Question: Why are circles and angles made around a 360° system instead of the usual 100 or 1000?

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 Why are circles and angles made around a 360° system instead of the usual 100 or 1000?

Number systems that divide evenly by 10's are a relatively new invention. Metric dates to the French Revolution. Getting a country to change a system of measurement is extremely difficult to implement but France was in turmoil and they were willing to change a lot of stuff, including the system of measurement. Imperial measurements like Miles, feet, inches, pre-date metric units by a long time. This also includes our system for measuring time, and degrees. Unlike Metric these systems were developed independently from each other so they have no standardization. That's why they don't all divide equally by 10. Today that seems like an obvious thing to do, but no so much hundreds of years ago. Degrees were used by ancient peoples to track the position of the stars in the sky. At the time the Babylonians thought a year was 360 days, so there is a degree for each day. It's as simple (and technically inaccurate) as that. 360 remains in use for practical reasons as well because it's very easy to sub divide. You can evenly divide 360 by 180, 120, 90, 72, 60, 45, 40, 36, 30, 24, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 giving you alot of varying sizes of pie segments to work with. Like everything else metric the french did develop a system of degrees in 10's (gradians) but like metric time (yes that's a thing) it didn't catch on.


Question: Why does dirty water come out of the pipes after the main water to the house has been turned off for a while and then turned back on?

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 Why does dirty water come out of the pipes after the main water to the house has been turned off for a while and then turned back on?

Time. When the water is turned off, what water is left in the pipes is allowed to settle. All water over time will go back and start to smell as bacteria build up. The water will be fine for a short while, so if you're not using it for a while you will be fine. But the longer you leave it, the more likely the water will be bad.


Question: Why isn’t the man married to the Queen the King?

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 Why isn’t the man married to the Queen the King?

Because he wasn't allowed to have that title. Since the British Queen is a constitutional monarch, Parliament has a lot of influence in this matter. In theory, Prince Philip could have been granted the title of King Consort (as opposed to King Regnant), but this is a very rare title in European aristocracy. It's not quite true, by the way, that "King" is a higher rank than "Queen". Rather, a "Queen Regnant" is a queen in her own right and has the same rank as a King Regnant, while a "Queen Consort" is the wife of a King Regnant. Queen Regnant and King Regnant have the same rank. In one usual case, in the 17th century England was reigned jointly by a King Regnant and a Queen Regnant: they were King William III of England and Queen Mary II of England, and they ranked equally with each other. People assume that these titles and styles are automatic, but they're not. Queen Victoria's husband Albert expected to gain the title of King Consort, but Parliament objected: he was German (at a time of anti-German sentiment), he was not a member of the Church of England and some of his relatives were Catholics. They eventually (after about 17 years of wrangling) settled on Prince Consort as a compromise, and later -- after an assassination attempt on the Queen -- arrangements were made to allow him to become Regent in case the Queen died before her heir was old enough to perform his duties. It was even worse with the Duke of Edinburgh. He was granted the style of "His Royal Highness", and everyone assumed that meant he was a prince. He was, but not a *British* prince: he was Prince of Greece and Denmark. Shortly after the coronation, there was a lot of debate over what his title should be: one suggestion, which the Queen favoured, was Prince of the Commonwealth, but other suggestions included Prince Consort, Prince of the Realm, and even Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories. Finally he was given the title Prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, and is referred to as His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. There was debate over whether he would be granted the title Prince Consort for his birthday, but that didn't happen. TL;DR: There is nothing automatic about this. The monarch and Parliament might spend years arguing over what titles members of the Royal Family are entitled to.


Question: How does Laminar Flow work?

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 How does Laminar Flow work?

Think of lines at a grocery store. That's laminar flow. You've got everyone politely queue'd up, each following the person in front of them and not interfering with people in the next line over. Turbulent flow would be more likely a crowd running from Godzilla. Everyone's bouncing off one another, constantly looking to get ahead of the people around them. In general, laminar flow is easier to work with because if you know something about any individual part of the flow, that knowledge tells you about the entire flow. In contrast, knowing a small segment of turbulent flow tells you almost nothing about the overall flow.


Question: Why do kids become attached to blankies?

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 Why do kids become attached to blankies?

It’s not just a blanket. Lots of people get emotionally attached to other inanimate objects. Usually it is a blanket or a toy of some kind. Stuffed animals are common as well. I don’t know the actual reasoning behind it though. It usually has something to do with security, like they feel more comfortable when holding it. It’s almost like they feel naked without it or perhaps defenseless. I’d almost say it’s the same sensation as if you had lost your phone or felt anxious or worried when you couldn’t find your phone or purse or wallet. Not the exact same principle, but similar in a way.


Question: why are rainbows only curved?

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 why are rainbows only curved?

Rainbows are actually circular but because we see them from the ground we typically only see half of them. If you view a rainbow from an airplane you can see the whole circle. But why? Light spreads out a bit, and it does so consistently and evenly. Consider a flashlight shining on a wall ten feet away: the small circle of light spreads out into a large circle of light. That's sort of what we're seeing in a rainbow, that expanded circle of light as it passes through airborne water.


Question: In history, how do we "adjust for inflation/deflation?"

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 In history, how do we "adjust for inflation/deflation?"

The US Department of Commerce and Department of Labor track the prices of just about every consumer and industrial good sold in the country on a regional level. The Department of Commerce compiles their pricing information as a statistic called the Personal Consumption Expenditure Inflation Rate (CPE), while the Department of Labor compiles theirs as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). There are a bunch of different CPI's that the Department of Labor compiles but the one used for overall inflation is a fairly simple. It just has a basket of goods that it considers to be things that everyone buys, and tracks the average increase in the prices of those things. The CPE functions similarly in that is uses a basket of goods that most people buy, but it weights the prices of those goods by what percentage of person's income is usually spent on them. So, for example, if people normally spend 10% of their income on food and 5% on entertainment items, then an increase in the price of food counts twice as much towards increasing the CPE as the same increase in the price of entertainment items. Other countries usually track their own inflation using similar measures. Because inflation measures all rely on tracking the prices of a core set of goods, they become somewhat meaningless when comparing two very different time periods because the goods being measured change so much. So for example, its easy to adjust for inflation between today and 5 years ago because the goods people are buying in those two years are essentially the same. But if you are trying to compare between today and 1955, the goods that people are buying are so wildly different that, other than looking at the percentage of income spent on categories like food and housing, any comparison between prices just becomes meaningless.


Question: Why do people wake up just as they get home?

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 Why do people wake up just as they get home?

From what I understand, it is generally due to the change in motion. As you reach your home, you would generally slow down, turn your car in a few directions to park, and finally come to a stop. Your body would detect this change in motion and wake you up. It again will also depend on how deep you are in your sleep. You might also notice people waking up if you reach a traffic light and stop, or just stop in general.


Question: What is stickiness? On a chemical level, what's happening? Is everything sticky in the same way or are there different kinds of stickiness?

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 What is stickiness? On a chemical level, what's happening? Is everything sticky in the same way or are there different kinds of stickiness?

There are different kinds of stickiness. Two I can think of are fictional forces, of which Velcro might be a good example (if I'm wrong you will see me swiftly corrected) and viscosity. Viscosity has to do with how much something resists a sliding force. Like the difference between how thick mud flows vs hot oil. If you mean to include adhesion, I'd as chemical bonding. Super glue is a liquid & catalyst chemical reaction that hardens into a solid material bonding two things together. But I don't really think of that as "sticky" even though it's glue. Edit: some great and more educated replies than mine here now. However I stand by my assertion that Velcro is all in your head. Imaginary forces hold it together.


Question: Why are some tumors are cancer and some are not?

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 Why are some tumors are cancer and some are not?

So a tumor is any unregulated growth, basically. Your body is supposed to keep your organs and blood vessels at a certain size, as some cells of the organs die and are replaced by others. A tumor, however, is when that goes wrong. When the growth of a certain part of an organ or bone stops being regulated and grows to far larger than it is supposed to, that is called a tumor. That is not necessarily cancer. A good example of this are the moles that some people have. They are technically tumors of unregulated growth on the skin, but they don’t harm the body in any way. Sometimes, a tumor is cancerous, which means it contains cells that don’t function as they are supposed to (making them useless to the body) and survive better than the body’s cells. This causes the slow (or sometimes very quick) replacement of the organ’s cells until there are too few normal cells around and the organ can not do its function, and the person experiences organ failure and dies.


Question: Why does every continent have its own land mass except asia and Europe?

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 Why does every continent have its own land mass except asia and Europe?

The division between Europe, Asia, and Africa was made all the way back in classical times. That is, by people living around the Mediterranean sea. Their whole worldview is summarized in the name "Mediterranean," meaning "middle of the world." To them, Europe was the land north of the sea, Africa was the land to the South, and Asia was to the east. They didn't really know that you could walk from Europe to Asia if you ventured above the Black Sea, and they probably didn't care. It was more about the borders of the Mediterranean and less about which landmasses were completely separated by water. For what it's worth, you can also walk from Africa to Asia and from North America to South America, though both those passages have been recently split by canals. Continents are a cultural construct, and they don't follow any consistent geographic definition.


Question: if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

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 if cancer is basically a clump of cells that dont want to die, why/how do things like cigarettes, asbestos, and the literal sun trigger it?

Cancer cells result from mutations that disable the things that keep cell growth in check. Those mutations come from incorrect repairs to cell DNA, and those errors happen more frequently the more repairs take place. Therefore things that cause damage that requires repairs increase the chances of developing cancer, stuff like cigarettes, asbestos, and sun exposure.


Question: Why do you cry when you're sad/extremely happy?

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 Why do you cry when you're sad/extremely happy?

There's a couple of different reasons but I'll try to separate them. Chemically, there's 3 different 'types' of tears; Basal, Reflex, and Emotional. The other two tears are a result of irritants or just general lubricant for the eye in the form of mucus, but emotional tears are made up of stress hormones such as cortisol (which will relieve tension in your body which is argued for why you feel better after crying) and leucine enkephalin, a natural painkiller and endorphin (stuff you get while doing exercise) which also uses up cortisol in the body and makes you feel better. Psychologically, everyone cries because it's a form of non-verbal communication that you are feeling sad or might be injured, or anything that means you might need help, despite you not being consciously aware of it. You can't make yourself cry unless you think of something emotional. You cry when you're emotional because your body treats an emotional stressor as if you have been physically injured. You might be in relatively low physical danger when told that a family member has passed away, but the overwhelming stress and emotion causes such a build up of stress hormones from the sympathetic nervous system (increases heart rate, respiration, supresses digestion, etc) that you will most likely cry or feel overwhelmed. When something makes you extremely happy, you remove a lot of distress from your life (if not momentarily). Looking at the GAS (Hans Selye's General Adaption Syndrome) model for stress, most people are subconsciously in the 'resistance' stage; meaning they have increased their resistance to stressors to get through their lives. When something extremely great happens to you, say a partner proposes or you win the lottery, that stress resistance level is no longer needed, so excess stress hormones that were activated to keep you resistant are released in Emotional tears. Source: A lot of shit I learned doing Psychology and Biology research in Australia.


Question: Why does lactose-free milk taste sweeter than regular milk even though they don't add sugar to it?

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 Why does lactose-free milk taste sweeter than regular milk even though they don't add sugar to it?

Milk has a special type of sugar in it, called Lactose. This is the thing that gives regular milk its vaguely sweet taste, and also is what these lactose-intolerant people get 'sick' from. Most milk companies add "Lactase" to regular milk. Lactase is a special enzyme that breaks down Lactose into two different types of sugars known as glucose and galactose. The resulting new sugars actually taste sweeter than regular lactose does, hence the flavor difference. PS. For lots of people, their guts make the lactase already, meaning they have no problems eating dairy products.


Question: In a recession, where does all the 'lost' money go?

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 In a recession, where does all the 'lost' money go?

Most of it doesn’t go anywhere. A lot of money ”lost” in a recession is in stocks, bonds and the like, whose value is determined mainly by the markets belief in those things. When a recession hits, the market loses faith in the future value of stocks, and so their worth decreases, leading to money being “lost”. In reality, it’s just a bunch of imaginary numbers shifting.


Question: What does 'Association Bias' actually mean?

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 What does 'Association Bias' actually mean?

It's when you connect two things in your mind that are not actually connected at all just because they happened around the same time. The most common example is our tendency to "shoot the messenger". When someone brings us bad news we tend to hate that person even though they are only telling us about the problem and didn't actually create the problem. People believe in lucky charms because they were holding or wearing an item when their favourite team won a game. The team didn't actually win because of the lucky shirt you wore or whatever ritual you followed, they won because they played better than the other guys.


Question: How does eating food rich in vitamin C improve the immunity in once body to diseases?

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</answer>
 How does eating food rich in vitamin C improve the immunity in once body to diseases?

Short answer: it doesn't, unless you happen to have a vitamin C deficiency, in which case taking vitamin C supplements (naturally in your food or supplements) will restore your body's natural defence mechanisms. Taking vitamin C will change nothing in a healthy human being with a balanced diet. Also, for what it's worth, once your body has it's dose of vitamin C, the rest gets flushed out and serves no purpose as it's not stored and the body doesn't make any use of the extra vitamin C.


Question: How do cells, like the most minuscule and indivisible cells, and even atoms, know to do what they do?

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 How do cells, like the most minuscule and indivisible cells, and even atoms, know to do what they do?

The short answer is DNA and chemistry. Atoms and molecules don't have to be told what to do. All of their movements, interactions, and qualities are a product of what they are - protons, neutrons, and electrons and attract and repel each other in different ways. The entire field of chemistry is devoted to understanding their properties and how they work. Cells however, do have functions. Almost all of a cell's function has do to with chain reactions. One protein gets activated which in turns sets off another protein, which creates a molecule, and on and on until a task is completed. The instructions on how to make the proteins are in our DNA, which is constantly being transcribed a carried out. A large section of the field of biology is devoted to understanding this. Cells are very complicated, and I wish I could explain them more concisely. I would highly recommend this article that does a really good job explaining cells, and everything about them: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: what's all that about cosmic filament spin? It sounds like a great discovery.

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 what's all that about cosmic filament spin? It sounds like a great discovery.

They basically divided galactic filaments (megastructures formed by thousands of galaxies) in half along its axis and measured the redshift of each half. What they found with statistical methods is that one half is moving towards us while the other is receding at the same rate, meaning the structure is spinning. This is also supported by the fact that when the filament is viewed parallel to its axis they found no such correlations, as you would expect from a rotating cilinder. Another very interesting thing they found is that the rate of spinning is directly correlated with the mass of the bulges at the end of each side of the filament. The more massive this bulge of galaxies the faster the spin of the filament. We currently have no idea how this is even possible. We're talking about immensely huge structures that light takes million of years to cross. It's hard to imagine a mechanism by which angular momentum can be formed the way we see it. Now for pure speculation on my part: i think this hints at the universe as a whole that is spinning (A spin in this sense can be intended in any of the 4 dimensions of spacetime btw) and megastructures of the universe are simply conserving the primordial angular momentum while forming. This could be confirmed or ruled out by measuring the rotational distribution (i.e. if there is any excess of spinning in one direction over the others) of these filaments. This conclusion doesn't come from nowhere: we've known for a while about CMB anisotropies that suggest a preferred rotation of some kind (look up Axis of evil(cosmology)), also corroborated by direct observation of galaxy clusters spin anomalies: it was found that if you look in one direction you'll find a ~1% excess of right spinning galaxies, while looking at the opposite side of the sky you'll find the same excess of left spinning galaxies. 1% might sound low, but we're talking about BILLIONS of galaxies. Such an excess is basically impossible to form by chance. What would a spinning universe entail? Well for one it would imply a preferred frame of reference in the universe, the one conformal to the overall spin. While this doesn't really matter in special relativity, one of the principles of GENERAL relativity is that there doesn't exist a preferred frame of reference. Now you could salvage the theory by assuming that what is constant about the speed of light is not c itself but its 2-way average speed (meaning c would be bigger in one direction and comparatively smaller on the other, so that the average speed is still c for every observer). That comes with a handful of consequences I'm not sure I understand fully. Current cosmological models assume an homogeneous and isotropic universe (it looks the same everywhere you look): this result would clearly destroy this notion. I like to believe this is just the beginning of a radical shift of view in the astrophysics community.


Question: Aleph 0 refers to a set that is countably infinite. Aleph 1 refers to a set that is uncountably infinite. What does Aleph 2 refer to? Can you give me an example?

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 Aleph 0 refers to a set that is countably infinite. Aleph 1 refers to a set that is uncountably infinite. What does Aleph 2 refer to? Can you give me an example?

Aleph-0 is the cardinality of the the natural numbers, and is said to be countable. Aleph-1 is then *defined* to be the smallest uncountable cardinality, and so it follows that Aleph-0 < Aleph-1. Aleph-2 is then *defined* to be the smallest cardinality that is greater than Aleph-1. All higher alephs are defined similarly. Note that *all* alephs (except aleph-0) are uncountable. --- Whereas cardinals count size, *ordinals* describe the so-called order type of a well-ordered set. For instance, we can order the natural numbers as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...., and so on. This order-type is given the symbol omega-0 (or sometimes just omega). But we can impose a different ordering on the natural numbers. Let *a* be some element that is not a natural number. Then form the set *S* that is the union of the naturals and the element *a*. Let's order *S* so that 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < ... < *a*. That is, *a* is larger than all natural numbers. *S* is still countable, but it has a different order type than the natural numbers. Okay, now consider the set of *all* countable ordinals (i.e., order-types of countable sets). This set (called omega-1) has cardinality aleph-1. --- That's about the only interesting example I can give you of a set that provably has cardinality aleph-1. If you want a set of cardinality aleph-2, then take the set of all ordinals whose cardinality is at most aleph-1. I cannot give you a more natural example, like the real numbers, or some power set of the real numbers, because, for instance, we cannot prove within ZFC (our set theory) that the real numbers have cardinality aleph-1. The cardinality of **R** is the same as that of the power set of **N**. So the cardinality of **R** is 2^(aleph-0), but this is not necessarily equal to aleph-1. All we can say is that aleph-1 is at most 2^(aleph-0). The statement that the cardinality of **R** is exactly aleph-1 is known as the *continuum hypothesis* and it is known to be independent of set theory. That is, both the continuum hypothesis and its negation are consistent with set theory (assuming set theory itself is consistent). It turns out that it is actually consistent to assume 2^(aleph-0) is equal to aleph-n for any n = 1, 2, 3, .... . (There are, however, certain cardinalities you can prove are definitely not equal to 2^(aleph-0), like aleph-omega.) ---


Question: Why did gold become so desirable in history, while other metals present i.e. Nickel and Copper not?

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 Why did gold become so desirable in history, while other metals present i.e. Nickel and Copper not?

Gold doesn't rust or tarnish, so it remains bright. That's one feature that makes it appealing. Gold is both soft and has a low melting point, which makes it easy to use for jewelry and decoration, and also to alloy with other metals like silver. "desirable" is an odd word to use, because most of the uses for gold were decoration, ornamental, or symbolic. (using coins as a symbolic marker of value) Metals like iron and tin and copper were much more usable for tools and parts, and were in more demand in terms of utility. Gold *looks* nice, which means it makes for nice necklaces and rings and whatnot, but isn't very usable for tools (like knives or hammers) or parts. (like nails or pins or brackets) Still, it is metal, which makes it more durable than, say, paper or leather. It's heavy, which if you understand Archimedes notions about water & displacement mean you can estimate it's relative purity pretty easily. So if you wanted to make a trade item, something to represent wealth, you'd want something that was durable, but not something that could be put to more practical uses.


Question: Aren't men breaking the law by sending unsolicited dick pics?

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 Aren't men breaking the law by sending unsolicited dick pics?

There is no law against sending an unsolicited picture of your greasy dick, unless the recipient is a minor or you are a minor. That being said, don't. 99% of the time your wrinkled chode is a turn off, and sending pictures of it to the person you're trying to chat up is the fastest way to get blocked.


Question: how can doctors put a time limit as little as hours on a person who is sick/dying?

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 how can doctors put a time limit as little as hours on a person who is sick/dying?

Death has a fairly predictable pattern, but it really is just an educated guess. It's like looking at a tire on a car and seeing a belt coming though. By how much belt is visible, experience can predict if the tire can be over inflated and given till next month, make it till the end of the week or you better change it now, otherwise your walking. An event on the road can cut the best case estimate to end immediately.


Question: Why is it significantly cheaper to fly throughout Europe than it is to fly within the continental US?

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 Why is it significantly cheaper to fly throughout Europe than it is to fly within the continental US?

You'd have to be more specific about what you're comparing to give a real answer, but be sure you're comparing similar distances to each other. The US is very large; London is about 1000 miles closer to Moscow than New York is to Los Angeles, so one would expect a flight from New York to Los Angeles to be more expensive than one from London to Moscow.


Question: What is happening to the American economy?

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 What is happening to the American economy?

Basically businesses aren't able to fully operate at capacity or will see reduced sales/manufacturing during this outbreak of coronavirus. Will it be a large impact? Hard to tell. However, it started with people getting nervous and that caused a dip in the market. We've been on a bull (mostly upward) run in value for 3 years. Now that dip turned into a scare and the scare turned into a full blow fire sale. People are cashing out any and all profits and getting out of their holdings to preserve their cash. The government is trying to ease fears by making loans to and from banks very cheap to inspire some trust. They also easing fears on the market by creating a stimulus with a cash infusion. It isn't working. That's why the fear turned into a landslide. The Federal Reserve pumped a ton of money into the system and it helped for about an hour. This is going to be a rough landing for sure. However, day to day hasn't started to effect most people yet. That won't happen until business starts to slow down. Then people will be laid off and of enough people are, things like housing and loans will slow down.


Question: Why do batteries deplete very slowly over time when they're just sitting in the pack not being used?

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 Why do batteries deplete very slowly over time when they're just sitting in the pack not being used?

Self-discharge is a phenomenon in batteries in which internal chemical reactions reduce the stored charge of the battery without any connection between the electrodes or any external circuit. Self-discharge decreases the shelf life of batteries and causes them to initially have less than a full charge when actually put to use. Self-discharge is a chemical reaction, just as closed-circuit discharge is, and tends to occur more quickly at higher temperatures. Storing batteries at lower temperatures thus reduces the rate of self-discharge and preserves the initial energy stored in the battery. Self-discharge is also thought to be reduced as a passivation layer develops on the electrodes over time.


Question: Why aren’t windows that are 64” a standard window size??

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 Why aren’t windows that are 64” a standard window size??

One of the reasons is how windows are made. You don't just manufacture a single pane of glass for each and every window. Instead, you manufacture a *large* piece of glass, and then cut it up into different sized windows. The way that this large piece can be broken down dictates what standard sizes are. Any deviation from that results in loss from the batch, which comes with a premium cost.


Question: Why is it that I’m more sore two days after I work out instead of the next morning?

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 Why is it that I’m more sore two days after I work out instead of the next morning?

It's called delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). It happens when you either start a new exercise, or make a change to how you work out, or change how long or hard you work out. When you do this to your muscles, it causes tiny bits of damage to your muscle tissue, and that makes you sore or stiff. It's normal, and the typical reaction in a healthy body is for the muscles to build back stronger after. Most people get this one or two days after working out. I did not see any information that says why some are one day, some are two. My wife and I usually get the soreness two days later. Just take care to not work out so hard that you are causing more than normal stiffness or soreness, and also I would advise to not work out those same stiff/sore muscles until they stop being sore or stiff. This is why you see a lot of gym people having "shoulder day" or "chest day" or "arms day" or "legs day". Also if you are going to work out, please remember that abdominal exercises help build a core that your body counts on, keep a healthy amount of them in the mix.


Question: Why is Switzerland so rich compared to other European nations?

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 Why is Switzerland so rich compared to other European nations?

Imagine Europe is a playground. You know how sometimes a friend might share their snacks with you from their lunch? Or people who simply get along might trade their lunches so both people will have something they like more? Well there are also bullies who might fight and steal lunch money from people they don't like. Well if you stay friends with everyone you can and you don't get into fights with the bullies you will eventually end up with more snacks from your friends, more lunches that you like, and you also won't ever have your lunch money stolen. Now that you have all this extra food you could sell that. You can also let people know that if they share a little with you you will hold on to their lunches/lunch money so that it will be safe. Lastly since you get along with everyone teachers don't check your pockets so you could even hold on to the money the bullies steal for a small cut. If people forget you are holding the stuff at the end of the day you get to keep it too!


Question: What actually is the Barbra Streisand effect?

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 What actually is the Barbra Streisand effect?

The origin was, there was a project in California to map the coastline of California. Countless pictures were taken of the coast. One of those pictures contained Barbara Streisand's house. She didn't want pictures to be out in the public and sued over privacy... however the act of suing cause far more attention, and far more people were interested and/or viewed pictures of her house. Had she done nothing, the pictures would likely have been relatively unknown and viewed by few people. Simply, trying to remove attention, can sometimes cause far far more attention.


Question: how have Albert Einstein’s theories contributed to modern technology like GPS?

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 how have Albert Einstein’s theories contributed to modern technology like GPS?

GPS is actually a remarkably simple piece of technology, at least in its concept. You have a series of satellites in known places in orbit equipped with atomic clocks that send out a constant radio signal that simplified is essentially "Hello I'm satellite 3, the current time is XX:XX:XX" By knowing the current time when the satellite message was sent, and it's position, and the speed at which the message traveled (the speed of light) you can triangulate your position on the earth. The more satellites you get a fix on, the more accurate your position. But Einstein did contribute one mind blowing thing to the GPS network. He theorized that time was not a constant, and that the speed of time varies depending on your relativistic speed. The faster you move, the slower time flows for you. And at the speed of light time essentially freezes. To prove this they put two atomic clocks in perfect sync and placed them in a tower. One at ground level, and one up high. Since the second clock is higher off earths surface it's rotating around the earth at a higher speed than the one on the ground. After a couple of months they checked the clocks and sure enough the clock up in the towers clock had slowed down, not by a lot mind you, but just enough to prove Einstein's theory. So what does this have to do with GPS? Since the GPS satellites are in ~~Geo-synchronus~~ medium orbit they are very high off the Earth's surface and therefore moving very fast. Since time is critical to the GPS system they have to constantly update the clocks on the satellites to be in sync with themselves and on the ground because for them time moves at a slightly slower rate than those on the ground!


Question: When a tank is filled with helium does the tank become lighter or heavier?

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 When a tank is filled with helium does the tank become lighter or heavier?

The helium in your tank is compressed. If it weren't, you couldn't use it to blow up balloons: if the pressure on both sides is the same, there isn't any flow. A side effect of this is that you can get more mass in the same volume. And as a result, your helium tank will be heavier than the tank's volume of helium at standard pressure and temperature.


Question: How does the $1 store stay in business with inflation, rising wages, etc.? Wouldn't their margins be getting thinner and thinner every year?

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 How does the $1 store stay in business with inflation, rising wages, etc.? Wouldn't their margins be getting thinner and thinner every year?

Mostly by selling less. I can get aluminium foil for a dollar, but it is only 5 feet of foil. I can get a frozen meal for a dollar, but I have never even heard of the brand, and it is very small portion size. I can get a book for a dollar, but it is on that crappy paper they use in coloring books. They just sell shitty things.


Question: Why does the second derivative test tell us if a certain x-value is a max or a min?

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 Why does the second derivative test tell us if a certain x-value is a max or a min?

The first derivative indicates the change in the function - positive derivative means the function is rising, negative means it is falling. The second derivative indicates the change in the first derivative - positive 2nd derivative means that the 1st derivative is rising, etc. If we have a local extremum, we want to know whether the function changes from rising to falling (indicating this is a local max) or from falling to rising (indicating this is a local min). "Rising to falling" means that the 1st derivative has changed from positive to negative, which means that the 1st derivative is also falling, meaning that the 2nd derivative is negative. Therefore is the 2nd derivative is negative, the point is a local max. Similarly, if the 2nd derivative is positive, this means that the 1st derivative is rising, meaning that it has changed from negative to positive, so the function changes from falling to rising, ergo so the point is a local min.


Question: why aren’t pregnancy cravings universal?

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 why aren’t pregnancy cravings universal?

Your body craves a certain type of food when it's lacking a nutrient contained in that food. For pregnant women, their nutrient needs differ from normal to grow the fetus and the supporting organs. Different diets will produce a different mix of nutrients. One person's cravings for one type of food may be due to a lack of that nutrient in their normal diet. Also, your body can only crave foods it's eaten before. A pregnant woman who has never eaten pickles before would not have cravings for pickles. The foods you're exposed to will depend on your culture and environment.


Question: What is the recent ruling about the UK Parliament and Brexit mean for the people of the UK?

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 What is the recent ruling about the UK Parliament and Brexit mean for the people of the UK?

It doesn't really mean that much to the average person, it still means we are leaving the EU. It's about the formal procedure for withdrawing from the EU. The PM (who essentially is "the government" in this context) claimed she has the right to formally start the process of leaving the EU without consulting parliament. Someone challenged this assumption in court, claiming that because leaving the EU removes people's rights, it must be voted on by parliament. In the end the Supreme Court agreed. So this means that there will have to be a vote in parliament before we start leaving the EU. The vote will easily pass as the two main parties have said they will vote for it.


Question: When we ‘lose’ our voice, like during a cold, what actually happens to our vocal cords?

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 When we ‘lose’ our voice, like during a cold, what actually happens to our vocal cords?

Generally when you lose your voice the reason is your vocal chords are inflammed. Inflammation = swelling. When the vocal chords are swollen they become a different shape & that alters the sound that they make (or don't make if it's bad enough) when you try to talk because the way they move the air is different.


Question: what makes us fall in love with a specific person?

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 what makes us fall in love with a specific person?

Wow, a lot of original and free thinkers here. What if you can't talk to most people, can't express yourself out of shame, embarrassment, whatever. What if you, in this state, have struggled with friendships, work relationships, family, everything, and eventually wonder how anyone keeps living. And then you randomly talk to someone and it's effortless and you can't stop. You want to tell them every secret, every shame, every humiliation, because you are no longer bound by fear. It doesn't matter who it is, but it will be a specific person.


Question: If every particle is bound by rules and can only act withing those rules, how is it that humans have free choice, since there is no part of the brain that can change how one particle reacts to another?

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 If every particle is bound by rules and can only act withing those rules, how is it that humans have free choice, since there is no part of the brain that can change how one particle reacts to another?

You can determine that a human makes a decision before the brain thinks it is making the decision ([Bereitschaftspotential]( URL_0 )). Besides, a completely free will is a logical paradox anyway. If it is determined by previous experiences in some way, it is not free. If it is not, it is indistinguishable from randomness - what is free about that?


Question: What is a headache and how do certain drugs aid them?

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 What is a headache and how do certain drugs aid them?

In short, headaches are when blood vessels in the brain dilate (IOW, become inflamed). Most headache medications help relieve this inflammation in some way or another, or reduce blood flow. Some longer acting medications for prevention are used to prevent seizures as well, and work by decreasing nerve activity. Headaches are something that really aren’t well understood by medicine.


Question: what money is actually made or lost daily in a stock short squeeze scenario? is it all on paper until cash out or are the daily numbers we see realized losses/gains at whatever point they are reported?

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 what money is actually made or lost daily in a stock short squeeze scenario? is it all on paper until cash out or are the daily numbers we see realized losses/gains at whatever point they are reported?

The YouTube channel TLDR News had a good explanation. Basically, shorting stocks works like this: You see that an apple stand is selling apples for $1. You ask to borrow an apple with the promise that you will pay them back later. Then you sell that apple to another person for $1. Now the price of apples drops to $0.50 so you go to another apple seller and use the $1 you gained from the apple sale to buy 2 apples. You give one to the original apple stand and keep the second. You're now ahead by 1 apple, or $0.50. If the price of apples rises to $2, though, you're in trouble. You have $1 from your apple sale, but still owe the apple vendor an apple. You can't buy one for $2 because you'll have lost a dollar. So you might "short apples" again to try to cover your losses. You borrow a second apple from the vendor and sell it to someone for $2. Now you owe 2 apples to the vendor and have $3. If the apple price falls, you can cover your losses without needing it to go under the original $1.


Question: The difference between panic attacks and anxiety attacks?

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 The difference between panic attacks and anxiety attacks?

Anxiety attacks make you feel scarred and your heart rate raises and becomes noticeable. Sometimes an anxiety attack could be as simple as minor chest pain. Most importantly, anxiety attacks are triggered by something. Panic attacks however are much more severe. Instead of fear your terrified, instead increased heart rate or acute chest pain it might be agonizing chest pain, heavy and uncontrolled breathing with maybe even nausea. Unlike anxiety attacks, panic attacks are not triggered, they're not predictable nor are they triggered by a stimulant or a stressor.


Question: How is the audio recorded and mixed for Live shows which are released on DVD?

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 How is the audio recorded and mixed for Live shows which are released on DVD?

For a standard live recording for DVD you have to talk about the live audio elements as well. I will stick purely to modern recordings done with digital methods, but most of the same principles apply in older analogue setups. Each instrument is mic'd or inputted into the system either via traditional analogue methods or digital signals into what is called an 'Input Rack'. This input rack then connects to different mixing consoles via varied digital transport protocols (there are many manufacturers with many different protocols). The different mixing consoles are; Front of House mixer (sound for the patrons), Monitor or Foldback mixer (sound for the musicians to hear themselves), and the recording console. Each has an independent set of inputs so they can manipulate the sound independently of each other An engineer at the recording mixer receives the signals from each instrument on stage and routes them to a computer to be recorded by a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW). Audacity is an example, but in professional recordings they use very expensive software. After the raw recording is completed, they take it into the studio to mix down and master. The video is then cut together over the top of the mastered track and sent out to the masses for consumption. There are other various ways to achieve the same outcome, but this is generally how most DVD recordings are done.


Question: Why do humans get viruses that present with a sore throat, cough and runny/stuffy nose, but animals don’t (appear to) get these same viruses and/or symptoms?

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 Why do humans get viruses that present with a sore throat, cough and runny/stuffy nose, but animals don’t (appear to) get these same viruses and/or symptoms?

A certain kind of virus that affects humans makes your throat sore so that you'll cough, in turn so that you'll spray a fine mist of virus-water into the air to infect other people. This is an effective strategy for the virus, because people spend a lot of time together (and not just with one closed social group), and the virus can spread broadly. Because it's an effective strategy, there are lots of viruses that do it. But many other animals have much less social habits. Making those animals cough isn't as likely to infect new hosts as it is with humans. So there are fewer virus species that employ the same strategy.


Question: How did scientists create GMOs?

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 How did scientists create GMOs?

It depends on how you define Genetically modified. Our ancestors hundreds of thousands of years ago would always pick the best plant from the crop and take the seeds from that to propagate or they would allow the best pig to live the longest as a breeder etc. But GMOs still havent changed that much. They take the plants or animals isolate the best properties and try to replicate that in the subsequent species