Question: Why are the gas giants so intensely radioactive?

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 Why are the gas giants so intensely radioactive?

It seems that when astronomers talk about Jupiter’s radiation, the concept tends to be misconstrued a bit because it's not really the planet that emits the deadly particles. A planet rather traps the highly energetic particles be it from the Sun or other interplanetary surroundings. Every planet with an active magnetic field, including Earth, traps highly energetic particles within the “belts” of the magnetic field since the magnetic filed flows out of the convective core in sort of paths, or belts. At some points of the magnetic field, the charged particles either from the Sun or whatever else they come from, get trapped. The fact that they get trapped doesn't change the fact that they can destroy any biological system or man made electronic devices. Jupiter’s magnetic filed is the largest out of all the planets in the solar system. He's a giant after all :-) he probably has a huge metallic hydrogen core (still a mystery). His magnetosphere extends millions of kilometers into space all the way to Saturn on one end and millions of kilometers in other directions. It's because Jupiter’s magnetic field is so intense, which would not be that dangerous in on itself, much greater amount of the deadly charged particles get trapped be it from the Sun or Io’s volcanic activity. Those particles literally keep accumulating and residing within the Jupiter’s magnetic fields forming the so-called radiation belts.


Question: What is the difference between the anti-inflammatory effects of chemicals like curcumin versus NSAIDs like ibuprofen?

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 What is the difference between the anti-inflammatory effects of chemicals like curcumin versus NSAIDs like ibuprofen?

I think they both lead to the same thing. You can just increase your turmeric intake in your food for the same effect that you'd have in a supplement or a pill. The pill is a specific, calculated, dose whereas you don't know the exact quantity of chemical you're getting in the food.


Question: If the water cycle is a closed system, why does it matter that a pound of beef takes 1800 gallons of water to produce?

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 If the water cycle is a closed system, why does it matter that a pound of beef takes 1800 gallons of water to produce?

It's a matter of clean/potable water. The water used to produce beef must be potable, and ends up non-potable, so that puts an enormous strain on the availability of clean water in an area. Yes, it does go back into the water cycle, but it takes a long while for it to make its way back to a drinkable state.


Question: Why do we need cream and moisturizers to hydrate our skin, why can't we just drink more water or just put water on our skin?

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 Why do we need cream and moisturizers to hydrate our skin, why can't we just drink more water or just put water on our skin?

Because the outer layer of skin is actually dead skin about to be sloughed off. Drinking more water does increase moisture levels in the skin but depending on environmental conditions, sometimes this isn't enough. Think of a windy, dry day - that little extra moisture is guaranteed to be evaporated off before both feet exit the door. Most healthy skin deals with this in a smart way. It creates a thin layer of oil to cover the skin, creating an 'evaporation barrier'. However, some people have drier skin and need extra moisture. Here's the thing: almost no moisturizer directly "wets" the skin. Its job is to coat the skin with an occlusive substance that will help the skin retain its natural water and keep it from evaporating.


Question: why can a high speed 4g signal reach me anywhere but wifi has trouble reaching me in the next room?

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 why can a high speed 4g signal reach me anywhere but wifi has trouble reaching me in the next room?

There are 2 factors to consider. First is your surroundings. Radio waves, like a 4g signal or wifi are just electromagnetic radiation, like light. They pass through some things well, but are blocked by others. Having multiple walls, or a big HVAC unit, or a metal building between you and the transmitter can block either signal. Compare that to being outside, where your phone might be on direct line of sight with the 4g tower. The other thing to consider is the size and power of the cell tower transmitter vs your wifi router. A cell tower transmitter can be bigger than a person, with a dedicated high voltage line supplying enough power to transmit signal for miles. Your wifi router is much smaller, plugged into a wall outlet, and only designed to transmit 100 feet or so.


Question: How can sounds from earphones sound like they are in front or behind us?

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 How can sounds from earphones sound like they are in front or behind us?

People find it amazing that something that only has two speakers positioned over your ears can create full 3D sound, but think about it - You only have two ears and yet you can hear stuff in front of and behind you clear as day. How does that work? The answer is the part of your ear called the pinnae. That is the bit you can see, the ear-shaped part, with the wrinkles and folds in it. What they do is modulate the sound based on where it's coming from. That's a big fancy word for 'change' basically. Your ears face forwards, so naturally sounds from behind are going to have a slightly different sound to them. A bit more muffled perhaps, an element to it is going to be changed. It's also about timing between the ears, volume differences between the ears, tonal changes. All of that is enough to be able to give you pretty accurate full 3D surround hearing. How is this relevant? Well introducing something called a [binaural microphone]( URL_1 ). As ridiculous a looking device as that is, it's point is to allow you to record those subtle changes that the outer ear makes on the sound based on the position of the sound source. They can be used directly to make recordings, in which case you end up with things like [this]( URL_0 ) (worth wearing headphones if you listen to that), or they can be used for something a bit more clever. If you play various test tones and other carefully selected sounds from carefully controlled and recorded positions around a microphone like that, you can begin to make a record of what these modulating effects are, for a given location. If you do enough of it, you can create a sort of audio template of how the sound changes based on position all around your head. Once you have that, you can filter audio through it, say surround sound audio for a movie, and you can create a true, two channel 3D sound output.


Question: What is a re-uptake inhibitor?

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 What is a re-uptake inhibitor?

Assuming you mean a "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor" (SSRIs), they are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants. They work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is one of the chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that carry signals between brain nerve cells (neurons). SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin into neurons. This makes more serotonin available to improve the transmission of messages between neurons. SSRIs are called "selective" because they mainly affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters.


Question: When a Volcano erupts where does the massive amount of ash come from?

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 When a Volcano erupts where does the massive amount of ash come from?

> Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter. > Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand and escape violently into the atmosphere. The force of the escaping gas shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Basically, the inside of the volcano, since it's made of rock and silicates (ie glass).


Question: Why do rockets use low specific impulse - high thrust engines to reach orbits? Why can't High specific impulse and low thrust engines be used for the same purpose in a bit longer time?

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 Why do rockets use low specific impulse - high thrust engines to reach orbits? Why can't High specific impulse and low thrust engines be used for the same purpose in a bit longer time?

> Please correct me if I am wrong. You are wrong. Rockets have to have a minimum thrust-to-weight ratio above 1 on the launch pad to go anywhere. That means if you have a 500,000kg rocket, you need at least 500,001 kilograms-force of thrust (although realistically you need more than that). A high specific impulse engine with thrust lower than that is taking you exactly nowhere, and there are no rocket engines that are both high IsP and thrust. You pretty much always have sacrifice one for the other, and you need thrust to get off the pad and into orbit. Once in orbit, you can use your high IsP, low thrust ion engines all you want, but they'll never get you off the launch pad.


Question: What's the difference between cmd.exe and Windows PowerShell?

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 What's the difference between cmd.exe and Windows PowerShell?

Ok the ELI5 version. Both are programs that (now this is simplified) present interfaces where the user can interact with the computer using a keyboard for input and see text as output. You type a line (some text + enter key) and program interprets what you typed as a command. This is why these interfaces are called Command Line Interfaces (CLI). Anyway in the old days the only way to interact with a computer to give commands was either to type them in a CLI or to use another program that would pass on those commands (they presented graphics and allowed other input methods like mice). In time some of those other programs became so good that people preferred them. These days these other programs are mostly used as interfaces and are called Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Microsoft had a CLI in the old days called *command*. And it was the primary interface for people use in the Microsoft OS of the day (MS DOS). It was simply called "command" as this was name of the program that was run by the OS when it booted so you could interact with it. e Eventually another MS program called Windows (a GUI) became the most popular and MS made the "command" program live inside Windows (this is a simplification - I know all about different mode 16/32 real protected etc but it's not pertinent to this explanation). instead. The original program was called command.exe and MS produced new version with each OS version but renamed it "cmd" as a shorthand (again there is more but it's not important). This is cmd.exe. It has all the same features and compatibility basically with the the original command program. The biggest issue is that it's got decades of legacy to support so the commands are not consistent and not complete in function or form etc. In addition the CLIs of that vintage (cmd and the various linux ones) are character (text) oriented. So commands read text and write text out. In the Linux world the CLIs are much more comprehensive than the ones like cmd. Linux operators can do practically everything from the command line. However over the years MS sort of pushed Windows people into using GUIs for everything. As Linux servers slowly rose in popularity, Windows administrators also asked for better CLI tools to manage Windows systems. So eventually MS reengineered a new CLI from the ground up (using something called Lamda Calculus incidentally) and this is was originally called Monad.exe. It's biggest difference from cmd was that it wasn't character/text oriented (even though you interacted with it using keyboard and screen). Rather it uses object oriented/based technology that is similar to the one that is provided for developers (.Net). This allows much more powerful and comprehensive commands to created and they can interact with each other much more intelligently. Unfortunately though MS tried, they couldn't make monad 100% compatible with cmd but they made a damn good effort. After 2 versions monad was renamed to Powershell. Over time more and more of Windows was made controllable through Powershell and it's recommended that unless you need to use legacy commands in cmd, that you use Powershell. Hope this helps.


Question: Why were there so many mourning posts related to New Zealand terror attacks and very few during the Sri Lankan attack?

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 Why were there so many mourning posts related to New Zealand terror attacks and very few during the Sri Lankan attack?

Sri Lanka also shut down social media after the attacks. Since even the mainstream media has come to rely on social media for the confirmation of potentially newsworthy items, this means that everything slowed way, way down; and by the time it filtered out to the general public, it was literally yesterday's news.


Question: Why is it disproportionately men who seem to hate on Greta Thunberg and what is it that makes so many people hate her?

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 Why is it disproportionately men who seem to hate on Greta Thunberg and what is it that makes so many people hate her?

Two words - “toxic masculinity”. They can’t handle the fact that “some teenage girl” is telling them that they shouldn’t drive their big, jacked up, coal rolling diesel trucks. And there’s probably a non-trivial number of bots/post farms that are funded by fossil fuel companies whose sole purpose is to shit on her because she’s fucking up their cash flow.


Question: Why does wood get hard when burned for a short while, but get brittle if it is burned for too long?

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 Why does wood get hard when burned for a short while, but get brittle if it is burned for too long?

As you probably know, wood is made of a load of atoms, mainly carbon. All of these atoms are joined together by covalent bonds, which are pretty strong, but not unbreakable. To break these bonds, you need to reach this thing called an "activation energy," which breaks the bonds, and makes the wood brittle, as it is not firmly joined together. The catch is, energy can actually strengthen these bonds, and putting energy into the wood without reaching the activation point makes it stronger.


Question: Why when some people chew it sounds like they're chewing nails, while other people can eat the same food and you don't hear them chewing?

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 Why when some people chew it sounds like they're chewing nails, while other people can eat the same food and you don't hear them chewing?

I work in dentistry, and did some work on a 12 year old. I know this child personally, and know he is a loud chewer despite lips being closed. What I recently found with his mixed dentition is a deep anterior bite, and heavy heavy occlusal wear resulting in short flat adult and baby teeth. And after some thought, I concluded he can't chew quietly because his flat teeth are literally clanking together instead of moving in a circular chewing motion. Also, his only teeth available to contact are his front teeth (which are technically tearing teeth) and his first molars. So most food is not being grinded between teeth to absorb some of the sound. Just clank clank clank.


Question: Why is an increased heart rate beneficial when it's elevated due to exercise but harmful when it's elevated by stimulants?

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 Why is an increased heart rate beneficial when it's elevated due to exercise but harmful when it's elevated by stimulants?

When you exercise your blood vessels open up more to allow more blood/oxygen/nutrients to your body this is called [vasodilation]( URL_0 ) and it helps to lower your blood pressure and take some of the stress off of your heart muscle. Stimulants tend to be Vascoconstrictors, which means they reduce the amount of space in your blood vessels for blood/oxygen/nutrients to get out to your body and this increases your blood pressure. This causes your heart to work harder and puts more stress on the muscle. It's normal for your heart to beat fast when exercising because your body needs the oxygen. When you're not exercising, a fast heart rate is a sign your blood vessels are too narrow and your heart is having to work harder than it should.


Question: why do jokes become less funny when you start explaining it?

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 why do jokes become less funny when you start explaining it?

Humor may be subjective, but typically most jokes are funny because they provide something new/unexpected. I've read articles that reference this as the "kick of discovery", which involves reaching a conclusion that you didn't logically come up with beforehand. If you explain a joke, then you've now formed a logical pathway between the beginning and the "punchline", so it's an expected response rather than something surprising.


Question: How do phone companies offer phones for ‘$0’, what’s the catch?

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</answer>
 How do phone companies offer phones for ‘$0’, what’s the catch?

They just roll the cost into your monthly fees — you’re agreeing to sign a 2 year contract with them, and a portion of the monthly fee goes toward paying down the loan on the phone. Say the phone costs $800 retail, they basically apply $33 each month toward the phone cost.


Question: why do people's faces look different when they sweat such as during a workout or a really hot day in the sun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why do people's faces look different when they sweat such as during a workout or a really hot day in the sun?

In both cases the body is overheated and looking to cool down. There are two basic mechanisms for cooling, the first is through sweating which cools the skin via evaporation, and through radiative cooling where the blood vessels close to the skin expand increasing blood flow and allowing heat to radiate away like a hot cup of coffee cooling on the table. In order to sweat more the holes in your skin which release sweat will open wider, that "looks different", the wider blood vessels in the skin will make the face look flushed, that "looks different". A hot day in the sun can also make the skin tissue look different from the light-damage caused by exposure to the nearest star.


Question: - why can medication injected into your bloodstream via a shot be administered pretty much anywhere on your arm (or leg, wherever), but blood is always taken directly from a vein?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 - why can medication injected into your bloodstream via a shot be administered pretty much anywhere on your arm (or leg, wherever), but blood is always taken directly from a vein?

The shot you might be thinking of is actually an intramuscular shot, not an intravenous one. They usually choose the deltoid or the gluteus muscle into which to inject it. It doesn't go directly into your bloodstream, but rather sits in the muscle, which then slowly picks the medication up via its capillaries, returns it to your veins, and then to your heart so it can be circulated throughout your body. Blood is taken from veins because they are easily accessible in several locations on the body and they are a low-flow/low-pressure system. Taking blood from an artery could result in the formation of a hematoma or uncontrolled bleeding, since that is under direct pressure after the heart pumps.


Question: What happens to money obtained in a drug bust?

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 What happens to money obtained in a drug bust?

The money is held in evidence until the case is disposed of. The police can then apply to the court to have the money and any other seized property forfeited as proceeds of a criminal enterprise. This is a civil proceeding, as opposed to criminal, and the burden of proof is only a preponderance of evidence, as opposed to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, the burden of proof is on the side of the people who originally had the money. They have to prove the money wasn't from a criminal enterprise, instead of the police having to show it was. If the police succeed in getting the money property forfeited, what happens to it then depends on local policies. Some local governments require that it go into the general fund for use on all public projects and debts. More commonly, the law enforcement agency (or agencies--in drug cases, the case is often made by an inter-agency task force that shares in the proceeds) keeps the money to fund the purchase of vehicles, firearms, training resources, or whatever other needs it might have.


Question: If your brain can remember memories from a very long time ago out of nowhere, why is it so hard to trigger your brain to remember things from as recent as yesterday?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 If your brain can remember memories from a very long time ago out of nowhere, why is it so hard to trigger your brain to remember things from as recent as yesterday?

Our brain remembers different things very differently, and we have many different types of memory. Explicit memory is one of the two types of long-term memory that allows us to remember things like life-events and facts. This type of memory is conscious which means that you have to make a conscious effort to remember things. Mundane things from yesterday are usually not worth the effort to consciously remember them, so you just forget them. You can sometimes recall them by remembering less mundane things like where you were, and why, and using your logic to figure out the rest. I'm no neuropsychologist, but I don't think we know quite yet why our brain acts like this.


Question: Why does soda sometimes seem to freeze *after* I take it out of the freezer?

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 Why does soda sometimes seem to freeze *after* I take it out of the freezer?

There's kind of 2 parts to it. 1. You can supercool the liquid inside, which brings it below its normal freezing temperature, but ice crystals can't really form out of nowhere. They need a nucleation point, which is some irregularity that allows the crystals to start from, then new ice crystals can form from those crystal and create a chain reaction to build the lattice structure of ice. The nucleation site can be as simple as a bubble that forms when the container is moved. 2. Specifically for carbonated beverages, when you open it and release the pressure, CO2 is released from the liquid. When you dissolve stuff in water, you lower the freezing point (i.e. it has to be colder than 32F or 0C to freeze - this is why they salt icy roads). So the water with the carbonation has a lower freezing point, but when you release the CO2 from the solution it becomes closer to normal water, which raises the freezing point back closer to 32F/0C.


Question: In retrospect, why was germany left largely unscathed from the 2008/2009 financial crisis?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 In retrospect, why was germany left largely unscathed from the 2008/2009 financial crisis?

The crash came from an excess of bad debt. Folks had been writing loans to people that can't pay, and eventually ran out of capital to keep writing loans when too many folks didn't make their payments. It was really a team effort. Banks shouldn't have been writing multiple mortgages to folks that work part time at McDonalds, and folks that can't afford $1200/mo shouldn't be taking out loans with $1500/mo payments. Easy lending makes economies do whatever they're going to do faster. If times are good and everyone is making payments, the economy grows very quickly. When times get tough, it crashes quickly. Germany's banking system kept restrictions on lending practices, and this was reinforced by their culture that didn't borrow what they can't pay back. They never really had a crisis of capital where the banks were out of cash to lend due to lack of payment. The downside here was that their economic growth was restricted during the boom times, but also restricted during a crash.


Question: where does money come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 where does money come from?

Before money, you bartered. If you made furniture and needed food, you would have to find people who make food and also need furniture. If they don’t need furniture, you don’t have anything they want to trade. Money allows for a common item that everyone can use to get what they want. The trick is that it has to be worth something. Originally, paper money was usually backed by a precious metal. In the US, your paper dollar could be traded in for silver. This gives something with no intrinsic value (paper) value. The dollar isn’t backed by anything today. it’s a fiat currency which means it has value because everyone agrees it has value. Bitcoin has value because there are enough people in the world who will let you use it as currency. I.e. they give it a value. To put money into circulation, it is given to banks. They can then loan it out. They also take in tattered money and remove it from circulation.


Question: What does over/under mean in terms of gambling, and is there a trick to understanding/calculating odds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What does over/under mean in terms of gambling, and is there a trick to understanding/calculating odds?

An over-under bet is one where you bet whether a statistic in a game will be "over" or "under" a given statistic. For example, if the "over-under" number is, say, 4 goals for a soccer game, you bet if the total number of goals scored is over or under 4. When it comes to calculating odds, it depends. I can probably explain the math if you give an exact scenario though.


Question: How does a mail person, delivery person, etc. gain access to locked apartment buildings and locked mailboxes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does a mail person, delivery person, etc. gain access to locked apartment buildings and locked mailboxes?

Couriers usually can't get into secured apartment buildings. Some people give them codes to get in and some apartments have an office that packages get delivered to. If they can't get in, can't get a hold of the recipient, or the office won't take the package, they leave a door tag and try again the next day. The mailman also has a key to the mailboxes.


Question: 80's to 90's Drug Epidemic- What Happened?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 80's to 90's Drug Epidemic- What Happened?

It was due to more than one thing, but wide-spread drug use was certainly not new. What was new, however, was the first time the US government devoted such a massive amount of resources toward the prosecution of drug smuggling, dealing and use. Also, before crack, freebasing was really the only way to smoke cocaine and it was both dangerous, *(see Richard Prior lighting himself on fire)* and used ether, mixed with expensive powder cocaine to create. Crack was easy. It used powder cocaine, baking soda and water. It could be "cooked" pretty much anywhere and didn't explode when you made a mistake. To make matters worse, the discovery/invention of crack cocaine made the drug much cheaper, easier to use and amplified the addiction factor. It only took a very small amount to create an extremely short-lived but super intense high, which lasted for about 10 seconds. I think it was Dennis Leary who had a rant in one of his comedy routines that said something like, *"God.. crack. Only in America would a guy invent crack. Only in America would there be a guy that cocaine wasn't good enough for. You know? One guy walking around New York City back in 1985 going, "You know, that cocaine's pretty good, but I want something that makes my heart explode as soon as I smoke it, ok? I want to take one suck off that crack pipe and go - snort - splat - Now I'm happy! I'm dead, the ultimate high!"* Edit: Found the actual Dennis Leary quote.


Question: How does exercise improve heart health? Reverse things like high blood pressure and clogged arteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How does exercise improve heart health? Reverse things like high blood pressure and clogged arteries?

The heart is a muscle. In the same way that working out your arm or leg muscles makes them stronger, working out your heart makes it stronger and more efficient. Exercise also increases your levels of HDL cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol that lowers heart disease risk by flushing the artery-clogging LDL or "bad" cholesterol out of your system and keeps your blood vessels wider which means lower blood pressure.


Question: Why is fog transparent when you are in it but opaque when you are outside it?

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 Why is fog transparent when you are in it but opaque when you are outside it?

Volume. Let's say one cubic meter of fog reduces the amount of light going through it by 2%, so having one meter of fog between you and, say, a rabid bear would obscure your vision of it by a little, but not a lot. Now, if the density of the fog is consistent throughout the forest you're in (forgot to mention, you're in a temperate evergreen forest), then you just by moving your body, you change how much fog is between you and the bear, and how clearly you can see it. Closer to the bear = less fog and more visible light that reaches you. If you're standing outside the cloud entirely, then whatever is on the other side is going to have to pass through the cloud entirely for you to see it. If there's enough fog to almost completly block the light, then all you're going to see is the fog.


Question: How do artists pay taxes when they have world tours?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do artists pay taxes when they have world tours?

They owe taxes to each country they perform in. Since it is pretty easy to figure out what they made form each individual performance (since the number of tickets sold and the artist's cut are both known amounts) it is fairly straight forward to calculate their income earned at any given venue.


Question: what allows a hummingbird to hover and fly the way it does? Is there any type of bird capable of doing the same type of flight?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what allows a hummingbird to hover and fly the way it does? Is there any type of bird capable of doing the same type of flight?

It's wings can rotate on their socket more freely than other birds, who just flap mostly up and down. Also, they flap their wings much faster and are much smaller than most birds, allowing them to achieve lift without forward momentum. The cost of this is a huge need for energy, thus they have to constantly eat to survive.


Question: Why is it so satisfying to rub your eyes and why is it so difficult to stop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it so satisfying to rub your eyes and why is it so difficult to stop?

As a patient of kerateconus, never ever rub your eyes. I used to agree that rubbing your eyes was heaven, but now I'm slowly going blind. When you rub your eyes you are slowly degrading the integrity of your cornea, and it will start to deform. I wish I would have known at a younger age before the damage was done.


Question: How long would it take for us to notice if the sun's mass suddenly became "zero"? How long does it take for Gravity to effect objects?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How long would it take for us to notice if the sun's mass suddenly became "zero"? How long does it take for Gravity to effect objects?

The sun is a balance forces, between fusion explosions and gravity. If its mass became zero, we would notice in nine or ten minutes. Solar observatories would note that the sun was rapidly expanding. Of course, a few minutes later, the rapidly expanding cloud of plasma would encompass the earth and we would all die. If you somehow made that not happen (a magical gravity barrier to disrupt Earth's orbit without destroying the sun), we would notice that the sun was in the wrong position and had the wrong magnitude, since we'd be moving away from it at right angles from the earth-sun line at the time of mass disruption. How long would it take for us to notice? Well, we already know with high accuracy where the sun will be. And small enough changes will be thought instrument error rather than a physically impossible circumstance. But when a lot of observatories report the same change, or consistent changes over a longer period, we'll figure it out. After one hour, the sun's position will be off by 0.082 degrees. Is that enough to notice? For some observatories, perhaps, but not enough to be conclusive. We'll cross 0.5 degrees about six hours in, one degree after thirteen hours, two degrees by twenty-five hours. So probably half a day in, scientists would be willing to announce that something was seriously wrong with our orbit. At that point, we'll be just a few light-seconds further from the sun than we currently are, well under 1% difference. (We're going *fast*, but space is *huge*. It cancels out.) We'd pull in all the observatories that could point at the sun, and that would be enough to show that the sun's apparent magnitude was shrinking. If you didn't have scientists and observatories handy, you'd notice that your timezone shifted an hour around eight days in. Sixteen days would give you another hour of change. The earth would be cooling off noticeably during this time -- our incoming solar radiation would drop over 7%. This doesn't mean the temperature would drop that much -- thanks, greenhouse gases! -- but the difference in temperature between the coldest and hottest parts of the sixteenth day will be something like 7% less than they would have been. So please don't turn off the sun's gravity, and don't put up an anti-gravity barrier between the earth and the sun.


Question: How come faster than light systems like the alcubierre drive are supposedly mathematically sound and physically possible, with the right tech, even though Einstein said that it was impossible to go faster than light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come faster than light systems like the alcubierre drive are supposedly mathematically sound and physically possible, with the right tech, even though Einstein said that it was impossible to go faster than light?

Warp drive/Alcubierre drives work mathematically for a few reasons. First understand that relativity only places a speed limit on things moving through space, not how space itself moves. Relativity also tells us that space isn't some inert thing, it interacts with it environment and can be stretched. This is why galaxies far away from us can be moving away at speeds much greater than c, they aren't actually moving they are sitting still. So we can take advantage of this fact and work backwards to come up with a geometry that allows us to place a spaceship inside where space is relatively flat(it isn't expanding) and compress the space in front while expanding the space behind to move our little bubble through space a quickly as we would like. But these things are still science fiction. When we look at the geometry required and then look at the mass distribution needed to create that we end up needing negative mass. Negative mass isn't a real thing and we have 0 evidence it would ever be a real thing. For now we must see all FTL travel is just a cool science fiction topic.


Question: How did the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse? What was the cause, and what was the change for it to be stable?

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 How did the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse? What was the cause, and what was the change for it to be stable?

Wow, I literally just did a little project on that this last semester. Basically they went with a new suspension bridge design that featured narrower trusses. Also, this type of design, while cheaper and more elegant -(most of this info can be found on the wiki) - just wasn't stiff enough (no puns plz), and would flex more than you'd want - because you want that to resist bending to some extent. Also, and maybe most importantly (?) it didn't allow air to pass through from the bottom. In the wind it would wave and bend up and down (not unlike some Hawaiian dancing) in a process called aeroelastic flutter. After it's collapse, legislation was eventually passed that required wind tunnel testing on certain suspension bridge designs.


Question: How do solar panels work?

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 How do solar panels work?

A solar panel consists of a grid of Photovoltaic cells. [Photovoltaic]( URL_2 .) simply refers to the process of converting sunlight into electric currents. The photovoltaic effect was first discovered in 1839 by [French physicist Edmond Becquere]( URL_4 ). Photovoltaic cells consist of two layers. The top layer is called the N-Type, which is negatively charged, and the bottom is the P-Type, which has a positive charge. When particles of light called [photons]( URL_1 ) hit the cell, electrons in the N-type layer get dislodged and want to travel to the [P-type layer]( URL_3 ). This is because opposite charges attract, and the electrons have a negative charge. Due to a buildup of charge between the two layers, the electrons aren’t able to simply cross over. Instead, they travel by wire from the top layer to the bottom layer. This creates a current of electrons, which is a form of [electricity]( URL_0 ), and can be harnessed in all sorts of ways. Another way to look at it is to think of the electrons as skiers traveling down a mountain. Their movement down the mountain and back to ground level is like the electron’s movement from the N-type to the P-type. Now think of the ski lift as the photons. They take the skiers back to the top of the hill, where they have nowhere to go except back to ground zero. The electrons don’t leave the system, they are simply recycled.


Question: Why is it Latinas were often use as spouses of black men in movies?

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 Why is it Latinas were often use as spouses of black men in movies?

Casting directors and producers were generally white, and most often white males. Those people who chose actors to play those roles generally didn't find black women attractive. They were allowed to be wise old women, maids and prostitutes but never a love interest. Unfortunately due to racist views they were also unhappy with making white women the love interest for a black actor. The middle ground is of course a light skinned Latin woman.


Question: Why do people with anxiety procrastinate so much and is it their fault?

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 Why do people with anxiety procrastinate so much and is it their fault?

The second part of your question is less psychology and more philosophy. Fault does not objectively exist in any meaningful way. I think what you're asking is "should they be held accountable for their procrastination, and if so then how?". There isn't an easy answer. To that, I can only give my opinion. I think we should all be held accountable for our actions, but not excessively so. With things like schooling, it would make sense to allow room for people to take extra time for things that they would not encounter in the real world. Irl, they don't hand out calculus tests to engineers. You can just google it. However, in 'real life', it is difficult to justify giving extra allowances to one person who is unable to do a task as effectively as another. If I'm hiring someone to redo the wiring in my house, I'm going to want a real electrician (someone who is capable of doing the task at hand effectively and reliably). I'm not going to pay somebody who is unable to do a task well the same amount as I'd pay a proper electrician. I might pay them less, knowing that I'll get lower quality work. As such, people with anxiety should seek out jobs and walks of life where their anxiety will not prohibit them from being functional adults, and society should make room for this.


Question: How is 32 bit able to handle 4gb of ram, if 4,294,967,296 is the number of bits?

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 How is 32 bit able to handle 4gb of ram, if 4,294,967,296 is the number of bits?

32 bits is able to handle 4294967296 Bytes not Bits. The issue is being able to write down a unique address for each Byte in just 32 bit of ram. The CPU needs to address each byte in memory with a unique 'name' and it has only 32 digits to write down the name. It is a bit like writing down your street address and only having enough room for two digits for your street number. That would mean you only could differentiate between 99 different houses per street. If you have 3 digits for the street number you could have up to 999 different houses per street and so on. You don't need to address each individual bit in a byte in memory anymore than you would put down the room the person you are writing a letter to sleeps in (unless you send them a message per owl of course).


Question: Why aren't you allowed to use question marks in file names?

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 Why aren't you allowed to use question marks in file names?

There are 9 symbols that windows uses for search functions, command line codes, commands, etc. it’ll prevent you from using them in file names because windows won’t be able to differentiate it later on. It won’t know if it is part of a file name or a command/extension/etc if it allows you to use them for both.


Question: why does hand sanitizer kill bacteria but not skin cells?

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 why does hand sanitizer kill bacteria but not skin cells?

Skin is made of several layers. The top several layers of skin cells are dead. You cant kill that which is already dead. Hand sanitizer is mostly alcohol. It works by breaking down the lipids of the cell membrane. It also does this to skin cells, if it can reach the living cells and even if it does you still have layers of unaffected cells below that.


Question: Why are stores often in need of coins? Where do all the coins being made even go if they are not in circulation?

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 Why are stores often in need of coins? Where do all the coins being made even go if they are not in circulation?

I don't typically carry coins. I would imagine I am not in the minority on this. I pay for something with cash, I get coins back as change. These end up being thrown in a jar in my house until I end up taking them to the bank and exchanging them for bills to repeat the process. Stores go and get rolls of coins (Edit: from the bank if this was unclear) based on the expected number of cash transactions they will have. If they end up having more cash transactions than they planned for, they run out of coins.


Question: How does Google Maps know the exact coordinates of roads? Where does it get this data?

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 How does Google Maps know the exact coordinates of roads? Where does it get this data?

Well, the United States government publishes thousands of maps every year. There is also publicly available satellite photos which can be cross referenced with those published maps. And they also have the Google Street View vehicles, which use GPS and are attempting to drive down every public street in the entire country. So between those three things, they can get a pretty accurate map system going.


Question: What happened in 2008? (Crisis)

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 What happened in 2008? (Crisis)

Banks make money loaning money to people and collecting more back over time. The difference is called interest. The problem is that each loan has a risk that the borrower hits a point where they just can't pay it back. One method of guaranteeing the payment is that the money is borrowed against a physical object: the most common type is money used to buy a house is borrowed against the house so if you fail to pay back, the bank takes the house. If you run a bank with 1000s of mortgages loaned out, you can package up a set of them and sell the loan arrangement to another bank. The new bank is now owed the money and can claim the house if payments fail a d the first bank gets a lump sum of cash to start lending again. The loans are sold bellow face value because of the risk of not being paid back. The problem is that this system is about calculating risk and relying on these packages being what the first bank claims they are. These packages became repackaged and resold and more complicated combinations. On top of this, the independent regulator went from public (where their success is measured by how accurate their valuations and ratings are) to private firms (where success is measured by profit) as well as regulatory rules being loosened. Now banks were starting to lend to people they didn't expect to pay back, packaging the loans in a complex way and managing to sell them as though they were loans that were more likely to be paid back. As the loan receivers started to default (not be able to pay) on those loans and the banks took the houses from them the trust in these loan packages dropped and all the banks wanted to sell them. Not only that but with significant numbers of houses falling into banks hands and them wanting to sell them to get their money, the house prices dropped and that guarantee of getting the money from the house fell away. Banks across the world were exposed to these losses through all these resold and repackaged debt products. The banks became fearful of lending to much and running out of available money. In the fallout, loans are harder to get so businesses can't invest in new kit, so prices increase because the financial cushion easy borrowing provided is gone. As businesses are unsure if expansion they don't continue planned growth of production or scale back so people lose jobs, the population in general cannot afford as much and delay big purchases like cars. The cycle of purchasing and production and employment slows and reinforces itself because the trust that banks have in lending money, and investors have in the likely growth of companies dries up. The loss of trust is very quick, hence a crash rather than a drift down.


Question: how does finger print reading under the glass work and how is it so accurate?

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 how does finger print reading under the glass work and how is it so accurate?

It will work on OLED screens as they don't need a backlight to display the image like LCD screens, instead they have thousands/millions of individual pixels that can change colour. In between the pixels are tiny gaps allowing the sensor to be behind the pixels and look through at your fingerprint.


Question: The geometric "what comes next?" type of questions on IQ tests.

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 The geometric "what comes next?" type of questions on IQ tests.

It's all about recognizing patterns, which is a crucial part of learning ability and thus IQ. Since you asked for a stream of consciousness on a solution, lets look at the first link for an example. I look for a pattern, the first thing I focus on (on a whim) is the circle in the middle of each image. I see that in the top two rows, one each is white, split vertically and split horizontally. This leads me to believe the answer could be (d). To verify my answer, I check to see what is up with the arrows surrounding the circles. I start with color and notice that in the top two rows one set of arrows is white, the other two mixed. Since (d) is mixed and we already have one white and one mixed set, this supports my answer. Looking at the positions, there are three options - let's call them \, / and ^ for brevity. The top two rows have one of each and the bottom one has / and ^. Solution (d) has \, which again confirms the pattern. The faster you can find patterns like this, the faster you will also be able to find existing patterns in everyday life.