Question: How do we know that Pi's decimals never repeat?

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 How do we know that Pi's decimals never repeat?

There are proofs that Pi is irrational, ie it can't be the result of the division between two integers. There's another proof that when you try to write down an irrational number as a decimal fraction, you get a never ending sequence of non repeating digits. The proof that Pi is irrational is a bit complex for eli5, but here it is: URL_0


Question: How does the "good bacteria" that live in our gut or anywhere else inside our body, get there?

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 How does the "good bacteria" that live in our gut or anywhere else inside our body, get there?

It's not the same from person to person. Your initial gut bacteria come from your mother; you're exposed to them during birth (which is, uh, not a very clean process) and immediately afterwards. Over time it's influenced by your diet and by your body (which has some control over the gut environment).


Question: Why, in statistics, would you ever want to represent data with the median as opposed to the average?

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 Why, in statistics, would you ever want to represent data with the median as opposed to the average?

Median is often a better picture. Imagine you have 5 company employees with the following salaries: - Jr. Accountant - $40k - Marketing Mgr - $50k - IT Helpdesk - $52k - HR Mgr - $60k - CEO - $500k Which is the better idea of overall income expectations for a job at the company? Average is $140k, while median is $52k. Or imagine that a town has 5 houses that sell for : $225k, 240k, $300k, $310k, $600k. Average is $335k, while median is $300k... not as extreme as the first example, but still only 1 of 5 houses cost more than the average while 4 are below. If you were trying to determine what towns you could afford, wouldn't knowing that 1/2 cost more than X and 1/2 cost less than X be a more useful tool to gauge affordability?


Question: What happens when someone tickles us?

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 What happens when someone tickles us?

The Tickle Response is a biological, subconscious reaction to external stimulation that induces panic and recoil. Why does our body react this way? Because if it recognizes an unusual touch to the body, like the tiny legs of a poisonous insect on your belly, then it needs to get the thing off your body, without waiting for you to think about it. You can not tickle yourself, usually, because your body can always prepare for your own touches. You can close your eyes and touch various parts of your body without looking, so it is hard to surprise your body with a touch. Same goes for clothes that you're wearing, which move along with your body in a predictable manner. The body knows there is no threat. But when your significant other sneaks up behind you and starts to push their fingers into your sides, your body reacts with a sharp jump away from the "threat". Even if you consciously decide not to really fight back, your body still will attempt to get away, squirming on the ground. It will call out to others, resulting in a laugh or yelp. In extreme circumstances, it will even release bodily waste to allow for easier escape. (You pee your pants)


Question: Why does oil in a frying pan, sometimes pop while it heats up ?

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 Why does oil in a frying pan, sometimes pop while it heats up ?

It’s bubbles of boiling water forcing its way out of the oil. The oil in the bottle/can accumulates some moisture from the air after it has been opened. Also the pan might have had some water on it when you started cooking. It stops happening once all the water has boiled away.


Question: r/wallstreetbets, is it satire? Serious? Or a combination?

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 r/wallstreetbets, is it satire? Serious? Or a combination?

As someone who uses robinhood to “invest” and frequents this sub but rarely posts... I think it’s a sort of satire, and I think they’re very serious about not taking themselves seriously. It’s like everyone is engaging in a sort of performance art that involves children running amok in a casino... no one is stopping them and mostly looking on in amusement while they win and lose tens of thousands (or more) of dollars.


Question: Can any animals get pregnant while already pregnant?

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 Can any animals get pregnant while already pregnant?

Swamp wallabies can get pregnant again whole still pregnant with another. This is because they have two uteruses. They will typically conceive one or two days before they give birth. According to this article, they are the only animal that does this. ([Source]( URL_0 )) Kangaroos can get pregnant while a joey is in her pouch, but that's still only one pregnancy at a time since the joey has been born. But the mother kangaroo can pause her pregnancy until the joey leaves her pouch, this is known as embryonic diapause, and can also occur in times of drought or other poor food conditions.


Question: Why does some music, such as the Interstellar soundtrack, get “louder” even though the volume can remain the same?

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 Why does some music, such as the Interstellar soundtrack, get “louder” even though the volume can remain the same?

It's all about dynamics and feeling? but they put like hella compression and limiters so that the lowest sound comes up and the high peaks get squashed so that it remains at the sameish level. but becuz of how the instruments are played the feeling of the song seems quieter to louder haha


Question: How did stores know personal cheques/checks were good in the 80s/90s? What were those little machines at the cash register they ran them through, and how did they work?

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 How did stores know personal cheques/checks were good in the 80s/90s? What were those little machines at the cash register they ran them through, and how did they work?

There were clearing houses who assumed the risk of a check being bad, this protected the merchant who accepted the check. The merchant charged the customer a fee to accept the check. The merchant used the machine that scanned the checking account number on the check, contacted the bank electronically and asked the bank the balance. Essentially the merchant used an insurance company to guaranteed them payment for a small fee which was added to the consumers bill.


Question: why do migraines generally only put pressure on one side of the head/ in one eye and not the other?

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 why do migraines generally only put pressure on one side of the head/ in one eye and not the other?

The neurovascular theory of migraines suggests that there is some trigger that activate a neuron system. After that, there will be vascular changes, with dilation of brain vessels which will cause pain. As you know, people that have strokes are usually only affected on one side of the body. That's because the vascular system is very well divided between the left and right brain hemisphere. For the migraine is the same. Only one side will suffer the change of perfusion, thus you only feel pain on one side.


Question: What determines if a compound ends up in your urine or other excrement?

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 What determines if a compound ends up in your urine or other excrement?

The "most direct" way for the colour to go is to the feces, this happens as long as the colour isn't picked up in the intestines. If the colour is picked up in the intestines it will go inte the bloodstream. When the blood enters the kidneys it is filtered. Small molecules will be filtered out from the urine, but bigger molecules will stay in the blood. This means that the size of the molecule will determine if it goes into the urine. If the molecule stays in the blood it will eventually be broken down somewhere else, likely the liver, to be excreted or used in another compound. The colour could change a bit if it is processed by different cells in the body, and depending on the concentration. I can't really explain the difference between you and your friends. Maybe your bodies took up different amounts of the compound in the intestines? Maybe the friend who got green pee was dehydrated and therefore the colour got concentrated?


Question: Why are you able to jump higher when running than when standing still?

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 Why are you able to jump higher when running than when standing still?

It takes no effort to redirect momentum. A ball hitting a 45° slope will bump up. Yet the ball has no muscle! You intuitively know that, and you will put your leg almost 45°forward so that your forward momentum get converted to upward momentum by simply keeping your leg straight. But because you have muscle, you can actually use them to add even more jump. So instead of keeping your leg straight, you bend them then stretch them with strength. Not only does it redirect your momentum, but you add even more. If you don't have speed, all you can do is use your strength to jump. Note that preserving momentum is easier than creating it. If we had wheels it would be almost free. See "humans with wheel" on Wikipedia (aka. cyclist).


Question: What exactly Is the Static On A Tv?

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 What exactly Is the Static On A Tv?

Background noise of the universe. So the tv antenna is resonating with the band of frequencies it's designed to pick up, and when we send a specific signal comprised of one of those frequencies the antenna resonates and the tv takes the signal and puts it into all the dots on your screen. So the antenna is picking up the random times it's resonates by other causes and it's trying to put that random shit on your screen. This is why the static is often called "noise" and why noise can distort your picture. Like when your ear can focus in on one conversation in a crowd of people talking, the rest is just noise. If you take that conversation away all your ear can then hear is noise until you focus on another sound.


Question: Why does "we need to talk" trigger such a strong metal and physical reaction?

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 Why does "we need to talk" trigger such a strong metal and physical reaction?

Basically it's because we can't imagine a good situation coming from it. It's like a form of ambiguity but the only thing that's unclear is *how* bad it's gonna be. Typically if someone wanted to talk about something simple they'd just say so. But when someone leaves it so open ended as to just say "talk" then it sounds like a trap. Like "hey can you look inside this box for me?" We don't know what it is, but the context is ominous and the lack of clarity makes it seem like we don't want to know what's in the box. Otherwise they would've just told us.


Question: How do broken porcupine quills travel through the body and out of the eye of some animals?

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 How do broken porcupine quills travel through the body and out of the eye of some animals?

They have serrated edges (google a closeup photo), so it's hard to pull them out, while it's easy to push them deeper. With body movement, they can penetrate deeper and deeper until they hit something vital. To come through the eye, they would have to start at a really unfortunate angle.


Question: How do you determine the rate heat will expand an object?

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 How do you determine the rate heat will expand an object?

What you're looking for is called the [coefficient of thermal expansion]( URL_1 ). It's different for every material, and is in units of K^(-1), or sometimes percentage per K. For example, a gas with a coefficient of 1%/K would expand by 10% if you raised the temperature by 10K. Since every material is different, you pretty much have to look up whatever your object is made out of in a table [like this]( URL_0 ). One unfortunate thing is that the coefficient is often different at different temperatures. So that material above might have a coefficient of 1%/K when at room temperature, but this might drop gradually to 0.1%/K as the temperature rises. You can usually find this behavior in a graph [like this]( URL_2 ).


Question: Don't see an interior liner in some canned products - is there an epoxy resin?

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 Don't see an interior liner in some canned products - is there an epoxy resin?

> So I'm looking at this can of fruit cocktail and I see no interior white liner, just the metal can. Do not all cans have an epoxy resin liner? Is this one transparent on this can? Also, why is it necessary to have it? Most cans do have an epoxy liner, especially if they are holding acidic contents. This liner is commonly transparent so that is probably what is going on with your can. This is necessary because otherwise the acidic contents of the can will erode the material of the can and cause the taste of the food to alter, and also potentially present a health threat.


Question: How is the distance between Earth and other celestial bodies calculated, especially since most are many light years away?

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 How is the distance between Earth and other celestial bodies calculated, especially since most are many light years away?

We can use parallax arc seconds or parsecs. Basically if you know how far away the earth will be from this spot six months from now, you can calculate how far away a distant object is based on how much it seems to move relative to VERY distant objects. Think holding you thumb out in front of your face with one eye closed and using it to cover the moon. Now switch which eye is closed and your thumb will seem to move away from it's position over the moon. By knowing how far apart your eyes are and how much your thumb seems to have moved you can figure out how far away from your thumb is from your face.


Question: Why do people who sell their house put a "sold" sign up rather than just taking the for-sale sign down?

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 Why do people who sell their house put a "sold" sign up rather than just taking the for-sale sign down?

So they don't get other people coming by saying "Your house was for sale, is it still for sale? Did something happen to the sign?" This way people know it's been sold. In addition, if a realtor was utilized, it'll still show the realtor's name on it, and that means the realtor will get exposure as a realtor that is able to sell houses.


Question: Why do we throw up when we work out really hard?

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 Why do we throw up when we work out really hard?

Your body diverts blood from your digestive system to your muscles. This slows your digestive system and if you had a meal in there before it'll just sit and cause an upset stomach. Additionally the build up of lactic acid in your blood causes your brain to desire to remove the toxins so it makes you [vomit]( URL_0 )


Question: How does the success for the U.K. throne work?

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 How does the success for the U.K. throne work?

It's actually not that complicated. Yes there is a Succession. It follows an Absolute Primogeniture model, which means that "eldest child inherits". This is a recent change (2011) from an Agantic Primogeniture where the eldest *male* child has preference. So right now, the Queen is the Queen because she was crowned. She could abdicate and retire, but that isn't who she is. Queen Elizabeth will go until she can't anymore. When Elizabeth passes or abdicates, Prince Charles (her eldest child) will become King. When he passes or abdicates his eldest child (William) will become King and then when William passes or abdicates the crown would (at present) fall to his son George.


Question: How do people make cheats for games, like wall-hack and aimbot?

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 How do people make cheats for games, like wall-hack and aimbot?

A game is made of code and code references other code. So to know where a player is there has to be data stating their x/y/z position at all times. Using memory readers you can have a program “see” where a player is and access your mouse to aim at that player. In the same context whether a wall is solid or not is just code and bu changing the wall’s data to say it’s not solid or to say you as a player are not solid you can pass right through walls. These are the same techniques used by systems such as the Gameshark and Action Replay that let you change live count, have infinite ammo, etc.


Question: How is it possible for us to imagine something we've never seen? What allows us to create images in our mind?

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 How is it possible for us to imagine something we've never seen? What allows us to create images in our mind?

When you tell yourself to picture something, your brain has to actively pretend it knows what you're trying to imagine. It conflicts with what it's trying to picture and can only grab ideas or thoughts that we DO know. As for what allows us to visualize things in our mind, it's our brains lying to the rest of our body that we are experiencing/feeling/hearing/seeing/smelling/tasting what we're imagining. This conflicts with our receptor organs (eyes/ears/mouth/nose/nerves) since they aren't truly "getting" what we are pretending to imagine. This is why people close their eyes when trying to imagine/think.


Question: Why are Firecrackers so dangerous in enclosed spaces?

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 Why are Firecrackers so dangerous in enclosed spaces?

Putting fireworks in a closed environment and the expanding gasses can't go anywhere thus blowing out where the structure is the weakest. This is more so when fireworks are underwater. Water can't be compressed and the ball of expanding gasses goes in all directions thus blowing toilets clean of the wall. Putting the fireworks between your fingertips the expanding gasses can blow out in all directions unhamperd. And thus leave the fingers attached the the rest of your hand. However bigger fireworks will still blow fingers hands forearms to bits.


Question: How are scientists able to tell how old a rock is?

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 How are scientists able to tell how old a rock is?

You have probably heard of radiocarbon dating which is used to date organic elements based on how much carbon-14 have decayed. This is not usable on rocks because it does not contain carbon. However there are a number of similar radioisotope dating techniques for other elements besides carbon-14. For example potasium-argon dating. This works on any mineral that contains potasium. Some of this potasium is the isotope potasium-40 which with a half life of over a billion year turns into argon-40. You would not expect there to be any argon in molten or dissolved rock because argon is a gas that will just bubble up to the surface and escape into the atmpsohere. So all of the argon-40 must come from potasium-40. By measuring the ratio between these two isotopes you know how much have decayed and therefore how long it have taken. There are plenty of these types of dating techniques. Which ones work depend on the age and composition of the rock. You would usually try a few different techniques and then compare these results to each other for an accurate result.


Question: Does it really matter if I get a 30 day air filter or a 90 day filter for my house? Why?

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 Does it really matter if I get a 30 day air filter or a 90 day filter for my house? Why?

I am assuming that you are talking about the difference between fiberglass filters and pleated filters. The main purpose of an air filter is to remove stuff from the stream of air. A majority of them do it by the physical process of capturing the particle as the air passes through much like a colander catches pasta. Air still needs to pass through the filter though, so it has a whole bunch of tiny holes. As the filter captures the particles, the holes fill up and less air is able to pass through. With less air able to pass through, the fan that is sucking the air has a harder time, is less efficient, and in some instances may break. Some filters, primarily sold to home owners, have a '# of days' rating to inform how often the filter should be changed based on average usage. This is not really the best way, but it is the easiest for non-professionals to understand. Ideally you have a filter that has the highest *Minimum Efficiency Rating Value* (MERV) that your system will allow at maximum flow rate. The higher the MERV, the smaller the hole size and smaller the particle size that the filter can capture. The downside is that if your system is not set up for higher MERV ratings, you may not get the airflow that the system was designed for when using higher MERV filters, which can cause many other problems. Check the paperwork that came with your HVAC system, it should have ratings for the design specs. The two main differences between the fiberglass (usually 30 day) and pleated filters (usually 90 day) are the material composition and the higher surface area in pleated filters. The higher surface area is what gives pleated filters the advantage in time between changes.


Question: Why can we easily walk for hours on end, but struggle when running just for a few minutes?

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 Why can we easily walk for hours on end, but struggle when running just for a few minutes?

Think of your body as a machine, like an engine. At cruising speed (walking) it can run pretty much forever until it runs out of fuel. That's because the energy being asked of it is in the range that it is easy/efficient to produce with little to no extra fuel. Moving to higher speeds (running) requires more power which requires extra fuel be consumed. This requires more effort, which causes wear and more fuel to be consumed, which generates more heat that requires more effort and energy to disperse. So, in much the same way a car's engine will try to overheat when you press the gas to make it go faster, your muscles are drawing more oxygen from your blood (fuel) and generating heat due to the extra effort of running. Harder to analogize is the fact that this means your lungs are working hard to gather oxygen and expel CO2, which your hearts is pumping harder to distribute to your muscles which need that fuel to generate the extra effort required by running. At the same time, the muscles are trying to dissipate the heat the extra effort generates as well as the lactic acid strenuous exercise may be generating Then there's the whole effect of the difference in impact/weight distribution between walking and running, which varies by surface, body motion, etc.... tl;dr - It takes a lot more effort for your entire body to turn fuel into motion when running than it does to walk at a leisurely pace


Question: Why does hot water release tea from tea leaves better than cold water?

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 Why does hot water release tea from tea leaves better than cold water?

Hope this isn't too literally five: Remember in elementary school when the teacher had you all pretend to be molecules to learn about States of Matter? Going from still to walking to dancing or running around? The hot water molecules are moving around a lot more, almost as much as gas molecules (steam) so they bounce a lot more tea particles loose. Think about the tea bag as having suddenly found itself in a mosh pit, or in the middle of a ballroom full of waltzer's.


Question: How do conjoined twins that once shared organs live?

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 How do conjoined twins that once shared organs live?

Those organs will have to be split into two and then fashioned into separate organs. The stomach and bladder are basically just balloons. They can take half of each and make them into two separate stomachs and bladders. The liver isn't a hollow organ like that, but can still be split. In normal liver donation, up to 60% of the liver can be donated because the liver is highly regenerative.


Question: how come health insurance costs much more when taking on your own as oposed to joining the company scheme ?in both cases you pay premium out of your pocket but quotes are drastically different (UK)

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 how come health insurance costs much more when taking on your own as oposed to joining the company scheme ?in both cases you pay premium out of your pocket but quotes are drastically different (UK)

Group rates will tend to be less expensive than individual rates, because the insurance company is pulling money from a larger group of people than just you. THAT GROUP needs to make them money that policy year, not EACH INDIVIDUAL covered in that group. This allows them to “spread the risk” over a larger group of people, so that each individual doesn’t have to pay for the risk of X% of them having an expensive claim that year, and the insurance company can still pay all its claims, pay all its employees, pay all its bills, and have some money left over.


Question: Where does the light gain so much energy to travel at it's speed?

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 Where does the light gain so much energy to travel at it's speed?

Photon (light particle) is massless, so it doesn't need to use energy to reach light speed. Photon becomes an energy pocket, it can transfer it but it doesn't use it. An electron in an atom has a natural orbit that it occupies, but if you energize an atom, you can move its electrons to higher orbitals. A photon is produced whenever an electron in a higher-than-normal orbit falls back to its normal orbit. During the fall from high energy to normal energy, the electron emits a photon -- a packet of energy -- with very specific characteristics. The photon has a frequency, or color, that exactly matches the distance the electron falls.


Question: Who is George Soros? What does he do and why so many people dislike him?

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 Who is George Soros? What does he do and why so many people dislike him?

George Soros is a billionaire investor who supports liberal/democratic causes. Conservatives/Republicans don't like him as a result, and then there are also many Anti-Semitic undertones to the dislike, as well, because he is Jewish. His support for liberal causes is not any different than the Kochs, Waltons, or other billionaires supporting right wing causes but the right wing tried to paint Soros as some sort of evil for doing the same thing on one side as others they fully support do on the other. The kinds of causes that Soros tends to support promote equal rights, democracy and justice, access to healthcare and reduction of preventable illnesses, education, freedom of the press/media.


Question: What causes your body to vomit in response to extreme pain?

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 What causes your body to vomit in response to extreme pain?

I was told it’s a vasovagal reflex. I’ve only had it happen two times and both times the same painful thing happened. In 2008 my husband and I were our hiking and a bug flew into my ear. I shook my head instinctively, and dislocated my cervical spine. I turned to the side and puked. A few years later the same thing happened. I’ve learned to keep cotton balls in my ears when bugs are around.


Question: What was the breakthrough for cracking the German Enigma?

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 What was the breakthrough for cracking the German Enigma?

In a nutshell with the amount of variables in time taken to go through all variables it was a impossible task HOWEVER as they always said heil hitler at end of message they had a baseline or something to go off so if they know those words will appear they can figure out the algorithm used for that which takes out a lot of possibilities At least that’s what I took from it


Question: How does the sum of the in infinite arithmetic sequence "1+2+3+4..." equal -1/12?

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</answer>
 How does the sum of the in infinite arithmetic sequence "1+2+3+4..." equal -1/12?

I'll throw my input in here in case you don't get an answer from a more qualified person (I have a bachelor's in Math, which isn't much compared to high level mathematics). The simple answer is that the infinite series 1+2+3+4... does *not* equal (or "converge to") the value of -1/12 in the conventional sense. In fact, this summation actually diverges to +INF. However, there are some adavanced numerical methods which "assign" -1/12 to this divergent series (which is different than being equal to). Unfortunately, I have inadequate knowledge to speak about this. TLDR; the series 1+2+3+4... doesn't "equal" -1/12, except in a very special case that has very special applications.


Question: what exactly are stem cells and why are they so important and controversial?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly are stem cells and why are they so important and controversial?

Stem cells are developmental cells that don't have a defined role, but can be altered to grow into different types of anatomical cells, like nerves, synapses, organ tissue, etc. Before CRISPR and other genetic modification techniques were developed, stem cells were seen by some as the potential answer to every medical issue, from paralysis to cancer. Research into stem cells is difficult because one of the early primary ways to collect these cells was from dead fetal tissue recovered from aborted fetuses. Fearing a business springing up that would incentivize and reward having an abortion, the federal government limited stem cell research to a few genetic lines that had already been harvested. Obviously the limited supply of stem cells for research slowed that research down. Not much has come from those fetal stem cells, but they aren't the only stem cells the body produces. The others just are already partially specialized, so they have a more limited potential use. Off the top of my head, I know that they've been using skin stem cells to help treat burn victims, and stem cells in bone marrow have been used for various blood disorders. & #x200B;


Question: - If North America is now the world's largest crude oil supplier, why has the price of gasoline gone up 30 cents in two weeks?

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 - If North America is now the world's largest crude oil supplier, why has the price of gasoline gone up 30 cents in two weeks?

Gas prices tend to rise at the start of spring/summer, both because demand is higher (many many more people on the roads) and because the potential for summer storms means it's possible that supply will drop soon. The domestic supply of crude oil is one variable in an extremely complex system which leads to determining gas prices. Here are some of, but definitely not all, of the other variables: * Cost of refining (this is determined by tons of other variables, such as supply, infrastructure, regulations, etc) * Cost of transport * Demand for gasoline (mediated by hundreds of factors, ranging from surplus income which lets people take road trips to the rail industry competing with truck shipping, far too much going on to list here) * Strength of the dollar * Interest rates as set by the Federal Reserve * Speculation


Question: Why are there so many homeless veterans in america and what are the plans to stop it ?

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 Why are there so many homeless veterans in america and what are the plans to stop it ?

Many jobs in the military don't have good civilian counterparts. If someone works as a cook, mechanic, or truck driver for the army then they can probably get a comparable civilian job. However, if someone was in a combat oriented role there really isn't any job that matches their experience. They are essentially starting from scratch careerwise while also competing with much younger recent graduates. On top of that, many may have PTSD or other mental health issues that will make it even harder for them to hold down a steady job.


Question: Why are presidential elections in America so close to 50/50?

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 Why are presidential elections in America so close to 50/50?

> Wouldn’t it be less likely for a country to be (almost) equally divided than not? Only if the political parties in question were idiotic. If you are losing the vote by a significant percentage (i.e. 55-45 or more) then you reposition your political positions in order to build a coalition that's more likely to win. After every single election, both parties reposition their political positions to figure out what worked and what didn't. In addition, there are a large number of voters who aren't exactly tied to one party or the other, and they'll often oscillate over successive contests between the two parties. They're called Swing Voters.


Question: Why is long-distance bus travel in the United States so much more common than in Europe?

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 Why is long-distance bus travel in the United States so much more common than in Europe?

[Long-distance bus travel isn't really all that common in the US]( URL_0 ). Most people try to avoid taking a Greyhound whenever possible. The only real advantage of a bus is that it's cheap. They don't require airports and train stations. They don't require air traffic control. They don't require multi-million dollar vehicles. They don't require large crews. All it takes is a driver and a bus that costs less than $500k (you could get 100 busses for the cost of a single 737). They can drive on existing roads and freeways. For small towns that don't get much traffic, they don't even need a dedicated terminal - they can just stop at a store or other public place. While the travel is slow, the low cost makes them the only real option for people who don't have the money to travel any other way and people who want to travel between places that are too small to have their own airport or train station. Keep in mind that [the population density in the US is far lower than Europe]( URL_1 ) so [we don't have trains going everywhere]( URL_2 ). Since the US train network is primarily dedicated to freight, passenger travel tends to be slow, and expensive.


Question: Why do you laugh harder/more when you are around other people rather than when you are alone?

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 Why do you laugh harder/more when you are around other people rather than when you are alone?

While we spend lots of time talking about our individuality, how we don't "need" others, their opinions don't impact us and so on, we are ultimately _social animals_ and laughter is a social tool, and it is unimportant to do it when not with others. One of the primary roles of laughter in humans (and other primates) according to psychology is that it facilitates social bonding, and alleviates social and even physical pain. There are some fascinating pain studies that show laughter literally increases our pain thresholds, which you can imagine would be a good asset in a social context (hunting, survival, etc.). Given this role in social interactions, there just isn't much of a _reason_ to laugh as you're not in a social context when alone.


Question: How do we not die if ecoli lives in the gut biome? Additionally, why does ingesting ecoli harm us?

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 How do we not die if ecoli lives in the gut biome? Additionally, why does ingesting ecoli harm us?

The two strands of E Coli have developed and evolved in different environments. Your immune system has become used to the one that's developed inside you, but it doesn't have a lot of knowledge on how to deal with the newcomer. Think of it like those "nature vs nurture" experiments done by separating twins at birth. Though virtually identical at first, different environments give different results. Alternatively, think of it like your immune system being used to someone, and then the new E Coli is the equivalent of their wildly racist sibling/cousin/other family member.


Question: why do all airlines ask donations for charities, is there something in it for them?

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 why do all airlines ask donations for charities, is there something in it for them?

Two main reasons: for the airline to meet their triple bottom line (people, planet, profit) sustainability quota - which means they have a public image to uphold; but also because it's a great opportunity for charities to collect foreign currency before it sits idle for the next 5 years. More of a partnership opportunity between the two organisations.


Question: How is 'Low Chlorine' salt any better for us than normal Sodium Chloride? Is it actually anything to do with the Chlorine?

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 How is 'Low Chlorine' salt any better for us than normal Sodium Chloride? Is it actually anything to do with the Chlorine?

Low chlorine salt has less sodium in it, it’s usually called low sodium but it’s the same thing. It’s salt mixture that has potassium chloride in it either mixed with sodium chloride or just potassium chloride on its own. It’s for people who need to reduce their sodium intake for heath related reasons.


Question: How can someone wealthy and high-profile make it so there is not a single photo available of them online?

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 How can someone wealthy and high-profile make it so there is not a single photo available of them online?

Is an advisor to a government bureaucracy really a “position of national recognition” though? There’s *thousands* of lobbyists and advisory people in DC, and you probably can’t name any of them. People who grew up before the age of social media and haven’t taken newsworthy life paths don’t exist online. There may have been one or two old photos on webpages of universities and corporations that he can request be removed, and then you’re gone.


Question: Chlorine is toxic. Why’re we using it for purifying pools? Wont it be bad for our skin or something?

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 Chlorine is toxic. Why’re we using it for purifying pools? Wont it be bad for our skin or something?

As the old saying goes, poison is the dose. Our skin, eyes, and digestive tract (you're going to swallow some water no matter how hard you try not to) can handle small amounts of chlorine without any problems. If the chlorine content rises too high, you get irritation and, if it rises even higher, chemical burns. The "poison is the dose" adage applies to pretty much everything. Apple kernels contains low levels of cyanide, but you can eat kilos of them without ill effects. Drink too much water, and you die. Too much table salt and you die.


Question: ... what the heck is actually happening with snake charmers? Is it more of a theatric show or?

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 ... what the heck is actually happening with snake charmers? Is it more of a theatric show or?

These are trained animals. A snake charmer is pretty much doing the same thing as the trainers at Sea World. Pull a cobra out of the wild, stick it in a basket, open the basket and play a flute? You'll have a dead flute player. Now breed the cobras, defang them, handle them like pets, feed them on a regular basis. Voila! You can entertain the tourists and idiots.


Question: How does whistling produce sound?

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 How does whistling produce sound?

There is some friction between your lips and the air that passes through them. This friction can cause your lips/cheeks to vibrate kinda like a violin bow on a string. You can change the note by changing the volume of your mouth, like shortening a string by placing your finger on it.


Question: How do we know when we complete a loop around the sun? What's our reference point?

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 How do we know when we complete a loop around the sun? What's our reference point?

The sun itself can be a handy reference (and a sextant or backstaff a handy tool). If you watch the sun every day, measuring the peak of its travel across the sky (noon) then measure the angle down to the horizon, you will find that the angle changes each day. It will also peak a bit further east/west than the day before too. Taken together over a year and plotted it is known as an [analemma]( URL_0 ). If you find a repeat of the noon reading, then you've completed one year. The odd figure 8 shape is due to the axial tilt of the Earth and the elliptical orbit around the sun. EDIT: common comments and other facts - yes it does resemble a female name an body descriptor related to poop. - The intersection of the figure 8 of the analemma is not the vernal/autumnal equinox. It is an artifact of taking a three diminsional system and projecting it onto a two dimensional model. - The equinoxes are not easy to discern and are rather half way between the highest and lowest extreme. They are, quite literally, a time of equal night (equa and nox from latin), where the length of the night equals the day. - Other planets have analemma, some figure 8 some eliptical, some "tear drop". It depends on the axial tilt (Jupiter has very little, Uranus is extreme) and the shape of the orbit - The "highest" point will be the summer solstice, or longest day of the year, which recently occurred in the northern hemisphere. The "lowest" point will be the winter solstice, which southern hemispherers (hemispherians?) just celebrated. - The attitude of the analemma changes depending on your latitude. At the north pole it is vertical, and a large portion of the "long" lobe is cut off. This is because it is above the arctic circle and some parts of the year, the sun never rises. As the perspective moves south towards the equator, the analemma becomes "lazy" and lays on its side. Crossing the equator the analemma "flips" so the short lobe is on the "bottom". And again as you approach the south pole, it becomes more "vertical" and a portion is cut off. - Hypothetical analemma: A planet with no axial tilt will have an even figure 8 shape. Top = bottom. A planet with a circular orbit will have the the figure eight "squashed" into an east-west line. A planet that is tidally locked will have a dot. Mercury, for example has a day that is nearly 1 year long and a very circular orbit. It's analemma is basically a dot, but plotted over the course of years, is an east-west line. Lastly, it has been noted that seasonal cycle can "measure" a year. But it is a poor measurement. Ancient peoples would use the cycles of the moon (12 or sometimes 13 cycles to denote a year). Some relicts (relict is a word that is very similar to relic, but with less Indian Jones connotations) still exist in modern English related to harvest moon, planting moon, etc.


Question: Do animals in the wild not suffer from tooth and gum problems? Do they have any mechanisms to clean their teeth?

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 Do animals in the wild not suffer from tooth and gum problems? Do they have any mechanisms to clean their teeth?

Short answer from an amateur, lots of animals (i.e. Rodents, sharks, others) never stop growing their teeth and thus just either break off decaying parts or replace them entirely. Another factor here is we humans have extended our life spans FAR beyond our natural evolution, our teeth were never designed to last this long and we have had to compensate for that.