Question: do singers make money every time their songs are played in public media ? I.e radio stations , YouTube etc . If so , how is the number being tracked and reported ?

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 do singers make money every time their songs are played in public media ? I.e radio stations , YouTube etc . If so , how is the number being tracked and reported ?

Every track has a unique code associated with it upon release which doesn't change. in the digital realm, its then easy to track plays and via what platform. For example my recently release acoustic EP had one listen last month on spotify!! The distribution service I use put out the music on all platforms, tracks it all and pays u when you reach a threshold, for a reasonable yearly fee (Distrokid) I released it as a 'marker in the sand' and something to refer people to regards my bona fides as a producer / coach , no promotion done at all so is no surprise. As for money we're talking 0.001 cents per play or maybe something less. Need 1000s per month to make equivalent to minimum wage, which is very few tracks out of the millions out there and being released. If you are artist, performer producer etc you get the biggest share. If one cog in the wheel, even less.


Question: Typically what causes 'sudden weight loss' when someone has a disease?

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 Typically what causes 'sudden weight loss' when someone has a disease?

Fewer calories in, more calories burned, stuff breaking down, or fluid loss. Under more burned, we have things like hyperthyroidism directly increasing basal metabolic rate; nearly every cell in the body is affected to some degree, basically cranking up energy usage. Malignant tumors are notoriously hungry for glucose, and will steal it anywhere they can. Under less in, we have appetite suppression, which can happen a lot of ways, and malabsorption, as seen in enzyme deficiencies, some gastrointestinal issues, etc. Uncontrolled diabetes may mean simply peeing glucose out. Breakdown of fat and muscle gets more complicated, so let's just say it happens. Any kind of serious dehydration, often from vomiting and/or diarrhea, can shed pounds very quickly. (The treatment for cholera is largely "measure how much water they poop out, then give them that much oral rehydration fluid.") Those diabetics who are peeing glucose out are also losing a lot of water with it; people in diabetic ketoacidosis can require many liters of fluid when hospitalized.


Question: how a carbon tax reduces carbon emissions and helps the environment?

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 how a carbon tax reduces carbon emissions and helps the environment?

That's correct, to an extent. The point of carbon taxes, is, yes, to make these things more expensive for the consumer and less profitable for the producer. This means the consumer will purchase less of the product, which means less of the product will be produced. Which is better for the environment. It also means the producer will make less profit, making this a less desirable business to start and expand and invest in.


Question: Why are there ads on Cocomelon's YouTube channel?

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 Why are there ads on Cocomelon's YouTube channel?

You are allowed to show ads to kids, but they have to be kid friendly. I think YouTube got in trouble because they were showing targeted ads to kids and perhaps ads of a less than child friendly nature. YouTube is allowed to show non-target and child approved ads to children. If you think about, TV does this as well. When you watch a kid's channel, or child programming, they show commercials. However, the commercials are child friendly (usually they are toy commercials). You won't see too many liquor commercials or trailers for violent movies in the ads of a kid's show.


Question: What exactly makes it so hard to replace a human body part with another body part from a different human?

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 What exactly makes it so hard to replace a human body part with another body part from a different human?

Yes our immune systems will reject many things the body finds to be foreign. This happens with skin and organs and even artificial elements like metal or plastic. Before and after a transplant, they give you a lot of different drugs to help suppress your immune system until your body really takes hold to the new part. It’s never a guarantee though, a body can still start to reject an organ after it seemingly works for a long time.


Question: How does air suddenly change its direction? And keep changing?

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 How does air suddenly change its direction? And keep changing?

Airflow tends to be exceptionally chaotic due to all the possible sources of perterbations. Generally, it flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure, but those areas can move depending on climate, time of day (i.e. sunlight adding energy), and the influence of other areas of differing pressure. Then there's the Coriolis effect, which causes air to spin on large scales due to the Earth's rotation. And then there's the terrain and trees to worry about, which cause air streams to split, merge, turn, double back, and spin some more. Likely what happened to you was you were sitting where a small, slow vortex of air passed by (like a harmless, invisible, slow tornado), and that caused the smoke to spin about in all different directions. Fluid dynamics is PhD. level stuff that involves massive supercomputers trying to figure out, just to give you an idea of how complex predicting even a small amount of wind.


Question: Why are some colours synonymous with emotions, and where did this trend originate from?

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 Why are some colours synonymous with emotions, and where did this trend originate from?

I think it’s a cultural thing. In the west red can mean anger and other things, and I believe in China it represents good luck. So you and I may think of blue as the color of sadness but someone from a different part of the world may think it’s the color of hope or something like that. Someone else could probably better explain the origins of these links but that’s what I think.


Question: How are living lactic/yogurt cultures not killed during digestion?

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 How are living lactic/yogurt cultures not killed during digestion?

Gut flora is a misnomer, as that "flora" inside your digestive tract has no plants. What is meant by gut flora actually are the hordes of symbiotic bacteria that live inside you, and help you brake down foods and digest them. These bacteria are harmless to your body (as long as your stomach isn't ruptured), they can survive the acidity of your stomach juices, and they do in fact die off, break up each other and get digested. They just multiply fast enough to not die out completely. They also protect their turf and fight off other, potentially more dangerous species. The bacteria found in yoghurt are harmless to humans and break down lactose, and therefore are exactly the helpful kind of bacteria you want to live in your gut flora.


Question: Why can we make calorie free drinks, but not calorie free food?

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 Why can we make calorie free drinks, but not calorie free food?

calorie free drinks are not always calorie free, they are legally allowed to round down if the values are low enough. however, this is also in part due to the fact that drinks are made of water, which has no calories, and flavoring which has few enough calories to "not count" food on the other hand is made of various cell structures which inherently have caloric value. Edit: removed incorrect info


Question: Why do chemical reactions produce energy?

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 Why do chemical reactions produce energy?

There is a huge misconception about the nature of energy from chemical reactions. Breaking bonds REQUIRES energy, think about breaking apart anything, energy is typically involved. Forming bonds RELEASES energy. The reason energy is released is based on thermodynamics. Basically, equilibrium favors low energy. When a system goes from a high energy state to a low energy state, energy is released in some other form as heat or motion etc. but always conserved throughout the universe.


Question: What are the "parallel universes" talked about in speedrunning communities, like that of Super Mario 64?

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 What are the "parallel universes" talked about in speedrunning communities, like that of Super Mario 64?

"Parallel universes" are areas outside of the intended game world which do not technically exist, but are still tracked by the game. For example, imagine the game world is 1,000 x 1,000 units square (2D game). Sometimes it's possible, through various shenanigans, to make the game think you're at co-ordinates (1100, 1150) for example. The game code knows where you are and is tracking your movement, but you're outside the boundary of the 'physical' representation of the world. It's loosely related to the 'falling through the world' phenomenon where you find a part of a map which isn't correctly coded, and fall 'through' it, allowing you to walk around 'under' the terrain.


Question: Why is CTE brain damage such a hot topic in the NFL, but don't hear anything from the Rugby community?

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 Why is CTE brain damage such a hot topic in the NFL, but don't hear anything from the Rugby community?

While people often think of the gigantic, brutal head to head hits when they think of CTE, a huge part of the risk is just the every-play blocking and the fact that if you go from moving fast to a dead stop, your brain can smack against your skull. Because of the increased padding and increased rest time (time between plays and not playing both offense/defense), there is far more emphasis on explosiveness, strength, and speed relative to endurance in American football. You're not going to get a 4-5 300+ pound guys in rugby because they just can't keep up all game, but their 40 times are absolutely incredible for their size. So you've got everyone hitting everyone on every play, and they can put more force behind each hit because they're better rested. Additionally, the combination of helmets and the 10-yard first down rules means that the rugby wrap-up style tackling might not always be the most effective if they fall forward another 2-3 yards


Question: Why sometimes when we need to sneeze it goes away and then hurts inside the nostril?

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 Why sometimes when we need to sneeze it goes away and then hurts inside the nostril?

Your sinuses are hollow areas that have membranes that manufacture and transport mucous (snot). These sinus membranes often become inflamed due to many reasons. One of these reasons is from frequent sneezing, or even one really hard blow. When your sinuses are inflamed they are very sensitive and hurt. Sneezing is a violent action that involves a lot of air pressure. The pressure of a forceful sneeze can definitely cause pain to your sinus membranes, especially when they are inflamed from being sick. Even if you don't follow through with the sneeze, the build up TO the sneeze still involves lots of pressure to your sinuses. Maybe even more pressure and time under pressure than just letting the sneeze fly. This can hurt.


Question: Why is it so hard for countries to give up on trivial land claims ?

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 Why is it so hard for countries to give up on trivial land claims ?

Maritime laws give fishing rights to something like 200 miles surrounding each island. Even if the island is an uninhabited rock in the middle of the ocean, a country would have 400 miles of fishing rights. That might be a difference that would turn the tables from contemplating giving up vs it being worth fighting to keep.


Question: what is overclocking, why does it matter, and how is it done?

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 what is overclocking, why does it matter, and how is it done?

All CPUs have a specified clock speed, effectively for each tick of the clock the CPU performs one instruction (e.g. add, subtract, copy, move), faster clock = more instructions = the computer does more. The clock speed is set by the manufacturer based on performance tests but they lump them together into just a few official clock speeds 1Ghz, 1,2Ghz etc. Overclocking is where you set the clock speed higher than the manufacturer said you should, this means you get a faster processor for the price of a slow one, this works because, for example a 1Ghz processor might actually be a 1.19Ghz processor that failed the 1.2Ghz test.


Question: the scientifically best way to sleep: cool room. So why do humans cover themselves with warm blanket when sleeping?

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 the scientifically best way to sleep: cool room. So why do humans cover themselves with warm blanket when sleeping?

Your heart rate and breathing slow during sleep which leads to lower body temperature. A blanket helps insulate the heat already produced by your body to keep you warm and that is why humans like blankets. A cool room can probably be explained by this: Ever been laying in bed falling asleep and feel an urge to move a foot or arm out from under the blanket? It’s a natural urge to make you more comfortable. Having a warm blanket in a cool room allows you to very easily adjust your temperature throughout the night, making for a more comfortable sleep.


Question: Why does sometimes when you try very hard to remember something you can't, but if you stop thinking about it the information pops up in your head after a while?

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 Why does sometimes when you try very hard to remember something you can't, but if you stop thinking about it the information pops up in your head after a while?

I used to work in neuroscience research, on memory. This is a poorly understood process. One important thing to know about memory is that its dependent on context. That means that memories are more likely to recur in a similar environment or a similar emotional state to when they were formed. For example, returning to a place you haven't been in a while might evoke memories of things that happened there; or a song can cue memories associated with it. Lots of less helpful examples too around trauma and PTSD. If you're actively trying to remember something, which is usually a strained sort of effort, you're not letting your brain work the way its best at remembering. As u/narcolepticaf pointed out, its often later that some other cue helps to trigger the desired memory. Importantly these aren't necessarily cues that you'd obviously link \- it might just be thinking in a similar pattern, seeing a particular shape, smelling something, etc. As I said, poorly understood, but the key is usually the context in which the memory was formed \- return to the scene of the crime, literally or metpahorically :\)


Question: How did house zoning laws allow "legal discrimination?"

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 How did house zoning laws allow "legal discrimination?"

They have [14 goals]( URL_0 ) pretty clearly laid out on their website. They want to achieve things like reduced racial economic disparities, improved access to affordable housing, and reduced risk from climate change while preserving historic heritage and culture. Their approach is to examine past zoning decisions to see if they should be revised to advance these goals.


Question: If someone has a condition which obstructs their airflow/ability to breathe normally, wouldn’t this cause a steady loss of oxygen to the brain and therefore lead to progressive brain damage?

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 If someone has a condition which obstructs their airflow/ability to breathe normally, wouldn’t this cause a steady loss of oxygen to the brain and therefore lead to progressive brain damage?

No, because blood flow (and therefore oxygen) isn’t fixed. In case of hypoxia (low oxygen level in the blood) or blood loss, there are some organs who receive more blood while others don’t; the formers are called “noble organs” (I’m Italian, it’s a direct translation, maybe they’re called something else in English) and they are the brain, heart, kidneys and liver, all vital. On the other hand muscles, digestive trait and others receive less and less oxygen, thus shutting down first. The brain is the last to go


Question: When humans aren't to blame, How do animals go extinct?

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 When humans aren't to blame, How do animals go extinct?

This is a great question, and it lets us really sink our teeth into some basic biologic concepts. First of all, though, there are two basic types of extinctions: Mass extinctions, and isolated extinctions. Mass extinctions refer to vast numbers of species going extinct over relatively short period of time (usually meaning over a few millennia). These are rare events - five mass extinctions have occurred in the history of the world (some consider us to currently be in a mass extinction event - the "Holocene extinction" - which is largely human-caused.) These events are caused by natural disasters, such as the most recent asteroid collision at the Yucatan peninsula, which is believed to have driven the dinosaurs extinct. Earlier in earth's history, large volcanic eruptions were responsible for blocking out the sunlight, affecting plant life, and temporarily changing the climate enough to drive species extinct on a mass level. Isolated extinction is much more common, and is happening all the time. Some of this is simply the result of evolution. As a species evolves, the older version of the species can be said to be "extinct". The definition of a species is somewhat arbitrary. There's not always a perfect division between two species. For example, wolves and dogs are genetically similar to the point that they can interbreed. However, they are considered different species due to other factors - wolves tend to have a very characteristic appearances, and a well-established behavior such as pack formation with a complex hierarchy, hunting techniques, howling as an important means of communication, etc; dogs have a lot more variation in their appearance, and are characterized by domestication, interaction with humans, loyalty to their adoptive families, barking more than howling, etc. Dog and wolves don't naturally interact and under most circumstances would regard each other with hostility, and so they are considered other species. Wolves in general tend to be more "pure bred". But, if wolves bred more and more with dogs, over time, the offspring would stop being wolves, and start being more mutt-like. If this happened enough, the wolves would disappear, not because they were killed off, but because the things that defined them as a species disappeared. This process is called Genetic Pollution. Disease is another major cause of extinction. A nasty virus that affects a plant could wipe out and entire colony of plants, for example. This could lead to downstream effects, as the animals that feed on that plant might then die off. Finally, animals can hunt each other to extinction as well, particularly invasive species that arrive in a new ecosystem and eat faster than they are eaten. EDIT - crappy grammar


Question: What does “Utility Maximizer” mean?

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 What does “Utility Maximizer” mean?

Utility maximization is a decision making technique that depends on a distinct "utility function", this is a metric that defines good. So, to pick a simpler version of the topic, let's say the police department has a quota system, everybody needs to do 10 units of work every day. Traffic tickets count 1 and drug arrests count 5. The police officers decide where to go and what to do. If their only goal is to perform units, then when a policeman is sitting in his speed trap waiting to write a ticket, they pick where to sit based on where there is the most speeding. If he hears that there was an accident yesterday because someone was speeding by a school, he doesn't go there because speeding is rare there; when the danger posed by speeding is high in a school zone and the "public safety" thing to do would be to set up, visibly, in the school zone. The officer would have a desirable effect even if he only wrote 1 ticket if he caused folks to slow down in the school zone. Police departments face a difficult problem with their public overseers. Having a clear metric makes it easier to justify that the town has the right size police force and that's a major impact on the cost of police operations. Alas, it tends to lead to utility maximization. If most crime is in black neighborhoods, committed by/against black people, then going to a black neighborhood and stop-question-frisking a bunch of young black men is an excellent strategy. Having a "community policing" approach can look to outsiders, particularly those looking to cut the police budget, as a bunch of officers spending their time walking around and talking to people - rather than arresting evildoers. In general, a community gets the police they manage for, and having a lack of understanding of the side effects of management decisions is far too common in community organizations looking to "fix the broken police force", and it usually makes things worse.


Question: If a ninth planet exists and easily fits our readings and models, why haven't we found it yet?

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 If a ninth planet exists and easily fits our readings and models, why haven't we found it yet?

How do we notice most of the planets in our solar system? We observe them because light hits them and bounces back for us to see. The further away they are the harder they are to see, you get to Saturn and you can't see anything with the naked eye. Further out you need binoculars or a telescope to see them. In fact Neptune was only discovered because we noticed Uranus wobbled a bit when it shouldn't. This wobble in fact lead us to think that there was a planet between Mercury and the Sun as Mercury also wobbled a bit funny. As it turned out there is no planet and this movement was explained by general relativity. Pluto isn't visible from Earth at all. Interesting fact, Pluto is so far away from the Sun that it hasn't completed a full orbit since its discovery in 1930. Now look at this proposed planet, it's orbit is MASSIVE compared to Neptune's. It's going to spend most of its time in darkness and without many objects for us to observe nearby we can't easily infer its presence.


Question: What is the legal reason that a president might not be able to be prosecuted?

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 What is the legal reason that a president might not be able to be prosecuted?

Well, there is no legal precedent to indict a sitting president because it has never happened before and there is nothing in the constitution that provides for this. Ultimately it would be the Supreme Court that would have to decide. Oddly enough they are trying to fill an opening in said court and ultimately Trump (who has been implicated in a federal crime) has to appoint what would be a decision that can impact this decision. & #x200B; Ultimately, we are in mysterious territory because outside of Nixon, we really haven't been in in the position to actually indict and prosecute in a federal crime. The only closest comparison is Clinton who committed perjury and was impeached in the House. I think that was a state crime and it resulted from a civil lawsuit. Trump and Cohen is a bit different. & #x200B; Impeachment is a totally separate process and happens under Congress.


Question: ; After reading the post on the adenosine blocking features caffiene has I have follow up questions. Is that the same process that pain killers have? And does the fact that it has to make new paths aid in the memory loss that painkillers (opiods specifically) give you?

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 ; After reading the post on the adenosine blocking features caffiene has I have follow up questions. Is that the same process that pain killers have? And does the fact that it has to make new paths aid in the memory loss that painkillers (opiods specifically) give you?

No, the over the counter meds typically are COX inhibitors. Interrupts a chemical pathway that causes pain and inflammation. Doesn't have a receptor. Opioids don't cause memory problems. They cause central nervous system depression (read suboptimal processing). You don't remember things well because it stunts your brain's ability to process things. That's why they help with pain. Makes it easier to ignore.


Question: How does exactly does a game like Minecraft randomly generate a world without it being utter chaos?

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 How does exactly does a game like Minecraft randomly generate a world without it being utter chaos?

I have made procedural terrain generation as a project so I have some knowledge on this. A lot of the terrain generation is done by what's called noise. When you think noise, you probably would imagine something like this: URL_0 You've seen something like this in static TV screens. It looks like a completely random array of pixels, and is too chaotic to make a terrain out of. What you want is these kind of noise: URL_2 This still looks random, but it doesn't look chaotic; it has some order to it. Each pixel is coherent with its neighboring pixels. It doesn't suddenly go from completely black to completely white. Now imagine that this image is a top down view of the ground, and that the whiter pixels mean the ground at that point is higher. You've now created mountains out of bright spots, and valleys out of dark spots in the image. This is what you'd call a height map. The noise in that image is 2 dimensional (width and height). We can go further by creating a 3 dimensional noise like this: URL_1 If you dig the world in the shape of above 3 dimensional noise, you've now created a cave. Noises like these can also be used to determine where the ores and trees will be, or how deep the dirt is in a given point of ground in a non-chaotic looking manner.


Question: How can social media platforms be bad for a person’s health?

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 How can social media platforms be bad for a person’s health?

They trick you to use them as much as possible, which is a kind of addiction. Also, prolonged device use can lead to insomnia (and who are we kidding, of course we're taking our phones to bed). Not to mention if you waste a lot of time on social media, you lose time which you could potentially use for exercise or other healthy habits. But that's just a potential that you lose. And if you hold your phone in a wrong way a lot you could probably get carpal tunnel syndrome ;)


Question: How come cheat codes are not prevelant in modern games today?

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 How come cheat codes are not prevelant in modern games today?

The biggest reason is really that games in the past were often brutally hard and cheat codes were a way to make them easier or fun, especially for kids. Games didn't have different difficultly levels or even saves a lot of times, so they could be crazy hard... hence cheat codes became a fun way to play the game without having to worry about all the hardness of the game. Secondly, cheat codes were actually part of the game development process-- the devs would put these codes in to test the game (then they would often just leave them in for fun). With more modern ways of making games, its unnecessary to create cheat codes to make the game (but they can, just they have other tools to do the same) Lastly, in the past, most games were single player (or cooperative play), so cheating was fine, it was just you playing with your friends or by yourself--no one was harmed. In the modern age, most games are collaborative with many players, as such a "cheat code" doesn't have a place in the game as it breaks the system to favor one player who cheats over those that don't. Cheaters don't make a game more fun when they beat you, it seems unfair, hence, no cheats.


Question: What happens when a program is installed on a computer?

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 What happens when a program is installed on a computer?

Think of a program like hiring someone to work in your mansion. If it's your personal chef, they need to unpack their equipment (knives, pots, pans, etc.) so they can perform their function. These resources are indexed so the chef can remember where (what shelf) he put them so when it's needed he doesn't have to go rooting around boxes to find them. Once you've created a space for your program, other programs and dependencies know where and how to interact with your chef. Your operating system will oversee a series of handshakes with other programs to introduce the new comer and let the chef know what resources are available to him as part of the staff. The butler will tell your program when and how many to expect dinner, your chef will tell the wait staff the menu for dinner so they know how to set the table, etc. It's a complex process but that's the boiled down version el5 version.


Question: When you convert an MP4 to a GIF, why does the file size often become larger?

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 When you convert an MP4 to a GIF, why does the file size often become larger?

Gif uses an extremely old and inefficient form of compression, not really made to deal with anything like a movie. Gif is best suited to low color moving artwork. It was never intended to be used for video, and any video usage is just showing that you can brute force things if you really insist and don't mind throwing obscene amounts of bandwidth at the problem.


Question: If the sum of two even numbers is an even number, and the sum of two odd numbers is also an even number, then how are there the same number of even numbers as odd numbers?

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 If the sum of two even numbers is an even number, and the sum of two odd numbers is also an even number, then how are there the same number of even numbers as odd numbers?

Because there are another two possibilities. Say you have two numbers, X and Y. There are 4 possible odd/even combinations: * X is even, Y is even. Result is even. * X is odd, Y is odd. Result is even. * X is odd, Y is even. Result is odd. * X is even, Y is odd. Result is odd. 2/4 have an even result, 2/4 have an odd result.


Question: How is the triple point of water possible, and what exactly happens?

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 How is the triple point of water possible, and what exactly happens?

The state of matter is a factor of both pressure and temperature. If you boil water at sea level, it boils at 100°C. However, go into the mountains where air pressure is lower, and it will boil at a lower temperature. Keep lowering the pressure, and the boiling point continues to drop. Eventually, the pressure will be low enough that it will boil at 0°C. Around that point is where the triple point for water will be, as the freezing point changes only very slightly as you drop pressure. And yes, other materials have different triple points, iron included.


Question: Where do pathogens come from? For example, if a kitchen sponge has moisture, where exactly do pathogens enter? Are they in the air or are they just created within the sponge?

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 Where do pathogens come from? For example, if a kitchen sponge has moisture, where exactly do pathogens enter? Are they in the air or are they just created within the sponge?

Pathogens are present on/in everything. The factors they need to thrive, or reproduce are moisture(water), correct temperature, and food source. A sponge sitting on the side of the sink usually has the perfect combination of all the factors, giving you a nice mess of bacterial colonies. An other example is that if you live in a temperate climate, in the winter, you notice less smells from sponges and dishrags than the summer time, you also notice fruit last longer without spoiling. That is because the environment is not hospitable to the pathogens, even though they are present.


Question: if we have too much CO2, why can't we separate the carbon and the oxygen?

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 if we have too much CO2, why can't we separate the carbon and the oxygen?

Because it takes energy. Burning coal brings us energy because putting C and O² together binds them to each other and releases that binding energy as heat. Reversing this process is possible, but thermodynamics say it will always take more energy than you received before. So the more efficient solution is to stop burning coal, oil and gas before we start thinking about undoing the burning of fossil fuel. Plants do this by the way. They seperate CO² with solar energy during photosynthesis and store the Carbon as their body. Growing forests, and preventing the wood from decomposing (like building houses of it) removes CO² from the athmosphere. But same problem here, we think about reforesting when people are actively cutting down forests at an insane pace.


Question: What is the difference between Object-Oriented Programming and Functional Programming?

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 What is the difference between Object-Oriented Programming and Functional Programming?

Object-Oriented Programming is something of a buzzword that has a variety of definitions. At the most fundamental, it's about bundling data and algorithms together so they're isolated from the rest of the program. Functional programming is the counterpart to imperative programming (and both can be object-oriented or not). Consider the following 'program': 1. Get out of bed 2. Take out the trash 3. Feed the dog In an imperative program, you are required to do those steps in that order because that's the order I programmed them in. In a functional program, you would program it differently. Instead of a 1,2,3 sequence, you would explicitly label the dependencies. Clearly, you need to get out of bed to do either of the other two activities. But the other two activities are not dependent on one another in any way. So I could write it as: GetOutOfBedComplete = GetOutOfBed() TakeOutTrash (GetOutOfBedComplete) FeedTheDog (GetOutOfBedComplete) This makes it clear to my compiler that the order of TakeOutTrash and FeedTheDog isn't relevant (while the order of GetOutOfBed and the other two is relevant). Indeed, if there were two of me, I could do TakeOutTrash and FeedTheDog simultaneously. In theory, the advantage of functional programming is that ability to re-arrange tasks in time and parallelize them. Note: Compilers can often optimize imperative code in a functional manner by identifying the dependencies at each line. However, functional code can be used to perform this optimization at run-time.


Question: Why do bad words exist?

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 Why do bad words exist?

Some people don't like to be reminded gross or bad things exist. Some people don't like you making fun of them, their family, their religion etc. So they don't use the words that do that. We end up using the words because words are used to explain to other people things like how we feel. If we feel *really* strongly about something, we may use a bad word so the other person is shocked and pays attention. They mean you feel so strongly you're willing to use words most people don't want to use.


Question: How does posting bail work? How do people post bail when they don’t have the money for it - putting a lien on assets or using a bail bondsmen? What’s it mean to “skip bail” and why do bounty hunters get involved?

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 How does posting bail work? How do people post bail when they don’t have the money for it - putting a lien on assets or using a bail bondsmen? What’s it mean to “skip bail” and why do bounty hunters get involved?

There is bail and bonds. Generally after you are charged with a crime, the judge give you an offer: sit in a jail cell or post bail. Sitting in a jail cell doesn’t cost you anything except your freedom. Bail works this way: if bail is $10,000, you hand the courts $10,000 and the court lets you go. You don’t get the money back until the trial is over and you are proven guilty (and incarcerated) or innocent. Once the trial is over, the money is refunded. If you flee, the court confiscates the money and puts a warrant out for your arrest. Generally the larger the crime, the larger the bail amount. Bonds are where you say: “I don’t have $10,000 for bail”. A bondsman fronts the money, and you *pay* them a fraction of the bail amount (ten percent is not unheard of). So you *pay* the bondsman $1,000 to get out of jail. And the bondsman takes the risk that if you flee, they are out $10,000. And then we get into the other half of the work bondsmen do: chasing down bail jumpers - this can overlap with bounty hunting.


Question: When we hear thunder— is that lightning hitting the endpoint, or leaving its point of origin?

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 When we hear thunder— is that lightning hitting the endpoint, or leaving its point of origin?

It's lightning passing through the air. It causes a rapid expansion of the air around its passage, which then is collapsed back inwards again as the heating effect dissipates. The result is a powerful reverberation traveling through the air itself. Given that lightning bolts can be miles long, there can be a lot of 'sound' traveling your way that reaches you at different times. Of course, the bolt can certainly make extra noise depending on what it strikes on the ground as well.


Question: Why does water seem so cold after rinsing with mouthwash???

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 Why does water seem so cold after rinsing with mouthwash???

They do that on purpose actually. Menthol is added in small amounts and menthol triggers your cold receptors chemically. Makes them more sensitive in general for a while. There's a little actual cooling because the alcohol evaporates easily and carries away heat much like sweat cools you when it evaporates, but for the most part it's fake.


Question: How do animals like some birds and/or fish get some sleep/rest without cuddling somewhere and closing their eyes?

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 How do animals like some birds and/or fish get some sleep/rest without cuddling somewhere and closing their eyes?

Well I don't think they need comfort the way mammals do. If your fish is lying motionless on its side near the bottom or surface of the water they are sleeping. They will generally respond slower to tapping on the glass for example. Birds sleep with one eye open. They will tuck their head into their nest and rest. Whats interesting is that half of tbeir brain is active dyring this time, something called unihemispheric slow-wave sleep.


Question: How do we keep in contact with spacecrafts like Voyager 1 which is millions of miles away from Earth?

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 How do we keep in contact with spacecrafts like Voyager 1 which is millions of miles away from Earth?

Well it's not that different to making a phone call. Most communication with space crafts are done via radio communication. Radio waves travel at the speed of light which is about 300 000 km/s or 190 000 mi/s so even if the space craft is millions of miles away you just have to wait a minute or two to get a reply. There are other problems with communication of such vast distances how ever such as the radio signals will get weaker the further away from the source they travel. There are also problems regarding stuff that gets in the way like asteroids and planets and then there's also a lot of noise from stars and other celestial bodies which might drown out the radio signals over long distances.


Question: What financially sustains the USA to the point where they are arguably the most powerful country in earth?

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 What financially sustains the USA to the point where they are arguably the most powerful country in earth?

1) Population - The US is the third most populous nation in the world 2) Resources - The US is the third largest nation in the world, and unlike the larger two, very little of that land is hostile permafrost. 3) Political stability - The US hasn't seen any meaningful military activity on its own soil since 1865. There have been skirmishes over islands and a few world war naval hit and runs, but no notable domestic loss of life or infrastructure in generations. Compare to the european nations that were razed in the 1940s or the many developing nations still repeatedly ravaged by civil wars.


Question: Why is it that during the last eclipse I could see the Moon moving across the sun but on a normal night I can't see the shadow of the Earth move across the Moon?

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 Why is it that during the last eclipse I could see the Moon moving across the sun but on a normal night I can't see the shadow of the Earth move across the Moon?

You can see the shadow of the Earth move across the moon during a [lunar eclipse]( URL_2 ). Lunar eclipses only happen about twice a year. Keep in mind that the [phases of the moon]( URL_0 ) are not caused by Earth's shadow. [This diagram]( URL_0 #/media/File:Moon_phases_en.jpg) helps explain why the moon has phases.


Question: What exactly is digital money? Does it represent physical money that banks store, or is it completely digital?

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 What exactly is digital money? Does it represent physical money that banks store, or is it completely digital?

Strictly speaking, it is debt, the promise of an institution to pay on the terms of the account. Because of something called **fractional banking**, the institution that you have an account with may not have enough bills on hand to pay off all their accounts. That is because some of their assets are in longer term investments (like a mortgage). Generally banks will have an asset sheet (money lended out generating a return) and a debit sheet (deposits owed and interest paid), as well as reserves (cash on hand needed to meet their obligations under the terms of the depositors accounts). So a healthy bank your deposit represents a share of the banks current reserved/ future investment incomes. At the end of the day, the bank has assets to back up its digital money, but not necessarily currency. The **Reserve Banking** and **interbanking systems** system provides a way for banks to square with each other, so if uneven digital currency changes hands one bank will end up transferring assets (usually treasury notes) to another.


Question: What is a "kernel" in mathematic/statistics, and what's the 'trick' it enables?

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 What is a "kernel" in mathematic/statistics, and what's the 'trick' it enables?

This is a tough one... A kernel function is a function that transforms points in a lower-dimensional space into points in a higher-dimensional space. So let's say you have points on a 2-d grid at random places around the point x=0, y=0. By applying a kernel function, you could transform them into points on a 3-dimensional box. For example, the new z axis value could just be distance from x=0, y=0. This is useful when you're using linear methods to try and separate two classes that aren't linearly separable in 2-dimensions. So in the previous example, let's say all your points form up in a 2-d circle shape with x=0, y=0 at the middle and all the points of class 1 are in the middle of the circle and all the points of class 2 are at the outside. You can't separate them linearly because you can't draw a line that nicely separates them into two distinct groups. But you can apply the kernel trick by applying a function that adds a 3rd dimension. A simple one like z = distance from the centre (x=0, y=0) would do it. Now your points are in 3d space. And all the points of class 1 which were in the middle of the circle are lifted up much lower on the z axis than the points of class 2, further away from the centre. These points of different classes are now linearly separable because you can draw a 2d plane between the two classes that neatly separates them into 2 distinct groups.


Question: why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

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 why are some countries’ money worth more or less than others?

The relative value of currencies is not arbitrary! People are correct to say that, in theory, you could multiply every price (and wages, bank balances, etc.) by 100 and not change anything, but that's not actually what's happening when we talk about whether the US Dollar is strong or weak versus the Euro. The main idea is that the currency you are holding affects what you can buy. If I go to Germany with nothing but USD in my pocket, I'm not going to be able to buy much. The merchants want Euro because they want to turn around and pay someone else (including taxes to the government), and those people will probably want Euro too. If I want to buy anything, I need to *trade* the USD in my pocket to someone else, which means finding a person who is holding Euro but would rather have USD. The terms of this trade are going to depend on how valuable it is to hold that currency. If BMW just released a great new car, the person trading me Euros is going to demand a higher price. Likewise, if Ford just released a great new car, I know I can squeeze a little more from the person I'm trading with. In this way, the market rate for transferring one currency into another is linked to the fundamentals of what you can buy in the places with those currencies.


Question: what exactly is an “out of body” experience? Is it really possible? If yes, what causes it?

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 what exactly is an “out of body” experience? Is it really possible? If yes, what causes it?

People can hallucinate for many different reasons. Most of the time it is some sort of disease or something they ate. I'll give you an example. A group of people 2000 years ago eat some mushrooms. Unbeknownst to them they happen to be the type of mushrooms that make you trip. Two of them have "out of body experiences". These experiences are very real for them. They talk to each other and decide that they both flew out of their bodies. They then go around and tell everyone. One of them happens to be very eloquent and charming. He is very convincing when he tells his story. Now people believe that they actually had an out of body experience. Edit: Often people just make that shit up and straight up lie about it. Also if you've ever played the telephone game you'd know that a story can change dramatically as it is told over and over again by different people.