Question: Why does sand stick to everything even though it doesn't feel sticky?

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 Why does sand stick to everything even though it doesn't feel sticky?

Sand sticks to things in many ways just like flour does. Flour particles aren't sticky at all (while dry), but small enough to be caught in tangles of fabric fibers, attracted by even the slightest charges, or "grabbed" by microscopic droplets of water or oil (and the human body is literally covered with oil-drop and water-drop emitting organelles: sweat glands and sebaceous glands). Flour is many times smaller, so more sticks of course, but at the size level of a grain of sand a human body is covered in a rough shag of fibers, and sticky oil and water films. None of these hold on very tightly, but tight enough to resist gravity and most movement, so the sand doesn't just fall off when you stand up. Brushing the area is more forceful, and tends to knock off every grain of sand hit - but again, sand is so small it can "hide" in the fabric or get missed by a rough hand brushing.


Question: - why can’t we take the immense power within a lightening strike and store it in batteries for later use by the power grids of the world?

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 - why can’t we take the immense power within a lightening strike and store it in batteries for later use by the power grids of the world?

It would be like trying to fill a water bottle from a fire hydrant, the flow is too much to channel so you can store the energy. Attracting a lightning strike is relatively easy, getting that massive amount of energy to flow through a wire to a battery storage system is the issue


Question: Why does the light from the moon sometimes appear blue and sometimes yellow?

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 Why does the light from the moon sometimes appear blue and sometimes yellow?

The light from the moon is in fact the reflected light from the sun. Sunlight contains all wavelengths of the color spectrum, every color that we can see. In order for it to reach your eye on earth it must pass through our atmosphere. Depending on the angle of entry more or less of different wavelengths (colors) get diffracted (scattered). It is the same reason the sun goes from bright yellow to orange to red as it sets, the sharper the angle the more of the blue gets bounced away. The more energetic wavelengths (colors) are able to penetrate the atmosphere and reach our eyes. Also, depending on where you live there may be pollutants in the sky, such as smog, CO2, dust, pollen, etc. All of these things have an impact on what you see when you look at the moon, sun and stars.


Question: The world is trillions of dollar in debt (supposedly), well who owns this debt if everyone is in debt?

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 The world is trillions of dollar in debt (supposedly), well who owns this debt if everyone is in debt?

I saw some explanation of this a while ago. In true ELI5 fashion: If bobby owes 5 bucks to tammy, and tammy owes 5 bucks to Tommy, who owes 5 bucks to bobby, the total debt is 15 bucks. But in theory they have enough money when they collect the debt they are owed, but they can't because the other person needs his money first. THIS IS VERY ELI5


Question: What causes that sudden sinking, heavy, hot flush feeling when you become anxious and how are the effects felt so rapidly?

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 What causes that sudden sinking, heavy, hot flush feeling when you become anxious and how are the effects felt so rapidly?

I have that exact same « hot flush » feeling when I get anxious so I know what you mean and the best answer I found was on URL_0 . I copied-pasted the interesting part : « Body heat rises as a result of what's known as vasoconstriction. With a functioning fight/flight system, your body needs to be able to prioritize blood flow during times of danger. Your blood may rush to your heart, to gut, or to anywhere that needs it in order to help you feel or fight quickly.When your blood vessels are constricted, your body heats up. So when you suffer from anxiety and your body is naturally on edge as though you're facing danger, and ultimately you experience the same body temperature increase as you would if you were experiencing a dangerous situation. » Hope it helps !


Question: Why is it necessary for artificial sweeteners to be hundreds upon hundreds of times more sweet than sucrose?

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 Why is it necessary for artificial sweeteners to be hundreds upon hundreds of times more sweet than sucrose?

It isn't "necessary" per se but it is useful. For example if you have a sweetener which is 1000 times sweeter than sugar then you can get the same flavor by using only one thousandth as much of the sweetener than sugar. That means even if the sweetener has calories you can drop it to basically nothing while keeping the flavor.


Question: How are tree representations used as a data structure?

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 How are tree representations used as a data structure?

Tree structures are all over the dang place. You're looking at one right now! The elements on any web page are stored in your browser's memory in a tree structure called the Document Object Model (DOM). The filesystem on your disk has one obvious tree structure (the directory tree) and usually a few internal ones that keep track of which blocks of data on disk belong to which files. Trees are useful any time you want to represent ideas like "containment" or "hierarchy".


Question: Why are pills designed so big that they can choke someone?

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 Why are pills designed so big that they can choke someone?

Sometimes it's necessary for the tablet to be large if the dosage of medication is large as well. As an example, one of the larger antibiotic tablets that I sell in pharmacy contains 875mg of amoxycillin and 125mg of clavulanic acid. Then add to that the powders that allow the tablet to form properly, any coatings the tablet might need, preservatives etc. The end product is chunky boi. Try halving the tablet (so long as it's not a slow-release formulation) if it's too big. Edit: Forgot to mention that the density of the drug plays a big part in the size of the tablet as well. My bad.


Question: How are password managers more safe?

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 How are password managers more safe?

Nothing's unhackable, but the idea is that it allows you to make more complex passwords for all the websites you use and have a secure place to put them, rather than something insecure like having a word doc with your passwords or writing them down on a piece of paper. Otherwise people tend to either re-use passwords across multiple sites or use very simple passwords. Password managers basically only require you to remember ONE password (preferably also complex) so that all your other ones can be a bunch of nonsense


Question: If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy and matter that gets sucked into black holes?

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 If energy cannot be created or destroyed, what happens to the energy and matter that gets sucked into black holes?

Black holes do not violate these conservation laws. Think of a penny that you drop into an ocean. For any practical purposes, that penny is gone, but that doesn't mean it just disappeared, it's still somewhere deep in that ocean. Black holes don't destroy energy, they just "trap" it, if that makes sense.


Question: why do our teeth feel weird when we hear fingernails being dragged on a chalk board?

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 why do our teeth feel weird when we hear fingernails being dragged on a chalk board?

It’s because the sounds waves are at a pitch that vibrates bones. Our teeth don’t have muscles or skin like other bones that would insulate against the vibrations. What teeth do have is nerves inside of them that get vibrated which causes that weird sensation. That sound is literally getting on your nerves!


Question: How does a country recover from inflation? For example Venezuela with its over inflation

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 How does a country recover from inflation? For example Venezuela with its over inflation

In most cases the idea is re-denomination. In essence they replace their current currency with a new, different currency and establish a conversion ratio. This has actually already happened as the "strong bolivar" has been replaced since 20 August 2018 with the "soverign bolivar" at a ratio of 100,000 to 1. Incidentally the "strong bolivar" was a replacement in 2008 for the original bolivar, again due to inflation. This at least solves the bookkeeping issues so that prices aren't in the billions. Solving the economic and policy issues that lead to such a point isn't as easy, and the "solutions" may not seem like solutions to some. Remember this is basically an autocracy so as long as the right people get paid off there isn't anything to "fix". Kill some dissidents, start up government subsidies again to pacify the rest, and everything is back to business as normal.


Question: As population increases, does the amount of money in the world increase too? If it does, is it proportional? If not, does that mean we will hit a point where the money needs to be increased to cope with the amount of humans?

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 As population increases, does the amount of money in the world increase too? If it does, is it proportional? If not, does that mean we will hit a point where the money needs to be increased to cope with the amount of humans?

The amount of money doesn't matter. Money is only a physical representation of wealth to help transaction. A country could print as much money as they want, but the wealth of the country would stay steady, which would decrease the value of the money. So the real question is, does the wealth increase as the same rate as the amount of human on earth? Sometime yes and sometime no. If you look at the whole human population of the earth, yes the wealth increase faster than the amount of human. It,s the same if you look at most country, but that's not always the case. War, conflict, economic problems, natural disaster, etc. All of that can slow down or reverse economic growth in some region of the world.


Question: A lot of celebrities that aren't nominated for anything still get to go to the Oscars. How do they decide of the non-nominees who goes and who doesn't?

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 A lot of celebrities that aren't nominated for anything still get to go to the Oscars. How do they decide of the non-nominees who goes and who doesn't?

Last year's winners (for the big categories) are invited to present their award this year. The Academy invites other A-list people to present or sit in the audience for ratings and prestige, especially if they had a movie this year. Studios get a certain number of seats that they can give to anyone, obviously executives and actors they're promoting are often selected. The Academy members (over 6k) have a lottery to determine which of them gets tickets. Then of course all the nominees and presenters get a +1, and they'll often be dating celebrities.


Question: Where do countries get loans from - and what happens when they go into debt?

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 Where do countries get loans from - and what happens when they go into debt?

Governments and big companies does not go to the bank to ask for loan terms but instead writes their own loan terms and sells them as what is known as bonds to anyone interested. Bonds are a much safer form of investment then most other forms because they give a stable interest no matter how well or badly the issuer does. Government bonds is considered especially stable due to the size of the country. So most people buying government bonds is savings banks (using customer deposits), savings funds like pension funds and private individuals. Most governments are in debt. This is because it is the most efficient way to run a country. It is much better to take up loans to build infrastructure that increases the tax revenue so you can pay back the loans then it is to try to save up money for the infrastructure projects the slow way. Of course you always need to spend money on infrastructure, schools, wellfare, security, etc. to improve the tax revenue in the future so the government never actually pay down the debt but keeps juggling it by selling more bonds to get money to pay for the maturing bonds. But as long as the taxes is able to theoretically pay back the debt it is fine. The problem is when the debt grows too big as this can cause a runaway effect where the debt keeps increasing even if the government cuts as much expenses as it can and increase taxes as much as they can. There is no bankruptcy protection for countries. Defaulting on the debt can be even worse because most of the debt is to their own citizens and taking away the savings of most of your population can cause an even bigger economic crisis then increasing the tax beyond what the citizens are able to sustain.


Question: What's making my heart beat?

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 What's making my heart beat?

Basically there are so called pacemaker cells around your heart that give the signal when to contract. Your heart is a muscle itself and muscle cells are able to contract, in this case to make your heart beat. The energy used in the contraction is the same as in the rest of your body (ATP), the pacemaker cells work like other neurons (by potential differences). Those cells will normally never stop to do what they are doing because they‘re controlled by a mix of signals from your central neuronal system, hormones and other stuff (so they can regulate the pace in which your heart is beating).


Question: Do toxins break down at high heat?

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 Do toxins break down at high heat?

"Toxins" aren't any coherent grouping of chemicals, it's sort of an umbrella term for shit that's bad for you. Sure, some of them might break down at temperatures comparable to the temperatures that kill the bacteria while others might require you to burn your food to blackened chunk of charcoal to eliminate. If you live in an industrialized country during the 21st century, food is cheap and plentiful so it's **always** advisable to err on the side of caution. Getting the shits for a week is not worth saying a $5 burrito.


Question: How is it that countries all across the world use different lettering systems for their languages but all seem to use the same number symbols (1,2,3,4,5, etc) for mathematics?

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 How is it that countries all across the world use different lettering systems for their languages but all seem to use the same number symbols (1,2,3,4,5, etc) for mathematics?

Simply put, the Hindu-Arabic system is far superior to all the others used when it comes to mathematics, especially the more advanced kinds. Other more basic written number system are unwieldy to use for anything beyond very basic math. This system makes is easy to understand and makes manual calculation relatively simple. It was revolutionary when it was invented and since no other system had anything close it it functionality at the time, everyone now uses it.


Question: Why do bright spots remain in your vision after looking at something bright?

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 Why do bright spots remain in your vision after looking at something bright?

When light hits the back of your eye (the retina), each photon causes a change in a protein that then Cascades down signals to compose vision. This protein then has to be converted back to the original state to accept another photon. This happens extremely fast, but when I looking at bright light the conversion of back to normal can't occur fast enough. The process of converting the protein back to normal is what causes the spots to remain. Edit: a word.


Question: why if you search up the word schoolgirl it comes up with stuff like ‘sexy schoolgirl’ costume etc but if you search schoolboy it comes up with normal schoolboys?

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 why if you search up the word schoolgirl it comes up with stuff like ‘sexy schoolgirl’ costume etc but if you search schoolboy it comes up with normal schoolboys?

In women, youth (as long as post-puberty) is strongly correlated with being a preferable sexual partner. Plus there are fetishes related to perceived innocence and to being an authority figure a woman looks up to. In men, youth and innocence aren't nearly as strongly considered positives, compared to strength, confidence, status, etc.; which are things schoolboys tend to lack.


Question: On a chemical level, what differentiates carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

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 On a chemical level, what differentiates carbohydrates, protein, and fat?

Lots. They are fundamentally different classes of molecules. Carbohydrates are heavily hydroxylated hydrocarbons (that is, lots of -OH groups. They often form small rings. Your body digests them for energy. Proteins are fragile and complex structures formed from chains of amino acids (nitrogen-containing acids) which are then folded into a unique form so that they can serve specific functions in the body. Fats are long oily acids (long-chain hydrocarbons with a small acid group on the end) which are bond to a glycerol molecule on one end.


Question: What technology do ISP's use to store browsing history for which the feds have access too any time they want?

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 What technology do ISP's use to store browsing history for which the feds have access too any time they want?

They can see what requests you make to view websites, they know your IP address so they can keep a record of which sites you visited For example if 179.75.85.2 connects to 65.171.13.6 they know who 179.75.85.2 is and that 65.171.13.6 is google (the number aree made up) However they cannot see what you do in a website or your passwords and banking information as all of that is safely encrypted (unless the browser clearly says “not secure” on top)


Question: how do scientists know that nuclear fusion is going on in the sun?

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 how do scientists know that nuclear fusion is going on in the sun?

Another point worth mentioning to some of the other comments is that the Sun is far too low density to be anything but a nuclear reaction. the Sun is much more massive than the earth, but the earth is much denser than the Sun. The only way for the Sun to stop becoming much, much denser is if something is counteracting gravity. the Sun is so massive that nothing but a very exothermic nuclear reaction could counter that much gravitational collapse. In fact, every single nuclear bomb ever made by humans, multiplied by a million, detonated every single second in the center of the Sun, would not be enough to stop the Sun from collapsing. There really is nothing else but a constant nuclear fusion of hydrogen that could explain the low density of the Sun.


Question: Why don’t we remember falling asleep?

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 Why don’t we remember falling asleep?

Memories are similar to data stored in a computer - it either reads (looks back on a stored memory) or it writes (logs and saves data / memories). When you’re about to fall asleep, your brain is going from conscious to unconscious, where it won’t write new memories. Without storing information, you don’t remember going to sleep because your brain simply doesn’t write it to memory.


Question: What exactly are freckles and why do they randomly appear?

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 What exactly are freckles and why do they randomly appear?

URL_0 Freckles are flat, beige, brown circular spots that typically are the size of the head of a common nail. The spots are multiple and may develop on sun-exposed skin after repeated exposure to sunlight. These are particularly common in people with red hair and a fair complexion. They may appear on people as young as 1 or 2 years of age. Most freckles are uniform in color. On different people, freckles may vary somewhat in color -- they may be reddish, yellow, tan, light brown, brown, or black -- but they are basically slightly darker than the surrounding skin. They may become darker and more apparent after sun exposure and lighten in the winter months. Freckles are due to an increase in the amount of dark pigment called melanin and an increase in the total number of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. The word freckle comes from the Middle English freken, which, in turn, came from the Old Norse freknur, meaning "freckled." (Some speakers of Old English and Old Norse must have had a tendency to develop freckles.) Freckles are thought to develop as a result of a combination of genetic predisposition (inheritance) and sun exposure. The sun and fluorescent tanning lights both emit ultraviolet (UV) rays, which when absorbed by the skin enhances the production of melanin pigment by cutaneous melanocytes. People with blond or red hair, light-colored eyes, and fair skin are especially susceptible to the damaging effect of UV rays and likely to develop freckles. A freckle is essentially nothing more than an unusually heavy deposit of melanin at one spot in the skin.


Question: Why is sugar so good at making us fat?

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 Why is sugar so good at making us fat?

Sugar and carbs in general have the unfortunate effect on our body because it doesn't satiate our bodies as well as fats and protein do (compared to their kcal values). So you feel less full / feel full for a shorter period after eating carbs and you end up eating more in the long term. Edit: typo correction


Question: Why don't we see distant galaxies completely distorted, as the far end is lightyears further away tahn the front end?

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 Why don't we see distant galaxies completely distorted, as the far end is lightyears further away tahn the front end?

Keep in mind that when viewing a disc, you aren't generally seeing a galaxy edge on, so while it may be 100,000 light years in diameter, the near end isn't likely to be 100,000 light years *closer to you* than the far end, but some fraction of that. Beyond that, it *is* distorted, but the speed of the objects is slow enough that it isn't particularly obvious. If you saw Earth say 25-50,000 years 'out of place' with respect to the near end of the milky way, would you notice that fraction of its 250 million year orbit?


Question: What is the difference between a proverb, aphorism, epigram, and adage?

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 What is the difference between a proverb, aphorism, epigram, and adage?

A proverb is typically a memorable, commonplace piece of advice: "Never wake a sleeping bear." An aphorism is more an observation: "A bear in spring is always hungry." An epigram is made to be clever or funny: "Always respect mother nature. Especially when she weighs 400 pounds and is guarding her baby." An adage is similar to a proverb, but tends to be less poetic and more of a definition: "The best way to be kind to bears is not to be very close to them."


Question: This science article from AnswersInGenesis claims to disprove carbon dating, and as a non-scientist I need explained if the article's claims are sound or why not?

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 This science article from AnswersInGenesis claims to disprove carbon dating, and as a non-scientist I need explained if the article's claims are sound or why not?

I must say, I am honestly impressed. Whoever wrote that understands carbon dating fairly well which I really didn't expect going into it, so props to them for that! The linchpin of their argument is that Carbon dating assumes that the C12 C14 ratio is in equilibrium and has been for tens of thousands of years, but if the Earth is young then it can't be in equilibrium so the ratios of old things will be wrong and skew the dating. If we're willing to start with the assumption that the world is 6000 years old and it must be, then they've actually made a reasonable case Unfortunately, for them the rest of us aren't bound to such assumptions. There is a preponderance of evidence that shows that the Earth and Sun are actually billions of years old. If you accept that the Earth is at least a million years old then C12 and C14 have been in equilibrium for a sufficiently long time for Carbon dating to give accurate results. They've formed a circular argument based on a false premise that goes like this We know the Earth is only 6000 years old so carbon dating must be wrong. Carbon dating says things are old, but carbon dating only works right if the world is in equilibrium and *we* know the Earth hasn't been around long enough to be in equilibrium therefore carbon dating provides inaccurate results and cannot be used to show that the Earth has been around long enough to be inequilibrium; therefore carbon dating must be wrong and the Earth is only 6000 years old. QED Everything lies on them "knowing" that the Earth hasn't been around long enough


Question: Why is there so many languages existing, spawning, and dying in Papua New Guinea?

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 Why is there so many languages existing, spawning, and dying in Papua New Guinea?

There are an estimated 8 million people in Papa New Guinea who live in small jungle villages of no more than a few hundred people. Those villages exist in a minimally contacted state - they've never been formally surveyed, there are no roads leading to them, and there is no official communication with anyone living in them. Each of those villages has its own culture and language. That doesn't mean that the languages are completely unintelligible to one another. Its more of a language gradient - someone from the Northwest of the country won't be able to understand someone from the Southeast. But that same person wouldn't have a problem with someone from an adjacent village and would be able to communicate, albeit with difficulty, with someone living 50 miles away. Under these conditions defining a distinct language is pretty difficult, but there are probably hundreds to thousands of them. The country is currently urbanizing. This means that people are abandoning those villages and moving to the cities. When they move into the cities they learn to speak a pigdin language that is a sort of mix of the major indigenous languages in the country. If a village empties out into an urban area and the village's residents start speaking pigdin and you defined the language that the village previously spoke as being a distinct language then at that point the language dies off.


Question: How do pathologists start searching for elements which could possibly be a cure for whenever a new viral or bacterial epidemic breaches? Do they like start from A till Z of the list of elements to find out which reacts to the pathogen or something?

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 How do pathologists start searching for elements which could possibly be a cure for whenever a new viral or bacterial epidemic breaches? Do they like start from A till Z of the list of elements to find out which reacts to the pathogen or something?

Just to clarify, are you really asking specifically about bacteria and viruses or about diseases and conditions in general? Because for the former, we have antibiotics and antivirals and can start there (note: antivirals have a ton of side effects and don’t always work because it is very hard to target a simple protein coat full of genetic material without also targeting your body).


Question: Why would a 'cap on energy prices' result in higher prices?

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 Why would a 'cap on energy prices' result in higher prices?

The cap would have to allow for adjustments in market forces like the price of fuel going up or new fees or expenses that are normal in business. This process would also require the energy company to spend extra money making a case for why energy prices are what they are and since approval is needed the energy prices would need to be fixed for X number of years in the future since you can't expect them to file a new adjustment request every month. This means energy companies would need to propose a price that will carry them through the next X number of years rather than adjust the price as needed, as time goes on. So it costs $200 a month today but the expected cost of energy in 3-5 years say $300 a month, you'd need to start paying that today so the energy company doesn't end up with a shortfall when expenses before a price adjustment is due. (keep in mind I'm making all these numbers up for illustration purposes. I have no idea what the price is or should be or what the adjustment period is going to turn out to be. The principal is the same No matter what.) Theyre suggesting that in order to provide the same level of service, the adjustment process would find that you should actually be paying more for energy than you currently do. Basically they're saying you're getting a smokin deal right now and added beurocracy us going to drive the price up.


Question: How does the person I'm talking to on speakerphone not hear themselves through the phone?

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 How does the person I'm talking to on speakerphone not hear themselves through the phone?

Similar technology as noise cancelation is used. Since the phone knows exactly what's coimng out of the speaker. It can then block it from coming back in. Since sound is a wave, and oposite waves cancel eachother. The the phone simply takes the speaker wave, flips it, and finally mixes it with the mic input. This process mostly eliminates the speaker sound. In reality more complex algorithms are used.


Question: What makes a CPU well, a CPU?

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 What makes a CPU well, a CPU?

A CPU can be considered a "jack of all trades" processor. It packs many functions under the hood to be able to do all sorts of things. At one time before graphics cards became pretty much standard for playing PC games, they even did the processing for that. A CPU can and in most situations has other chips helping it; a GPU will be doing the drawing of frames on a game, a sound chip will be decoding the sound data and outputting to the correct channels, etc. In pretty much every scenario the CPU is the "man in charge" on the motherboard though. But at the core of the question, it's all in the name Central Processing Unit. Pretty much could be whatever is the "heart" of a device, whether it's a chip that's mainly a DAC with some extras to control a display on a soundbar, a simple chip purpose-built to operate a modern washing machine, whatever. Those aren't CPUs in the strictest sense but might be called a CPU by someone for being the "man in charge" on their circuit boards.


Question: Why do abandoned buildings break down so fast while buildings in use (without renovation) can last much longer?

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 Why do abandoned buildings break down so fast while buildings in use (without renovation) can last much longer?

The elements get to it when its not maintained in a variety of ways. One big one is temperature; humans like our buildings in a comfy temperature range and the materials buildings are made of do well in those temperatures. But if you live somewhere with temperature variations the severe cold or heat causes materials to degrade, pipes to burst, etc. Or perhaps the outside gets inside. Windows break, wind and critters get in, moisture seeps into the walls and causes wood to rot. Maybe its just a colony of some insect that eats all the wood and causes structural collapse. All in all its an accumulation of any number of those factors or other natural occurrences that pile up unattended when a building is abandoned. Normally people would fix these issues, but with no one there the damage never gets repaired.


Question: . Why do chilies and mustard/wasabi taste spicy but in different ways?

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 . Why do chilies and mustard/wasabi taste spicy but in different ways?

Not a food scientist, so maybe some of what I say here is wrong but this is what I’ve picked up over the years. Wasabi in most of the world (outside Japan) is actually just horseradish with other additives for colour. The “heat” you experience from that is isothiocyanate, which oxidizes (reacts with oxygen in the air) when mixed with saliva and creates a new compound which binds to specific receptors in our nasal passage and mouth and causes an irritation. The receptors don’t know exactly what is happening so they send a pain signal to our brain. It’s largely similar with chillies, where the heat is caused by capsaicin. This chemical compound binds to taste receptors in our mouth (we actually have these taste receptors through our whole digestive system, hence the “burn” on the way out.) On a molecular level, capsaicin causes a release of calcium into the receptor, which “overloads” it so it causes the receptors to send pain signals to the brain. The reason we’re told to drink milk **before** eating something spicy is that milk has compounds that “clog” these receptors and prevent the capsaicin from binding. Sort of like armour. Capsaicin is water phobic, meaning it does not mix with water. So drinking water only spread it around and ensures it binds with more receptors. Capsaicin bonds are alcohol soluble, so alcohol will break them down, causing them to wash away. So **after** eating something spicy, a bit of wine or a shot of tequila are good options. Heat is measured on a scale called Scoville heat units. The hottest things on that list aren’t chillies, it’s a cactus in Africa I believe. If you are some, it actually causes so much calcium transfer that it permanently kills the receptors. So, assuming you survived, you’d never have taste again.


Question: If all the cells in a person’s body have their individual DNA imprinted in them, then what happens after an organ transplant? Does the organ eventually adapt the DNA of the recipient or is the donor’s DNA permanently a part of the recipient?

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 If all the cells in a person’s body have their individual DNA imprinted in them, then what happens after an organ transplant? Does the organ eventually adapt the DNA of the recipient or is the donor’s DNA permanently a part of the recipient?

The donors DNA is permanently a part of the recipient. In fact, the recipients body will treat the organ as a foreign agent, and will try to get rid of it. Organ recipients have to take immuno-suppressants for as long as they have the organ, and even still their body may reject the organ.


Question: When you purchase a piece of land, how deep does your property go? Are you buying a tiny piece of the earth's core, too?

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 When you purchase a piece of land, how deep does your property go? Are you buying a tiny piece of the earth's core, too?

It depends on the country and even within countries there are different types of ownership. It isn't very meaningful to discuss "ownership to the core" since no human endeavor even gets close to getting through the earth's crust. In some cases, one would "own" the land and mineral resources underneath it. In other cases, not. Some countries allow only a time limited "lease" on land - even though they may call it a purchase. Nearly every country has a rule allowing for "eminent domain" which means the government can, at their will, seize land and property (sometimes with compensation).


Question: ; if the universe is constantly expanding, what is it expanding into?

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 ; if the universe is constantly expanding, what is it expanding into?

It isn't expanding *into* anything. Imagine an infinitely large rubber sheet, with a grid drawn on it so that the lines are 1" apart. Now, *streeeetch* that rubber sheet so that every line on the grid is now 2" apart instead - that's the expansion of the universe. Notice how it didn't expand *into* anything? The sheet is still infinite in all directions, it's just that now the grid spaces are further apart.


Question: Why does same family mating develop mutated offspring?

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 Why does same family mating develop mutated offspring?

You get genes from both parents. If one of those genes is bad, the good one will usually be dominant. This means you won't suffer any effects from the bad gene, but you have a chance of passing on that bad gene to your children. If you have a child with a stranger, it's unlikely you have the same bad genes. That means you have a relatively small chance of your children having genetic defects. If you have a child with your sister, there is a good chance they have the same bad genes as you and you are much more likely to pass on those defective genes. This isn't too bad in one generation. The chance of passing on bad genes is still low, but it gets much worse if future generations keep having children with relatives. The chance of both parents having the same defective genes gets higher each generation. That's how you get a whole line of royals with hemophilia.


Question: Can someone please explain Marxism?

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 Can someone please explain Marxism?

To break it down into simple terms, Marx believed that conflict within society is the result of the disparity between the bourgeoisie (rich elite) and the proletariat (poor worker) in a capitalist society. The poor eventually get fed up with the elite reaping the rewards of their hard work and start a social revolution (since they vastly outnumber the elite), and implement a classless society, or a system of that nature. Marxist theories are the foundation for communism and many socialist ideologies.


Question: Why does higher literacy rates correspond to lower birth rates?

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 Why does higher literacy rates correspond to lower birth rates?

It's not that *literate* people are less likely to have kids. It's that populations with a higher rate of literacy... also tend to have a higher level of development - better medical care, better education, more industries and jobs concentrated on advanced technologies. If you look at how a country developed in time you can see why this is a trend. A country starting out a few hundred years ago that was based on agriculture (farming and harvesting) had a lower quality of health care, which meant people were more likely to die. Also, having more children was an asset, a positive thing, because they could help contribute to the work on the farm. But you were also more likely to have even *more* kids than that because you kind of anticipated that at least a few or more would die from disease. Then medicine started getting better, and technology started getting better. People started moving to the city and the mortality rate for children started to drop. But this was a transitional period so people were still poppin' kids out. Then finally a *lot* of people settled in the city, and having kids became a *liability*, a burden, because... well, your 14 year old kid isn't going to be helping you compile and file financial reports for your job at Goldman-Sachs. And you could feel comfortable having just one or two kids because with modern medicine you have a really strong guarantee that they are gonna be healthy and survive through adulthood. Now, there are still a lot of countries that are developing around the world and unfortunately do not have access to the same level of medicine that other countries have, and they still rely on very manual farming and fishing jobs for survival. So they're in that early stage still.


Question: What exactly are the rings around planets like Saturn? What are they made of? How were they formed?

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 What exactly are the rings around planets like Saturn? What are they made of? How were they formed?

When a planet is massive enough, it exerts a gravitational pull which is strong enough to rip apart solid bodies as large as moons (or small planets!) which get close enough, even when they’re in orbit. This happens for a number of reasons, but the easiest to understand is the fact that the side of the moon closest to the planet is experiencing a much stronger pull than the side which is further away. This is called “gravitational tidal forces”. When the difference between the force of gravity on one side of the moon and the force on the other side is larger than the tensile strength of the material which makes up the moon, it will eventually be ripped apart. When this happens, the parts of the moon closer the surface will move faster ahead of the parts that are further away (the former far side of the moon), forming a ring. This is almost certainly how Saturn got its rings: it shredded a few moons. It’s worth noting that Saturn’s rings are not stable, and within a few millennia they will be gone, sucked into the planet. Some more fun facts about tidal forces: - The Moon experiences tidal forces from the Earth! This can cause some minor moonquakes, but more noticeably it creates the moon’s most obvious non-obvious feature: the same side always faces us. The pull of earth’s gravity causes the moon to rotate with the same period as its orbit, kind of like how a tether ball always faces the same side towards the one holding the line. - Several of Jupiter’s moons and (if I recall?) at least one of Saturn’s are within a radius where the tidal forces of their host body *should* rip them apart if they were made of the same stuff that Earth is made of. From this we can infer that they’re composed of much tougher materials with a higher tensile strength, to resist the forces tearing at them - Those forces don’t go away though! Tidal effects on moons (particularly Jupiter’s closer moons) causes the moon to bend and stretch and flex. All that energy gets trapped as heat, which is why some of Jupiter’s moons are vulcanic! - Eventually, the loss of angular momentum to tidal drag (which is the energy that is being indirectly converted into heat and causing vulcanic eruptions) will result in the moons in question drifting closer and closer to Jupiter, resulting in ever steeper tidal gradients which will eventually rip the moon apart, giving Jupiter a very pretty set of rings. - This won’t happen to our moon. The Earth is too small and the tidal effects are barely relevant. Our moon is in fact spiraling *away* from the Earth, though it’s happening so slowly that we’ll need to worry about the Sun long before we worry about the Moon.


Question: How did we got to know that out of 10000+ mountains in Himalayas Mt. Everest is the highest one ?

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 How did we got to know that out of 10000+ mountains in Himalayas Mt. Everest is the highest one ?

I'm sure it's possible today using satellites or whatever but back in the 19th century, surveyors used an instrument called a theodolite. Basically it's a telescope mounted on a stand which records precise angular measurements. All you need to do is stand at two or more points whose positions and elevations are known, point your telescope at the peak, record the angles, and do some trigonometry (there are other factors like light refraction you have to contend with, but this is ELI5). Using this technique, Everest was first correctly named the highest peak in the world in 1852. [Several other peaks]( URL_0 ) had been incorrectly named the highest in the past.


Question: how are new large prime numbers found?

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 how are new large prime numbers found?

You are correct that (as far as we know) the only way to know for sure that a number is prime is to do something like the whole square root of the number thing. But there are some tricks around it. For starters, there's some algorithms like the [Miller-Rabin test]( URL_1 ). You run it many times on a number. Each time your run it, it either confirms that the number is not prime, or that it's maybe a prime. So if you run it many many times, you can be pretty sure that a number is a prime number, but don't have to crunch every single number to the square root. A surprising amount of real world encryption works on numbers we only suspect as prime, because of this algorithm. There's also [prime-counting functions]( URL_0 ) which tell you how many prime numbers there are less than a particular number, but just not what the prime numbers are. So we can focus our efforts where we know prime numbers are going to be. ~~Also if we ever get every single prime number in order, we can make a brand new prime number, by multiplying them all up and adding 1. There are likely to be many primes in between the last one we found and the new one we made.~~


Question: why was cocaine used medicinally in the past and why did it stopped being used?

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 why was cocaine used medicinally in the past and why did it stopped being used?

It’s a local anesthetic, which means it blocks nerve receptors and basically prevents you from feeling pain in the small areas it is applied to. I’d imagine it fell out of favor due to negative views surrounding its use and the development of other, more suitable alternatives (but I’m not a doctor). It is still approved for medical use and is typically used for nose/mouth surgeries due to its absorption and affect on tissue/membranes in those areas.


Question: If our eyes don't see in frames per second, why can car wheels seem or other spinning objects appear to have framerate-like effects?

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 If our eyes don't see in frames per second, why can car wheels seem or other spinning objects appear to have framerate-like effects?

Our eyes don't see at a *fixed* frame rate. However, your brain still needs to compose images into frames to parse them. As a result, you can shift how fast/slow you track images. Moreover, your brain automatically wants to parse images in a 'simple' fashion - and this creates a tendency to focus in on frame rates that create aliasing effects.