^-10 meters). Its estimated that there are no more than 10^82 atoms in the universe so you should never ever need more than 82 digits to categorize something extremely precisely.


Question: What is actually happening in our brain as we transition from the awake phase to sleep phase?

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 What is actually happening in our brain as we transition from the awake phase to sleep phase?

The brain generates two distinct types of sleep—slow-wave sleep (SWS), known as deep sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM), also called dreaming sleep. Most of the sleeping we do is of the SWS variety, characterized by large, slow brain waves, relaxed muscles and slow, deep breathing, which may help the brain and body to recuperate after a long day. When we fall asleep, the brain does not merely go offline, as implied by the common phrase “out like a light.” Instead a series of highly orchestrated events puts the brain to sleep in stages. Technically sleep starts in the brain areas that produce SWS. Scientists now have concrete evidence that two groups of cells—the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus and the parafacial zone in the brain stem—are involved in prompting SWS. When these cells switch on, it triggers a loss of consciousness.


Question: Why is that, the deliver guys leaving packs on porches / in front of the doors, resulting in many stolen packages?

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 Why is that, the deliver guys leaving packs on porches / in front of the doors, resulting in many stolen packages?

People WORK. No one is at home waiting for packages nor could delivery drivers spend all day calling a hundred numbers to make sure someone is home. What if they’re not? If someone wants their packages to be delivered to the local post office they can do that, but they’ll need to purchase a PO Box. And some businesses don’t deliver to PO Boxes. I think you just really underestimate the amount of packages being delivered here. In my neighborhood I’m guessing each home has two or three packages delivered a week. Nearly every home. What you are suggesting isn’t realistic *at all*. People can, however, do things like create a space for packages that is hidden behind a plant or something near their door (I’ve done that), or purchase a package collector to put on your porch or similar.


Question: How does every $1 Billion dollars spent in commercial construction add $3.4 Billion to the GDP?

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 How does every $1 Billion dollars spent in commercial construction add $3.4 Billion to the GDP?

You track where the money goes. "The economy" or "the GDP" can be thought of as the sum of all transactions. You're referring to the concept of an "economic multiplier," which can be thought of as "how many other times will this dollar get spent after the first time?" If you spend a billion dollars to build a building, some part of that is profit for the construction company, some of it gets paid in taxes, and the rest of it goes to suppliers and workers. The suppliers also pay their suppliers and their workers. Workers spend it on food and rent and gas. The tax money pays for programs that have employees who then spend their wages on other stuff, et cetera. Obviously there are a lot more transactions and other things than just what I've listed, these are just examples, not an exhaustive list. This is one of the reasons why many people consider shopping from big box stores or Amazon to be bad; companies like those have extremely low multipliers because their cost structure is so low and because a huge percentage of their revenue just goes to "money bins" never to be spent again.


Question: If whiskey only ages in wooden barrels, why aren't whiskey bottles made out of wood instead of glass?

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 If whiskey only ages in wooden barrels, why aren't whiskey bottles made out of wood instead of glass?

I have a small barrel that I've used to age spirits. A wooden whisky bottle is undesirable for many reasons: 1. Cost. Barrels are expensive. You wouldn't want to buy a $20 bottle of whiskey in a $50 barrel when a $0.50 bottle would do the trick. 2. Rate of ageing. Whiskey is aged in barrels that are tens of gallons. It's sold in bottles that are less than half a gallon. That means relatively more barrel surface area per gallon of whiskey. This is important because of point 3... 3. Overageing. More isn't always better. Different flavors come out of the wood at different rates and you want some flavors more than others. If you leave the whiskey in a barrel too long then it'll pick up the wrong flavors. With a tiny barrel this can happen much much faster. 4. Sediment. Some of the barrel flakes off; it's been charred on the inside and then soaked in alcohol. Bottled whiskey has had this removed, either by settling or by filtering. 5. Volume loss. Barrels don't seal tight. They lose some alcohol and water to the air which changes the alcohol content of the contained spirits. When you buy a bottle of whiskey you're paying for the stuff that went into the unaged spirits, the time and space it took to age it, and the expertise of those who aged it, making sure that it picked up the right flavors and made it to the right alcohol content. If you turn around and stuff it into a barrel to sell then that expertise goes right out the window and the price goes through the roof.


Question: Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?

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 Why there's almost no researches trying to create new devices which could allow us to explore the bottom of the ocean?

Your statement that no one is trying is false. I think most of the limitation keeping us off the sea floor currently is technological, or more specifically materials science limitations. We don't have anything to make a submersible out of that can both withstand the pressures experienced at the bottom of the ocean and also be large enough to house researchers and their equipment.


Question: Why should a random, normal individual among million (maybe billion) others be worried about having his data stolen/recorded by an app or government?

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 Why should a random, normal individual among million (maybe billion) others be worried about having his data stolen/recorded by an app or government?

It is like having someone read your diary. Most likely it is harmless but that wasn’t stuff you wanted to share, nor feel comfortable sharing. Your privacy has been invaded against your will/rights. On average I don’t think there is a major impact, its just kinda shitty for people to read your diary without your permission.


Question: why does bright colored light appear as white?

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 why does bright colored light appear as white?

Human eyes have three types of cone cells that detect different wavelengths of light. One set responds to the color blue, one to the color red, and one to the color green. But it is not specific to those three colors. It's a range. The blue detecting cones are very good at responding to blue but less good at responding to larger or smaller wavelengths, more and more less good the further the wavelength is from blue. Same with the red cones and the green cones. So basically green cones would give like a 100% response to green light. Blue cones will give like a 40% response and red cones maybe a 5% response. Blue cones would respond more to green light because the visible spectrum is not evenly split between the three types of cone cells. There's about a 70 nm difference between blue and green light and about a 150 nm difference between green and red light. Which is why yellow, being in the least efficient response zone between red and green cones, can be difficult to see. What we perceive as white light is really all colors blended together, or enough colors that every cone cell is firing at once. The brain cant interpret that signal so it all blends together to form white. If the light of a certain frequency in the visible range is intense enough, lots of photons, the cones response will saturate sending mixed signals to the brain that it cant interpret so it interprets it as white light.


Question: Why can't you compress a RAR file with RAR or ZIP?

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 Why can't you compress a RAR file with RAR or ZIP?

Compression is a technique for finding patterns in a file and writing it in a way that takes more space. For example instead of writing "aaaaaaaa" you may write 8*"a" which is much shorter. Or instead of writing "abcdefgh" you may write "a"-"h". However if you have already compressed a file and written it in the shortest way you can think of then another compression program will not have much luck trying to compress it further. If you think of your file as a sponge. It consists of a sponge material and a lot of air. This is practical for cleaning but not very practical for transport. So you put in though a vacuum sealing machine to suck all the air out and put on a plastic seal to keep all the air out. Now the sponge is much smaller. But you read of another way to do it by using a vice. However when you put the already compressed sponge in the vice you can not get it much smaller. This is like trying to compress an already compressed file.


Question: The Gold Standard is 99.9% gold. But what is the 0.1% made up of?

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 The Gold Standard is 99.9% gold. But what is the 0.1% made up of?

Not... gold. It's really very hard to get something very very pure to the point where you can "legally" claim that it's 100% something. It's easier to just say 99.999 and take the assumption, legal or otherwise, that your refining process is going to leave a few other atoms in the metal than it is to somehow try to fight the definition of 100%. The other part is you can use the number of 9's to show purity level, for example 99.999% is more pure than 99.99%, albeit not by much.


Question: Why is it that we can hear people talking outside when we're inside a building, but not vice versa?

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 Why is it that we can hear people talking outside when we're inside a building, but not vice versa?

5 reasons come to my mind: * when you're in a room, indoors, you are surrounded by walls onto which sound reflect, so you may sense sounds in a higher volume. * if you're in an urban setting with buildings: noises in the streets reflect onto building walls, bump from wall to wall and into windows. it increases the sensed volume. * there's usually noise outside, even if it's background noise, it's still there and it can cover sounds that aren't high in volume, such as voices from inside a building. * when you speak you adjust your speaking volume according to the place you are in. If you're outside, as there's usually more noise outside, you may speak louder than when you're inside. * when you realize you're hearing a conversation from people who are outside, it's probably because you're in a calm setting, not speaking, trying to fall asleep, so you tend to focus on the only sounds you hear if your room is silent: those from outside. If you go deep in the countryside and walk by (outside) a thin-walled house in the middle of nowhere without noises such as traffic, wind, birds, insects, electrical grid,.. you'll probably hear people speaking inside as loud as they can hear you speaking outside.


Question: Why are there strong and successful campaigns to ban fur clothing and not other animal products like leather?

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 Why are there strong and successful campaigns to ban fur clothing and not other animal products like leather?

A lot of fur items like mink or sable are killed for their fur and the rest discarded. Cows and lambs are killed for their meat and the skin is also used to make leather. One case is wasteful and pointless, the other is resourceful. Also leather is really useful, fur is seen as elitist.


Question: Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?

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 Does destroying large amounts of cash add value back into the economy? Does it decrease inflation?

No. The reason being is the over 99 percent of our money doesn’t actually physically exist. Most of it exists only in computers at the bank and the federal reserve. Back in the 90s there was only 400 dollars of physical currency in circulation for every person in the country. I don’t know what the amount is now, but it hasn’t changed much. So even if you were to destroy ALL of the paper money in circulation, it would affect less than one percent of actually currency in the economy. It would be expensive to print more money, but it wouldn’t necessarily have a huge impact on the over all economy. Besides the immediate panic at there being no dollars around for buying lottery scratch off tickets and whatnot.


Question: Why do we know more about space than about our oceans?

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 Why do we know more about space than about our oceans?

I mean, that's a stylized fact. It's hard to literally write down a list of things about space and the deep sea that we know and literally compare their length. The point of it is that we can see space very easily and there are a bunch of giant light emitting structures (stars) that make it even easier. The bottom of the ocean is separated from us by miles of light absorbing water and isn't full of things that emit a ton of light to begin with, so it's tough to see. It's also only slightly less difficult to get to than space, technologically speaking, so it's not like we've had way more time to physically explore it.


Question: Why is the English language so inconsistent in phonics?

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 Why is the English language so inconsistent in phonics?

In the words of James Nicoll: "\[English doesn't\] just borrow words; on occasion, English has pursued other languages down alleyways to beat them unconscious and rifle their pockets for new vocabulary." English is made up of a bunch of different languages. The core of it is Germanic (from the Angles; literally: Angle-ish), but it has a lot of French and Greek and Latin layered on top of that as well as bits peppered in from a bunch of others. Each of those brought with them their own rules of grammar, and then all of those rules of grammar collided with and got mixed up in each other; producing *entirely new* grammar babies. The thing about England is it got invaded a lot. Romans, Angles and Saxons, Normans, the occasional Viking raid here and there. Each of those groups left their mark on the language over time.


Question: Why is increasing corporate tax and income tax NOT bad?

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 Why is increasing corporate tax and income tax NOT bad?

Imagine I have a home and I need to pay $1000 a month to keep it, or I will be evicted, and my kids will have to sleep under a park bench. Now imagine that I have a job, and I drive to work. If my car fails to run, I will lose my job, and I won’t be able to pay that rent. Now imagine that my commute is very dangerous, and wrecking my car is quite likely. I get a job offer to work an hours drive away for more money - but the drive is now very dangerous and I am not willing to accept the risk of losing my car, so I put $10000 away as a self insurance. If I wreck my car, I will use the $10,000 to buy a new one - so now it is safe for me to take the new job. Now, imagine instead, I get 10 friends who all are in the same situation, and we each put $1000 away for a new car - if anyone is in an accident, our fund of 10x $1000 will buy that person a new car. By pooling our resources, we have all saved $9,0000 and got the same benefit. Now, imagine the government has 300,000,000 of us do that. And when we all have cheap affordable car insurance, we are all willing to take those better jobs that are an hour away, and the economy does better than it would if we each had to set aside $10,000. The point: Not all government spending is bad government spending. Some things are much cheaper and easier and work better when we all pool our resources. Imagine a road system, for instance, where we each have to build our own roads to get where we want to go and do not share. And some things, when provided by government, unleash the economy. (Good roads make it easier for private industry to ship goods, for example). The debate is not whether government spending, funded by taxes, is good or bad. It is very often good. The question is what we value. , what we want to pool resources on, and what types of services and products benefit from pooled resources. So is raising taxes good or bad - that depends on what you spend them on. Insurance works infinitely better as the number of people covered and pooling their resources increases. That we even allow home, car or medical insurance to be privately provided astonishes me. It is incredibly wasteful to have private healthcare or car insurance. On the other hand, something mostly made of direct labour, not so much - I don’t think it would serve any purpose to have the government provide cars or pizzas, for example. On the other hand, Anything requiring shared resources to be used, such as roads or parks, is going to work better and more efficiently pooled. Add into the equation debates about what the government should provide (ie, an environmentalist might object to public car insurance. A pro-life person might object to some of the things Medicare funds). So there is plenty of room for debate and discussion - but the notion that all government spending is bad spending is just simple minded. Think about the government like a club. Taxes are your dues. If you want lower dues, you will get fewer services. Maybe you do not need a guy to park your car for you, but do you want to be hauling clean towels back and forth to the club? Maybe towel service should be included in the club fees, but the guy in the monkey suit at the front door, he can be laid off.


Question: For most websites, when you enter your login info incorrectly, why can't the website tell you specifically whether the username or the password is incorrect?

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 For most websites, when you enter your login info incorrectly, why can't the website tell you specifically whether the username or the password is incorrect?

For better security. Any information no matter how small could allow someone to game the system and brute force a login. Let me give you an example. Say that I really didn't like Joe Forman and I wanted to get into his facebook account but I don't know what his username is but I know a few email addresses he's used. Login: Jforman@. URL_1 bad username Login: Joe_f@. URL_0 bad username Login: Lvs2@airmail.net bad password Aha. So Instead of not knowing what was wrong, now I know that lvs2@airmail.net is the right login. Now I can use other tricks to log in. I can try some commonly guessed passwords. I can go to a black hat web site and see if anyone with that email address ever had a password stolen, and hope they use the same password on other sites. I could google Joe Forman or that email, find out their birthday, maybe the name of their pet, favorite color from some questionnaire they took 5 years ago in a public forum. And I can use some of these to do a password reset "What is your birthday? Your pets name?" etc. Basically brute forcing an account is infinitely easier if you are able to get any pieces of information. It goes from impossible to hard, and hard is just a matter of patience and research.


Question: How are tanks used on a modern battlefield, and aren't they sitting ducks?

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 How are tanks used on a modern battlefield, and aren't they sitting ducks?

There have not been a battle between two modern armies in a long time so it is hard to say. But modern tanks are far from sitting ducks. Their armor protects against most incoming fire and they can accurately shoot while still moving at top speed over rough terrain. The only reason to stop is to refuel, rearm or because you reached your objective. Most aircraft are not fully equipped to handle the armor of the tanks and even if they managed to do some damage they risk not having a place to land as the approaching tanks and mobile infantry will take the airfields. This was a common theme back in 1940. Artillery does have the firepower to deal with tanks but only if they are stationary as a shell might take minutes to hit its target and they have the same problem as the aircrafts in that they risk getting captured. RPG and other anti-tank infantry weapons can be a problem but it usually takes more then one hit to breach a tank. And you need a lot of skill and tactics to get close to a tank and set up a shot. Tanks are not unbeatable but they do have a central place in a modern battlefield and are far from sitting ducks.


Question: Why do many TV advertisements seem to have nothing to do with their products?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do many TV advertisements seem to have nothing to do with their products?

Many things are difficult to portray on television - like smells as poly brought up. There is no real way to portray smell through pictures so old spice has terry crews screaming to create some sort of memory for their intended audience. Other times the product being sold isn't what the obvious. Nike isnt really selling shoes, a comparable shoe from another manufacturer can cost significantly less. Nike is selling an image and that is what they are portraying in their ads.


Question: Why is the biting force of dentures only 50-100 lbs while the biting force of natural teeth and dental implants is 200-250 lbs?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the biting force of dentures only 50-100 lbs while the biting force of natural teeth and dental implants is 200-250 lbs?

In a normal dentition the bite force goes from the teeth, to the periodontal tissue , and then to the bone. This is the physiological, and biologically the best way, because it gives the nervous system accurate information of what force should be used, and when should the muscles relax, as to not damage the tissues. With implants the tooth and periodontium are skipped, and the force goes straight to the bone, which is really not good at relaying information. This can lead to extreme forces in biting, while the patient doesn't feel a thing, where in a normal dentition he would get feedback trough pain. However as time goes by, some soft tissues attach themselves to the imlant and this makes the feedback much more accurate. With complete dentures the reflex is mediated by the oral mucosa and bone. The oral mucosa has nowhere near the ability of the periodontium to absorb pressure and has a lower pain tolerance, hence the decreased in force. With prolonged wearing the mucosa adapts somewhat and the forces increase, but nowhere near a regular dentition.


Question: Why do some musical tunes feel dreamy/ethereal? [Other]

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 Why do some musical tunes feel dreamy/ethereal? [Other]

This is hard to pin down, but there are some common traits to ambient/floaty music: * Lack of functional harmony. This means that the music doesn't have chords that obviously want to "go somewhere". In typical pop music, for example, you'll hear chord sequences like IV-V-I (the four chord, five chord, and tonic played in that order in a major key), where the IV is expected to go to the V, which is in turn expected to go to the I. These sequences, known as *cadences*, tend to create a more obvious structure to a piece of music, and their use is known as functional harmony. [These]( URL_0 ) two [videos]( URL_1 ) by the excellent 8-Bit Music Theory give some examples of *non*functional harmony, which is the practice of avoiding these kinds of sequences. * Repeating ostinato figures. An ostinato is a sequence of notes played mostly unchanged throughout a piece. Once repeated enough times, ostinatos fade into the background and become sort of a general "color" or "setting" for a piece of music, rather than being heard as distinct notes. The second video linked above features a number of pieces that use an ostinato to create a mood. * Lack of dramatic melodies, especially in terms of the interval (difference in pitch) between consecutive notes. Big jumps in melodies call attention to themselves and create drama. Small moves, especially moves that either stay firmly within a key or that move in only a single interval (as with the whole tone scale, which you probably know from the "you are getting veeeeery sleeeeeeepy" sound) avoid calling attention to themselves. * Echo effects on the sound. This lets each note blend into the next in a smoother way, not making each of them distinct as a note in its own right. This obscures the harmony (reducing the power of functional harmony mentioned in the first bullet above if it's present at all) and reduces the contrast between consecutive notes. Basically, these are the opposites of the traits that create energy in music: interesting harmonies, changing melodies and rhythms, large or unusual melodic intervals, and (while I didn't mention it explicitly) syncopation (throwing in off-beat notes).


Question: Phone, laptop, TV, Tablet has WiFi adapters. Why there no simple one-click way to transer files from one to another?

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 Phone, laptop, TV, Tablet has WiFi adapters. Why there no simple one-click way to transer files from one to another?

There are many different file sharing protocols. (S)FTP, SAMBA and HTTP are all examples. Even accessing Reddit right now is as easy as clicking a button. Different devices are not always configured to receive and send data to different devices, Ex. Sending files from an iPhone to an Android is notoriously tricky as they have no initial support to communicate to each other. But with a third party service such as SMS(IM) or a third party app utilising Bluetooth these challenges can be overcome.


Question: Why are diamonds in jewelry never spherical or even disco ball shaped? Wouldn't this make for some pretty beautiful pieces?

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 Why are diamonds in jewelry never spherical or even disco ball shaped? Wouldn't this make for some pretty beautiful pieces?

Due to the crystalline structure, they cleave along specific planes. Because they do this, they can reflect very well when you do cut them on those planes because the surfaces are flat at a molecular level. So you can't do a mirror ball because there aren't that many natural planes in the crystalline structure. You could polish them that way, or polish them round, but you would not get the brilliant internal reflections you get when you cut along the natural planes.


Question: Why does losing water pressure make your water susceptible to bacteria/viruses?

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 Why does losing water pressure make your water susceptible to bacteria/viruses?

Positive pressure means, if there's a leak in the system, water will flow *out* through the leak so all the water in the pipe is still clean. Negative pressure, however, means that, if there's a leak, things from outside the pipe flow *in*, potentially contaminating your water source. Works with air too; sterile environments (operating rooms, clean rooms, etc) are deliberately positively pressurized to prevent anything outside from getting in.


Question: How are the hearing frequency ranges of animals measured and confirmed?

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 How are the hearing frequency ranges of animals measured and confirmed?

There are two ways to confirm experimentally the hearing range of animals. The first one is more practical and less intrusive. You have an animal, either in the wild or in captivity, which you submit to audio frequencies produced from a speaker. By mere observation you confirm if the animal reacts, everything from a small twitch right after the sound is produced or if their ears/head move, trying to find the source of the sound. First you try with big leaps, like going up in increases of 10, 50 or 100. Then you try to capture the detail. The second method yields more precise results but it's impractical, resource expensive, and quite intrusive. You get an animal in a laboratory, you insert electrodes in their brain, auditive nerves, and/or auditive cells. You begin the stimulation and check if the organism produces an electric impulse as a response. Which one you use depends on the kind of results you want to get and how much resources you have at your disposition (money, time, people).


Question: Why are Law Enforcement allowed to disable their body cameras?

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 Why are Law Enforcement allowed to disable their body cameras?

People also have a right to general privacy and even if the footage isn't used in court some people don't want 20 police officers watching it for "fun" at the police station, however most people want all actions of the police to be recorded while they are on duty even if that means that the police record themselves not acting in a way they would hope they would.


Question: Why does distilled water have no bubbles in its container, while drinking water has bubbles at the top?

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 Why does distilled water have no bubbles in its container, while drinking water has bubbles at the top?

Couple of reasons come to mind: 1) Water usually has gas dissolved in it. This is how fish can "breathe" water--they're extracting oxygen dissolved in the water using their gills. However, since distillation involves boiling off the water and letting it condense again, this tends to remove a lot of the dissolved gas. If you left the distilled water open in a beaker it would gradually absorb oxygen from the air, but they don't do that when they're manufacturing the stuff. 2) Bubbles require "nucleation sites" to form, which are essentially impurities in the water. Distilled water obviously has far less of these than regular water (it's the whole point of creating distilled water in the first place), so it's harder for bubbles to form in the first place.


Question: Can anyone explain Bayes Theorem? I’m just interested in the math but have a hard time wrapping my head around.

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 Can anyone explain Bayes Theorem? I’m just interested in the math but have a hard time wrapping my head around.

Let's look at an example. Say we have a population of 10000 people, and there's some disease that affects 1% of them. There's a test that's 98% accurate. Assuming you test positive, how likely is it you actually have the disease? Well, if 1% have the disease, that means 100 people have it. 98 of them will test positive, and 2 negative. The other 9900 people don't. So 9702 will test negative, and 198 positive. That means in total 296 people test positive. And 98 of those have the disease. So if you tested positive, you have a 33% chance of actually having the disease. (And if you tested negative, it would be a 0.02% chance.) Bayes' Theorem captures all this casework in a formula: P(A | B) = P(B | A) \* P(A) / P(B). In this example, P(have disease | test positive) = P(test positive | have disease) \* P(have disease) / P(test positive) = 0.98 \* 0.01 / 0.0296 = 0.33.


Question: why are large batteries, like the type you would see in an electric car, made of small batteries?

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 why are large batteries, like the type you would see in an electric car, made of small batteries?

The smaller batteries in a battery bank are acting as cells for one whole large battery. And if you own an electric car and a cell goes out, you'll be very glad to have to replace only one cell instead of the whole stinking battery pack. Also it's a thing about battery chemistry. No matter how big you made a AA battery, its chemistry will still only put out 1.5 volts (case in point, the D-cell, 1.5 volts with a lot more capacity). A lead-acid car battery could be the size of a car and still only put out 12 (they have 6 cells each making 2 volts, linked in series). So to get those high voltages needed in electric cars, you put a bunch in series. And as I said before, having them all separate instead of in one huge pack makes them a *ton* easier to install and replace, and another ton cheaper to fix.


Question: If interest rates continue to rise, wouldn't that have a negative impact on housing prices since the average house payment for a new house would be higher?

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 If interest rates continue to rise, wouldn't that have a negative impact on housing prices since the average house payment for a new house would be higher?

Yes, it would... if people can afford a certain amount per month and more of it goes to interest, then they would have to find a lower priced home to keep the principal portion lower. However, it is important to remember that mortgage interest rates have been at historic lows -- click on the MAX option for [this graph of interest rates]( URL_0 ) to see going back to 1970. Interest rates peaked at 18% in the early 80's, 7-8% in the 1990's, and were 6-7% in the early 2000's.


Question: Were Spain and Portugal ever united as a country? If so, how and why did they separate?

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 Were Spain and Portugal ever united as a country? If so, how and why did they separate?

Well, not for a millenium at least. The romans did rule all of Iberia, but they administered Spain and Portugal as two separate provinces (Iberia and Lusitania). After the fall of the roman empire, the area was conquered, first by visigoths (coming from what is now Germany), then by the moors (coming from North Africa). Both of them ruled Iberia as a whole, so from the 6th to the 11th centuries, you might say both countries were united. In the 12th century, Afonso I, a count from western Iberia, was prockaimed king of a newly-formed kingdom of Portugal, and proceeded to conquer some land back from the moors. That's the beginning of Portugal as we know it. Since then, Portugal has always been Independent. The Habsbourgs ruled both country for a brief period in the 15th century (iirc) but the lands weren't officialy united. Disclaimer : i'm no historian, merely a guy interested in all things medieval.


Question: What is the purpose of the propeller on current hologram projectors?

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 What is the purpose of the propeller on current hologram projectors?

> Wouldn't make more sense to have a screen, grid, or lens (as conventional projectors have) for the holographic object to project from? In no case does an image "project from" the device. A spinning arm tries to fulfill the goal of having an image in an area where there doesn't appear to be a screen. When the arm is in an area it flashes some light, and after it moves out of the way it allows the viewer to see what is behind it. The result is that you can see an image seemingly floating in thin air because most of the time the arm isn't in any given location, but while it is the light it outputs is very bright. Our eyes tend to blend the flickering light into the perception of it being solid and steady. Technically speaking this display is not a hologram because it lacks the aspect of a third dimension. It is no different from a flat screen that is transparent.


Question: How does my broken handsfree turn musics to instrumentals?

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 How does my broken handsfree turn musics to instrumentals?

There's a pretty complex thing going on. Headphones use a TRS connection - which instead of having 2 dedicated wires for each channel (2 for L/2 for R) it has 1 for L, 1 for R and 1 common ground. Due to the common ground, when things short *just* right, 1 of the 2 channels can become electrically inverted, thus any sound that is completely identical on both Left and Right channels gets canceled out by the inverse electrical signal. Most songs are mixed with mono-channel vocals directly duplicated on top of both channels equally, while the instruments are almost always recorded in stereo. Thus, with the mono vocal track being canceled out you're left with an instrumental. Some songs have stereo vocals, some have mono instruments, and some songs are recorded 'all at once' so that you hear the vocals (slightly) in the instrumental recordings. It won't work on every song but it's a pretty neat trick.