Question: how do laser pointed thermometer guns find a reading of the temperature?

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 how do laser pointed thermometer guns find a reading of the temperature?

The laser is just there so you know where the reading is being taken from. Everything emits infrared radiation as long as it's above absolute zero and if it gets hot enough it starts emitting visible light. The radiation things normally emit based on their temperature is a form of light below what the human eye can see unless it gets intensely hot. The laser thermometer is able to sense this radiation and determine temperature based on how strong and what "color" the light is.


Question: How come Animals don’t have to brush they’re teeth to clean them but they’re totally fine?

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 How come Animals don’t have to brush they’re teeth to clean them but they’re totally fine?

They're not, animal teeth rot the same as ours for the most part. The difference is it's not something an animal can do anything about. It either kills them or the tooth falls out. Herbivores are especially prone to tooth decay, caused by their carbohydrate rich diets. Carnivores who prey on other animals don't usually have it as bad.


Question: what is the cause of death of people who fell from big heights?

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 what is the cause of death of people who fell from big heights?

Well I guess that depends. If you hit your head, you could be instantly brain dead. Otherwise it's usually massive internal hemorrhaging. So something (a lot of somethings) in your body rips, you start bleeding inside, there's not enough blood in your system to pump around so you go into hypovolaemic shock, you arrest (heart stops working) and your brain doesn't get oxygen anymore so you die. If you don't fall from too high/cushion the fall somehow you might die of different injuries a bit later. Pretty much any organ can get damaged in a fall if you're unlucky enough. Could get a massive blood clot and have a heart attack or stroke, or go into shock later when your system can't handle the injuries anymore. If you don't bleed enough to die within seconds or minutes then it'll be the "lethal triad". You body will try to preserve enough blood volume for your heart to pump so it'll stop blood flow into arms and legs. That causes acidosis. If trauma doesn't kill you immediately it's apparently usually acidosis, hypothermia and coagulopathy. That's all I can think of at the moment.


Question: How can musical notes be consistently broken down into discrete notes (C#, D etc.) when pitch operates on a continuum where degrees of pitch can exist between these notes?

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 How can musical notes be consistently broken down into discrete notes (C#, D etc.) when pitch operates on a continuum where degrees of pitch can exist between these notes?

They can't, at least not consistently. The whole system is only an approximation to help coordinate and document music. The closer you look the more cracks appear. On a piano the ratio of A0 to A1 is not the same as the ratio of A5 to A6. On a violin, there is a difference between playing a G sharp and an A flat, on a piano there isn't. Total pitch isn't sacrosanct either: an A5 played by an orchestra in 1790 was at a different frequency than an A5 played by an orchestra in 1990. It's a jumbled and changing system dependent on cultural factors as well as physical and mathematical limitations, but it's just "good enough" Edit: I realize now that this might not have exactly answered your question, so here is an addendum: The half-tone system is a purely Middle-European creation. There are plenty of other sounds to be had between C# and D, they just don't play a big part in Western musical tradition. Quarter tone steps for example feature prominently in Middle Eastern musical traditions.


Question: If entropy is the universal tendency towards disorder, why were planets and galaxies and life allowed to form?

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 If entropy is the universal tendency towards disorder, why were planets and galaxies and life allowed to form?

Because the universe did not start out as perfectly smooth, there were parts that had more stuff/were hotter and other parts that were cooler/less dense. While the tendency is toward smoothness, there can be local pockets that are denser/more complex. However, every increase in local complexity implies a greater increase in smoothness overall.


Question: Why do we frequently add the sound "ee" to the end of names, particularly children's names?

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 Why do we frequently add the sound "ee" to the end of names, particularly children's names?

Many languages have a "diminutive" form, usually a suffix, for names and objects. In English, it happens to be -y (or rarely -ie, same sound); in German it's -lein and -chen; and so forth. In other words, "Why?" "Because." It's a fairly common construct. ---- Now, if your question was actually "Why is the standard diminutive suffix in English -y", IDK.


Question: - if I ice an injury am I making it better or just masking the pain?

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 - if I ice an injury am I making it better or just masking the pain?

It will kind of depend on the injury you have sustained. Icing an injured area does numb pain and it basically functions as an external application of an analgesiac. Yes it does wear off over time and yes your only masking the pain similarly as taking meds would. Icing is usually used for acute injuries soon after they happen as it does help reduce pain but mainly it helps reduce swelling that can cause functional use to decline. This being said it does have applications for chronic injuries but again this is mainly to combat inflammation.


Question: Why can't people that had chemotherapy touch cold things?

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 Why can't people that had chemotherapy touch cold things?

It depends on the type of chemotherapy as to whether they patient will suffer cold aversion. Most chemo drugs cause peripheral nerve damage and neuropathy which makes cold sensations much more painful. I myself am on two separate chemo drugs (docetaxel and carboplatin) and have some neuropathy, but not necessarily any cold sensitivity. Actually, I can’t stand liquids that aren’t icy, and I have a tendency to get over heated from the steroids they give me, so I think it’s more of a YMMV situation.


Question: When a sapling is planted for a tree, and that tree grows, where did the matter for the grown tree come from?

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 When a sapling is planted for a tree, and that tree grows, where did the matter for the grown tree come from?

Water and some nutrients are drawn up from the ground through the roots. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the air and used to make simple sugar, which is then used to make much of the plant. So the majority of the "body" of the plant comes from the air around it.


Question: How do natural harmonics and also ‘pinch’ harmonics work on a guitar?

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 How do natural harmonics and also ‘pinch’ harmonics work on a guitar?

The fundamental frequency of a guitar string is the time it takes for the guitar string to vibrate back and forth based on the tension, length, and mass of the string. Like the way a slinky or spring will bounce at a certain rate. The harmonics are the time it takes for a fractional piece of the guitar string to vibrate back and forth. For example, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc. When you strike an open string, all the harmonics vibrate together, but our ear translates this to just the fundamental frequency. Sort of how we see combinations of colors as just one color. When you place your finger gently on the string at the twelfth fret, you are preventing the entire string from vibrating, but you still allow each half string to vibrate. Thus, each half string becomes the new fundamental and your ear hears that instead (at twice the frequency of the fundamental, or one octave). There are no new frequencies here, just the lack of the fundamental frequency and some other intermediate frequencies that you are now blocking. Pinch harmonics are caused by unusual ratios when you mute the string at a funny place. For example maybe you pinched at 4/13ths of the string's length, so the string vibrates in thirteenths. The reason pinch harmonics work on electric guitar and not acoustic guitar is because the signal is heavily amplified.


Question: Why do kids struggle with the volume of their voice?

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 Why do kids struggle with the volume of their voice?

Kids are far less self-aware than adults. This is why you'll see them doing things like "sneaking" to get a cookie while you're watching them and it's quite obvious that you are and that they aren't being very sneaky at all. Or, like, picking their noses in public or some such. Children also lack a fully developed brain, especially the part of the brain that does behavioral control. This is why a kid will just burst out crying or start hitting another kid, often with little to no reason. This lack of behavioral control (and emotional regulation) means that kids will get excited and they literally won't be able to moderate their emotional response which feeds into their behavior, which they also won't be able to regulate, which leads to loud voices. Last of all, kids are still learning things. While it seems obvious that you use your inside voice when you're inside, kids often have to go through a process of learning (meaning lots of mistakes and corrections and feedback) before they learn what is and is not acceptable in any situation, especially novel situations. Obviously this depends on things like the temperament of the child in question and especially their age and level of development.


Question: Why is it so difficult to mentally understand infinity?

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 Why is it so difficult to mentally understand infinity?

When we imagine a process, like the process of counting to a high number, we imagine the end or a final step. When there is no final step, it is difficult to comprehend the existence of such an everlasting process or cycle. We are used to using numbers in finite ways, so the concept that numbers are not finite is foreign. This also applies to the size of something being infinite, like the cosmos for example. We inhabit the cosmos. When we imagine inhabiting something, like a room for example, we can measure the size of a room. Imagining something akin to a room having no walls and therefore being immeasurable doesn't make sense given that we focus on finite measurements. A journey is usually completed with a destination, so it is hard to grasp a journey (like traveling the universe or counting) existing without one.


Question: Why do planets close the Sun, like Mercury, have very hot days BUT very cold nights as well, despite being so closr to the Sun?

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 Why do planets close the Sun, like Mercury, have very hot days BUT very cold nights as well, despite being so closr to the Sun?

When the sun is shining on the side of a planet it warms up that ground, when that side rotates away from the sun it radiates its heat away into space. If there is an atmosphere, that traps a lot of the IR radiation and keeps that side of the planet warm Mercury has basically no atmosphere so it makes sense that it'll get hit with a huge amount of sunlight and be very hot during the day which takes 88 Earth days.... It then has no atmosphere to trap the heat so during the 88 Earth days that a side is facing away from the sun it can radiate away basically all of its heat Venus is another one that is closer to the sun than us and also rotates stupidly slowly (a Venusian day takes 116 Earth days) but because it has such a thick atmosphere the majority of the energy absorbed during those first 63 days can't effectively radiate away during the 63 day long night period. Venus's atmosphere at the surface is 50x denser than Earths so it is pretty much always at 460C all across the planet unlike Mercury which swings from -220C to 420C


Question: why use courtroom sketch images when they can just take a photo?

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 why use courtroom sketch images when they can just take a photo?

The rules on this vary from country to country. In 2015, all 50 American states allow film and photography in the courtroom. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the United Kingdom and Hong Kong don't even allow the courtroom sketch artists to sketch **during** the proceedings, instead having to do so afterwards from memory. The common reasoning for not allowing photography is to eliminate distractions and preserve privacy.


Question: Why isn't Fox a credible news source but CNN or New York Times is?

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 Why isn't Fox a credible news source but CNN or New York Times is?

When they do fact checking the actual nightly news part of fox news is a little bit worse than others but not hugely. The big deal is that fox news has very endless 'editorial' sections that are 'entertainment" and simply say things that are not remotely correct or true. Like if you just watched the 6 o'clock news program (that I think they moved to 7 at some point), it's fine, it's not the best nightly news but it's fine. It's when you watch things like hannity and fox and friends where it just becomes opinion shows with little regard if they are even talking about real things or not.


Question: Why were humans able to globally standardize units of time but still struggle to standardize other units of measure?

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 Why were humans able to globally standardize units of time but still struggle to standardize other units of measure?

There is no struggle, the world has standardized on the international system of units, commonly called the metric system. Even in the US, where feet and miles are still common, those units are defined, legally, in terms of their metric counterparts. The adoption of the metric system by US consumers has been slowed by the stupendous cost of such a change, and the limited value to most users. It's like moving to one language, or one electrical outlet, the sunk cost of the installed base is huge.


Question: Why is it therapeutic/cathartic to indulge dark emotions (watching dark movies, listening to sad music etc) rather than trying to cheer yourself up?

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 Why is it therapeutic/cathartic to indulge dark emotions (watching dark movies, listening to sad music etc) rather than trying to cheer yourself up?

Your brain is like a village. When something bad happens to it, the villagers who are the most hurt become scary to the rest of the village who just want to pretend that the bad thing never happened. And so, the village tries to kick the hurt villagers out. But those villagers have no where else to go. The hurt villagers have no choice but to get the rest of the village to be less afraid of them so they can be let back in the village. They come up with all sorts of creative ways to get the village to drop their defenses and accept them back. One such way is get the village to re-experience what they went through, or get them close enough to where the rest of the villagers can be slowly exposed to the thing they’re so afraid of. Once it becomes more familiar to the rest of the village, the hurt villagers don’t seem as scary and are let back in.


Question: Why do flames of different temperatures appear to be different colors?

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 Why do flames of different temperatures appear to be different colors?

Generally they aren't, a yellow/orange/white flame's colour is related to its temperature as the soot particles act as blackbodies and emit a blackbody spectrum, the peak wavelength depends on the temperature of the particles. If the flame colour is blue (or anything else like green) then it is due to emission spectra rather than blackbody


Question: How is nearly every book on display a New York Times Bestseller?

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 How is nearly every book on display a New York Times Bestseller?

The NYT Bestseller List is a weekly list, so there are 52 chances for a book to hit #1 in any given year, and 1300 chances for a book to merely **appear** on the list (25 books per week on average, 52 weeks). And studies have shown that people are more likely to purchase books that have appeared on the NYT Bestseller List, so storefronts are going to be more likely to prominently display those books in order to grab the eye of a consumer.


Question: () What are those colors you see when you close your eyes in the dark?

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 () What are those colors you see when you close your eyes in the dark?

Most people see splashes of colors and flashes of light on a not-quite-jet-black background when their eyes are closed. It’s a phenomenon called phosphene. Not an expert but I believe it’s basically our brain and eyes don’t shut off when we close our eyes, so your visual system is still active. Fun fact, the name for the 'not quiet jet black' colour we see is Eigengrau.


Question: What actually is a headache?

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 What actually is a headache?

As far as I know, there are not solid answers to this as of yet. Correct me if Im wrong, reddit. Some head pain is believed to be caused from a swelling of the brain and is relieved when the pressure decreases. Other times head pain is thought to be caused by a lack of the proper amount of water in your brain and your circulation is lacking because of it.


Question: How can the human mind perceive at what/who someone is looking?

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 How can the human mind perceive at what/who someone is looking?

The only information you have of the other person is what you see with your eyes. The primary information is the direction of the head and eyes. The secondarily is how that stand, expression on there face. If you combine that with what you either know of the area they look at or you can observe now by looking and from noise you can make a qualified guess what they look at. It help if you know the individual preferences and what they are interested in, afraid of etc. If the question is that you can know if someone is looking i at you the answer it that we can't know except by from information from our scenes. So you can't know if someone behind you look at you or not but you can know that they are there.


Question: Why is it when you translate a phrase through Google Translate from A to B and back to A, that the first A and the second A are not identical?

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 Why is it when you translate a phrase through Google Translate from A to B and back to A, that the first A and the second A are not identical?

Because language structures differ too much. Context, syntax, etc. make things too complicated. Modern translators do not use syntactic rules or anything. They use statistical models to try to infer translations based on maximum likelihood. (In easy terms, it obtains the list of words that are more likely to mean the same). How do they achieve this? Well they get trained with thousands of millions of 1-1 translations (e.g. Court transcripts in multi lingual countries) and then they Build these models to calculate likelihoods. Now as of why we can't translate from a to b and back to a giving the original phrase: This is because of language structure and the fact that we are using these probabilistic systems instead of actual mappings. Example I like apples A mí me gustan las manzanas Two identical phrases, In two different languages. The English one has 3 words, the Spanish one has 6. This means that (of course, making things super simple) a. For every English word, there can be more than one correspondence in Spanish. Or b. There are invisible words in the English version but which are needed for context in the other language. In this case, I = mi, like = me gusta, apples = manzanas. "Me gusta" meets scenario (a) and the words "a" and "las" meet scenario (b) This means that translating things will be tricky, statistically a translation like "Apples are liked by me" could be provided because of how the models were setup. It is important to mention that we COULD get the original phrase, but this will not always occur because the ORIGINAL PHRASE can have a lower probability in the B to A distribution. ---- Edit: Check URL_0 This finds a translation equilibrium using Google Translate from English to Japanese. It re-translates translations until we find a scenario where translation from A- > B and B- > A correspond to each other. A good example is this guy: URL_0 i-cannot-believe-this-sentence-reaches-equilibrium-12933403


Question: What is the business and occupation tax and how does it work? (WA state)

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 What is the business and occupation tax and how does it work? (WA state)

Washington State doesn't have an income tax. So what they do for businesses is put this B & O tax on their revenues. It will vary based on what industry the business is in. According to [this link]( URL_0 ) the tax rate is .00471 (.471%) for retail businesses. Unlike income tax, this is a tax on gross sales (revenue) not income. So say you own a restaurant and sell $1,000,000 worth of food. You would owe .471% or $4,710, even if you had $1,100,000 worth of expenses and lost $100,000. In almost all states, if you lose money (expenses are greater than revenues) as a business, you would not owe income tax, but in WA you still owe this B & O. Apparently cities can place their on taxes on top of the state rate as well.


Question: Why does sugar free soda fizz way more than regular soda?

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 Why does sugar free soda fizz way more than regular soda?

Artificial sweeteners in diet sodas are much sweeter than regular sugar so you need to add less of it to get the same sweetness. Diet sodas are usually > 99% carbonated water with < 0.2 grams of artificial sweetener. In contrast, regular sodas have a great deal of added sugar. A regular 12 oz (355 mL) can holds about 10 teaspoons or ~40 grams of sugar. This is about 10 sugar packets per can! Because there is so much sugar, the volume of carbonated water is lower in regular sodas so it can't hold as much fizz.


Question: How do generative Artificial Neural Networks work? (AI that "imagines" images)

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 How do generative Artificial Neural Networks work? (AI that "imagines" images)

It's very hard to explain a neural network in simple terms. But I'll try my best. I'll have to explain the basics of ANNs in general, though. A neural network works just like the neurons in our brain - actually, the neurons on our brain **are** a huge neural network. Artificial Neural Networks are the digital version of that. A **neuron** is a cell that receives multiple inputs from other cells, and based on those inputs, outputs something. These inputs have **weights** - some inputs affect the outcome more than others. The neuron basically takes the sum of all the values multiplicated by all the weights, and puts the result into a **windowing function** - a function that takes the value and spits out a number between 0 and 1, or -1 and 1. ANNs can also have multiple **layers** of neurons - that means the output of a neuron goes to the input of other neurons ahead of it, and so on. Now this is the part of a neural network that's hard to believe - you can train it to recognize or generate pretty much anything. Just like your brain can learn anything, the learning algorithms in an ANN can train it to do anything - but that requires an enormous amount of CPU time and data. By tweaking around the weights of all of the neurons using a very special algorithm, the ANN can learn to produce better and better results. Now obviously, an ANN works with just a bunch of numbers. That means you sometimes have to pre-process and post-process your data - by assigning names to certain numbers, for example. And now about generative ANNs: Just like we can learn how to paint photorealistic pictures if we train hard enough, a generative ANN can learn to generate images based on descriptions or other images. But the way we generate an image using an ANN is a bit weird - instead of putting parameters to generate an image, we put in an image (which can be white noise, for instance) and use the generated description to tweak the image pixels, so that the description generated by the ANN is closer and closer to the description we expect. And how do we train it? Simple, just put images into it and adjust the weights so that the description is correct.


Question: How does counting between seeing lightning and hearing thunder tell you roughly how far away a storm is?

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 How does counting between seeing lightning and hearing thunder tell you roughly how far away a storm is?

Sound travels at a set speed through air. Light also travels at a set speed, but it’s much much faster. Light travels so fast that it’s not worth worrying about how long the light takes to get to you from a lightning bolt. A staggering 186,282 miles per second. It has some travel time, but it’s negligible, and we wouldn’t be able to count it without instruments anyway. Sound, though, we can work with. It travels at “only” 767 miles per hour. It travels 343 meters per second, or a little more than 1125 feet per second. That’s still quite fast indeed! Since there are 5280 feet per mile, that means it takes a little under 5 seconds per mile (4.6 seconds). So if you count the time it takes to hear thunder, every 4.6 seconds it’s 1 mile farther away. Every 1 second it’s 1125 feet away.


Question: What are programming design patterns?

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 What are programming design patterns?

They are one of the reasons why some people drop out of CS programs in college, for one. On a slightly more serious note: a design pattern is basically a sort of recipe to solve a common problem -- only it's a partial recipe. These problems aren't anything "big" like "write an application to do my taxes", but they are small parts that occur in many different contexts. An easy example would be the `Publish/Subscribe` pattern. It describes how to be notified of a certain change or event. For instance, assume you're a chef. There's a cake in one oven, turkey in another oven, and a soufflé in a third oven. You don't want to walk around for an hour, constantly checking up on ("observing") each oven. No. Instead, you tell each oven to notify you when it's done cooking. While that's happening, you can go off and chop some vegetables or something. There are many ways to program something like this. But realizing that it's a common problem, and that there's a named design pattern for it, makes it easier to talk and reason about it. Kind of like two pastry chefs can talk about cake, without having to describe how to make a cake. They both have a pretty good idea of how a cake works. And because they both know about cake, they can say "this cake was really nice" or "it only took 20 minutes to make", or whatever the salient point is. It's a common misconception that you "have" to "use" design patterns, or that there is a magical list with "all" design patterns. The "gang of four" has famously published a bunch of them. But that's by no means all of them.


Question: Why is insulin patent allowed to keep updating to keep original patent running out?

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 Why is insulin patent allowed to keep updating to keep original patent running out?

The original insulin patent was to a Canadian doctor back in 1923 which was then sold to their university for $1. That patent would be expired many years ago now. Are you referring to the high cost of insulin in general or the relates devices that medical companies use to deliver insulin?


Question: What does it mean when a business owner ‘writes off’ an expense, and how does it work?

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 What does it mean when a business owner ‘writes off’ an expense, and how does it work?

Businesses taxes are determined based on profits. A business brings in X in revenue, spends Y on payroll, machinery, office supplies, wholesale inventory, consultants, rent, etc. X-Y=profit and that is what's taxed. Maybe a business owner wants to take a vacation to Hawaii. Most people pay for that with salary from their job, which has already been taxed. A business owner finds a conference in Hawaii related to his company's field and chooses to attend, tacking on some time after the conference for vacation. Because the trip is business-related, he can count its cost (or least some of it) toward his business expenses for the year, reducing the profits his business has to pay taxes on. He also, can pay himself less in income -- reducing his taxable income -- since his vacation didn't come out of his personal income, but instead was business expense. Business owners often do the same with cars, leasing a vehicle through the business vs. buying or leasing one personally.


Question: What happens when the founder of a private company owning 100% of the stocks decides to take the company public , but decides to keep control of 51% of the shares?

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 What happens when the founder of a private company owning 100% of the stocks decides to take the company public , but decides to keep control of 51% of the shares?

> Would the SEC oppose that? No, absolutely not, this is VERY common for companies, many owners retain huge amounts of their company when going public > Would they be able to appoint members of the board? Yes > Would they be able to serve as the CEO? Yes, there is nothing to prevent anyone from working at the company, they could own 100% of the shares or 0%, they just work there. > Would the board be able to fire the CEO? And if that's the case what happens given that the CEO would also be the major shareholder? Yes the board could fire the CEO, but since the owner is on the board, and has the majority of votes, he would have to vote to fire him/herself or "step down" voluntarily.


Question: Almost everyday I see a new commercials saying “No more plastic, we switched to paper [straws/bags/whatever]!” I understand that it’s good to not use plastic, but won’t this contribute to cutting down more trees and hurt our environment as well?

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 Almost everyday I see a new commercials saying “No more plastic, we switched to paper [straws/bags/whatever]!” I understand that it’s good to not use plastic, but won’t this contribute to cutting down more trees and hurt our environment as well?

I work for a paper company and we only harvest trees in sustainable methods regardless of whether or not the final product requires the chain of custody certification. Our facilities are in the UP of Michigan. We only cut into a forest once every 15 years. We cut rows about 20 feet wide (the width of the harvester) and trim the logs on site to feed the forest floor. We allow nature to fill back the space to provide a mixed forest habitat. Roads, farms, etc have stopped fires in those areas so thinning these forests occasionally is crucial to their health. We are also clearing out the monoculture forests that we're planted as cash crops in the last century. Typically our timber rights contracts are for 100 years.


Question: - why do power lines affect radiowaves?

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 - why do power lines affect radiowaves?

Radio waves are electromagnetic. Electricity is electromagnetic (60 Hz frequency for power transmission is much much lower frequency than radio waves frequency, but it's the same kind of electromagnetic). And metals in general have their atoms arranged in an [ordered / crystal pattern]( URL_1 ) where the electrons can flow freely between atoms, like water between pebbles. So that makes metals very good conductors of electricity, and that's why they're used in antennas. So metals in general will block radio waves or other electromagnetic frequencies. That's the point of a [Faraday Cage]( URL_0 ). Power lines are made of metal, so they can absorb and block certain frequencies of radio waves.


Question: How does blacking out someone's eyes protect their anonymity?

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 How does blacking out someone's eyes protect their anonymity?

the way humans recognize eachother comes from looking at the face and starting with the eyes then outwards. its how our brains forms recognition between different people. By blurring out the eyes, it strongly assists in "blurring" our recognition as our brain no longer has a central point to extend from and you end up playing "matches" with other faces to figuring out who it is. Theres actually an illness with people who view faces without viewing the eyes and thus the brain does not have the same centralised focus - these people are afflicted with great difficulty in recognising others based on looks. you can do a quick experiment yourself - when you check out your friend or coworker, do your eyes click to theirs immediately?(even for a tiny split second?)


Question: What are saving & loan associations and how are they different from commercial banks?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are saving & loan associations and how are they different from commercial banks?

Savings and Loan Associations are specifically made for the borrowing of money for the purchase of homes, cars, and other big-ticket amenities. As opposed to a bank, which is primarily a store for money and financial facilitator. That is, you give them your paycheck, and they let you write checks to send payments without cash. A bank will give loans and grant interest, the same as a S & L, but they don't focus on the practice. And a S & L will accept deposits and even allow drafting of checks, but they primarily want to fund new home loans.


Question: how do crabs living in the sand not get crushed when humans walk on top of them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do crabs living in the sand not get crushed when humans walk on top of them?

Three reasons working together in conjunction: 1. Crabs are small. Burrowing crabs are particularly small. Since your strength depends on the square-cube law, it means crabs are relatively strong. 2. Crabs are built to live underwater. They're already adapted to having large amounts of pressure on their body, as long as that pressure is fairly even. 3. The sand the crab is buried in helps distribute the weight. Some of your weight spreads outwards (thus not affecting the crab), while some of your weight pushes back inwards on the crab's sides (helping support the crab's body from the reduced weight from above). With the pressure now being more even, the crab's bits don't really have anywhere to go, and so stay put, un-crushed.


Question: Why over the past 15 years, the typical CPU clock speed still remains around 2.8 to 3.2 GHz?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why over the past 15 years, the typical CPU clock speed still remains around 2.8 to 3.2 GHz?

We're starting to run into some hard limitations of CPU manufacturing. The faster the clock speed, the more heat the chip will generate. If we push the clock speeds much higher than what they are today then people will need some exotic cooling solutions. The normal way to increase clock speed without creating more heat is to make the wires thinner which lets the chips use less voltage. But, we're getting very close to fundamental limitations about how small the wires can be. They use to be able to pack twice as many transistors in the same space every 24 months or so. That pace has significantly slowed in recent years. Finally, when you're talking about things happening in a billionth of a second, you start having problems keeping the entirety of the chip in sync. Electricity flows fast through the wires, but if we go much faster than the time it takes for the electrons to get from one side of the chip to the other will be slower than one clock cycle. This creates all sorts of new problems.


Question: Why electric cars aren’t solar powered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why electric cars aren’t solar powered?

Some do have solar panels, such as the [Fisker Karma]( URL_0 ). Most manufacturers have released designs or concepts with solar panels (Tesla, Ford on the C-Max, BMW, Toyota). Quite simply, a panel small enough to fit on a car doesn't collect enough energy to power a car. A whole roof is only good for 300-400 watts of energy in full sunlight. A P65D Tesla (for example) has a 65,000 watt-hour battery. Considering 10 hours of sunlight per day, you'd need the better part of a month to charge the battery once..


Question: How did we collect Titanic's Morse Code messages and logs? If it was audio, did they somehow also record it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did we collect Titanic's Morse Code messages and logs? If it was audio, did they somehow also record it?

Because it was all written down (there's no audio recording of wireless messages). Wireless operators would write down ~~the dots and dashes as they listened to them the~~ transmission in a log. ~~and then convert them to alphabetical words~~. Obviously we don't have the logs from the Titanic itself, but we have the logs from the other ships and land-stations that exchanged messages with the Titanic. [Here]( URL_0 ) is a one of the logs of a transmission from the Titanic to another ship in the area at the time, the SS Birma. This is the handwritten log from the Birma's wireless operator.


Question: Why do wet rags clean dirty surfaces so much better than dry ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do wet rags clean dirty surfaces so much better than dry ones?

Water is an amazing solvent. Further most things you are trying to clean up are probably organic in nature. Life on Earth happens in water, either in the ocean or inside bodies that retain water. Because life depends on water as mediator for chemical reactions most organics are soluble in water to some degree.


Question: How are websites that sell anabolic steroids not shut down by the feds if possession or distribution of such products are illegal? Specifically in the US.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are websites that sell anabolic steroids not shut down by the feds if possession or distribution of such products are illegal? Specifically in the US.

In general, performance enhancing drugs are legal to use, it's just that most competitions and athletic associations forbid their participants to do so and will disqualify users to ensure a fair competition. However, if you don't intend to participate in competitions and don't care about your long-term health, you're free to use them.


Question: If fire feeds off of oxygen(O), and there is oxygen in water (H2O), how does water extinguish fire?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If fire feeds off of oxygen(O), and there is oxygen in water (H2O), how does water extinguish fire?

In water. The oxygen is already bonded to hydrogen, so it isn’t in the water “free” to bond with any other chemicals, in order to burn it. Basically, the hydrogen blocks the oxygen from being useful. So when you pour water on a fire, you are smothering it with useless oxygen, so that useful oxygen can’t get to it.


Question: How does Google manage to parse every page on it's database and show our search results on them in miliseconds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Google manage to parse every page on it's database and show our search results on them in miliseconds?

In fact they already have parsed all pages in the planet and created a database of relevant words and how these words relate to the pages. By doing that they have created a rank by words and what pages to show. Then they measure the distance between words and incorporate that in the rank. For example: a page talking about "water bottle" and another talking about "water gallons per bottle" both contain the words "water" and "bottle" but in the second case the words are more distant and will produce a different rank if that search is done. Another think that is incorporated in the page rank is the number of links of important pages to a given page and what words are used to link. A link "water bottle" that links to a page, will increase the rank of that page, if the link is from a trustable source. To make things fast they have millions of computers spread worldwide, so the results come fast.


Question: Why are there prescription strength drugs when we can just take more of the regular drug?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there prescription strength drugs when we can just take more of the regular drug?

I can think of one example.. a non prescription pain killer I use is 15mg of codeine and 500mg paracetamol.. there is a prescription version that is 30mg codeine and 500mg paracetamol.. both versions have a daily maximum of 8 tablets (I think).. from what I understand, the paracetamol is damaging to your liver at high doses, codeine is not so damaging


Question: How does the whole bail bond system work in the courts over in America?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the whole bail bond system work in the courts over in America?

You are arrested for a crime, and either your bail is set by statute (common for minor crimes) or you wait for your arraignment where the court sets your bail. Once you know your bail amount you have two choices: 1. Pay your bail. You give them the money, and you get it back when you show up for court. 2. Pay a bail bondsman 10% of your bail. He puts up the other 90% and you don't get your money back. If you skip court he comes looking for your ass.


Question: Why can't online newspapers make a healthy profit with ad revenue from a higher volume of readers rather than charging subscription fees and having fewer readers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't online newspapers make a healthy profit with ad revenue from a higher volume of readers rather than charging subscription fees and having fewer readers?

Yes, but actually no. Ads don't work any more. Online users had become immune to ad, and lots of people have ads blockers in their browsers. So for a company have to be really cheap to buy and ad space because it's doesn't convert in income too well. So, information companies have to seek other revenue schemes. IMO, I prefer pay for the "objective information" than a third person whit an unknown agenda pay for me.


Question: If rice have arsenic (a kind of toxic elements) and can cause health problems and increase risk of chronic diseases, then why Asian people who consuming rice every single day have no problem whatsoever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If rice have arsenic (a kind of toxic elements) and can cause health problems and increase risk of chronic diseases, then why Asian people who consuming rice every single day have no problem whatsoever?

Because you don't need to have any qualifications to call yourself a food expert, which means unqualified people give themselves professional-sounding titles and then talk nonsense on TV and in blogs. These people take facts like "Rice has a higher proportion of arsenic than many other cereal grains" and then write stories like "Rice is poisoning you!", whereas in reality the proportion in other cereal crops is so low that even the increased quantity in rice is insignificant.


Question: How do cough drops work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cough drops work?

The lining of your throat is swollen and irritated. The air going by bothers it a lot making it think something very small is stuck in your throat causing you to cough. The cough drop contains one of more of the following: - Something like sugar that coats the throat so air doesn't irritate it. - Something like menthol that reduces the swelling making it less irritated. - Something that numbs the throat so it can't feel the air go by. The really good but usually horribly tasting cough drops do all three.


Question: If the sun emits pure white light, why does the sun seem yellowish (as opposed to, say, bluish)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If the sun emits pure white light, why does the sun seem yellowish (as opposed to, say, bluish)?

The gases in the atmosphere scatter some blue light, leaving a slightly yellowed spectrum behind. This gets more pronounced the lower the sun is in the sky, putting more air in the way. As for why the sun is “white” - your eyes have evolved to perfectly color-correct the sun’s spectrum. You perceive sunlight as colorless, but it actually peaks in the green. On pure spectrum analysis from some alien robot, the sun is green.