Question: how exactly do tides work, why are there two a day, what determines the size of the tide?

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 how exactly do tides work, why are there two a day, what determines the size of the tide?

Earth and its moon are a two-body system which spins around a common center of mass. Since the moon has mass that isn't negligible compared to earth's, this common center of mass is somewhere off the center of earth, but still below it's surface. Since the spherical earth isn't just spinning around its own rotational axis, but also the rotational axis of the earth-moon system, and the water on its surface is easy to deform, the rotation of the sytem causes the water on the outer side to be dragged outwards. On the inner side of the system Moon's gravity actually pulls a little on the water, resulting in an ellipsoidal body of water rotating around earth once every (astronomical) month. But Earth itself is spinning once a day which causes it to rotate underneath that ellipsoidal body of water. Since the ellipsoid has two high and two low "edges" water levels are periodically two times a day (4 changes between high and low). Edit: [Here's]( URL_0 ) a good video explanation of it.


Question: Why is it harder to identify a face when the eyes are covered?

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 Why is it harder to identify a face when the eyes are covered?

Your brain processes faces using a different, specialized circuit that is a physically separate brain location. (non ELI5: It's called the [Fusiform Face Area]( URL_0 )) This area is extra detail-oriented and processes the visual input very "deeply" for two reasons: 1. Telling people apart is very important. Mistaking a friend /family / enemy for someone else has consequences, either danger or just messing up the complex social structures that have been important to humans since always. 2. Telling people apart is HARD, because physically, faces aren't all that different from each other. Recognizing hundreds of faces requires processing them in very high detail. Processing most objects at this "resolution" would be a waste of brain power, but for faces it's worth it so your brain developed the FFA just for faces. When the FFA processes a face, the eyes are the focal point because they're the most important , giving the most clues to all the possible emotions of the face you're seeing (are they needing help? About to attack? Offering sex?) So: * Depending on the amount of censoring, the FFA might *not be activated at all*. In that case the face gets processed as a "regular object" - aka with much less detail taken in. Could you recognize hundreds of different patterns of dining fork handles? Could you even pick your own current cutlery out of a lineup of 50 different similar styles? That's the level of detail-recognition we're now talking about. But of course you could pick your friend from a line of 50 strangers. The reason why is the FFA. * Even if the FFA *is* activated for the censored face, it's most-important target feature (eyes) is missing so it's massively handicapped.


Question: How much do hurricanes and other major weather events effect the underwater ecosystem?

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 How much do hurricanes and other major weather events effect the underwater ecosystem?

Waves don't make a huge impact on underwater species. They go down maybe 10 meters. The problem is the costal ecosystem which can get damaged heavily by typhoons and hurricanes. But normally the ecosystem can reform quickly, due to alot of food being flooded to them. Normally shallow water species can only migrate somewhat well, so they don't act like birds flying away normally. So yea. Not a huge impact.


Question: if you can only buy/sell stock from 9:30 am to 4pm ET, why are there pre- and post-market price changes?

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 if you can only buy/sell stock from 9:30 am to 4pm ET, why are there pre- and post-market price changes?

Stock trading never stops. Its really more useful to think of market hours as the hours when stock brokers are working. Because those people carry out most of the trades each day, that's when volume is highest. After hours all of the brokers have gone home. That means that the only people left trading are day traders (IE, people who use their own money to rapidly buy and sell stock as a source of income) and computers. After hours trading is really risky for normal people because the only people willing to buy/sell stock from/to you are professionals with access to a lot more information and experience than you. IE, if I'm a day trader doing after hours trading its probably because I have advanced access to an industry news source, such as an industry newswire. Because I'm looking at stories as they come off an industry newswire, at 12:30 am I learn that XYZ Corp is declaring bankruptcy, but you won't learn that until tomorrow at 10 am when the major news wires pick the story up. That means that you get screwed. Because of that, a lot of brokerages, particularly older more traditional brokerages, restrict the ability of their clients to engage in after hours trading. But again, trading never stops. People and computers are buying and selling stocks 24/7 and that activity is why you see pre and post market changes in price.


Question: What does the mandelbrot set have to do with chaos theory?

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 What does the mandelbrot set have to do with chaos theory?

In chaos theory, there's this concept known as bifurcation, which is when the behaviour of a system changes drastically as a parameter of the system crosses a certain threshold. The particular bifurcation that's relevant is this situation is the bifurcation of the logistic map. Let's break that down a bit. The logistic map is one of the simplest examples of a chaotic system. It's a very simple set of rules, as follows: 1. Pick a number x between 0 and 1 2. Multiply x by (1-x) and then multiply that by a parameter r, to get the number rx(1-x). 3. Repeat step 2 ad infinitum. You can represent this graphically by drawing the quadratic equation y = rx(1-x) on a graph, and then drawing the straight line y = x on top of it. The rules then effectively become: 1. Pick a point on the straight line 2. Move vertically until you hit the quadratic curve 3. Move horizontally until you hit the straight line again 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 ad infinitum The behaviour of this system depends on the value of the parameter r. If r is less than 3, then the numbers you get will eventually approach a single fixed point between 0 and 1 (the fixed point might *be* 0 or 1 for certain values of r). If r is between about 3 and ~3.45, then the system will end up cycling between 2 values that are in the 0 to 1 range. If r is between ~3.45 and ~3.54, then the system ends up cycling between 4 values, still in the 0 to 1 range. As r increases up to ~3.57, then the period of the system, the number of values it cycles between, will repeatedly double, to 8, 16, and so on. This is what's known as the period doubling bifurcation. For r between ~3.57 and 4, then the system is chaotic. It doesn't settle into any cycle and just goes on forever, never approaching any value, though it'll stay in the 0 to 1 range. There are certain boundaries between ~3.57 and 4 where it becomes stable again, with a period of 3, or 6, or 12 and so on. If r is greater than 4, then the numbers you get will end up outside the 0 to 1 range, and will just start heading off towards infinity. Whenever we cross one of those thresholds in the value of r, we call that a bifurcation. You can capture this behaviour by looking at what is called the bifurcation diagram, which for the logistic map, looks like [this]( URL_1 ). The horizontal axis shows the value of the parameter r, and the vertical axis shows the values that the map approaches. It might look confusing, but compare it to what I've written here. You can see that for r < 3, there's only 1 value that it approaches, for r between 3 and ~3.45 there are two values, so it cycles between them, then it shifts to 4 values, then 8, then it gets all crazy and chaotic once r goes past about 3.57. You can also see stable regions, like I mentioned, for instance just after r = 3.8. Now, what does all this have to do with the Mandelbrot set, which I haven't even mentioned so far? Well, look at [this]( URL_0 ). The Mandelbrot set lines up perfectly with the bifurcation diagram for the logistic map. This is the connection. The boundary of the Mandelbrot set is exactly the set of points where the logistic map bifurcates. Neat, huh?


Question: Why do certain actions/sounds feel "satisfying" (i.e. a good high five)?

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 Why do certain actions/sounds feel "satisfying" (i.e. a good high five)?

One of the biggest things that most people desire is kinship or community. And, when you get a high five, you are basically affirming your membership in a community. This goes for pats on the back, cheers from across the room or any other action that basically states "You are one of us".


Question: Where do those crazy "unsolvable" math problems (like the Millennium Prize Problems) that people spend their whole lives working on come from and what makes them so difficult to solve compared to regular "hard" math problems?

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 Where do those crazy "unsolvable" math problems (like the Millennium Prize Problems) that people spend their whole lives working on come from and what makes them so difficult to solve compared to regular "hard" math problems?

Assuming you've had a typical Ameican education, all of the math problems you've been faced with have been things like "add these numbers together" or "solve for X" where there's a straightforward way of solving the problem. That's one meaning of "solving" a problem. When talking about these "unsolvable" mathematical theorems, we're using a different sense of the term. We're trying to prove *general statements about mathematics*. A great example is Fermat's last theorem: > No three positive integers a, b, and c satisfy the equation a^n + b^n = c^n for any integer value of n greater than 2. When n=1, you have "a+b=c", it's trivial to show that you can pick 3 integers to make it true. With n=2, you have "a^2 + b^2 = c^2", you can also find solutions (eg - a=3, b=4, c=5). With some mathery, you can prove that no solution exists for n=3. The problem is that you're trying to prove this **for all values of n**. You can't just keep solving individual cases of the problem, you need to find a broad general solution. Fermat first suggested this was true in 1637. It took until 1994 for somebody to properly prove it. While on the surface, it seems like a simple thing, it was huge, sprawling & complicated process that involved lots of higher mathematics that I won't even attempt to go into. So, once you understand that they're talking about problems being "unsolvable" in this context, it should make a bit more sense what's going on. These aren't things that you can plug into a calculator and get an answer, these are things you need to write hundred page proofs of. As for why people try to solve them... they're considered important because they're either foundational to a discipline (eg *P = NP*) or the consequences of proof will snowball into proving a bunch of other related problem. Even if you never solve the problem yourself, you might make proofs of some special case (which might help somebody actually solve it in the future) or discover something new about a tangentially related problem in your quest.


Question: Why can't we use kinetic energy from opposing pole magnets for "free" energy?

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 Why can't we use kinetic energy from opposing pole magnets for "free" energy?

Because it's not free energy. In order to set up the magnets in some configuration, you move them around and alter their potential energy. You are doing work in order to set them up. Any kinetic energy you get out will necessarily be less than or equal to the energy you put in to set it up in the first place.


Question: How do they extract the capsaicin from peppers to make hot sauce?

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 How do they extract the capsaicin from peppers to make hot sauce?

Lots of times it's just a blended mix of vinegar and different peppers, so the capsaicin usually isn't separated out *per se*. That said, it's possible to separate the capsaicin oil by grinding up the peppers with water and simply letting everything settle. If the peppers are ground finely enough, the solids will sink to the bottom and the oil will float up to the top.


Question: When asexual creatures such as certain microorganisms reproduce, are they considered exact carbon copies and if so, do thry have the exact "personality" if that's a thing?

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 When asexual creatures such as certain microorganisms reproduce, are they considered exact carbon copies and if so, do thry have the exact "personality" if that's a thing?

**Are they considered twins or clones?** Offspring of asexual reproduction. Twins if you like. It's like if I cut you in half, and each half became a new you. What would you call that? **Is the DNA switched somehow?** No. Bacteria can exchange DNA and there are mechanisms for this. In this case, though, no. There's no additional DNA to switch. **Is there even such thing as a "personality" for microorganisms in general?** Is there a personality for a computer program? If so, then yes, for the microorganism. **What stimulates the reproduction cycle?** Plentiful food. **Is there only a certain amount of times a cell can reproduce before dying?** No. **If so does it have to do with telomeres like in humans?** No. Bacteria DNA is a ring shape. Human chromosomes are like a string, with ends (ends are telomeres) **Why are some cells considered "living" while others (like sperm cells) are not?** Sperm cells are living. **Yet in conjunction with other cells aroumd it it is still considered a living being when taken in totality?** No. At best we call them "biofilms" - semi organized bacterial collections.


Question: Why are there so many empty houses? Shouldn't supply and demand dictate price of housing decrease until there are very few empty houses?

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 Why are there so many empty houses? Shouldn't supply and demand dictate price of housing decrease until there are very few empty houses?

It depends on your location. Some cities, Detroit for example, have had population shifts, so many people left that there are too many houses now. If you were in San Francisco you would not be asking this question. It is a policy of city government to not allow the building of large residential towers so the sidewalks do not get too crowded. They are limiting places to live. So there are few empty houses. For a house to be habitable now it needs electricity, plumbing, heating and cooling. An empty unsecured house will have its wiring and plumbing ripped out. It will not be habitable although the shell remains. Houses should have owners in the US. Shared ownership begins to have problems. One family moving out and another moving in can take months. Houses can last centuries if maintained. If neglected the will deteriorate quickly. Owners will hesitate to let tenants move in if they are going to tear the house up. In practical terms it means they will not rent for a low price.


Question: Can the brain function if some nonessential parts get removed?How?

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 Can the brain function if some nonessential parts get removed?How?

Brains are elastic and their substance can be reallocated to different uses, to a point. Severe damage can be worked around. The internet is an analogue. If the US was removed from the internet due to a catastrophic event, traffic could route around it and the whole would continue in a functional but diminished capacity.


Question: How was early CGI transferred to film?

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 How was early CGI transferred to film?

The earliest examples of CGI were indeed recorded by taking photographs of the CRT screen, one frame at a time, on 35mm film. Once you have the animation on film, it's relatively easy to composite into live-action footage. People had been combining live-action with hand-drawn animation by drawing onto individual frames of film for a long time now. Gertie the dinosaur was made in 1914 for instance. Disney, in particular, pioneered a multi-plane camera system that allowed animators to stack plates of animation frames on transparent backgrounds to create a final composition for photography to create a single frame of animation. A stack might contain for instance background, elemental animations like candle flames or water drops, plates for each of the characters and so on until a complete frame was created and photographed.


Question: why is 10^70 bits of information per square meter the maximum amount of storage possible? Isn't adding more info just changing the spin or something of subatomic particles?

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 why is 10^70 bits of information per square meter the maximum amount of storage possible? Isn't adding more info just changing the spin or something of subatomic particles?

That's the number of bits that can be put in a cubic meter if your information density is the Planck length. It's impossible to have things smaller than this. It's much, much smaller than a sub-atomic particle (in the sense which sub-atomic particles have "width" which isn't precisely even true). [This good PBS page]( URL_0 ) goes into it in more detail.


Question: Why can't we use stainless steel flask to store whiskey for longer than few days?

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</answer>
 Why can't we use stainless steel flask to store whiskey for longer than few days?

Alcohol is fermented in stainless steel barrels, so this is a good example of irrational herd behavior. Most humans act by copying other humans that have been successful at something. When humans copy something they rarely understand *why* they're doing it, they just understand that it "needs" to be done. What this means is that sometimes they copy things that don't actually have any meaning and don't actually have to be done. A good example of this is the "this movie does not depict any real people" disclaimer that you see at the end of the movies. That disclaimer does literally nothing. It came into existence as a result of a poorly worded legal opinion out of a California court 100 years ago. Essentially, some studio executives who didn't understand the opinion started putting that disclaimer in the credits to their movies and everyone has just copied it since. This copying of the disclaimer is so prevalent that its extremely common to see it pop up in foreign media that will never be shown in the US. For example - just about every German TV show contains this disclaimer in their credits even though there's never been anything in Germany related to it. The reason its there is because German TV producers learned how to make TV shows by copying American TV shows and since that disclaimer was in all of the American TV shows it ended up getting copied as well. So why do those flasks say not to store alcohol in them? Because at some point some manufacturer put that warning on a flask. Other manufacturers then saw the warning and copied it because they assumed that it was there for some purpose. And now you have a bunch of people trying to back rationalize why this warning is on every alcohol flask. This is a relatively recent thing and is mostly likely the result of a large Chinese manufacturer who saw warning labels on other US products and didn't understand why they were there. But there is no reason for the warning. If alcohol was going to cause some reaction with the flask then it wouldn't matter how long you stored it in there - the flask wouldn't be safe for you to drink out of at all. And again, the fact is that alcohol is fermented in stainless steel barrels. There is nothing special about those barrels. If those barrels are safe to store alcohol in then so is your flask.


Question: How do animals like some birds and/or fish get some sleep/rest without cuddling somewhere and closing their eyes?

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 How do animals like some birds and/or fish get some sleep/rest without cuddling somewhere and closing their eyes?

Well I don't think they need comfort the way mammals do. If your fish is lying motionless on its side near the bottom or surface of the water they are sleeping. They will generally respond slower to tapping on the glass for example. Birds sleep with one eye open. They will tuck their head into their nest and rest. Whats interesting is that half of tbeir brain is active dyring this time, something called unihemispheric slow-wave sleep.


Question: What exactly is it that makes certain things (for example vegetables) turn soft in high temperatures?

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 What exactly is it that makes certain things (for example vegetables) turn soft in high temperatures?

Essentially it's the structure of the object breaking down. For vegetable the cellulose, that creates the nice rigid structure and crispy texture when you bite into it, is being broken down. The bonds between molecules require energy to break. In this case that energy is heat. So the long interconnected molecules of cellulose break apart turning the vegetable soft. In meats something different happens. Meat obviously is made up of a lot of protein. Think of protein molecules as long bits of string that are all tangled together. When heated the proteins loosen and unravel a little, this is called denaturing. This softens the meat and consequently makes it easier to digest. I'm fact in both cases the cooking of food and breaking down the rigid structure of the molecules makes it easier to digest. Cooking is one of the biggest factors responsible for humans evolving big brains because we spent less energy on digesting and could use that energy to build brain connections. TL;DR heat breaks or loosens the bonds between molecules that provide things with rigid structure. Meaning as you heat them that structure disappears and they become more flexible.


Question: What happens when you deposit cash into an ATM? What does the bank do with the physical cash?

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 What happens when you deposit cash into an ATM? What does the bank do with the physical cash?

Everything here is correct, but to add. Banks keep accounts with the federal reserve in addition to having vaults. When the bank needs cash, it withdraws money from it's account with the reserve and an armored truck delivers the bills. If it has a surplus of cash, it has an armored truck take some of it's cash back to the fed and is credited with the account. When you give a bank a $20, more often than not that $20 goes to the next guy who goes to withdraw cash. But no, they don't track individual bills to individual accounts. Once you deposit the money, the physical bill goes in to the general cash of the bank.


Question: Why do manufacturers still put power supplies on the plugs instead of having a cord with the plug on it come out?

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 Why do manufacturers still put power supplies on the plugs instead of having a cord with the plug on it come out?

Plug-mounted converters are cheaper to make where practical - it's a whole other cable and connector that is removed from the design. Switched-mode power supplies are coming a long way in removing the bulk from these plug-mounted adapters - many USB phone chargers are barely larger than a normal plug. It's mainly the legacy transformer-rectifier designs that are bulky, or particularly high power supplies.


Question: How are airports (publicly subsidized in many cases) not subject to any kind of monopoly laws/comsumer protections? Fixed prices across board for water/soda/gum ect... One company in many cases has exclusive contracts.

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 How are airports (publicly subsidized in many cases) not subject to any kind of monopoly laws/comsumer protections? Fixed prices across board for water/soda/gum ect... One company in many cases has exclusive contracts.

You’re completely misunderstanding what these laws are. Airports, the stores in them, airlines, and their operations are absolutely completely subject to these laws, in fact extremely few business are exempt from them. Also exclusively contracts are normal and fine, these some extreme outlier exceptions, but almost always exclusivity is simply a right to buy. This is completely unrelated to airports though. Just normal business


Question: Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

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 Why does coal an coal ash contain higher amount of heavy metals and radioactive elements?

Ok so I actually looked this up myself before because I was curious. Specially for the case of Mercury it turns out that when plants are exposed to air which contains some Mercury ( which might be from volcanoes historically but modern day it's also due to pollution) the plants tend to snap up that Mercury in their foliage. The rate that Mercury is absorbed from the atmosphere and the rate the plant gives off the Mercury changes depending on the species. The paper I read stated that on balance (absorbed minus emitted) grassland, wetland, and coniferous species took in the most mercury, and the concentration of Mercury in these species is similar to the concentration of coal made from these species. I'd assume similar actions happen with other heavy metals. Here's a link to an abstract. URL_0 If you find this interesting don't forget about science funding. Earth science is in a bad place.


Question: How do anti depressants work?

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 How do anti depressants work?

I won't be using all the exact names of the substances because it'd be a copy paste of my sources. Depression is associated with lower levels of some neurotransmisors. What antidepressants do is work on the receptors for those neurotransmisor, inhibiting the reception of noradrenalin which causes the depression. After a few weeks, those receptors can be desensitized and normalize the levels of noradrenalin and seratonin [Source: Spanish pharmacology magazine]( URL_0 )


Question: What does 100% humidity mean? Wouldn't something 100% humid be just water?

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 What does 100% humidity mean? Wouldn't something 100% humid be just water?

When you pour salt into water the salt will dissolve. But if you keep pouring more salt in then eventually you will get to the point where it stops dissolving and just sinks to the bottom of the water. The reason that the salt stops dissolving is that the water has a fixed amount of salt that can dissolve in it, once it reaches that limit it is saturated with salt and can't dissolve any more. This doesn't just apply to salt, it applies to any substance that is capable of dissolving in another. Water is capable of dissolving into air. We refer to how saturated the air is with water as humidity. At 100% humidity the air has dissolved all of the water that it can and no more water can dissolve. The way that water dissolves in air is through evaporation. So at 100% humidity water stops evaporating. If something happens which decreases the amount of water that the air can dissolve - say the temperature of the air decreases - then the excess water turns into condensation, fog, or rain.


Question: What factors determine a "seller's market" vs. a "buyer's market" in real-estate? How can one take place without the other?

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 What factors determine a "seller's market" vs. a "buyer's market" in real-estate? How can one take place without the other?

They are both terms that are used to describe the market situation in short terms. A Seller's Market is one that favors the Seller. That would mean that there are many people looking to buy, but relatively few people looking to sell. In that case, the Sellers can command higher prices because the people looking to buy have little chance to find other options and will frequently find themselves bidding against others. By contrast a Buyer's Market is on that favors the Buyer. That would mean that there are many people looking to Sell, and relatively few people looking to buy. Now the positions are reversed. Buyers have greater power because they can pick and chose and are less likely to find themselves bidding against another buyer, Sellers have to take what is available or wait. Now as you can imagine, this balance between Buyers and Seller is constantly shifting. New houses are being built, and people are moving in and out all the time. Certain times of year are popular for moving, particularly the summer, so there are more Sellers as people look to make a change. Other times of the year people are less inclined to move, so anyone looking to Buy is at a disadvantage.


Question: Since ethernet is so fast and has so much range, why isn't it used everywhere ?

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 Since ethernet is so fast and has so much range, why isn't it used everywhere ?

Ethernet has pretty good bandwidth and pretty good speed which is fine for networking but not helpful for many other tasks. Cat6 cable supports 10 Gigabit Ethernet over a distance of 100 meters which seems pretty good until you start comparing it to other standards. HDMI 2.1 will handle 48 Gbps over a much shorter distance, and Display Port 1.4 can do 26 Gbps. These bandwidths are needed for displays as 4k 60 Hz video is a minimum of 12 Gbps and could be higher with HDR. Coax cable was good for cable tv back in the day because while it has less bandwidth than we've squeaked out of ethernet today, it could run for hundreds of meters without a signal booster which was great for running it down streets on telephone poles


Question: The market crash of 2008 was about the housing market. So how was it able to impact the entire market as a whole?

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 The market crash of 2008 was about the housing market. So how was it able to impact the entire market as a whole?

The first source was that it hit the banks. They had a ton of mortgage paper, and they were leveraged. In other words, they borrowed money to buy those mortgages. For every dollar of cash they had, they'd buy thirty dollars of mortgages. When them value of those dropped, they were wiped out -- if that thirty dollars is now worth 29, you've lost your first dollar, so are at even. So you try to sell. But that pushes the prices lower, so more people are forced to sell. So that's the banks, where a lot of, well, banking happens. Now banks and other people need more cash to support themselves. But if you can't sell the mortgage stuff, you start selling anything else you have, even -- or especially -- stuff that has held its value until then. That's how the rest of the market gets hit. Got a few hundred million dollars of Apple stock? Sell it to get cash to keep the rest of your operation going.


Question: If your muscles produce water as a waste product from burning glucose, why do you also need to drink water?

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 If your muscles produce water as a waste product from burning glucose, why do you also need to drink water?

You lose water through other routes, whether its through sweating, or breathing out (condensation through your breath) or pee. The amount that your body generates through using glucose isn't enough to sustain you. Generally, you need to pee a certain amount out every day to get rid of the bad stuff that's in your body. Technically you don't actually need to drink water. A lot of water comes from your food, and if you eat a lot of water-rich food, you can survive without drinking fluids per se.


Question: Why does charging a device take hours instead of the battery being restored instantly after being plugged in? [TECHNOLOGY]

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 Why does charging a device take hours instead of the battery being restored instantly after being plugged in? [TECHNOLOGY]

Batteries don't operate by storing electrons. They operate by having chemicals in them that can undergo a reversible chemical reaction. A voltage is produced as the reaction proceeds, and applying an external voltage can reverse the reaction so that it can happen again. But that reaction takes time, and produces heat. The time factor alone slows down battery recharging. But the heat produced during charging also has to be dissipated so that the battery doesn't explode, and the best way to do that is to limit the recharging speed.


Question: What is aleph null? I’ve heard somewhere that it is the smallest infinity, but that doesn’t make sense.

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 What is aleph null? I’ve heard somewhere that it is the smallest infinity, but that doesn’t make sense.

There are objects in mathematics that called sets which are literally sets of something. It may be people in the room, apples on tree, coins in your pocket, numbers, vectors and pretty much anything. The amount of things in set is cardinality. It's pretty simple if you count people in the room - the cardinality of such set will be equal to the amount of people. It's a bit more complicated when you speak about infinite amount of something. Aleph null is the amount of all natural numbers. There is infinite amount of those but still we can count them: 1,2,3 etc. Some other sets have the same cardinality because there is a theorem and we can count the elements in such sets. Eg we can count all whole numbes: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3 etc. It's a bit funny that it seems you take twice as much numbers but their amount is the same. But you can't count all real numbers: between two any real numbers you can put as many other real numbers as you want: you can pit 0.5 between 0 and 1, you can't put 0.25 between 0 and 0.5 etc, so it appears that the amount of real number is also infinite but this infinity is greater than aleph-null.


Question: Why is glass so strange to science?

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 Why is glass so strange to science?

Glass is not a liquid, it's not a gel, it does not have viscosity. This is a myth that is frustratingly perpetuated. One claim of credibility is that old church glass is thinner on the top than the bottom. The explanation is trivial. Old flat glass was made in plates, the process is imperfect. The thick side of the cuts is placed down so it's less inclined to fall out. There are old church windows with the occasional panel upside down for the last 300 years. The confusion is that glass is amorphous, and liquids and coagulates (gels) are also amorphous, but where they are liquids, glasses are definitely solids. The bonds are locked and aren't moving. Glass isn't a crystal because it doesn't form a lattice. Metals are mostly crystalline, steel is made of lots of crystal structures, and one of the quality factors of a steel are the types, size, and number of the crystals in the ingot. I have a friend who machines "mono-crystal" aluminum for jet turbine blades and certain rocket engine parts, where the whole ingot is actually one whole crystal. Crystals aren't just opaque gemstones.


Question: How can a bank lend out more money than it possesses?

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 How can a bank lend out more money than it possesses?

I am the bank. Alice comes to me and deposits $1,000. I loan out $900 to Bob. Bob buys supplies from Charlie for his business for $900 and Charlie deposits that money with me. I then loan out $810 to Dave. Dave buys supplies for his business from Eric for $810 and Eric deposits the money with me. I still only have $1000 in cash, but I've used it to loan out $1,710. My customers have $2,710 on deposit with me, but thanks to fractional reserve banking I'm not required to actually have all of that money in cash available to everyone.


Question: Why was Africa not as developed as other continents?

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 Why was Africa not as developed as other continents?

Woo, my time to shine! So as already mentioned by many, there are a plethora of reasons that have been postulated. Jared Diamond in his well renowned book Guns, Germs and Steel would point to Africa's geography noting that the size of the continent among other geographical features were to blame. Someone alluded to climate and crops being the reason. But to really tie everything up we can closely look at a few aspects in which other civilizations were able to dominate Africa. 1/. **Technology** Africa was technologically behind the rest of the world because of the Sahara desert. Critical technology needed to develop other technologies, like writing systems and the wheel for instance, failed to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the Mesopotamian Civilizations. These technologies reached Europe and North Africa through merchants, nomadic travellers among others. Ethiopia is an exception as they had contact with Egypt and other civilizations that had these technologies. But for most of Africa, these technologies simply didn't arrive until Europeans came barging in. Think about how there isn't any African script (Ethiopia being the exception of course) like there is a Chinese, Latin and Arabic script. Or how ubiquitous it is to see an African woman with a bucket on her head instead of using a carriage. 2/. **State Centralization** OK so this needs a wee bit of explaining. Why were Europeans able to conquer whole swathes of African territory with seeming relative ease? Two main reasons. The first we've already covered in technology. Europeans had guns, which are a technology they gained from the Far East and **figured out how to manufacture**. Africans either didn't have guns or they traded them and couldn't manufacture their own. The second reason that is also related to the first is lack of centralized states. Europe's main problem was the scarcity of land. Africa's? The scarcity of people. This difference is critical in understanding why Europe was able to conquer Africa. The competition for land in Europe encourage Europeans to form more centralized states with absolute rulers like Kings and Emperors. These rulers could then levy taxies and raise armies. And they did. So with all this fighting they clearly get experience and improve on their tools, strategies and tactics. Meanwhile, they create more robust structures of government that are more efficient at offering other amenities for control like roads. In Africa, however, land is plentiful. There are no incentives for people to pay tax. If I don't like your tax I'll simply move. This happened a lot. See Great Zimbabwe and its successor the Mutapa Kingdom. I could go on about this point but its already long enough. But to finish off given the prevailing situation; most African leaders felt they controlled peoples and not land. As a result, when Europeans arrived they would ally with them to ascertain control of the people they *didn't* have control over rather than defend the land they could potentially own. Europeans took advantage of this to some extent, see The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. 3/. **Ideas** This point is last because I feel its the most recent but I think its as important as the first point. And just like the first point, the Sahara desert is the stumbling block. Ideas can prove pivotal in how a country fairs in history. Ethiopia got spared colonialism for a long time due to its exposure to Christianity and even among African states, the Ndebele simply dominated many tribes due to the ideas - such as military tactics - they retained from the Zulus. It has been theorized ^[1] that many countries were able to prosper due to ideals of inclusive economic and political structures that were able to spread from France (after the French Revolution of 1789) and England (after the Glorious Revolution) to mainland Europe and Western English-speaking democracies like the U.S. and Australia. These ideas failed to reach Africa in the 17th and 18th Centuries and hence why Africa lacks democratic and truly inclusive economic institutions to this day. **Conclusion** These are only some of the reasons as to why Africa got dominated by Eurasian civilizations. It is still important to note that Africa didn't decline; it was developing at a very steady pace just as the rest of the world was in the 14th to 15th Century. It simply continued developing at this pace as Europeans were discovering other parts of the world and continually improving their economies, governments and militaries. By the early 16th Century the difference was insurmountable for most African polities. [1]: For a full explanation, read Why Nations Fail by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson


Question: Why does one of your ears randomly start ringing sometimes?

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 Why does one of your ears randomly start ringing sometimes?

Iirc this is the resullt of one of your hair cells in your inner ear dying/breaking. This results in a temporary tinitus. The different thing from permanent tinitus is that your brain recognises that the hair cell that has broken is senting a faulty signal and proceeds to ignore that input.


Question: Why are we afraid to do something when the result can only be better than doing nothing?

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 Why are we afraid to do something when the result can only be better than doing nothing?

In some cases, even when we know that doing any action is better than no action, most people still want to optimize to do the best action. Suppose I give you three envelopes, and I tell you that one contains $100, one contains $1000, and one contains $10000, and you get to open one of them and keep the contents. You might try to figure out which one contains the $10K, because that's much better than the other two, and as long as you think there's a possibility of learning something that will improve your chances, you probably won't take any action. Suppose I tell you instead that the lightest envelope contains the $10K, but you don't have a scale. You'll probably spend a lot of time lifting the envelopes, trying to decide which one feels lightest. If I set a timer, you'll probably make a decision before the timer runs out, but some people won't even be able to do that. Even getting $100 is better than getting nothing, but the fear of choosing wrong is overwhelming for many people. Now extrapolate from this very simple example to real-world situations with more complex inputs and more drastic end results, and you'll see why analysis paralysis is a thing. The Wikipedia page on analysis paralysis ( URL_0 ) goes into this more, and while I haven't read it, the book "The Tyranny of Choice" is often referred to on this topic.


Question: - How would drinking deoxygenated water affect average human?

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 - How would drinking deoxygenated water affect average human?

It wouldn't. Deoxygenated water is just plain water without extra oxygen dissolved in it. If you were a fish you couldn't breathe it as you need that dissolved oxygen in it, but a human drinking it would be unaffected. Imagine it like a soda, it has carbon dioxide dissolved in it which becomes really apparent when you open it and some of that CO2 escapes. The same with water, it can trap plain O2 in it.


Question: How are natural flavors extracted from foods, and how are artificial flavors made to match real flavors?

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 How are natural flavors extracted from foods, and how are artificial flavors made to match real flavors?

I learned from a nutritionist that a "natural flavor" is made artificially it just means it is a flavor of a natural substance. Whereas something like redbull or monster are flavors designed to taste good even though they aren't based on a natural flavor so they are considered "artificial flavors." Either way, made in a lab.


Question: How exactly do fish grow?

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 How exactly do fish grow?

The layers you're looking at is striated muscle. The bands that form the "layers" are known as sarcomeres. Fish grow like all vertebrates. By lengethening and strengthening their tissues. And eventually maturing reproductively. If we look at your skeletal muscle, you'll also find these bands. But its a lot more complicated in humans so we need a microscope for it.


Question: Why do people get the felling that theyre being watched/followed?

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 Why do people get the felling that theyre being watched/followed?

You can't, it's a combination of you are picking up on subtle clues that your brain subconsciously recognizes. Before you are aware of it. Second you only remember the times you saw someone looking at you. You don't remember the thousands of other times you looked around and nobody was looking at you.


Question: How do scientists use lasers to cool particles down to almost absolute zero?

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 How do scientists use lasers to cool particles down to almost absolute zero?

this is a really cool subject (no pun intended) it's also one of my favourite things to describe. ok, so normally you hit something with a laser it gets hot, so let's start there, why do things get HOT when you hit them with a laser? heat is the amount of kinetic energy the particles have, for this we can thankfully consider the atoms as particles not waves (they are both, but we can ignore their waviness for this) so imagine you have a firehose and a a whole bunch of balls sitting around on the ground and you hit em with hose. they are gonna go EVERYWHERE right? imagine the balls were in a room instead with very very bouncy walls. balls will hit the wall and bounce back and it's a chaotic mess right, balls going everywhere. that's what we would call "hot" a LOT of chaos, bunch of energy in these balls and they are all bouncing around everywhere. now imagine i was throwing the ball towards the firehose. the ball is shooting along and hits the firehose what happens? it's going fast, then it slows, and slows some more, and eventually stops, and then starts going the other direction along with the flow of water. now with light some frequencies of light go right through certain atoms, the frequency varies from atom to atom but far as i know all atoms have a frequency or range of frequencies of light they are invisible to (this is why things are transparent btw or have certain colours.) ok, now we need to explain one more thing to REALLY get to why this is so frikken cool and genius. you know how when a car goes by the sound it's making shifts, it's high pitch coming towards you and low pitch moving away. kinda eeeeEEERROOOoooooomm (you like that? little onomatopoeia) well light does the same thing, not just sound. when something is moving towards you the light it emits (or reflects) shifts towards the blue (higher frequency) and when it's moving away the light it emits (or reflects) shifts to the red (lower frequency) and i guess there is one more thing to cover: relativity. don't worry it won't be too bad, basically the most you need to know here is that a particle moving towards you while you are stationary is the same as you moving towards the particle and it being stationary. so here is where it gets fun. we take our laser and we tune it to the frequency that would be invisible to it if it were standing still or moving away. however if its moving TOWARDS the laser the frequency of the light (from the particle's perspective) is shifted to a higher frequency that it is NOT invisible to. so the laser pushes it like that firehose and the moving ball. the particle slows and slows and slows til it nearly stops. as it's slowing the frequency of light seems, to it, to be getting lower and lower and lower until it's invisible to the particle. so the laser never pushes it in the opposite direction. that particle has nearly stopped (because of heisenberg's uncertainty principle it can never fully stop) but this mean the laser can only stop particles moving in ONE direction...but particles move in all 3 directions right (x, y, z) so we need 3 lasers (or one laser and a bunch of mirrors) or get all the particles to agree to go in one direction. but usually you go with 3 lasers, all 3 tuned to that frequency which is invisible to those atoms and placed at 90 degree angles each on a given axis (x,y,z) see, pretty frikken genius right? utilizing the doppler effect, relativity, and the specific band gaps of different atoms and a very very accurately tuned laser to make a laser that makes things COLD!


Question: Why Coke/Pepsi tastes better from glass bottle or can than plastic?

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 Why Coke/Pepsi tastes better from glass bottle or can than plastic?

Plastic bottles have an acetaldehyde lining, which can get into the flavour of the drink and make it taste like plastic. Which is really gross! I never heard about this plastic until I googled it, here’s the results: “What Is Acetaldehyde? When you drink alcohol, your body breaks it down into a chemical called acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde damages your DNA and prevents your body from repairing the damage. DNA is the cell’s “instruction manual” that controls a cell’s normal growth and function. When DNA is damaged, a cell can begin growing out of control and create a cancer tumor. A toxic buildup of acetaldehyde can increase your cancer risk.” Sounds really bad. I’m sticking to cans!


Question: Why are gasoline prices so volatile especially compared to other staples like bread or milk?

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 Why are gasoline prices so volatile especially compared to other staples like bread or milk?

Because the markup on gasoline is much smaller than the markup on more processed goods like bread. [Wheat prices]( URL_0 ) are similarly volatile as [oil prices]( URL_1 ), but there's about a nickel of wheat in a loaf of bread, so when the price of wheat moves by 50% it impacts the total cost of the loaf by only a couple percent (and most of the other costs are much more stable). Oil is the majority of the cost of gasoline, so when oil prices move gasoline prices often rapidly follow. Milk is unique because dairy prices are heavily influenced [by the government]( URL_2 ).


Question: Do good gut bacteria fight against each other?

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 Do good gut bacteria fight against each other?

Yes! It's definitely an active area of research, but you can be pretty assured that wherever there is a dense, varied bacterial community, they are fighting each other. Certainly indirectly via competition for resources, and in some cases directly by poisoning each other. When there are lots of bacteria growing together all trying to eat and divide as much as they can, everything is an intense competition. Incidentally, it's probably not that "good" bacteria specifically fight "bad" ones. It's more that many "bad" bacteria just don't have what it takes to compete in the intestine, or at least the competition limits their growth.