Question: How come we can see a source of light extremely far away when the source only illuminates the area much closer to it?

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 How come we can see a source of light extremely far away when the source only illuminates the area much closer to it?

Absorption and scattering. Unless your location is a perfect white, some of the light hitting it will be absorbed, reducing its intensity. Then, unless your location is a perfect mirror perfectly angled to redirect the light to your eye, the light is scattered in every direction, further reducing its intensity. The light *is* still illuminating your location, and if you could somehow turn off all the other lights illuminating your location, turn around to look away from the last distant street light, wait a while for your eyes to adjust, and then start flipping that streetlight on and off you should be able to see a difference (depending on just how far away the streetlight is). But in the real world, turning off all other sources of light isn't really possible, most of the time.


Question: Why is there a value for the square root of -1 (i) but not for dividing by zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a value for the square root of -1 (i) but not for dividing by zero?

Well, *i* came about because we just decided to create a new number to fill an existing gap ("you can't take the square root of a negative number"). We made the definition that, whatever the square root of -1 is, we would call it *i*. The lovely thing is that it fits perfectly with the existing body of math, and so making this jump actually makes sense. As an example, you can rewrite √(-4) as √(4)×√(-1), by using regular algebra. √(4) is just 2, so that becomes 2×√(-1) or 2*i*. Square root of -4 is twice the square root of -1, just like square root of positive four is twice the square root of positive one. This makes sense. So let's make that same jump for division by zero. Let's take 1/0 and, whatever that number is, call it *q*. We now have the relationship > 1/0 = q which we can rewrite using regular algebra as > 1 = q×0 But this has a problem. An equation that looks like this can't exist alongside the math that we already have, because we *already* have a definition for zero times a number. Zero times any number, positive negative imaginary or otherwise, is by definition zero. Zero times three million is zero, zero times -47*i* is zero, zero times *q* should also be zero. We can't assign a value to x/0, because of the way we already define zero. TL;DR: making *i* meant making some new rules, but they fit perfectly with the ones we already have. They just added extra stuff we could do. Making a value for 1/0 would require breaking rules that already exist in math. & #x200B; Edit: Thanks for all the positive feedback, it warms my heart to see so many people thinking and wondering about math. My answer is of course my own simplified slice of a very rich topic. I couldn't help but notice that some of you are naturally thinking and asking towards a bigger slice: **limits**. What if we don't just look at an isolated point like "7/0 = ?", but instead have a whole function to work with? We can get some interesting and much more satisfying answers by looking at how the function behaves as it gets closer and closer to dividing by zero. The simplest such function is y = 1/x, which is easy enough to answer for every nonzero x-value. What about at x = 0? Well let's look at the [graph]( URL_0 ). If we start on the left side and follow the curve closer and closer to the y-axis, it shoots way down towards negative infinity. If we follow the same approach from the right side, it heads towards positive infinity. You can see why, unlike *i*, there isn't a single answer when dividing by zero. Even just this one function points to two different answers depending on how we come at it. Okay, let's try [y = sin(x)/x]( URL_1 ). Just worry about how it looks right beside the y-axis, on both sides. As you get closer and closer to x = 0, since sine of 0 equals 0, you approach the question y = 0/0 = what? This time however, the function points towards an answer of 1, no matter which direction you approach from. So in this case, we can say that the *limit* of the function as you *approach* 0/0 is 1. The specific point "y = 0/0" isn't calculatable and has no defined value, but the nice and simple behaviour of the function through that point lets us say the *limit* at that point is 1. Mind you, this is only when you approach it from inside that exact function. In *general*: * The limit as you approach a "1/0" case will be positive or negative infinity, depending on the function and the direction you approach. * The limit as you approach a "0/0" case can be any number, infinity, or no definite value, depending on the same.


Question: Why is it okay to drink alcohol from the liquor store, but not Listerine/mouth wash?

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 Why is it okay to drink alcohol from the liquor store, but not Listerine/mouth wash?

The alchol that they use in mouthwash is generally not the same type of alchol that is safe for human consumption. Thymol, Eucalyptol Menthol are some of the types of alchol they use as substitute. Other things in mouthwash, like the large amounts of fluoride can cause gastric distress, nausea and other issues when consumed. The few people that do drink mouthwash as a substitute are usually recovering alcoholics trying to get a buzz. Edit. Most mouthwashes still contain ethanol and thus can still have the alcholic effect. The Thymol, Eucalyptol, and menthol are also added.


Question: Impeachment "Jury" meeting with defense team?

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 Impeachment "Jury" meeting with defense team?

The Senate is not a court, it is a political body. And impeachment isn’t a legal process, it’s a political process. The Senate sets their own rules for how to conduct the impeachment. These rules don’t have to have anything to do with how law courts run trials. And the final outcome is based on politics, not on law.


Question: How do we know that statistics works?

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 How do we know that statistics works?

Two levels. On a high level, it works because a ton of people have tested it prospectively, i.e. developed the theory, did the calculations, and did some super boring stuff that is foundational to every field. Stuff like flipping a (virtual) coin 500,000 times, tallying the results. Counting pea colors, tallying the results. Dropping a pin onto a piece of paper, tallying the results to calculate pi, etc. If its something someone counted at some time after 1800, its been tested with the standard four or five models that you are probably learning. On a retrospective level, i.e. using it to predict future actions, you don't know. It relies on your assumptions of your modeling being correct, which is almost always the hardest problem. The great thing about statistics though is that, for the vast majority of cases normal people encounter, the strong and weak central limit theorems together with the law of big numbers take care of almost everything. Formally, there are a ton of bounds you can derive based on various conditions, and a ton of different estimators you can use to do various things. Unless you are doing some advanced statistical stuff (and you will know if you do), those three things take care of almost all the machinery behind the scenes. Finally, a lot of statistics is meta-statistics, which is to say "prove your assumptions make sense". This addresses the retrospective part, and is a large proportion of the standard undergraduate/high school statistics class. These are things like Chi-Square, R\^2, Z-score, P-Score, etc etc etc. All of these statistics are used to analyze your own statistics to make sure they make sense with the underlying assumption. And lastly, a word of warning. Statistics is super super easy to manipulate, and its an incredibly fragile tool. Everything from basic tests like Chi-Square or p-scores or level sets are extremely easy to manipulate, and not even in a malicious way, but from the way you design experiments. Even relatively sophisticated tools like Bayesian Machine Learning or Mean-Field Monte Carlo simulations or Robust Statistics can quickly become meaningless if people misuse them. Always ask for the underlying data and procedure if you are looking over some stats.


Question: How is it that the wavelength that we see as red is so much longer than violet when violet has red in it?

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 How is it that the wavelength that we see as red is so much longer than violet when violet has red in it?

Violet is very much its own distinct colour. From a wavelength perspective, it isn't a mixture of red and blue, but the colour that comes between blue and invisible ultraviolet light. The colour has no red 'component', so to speak. It is merely that, due to our imprecise way of perceiving colour, we see violet to be a mixture of two other colours. Our eyes detect colour in a fashion similar to the way screens display it: we have three different types of cones. S-cones are most sensitive to blue light, M-cones are most sensitive to green light, and L-cones are most sensitive to red light. It isn't that red and blue form to make violet, it's that violet wavelengths just happens to trigger both the S [blue] and L [red] cones. Meaning, that when violet light hits our eyes, it looks bluish-red, because those are the cones it activates. If we had a wider range of cones each sensitive to a smaller range of wavelengths, then violet would look like an entirely new colour, because it would set off unique cones. Likewise, if you have a violet pigment, that *is* a mix of red and blue light. But, the red light activates the red cones and the blue light activates the blue cones, so... you still see an amalgam of blue and red. Ie, violet. The only difference is one is being caused by two cones being activated by two wavelengths and the other is one wavelength activating those same two cones. TL:DR: We have different types of cones that are sensitive to red, green, and blue. Red and blue mixtures will activate the red and blue cones, creating a bluish-red appearance. But, violet light just so happens to also activate these red and blue cones, meaning it also appears bluish-red - despite being a unique colour, electromagnetically speaking.


Question: How do rock climbers use ropes to help them climb/for safety before any of them reach the top of what they are climbing?

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 How do rock climbers use ropes to help them climb/for safety before any of them reach the top of what they are climbing?

The ropes does not prevent them from falling. However when they fall the ropes prevents them from falling all the way to the bottom. So if you fix anchor points every 5 meter then at most you will fall 10 meters before the rope catches you. This is much better then falling all the way to the bottom of the cliff. Secondly there is some stretch in the rope and the rope is often attached using breaks and not fully secured in place so when the rope catches it will gently slow the climber to a safe stop. He can then use the rope to climb up to where the anchor were and he can continue his climb. This is generally considered better then a certain death.


Question: Why can’t my laptop microphone pick up the sound coming from my laptop speakers?

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 Why can’t my laptop microphone pick up the sound coming from my laptop speakers?

There could be a few reasons for it. Most likely is that the laptop is programmed so it knows what audio it is outputting and can isolate and remove it from what the microphone is picking up. Another possible factor would be the type of microphone it is. Different types of microphones have different areas around them where they pick up sound. So your laptop could have something like a cardioid mic which mostly picks up sounds in front of the mic. I believe most laptops have condenser microphones though which tend to capture sound from all directions.


Question: Why do we work more hours today than our ancestors, even though we are objectively more productive than they have been?

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 Why do we work more hours today than our ancestors, even though we are objectively more productive than they have been?

The man would labor, dawn to dusk, just to provide a very meager existence. The wife would work just as long, if not longer, and just as hard to keep the household going. Both would be in bed not long after the day's labors were done. Life is insanely easier today than in 'the good old days'


Question: Why do gray-colored shirts reveal more sweat marks compared to other colors?

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 Why do gray-colored shirts reveal more sweat marks compared to other colors?

I think it's because the white parts of a grey shirt stop being able to reflect light as well when soaked. Natural fibres like cotton are a bit fuzzy with lots of holes in the individual strands. When those get waterlogged they are going to change the optical behavior of the yarn. Since grey is a mixture of light and dark fibres the dark fibres start to dominate and the contrast to the surrounding lighter cloth makes them stand out more. Grey synthetic fibres or silk won't do the same as the individual strands are one pice more or less and not lots of short hairs woven into one yarn.


Question: Why do people jump or physically twitch when they get shocked or surprised?

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 Why do people jump or physically twitch when they get shocked or surprised?

When humans got startled back in time, it usually was because they were in danger of predators or other humans. It's a reflexory motion meant to get you out of danger, while your fight/flight response is kicking in. If you put your hand on a hot plate you will practically automatically jerk it away without much control; this is something very similar.


Question: What is impedance and ohms and why is it so important to audio?

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 What is impedance and ohms and why is it so important to audio?

Ohms are the unit of measurement of electrical resistance. Impedance is the resistance of a circuit independent of it electrical source, both in terms of static (Think DC voltage) current and Dynamic (think audio signal) current. & #x200B; How it relates to audio is in terms of power transfer. If you want to have the maximum amount of power transfer to your speakers (typically what you're trying to match in terms of impedance), you want the source impedance to match the load resistance (your speakers)


Question: In his latest video, YouTuber Boogie2988 talked about getting surgery done because of his weight. But the doctor isn't willing to do it before he's down to 410 pounds. Why is it a problem performaing surgery on a 520 pound man? Why the limit at 410?

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 In his latest video, YouTuber Boogie2988 talked about getting surgery done because of his weight. But the doctor isn't willing to do it before he's down to 410 pounds. Why is it a problem performaing surgery on a 520 pound man? Why the limit at 410?

Anesthesia becomes more dangerous the more a person weighs both due to their physical weight as well as the problems associated with that weight: Airways are restricted due to the weight pressing down on the chest and neck. Airway management is particularly difficult. Extremely obese usually have hypertension and other heart issues. Insulin resistance changes the effectiveness of anesthetics. General anesthesia on a large person takes more anesthetic, but a morbidly obese person has smaller organs in proportion to their body since so much mass is made out of fat. 410 lbs. isn't a one-size-fits-all limit, but Boogie2988's doctor set this limit based on Boogie's current weight and health issues.


Question: When not on a channel, why do radios make static noise instead of it being just silence?

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 When not on a channel, why do radios make static noise instead of it being just silence?

There's a background mishmash of random radio noise across all frequencies at all times. This comes from nearby electronics and powerlines, the magnetic fields of the sun and planets, and sources in deep space. Typically their signals are relatively weak and get drowned out by a strong signal from a radio transmitter, but when there's no strong signal you get that random fuzz instead. A few frequencies are deliberately left open because the background noise is unusually powerful at that range.


Question: is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed?

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 is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed?

> is it correct to say that if an airplane has 1/1000000 chance of crashing, in the flight number 500000 has a chance of 50% that an airplane has already crashed? No. Consider a 6-sided die. There's a 1/6 chance that you'll roll a 1. But you don't have a 50% chance of rolling a 1 after three rolls. The way you calculate this is by calculating the odds of *not* rolling a 1 three times in a row. The odds of rolling a 1 are 1/6, and thus the odds of rolling anything else are 5/6. So the odds of rolling "anything else" three times in a row are: 5/6 * 5/6 * 5/6 = 5/6^3 = 125/216 ~= 0.578703 So the odds of rolling a 1 at least once after three rolls is 1 minus the odds of never rolling a 1 after three rolls: 1 - 0.578703 = 0.421296 ~= **42%** After three tosses of the die, there's a 42% that you will have rolled at least a single 1 **** The plane example is essentially the same thing. 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^500,000 ~= 0.393469 ~= **39%** So a 39 percent chance of crashing in the first half-million flights (also note that plane crashes are a *lot* rarer than one in a million). And in case you're wondering about what happens after a million flights: 1 - (999,999 / 1,000,000)^1,000,000 = ~0.63212 ~= **63%** Which fits your intuition that you shouldn't automatically have crashed by the millionth flight.


Question: Why does the US categorize people as 'white', 'black', 'hispanic'?

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 Why does the US categorize people as 'white', 'black', 'hispanic'?

The census bureau references 5 races as having to be on the form no matter what White, Black , Native american , Asian , and Pacific islanders. Hispanic or not tends to be a separate question because there are both black and white Hispanic people, and it is considered an ethnicity not a race. As to why there are a couple main reasons . 1) those are the categories that has been approved by congress for them to use. Basically they recognize those as the dividing points for racial groups in the US. the second is because for population statistics each of those groups have different outcomes, everything from economic status to where people live can be different among each group. The census is used for many statistical studies so to figure out the average income of an African American household in rural Arkansas can be pulled from the data because of those identifiers.


Question: If light slows down in water, how does it speed back up again when it comes out?

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 If light slows down in water, how does it speed back up again when it comes out?

There's a way to think about this problem that was--IIRC--in Stephen Hawking's *A Brief History of Time*. Imagine a big famous actor walking through a room. They travel at a constant speed that we'll call A. The actor always moves at speed A, no matter what. When the room is empty, they're able to walk into the room and out of it easily in a straight line. However, if the room is full of people then the actor can't walk in and out of the room in a straight line. They keep moving at A, but because of the people they have to bounce around and take a much more circuitous path to get out of the room. This means that despite remaining at A the entire time, it took them *longer* to get out of the full room than the empty room. The same is true with light. The light doesn't 'slow down' in water. The light's still moving at c. However, water is much more dense than air or a vacuum, so in order to make it through the water, the light has to take a much more circuitous path. Despite never changing speed, we as an outside observe perceive the light taking more time to cross through the same distance as a difference in speed, rather than what it actually is: the distance having changed. Then again, I'm not a physicist, so this could be wrong, but I think it serves as a good ELI5. Edit: I’m seeing a lot of comments that this explanation is either wrong, too oversimplified or some combination of the two. As I said, I’m not a physicist, and am only repeating what I’ve heard from what I believed to be a reputable source. I would encourage anyone reading this to also look at the discussion underneath this comment and in the rest of the comments as well. Just because I got the most upvotes doesn’t mean I’m right.


Question: Why is it so frowned upon to be friendly with Russia?

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 Why is it so frowned upon to be friendly with Russia?

Putin invades his neighboring countries. He imprisons his political opponents. He has robbed his country enough to become one of the richest men in the world. He is dangerous, he has dissenters and opponents murdered pretty much with impunity. The people of Russia are fine but Putin is not someone we want to be friends with. Trump's borderline praise and support of him is,… very odd.


Question: Whenever a major financial market crash occurs, why is it that (as shown in movies) the stockbrokers are shitfaced at the end? The investors should be fucked right? Why the stockbrokers, who just buy and sell for the investors?

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 Whenever a major financial market crash occurs, why is it that (as shown in movies) the stockbrokers are shitfaced at the end? The investors should be fucked right? Why the stockbrokers, who just buy and sell for the investors?

1) they will have spent the entire day being yelled at by investors, and know there are more days like that ahead, and that’s rough. The investor who made zillions of dollars in the 2008 crash ended up leaving the investing business because he was so traumatized by all the yelling and abuse and stress, and he *made a lot* of money. 2) they’re investors too and so may have lost their savings 3) they’ll probably lose their job


Question: Why is eye witness testimony is the highest form of evidence in law but not in science?

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 Why is eye witness testimony is the highest form of evidence in law but not in science?

1) Eye witness testimony is not the highest form of evidence in law. Actual documents, video evidence, fingerprints, or photos would all be more valid than just a testimony. For example a video of someone committing murder would be a lot more useful than a person simply saying they saw a murder happen. (Now if what their testimony said, happened to also fit the finger print or photo evidence, then it would be even better.) 2) With science, science is just a field of study that describes the way the world works. We can see and prove things by doing experiments and seeing if the results hold up to what we would expect. We're not trying to put someone in jail. We're trying to figure out the natural laws of the universe. It wouldn't help at all for someone to say "Oh well I saw a unicorn, therefore unicorns are real."


Question: how do they take the caffeine out of coffee to make decaffeinated coffee?

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 how do they take the caffeine out of coffee to make decaffeinated coffee?

Other posters are correct that decaf is made using a solvent that removes the caffeine. However there is another way called The Swiss Water Process. It has multiple steps. First green (unroasted) coffee beans are soaked in hot water to dissolve any water soluble compounds, which includes caffeine but also a lot of the other organic compounds that make coffee taste and smell like coffee. The water is then passed through a special molecular filter that selectively removes the large caffeine molecules but lets other organics pass through. Steeping another batch of beans in this decaffeinated green coffee extract dissolves away caffeine but leaves behind the other organics because the extract is already full of them.


Question: Why do some Japanese words (like desu and masu) have the U silent?

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 Why do some Japanese words (like desu and masu) have the U silent?

Linguist here! There's a feature in language sounds called [voicing]( URL_0 . Sounds can be either voiced or voiceless. Voicing is the distinction between sounds like "d" (voiced) and "t" (voiceless), or "z" (voiced) and "s" (voiceless). There are some processes that can change the voicing of a sound in certain contexts. For example, the pluralizing "-s" suffix in English is usually pronounced like the voiced "z" (like in "dogs" or "hands"), but is *devoiced* to sound like "s" when it's after another voiceless consonant (like in "cats" or "hips"). In Japanese, there's a similar process that causes the vowels *i* and *u* (the [high vowels]( URL_1 )) to become devoiced when between voiceless consonants (like the "i" in "shika" or the "u" in "atsusa"), or between a voiceless consonant and the end of a phrase (like in "desu" or "masu"). The sound doesn't disappear entirely, but the voicelessness makes it difficult to hear. This is especially true for speakers of English, where voiceless vowels are much less of a thing, and therefore harder for us to hear.


Question: How are minor notes in music affiliated with sad/melancholic emotions and major notes with positive ones?

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 How are minor notes in music affiliated with sad/melancholic emotions and major notes with positive ones?

Hi! It has to do with the slight dissonance in minor scale intervals compared to very harmonious major scale intervals. It is highly debatable whether minor=sad connotation is at all universal or only cultural/learned, but because of that slight dissonance and the fact that dissonance=harsh, unpleasant is quite a universal phenomenon, I believe that there is a small universal contribution to the emotional connotation of minor as well. It has been shown that affective human vocalisations around the world share acoustic features with major vs minor music. Complex and interesting question!


Question: Why are cases allowed to be retried after a hung jury? Doesn't this prove there's reasonable doubt the defendant is guilty?

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 Why are cases allowed to be retried after a hung jury? Doesn't this prove there's reasonable doubt the defendant is guilty?

The idea of a jury is that it represents the public. To successfully conclude a trial, the entire jury must see that there is reasonable doubt or proof beyond reasonable doubt. You can’t convict someone based on a single juror, so it’s also reasonable that you can’t acquit someone on that either. The point of forcing unanimity is to make sure the jury actually deliberates on the crime and doesn’t go in just sticking to their prior beliefs.


Question: How does the making of cotton candy work?

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 How does the making of cotton candy work?

Sugar is heated in a spinning cylinder that has a series of small holes in it. As the sugar becomes a liquid, the spinning force send it out the holes. As it hits the air and is no longer being heated, it turns into a solid. This solid string of sugar is collected on a (usually paper) cone or stick so you can enjoy it.


Question: How do online passwords work/ protect information?

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 How do online passwords work/ protect information?

Not very well, in most implementations. Ideally, your username should be an index into a database where a cryptographic hash of a salted password is stored. The salt is a per-user random string known only to the web application. This string plus the password you type are fed into the hash function, and the result is compared to your entry in the database. If they match, you "know the password" and can access the system. Salted passwords protect from the situation where some evildoer steals the whole password file, runs "123456" through the hash generator, and then looks at all the entries in the password file to find out who's password is "123456".


Question: With the resolutions and graphics capabilities we have, why aren't we capable of of creating a simulation of a person that's visually indistinguishable from a REAL person?

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 With the resolutions and graphics capabilities we have, why aren't we capable of of creating a simulation of a person that's visually indistinguishable from a REAL person?

Render times are too long for realistic hardware. Your eye is going to spot the flicker of 15-20 frames per second, so you need to be 30+ or better to even have a chance at fooling the brain. So now you're talking hardware that can render a photorealistic image 30 times a second. That would cost you a not-so-small fortune. The computers that do this kind of visual rendering for movie CGI can take hours to do a single frame. The end result is quite convincing these days, but they can't do it in real time.


Question: Do those “credit card-debt forgiveness” advertisements legitimately work? If so, how?

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 Do those “credit card-debt forgiveness” advertisements legitimately work? If so, how?

I used one years ago, and it did work. But, it was also kind of a hassle. The way this one worked, they talked to all of my creditors, and made arrangements to help me pay them off as soon as possible (freeze account, cut interest, etc). The debt definitely did not "vanish", but I paid it off a little quicker without officially going into default or bankruptcy.


Question: Why is it a problem that "they" are farming our data?

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 Why is it a problem that "they" are farming our data?

For most people it isn't a problem, it all depends on who is using it and why. So assume someone is waiting for a cancer test and has been searching online for cancer a lot just to be prepared, if that person then tries to get medical insurance the data about their searches may be used by the insurance company to increase their insurance or decline it entirely.


Question: Why is the recommendation to wash your hands for 20 seconds but the same rules don't apply to washing dirty dishes?

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 Why is the recommendation to wash your hands for 20 seconds but the same rules don't apply to washing dirty dishes?

Pores, creases, and under nails and inbetween fingers are hard to clean out which is why we need to clean for 20-30 seconds. Though some dishes need to be soaked for awhile or cleaned longer for the harder food particles, grease, and stains, or like an iron skillet which needs more careful attention to cleaning due to pores in the iron. Think of your hand like a hard to clean plate/bowl or like an iron skillet if you must.


Question: how do scientists know that a rock is from space and not of earthly origin?

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 how do scientists know that a rock is from space and not of earthly origin?

depends on what it's made of. [meteoric iron]( URL_0 ) is unique because metal doesn't naturally make that kind of pattern on earth. certain elements and compounds are reactive in earth conditions. metallic aluminum famously doesn't exist naturally on earth. if we found a hunk of it that wasn't man made, we'd know it wasn't on earth however many thousands/millions of years ago, or it would have eroded away. this also applies to certain isotopes. if something radioactive is too young, it can't be from earth. earth has a well known age and all the crap that was here has been aging all this time. there are also more obvious signs. something from space smacking into earth has an impact. if a meteor slams into a desert, you're going to find a lot of natural glass around the impact site. entire forests have been obliterated by meteors.


Question: how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

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 how does hydroponics work if overwatering plants kills them?

It's all about the oxygen. In wet soil, the roots become oxygen starved and rotten. Same thing happens in stagnant water. Hydroponic systems use air blowers to fill the intake water with bubbles and oxygenate it. If you stop the blowers, then the root zone gets stagnant and rotten just like in over watered soil.


Question: Why does Netflix (and other streaming services) have so many series with the last few seasons missing?

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 Why does Netflix (and other streaming services) have so many series with the last few seasons missing?

Creators and studios that do not own a streaming service are usually meet with the streaming sites to talk about how much money they want if they don't like it then the season won't stream. Disney's case they want people to pay for disneyXD and their channel so for a couple month's you can only catch latest seasons on their channel but when the number of people watching drops they will start to move it to their streaming service.


Question: Why are flies so attracted to my pint of beer?

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 Why are flies so attracted to my pint of beer?

Many types of flies are attracted to rotting fruits, or other plant matter. Unfortunately, alcohol is a product of fermentation, which is a "controlled" form of rotting. The smell of alcohol is a signal to the flies that there is a rotting plant nearby where they can lay their eggs. Unfortunately, it is your beer that is attracting them. Luckily, you can bait the flies with something else, like a shot of vinegar, cider or wine. It smells stronger and the flies should leave your beer alone.


Question: today the S & P 500 shed 2 trillion dollars. Where did that 2 trillion dollars go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 today the S & P 500 shed 2 trillion dollars. Where did that 2 trillion dollars go?

Some people lost money but not 2 trillion. Market lost 2 trillion from it's value. Imagine you have an apple and I offer to buy it for $1 (you don't sell), then I offer to buy it for $0.50. Did you lose anything? The value of your asset changed. But you haven't lost anything until you sell your asset (for profit or loss).


Question: Why do squares have 360 degrees, as well as why do triangles have 180?

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 Why do squares have 360 degrees, as well as why do triangles have 180?

You can't make a polygon with only 2 lines. You need 3+ edges to make a polygon, and every additional edge adds 180 degrees. Why 180? because we decided to use numbers that are math-friendly. Any polygon has a total number of degrees equal to 180 X (number of sides minus 2) Triangle has 180 Square has 360 Pentagon has 540 Hexagon has 720 and so on.


Question: Why are we so terrible at comprehending large numbers?

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 Why are we so terrible at comprehending large numbers?

Your brain needs some physical comparison, not just abstraction. 100,000 people is like two packed stadiums, or one enormous stadium. You’ve experienced something like that. 2000 miles is the drive from Chicago to the tip of Florida. You know about how long that takes. But how far is 700 million miles? How big is a crowd of 2.7 billion people? There’s no reference, it’s off the scale.


Question: Why, when my family went camping, my sister was mobbed with mosquitoes meanwhile me and dad got only a few? (We all applies the same amount of bug spray)

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 Why, when my family went camping, my sister was mobbed with mosquitoes meanwhile me and dad got only a few? (We all applies the same amount of bug spray)

The first Google link on "why are mosquitos attracted to certain people" turned up a lot of good, simple explanations with links to studies as well, and the next few Google links looked good too URL_0 Basically there could be a lot of reasons depending on type of mosquito and the person. They could produce more co2, have less covering or darker clothing, just have certain smelling sweat that they like, their skin could be just the right heat and moisture level, and a ton of other factors.


Question: Why do some wines get better with age while whisky stays the same once bottled?

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 Why do some wines get better with age while whisky stays the same once bottled?

Whisky get’s it’s flavour from the barrels that it’s matured in. They’re kept in places with fluctuating temperatures which forces the whisky in and out of the wood barrel which colours and flavours it. When it’s bottled it’s stored in glass so this process can’t happen and as such it stays the same. Not all wines actually age in the bottle, in wine it is compounds that are actually part of the wine itself reacting with each other that cause it to mature meaning that even when bottled this process can continue.


Question: Why do we need different programming languages?

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 Why do we need different programming languages?

For when you want to do different stuff, or are fed up with an existing language's shortcomings. That's... kind of the best response you'll get that's even remotely suitable for /r/eli5, sorry. You have languages like Javascript which are useful for web design, C++ is better for in-depth development, Kotlin is better for android apps, Typescript is useful for if you want to use Javascript but also hate how shitty Javascript is, COBOL is useful if you work in a bank, hospital, or government agency where your computer was built in the cold war.


Question: Why does drinking hot drinks after eating spicy food make the spice feeling worse, whilst colder drinks lessens the feeling?

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 Why does drinking hot drinks after eating spicy food make the spice feeling worse, whilst colder drinks lessens the feeling?

First of all this is not fully true. The point is to drink something with fat in it because capsicin is lipophil. Like milk or yoghurt. Whereas water just spreads the capsicin over your whole mouth, because its hydrophob. Second point: the hotness from spicy food comes because capsicin docks on the cells that signal pain, especially it imitates the feeling of a burn in your mouth. Thus cold drinks might soothen it better as hot ones


Question: Why are people willing to pay for every other alt-coins? What's their point?

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 Why are people willing to pay for every other alt-coins? What's their point?

Bitcoin is imperfect. It has numerous flaws that mean that, in a hypothetical 2038 where cryptocurrency is widespread, the dominant cryptocurrency might be something else. For that reason, people have invested in other competing currencies that have more features in the hopes that they someday surpass Bitcoin. Of course, everyone and their mother can fairly easily create a new type of coin and claim it has "cool and exciting new features" that make it superior to every other one, so you see a large number of 'shitcoins' springing up as well, backed exclusively by morons.


Question: How can viruses penetrate cells, mimick certain things (e.g blocking signals across cells) and develop smart tactics to infect more people/animals even though it is not even a living organism?

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 How can viruses penetrate cells, mimick certain things (e.g blocking signals across cells) and develop smart tactics to infect more people/animals even though it is not even a living organism?

We actually don't really have a definition of "alive". Viruses kind of *are* alive, but are also kind of not. The reason we say that viruses aren't alive is because they depend on borrowing the replication machinery of host cells in order to reproduce. At the end of the day, everything any living cell does is unconscious. These things happen based solely on the combination of gene expressions and molecules within a given location. Nothing makes the active decision to "Get into the cell" for example, it just does so by way of its shape. A virus will always penetrate a cell it's capable of penetrating in the same way that a magnet will always stick to magnetic metals, even without any conscious influence. From there, evolution takes the reigns - killing off viruses that aren't good at doing the stuff they need to do, and propagating the ones that are.


Question: Why does paper product (paper towels, napkins, etc.) become transparent when wet?

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 Why does paper product (paper towels, napkins, etc.) become transparent when wet?

Imagine you are at a restaurant with a self-serve soda dispenser and a clear glass cup. First, you fill the glass with that finely-crushed ice they have at soda dispensers. Now look through the glass. What color does it look? White. Opaque. Like a white paper towel. You cannot see through the glass at all. If there was an object (like a cell phone cover) behind the glass, the ice obscures it completely so you can't even tell what color the object is. Now fill the glass with cold water (or Sprite™). Most of the crushed ice is in there, but now the glass is translucent. Like a wet paper towel. Although you couldn't read a book through it, you could certainly see the color of an object behind the glass. When ice and air are mixed in a glass, their very different indexes of refraction make light beams bounce around a *lot*, mixing everything up until you can't see through it. When ice and water are mixed in a glass, their index of refraction is the same (in fact, if the ice itself didn't have air bubbles inside it, the glass would be almost completely clear and see-through). So less bouncing of light beams. The wood pulp and other material in paper has an index of refraction closer to water (and ice) than it does to air. So the effect is the same.


Question: How am I able to watch someone do something (like a professional) and understand how they're doing it, yet I'm not able to do it myself?

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 How am I able to watch someone do something (like a professional) and understand how they're doing it, yet I'm not able to do it myself?

Watching someone do something, even if you understand it, is passive. You are being fed a stream of information and evaluating if it makes sense. This is an entirely different skill than seeing one piece of information and making an inference/decision based off of it. This is the same for foreign languages, for instance. It's much easier to learn to understand what other people are saying to you than for you to speak to them. Same difference in terms of passive vs active skills.


Question: What is needed to get matter to being a Bose-Einstein condensate, the least known about state of matter?

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 What is needed to get matter to being a Bose-Einstein condensate, the least known about state of matter?

You want bosons in a system(usually weakly or noninteracting- typically using a dilute gas) at a low enough temperature. At it's core, a BEC is a bunch of bosons sitting in the same ground state. You want bosons as opposed to fermions because Pauli exclusion won't allow fermions to all chill in the same ground state. > the least known about state of matter? I'm not sure I'd classify it as the least known about state of matter. There are many many new states of matter these days, that we know very little about. BECs aren't completely solved, but we do know quite a lot about them and how to make them. Especially the simpler cases- you can derive the critical temperature for the simplest case of a noninteracting boson gas with pretty standard quantum stat mech edit: As someone pointed out below, i assumed you had some background (or were willing to let some things be swept under the rug for the sake of simplicity) based on the way you worded your question. If you'd like BECs explained in much greater detail from scratch, I'd recommend these previous posts: URL_1 URL_0 They do go into *much* more detail (that i swept under the rug), but it's a lot to take in if you have no background.


Question: how do gesture recognition sensors work?

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 how do gesture recognition sensors work?

Your guess is basically right. Relating specifically to the Pixel 4 anyways. There is a small chip the size of a coin (nickel used in the article) which is studded with a bunch of tiny little sensors that emit electromagnetic waves to detect motion just like mini-radar. measurements are taken from each of the sensors and depending on things like speed, signal intensity and the order in which they "fire" determines which gesture was made and thus what reaction to present. & #x200B; [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )