Question: How the hell do firefighters find the source of the fire in a completely burned down house?

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 How the hell do firefighters find the source of the fire in a completely burned down house?

In most cases they do not find the cause of the fire. Especially if the house is completely burned down, collapsed or if the water have washed everything away. But it is possible to see some signs as things do burn differently depending on the temperature, length of time and available oxygen. So for example if the wallpaper on one side of a room is more charred then on the other side of the room it hints that the fire might have started in that part of the room. Then if an electrical outlet have burn marks on its inside while the others only have burn marks on their outsides then it indicates that there might have been some heat generated in that socket starting the fire. Other times they might be there early enough or talk to people who were there early enough that they saw which part of the room was on fire first and what was in the center of the fire. A lot of times it is an educated guess based on what pieces of evidence they find and their knowledge of how fires tends to start.


Question: why do workers in America have terrible employment rights?

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 why do workers in America have terrible employment rights?

> To begin with, I live in the UK and work for an international famous home furnishings company OK. People are going to give a lot of answers about corporate power in the US but the fact is that large corporateions have power in other countries as well but you don't see this happen there. The real reasons come down to cultural differences in America vs other places in the world. Most people in the US place a much larger degree of importance on being self-reliant, or self made. They also tend to think businesses should be able to offer whatever job they want to offer and workers should be free to accept that job offer or not. Americans, in general, are much more individualistic and not as collectivistic than most other nations. They tend to believe that the individual should have a higher degree of freedom to do what they want when they want and the government should not place restrictions on that. As this relates to time off, Americans want the freedom to accept a higher wage in lue of more time off, more holiday pay or more break time. They do not think the government should be setting generous standards for these things and rather think that the employer/employee should negotiate these things as part of the overall compensation package. To be clear. America is the land of the free individual, not of freedom for "the people". As such they tend to dislike unions, labour laws and other things that set minimum standards that are quite generous. Many Europeans don't really understand this mindset. I think it's important to remind them about the overall size and scale of America as well as how recent the country was settled. As few as 150 years ago, there were vast areas of the country that had no government presence, where the nearest police man was 500 (km) away. People were expected to fend for themselves and defend what was theirs. My Grandfather's grandfather lived in the time of the wild west, even my Grandfather lived in a time where you could just go to some remote location, claim the land and start a homestead. In our collective memory, a time when government barely existed in our lives is very recent. Being self-reliant is part of the core identity of America and it's important to its citizenry. That's changing but this basic identity issue is at the core of the vast majority of political fights in this country. The average Democrat thinks the government is flawed but generally useful and able to make meaningful change in the lives of citizens, they think the government should help people do what needs doing. The classic Republican thinks that government should be kept very small and as local as possible, they think the government is best used when it gets out of the way and allowed the citizenry to thrive for themselves. Republicans generally think the government holds back the people in a bad way, while it has it's used they believe that government has expanded WAY too large in the past 50 years and it's way past the point where it's having a positive impact on the lives of the people. Those two worldviews form the core of the basics of political life in the US.


Question: How come armpits and feet have their own unique bad scent? (onions vs Fritos chips?)

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 How come armpits and feet have their own unique bad scent? (onions vs Fritos chips?)

The armpits have what are called apocrine glands. These are special scent/sweat glands which have a high protein output. Bacteria thrive here, breaking down this protein, creating one type of body odor. Feet do not have this type of gland, but due to wearing shoes and socks, the warm sweat sits there, and sits there, and sits there. This is also a very bacteria friendly environment, but the bacteria that thrive in this condition are feasting on a totally different diet, making a totally different smell.


Question: What does the term "gaslighting" mean?

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 What does the term "gaslighting" mean?

So it originates from a play/movie in which a husband would mess with things around the house and then deny the changes when she noticed them, in an effort to make her think she was disconnected from reality. For example, he would dim the gas lights at certain times and when she'd ask about it, he'd say they hadn't been dimmed and she imagined it. Nowadays (and I guess for quite some time) it's used to describe a tactic of manipulation in which one person tries to make another person feel "crazy" or question reality.


Question: What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

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 What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

Motor oil, like gasoline, is made from crude oil and crude oil comes from the ground. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.


Question: Why in the armed forces is the rules of engagement usually "do not shoot unless fired apon" but ploce officers in the states can fire if they feel threatened?

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 Why in the armed forces is the rules of engagement usually "do not shoot unless fired apon" but ploce officers in the states can fire if they feel threatened?

Former military and a former cop. Outside of movies, those aren’t the rules of engagement. They are much more complex and involve a use of force model that permits engagement when the danger of death or seriously bodily injury appears imminent...which is the same standard applied to the police. Rarely a limited engagement order like this might be issued when you’re in a very dynamic situation and you’re just trying to get through the area to get to a more important mission. Edit: thanks for the Gold!


Question: Why is there so much smoke produced after a fire goes out?

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 Why is there so much smoke produced after a fire goes out?

When something burns hotly, it burns cleanly. When you take away the flame, it has enough embers and residual heat to continue smoldering, but without the heat of the flame the result is incomplete combustion resulting in smoke and soot. Details: What is smoke? It's soot, and carbon compounds, tar, aerosols, un burned fuel, and other components of incomplete combustion. When a fire burns brightly and hotly, it efficiently combines oxygen with carbon to make carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, and with hydrogen to make water vapor. If all of the hydrocarbons and organic material being burned are done so cleanly, then there is very little smoke and instead an almost pure reaction resulting in carbon dioxide and water which are odorless and transparent gases. IE not smoke. When a flame is extinguished but there is still a lot of latent heat, the process of burning is snuffed out resulting in incomplete transformation into the water and carbon dioxide, leading to incomplete compounds which create the soot.


Question: What set of economic circumstances allows for creation of so many Japanese companies that seemingly make everything (Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Yamaha, et cetera)?

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 What set of economic circumstances allows for creation of so many Japanese companies that seemingly make everything (Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Yamaha, et cetera)?

URL_0 You have to look at the origins of these companies, not through the lens of modern capitalism but rather a feudalistic view of the world. You couldn't just start up a company to make some new product because: A) common people didn't really have any money and B) you needed royal permission to start a business So, the people that founded these companies had to have important connections **and** competition was prevented from forming. This left them as the only business entities available to move into a new area of business, resulting in huge business concerns that were involved in tons of unrelated industries.


Question: How does the satellite business work? How do the small telecom companies get access to satellites that costed millions to get into orbit?

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 How does the satellite business work? How do the small telecom companies get access to satellites that costed millions to get into orbit?

So, now the real answer There’s a lot of satellites up there with a lot of capacity. It’s a very mature industry and capacity is always available. There’s actually a lot more space than the sat owners can sell at market rates. Space/capacity on the satellites are leased out to other companies. It’s actually not that expensive. In fact tons and tons of companies big and small lease space on the various satellites up there. This is standard procedure. You can even pay companies to do all your uplink and downlink too, and again, this is quite mature industry and totally normal and reasonably priced. Nearly every company that isn’t a satellite company just leases space and pays someone else to deal with the uplink and technical stuff. Actually launching a satellite? Well, unless you’re literally a satellite company, you don’t need as much space as you put onto a satellite, so it’s kinda a waste, you’d just have to rent out the rest of it. Instead you just lease space on someone else’s sat. Think about it like you building an apartment building vs renting an apartment in the building


Question: Why is it that when you see a computer screen in a movie or on tv it doesn’t do that distorted thing that always happens when you see a computer screen in a video shot with a commercial video camera?

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 Why is it that when you see a computer screen in a movie or on tv it doesn’t do that distorted thing that always happens when you see a computer screen in a video shot with a commercial video camera?

Most screens in movies and TV shows are faked with CGI. They just replace the real screen with an image of whatever. Screen flickering is part of the reason, but it also solves issues with screen glare, the screen appearing dim, etc. It's just easier to put in fake screen in post-production than to deal with a real screen image.


Question: Why is latency and bandwith separated? If latency is delay of data, and bandwith is data over time, shouldn't one affect another? If it takes 5s for a car to start, and 10s to reach it's destination, then the average speed would be spread out across the whole 15s. Should this not be the same?

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 Why is latency and bandwith separated? If latency is delay of data, and bandwith is data over time, shouldn't one affect another? If it takes 5s for a car to start, and 10s to reach it's destination, then the average speed would be spread out across the whole 15s. Should this not be the same?

Consider conventional mail (via a post office). This a high latency, high bandwidth type of communications. It takes a few days to get a shipment somewhere, but that shipment can contain almost unlimited amounts of data. Contrast this with SMS (text messaging). This is fairly low latency - your text message arrives almost immediately - but low bandwidth (you can't send all that much data). Another way to consider this: Latency is *responsiveness*. It's how long it takes to get a reply once I send a message. Bandwidth is *volume*. It's how much information I can send over time.


Question: How does data transmission from something like the ISS work? Those are massive distances and i guess a whole lot of data. Are there some special protocols are massive antennas?

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 How does data transmission from something like the ISS work? Those are massive distances and i guess a whole lot of data. Are there some special protocols are massive antennas?

The ISS is **much closer** to your house than the DirecTV satellite that sends your TV programs. Not at all a massive distance, it's 400km (about 240 miles) above the surface of the Earth. There are some nice antennas and a network of ground stations, but it's nothing like New Horizons photos from Pluto.


Question: How do motorbike riders drive safely in the rain? Rain drops on helmet, boots wet etc

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 How do motorbike riders drive safely in the rain? Rain drops on helmet, boots wet etc

Not sure in what respect you mean, really, but... Good tires with decent tread. Some tires are better in water than others, same as your car. Riding properly for the conditions. Allowing more room for braking, more time for errors. Being a bit more methodical. Boots? yeah, improper footwear can be a hazard on slippery surfaces, but only when stopped. (foot slips out from under you, but in almost 37 years of riding, I've only ever felt a foot "slip" once. Goggles, helmets etc... good gear is ventilated well, preventing "fogging". At riding speed, the water on the lenses/shields just blows off. The biggest danger in the rain is... getting cold. Which, again... is alleviated with proper gear.


Question: When people say we share 65% of our genes with a banana, what does that actually mean?

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 When people say we share 65% of our genes with a banana, what does that actually mean?

The basic building blocks are all the same. A pizza shares about 65% of its ingredients (flour, water, sugar, salt, etc) with a chocolate cake, and a car shares about 65% of its components (steel, copper, rubber, etc) with an aircraft carrier. It's the ones that are different that differentiate the two.


Question: How do RX Bars only have 15 grams of sugar?

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 How do RX Bars only have 15 grams of sugar?

"1 date" is not an accurate measurement since all dates are different sizes, weights, and densities. An average 100g of dates has 63g of sugar. So figure your math based on that. Also food labels and marketing are not accurate which is why if you really care about macros, you should be measuring your own food.


Question: how does it turn into a perfect circle?

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 how does it turn into a perfect circle?

The bubble applies a constant outward pressure to the string. The parts of the string that are more sharply curved are straightened out by this pressure (like pulling outward at the tips of a bobby pin to bend it straight). This force balances out when all of the string is curved the same amount. A shape where all of the edge is curved the same amount - that is one of the ways to describe a circle.


Question: Why do some states, (Texas, Florida, California.) have 2 teams of each sport?

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 Why do some states, (Texas, Florida, California.) have 2 teams of each sport?

It really usually has less to do with states, than size of Metropolitan areas. The states you mention have large metropolitan media market. In fact, if you look at URL_0 , you will see that most of the major media markets have sports franchises. Outside of the historical oddity of Green Bay, almost every franchise exists where it does because there are a lot of people living close enough to justify the costs associated with sports. As for why some states have a lot more major media markets than other states, that usually comes down to the history of business, like Detroit being the home of the Auto, the Bay Area being the home of many electronics firms, some cities being major shipping ports or railroad junctions, etc.


Question: Whilst drinking alcohol, does drinking water slow down the process of getting drunk, or does it simply combat dehydration and therefore limit he hangover?

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 Whilst drinking alcohol, does drinking water slow down the process of getting drunk, or does it simply combat dehydration and therefore limit he hangover?

~~Drinking water helps move the alcohol through your system a bit faster, meaning more of it gets passed out in your urine and less absorbed into your bloodstream. Some might call that a waste...~~ EDIT: It turns out all of the above is untrue. I always believed it to be the case, but when other redditors started saying it wasn't true, I decided to do some proper research. Everywhere I looked, the information said that drinking water does NOT result in unprocessed alcohol leaving your body in urine. Apologies for the misleading answer. The truth is: * water can help limit a hangover by avoiding dehydration, but does not stop you from getting drunk. [Source]( URL_0 ) * water can help slow (but not stop) the absorption of alcohol into the bloodstream (eg: you will get drunk more slowly if you drink one beer, one water, then a second beer, but you will still get 'two-beer buzzed'). [Source]( URL_1 )


Question: Why even after having so many advanced technologies in the world do we still need humans to clean the windows of the skyscrapers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why even after having so many advanced technologies in the world do we still need humans to clean the windows of the skyscrapers?

We don't "need" them. Not in the sense of "if they didn't exist we'd have no way to do it". There are machines that do it, but they're generally more expensive, not faster, and no less risk than a well-trained crew. So it becomes a case of "it ain't broke, let's not fix it."


Question: Why can't we use text in things like italics or bold in cell phone text messaging?

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 Why can't we use text in things like italics or bold in cell phone text messaging?

The SMS standard is plain text only, so doesn't include any formatting information - adding it on new devices would break compatibility with older or simpler devices. However, some SMS apps will allow it by using basic markup, such as enclosing text in asterisks in order to signify bold. Apps which recognize this will hide the symbols and display the text in bold, but the message will still be readable on other devices.


Question: Why does electricity make noise sometimes?

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 Why does electricity make noise sometimes?

Because certain kinds of electricity wiggle back and forth. And this wiggling causes the parts conducting the electricity to vibrate, making noise. The most common one you'll hear is [mains frequency]( URL_1 ). It's 60 Hertz (Hz) in North America, and 50 Hz in Europe. You'll hear things like big electrical transformers humming at this frequency. When you listen to an airplane pilot make announcements on the cabin intercom you'll hear a much higher pitched hum, this is because airplanes use [400 Hz AC]( URL_0 ) power which allows motors and components to be made smaller and lighter.


Question: Bicameral legislatures - how do they work and why do they exist?

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 Bicameral legislatures - how do they work and why do they exist?

A bicameral legislature is a system in which two bodies are responsible for making laws. Both bodies must agree on and pass a bill before it can be signed by the PM/president/whatever and become a law. The United States is an example of a bicameral legislature. The two bodies that make up our congress are the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 100 senators--2 from each of the 50 states. The House of Representatives is composed of 435 reps, with the number of representatives from each state being decided based on the population of that state, but each state is guaranteed at least 1 representative. California is currently the most populous state so it has the most representatives. The purpose of doing this, at least in the US, is to try and strike a balance between the lawmaking power of highly and sparsely populated states. If we only had the HoR, then a few states where a lot of people live could dictate law to a larger number of states where fewer people live. If we only had the senate, then more populous states would have less voting power per citizen because each state has the same number of votes. Both of these situations are undesirable if your goal is to provide for as equal of representation as possible in the federal government, so we have both as a compromise.


Question: How fire fighters ,most of the time, are able to determine what caused the fire? How can they do such a thing if everything is burned down?

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 How fire fighters ,most of the time, are able to determine what caused the fire? How can they do such a thing if everything is burned down?

I stole this from a google search I did: The easiest way is usually to ask the occupant of the fire building. They can usually tell you where they first discovered the fire. If no one was home, you follow the damage. Usually the room where the fire starts will have the most damage to it from heat. In a single room and contents fire that's pretty easy to determine, but once the fire spreads, you look for the most heat damage. Then within the room of origin you look for a tell tale V shaped burn pattern. The bottom of that V will usually be the point of origin of the fire. From there you have to figure out what was the actual cause of ignition by talking to occupants and examining the surrounding area for items that could have started the fire. Is there a frayed electrical cord? Is there a nearby ash tray that could point to careless disposal of a cigarette? Is there an electric outlet near the base of the V? What's plugged in to the outlet? Is there a power strip that was overloaded? Slowly, you usually eliminate the things that didn't start the fire before really focusing on the one or two things that might have been the cause.


Question: Why did controllers in the 80s and 90s require calibration? How come we dont need to calibrate controllers now?

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 Why did controllers in the 80s and 90s require calibration? How come we dont need to calibrate controllers now?

The way older joysticks were built, the software had no way of knowing where the 'center' was, and how far the joystick could move before it hit max tilt - so it had to measure those values itself. (Similar to taring a scale). These days there are little chips inside the joystick which know those values through factory calibration, and will deliver normalized output to the PC.


Question: Why some factories runs 24/7 while others can do only dayshifts?

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 Why some factories runs 24/7 while others can do only dayshifts?

The cost of running a factory can be split into both fixed costs and unit costs. The fixed costs are costs of the equipment, tools, buildings and such which does not depend on how many actual units you produce. The ratio between fixed costs and unit costs varies a lot between different products. If you have more shifts you increase the unit costs as people want more pay to work nightshift and weekends but the fixed costs stay the same with more units produced. So if you have high fixed costs it may be benefitial to run the factory 24/7 whereas if you have high unit costs you may only run the day shift. Factories might also add or remove shifts depending on the demand so a factory that might only be designed to ten shifts a week might during high demand run twenty shifts without having to buy new equipment or build new buildings.


Question: Every year, more money is "pumped" into the economy, and prices go up, wages go up, expenses go up... Where does all that money come from?

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 Every year, more money is "pumped" into the economy, and prices go up, wages go up, expenses go up... Where does all that money come from?

Mostly loans. With fractional reserve banking savings accounts in a bank only need to be a fraction of the loan balances the bank has. Typically it's about 10%. So if Alice has $1 and puts in in her bank account, the bank can then give Bob $10. Bob can buy a $10 widget from Alice, and she puts it in her bank account. Bob goes back to the bank and they can issue him a $100 loan, and he buys 10 widgets from Alice for $100. It repeats, each time Bob goes back he gets another loan and the bank makes money. Bob obviously owes the bank all that money, and when he pays it off (eventually), the bank will destroy that money (but keep the interest they earned). Thus as people take out loans, money is created. In the US, banks can deposit money into the federal reserve and withdraw it as cash, so the US will print more physical bills as more money goes into circulation for these transactions. But this printing of cash doesn't devalue money, because they only print money banks can get deposited into their accounts. When someone pays off a loan in cash the cash essentially is deposited back into the federal reserve, and the bank takes it out of their account and destroys it, and the federal reserve may physically destroy those dollars. They are allowed to print cash to create money, but that causes severe inflation, so they don't do it.


Question: Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

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 Why is it that we generally find food that's bad for us more delicious than food that's good for us?

That food isn’t *inherently* bad for us, we just eat too much of it. This leads to problems like obesity, because these “unhealthy” foods contain a lot of energy and nutrients. Before modern farming and food processing, it was hard to get salt, fat, and other nutrients in the diet. It was also hard to *get enough food at all*. People used to starve to death unless they were quite well-adapted and lucky... wild animals still experience this today... So when a human came across something salty, fatty, or sweet, it was best to eat it— this was a good way to get some energy-dense food into their bodies with minimum effort and time. Now that salt, fat, and sugar are abundant, this natural urge to eat lots of it is counterproductive.


Question: what causes us to involuntary make silly faces whenever we taste something hot, sour, or bitter?

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 what causes us to involuntary make silly faces whenever we taste something hot, sour, or bitter?

One theory is that it's an evolutionary trait that warns those around us that what we are eating is potentially unsafe, poisonous, or toxic, as bitter or sour tend to produce a visceral reaction whereas salty or umami or sweet don't produce a noticeable reaction (unless they're disgustingly so, I suppose. Like extremely salty would likely make people gag). So, theoretically, you see your fellow human eat something and then make an obvious, unpleasant face. So youre less likely to want to eat what they're eating.


Question: Why do many of us simply never get car/air/sea-sick, if it's supposed to be a normal biological response from the brain?

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 Why do many of us simply never get car/air/sea-sick, if it's supposed to be a normal biological response from the brain?

The feeling of travel sickness is a response by the brain to competing signals that don’t make sense. For example; you’re reading a book on a coach going up a mountain. Your eyes see you as not moving, as you are looking at a static book, but your inner ear tells your brain that you’re moving left, right, accelerating and decelerating. In most circumstances encountered by humanity and it’s ancestors, this missmatch can be caused by one thing; poisoning. So the body has evolved a vomit response to try and get the poison out. Now the exact mechanism is unclear and your question about why certain people are more affected has not been conclusively answered. Motion sickness is more common in women and those who suffer migranes, and there seems to be a genetic component too. We still have a lot to learn before we know for sure.


Question: How does my computer prevent feedback when on a video call and my mic isn’t muted?

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 How does my computer prevent feedback when on a video call and my mic isn’t muted?

Because your computer _knows_ what its sending out of _its_ speakers/headphones/audio out and will actually _cancel_ that signal out of anything coming in from your microphone. Same reason why a conference call phone or a phone on speakerphone doesn't have the problem yet when you bring another phone nearby you get feedback. Since the dawn of conference call phones self-noise cancellation has been a thing. To a point, and it depends on which apps are in play. If you use VSee or Discord for gaming with friends, but have the in-game audio chat coming through as well, you might get your voice comms bleeding through the game output at the same time - the game can't know what you're talking into Discord unless Discord is integrated into the game / platform (like Steam). If you mix Discord or Skype with ingame Steam chat for example you get weird results and echos and bad news.


Question: Where does the value of stock come from?

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 Where does the value of stock come from?

> So once the stock is issued and I have some (hypothetically), what's in it for me? **Stock is ownership.** If you own all the stock you own the company. If you own 50% plus one share you can control what the company does. This means that if buying that 50%+1 costs less than what you would get selling Amazon to another company (even in pieces) then you could make money doing just that. Because of this basic value of owning a thing, individual stock shares have value. If someone doesn't recognize this value and is willing to sell then someone who does recognize the value will buy it.


Question: Why do people's migraine experiences vary so much, and what causes them in the first place?

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 Why do people's migraine experiences vary so much, and what causes them in the first place?

I don't have an answer but I'm curious as well. I get cluster headaches--they come about once a year and last for approximately 1-1.5 months. It's an excruciating pain behind my right eye (about an inch or two deep) that feels like someone is squeezing my brain. I get 2-4 a day and can only stop them by taking a Triptan and sitting in the tub with hot water pouring on me. I take 2-4 showers a day because of this...


Question: Why is it such a common bug in video games for people to be launched up into the sky?

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 Why is it such a common bug in video games for people to be launched up into the sky?

It's a problem with the PhysX engine itself, which many games have used. Basically what happens is that when two objects collide, the algorithm figures out the "force" and tries to determine what happens. The "force" moves the objects according to the algorithm the engine works out. But there are thousands or millions of objects in a game, and when one of them isn't coded correctly, the engine doesn't know what to do with it, and so it imparts all that "force" into the object that struck it instead of distributing it correctly. This can cause the object to clip out of bounds, go flying out into space, or otherwise behave incorrectly. NPCs and the player are objects that can be affected by this.


Question: Why do we burp? What is the function of burping?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do we burp? What is the function of burping?

You burp to release gas in your stomach. Either you put the gas there (like by drinking a soda with bubbles of carbon dioxide dissolved into the liquid) or it was released by the chemical reactions that digested your food. That gas has to go somewhere, and it's a lot easier to send it up through your mouth than have it pass all the way through your digestive system to come out the other end.


Question: What is the difference between an associate company and subsidiary company and what are benefits of each?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference between an associate company and subsidiary company and what are benefits of each?

I think you mean affiliate companies. A subsidiary is a company owned by another company. An affiliate is a company that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, another company. Example 1: ABC Corp. owns XYZ Corp. XYZ is a subsidiary of ABC. Example 2: Both ABC Corp. and XYZ Corp. are owned by 123 Inc. ABC and XYZ are affiliates, both ultimately controlled by 123.


Question: What makes voices sound different, other than controllable things like pitch and intensity?

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 What makes voices sound different, other than controllable things like pitch and intensity?

Timbre! There's a few definitions for Timbre, depending on who you ask, but basically, and I love this definition from google, it's "the character or quality of a musical sound or voice as distinct from its pitch and intensity." So pretty much exactly what you asked. If you look at the waveform of a sound, you'll notice that it's not just a simple sine wave(unless you're looking at a sine wave). The sound wave is a really complex combination of a basic oscillating difference in pressure, mediated by the shape and resonance of what's producing it, and the shape and resonance of where it's being produced. That means that they're really quite complex. The characteristics of the sound are visible in the spectrum, if you ever look at a spectrograph of the sound. So pitch is the frequency of that pressure difference, intensity is the amount of that pressure difference, and timbre is the shape of the wave as mediated by the other factors.


Question: Why is 8 (with exception of hydrogen and helium) the magic number for chemical stability of elements in the valence shell?

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 Why is 8 (with exception of hydrogen and helium) the magic number for chemical stability of elements in the valence shell?

It is because we are in a 3 dimensional universe. There happens to be 4 different ways that electron orbits can go. One sphere, or 3 different orientations of a figure-eight. Those three orientations would be along each axis. Since each of these orbits can hold 2 electrons (electrons have a "spin", they can hold one of each opposite spin), you end up with a capacity of 8 electrons. The smaller hydrogen and helium atoms do not have enough room to support the 3 extra orbits, which is why they're stable with 2. Larger atoms also get another set of suborbitals that would allow more outer electrons.


Question: When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

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 When a flight is overbooked why would someone need to be removed from their seat to let someone else on?

Ticket price is a good contender, but the culprit in some of the more public cases was an airline employee that needed to be shuttled to another airport to then fly. So even if everyone on the plane paid top dollar, getting a pilot to work on time (effectively) takes priority. It's shitty planning on the airlines' part, but they're allowed to do it, so they do.


Question: What makes an object contaminated with radiation?

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 What makes an object contaminated with radiation?

They are not contaminated because they have been exposed to radiation but the radioactive element she handles in the laboratory transferred to the notebook. She did not know the potential danger of the elements so she did not handel the elements as carefully as we do today so dust, smoke or liquids with the material have been transferred to the notebooks perhaps by sticking to her hand. So is is more how if you work in a garage there you can get oil from the engine onto a paper you write on that was what occurred not that the radiation changed the books. In this case it is not oil but polonium and radium that got on the book. She carried test tubes with radioactive isotopes in her pockets and stored them in her desk drawer so it is not strange that some was transferred to the notebooks and the rest of the laboratory. & #x200B; Radioactive contamination is in most cases just like a chemical spill or a fire that produce something that is bad for yo. ut is atoms/molecules that are physically transported and land on other stuff. & #x200B; That said neutron radiation can transmute element when atoms absorb the neutrons. But most radioactive material no not release neutrons and it does travel far in ari. Large amounts of neutrons is release win nuclear reactor or when nuclear bombs explode. So a reactor changes some of the atoms in the reactor containment into radioactive isotopes and nuclear bomb will if the explode in the air transmute some of the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere or the even the ground if it detonate close enough.


Question: How can European companies like Zara afford to produce their clothes in places like Portugal and Spain, while American companies rely on sweatshop labour to sell at the same price?

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 How can European companies like Zara afford to produce their clothes in places like Portugal and Spain, while American companies rely on sweatshop labour to sell at the same price?

Zara is somewhat unique in the fashion industry in that it owns its entire supply chain. Most clothing companies will hire factories to make their clothes according to patterns, and then have a distribution and logistics company handle the process of getting the actual clothes to the country they're going to be sold in, and sometimes also to the individual retail outlets. This allows economies of scale to come in, for example, a factory making t-shirts for fifty different companies in Bangladesh can make those shirts much cheaper because they can order fabric in more bulk. So what advantage does owning the factories convey? Well, there's an element of cost saving in full ownership, the factory and the distributor aren't taking a cut for profit, but the main advantage is quicker turnaround. If all the factories in your supply chain are set up to supply you and only you, you can set them up exactly how you want them, you can set the rules in the factory you can set the distribution network to prioritise getting you merchandise *fast* instead of *cheap*. Which means that unlike some companies who have to design their Summer 17 range about a year out guessing based on trends what will be popular in time to get their stuff made and shipped from Asia, a company like Zara can wait til the start of summer, see the trends, design clothes based on those those trends, and have their designs manufactured and in store within a week or two. What about non-fashion items, though? Plain t-shirts don't change much at all year to year. If you buy a red t-shirt, you'll probably be wearing it still in 2 years time. For those items you don't need speed at all. You also don't need to be unique. So for that stuff there's no reason not to order from Asia, and sure enough even Zara will order their bulk non-fashion clothing from those factories. For stores which specialise in offering cheap clothing (e.g. Primark here in Europe), all their stuff will be made in places like bangladesh because it doesn't need to be fast and it doesn't need to be good, so you can just focus on as cheap as possible.


Question: How does catnip work and does it affect any other animals?

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 How does catnip work and does it affect any other animals?

Catnip contains the feline attractant nepetalactone. Nepeta cataria (and some other species within the genus Nepeta) are known for their behavioral effects on the cat family, not only on domestic cats but also other species of cats. Several tests showed that leopards, cougars, servals, and lynxes often reacted strongly to catnip in a manner similar to domestic cats and while lions and tigers can react strongly as well, they do not react as consistently. With domestic cats, N. cataria is used as a recreational substance for pet cats' enjoyment, and catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers. Common behaviors cats display when they sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip are rubbing on the plant, rolling on the ground, pawing at it, licking it, and chewing it. Consuming much of the plant is followed by drooling, sleepiness, anxiety, leaping about and purring. Some growl, meow, scratch or bite at the hand holding it. Its drugs for cats.


Question: I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

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 I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

Each pill might only cost $0.03 or something to make, but the **first** pill with all the research and development and testing and regulation and approval and so on and so forth might cost over one billion dollars. That's a lot of investment, and if anyone is going to go down that road, they need to be compensated for finding a cure. Patent law ensures that companies that invent cures have exclusive rights to that cure for a length of time so they can make their money back. After that period the drug can be manufactured without paying the inventor for every pill made. Those are the "generic" drugs, and that's why they're cheaper.


Question: How does the US dollar come back to the US when it has been used in other countries?

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 How does the US dollar come back to the US when it has been used in other countries?

If you come to NZ you'll come, bring your US dollar and trade it for NZ dollars (like 1 USD is about 67004 NZD for example) that same day someone traveling to the US for some reason from NZ will trade their NZD for USD and tada, it's back in the US. Money rarely stays put, it's always circulating. Exchanges, either at banks or through exchange companies, ensure that foreign currency stays circulating.


Question: On TV crime shows, the police or FBI are always aiming at the perpetrator with the perpetrator aiming back. In real life, is it the same? If so, how do the agents or officers know if the criminal is going to shoot?

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 On TV crime shows, the police or FBI are always aiming at the perpetrator with the perpetrator aiming back. In real life, is it the same? If so, how do the agents or officers know if the criminal is going to shoot?

Cop here: In real life if someone points a gun at us, we'll generally shoot them until they're no longer a threat. In very limited, specific circumstances where we can't fire (like a bad backdrop), we'll seek cover or move until we have a better shot. For a barricade situation like if they're in a building, SWAT will be called.


Question: What actually is food poisoning and what is happening in our bodies that make them respond so violently to it?

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 What actually is food poisoning and what is happening in our bodies that make them respond so violently to it?

Food poisoning happens when you eat some bad bacteria living on/in your food. These bacteria (commonly staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cereus) make a toxin and spread that toxin all in your food. When you eat that toxin, your guts are like “this is a bad thing so let’s get rid of it” and your guts get rid of it with vomiting and diarrhea. The vomiting and diarrhea get rid of the bacteria and essentially clean you out. Some bacterial diarrheas last longer but that’s because those bacteria can live in your guts and make their toxin instead of these food poisoning ones that make their toxin before you eat it.


Question: Why do hotel rooms not have central lighting?

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 Why do hotel rooms not have central lighting?

Light fixtures in the room which are lamps or other fixtures less integrated into the structure make it so they can be replaced by people other than electricians if damaged. A light fixture ripped out of the ceiling requires a much more difficult repair than a lamp which is smashed; a cleaning lady can plug in a new lamp but a unionized electrician is required for the fixture.