Question: Why does the LGBT+ abbreviation keep being changed?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the LGBT+ abbreviation keep being changed?

The plus does cover the letters not listed, yes, but the specific letters someone chooses to include usually say more about what point that specific individual is trying to make. For example, if they actively include the Q, they're making a point of saying they are including queer individuals. If they include the A, they're making a point of saying they're including asexual individuals. It's an overt statement of inclusion, vs. a vague inclusion. So it's perfectly acceptable to say LGBT+, for instance, or LGBTQ+, or LGBTQA+, but when you're drafting a tweet on behalf of your company/organization/yourself, usually you have some kind of agenda. If you're trying to speak directly to a group you know includes asexual people, including the A is probably good business. Or if you're attempting to appear as inclusionary as possible, you might go the extra mile to really spell it all out. And if it's just a casual agendaless statement about LGBT+ in general, stopping there is probably fine.


Question: What is that feeling called "when a vehicle beside you is moving, but you’re stationary, however for a brief second it feels like you’re moving if you look at the other vehicle and why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is that feeling called "when a vehicle beside you is moving, but you’re stationary, however for a brief second it feels like you’re moving if you look at the other vehicle and why does it happen?

A lot of the data your brain uses to control balance is visual. Try walking a balance beam with your eyes closed. This phenomenon happens sometimes because your brain doesn't realize that the object it is using as a stationary frame of reference for your movement, is itself moving. Your brain really thinks you are moving backwards and can trigger the sensation. That's why this happens more if you are not paying attention to what you're looking at, and the car is a large portion of your field of vision. Without another object to tell your brain that the car is actually moving, for a split second it assumes you are rolling backwards.


Question: what is the difference between center of gravity and center of mass?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is the difference between center of gravity and center of mass?

The center of mass is the average center of all the mass of an object. The center of gravity is the center of all the forces of gravity of an object. The center of gravity only exists in the presence of a gravitational field. In outer space, objects will have a center of mass. But, the center of gravity will not mean anything. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass is the same as the center of gravity.


Question: how do company’s that sell a gas like oxygen/ helium collect the gas?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do company’s that sell a gas like oxygen/ helium collect the gas?

Helium is collected from certain natural gas wells. Radioactive elements (mostly uranium and descendents) shoot off alpha particles as part of their radioactivity. An alpha particle is just helium. Radioactive stuff in the ground eventually builds up deposits of helium, usually trapped with natural gas. We don't go out of our way to drill for helium deposits, it's just a byproduct of some natural gas production. Oxygen they use fractional distillation. Oxygen and nitrogen gas boil at different temperatures, so if you cool air you can seperate out the oxygen from the nitrogen. Cool air enough and the oxygen will be a liquid while the nitrogen still a gas. You can also get more trace gases out of the air like this too, such as argon. Just need to know the boiling points, and then cool air to the right temperature to seperate. Helium doesn't work for this though, as it's so light it floats off into space rather than building up in the atmosphere. Some gases not in the air (oxygen, nitrogen) and not underground (helium, methane) need to be chemically produced. Most obviously, carbon dioxide you just burn fuel. Hydrogen for example can be made by splitting water with electricity, or more commonly by reacting water with methane at a high temperature in the absence of oxygen (so the methane doesn't just burn).


Question: Why are moldy food bad for us? Molds on foods like yogurt/cheese is fine, but on bread and suddenly we’re sick.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are moldy food bad for us? Molds on foods like yogurt/cheese is fine, but on bread and suddenly we’re sick.

Different kinds of mold are bad for us. Like bacteria, there’s many species; some are harmful, some are harmless or even nutritious. The ones used to make moldy cheeses are carefully selected cultures that don’t harm us. The ones on your old bread or fruit that get you sick generally will digest into chemicals that make you sick. So unless you’re able to determine the species, or it’s meant to be there, don’t eat the mold.


Question: Why are newly discovered stars and planets given names like ''HTS-967008234679'' rather than a unique name like those of our solar system's planets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are newly discovered stars and planets given names like ''HTS-967008234679'' rather than a unique name like those of our solar system's planets?

Because there are waaaayyyy too many stars and planets to simply give them true names. By giving them these cryptic-alphanumeric names they can more easily identify what cluster they are part of or what solar system they are included in simply by the prefixes. Eventually, once these stars or planets become more known to researchers they may be given more proper names, but for now it makes far more sense to just assign a number.


Question: Why do some solids dissolve in water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some solids dissolve in water?

Certain materials are ionically bonded, meaning that they have opposite charges and are stuck together electrostatically. Electrostatic bonds are weak. What happens when you drop that material in water? Think of it like a boyfriend and girlfriend who are dating but just not that into each other. They decide to go out to a great dance party. At the party, there are lots of other couples who aren't that into each other either. Suddenly, the guy and his girl have lots of other options (water molecules). So they decide to split up and hang out with different people (dissolve). The guy goes off with a really hot redhead, and the girl spends the night fawning over a quarterback from the local college team. You get the idea. Now, let's talk about covalently bonded materials. Unlike ionic bonds (where electrons are donated from one molecule to the other), in a covalently bonded material electrons are shared. Covalent bonds are very strong and immune to the pull of water molecules. So imagine a happily married couple going to that dance party. They get there, and decide it's fun, but they stick together throughout the evening.


Question: Why are milk and eggs so interchangeable in baking, when individually they are so different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are milk and eggs so interchangeable in baking, when individually they are so different?

Well I depends on the recipe. In cookies the eggs are used as a liquid and for their richness so they can be substituted by milk and sometimes yoghurt even. But we put eggs in a soufflé for instance not just for moisture but as a binding and rising agent. If you’d substitute milk for eggs in this recipe your soufflé would fail. This accounts for most things in pastry


Question: What happens to our bodies when we get the chills?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to our bodies when we get the chills?

Goosebumps are basically the result of evolution. Humans used to have a lot more hair, so getting goosbumps would puff up the hair to create more insulation and pockets for heat, like a bird that puffs up its feathers. So basically, goosebumps used to equal heat. Now we're mostly hairless it's not as necessary, but shivers and chills still get your muscles moving, so a slight increase in internal heat.


Question: Why do objects that are far away appear to move slowly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do objects that are far away appear to move slowly?

Because the distance they need to travel in order to move to a different point on your visual arc is much larger. Your hand moving in front of your face very quickly will move from the right side of your vision to the left side, even if you move the hand itself slowly. But a car going by at a racetrack might takie some time to get from one side of your vision to the other, since it has a much further distance to travel. Since it is further away, the "left side of your vision" isn't immediately left of your face but instead a point quite distant from you. Same with the right side. Like this: URL_0


Question: Why do some analog watches contain quartz/rubies/other gems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some analog watches contain quartz/rubies/other gems?

Synthetic rubies are used to mate moving parts to prevent metal-on-metal contact and wear. The reduced friction created by the rubies' hardness increases the lifespan of the tiny metal parts. Quartz is used in most modern electronic movements as a way of keeping time because it vibrates at a very precise frequency when exposed to current.


Question: What is the source for gravity, or what causes it in things? I understand that way massive the object is, the force will be great (and depends on length between a second object too), then, the object creates it? How?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the source for gravity, or what causes it in things? I understand that way massive the object is, the force will be great (and depends on length between a second object too), then, the object creates it? How?

TLDR: We aren't entirely sure yet Gravity is one of the fundamental forces of nature, but unlike the other forces like electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force, Gravity doesn't have an opposite (that we are aware of) that cancels it out. It is also the weakest of the forces by far but also seems to accumulate without limit. What we perceive as Gravity is a warping of the fabric of spacetime and appears to be directly linked to mass. Objects do not fall towards a massive object because there is some kind of particle or force pulling on it, but rather because spacetime itself has become warped so objects fall towards each other like a ball rolling down a hill. One current theory is that mass, and by extension gravity, is imparted onto things by the presence of sub atomic particles. This might be the Higgs Boson, or a theoretical particle called a Graviton. It wouldn't be gravitons flying out and pulling on an object that causes gravity, but rather the presence of gravitons warps or bends space


Question: How does wireless phone charger work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does wireless phone charger work?

There are two coils. One in the phone, one in the charger. The electricity from the outlet flows through the coil in the charging plate. This creates a magnetic field around the coil. When the coil in the phone is on the plate, the magnetic field induces a current in the phones coil, which charges the battery. Src: my physics 2 class


Question: How does the human body produce heat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the human body produce heat?

Every metabolic process is wasteful and produces waste heat. There are two mechanisms for the body to produce heat intentionally. On is called non-shivering thermogenesis. In that case, fat is oxidized in a particularly inefficient way to produce the most amount of waste heat. The other, as you can guess from the name of the former, is shivering. Muscle action produces waste heat, in running as well as in shivering. Shivering is the involuntary kind, like when you get a fever or are out in the cold without proper clothes.


Question: How do scientists know there is liquid water on planets from other solar systems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists know there is liquid water on planets from other solar systems?

You know how the ocean appears blue? That's because water absorbs other colors in the spectrum. Every substance absorbs light differently. How it absorbs the light is like a signature. When light passes through the atmosphere of an exo-planet, we can compare it to the direct light of the parent star, and see how the colors have changed. That tells us what's in the planet's atmosphere .


Question: Radio telescopes only see from certain angles?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Radio telescopes only see from certain angles?

Yea, they use highly directional antennas, you point it at what you want to look at. Just like a regular telescope, you point it at the stars and you don't see your house because it doesn't pick up light from that direction. The range of angles that it picks up is called the beamwidth (with the beam pattern being the more detailed sensitivity vs angle graph)


Question: if a torpedo blew up a nuclear submarine, would there be a risk of a major nuclear meltdown type situation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if a torpedo blew up a nuclear submarine, would there be a risk of a major nuclear meltdown type situation?

Believe it or not, it's actually very difficult to cause a meltdown in a modern nuclear reactor. A meltdown occurs when a reactor core overheats and burns off its coolant, causing it to "melt down" inside the reactor housing. To do that you need a self-sustaining, uncontrolled nuclear reaction- something that all modern reactors have layers upon layers of safeguards to prevent the remotest possibility of occurring. Even if a nuclear sub was torpedoed, destroying the reactor, the nuclear reaction inside would instantly stop as the core broke apart and terminated all fission reactions. There would certainly be the issue of radioactive contamination from the reactor fuel, but definitely not a meltdown.


Question: What is terminal velocity and how does it happen along the vertical axis but not the horizontal plane of motion?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is terminal velocity and how does it happen along the vertical axis but not the horizontal plane of motion?

As you move through the atmosphere, the air causes a force known as drag. You can feel drag if you stick your hand out of the window as you're travelling in a car. Drag is related to the speed an object is moving through the air. The faster you move, the more drag you experience. If you are falling, accelerating faster and faster, the drag you experience also grows. Eventually, the force of drag matches the force trying to accelerate you (gravity in this case), and you experience no further increase in speed. This is known as terminal velocity. Terminal velocity can and does happen along horizontal planes as well as vertical. Ironically, it is experienced in planes. This is the reason jets travel so high. The get into the thinner air so the drag is less (and the terminal velocity is greater).


Question: Why exactly do my hands get wrinkly after they're under water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why exactly do my hands get wrinkly after they're under water?

The truth is we don't know for sure why that behavior exists. Biologically the wrinkling is something your body does on purpose by constricting the blood vessels in your hands or feet. Why this trait exists isn't 100% clear, but the best theory is that it provides a biological advantage by increasing your ability to grip surfaces underwater. This was able to proved in a study, and is the best hypothesis for the behavior we have thus far.


Question: How do those anti-theft sensors at entry/exit doors at stores work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do those anti-theft sensors at entry/exit doors at stores work?

The "bagging area" in a self-checkout machine is actually a scale. The approximate weight of an item is programmed into the machine. When you scan something, it "expects" that you will then put an item of that weight onto the scale and the total weight it is measuring will go up by that much. If you buy a bunch of something, it just expects that much more weight in the bagging area. This is why the machine bugs you to "remove the unscanned items from the bagging area" if you put something else near the bags (the weight went up without a corresponding item added to its tally) and also tells you to "return the item to the bagging area" if you take something out. The weight sensor could be fooled by items of equivalent weight, but that's one of the reasons that there's always at least one employee in the area watching over the people checking their own items out. Most supermarkets do not have any actual sensors by the door, as with their generally higher sale volume it would impractical to put a radio transponder tag on every item like they do at clothing or electronics stores.


Question: If every cell on your body changes eventually, how are tattoos permanent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If every cell on your body changes eventually, how are tattoos permanent?

Tattoos are not really permanent. When you get tattooed, you get pigments inserted under your skin. Your body will fight to get rid of them. The reason why your body doesn't succeed is because pigments are too big for it to handle. UV radiation and other factors will end up breaking down the pigments and allow the body to destroy them, which is why tattoos fade with time and can be removed with a laser. So to answer your question, they don't go away because you are not tattooed in your cells but around them and your body struggles in getting rid of the pigments.


Question: Why is there a notable distinction in taste between food that is hot and cold?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a notable distinction in taste between food that is hot and cold?

Not quite like you're 5 but.... All foods we eat have fats and oils right? Well heat can make food break down making it easier for our taste buds to recognize certain flavors and aromas. As with anything cold, it tends to dull our senses. When your taste buds get cold, it makes it harder for your body to recognize flavors. That's why when ice cream melts, it's almost too sweet because it doesn't have that perfect balance of sugary goodness and freezing cold to mellow it out.


Question: I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I've always seen that prescription medicines cost a lot of money without insurance, what makes it cost so much money to produce these small pills? And why are generic versions so much cheaper if they're just made out of the same thing?

Each pill might only cost $0.03 or something to make, but the **first** pill with all the research and development and testing and regulation and approval and so on and so forth might cost over one billion dollars. That's a lot of investment, and if anyone is going to go down that road, they need to be compensated for finding a cure. Patent law ensures that companies that invent cures have exclusive rights to that cure for a length of time so they can make their money back. After that period the drug can be manufactured without paying the inventor for every pill made. Those are the "generic" drugs, and that's why they're cheaper.


Question: Why do our eyes jolt around when looking around, instead of smooth transitions?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do our eyes jolt around when looking around, instead of smooth transitions?

Your brain actually conveniently "forgets" the inbetween. You saw what was there, but your mind didn't "play" the transition. This is because when your eye darts around, there is a fast blur. Because seeing blurs all the time is annoying junk information to the brain, you end up seeing and remembering only the clear views from before and after your eye started moving. However the stuff you "didn't see" wasn't lost. You can remember "seeing" objects your eye passed over, even though your mind didn't show you exactly what it was in that instant blur. You can notice things you never explicitly looked at.


Question: Why does ice crack when you put it in a glass of water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does ice crack when you put it in a glass of water?

This is due to something called thermal expansion. The same thing happens to glass if it goes from one extreme of hot to the other of cold, or the other way around too. When things get hotter they expand on a molecular level, and likewise when they get colder they contract. Only the outside of the ice cube comes into contact with the warmer water while the inside remains cold. This difference in temperature causes the outside of the cube to expand while the inside is still contracted and this stress causes the ice to crack. Thermal expansion forces can get extremely high in certain materials, like some steels, to the point of a few degrees causing incredibly high amounts of stress.


Question: why does the moon appear larger earlier in the night, when it’s “rising” as opposed to later in the night when it’s higher in the sky?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the moon appear larger earlier in the night, when it’s “rising” as opposed to later in the night when it’s higher in the sky?

We think its because near the horizon you have known objects to compare its size to. Its easily testable that it is just an optical illusion and no size change is happening, hold a coin at arms length and it will cover the moon both near the horizon and at the zenith by the same amount.


Question: How are lines on roads painted so consistently and accurately?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are lines on roads painted so consistently and accurately?

The trucks that paint the dotted white lines on the highways have an automated sprayer that's connected to the speedometer of the truck. That way it can calculate that for a given speed, the sprayer needs to run for X amount of time to produce a ten foot long line. The driver of the truck will maintain a straight driving line, often by picking a spot in their view that they can line up with where they need to be for the line to spray in place (the paving crew usually has spray painted lines to show where to place them. There's another way to put lines on a road that's more like an asphalt adhesive sticker. Those get put in by the paving crews. They're laid in place, then a large torch is passed over them to slightly melt the adhesive and the asphalt underneath. Those are very durable and can last longer than painted lines, but can be accidentally scraped up by overzealous snowplows. The ones used for the stop lines at an intersection often get slid back in parts due to the repeated number of cars accelerating over that spot over time.


Question: After an adrenaline rush, why do humans experience a sudden severe drop in energy? Would this not be disadvantageous for primitive survival?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 After an adrenaline rush, why do humans experience a sudden severe drop in energy? Would this not be disadvantageous for primitive survival?

It would be disadvantageous, but consider the timeline: You're confronted with something that you identify as posing serious threat to your safety -- be it losing control of a vehicle in the snow or pursued by a predator. Your body dumps adrenaline into your system which temporarily gives you a dramatic boost to your reflexes, stamina, and strength. This is the "fight" in the "fight or flight" reaction. But you have to understand that the rest of the time, your own brain limits your body in what it can do so you don't hurt yourself. Your body is far more capable than you know, but if you were to use that full extent all the time, you'd cause permanent damage to your joints, ligaments, etc, to say nothing of the fact that higher blood pressure (from increased heart rate) would take a long term toll on your body, and immune and digestive systems are suppressed during this "fight or flight" phase. So the crash you feel is the price you're paying for that boost that saved your life. It might put you at a disadvantage if you were confronted with another life or death situation, but the fact that it got you out of one is probably enough to genetically select for it over generations. Edit: might as well fix those typos with the traction this is getting. Lotta people have pointed out that the "fight or flight" I refer to is a lot more nuanced than the binary representation I made. [This]( URL_1 ) comment does a good job. Edit 2: thanks for the gold, damn. I am amused by the fact that the most popular reply to this post is "holy shit it's the [kaioken]( URL_0 )!" The second most seems to be the number of people pointing out the parallels between this and chronic stress/PTSD


Question: what exactly is being “improved” when we see games graphically improving with time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is being “improved” when we see games graphically improving with time?

Generally speaking - increases in texture resolution, Instead of using a 100x100 pixel texture you use one thats 500x500 now your model is less blurry, has more detail - Increases in polygon count, more polygons allows more detailed features. go back to N64/PS1 and most characters didn't have distinct fingers due to keeping poly count lower. now you might have a few dozen polys just for a buckle on their uniform. - New lighting techniques, dynamic shadows, HDR bloom effects etc - New shaders and rendering techniques, from Depth of field to bump mapping, reflections etc. Sometimes it's new tech that's more effective at rendering more realistic effects other times it's old tech it just takes more processing power to run. with improvements on the same platform it might be the latter but there's optimization other places to make up for it.


Question: How do radar detectors work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do radar detectors work?

A radar detector device has both a radar and a laser detector built into it. No different from how a smart phone often has multiple cameras, a microphone and speakers. The sensor that detects radar waves won't detect laser beams, and vice versa. A [laser speed detector]( URL_0 ) doesn't send out a pin point laser beam. It sends out an angled beam to make it easier for the officer to aim it at car and get a reflection. If that angled beam hits the laser sensor, your "radar/laser" detector will signal an alert.


Question: what makes breast cells so much more likely to become cancerous than say the cells in our toes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes breast cells so much more likely to become cancerous than say the cells in our toes?

Cell turnover. Primary heart muscle tumors are exceedingly rare. Why? Because once a heart muscle cell differentiates into a mature cell, it might make some adjustments throughout its life, but it doesn't divide to create a new heart muscle cell. There's a regular rate of turnover of the cells in your toe. Depending on the exact cell (bone-related, skin, nervous, immune) there are different rates of turnover, but once you grow an adult toe, there's not a lot of change taking place down there. Breast tissue is different because it isn't run on a single script. It gets an input from the body's hormones. Estrogen UP, breast tissue adjustment. Period time? Breast tissue adjustment. Baby time? Breast tissue adjustment. As a result there's a natural ebb and flow to the tissue, enough to generate a significantly higher rate of cellular turnover. Cut off the signal, mammary glands shrink up. Turn the volume up on the signal, mammary glands cells divide to provide for reproduction. (For the record, the prostate has a similar downside with hormonal input). Every time a copy is made, there's a chance for a clerical error in the code. The more copies, the more chances for errors, some percentage of which will be catastrophic. Go out in the sun a lot? Burn that top layer of skin often? More skin cells are required to replace the damaged cells. Higher turn over = increased risk of skin cancer (not to mention the sun radiation increasing the risk of damaged DNA copies). Over active immune system? Much better chance for an error to occur in an immune cell. Here comes the lymphoma.


Question: Why is there a delay on feeling the heat of an object but not on feeling your fingers contact the object?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a delay on feeling the heat of an object but not on feeling your fingers contact the object?

So you have a few different tracts that your nerves follow on the way up to the brain. The nerves responsible for fine touch take a more modern track that is much much faster in terms of transmission. The nerve types that detect temperature are part of an older (in terms of evolution) pathway that is slower.


Question: what process goes into capturing photos of stars, planets, galaxies etc.?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what process goes into capturing photos of stars, planets, galaxies etc.?

Step one: build telescope Step two: teach telescope to find and follow objects (sort of a pain) Step three: take some calibration images—I usually do this once a night, one all white one, one all black one, and one just of the electronic noise Step four: take all images at one wavelength—you can do as little as 1 for a demo or as many as 50 for an art quality piece. Some NASA images have thousands. Step five: repeat step four for all wavelengths. With visual telescopes, we usually just go a red green and blue image or a white, red, green and blue image, but radio, gamma ray, and other telescopes can be mapped to color in other ways. Step six: import images to Astro photo manipulation program, and calibrate them with the light, dark, and “bias” frames I mentioned earlier Step seven: remove any images that have weird artifacts, like airplanes or freshmen pointing lasers in the telescope Step eight: add the images together Optional step 9: screw around in photoshop to make it look better And that’s how most nebula, galaxy, and cluster images are made


Question: how do they craft a perfume, and then how do they decide whether its for men or women? Whats the chemistry behind it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do they craft a perfume, and then how do they decide whether its for men or women? Whats the chemistry behind it?

To create a perfume you need to be able to extract or create a scent, create a medium to carry that scent, a method to apply that scent and to make sure it doesn't immediately dissipate. Scents are usually essential oils. You can obtain or create essential oils from natural sources through methods like pressing, crushing, dissolving, distillation and so on. If you know exactly what chemicals create a scent, you can also create synthetic scents in a lab. In other words, you can quite literally take something like a pleasant flower and crush, dissolve, boil or otherwise extract the oils that carry its scent. Essential oils are pretty powerful so you dilute them into a medium that will allow the user to spray or dab some onto their skin and make it stick. Usually alcohol. Alcohols evaporate fast so dabbing some on your skin won't leave a wet spot as the alcohol evaporates but leaves the scented oil. As for what makes a male or female perfume, that's really just psychology, stereotypes and a whole lot of marketing. Things like flowers, candy, cookies and other sweet things are often associated with women. And so their scents make a good basis for feminine products. Men are often idealised as tough, rugged, hard-working, adventurous and so on. Lots of male scents try to invoke that with scents that are reminiscent of the ocean, mountains, woods. Sharp scents, spicy scents and so on. If you look at perfume commercials you'll notice that advertising rarely describes the scent itself. They usually try to sell you an idealised image. Do you like this rugged man sailing his ship? Are you enticed by this cosmopolitan woman in her perfect gown? Now you can smell like them.


Question: How do fireworks have direction, like in the case of fireworks that create hearts or smiley faces?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do fireworks have direction, like in the case of fireworks that create hearts or smiley faces?

When you see these designs in the sky, you're actually seeing a group of firework shells exploding at the same time. A firework display uses hundreds of launchers at a time in their shows to get the effects you see. For example, a heart shaped image can be 10 different fireworks exploding at the same time. They are shot into the air at different times and from different launchers. They each use a different amount of chemicals to launch them to a certain height and they explode at the same time using microchips. If you're close enough to the launchers, you'll hear multiple fireworks being shot into the air but only one explosion. There's a lot of chemistry involved in making the fireworks but technology and computers go a long way when it comes to the actual fireworks show. Edit: I forgot to add that there are also special firework shells made to make shapes. If the image grows bigger in an outward direction, a special shell is made with different ingredients that ignite as the shell explodes. There are many different ways to get different effects. It just depends on the company putting on the show and what the people paying them want.


Question: why does the humidity rise when electric roof vent is on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the humidity rise when electric roof vent is on?

Those attic fans pull air from your house into the attic and out, which also the pulls outdoor air into your house. If it's the evening and the air is cool that's great, and will cool your house down really fast. But if it's hot and humid out it will just make your house hot and humid.


Question: What's the difference between the medication Lithium and the Lithium in batteries?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between the medication Lithium and the Lithium in batteries?

Great question. On one level, the active "ingredient" -- a positively charged lithium ion -- is the same, but the packaging or delivery is VERY different. A lithium battery WILL NOT be metabolized in a medicinal way, and a lithium pill will not power your phone. Medicinal lithium is in the form of lithium carbonate. The nature of this salt is such that you have two lithium ions available in a form that your body can utilize it and can tolerate its counterpart (the carbonate). Lithium in batteries also use lithium ions (from a compound like lithium cobalt oxide) but metallic lithium is also involved, and the counterparts and other battery ingredients are not bio-friendly. edited: speling eror


Question: Isn't Social Security essentially a Ponzi Scheme?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Isn't Social Security essentially a Ponzi Scheme?

No. A ponzi scheme is supposed to give investors a guaranteed rate of return, usually a high one. Social Security doesn't make that promise, and the increase is only tied to inflation. Second, social security was supposed to set up a trust to hold/invest money put into it. Unfortunately, politicians can't think long term when they have people asking for handouts now, so they regularly raid social security. Third, a ponzi scheme only works if more and more people come into the scheme because you need additional people to pay out the return. Social Security doesn't really need that since the number of people retiring is usually less than the number of people working at a given time. It does get into trouble when the workforce decreases though.


Question: I get that oxygen is required for fire. But what about oxygen and it's chemical properties make it so vital for combustion reactions over other gasses?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I get that oxygen is required for fire. But what about oxygen and it's chemical properties make it so vital for combustion reactions over other gasses?

Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic redox (reduction-oxidation) chemical reaction. Oxygen is a very common, and fairly strong, oxidizing agent. It is not, however, strictly required for a fire. Some very fun (read horrifying) chemicals like ClF3 are actually stronger oxidizers than oxygen, and will happily cause things to combust without any help from oxygen.


Question: Why do people with cold sores get them in the same spot on their lip?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people with cold sores get them in the same spot on their lip?

They don't, really. They show up in different spots on the lips. But the reason they are clustered there is because the virus "lives" in a particular nerve in the face. Outbreaks can be triggered by stress, dryness, etc and that causes cold sores to appear. Here is a good link about it: URL_0


Question: ; How does Instagram know the difference between male and female nipples when detecting nudity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 ; How does Instagram know the difference between male and female nipples when detecting nudity?

Image recognition and machine learning built off of user reports. So digital images are just really long strings of numbers and code derived from an algorithm right? If you didn't have the algorithm to decode the jumbled mess of letters into a picture on a screen, you'd look like [this guy]( URL_0 ). But, if you spend all day looking at those numbers, and I feed you 1000 pictures of what are definitely trees, you'll know what they look like numerically. Something like a a bunch of green in a triangle formula with some brown in a rectangle formula. Then I can start feeding you an unknown. You'll look at it and say "80% sure this is a tree, 20% it's a [black guy with a birthday cap]( URL_1 )", because there's definitely a triangle and a mass of brown. That's basically what machine learning algorithms are doing. They can process the images as computer code, and have been fed a ton of known male nipples and known female nipples. Either Instagram paid someone to find nipples or just uses the user reports to spot them to avoid privacy and copyright issues. So the computer has been trained to spot nipples, guess at male vs female, then reject those that meet a "certainty threshold". So, if you upload a sweet picture of your man tits, if the algorithm sees them as 60% female, they'll probably get rejected. If your sister uploads her flat raisins without any girly stuff, there's a decent chance that she'll be flagged as 70% male and have some n00ds up until someone reports her.


Question: If I bought a stock at $.50/share and it's now $50/share, what percent did it increase?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If I bought a stock at $.50/share and it's now $50/share, what percent did it increase?

You bought it at 0,50, and it's at 50, which means it has increased by 49,5. Much like if it had doubled you would say it's a 100% increase (increase by 100% of original value, which is 0,5), the new value is the old value increased by 9900%. So, it's 10000% of the original value, or a 9900% increase. Just like 1 is 200% of 0,5 but only a 100% increase. That's the conclusion I came to after thinking about it for a while anyways, I must admit that my first thought was "it's obviously 10000%", but then I stopped to think about it. --- **TL;DR:** 9900% increase, 10000% of original value.


Question: Why does copper sulphate solution (for example), turn into crystals as the liquid evaporates?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does copper sulphate solution (for example), turn into crystals as the liquid evaporates?

Almost everything will form a solid substance in a regular pattern. By this I mean everything will form crystals at some temperature and pressure. Water is a wonderful substance which is polar. Even when two hydrogen atoms are associated with an oxygen atom there are spaces with more electrons and spaces with fewer electrons. The hydrogen proton will dissociate and wander off making hydroxyl. Copper Sulfate will do this too. They have a grand time when copper sulphate is in solution with water. But when there is too much copper sulfate they will assemble into a crystal. Too many of them. Not enough water molecules to go around. So the copper sulfate will bond with itself. It will bond in a regular pattern producing crystals. Which is what you said.


Question: Why do surgeries, especially transplants, take so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do surgeries, especially transplants, take so long?

AST Certified and California credentialed Surgical Assistant here. Surgical procedures vary in length depending on how complicated the surgery is ( example - heart transplant 20+ hr VS a hip replacement 2-3 hr), the patients physical condition, and honestly the dr’s over all experience. In general anything having to do with the head, neck, or upper trunk is going to take significantly longer due to the fact there are so many vital organs packed into these parts of the human body. A wrong move in these areas can mean immediate and catastrophic results. The shortest procedures are usually the extremities. I’ve seen a foot amputated start to finish in about 20 min.


Question: How do lane departure warning systems work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do lane departure warning systems work?

They have cameras or other sensors that detect the lane markers. When the lane markers move outside a certain part of the sensor, and the driver hasn't used their turn signal, then the car notified the driver that they appear to be departing their lane. Usually there may be a camera mounted near the rear view mirror.


Question: How come spacecraft are able to take advantage of the rotational speed of Earth, but airplanes aren't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come spacecraft are able to take advantage of the rotational speed of Earth, but airplanes aren't?

Spacecraft are going to leave the Earth's atmosphere and enter into orbit. Orbits involve moving around the Earth so fast that you move "sideways" away from the Earth at the same speed that you fall. At that point, your velocity relative to the Earth actually matters. Or, to phrase it another way, a spacecraft needs to orbit with a velocity that is *independent* of the Earth's rotation. By contrast, a plane is never going to need to leave the frame of reference where the ground is considered stationary. Its velocity is best treated as *dependent* on the Earth's rotation. That probably didn't make a lot of sense, so let me use an analogy. The setup: You're on a large merry-go-round, and you're wearing roller skates. Scenario 1: You just realized that you're late for dinner, and your mom is going to be super mad if you're not home ASAP. You can either wait until the merry-go-round is moving you *toward* the direction you need to go, or *away* from the direction you need to go. What do you do? Clearly you need to wait until you're already moving in the direction you want to go before you jump off, so you get a nice boost. This is because the velocity you need to reach is in a frame of reference where you view the merry-go-round as spinning. Going one direction over another will affect your velocity when you're in the new frame of reference. This is like launching a rocket into orbit. Scenario 2: You're on the merry-go-round, and you realized that you dropped your wallet on a different part of the merry-go-round. Since you're not going to leave the frame of reference where you treat the merry-go-round as stationary, you won't get a boost for going in one direction over another. This is like flying a plane from one city to another.


Question: Can causality be measured with probability?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can causality be measured with probability?

Kind of. If you're looking for something free of assumptions that allows you to deduce causality directly from observation, this is very much impossible. However, if you're ready to accept models of potential causality, there are various methods (generally called [causal inference]( URL_0 )) that can help you tease out causality from correlation. If this is actually for a five year old, these are probably much too mathematically involved, and you should instead explore the intuition of how to separate causality from correlation. Come up with scenarios where a causal link apparently exists, and figure out a way for a scientist to intervene to expose that link as false, and potentially find the real one. This is inherently going to take intuition, because that's really the only way to do science. The questions you ask are separate. You don't have to have causal models to forecast events, you just need statistical data and assumptions about the applicability of that data. If I see the butterflies flying south I know winter is coming with high probability, even though the causal link is completely backwards. If someone is wearing a dress I can predict they have a higher chance of breast cancer even though there is no causal link at all - both are related to them being a woman.