Question: Before the 2008 recession, Diesel fuel was always cheaper than regular unleaded(87 octane)per gallon. After/during the recession, Diesel appears to climb and average a little below Premium unleaded(97 octane), why?

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 Before the 2008 recession, Diesel fuel was always cheaper than regular unleaded(87 octane)per gallon. After/during the recession, Diesel appears to climb and average a little below Premium unleaded(97 octane), why?

URL_0 * demand for diesel fuel in other countries remains high. * ULSD is a clean-burning diesel fuel that was gradually phased into the market between 2006 and 2010, replacing on-highway diesel fuel, known as Low Sulfur Diesel. The environmental benefits of ULSD are huge but they bring extra costs. They mentioned taxes being 6¢ higher than for gas, but also said it hadn't changed since the 1990s, so that can't be a reason.


Question: Why is it more likely to have horrifying or mundane hallucinations when a person has a mental illness, than to have pleasurable or positive hallucinations?

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 Why is it more likely to have horrifying or mundane hallucinations when a person has a mental illness, than to have pleasurable or positive hallucinations?

When folks have pleasurable hallucinations, they do not seek mental help, they tend to interpret it as a spiritual experience. In modern western secular culture, if you tell people about a pleasurable hallucination, they just ignore and dismiss it as you making stuff up for attention. Pleasant hallucinations are far less likely to interfere with someone's life.


Question: how is it all of the sudden it's "toxic" to reheat chicken, eggs, spinach, rice, and mushrooms??

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 how is it all of the sudden it's "toxic" to reheat chicken, eggs, spinach, rice, and mushrooms??

its not "all of a sudden". My grandma told the spinach nitrites myth already. Spinach - > nitrates, tiny amounts doesn't matter - > [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) (sorry for the tabloid source) Rice - > bacterial growth, just cool it properly and don't leave it out [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) Chicken - > Denatured protein stuff only happens if you overcook it, gently warm it to a proper temperature. Eggs - > as long as they were properly heated before its fine, don't reheat runny eggs. Mushrooms - > same story, cool them properly, don't leave them out at room temperature heat them up again properly All the "DONT REHEAT THESE 5,6,7,9,15 FOODS" come from questionable sources, mostly buzzfeed type of hype sites, don't get your science from them. As long as you use basic hygiene, proper storage (fridge for short term, freezer for long term) and cooling its all fine. Also [ URL_3 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do many people „Walk“ Pain away?

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 Why do many people „Walk“ Pain away?

Your body is a machine, your brain make it work and pain is an information. The one goal of your brain is to ensure you survive. To that extent, pain is an important information. If it hurts, something bad is happening. Usually something you either need to wait the end of, or something you need to act against. But what if you're being chased by a predator and got hurt? You can't "wait" and you can't fight back something more powerful than you. Both of the standard way of handling pain are not viable. So usually, your brain goes with the 3rd solution of "Ignore the pain". It dull the sensation because the pain is being an hindrance to your survival. Because you need to keep moving and pain is useless. Your body doesn't know that, so it keep sending pain, but your brain try real hard to ignore it. When you get hurt, if you try and force your body to move, there is a good chance your brain goes into emergency mode and dull the pain to allow you to keep going. Brain doesn't really know what is a life threatening emergency and a simple scratch. All it knows is that you're trying to push through the pain. You made the executive decision to work through the pain, the brain doesn't go into details. It just allow you to. Even if it's not the correct decision.


Question: Where did matter come from?

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 Where did matter come from?

In the beginning, the universe, well, began. (This has made a lot of people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.) It's not possible for matter to come from non-matter. All the matter and energy that exists today is the same matter and energy that existed at the beginning of time. The universe didn't begin from nothing, but from everything. Everything, the entire universe, was concentrated into a very small point that expanded rapidly to what we know today. This is the 'big bang'. Maybe there was a universe before ours that collapsed into that little point that contained anything, but that doesn't matter since we'd never have any way of figuring that out, or figuring out what happened in that universe. Whether or not some being or circumstance from 'outside the universe' caused this to happen doesn't matter, because we can't observe that happening. We can only look at what happens inside our own "observable universe", so anything past that is just pure speculation that nobody will ever be able to find evidence for.


Question: How come every time I get blood drawn I feel sick, turn white and nearly pass out?

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 How come every time I get blood drawn I feel sick, turn white and nearly pass out?

First always insist they draw your blood with you lying down. If they ask why, tell them you're "a fainter". (That'll get 'em off your back.) Second, drink tons of water the night before & day of the draw so your blood pressure will be good and strong. You get lightheaded because gravity pulls your blood down but your head is up high. Your body fixes this by making you collapse (faint) so your head will be down on the ground instead of higher than your heart (the blood pumper). Which can result in serious injury (concusdion, skull fracture, dental damage, etc.). So prevent fainting at all costs. Syncope (fainting) is one thing. But vaso vagal reactions are common involuntary neurological responses to any piercing of the skin, and they are no laughing matter. Many nurses will tease men for being sissies about needles, etc. If you have a seizure while upright, it can result in brain damage within a couple minutes. Last tip: if getting a fasting blood draw, bring along a BIG bottle of orange juice to start drinking as soon as they put the bandaid on. Take your time moving into sitting position, next dangle your legs, then sit on the edge a while, then stand a minute to get reaccustomed to being vertical. Slow & easy. It's not mind-over-matter, and it's not a sign of weakness. Take care of yourself and insist others do too--not all medical professionals get it. Source: POTS patient


Question: What does pleading guilty mean?

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 What does pleading guilty mean?

If you plead "not guilty" then it has to go to a trial which can be lengthy and expensive and one or both sides might reach an outcome they don't want. Your guilt has to be determined by a third party (a jury). Or, you can plead guilty - basically, taking the responsibility for the crime that was committed. When you have a plea agreement it means the defense attorney and the prosecutor made up conditions that are honored if you plead guilty, making the process easier for *everyone* involved. Although we *know* he committed the shooting, he still could have plead "not guilty" for various reasons, including mental illness. But if he had gone to court with that defense then he would be facing the death penalty if it didn't work out.


Question: How does a brain pick out what memories are traumatic enough to block out?

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 How does a brain pick out what memories are traumatic enough to block out?

When a developing brain is flooded with enough of the neurotransmitters (the chemicals we use to think and feel) most strongly associated with negative emotions like fear, sadness, and pain, it triggers an instinctive reaction to cut off the connections with the memories formed in that section of brain cells. A brain has a lot of trouble finding memories that are cut off this way, like a blockaded section of a city. This is a survival instinct selected by evolution, which means that kids who didn't tend to do it died off from not being able to deal with all that trauma. Those who happened to respond this way survived and grew up to have their own kids, passing on a tendency to react this way. That's also why adults don't do it as readily: we've developed better ways to cope with trauma over the decades of our lives, so we're less likely to die from it (also that adults are more likely to have already bred).


Question: if shampoo strips away oils and conditioner replaces them, why are there shampoo + conditioner in one products?

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 if shampoo strips away oils and conditioner replaces them, why are there shampoo + conditioner in one products?

They don't work as well, but here's how it works: 2-in-1 shampoo/conditioners have silicone (in the form of dimethicone) suspended in a solution that cleans your hair. Also, silicone likes to cling to hair. When you add water, the silicone and the solution separate. The oil in your hair is bound to the shampoo solution (surfactant), whereas the silicone can now cling to the hair. The silicone takes the place of the oil (literally and figuratively), whereas the oil molecules are bound to the surfactant and are now water soluble, meaning they can be washed away.


Question: How Worthless Was Soviet Union's Ruble?

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 How Worthless Was Soviet Union's Ruble?

The problem was that there were no trade between the US and USSR. So in the USSR the Ruble were worth a lot as you could use it on any corner store. However if you had any Ruble in the US they were almost worthless as anyone would accept it as payment and buying things in the USSR and importing them were almost impossible. So for PepsiCo which is a US company with western owners the Ruble were not worth the ink it was printed with as they could not use it to pay their suppliers or owners. So when they set out to export syrup to the USSR they also had to set up an import route in order to gain anything from the deal. It did not really matter what it was but they ended up with vodka. This was an acceptable deal to the governments of both US and USSR so they were allowed to continue with the deal. If they had accepted the Ruble then someone in the US would have to set up a separate trade deal importing something from the USSR in order to get the value from their Ruble and this would be a difficult political struggle. By settling on importing vodka in the same trade deal as they exported syrup PepsiCo were able to handle the issue once.


Question: Are gunshots with hearing protection *still* above the damage level?

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 Are gunshots with hearing protection *still* above the damage level?

I do not have the answert to the gunshot question but you undestanding of dB is not correct > I also understand dB are not cumulative, and that for example, 120 dB is 60-65x louder than a normal conversation and not just 2x as loud. > > If a 9mm produced 160 dB, how can any hearing protection, even the highest, ever move this to a safe level? It just doesn't make sense to me. The number in the dB scale is close to how the perceived sound level is for a human. But if you look at the sound pressure the scale is logarithmic. A change from 60dB to70dB is 10 dB will result in 10x the sound pressure. If you increase from 70dB to 80 dB it is another 10x pressure. If you combine that a change for 60dB to 80 dB is 10x \* 10x so 100x the sound pressure. So a change from 60 dB to 120 dB is an increase of 10dB six times so that 10\*10\*10\*10\*10\*10= 1 000 000 time the sound pressure. So it might be perceived as 60x louder but the sound pressure is 1 million times higher 160dB is 100dB above 60 dB so the sound pressure level is 10 billion times higher. Damage to the hearing is related to sound pressure not perceived sound level.


Question: What is an "industry plant" in the music industry and why is it a bad thing?

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 What is an "industry plant" in the music industry and why is it a bad thing?

A musician who didn't reach popularity organically, but had heavy industry backing from the beginning. There's a lot of pushback in the music community against those kinds of acts. Because being a touring musician is hard work. You have to play a ton of shitty gigs for no money for a really long time and build up your fan base before most major labels will even look at you. So people who just walk in with daddy's money and $10 million worth of songwriters, session players, promoters, and marketing behind them get some serious flak for not having put the work in. Especially when they are trading on the "authenticity" of the genre and other musicians while never having lived it.


Question: What triggers the intense coughing when cleaning your ears with Q-Tips?

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 What triggers the intense coughing when cleaning your ears with Q-Tips?

You have something call "Arnold’s nerve" in your ear which is connected to the "Vagus nerve". The Vagus controls important stuff like coughing and breathing. When you touch the inside of your ear the Arnold’s nerve sends a signal which sometimes the Vagus misinterprets. Instead of telling your brain that you have something in your ear it tells your brain that you have something in your throat. When your brain hears that it starts coughing to remove the nonexistent throat object.


Question: What is this thing called after- or pre-market stock exchange?

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 What is this thing called after- or pre-market stock exchange?

Extended hours trading takes place on electronic communication networks, and not on the exchanges. This provides a few extra hours of trading per day, but also comes with a huge warning about liquidity: because of the much lower volume occuring these hours, prices may fluctuate wildly. As such, market orders are usually not allowed (ALL orders must be set as a limit order).


Question: Why does it take longer to delete a bunch of files together, as opposed to deleting them individually? The size of the deletion is the same in both the cases

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 Why does it take longer to delete a bunch of files together, as opposed to deleting them individually? The size of the deletion is the same in both the cases

Pretend you have a football field, and 100m of string laid out in a line: it’s pretty easy to walk along it, and pick up the string. Now if the string is cut into pieces and spread all over, you still have 100m of string but you’ll have to find it all and go to it to pick it up


Question: Even before colonialism, why were European and Asian countries typically more advanced than African?

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</answer>
 Even before colonialism, why were European and Asian countries typically more advanced than African?

ELI5: Answer, your question is incorrect. History didn't happen that way. & #x200B; ELI20 Answer: So lets go over a few things. & #x200B; Pre-1500 West Africa was more advanced than Western Europe. The reason we know the name of Timbuktu to this day is because of how wealthy it was. The great library at Djenne is still being excavated to this day. It was the wealthiest and most military powerful empire in the Muslim world. & #x200B; That region experienced its own "Fall of Rome" level dark ages at just the wrong time. 1.) the famed Mansa Musa was the original scheming Vizier and convinced Abu Bakr II (I think it was the second) to take the massive Mali fleet and try to sail across the Atlantic in search of the new world. Yes this is pre-columbus but this wasn't that crazy. People knew there was land over there because there was a Bishopric in Greenland and they knew Markland (Labrador) existed and even had converted a handful of Native American's to Christianity in the thirteenth century (according to church records). Trade winds don't work that way, both waves (including the second one that Abu Bakr II personally lead were lost at sea. & #x200B; Mansa Musa then cemented his newly found reign by going on a lavish pilgrimage to Mecca and spending so much money that gold was devalued in Egypt for 7 years after his passing. Mali had more than half the western world's wealth but still needed a loan to get back. He figured no problem since they controlled all trans-sahara trade so he'd just raise prices on gold, slaves, and salt. Problem: Lacking a fleet the portugese started poking around and offering competition, LOWERING prices. Solution: Sell even more slaves. Send your client state of the Sonhai to go raid deeper inland then use your forces to raid and sack the Songhai and sell their wives and children as slaves on bulk. Problem: The sonhhai were the WARRIOR client state and ended up overthrowing Mali New Problem: The songhai were not skilled administrators and didn't know how to run their new empire Solution: Ask your friends in Morocco for help New Problem: Seeing they were weakened from their war, Morocco invades and wins. New New Problem: Morocco also has no idea how to govern a state this size and takes what isn't nailed down and retreats. & #x200B; West Africa becomes a bunch of dark ages shattered mini-nations. Still they have a tonne of wealth and make a new fortune selling slaves to Portugal which sets up shop (along with other Europeans). They keep Europe at bay until Britain industrializes and wants materials that African states have. This is one of the reasons Britain starts halting the Atlantic slave trade. Morals are nice, but money talks and crippling the Atlantic slave trade starves African states of funds and allows them to be conquered in the Scramble for Africa pretty much as soon as slavery is done with (the late 1800s). & #x200B; This is all a narrative account and there is a LOT of deeper nuance and timelines and alternate reasons and new context that make this even more complex. & #x200B; Think of this as the Bohr Atomic Model of African history, wrong, but accurate enough to get a grasp on more or less what is going on.


Question: How do microtransactions work on the brain?

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 How do microtransactions work on the brain?

One of the most common and effective tricks is *reward removal*: "You got these 5 rewards! But oh no, your inventory only has 3 free slots. Would you like to buy more inventory space and keep these rewards?" Humans typically display a loss-aversion bias and value preventing the loss of an X they have more than gaining a new X. Reward removal exploits this bias by telling people they have X but are going to lose it unless they pay some money. Other common features include [boosts that gradually turn a skill game into a money game, and progress gating that holds you back and makes you "waste" time and/or other resources if you don't pay]( URL_0 ).


Question: How do tariffs and bond rates affect mortgage rates?

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 How do tariffs and bond rates affect mortgage rates?

There's really 2 questions here, and we have to take them separately. How do tariffs affect mortgage rates? Not much. A tariff is a tax on imports. Usually, countries only put tariffs on physical goods (things you can drop on your foot), and do not put taxes on services or financial products. It's also very rare, outside of the EU, for anyone to have a home mortgage that follows foreign law (and it's only practical in the EU because EU nations spent decades coordinating their financial laws). If a nation had really ridiculous tariffs that massively distort the national economy (think Great Depression, not Donald Trump), then that could move mortgage rates, but at that point, a dozen other things are going wrong. Now bond rates, those are tied to mortgage rates. The main way that banks make profits is by (1) collecting money deposits, then (2) loaning that money out to debtors, while (3) charging more to loan out the money than they have to pay the deposit-holders, and (4) trying to get their debtors to pay back those loans instead of defaulting or going bankrupt. So WHO should the bank lend money to? Well, four options come to mind. The least risky would be to loan it to the national government (that's the least risky option because usually, if the government can't pay its debt, then things are so screwed that the citizens can't pay their debts either). That's a government bond, and because it's not risky, banks demand pretty low interest rates when they offer to buy government bonds. The most risky is unsecured credit -- that's the market that credit cards and payday loans are in, and that's why they demand really high interest rates. Somewhere in the middle are corporate bonds and mortgages. There's a line of business, Credit Ratings Agencies, whose job is to figure out exactly how risky corporate bonds and mortgages are. The more risky a loan seems, the higher the interest rate that banks will demand. **The difference between the rate that banks ask for a bond/mortgage and what they ask for a government bond is called the "risk premium." If the government interest rate goes up, then the rate for new bonds/mortgages has to go up by the same amount, because the risk premium of lending to that company or homeowner didn't change.** In most countries, the government offers banks some safeguards with the home mortgage market, to keep the risk premium both low and stable. If you fiddled with those safeguards, you could change the risk premium for mortgage rates without changing bond rates. Also, if City X is a really attractive place to live, banks might need a lower risk premium for mortgages in City X, because the bank knows that City X's houses will get more valuable. Sometimes the entire market for housing becomes more risky all of a sudden -- like the 2006 USA Housing Crisis, and there's plenty of other people on Reddit who have explained THAT one better than I can. But when the economy is boring and stable, the risk premium stays stable, and it's the flutters in the government bond market that cause the mortgage rates to flutter.


Question: What is happening when Microsoft Word puts the red squiggly under a correctly-spelled word and then it disappears when you click the word?

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 What is happening when Microsoft Word puts the red squiggly under a correctly-spelled word and then it disappears when you click the word?

Microsoft products are very much known to have bugs. Sometimes bugs will live for years and never be fixed. What's most likely happening is Word detected the spelling error before you finished typing the word, but didn't put the red line until after you finished. Then Word forgot to check the word again to see if it was spelt correctly. Only when you clicked on the word did Word decide to double check and which point it realized it was spelt correctly.


Question: I know a tiny bit of inflation is considered healthy because it encourages investment. What kind of investment is specifically referenced here, and what are the consequences if people don’t invest?

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 I know a tiny bit of inflation is considered healthy because it encourages investment. What kind of investment is specifically referenced here, and what are the consequences if people don’t invest?

Any kind of investment, but mostly investment in better equipment, new production facilities, etc. Let's say you're a business owner and you have a million dollars in the bank. You don't need to use it right away... but you know that if you just keep it in the bank, inflation will make the money worth less in five years than it is worth now. Let's say, a million dollars today would let you replace ten of the machines in your factory with new and more efficient ones, but in five years, it will only buy you nine new machines. You know the machines will need to be replaced sooner or later anyway, so why not spend money now, when you can get more stuff for it? Inflation means you can also raise your prices a bit, in addition to cutting the costs from the machines' higher efficiency. So spending the money now is a better idea than just letting it sit in a bank and spending it later.


Question: If natural satellites (moons) are remains (or even consequences of collisions) of our planets, why do the orbits of the majority of them stay in the same plane as the orbits of the planets? Couldn't they be random?

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 If natural satellites (moons) are remains (or even consequences of collisions) of our planets, why do the orbits of the majority of them stay in the same plane as the orbits of the planets? Couldn't they be random?

Most moons don't actually orbit in the same plane as their parent body. Our moon, for example, actually orbits with about 5 degrees of inclanation. But yes, generally speaking, they will adopt a similar orbital plane, and the reason for this is that when all this ejected material slowly gravitates towards other particles and collides with them, they cancel out in their vertical momentum. Similar to how the protoplanetary disk around our sun started out as a cloud, but over time flattened into a reletively flat disk. None of the planets occupy the exact some orbital plane because this cancellation of vertical momentum was not consistent across the entire disk, but is "close enough" to have similar inclinations.


Question: Why are bridges more likely to freeze than a normal patch of the road?

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 Why are bridges more likely to freeze than a normal patch of the road?

Because there is cold air both under and over the bridge and it cools down faster than the regular pavement where the ground is still warmer than the air. So in essence, the highway doesn't freeze as quickly because it is being kept warmer from below. Edit: for those that are saying that it is because the ground insulates the pavement, that is not correct. The ground transfers heat to the pavement by conduction.


Question: How are we able to make the voices of people we know speak completely new stuff in our heads?

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 How are we able to make the voices of people we know speak completely new stuff in our heads?

You’ve broken down the words from her accent into phonemes, or the individual sounds like fuh uk kuh yew. You’ve done this by being familiar with her accent (but not completely, Charles says yes as earus) and many others. Part of learning to talk is subconsciously learning these fragments in your parents accent (or a fairly random merge of the two if they’re different).


Question: Why cant atoms like hydrogen and chlorine have full shells and not make a molecule of 2??

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 Why cant atoms like hydrogen and chlorine have full shells and not make a molecule of 2??

There is nothing that says they can't. But that would only likely happen in a vacuum. The electron they have had to come from somewhere. In your examples, the two Cl and H atoms are basically sharing electrons in a covalent bond. Even if you had a free electron to give them, they would become ions, meaning they would have an electric charge, so would be attracted to positively charged ions elsewhere, forming ionic bonds.


Question: Why can't we create water? I heard that it's too dangerous but can't we do it in a controlled enviroment now that we have robots that can get up close instead of us?

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 Why can't we create water? I heard that it's too dangerous but can't we do it in a controlled enviroment now that we have robots that can get up close instead of us?

The only way to _create_ water is to combine hydrogen and oxygen. We don't have practical supplies of hydrogen to do this. If we did we'd be able to use it as a fuel source. Besides, it's not like we're running out of water... We have a few oceans full of it. What would be useful is a way of turning seawater into freshwater. That's not so much dangerous as costly in terms of energy.


Question: Why/How the hell can the worst bugs (fleas, ticks, bedbugs, etc) live for MONTHS with no food and just keep repopulating and repopulating and repopulating even though there's NO nutrition?

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 Why/How the hell can the worst bugs (fleas, ticks, bedbugs, etc) live for MONTHS with no food and just keep repopulating and repopulating and repopulating even though there's NO nutrition?

These pests have evolved to be very hardy, having built-in survival mechanisms that help them survive. Insects are cold-blooded so they don't need to use energy to keep them warm. Additionally, if it gets cold enough, their metabolism will slow down meaning they can go a long time without eating any food. Unfortunately these pests have just evolved to survive on such little food and reproduce so quickly. If they didn't, they wouldn't have survived as a species.


Question: how does helium change your voice?

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 how does helium change your voice?

When you speak normally your vocal cords vibrate at a certain speed or frequency this is usually the same when you are breathing air. Helium is a much lighter gas than air, which is why balloons filled with it float so well. When it passes over your vocal cords they vibrate faster which makes the voice sound squeaky because of the frequency of the movement of the vocal cords. Yes it will make a little girl or boy sound squeakier but as children's voices are naturally more high pitched, the effect will be less pronounced so you might not notice it as much. *Putting my fun police hat on now; it can be very dangerous to breathe in helium and other gases, so whilst funny it's not recommended, particularly for children, as they might suffocate and no one wants that.* Edit: Autoincorrect Edit 2: Safety


Question: Why are some people more sympathetic/emotional than others?

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 Why are some people more sympathetic/emotional than others?

The only answer to this is no one knows. There is a ton of research about it in psychology, but it's one of those things that is a trait of "personality." In the newest personality inventory in psycology (they always have a new personality test every decade or so. It used to be the Myers-Briggs) is the "Big 5." Of which "conscientiousness" is a trait. It's the trait most associated with what you are getting at. But why certain people are high in that trait and others low, no one knows. Genetics, nature vs. nurture, who knows.


Question: What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning?

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 What is the vanishing gradient problem in deep learning?

If you put a ball on the top of the mountain, it'll roll downhill - until it hits a valley. In optimization, this concept is called a "gradient descent": You pick a point and then move in the direction of the steepest slope (gradient) until you find a valley. The valley is, ideally, the best way to do something. So for example, if your goal is to train an image recognition algorithm, you change a bunch of parameters and then calculate the accuracy of recognizing some example images. Then you select the change that gives you the best result (the gradient), discard the rest and do this again, until you can no longer get any better results. The vanishing gradient problem means that tweaking the parameters doesn't change anything. In our example with the ball rolling down a hill, it would be the ball getting stuck on a frozen lake instead of a valley. This is problematic because you don't know if there's a hole somewhere in the frozen lake, or if it's really as good as it's ever going to be. This is related to another problem with gradient descent: The local optimum. This is what happens if the ball comes to a stop in a valley on top of the mountain, rather than getting all the way to the lowest point. For example if you have an image recognition algorithm, it corresponds to a "model" (meaning: a bunch of numbers that are used to recognize things in images) which gives you the most accurate image recognition.


Question: do satellites orbit the earth or are they held stationary by gravity as the earth turns?

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 do satellites orbit the earth or are they held stationary by gravity as the earth turns?

> Do they go around the earth with the rotation? Do they move at a higher rate of speed than the earth? Depends. The closer to the earth they are, the faster their rate of orbit is. Close to earn, the ISS for instance orbits once every 90 minutes. Further away you have things like Geosynchronous orbit which is a special distance from earth where one orbit is one day on earth. And further away, say the moon, orbits once every 30 days. The math governing orbits does not care about how fast the earth is spinning below the orbit. The fact that geosynchronous orbit exists just comes from the fact that the closer you are to earth the faster the orbit, the further you are the slower the orbit, and that this progressively goes from 90 minutes near earth to infinite time the further out you go, thus passing 24 hours as some point. If you want an intuitive understanding of orbits, there is an excellent game called Kerbal Space Program which really makes you understand what is going on. Its a bit silly but the physics there makes a lot of sense after playing it. I have no idea how your compass works, if I were to guess, it uses the fact that orbits are predictable and it has somewhere saved the orbital data for the orbit, figuring out its location whenever needed, this at least is how GPS works.


Question: Why do computers have to restart to finish installing an update or software?

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</answer>
 Why do computers have to restart to finish installing an update or software?

Imagine if someone tried to change your shoes at the same time while you're standing. You would probably fall down, because you need your feet to stand. For this to work, you have to sit down and wait for the person to change your shoes for you, then stand up. Likewise, in most computer operating systems, there are system files that are required for the operating system to run. If you try to patch them while the operating system is running, the system will crash. The workaround is to shut down the computer, and safely stop the old version of the file during shutdown. Then, start the computer, and start the new version of the file during boot. This ensures that the system file never stops while the system is running. Now, I know what you're thinking: "But I can stand on one foot and change a shoe that way! Why can't computers do the same?" The answer is that most operating systems are not built to do this, but there are a few that are. In particular, Linux-based systems can do what's called live patching, where important system files are updated without requiring a restart. This system is not 100% foolproof, though, and sometimes Linux systems still need to reboot to fully install updates, but the end result is that Linux operating systems require reboots for updates much less than Windows operating systems, for example.


Question: Where does the color go when you bleach something? And why does it go?

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 Where does the color go when you bleach something? And why does it go?

There's a little bit of chemistry to be known here. Chlorine bleach is an *oxidizer* -- that is, it removes electrons from chemicals. The reason clothes have color is because of the way visible light interacts with / bounces off of the molecules that make up the pigment. When it's oxidized, the removal of the electrons causes them to become different molecules that don't interact with light the same way, or at all.


Question: exactly how the dollar is backed by Gold reserves. Also please explain, if possible, why we even need the resource to back the note?

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 exactly how the dollar is backed by Gold reserves. Also please explain, if possible, why we even need the resource to back the note?

It isn't. At least not directly, anymore. It used to be on a gold standard, meaning your 20 dollar note was worth a set amount of gold, the exact weight was changeable due to inflation, but was relatively stable. In times of crisis, they would temporarily drop off the Standard and issue money as "fiat", meaning it is worth what people say it is worth, usually based on the amount of physical currency printed. In 1971, Nixon took the currency to fiat for the last time, permanently severing the ties to Gold, allowing the price of gold to skyrocket and allowing increased fund availability to the Reserve.


Question: i learned in school that all plastic comes from mineral oil. The amount of plastic is sheer unbelievable. Is what i learned in school still true? Can plastic be made out of something else now? Musn't oil end at some point?

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 i learned in school that all plastic comes from mineral oil. The amount of plastic is sheer unbelievable. Is what i learned in school still true? Can plastic be made out of something else now? Musn't oil end at some point?

You don't have to make plastics from mineral oil—it's not like it has magic properties that allow it to be turned into plastic etc, and nothing else can. It's just that it is cheaper to dig it out of the ground than use an alternative in many cases. Bioplastics have been around for some time, and use fermented plant matter like corn starch, e.g. PLA. DuPont also make Sorona out of a mix corn starch and mineral oil.


Question: | Why do some places get massive tides while others don't?

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 | Why do some places get massive tides while others don't?

Geography While the location of the moon changes the height of the tidal bulge, that doesn't actually resolve why some places have stupid large tides. The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia has a 13 meter tidal range while the global average is just 1 meter The really big tidal ranges come from geography and geometry forming a resonance for the tides. If you've got an opening just the right width and shape you can stack the waves from the incoming tide to create really low tides and really high tides that make rivers flow backwards. Generally this is seen in relatively wide ( > 100 km) bays that are fairly long and can funnel the tides in


Question: How does photography work exactly?

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 How does photography work exactly?

Light bounces off everything that isn’t absolutely black. Plants absorb red and blue and reflect green for example. A camera records how intense and what color the light is that bounces off stuff and hits the camera lens. Better cameras have more sensors, more accurate lenses and better software to give a better representation and focus of the light that bounces off everything. Sometimes this means they let light in for a long time to get good pictures of dim stars, other times they have huge lenses to let in lots of light quickly. Camera phones are the meh of real cameras in that they have small lenses and blur easily in low light, but the software is pretty good to make up for their shortfalls.


Question: How does chemotherapy help to remove cancer?

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 How does chemotherapy help to remove cancer?

Chemotherapy is a treatment that kills cells that are in the process of dividing. Cancer cells divide much more frequently than normal cells (indeed, that's what makes them cancerous), so it kills a lot of cancer cells. It also kills a lot of non-cancer cells, since the human body needs to produce new cells regularly to keep operating properly, which is why it has such terrible side effects.


Question: What does "/16 or /24" after an IP Address mean?

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 What does "/16 or /24" after an IP Address mean?

It is a decimal representation of your subnet mask. Your computer has an IP address. Something like: 10.1.1.2 But this address represents two things: a) your computer; and b) the local network your computer is on. And it needs a way of knowing which part is which.^* To do this it uses what is known as a subnet mask which can be represented in a number of ways. The "slash" notation, followed by a number, is how many 1 bits are in the subnet mask, in the case of /24, that would be 24 1 bits. Remember that computers deal in binary, so... 10.1.1.2 Is actually: 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000010 A subnet mask of 24 would be: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 Each bit of the IP address that lines up with a 1 bit in the mask is part of the network (in this case 10.1.1.x). Each bit of the IP address that lines up with a 0 bit in the mask is a host address (in this case x.x.x.2). Your computer uses this information to determine if communication is destined for the local network (and doesn't need to go through a gateway) or is destined for a remote network (and does). In this case, everything from 10.1.1.1 to 10.1.1.254 would be considered local. All other IP addresses would be remote. \* - Originally, they designed a scheme where IP addresses would fall into certain classes that defined which part was the network part and which part was the host part. For example, if it began with a 10, then the first octet was automatically the network part and the last three would be the host part. This turned out to be insufficient for modern networking needs, so they developed the concept of subnetworking of which the subnet(work) mask allows us to chop up the address any way we want.


Question: why is camera zoom measured in millimeters?

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 why is camera zoom measured in millimeters?

Focal distance of the lens. Of course, the x factor of "magnification" is related to sensor size too. It's focal distance and sensor size. That gives the true zoom value. But to answer your question, millimeters is because it's the distance from the lens at which parallel lines if light converge in one spot.


Question: How does the bail bond system work, when a judge says you bond is $XXXX why is it that many people pay less than that amount and do they get it back?

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 How does the bail bond system work, when a judge says you bond is $XXXX why is it that many people pay less than that amount and do they get it back?

If a court orders a bail of $100, it's not uncommon for someone to be able to find someone (a bail bondsman) to post that $100 in exchange for a fee (typically around 10%). In this case, upon successful appearance(s), the bondsman gets his $100 back, and keeps the $10 fee. (In practice, established bondsmen are often given the ability to post the bail by agreement, only transferring money if the defendant fails to show.)


Question: do spacecrafts and probes experience the same weathering effects that effect machinery on Earth? What is typical 'weathering' affects in space?

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 do spacecrafts and probes experience the same weathering effects that effect machinery on Earth? What is typical 'weathering' affects in space?

They might but it is a lot more complicated and depends on the conditions. Firstly if you have sealed bearing they will work fine both on Earth and in space. And they will have the same issues with wear and tear. But there is no significant amount of dust or wind in space to weather down machinery. But you do have much worse thermal fluctuations. You do see issues with temperature on railroads where they bend or crack due to temperature differences. However in space those issues can happen just over a few centimeters due to the extreme temperature fluctuations. Another issue is the huge amount of charged particles. Any structure in space can collect thousands of volts of potential across it just from being in space. These discharges can be very violent and cause a lot of issues. It is even thought that a type of sealed bearings that have been used on a lot of spacecraft is susceptible to this causing them to fail early. And when we say there is not much dust in space to cause problems the little dust and pebbles there is will cause a lot of problems as they are going at very high speed. If you look at images of ISS on the outside there is small holes and craters all over it. Any spacecraft have to be able to deal with this. And then we get to rovers. Both on Mars and the Moon there is no water so the sand and dust does not get ground down to nice round fragments. Instead the wind and radiation cause them to make sharp pointed fragments that will cause a lot of abrasion if you get it into moving parts. It clings to everything and makes things just like sandpaper.


Question: How are some infinities bigger than others?

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 How are some infinities bigger than others?

There's a rule that set theorists use when talking about sets with infinitely many objects in them. They say that such sets are the same size if there exists some way to pair up members of one set with members of the other set so that neither set has any members left out. For every item in set A you could ever name, you should be able to name one, and only one, counterpart in set B, and vice versa. So one weird result of this rule, is that the set of positive even numbers, has the same size as the set of positive whole numbers (aka the natural numbers, or N.) You might initially guess that one is twice as big as the other. But you can easily come up with a rule between these sets which matches their members up so none is left out. For every member of the whole numbers, multiply it by 2 to find its partner in the even numbers. For every member of the even numbers, divide by 2 to find its partner in the whole numbers. When you can devise a rule like this which perfectly assigns partners to partners between two sets, we call this a "one to one ~~mapping~~correspondence", or a "bijection". Now there's a tricky question to ask: Between any 2 infinite sets, is there always a bijection? A mathematician named Georg Cantor proved that sometimes there isn't, using his now-famous "diagonal argument." Specifically, he proved that there's no bijection between the natural numbers N and the real numbers R. No matter what scheme you might propose to assign every whole whole number a partner in the real numbers, you can always come up with more real numbers which are unpartnered. This means that the size of R is strictly greater than the size of N.


Question: where does the urge to spend money come from?

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 where does the urge to spend money come from?

Good question. Think it has something to do with control and self empowerment. If you grew up poor like I did, you might associate spending money with being able to gain / achieve things that were not in your reach before. Also boredom ‐ spending money and acquiring things gives us a dopamine boost of excitement. "I'm a boss!" kind of feel. Its a fleeting feeling and should be mastered - lots of other things can give you the same good feels without being hard on your savings.


Question: How does the faster R-CNN model work?

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 How does the faster R-CNN model work?

A neural network works by flowing a bunch of inputs (anything, really, but for this stuff it's each pixel of an image) through nodes to outputs (decisions). The nodes perform some basic math combining inputs. They giggle the weights or coefficients for every node according to some math about how far off the output is until the output is better. Convolution is a mathmathical term for how two things get combined and affect each other. Pertaining to neural networks, it's a layer before you get to those raw math nodes to help bots match things. ie, "this is how this image would affect that image". "With regions", means you take the whole image-recognition CNN and test it on a specific rectangle of an image. "FASTER" just means they've got some shortcuts to help pick the region instead of trying random arbitrary rectangles in the image. So..... Look at an area of a picture. Does it share any features with the thing you're looking for? Is this what you're looking for?


Question: why is Australian internet so bad compared to the rest of the 1st world?

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 why is Australian internet so bad compared to the rest of the 1st world?

Depends on which internet you're talking about. Connecting from your Australian PC to an Austrailian Server should be first-world speeds. If you're connecting to a server outside the country, odds it's thousands of miles away, so it takes awhile for every message to literally travel those miles. Unfortunately, that's a problem that can't be solved until we develop faster than light technology. As for why that's a hard limit I'll let [Admiral Grace Hopper]( URL_0 ) explain that to you.