Question: In word processing software, why is the option to create a pdf file always so far removed from the regular 'save' option (e.g. somewhere on the print menu)?

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 In word processing software, why is the option to create a pdf file always so far removed from the regular 'save' option (e.g. somewhere on the print menu)?

It has mostly to do with software licensing and ownership. Adobe owned the PDF proprietary format until 2008, when it was released as an open standard. Other companies prefer you use their own proprietary formats so in their own self interest, make it not so convenient to publish to PDF, since in years past they would have to pay Adobe to read and write that format, and may still see Adobe as a competitor in document creation and management solutions.


Question: Why are sounds like rain and campfires relaxing to so many people?

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 Why are sounds like rain and campfires relaxing to so many people?

They mask what you can hear and reduce audio stimulation. If you are trying to fall asleep, structured sounds, even faint ones, can keep you awake. A dripping faucet might not make a lot of noise, but the distinct contrast between noise and silence is enough to draw your attention. Unstructured noises, often referred to as white noise, are loud enough to mask distracting structure noises, but because they are diffuse, there is nothing for your attention to latch onto. Your brain spends less energy processing sound, and you become less stimulated and more relaxed.


Question: Why do clothes that are very static-y have this weird, distinct smell to them?

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 Why do clothes that are very static-y have this weird, distinct smell to them?

When I understand you correctly: The strange smell when dealing with clothing that is prone to static charging is ozone and some nitrogen oxides. The static charge splits some of the oxygen molecules of the air, which recombine to ozone and nitrogen oxides. Not enough to be a health hazard, but enough to create a distinct smell.


Question: How are status pages for major CDNs and major backbone providers designed to be up even though the provider is down?

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 How are status pages for major CDNs and major backbone providers designed to be up even though the provider is down?

The computational requirements for a status page are extremely low compared to a full website such as e.g. reddit or facebook. It's extremely cacheable, lightweight, and read-only. There's no user authentication or policy enforcement logic. It's also, for obvious reasons, hosted on separate infrastructure from the main site. Furthermore, even during an outage event, a status site is going to receive less traffic than the actual site, since only a more savvy subset of the users will bother checking the status page.


Question: Why when you buy games on PSN or Steam you don't have to pay tax, but you do if you buy the physical disc?

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 Why when you buy games on PSN or Steam you don't have to pay tax, but you do if you buy the physical disc?

Technically under Canadian tax law your supposed to. When filling your tax return you are supposed to declare online purchases like then ones you described. I remember a from an article about 6 months ago where the government was looking to increase the recovery of these non-paid taxes. I’ll edit if I can find a link.


Question: why is it that some metals like zinc and iron are essential for our bodies while other metals like lead and Mercury are toxic?

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 why is it that some metals like zinc and iron are essential for our bodies while other metals like lead and Mercury are toxic?

We have enzymes in our body called metalloenzymes that contain metals to catalyze chemical reactions or maintain the enzyme's structure. These essential metals include iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, copper, cobalt and a few others. Most metalloenzymes work only with their original metal in it. For instance if you replace the zinc atom in the enzyme *Carbonic anhydrase* with another metal, it can't function anymore. Some of the toxic metals you mentioned are similar in e.g. size or charge to these native metals, which means they 'fit' in the same spaces. So when lead or mercury enters a cell, it can replace the 'natural' metals inside the enzyme. (In many cases it even binds more strongly to the enzym than the original metal, making it harder to get out of there as well.)


Question: Given that we started at $0 and we are now at countless zillions, where did all the worlds money come from?

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 Given that we started at $0 and we are now at countless zillions, where did all the worlds money come from?

You're making the assumption that there was zero wealth to start off. If I'm a caveman and I pick up a shiny rock that other cavemen want, I now have wealth. Likewise if I make a tool out of wood and stone, others might want that tool and not necessarily want to take the time or have the expertise to make their own, so I have a thing to trade. So now we have simple trading. I make tools, you farm food. I exchange some of my tools for your food. We both trade with the family that makes clothes. But this becomes unmanageable as you have more items for trade. How many X and you receive for Y when you have hundreds of options for both is just impractical. And when you have seasonal things, there may be times you have too much and others that you have not enough to trade with. Or things that simply can't be broken down for small trades such as if I raised oxen and want a simple tool that isn't really worth an ox. From here, civilization invented currency. Some common trading thing that could be easily quantized, carried, and traded for all other things. It had to be something relatively rare and have enough intrinsic value that others accepted it for trading. Things like shells, beads, and eventually metal coins have all been used by different civilizations. It's only extremely recently that civilization has moved beyond the necessity for currency to have intrinsic value.


Question: When you receive a local anaesthetic, although you don’t feel pain, why do you still feel pressure? Also, why does that area sometimes feel big or heavy (for example your lip when you get local anaesthetic for dentistry)

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 When you receive a local anaesthetic, although you don’t feel pain, why do you still feel pressure? Also, why does that area sometimes feel big or heavy (for example your lip when you get local anaesthetic for dentistry)

This is a good example of how we really have more "senses" than can fit into the usual five. Think about a finger. It can tell you all kinds of stuff: Hot/cold, rough/smooth/sharp/dull, vibrations, pressure, pain, and even where it is in space. (A good neurologic exam can look at all these separately.) They're often a bit different in the way they're sensed and how that information is passed along, which means drugs may hit them differently: "Local anesthetics have greater affinity for receptors within sodium channels during their activated and inactivated states than when they are in their resting states.1,2 Therefore, neural fibers having more rapid firing rates are most susceptible to local anesthetic action. Also, smaller fibers are generally more susceptible, because a given volume of local anesthetic solution can more readily block the requisite number of sodium channels for impulse transmission to be entirely interrupted. For these reasons the tiny, rapid-firing autonomic fibers are most sensitive, followed by sensory fibers and finally somatic motor fibers... The dentist is generally spared this consideration because the trigeminal nerve branches anesthetized for dental procedures are comprised only of small, rapid-firing sensory fibers. However, the many classes of sensory fibers also vary in their diameters and firing rates. For example, pain fibers are more sensitive than those carrying pressure and proprioception. A patient may remain disturbed by a sense of pressure despite complete anesthesia of pain fibers." ( URL_0 ) **ELI5: To shut someone up by throwing a sock in their mouth, their mouth has to be open. A pain nerve is like five people who are always chattering, so throwing five socks will shut most of them up. A pressure nerve is like ten people who only talk when it's important, so even ten socks may bounce off.**


Question: Pornhub and YouPorn have both pledged to use encryption to block ISP's from using your traffic on those sites. How is this effective?

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 Pornhub and YouPorn have both pledged to use encryption to block ISP's from using your traffic on those sites. How is this effective?

When you go to a website, your computer first asks your DNS server (likely ran by your ISP) to translate the domain name into an IP address, eg URL_0 to 31.192.120.36. Your computer then connects to the server at that IP address, and asks that computer "Send me URL_0 /kinkyvideo". You never asked your ISP for the URL. You asked your DNS server (again, likely ran by your ISP unless you changed it) to translate the domain name to an IP address, then all of the rest of the communication was between you and the pornhub server, your ISP isn't involved past being the carrier of the data. Now, if your connection is not encrypted, anyone between you an the remote server (such as your ISP) can see the contents of your communications. They can see "oh hey, clevertoucan just requested URL_0 /kinkyvideo'. However, if the connection is encrypted, all that your ISP knows is "clevertoucan just looked up the address for URL_0 , then there was a stream of encrypted communication between the them." They have no knowledge of what is within that communication, including no knowledge of the specific URLs you visited.


Question: What is the relationship between surface area, angle of attack, and drag?

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 What is the relationship between surface area, angle of attack, and drag?

When you first start looking at aerodynamic drag, a flat plate is the thing the book starts with, so you're being very methodical! Various shapes have different amounts of drag, of course. Airplane wings are shaped the way they are partly to minimize drag. In fact it turns out that a wire, like you see as bracing on old biplanes, has ten times as much drag as a wing-shaped brace the same size. Shape matters! So there is a factor called coefficient of drag, and it's measured in slightly different ways depending on application, but a car has a Cd (should be a subscript D but I don't know how to do that) of around 0.3, an airplane has a Cd around 0.02. A flat plate, completely perpendicular to airflow, by definition has a Cd of 1. Only it turns out that because of turbulence at the edges, a flat plate actually has a Cd a bit higher than 1. You are absolutely right that if you tilt the plate the drag will go down, and drag varies as the square of speed, so while the tilted plate will start off falling at the same rate as the other plate, as the speed increases, the tilted plate will have a smaller drag force acting on it and will start to go faster than the other plate. Eventually both plates will reach a point where the drag is equal to the force of gravity and they will stop accelerating and continue falling at a constant speed. That's called terminal velocity. For a skydiver, terminal velocity is about 100 mph. For our flat plates, terminal velocity will depend on how heavy the plat is. A thin light plate will have a lower terminal velocity than a thick heavy one. One thing to consider is whether the tilted plate will fall straight down. It might not. If the tilted plate acts as a wing, there will be a sideways force pushing the plate (bad pic below) -- > \ But (and it's a big but) at 45 degrees, the plate will be "stalled" at first, and not act as a wing. Maybe you have heard of an airplane stalling. That's the term for when the wing stops working because it's going too slowly and tilted too much. At stall, the airflow around the wing becomes turbulent instead of smooth and the wing stops making lift, at least for the most part. So without digging up old books, I'll guess that a plate at 45 degrees is stalled until it gets to a pretty high speed, maybe it will even still be stalled at terminal velocity, not make much in the way of "lift" which in this case would be a force to one side. But if they are thin light plates, the tilted plate would act as a wing when it got a bit of speed and then it would move sideways quite a lot. If you're still reading, hope this helps!


Question: How does Nvidia DLSS work?

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 How does Nvidia DLSS work?

It renders the game at a low resolution and then upscales it to a higher one, in a way that is much less demanding than rendering the game at a high resolution to begin with. The trick is that they upscale it now using a standard image-scaling algorithm, like we've been using since digital images existed, but a special system 'trained' on scaling that specific game. Here's the much-simplified gist of how that works: You have a program whose job is to look at a low-res image and guess what it should look like in a higher-resolution, then output the result. It keeps track of a vast collection of image statistics to help it make that guess. At Nvidia HQ, they run the game and render it twice simultaneously, once at a low resolution and once at a high resolution. A computer looks at each frame of the low-res image, makes its best guess as to what the upscaled version should look like, then makes a few alternative guesses by using slightly different versions of its stored stats. Then it looks at the real higher-resolution image it's provided, checks which guess was closest to that, and adjusts its stored stats to better align with that guess. Next time you feed it that same low-res frame, its guess will be closer to the ideal. Do this over and over and over and over again, and eventually you've got a program that's pretty damn good at turning low-res images into high-res ones. Nvidia then ships the code to users and it can be run on graphics cards that has the special hardware optimized for this. Doing it per-game helps a lot because what works for one game's graphics won't necessarily work for another game's (imagine scaling The Last of Us when the system trained on Minecraft). Now it won't ever be as good as actually rendering the game in the higher resolution to begin with, but if it's done well it can look a ton better than taking a low-res image and upscaling it the traditional way, and it's still a lot cheaper (in terms of performance cost) than rendering it in the target resolution. (This ignores the aspects that are special to rendering videogame assets and not just plain video feeds, but it's Explain Like I'm Five, not Explain Like I'm a Computer Science Student, and hopefully gets the general idea across.)


Question: With leaves converting sunlight to supply nutrition to the tree, how do deciduous trees after losing all their leaves survive and rejuvenate?

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 With leaves converting sunlight to supply nutrition to the tree, how do deciduous trees after losing all their leaves survive and rejuvenate?

In the fall when you see leaves changing color, it is because the plant is working on sucking every bit of nutrients it can out of the cells of the leaf and then storing those nutrients in the roots for the winter. In the spring the longer days tell the plants that it is time to send those nutrients and a bit of extra sugar energy to the branches and buds to jump start leaf growth. As the leaf starts to grow the plant quits sending sugar to the leaf but continues to send water and minerals from the soil. The leaves change carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen: 6x(CO2 + H2O) into 1x(C6 H12 O6) + 6x( O2) All summer the plant takes this sugar from the leaf to build new stems and roots. When the growing season is done for as long as it can it stores any that is left in the roots for next year. TLDR; the energy made by the leaves never stays in the leaves. The leaves are just there to feed the plant.


Question: How do employers or corporations benefit from unions?

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 How do employers or corporations benefit from unions?

Employers don't really benefit, and that's the point. The philosophy behind most forms of unionization is that the boss and worker have inherently opposite interests. To vastly simplify, the boss wants profit. Therefore, he wants to extract as much labor as possible, and wants the lowest possible pay for each employee. The employees, obviously, want to be paid the actual value of their time. The union exists to represent the employee side of that division, and to give a negotiating strength that individual employees can't muster.


Question: Why does water from a lake usually freeze from the edges and the top of the lake first?

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 Why does water from a lake usually freeze from the edges and the top of the lake first?

3 main reasons: 1. The earth is warm and the air is cold, so it gets heated by the ground 2. Water holds a lot of heat, it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water, and it is dependent on mass, so the thinner edges freeze first. 3. Higher pressure makes water harder to freeze (cause ice expands). So the deeper the body of water the less likely it is to freeze.


Question: Why does a glass of water left overnight develop bubbles in it?

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 Why does a glass of water left overnight develop bubbles in it?

When you pour water out of a tap it has gases from the atmosphere dissolved in it such as Oxygen and Nitrogen. These are more soluble in colder water and water that is stored under pressure. When you leave a glass of water overnight it gets upto room temperature which allows these gases to be released which form the bubbles you see in the glass.


Question: Why/How does does the US Senate majority leader have more power than any other US Senator?

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 Why/How does does the US Senate majority leader have more power than any other US Senator?

The Majority Leader is not a position defined in the Constitution, it's just a rule of the Senate. The Senate gets to make its own rules for how debates and votes are structured. One of those rules is that the person in charge gets to decide what bills are actually worth debate. The person in charge is chosen by a simple majority vote of the members of the Senate. Given that we live in a de facto two party system, the majority party will get to choose who is in charge. If the majority party has enough votes to reject a bill, there's no point in wasting time on bills they don't want to vote on. Keep in mind that *at any time*, the Majority Leader could be replaced if his party decides that he's doing a bad job (or enough people break from his party to create a new majority).


Question: why does an equal quantity of alcohol do nothing on some days, give me a buzz on other days, and put me to sleep on other days?

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 why does an equal quantity of alcohol do nothing on some days, give me a buzz on other days, and put me to sleep on other days?

There are variables in your day that will never be constant. Those variables are what will effect your relationship with alcohol. Those variables can include: how much water you had that day, how much sleep you got, how much added sugar you consumed, stress levels, hormones, amount of exercise you got, your mood, when you ate last, how fast you drank the alcohol, and much more. If you have a subway sandwich to eat on Thursday night and only had 5 hours of sleep the previous night, 5 shots might make you extremely tired or lazy. If you eat nothing all day and drink on an empty stomach, 5 shots could get you quite buzzed. You likely haven't experienced any days that were *exactly* alike. Sort of like how you'll never shuffle a deck of cards twice with the same order, too many variables.


Question: Why are moldy food bad for us? Molds on foods like yogurt/cheese is fine, but on bread and suddenly we’re sick.

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 Why are moldy food bad for us? Molds on foods like yogurt/cheese is fine, but on bread and suddenly we’re sick.

Different kinds of mold are bad for us. Like bacteria, there’s many species; some are harmful, some are harmless or even nutritious. The ones used to make moldy cheeses are carefully selected cultures that don’t harm us. The ones on your old bread or fruit that get you sick generally will digest into chemicals that make you sick. So unless you’re able to determine the species, or it’s meant to be there, don’t eat the mold.


Question: How does "acquired taste" work? Will simply eating enough of a certain food make it taste good, or at least more acceptable?

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 How does "acquired taste" work? Will simply eating enough of a certain food make it taste good, or at least more acceptable?

Whether or not something tastes good is, at least partially, learned behavior and can be influenced by peer pressure. If you are told repeatedly that something tastes good and continue to consume even though your initial reaction is the opposite, you will agree. This is, I think, the only way to explain the popularity of marmite. There is also a maturing of tastes - how you taste food changes throughout your life, and foods that were nasty when you were younger taste better when you are older because your sense of taste has changed. But mainly the learned behavior thing.


Question: How are currency exchange rates set?

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 How are currency exchange rates set?

Currency has value because we agree on it. At some point, we decided to make trade easier to create money to replace trading item for item. This was a success and the concept took root in other places. Since all these places didn't create the same currencies with the same value, it caused trouble when trading between places. So what happened in large trading cities is that they had what was basically a place you can exchange one currency for another. To decide the exchange rate at that time, they used the following method (Extra simplified) In country A with Money A (MA) the pound of grain cost 3 MA. In country B with Money B (MB) the pound of grain cost 2 MB. Thus, 3MA = 2MB. Of course, in reality, the math was much more complex, they were not only comparing the price of grain but other commodities and drawing an average. Another thing of note is that there is an extra "service" fee on the exchange rate. The bank has to pay its employees and its security for holding and taking care of so many different currencies. The fee is there to pay for these services. Another thing of note: in many case the biggest thing they compared values of was gold and silver. As most currencies were made with them, if MA and MB had the same amount of gold to make them, but had different value, people would smelt the low value one to make the high value one causing problem in the economy. So in most cases, the thing they were trying to equalize was the value of the material the currency is made of.


Question: Why do some sites check my browser before giving me access to it ?

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 Why do some sites check my browser before giving me access to it ?

Cloudflare is usually the one doing this. The purpose is to lock out "users" that the site doesn't want. Usually bots, web crawlers, and things of that nature. It also protects against things like DDOS attacks and other web based denial of service stuff. Or, super TLDR version, it's making sure you're an actual user with an actual browser, not a script sending traffic.


Question: why we can use topical, long lasting flea and tick repellents on animals and not humans?

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 why we can use topical, long lasting flea and tick repellents on animals and not humans?

We totally could. But why would we bother? We wear clothes which cuts down a large "infection"/bite vector, and thanks to our opposable thumbs, large ape brains and tool usage, we know that instead of just scratching at them, how to treat bites or embedded ticks properly. Or to brush them off before they get in there. Also we tend not to run around the tall brush on our hands and knees as much as our furry friends do, and fleas and ticks can only jump so high. If we spend as much time in the grass as our friends, fleas and ticks would be a real problem for some of us, and we totally would wear a collar. Also, since we're not covered in fur, the fleas and ticks have no hair follicles to hide out in, so our movement and bite reaction just brushes them off, not so fido - hence if your dog gets really flea or tick infested the vet will shave your dog. We're already shaved.


Question: What is the 'My heart Skipped a beat' sensation we feel when we are surprised?

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 What is the 'My heart Skipped a beat' sensation we feel when we are surprised?

Your heart rate isn't actually steady, its constantly changing to meet the needs of the moment. You're used to that, so you don't notice. When you get surprised, your body releases adrenaline, which increases your heart rate a lot, very quickly. The sensation is caused by the sudden, drastic change to your hearth's rhythm. A very brief moment when it 'resets', like when you switch gears in a car or a bike.


Question: why do fraudsters use stolen credit card details to buy things that I think can be easily traced back to them?

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 why do fraudsters use stolen credit card details to buy things that I think can be easily traced back to them?

You are considering fraudsters to be just like you. You have a fixed address. You own important things. You can be traced. The fraudster lives in a different world. Those airplane tickets may have been shuttles to Washington D.C. Buy, board, fly, leave. Three people may have flown a short flight. They were gone before they could be traced. A fraudster may do a thousand dollars worth of damage in order to get a few dollars worth of value. It does not matter to him or her. What matters is that their was a gain for them. Things can be bought online, then returned for cash. Fake IDs can be arranged that work to buy things. Then those things can be pawned.


Question: Why are an aging population and automation simultaneously a problem?

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 Why are an aging population and automation simultaneously a problem?

You're looking at one side of the problem...the labour side. And there, yes, they cancel each other out. Not enough workers, so automation closes the gap like /u/epideictic_possum notes. But that's not \*the\* problem...\*the\* problem is funding. Most countrys' entire tax/benefit structure assumes roughly comparable numbers of aging/retired people receiving benefits (medical, pension, etc.) and working people paying taxes to fund those systems. If the number of people using the benefits goes up and the number of working people goes down, the tax structure doesn't keep the budget balanced and robots don't pay taxes.


Question: Why does food turn black when it burns?

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 Why does food turn black when it burns?

Burning could also be called carbonising. I'm sure there's someone who can explain better than me, but burning food is the exact same as burning a lump of wood. Burning is a chemical reaction called combustion, and I can't remember any exact formulas but it uses oxygen, along with the organic compounds in the wood or food (generally composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with some other fun things in there). One of the by products of the reaction is carbon dioxide which is just released into the air, and another is solid carbon, which is the black stuff left behind. Sorry if this answer is a bit long but basically; TLDR: it goes black because the combustion reaction uses up most of the other parts of the compounds in the food, and what's left is solid carbon which is black. Edit: as a few people have pointed out, it is incomplete combustion that produces solid carbon, which is the result of imperfect combustion conditions, for example not enough oxygen available for the reaction.


Question: How do sound waves get louder when they are bouncing around a resonating chamber, like in a guitar?

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 How do sound waves get louder when they are bouncing around a resonating chamber, like in a guitar?

The sounds keep bouncing around in the chamber until they find their way out (the hole in the guitar). Since there is only one way out of the chamber, the soundwaves get aimed in one direction; a person standing in that direction will hear the sound more loudly because the sound is less spread out and more hits them. It's like a water hose with an adjustable nozzle, the more narrow you make the stream, the more intense (or loud in the case of sound) the stream will be.


Question: Why does phone with 18w charger not use all 18w while charging?

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 Why does phone with 18w charger not use all 18w while charging?

It depends on how the battery is constructed. With some investment you can build batteries that can be charged very fast without problems. But as most people don't use a full battery charge in a day and then connect their phone to the charger over night that is usually wasted money. (The maximum current is for example limited by the reactive surface inside the battery. You can increase that by making a comb like structure inside, or by simply connecting more smaller batteries)


Question: How do sin, cos, tan and their reciprocals work with angles that are multiples of 90? It seems like the opposite and adjacent wouldn't even be a part of the problem, but that's not what the results say...

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 How do sin, cos, tan and their reciprocals work with angles that are multiples of 90? It seems like the opposite and adjacent wouldn't even be a part of the problem, but that's not what the results say...

[Here's an animation I did to explain sine and cosine]( URL_1 ). This is the main idea behind 90% of what you'll learn in trigonometry. Pick a unit circle. Move a dot around that circle at an angle & theta;, shown there in yellow. The sine of that angle in yellow is the vertical position of the point on the circle. The cosine of that angle is the horizontal position. Since this is a unit circle, you should be able to see why cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ = 1. Now, what about tangent? Tangent is better understood [like in this image]( URL_0 ). The tangent of an angle is the y coordinate where the line passing through the center of the circle and that moving dot crosses the vertical line x = 1. As you can see, when the angle is 90° the radial line will be pointing straight upwards, so it'll be parallel to that x = 1 line. The lines will never cross, so tangent is undefined at 90°. After 90° and towards 180°, the line from the center to the dot (which is infinite in both directions) will cross the x = 1 line below the x axis, so the tangent is negative. In that last image, you can also see that secant is the hypotenuse of the triangle 1^2 + tan^2 θ = sec^2 θ. This is also a very useful relationship you can get by dividing the entire equation cos^2 θ + sin^2 θ = 1 by cos^2 θ. Other manipulations will get you other relationships that may be useful. --- Now, if all of these made sense to you, with a little practice you can now spot these triangles everywhere, and you'll find a way to apply sine, cosine, tangent and secant whenever they appear. By the way, [these is another geometric interpretation]( URL_2 ) of tangent and secant, but I don't find them nearly as useful as the one I gave above. It's worth knowing about them, though.


Question: what exactly is mercury poisoning and what will happen to somebody who gets it?

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 what exactly is mercury poisoning and what will happen to somebody who gets it?

Your blood is made from iron. Some metals will displace the metal in your blood cells. This is a problem because iron is super efficient at binding oxygen and carrying it through your body, while other metals are not. It can cause anemia at low doses, and death at high doses. Some metals (like lead and mercury) take up position between nerve cells or neurons, blocking signal transmission. This can cause a whole host of issues, including seizures, loss of muscle function, problems thinking, and of course, death. And like most things, there are many metals our bodies *need* to function (iron, zinc, calcium, etc) but too much can cause problems. Mercury is especially bad because the body doesn’t have an efficient way to remove it, and it clogs up your nerve functions.


Question: When people talk about ballistics why do they use velocity instead of speed?

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 When people talk about ballistics why do they use velocity instead of speed?

> why would the bullet go faster in a longer barrel? To me, that defies the law of conservation of energy. The bullet is propelled by the force of expanding gas the entire time it is in the barrel. Once it leaves the barrel, the gas is no longer bottled up, and escapes into the atmosphere instead of pushing the bullet.


Question: How does color safe bleach work? Is it actually bleach or just a stain remover, and how does it only brighten whites without damaging color?

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 How does color safe bleach work? Is it actually bleach or just a stain remover, and how does it only brighten whites without damaging color?

Most commonly, bleach is "chlorine bleach". Chlorine has a rather strong reaction that will even take the colors out of dyed cloth while removing the staining substance unless used carefully. "Color-safe" bleach doesn't have chlorine, but rather has hydrogen peroxide. Peroxide has a much weaker reaction that will take some of the staining substance from the material but not take out the dye (when used as directed).


Question: Why do NBA players put a long sleeve on over their jerseys immediately after sitting on the bench?

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 Why do NBA players put a long sleeve on over their jerseys immediately after sitting on the bench?

Athletes wear clothing that lets them move freely and stay cool while they are actively participating in their sport or competition, because all that exercise gets them hot. When they are not actively participating in that sport, though, the clothing they wear is often not enough to keep them warm, so they have light jackets or windbreakers that they wear to keep them from getting too cold before or after being active. For instance, I am part of a sports club, we have regular meetings in the evening. Normally, I wear an over-shirt to keep me warm. When I am at practice, I keep my over-shirt on until we start warming up and drilling. Once we have been drilling for a little bit, my over-shirt is way too hot, so I leave it on a bench near the field. However, as soon as we break for whatever reason (for demonstrations or after practice meeting) I start to cool down, and quickly need to put my shirt back on or I get uncomfortably cold.


Question: Why does food taste differently hot and cold?

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 Why does food taste differently hot and cold?

Taste receptors in our tongue are temperature sensitive. Our body works based on tiny electric signals for control and information transfer. When the temperature changes, some taste receptors like TRMP5 (that senses tastes like sweetness, bitterness, and umami) send different signals. The electric signal they send to the brain increases with an increase in temperature. This affects how we perceive the food to taste and is the reason ice-cream tastes sweeter when it's not so cold and beer gets bitter when it's hot.


Question: How does someone like Al Capone report his illegal income to the IRS and not get arrested for it?

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 How does someone like Al Capone report his illegal income to the IRS and not get arrested for it?

Well he didn't, hence the arrest and conviction for tax evasion. More generally, what you're asking about is called "money laundering." This is an attempt to falsely report illegal income streams as legitimate income so that you can use it. The IRS receives a notification any time a suitably large purchase is made, so if you want to actually spend your ill-gotten gains on fast cars and giant boats you have to report it first. But how? By operating a shell company. Let's say you made $700,000 selling cocaine last year and $28.36 running a banana stand. You report the banana stand income as $700,028.36. You pay the taxes. The money is now "clean" and free to be spent. Of course real laundering operations are more elaborate since absurd all cash business incomes also raise suspicions, but that's the general idea: report your illegal cash through a legal channel.


Question: Why is cringing our first reaction to something embarrassing or uncomfortable? How did cringing even become something that we do automatically?

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 Why is cringing our first reaction to something embarrassing or uncomfortable? How did cringing even become something that we do automatically?

You could be asking one of two questions here - why do we feel the emotion of "cringiness," and why do we physically wince or tense up while feeling this emotion. First question: Cringing is known to scientists as "vicarious embarrassment." It's a form of empathy; we're feeling the emotion of embarrassment which we think the other party is (or should be) feeling. The Germans call it fremdschämen - the compliment to schadenfreude (which is taking *pleasure* from seeing another's embarrassment or misfortune). Empathy is a super-important social tool which a lot of the human brain is devoted to. There's a part of the brain called the **anterior insula** which seems to be devoted to empathy, along with some related functions^a. This part of the brain really lights up when we cringe, suggesting that we're simply empathizing with the other party. Those who report feeling schadenfreude more strongly see much less anterior insula activity in these cases^b; they're not empathizing, they're laughing at the other party. There's a lot of research which suggests that cringing and empathy go hand-in-hand^c. Second question: I don't think we know! I spent the last half-hour diving into research papers, looking for anything specifically related to the physical expression of vicarious embarrassment. Came up empty. It's definitely a form of emotional expression, but the question of *why* we express this emotion through a grimace or tensing of muscles is, as far as I can tell, unanswered. a: Müller-Pinzler et al, Hum Brain Mapp. 2017 b: Paulus et al, Neuropsychologia. 2018 c: Melchers et al, Neuroimage. 2015


Question: Why does fire always look disconnected from its source?

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 Why does fire always look disconnected from its source?

This is because if the fire is being burnt off of wood, the wood is breaking down into a gas, which then fire will burn off of the gas coming off the wood a few millimeters off the wood. The burning of the wood itself creates embers which is the actual burning of the physical element of the wood.


Question: Why does freezing food not destroy bacteria in the same way cooking food does?

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 Why does freezing food not destroy bacteria in the same way cooking food does?

There are lots of places on Earth where the ambient temperature drops below freezing for long periods. Because of that, many bacteria strains evolved have the ability to survive fairly prolonged freezes and revive unharmed later. There are far fewer places where the temperature gets above 160F, so most strains have never bothered to evolve any method to survive elevated temperatures.


Question: What is the Riemanm hypothesis and what does it have to do with prime numbers?

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 What is the Riemanm hypothesis and what does it have to do with prime numbers?

So, firstly, it is almost guaranteed that this mathematician does not have a proof. While Atiyah is a very well respected mathematician (Fields medalist and winner of the Abel Prize), anyone can only hope to do a sliver of what he's done, it's not related to his specialization and he's almost 90 years old and has a history of making some wild claims and not following through with proofs in his late age. But the Riemann Hypothesis is looking to understand more about the primes. We know that there are infinitely many primes, and we have a rough idea of how frequently we can expect them to pop up as you move down the number line. Very loosely, around the arbitrary number N, we can expect a prime to pop up with probability roughly equal to 1/ln(N). Figuring this out and proving it was a huge accomplishment, basically the "Riemann Hypothesis" of the 1800s. The issue with this results is that we can quantify the wiggle room around this approximate value of 1/ln(N), there's not a *ton* but there's enough so that it can get in the way of us concluding many different things about primes. The Riemann Hypothesis is basically the statement that we're overestimating this wiggle room and that we can make this wiggle room a lot smaller than it is now. Intuitively, this means that the primes are a lot more "smoothly" distributed along the number line than the original result from the late 1800s predicts. The way that this works is that you can blend together information about the primes, and encode this information into a function. As an idea of how this works, you know that the exponential function 2^(x), 3^(x), 5^(x), 7^(x), 11^(x),... all grow at different rates depending on how big they are and, in a way, if you knew how the combined function 2^(x)+3^(x)+5^(x)+7^(x)+11^(x)+... then you might know a bit about how the primes grow all together. Of course, this vastly simplifies how it is actually done, but this is the base idea of how you can make a function that encodes information about the primes. You don't get any information about a single prime, just the primes as a whole. Kinda like how when you hear a choir, you don't hear any individual, but all of them combined as a single object. Now, because this function is sufficiently constructed, there are specific ways of poking this function to extract certain kinds of choir-level information about the primes. One important thing about this function is that the numbers that return zero when you plug them in more-or-less totally determine the function. It's kinda like how the polynomial x^(2)-1 is almost completely determined by the fact that it is zero at x=1 and x=-1 (you don't need to know much more than that to get this function). So, since this function encodes the primes, and these zeros determine this function, it follows that we should be able to relate choir-level information about the primes to choir-level information about these zeros. This is, explicitly, what the Riemann Hypothesis does. It says that the zeros of this function are as optimally distributed as we can guarantee, which means that the primes are as "smoothly" distributed as they can be.


Question: How are laptop components (web cams, microphones etc.) so, relatively, easily exploited and hacked?

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 How are laptop components (web cams, microphones etc.) so, relatively, easily exploited and hacked?

It's not the components that are hacked, but they are usually the final target. A system needs to be compromised first in order to access the components. So basically the system itself is hacked by some means with the intention to retrieve data, and perhaps record audio or video and stream it back to the hacker for intel or blackmail purpose. It's not the components, it's the operating system, or the hardware.


Question: How do imaginary numbers work?

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 How do imaginary numbers work?

You can't really directly count with i, but then again you can't really directly count with -1 either. We count with the natural numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, ...; anything other than that is a useful abstraction. 1. The integers add on negative values to represent things like debt, and allow subtraction to be well-defined for all pairs of numbers. * The rational numbers allow us to deal with the intuitive idea of dividing numbers into portions. If you divide 2 into 3 portions you have 2/3, etc. This allows division to be well-defined for all pairs of numbers, except division by 0. * The real numbers "fill in the holes" where the set of rational numbers has gaps. 𝜋 does not exist in the set of rational numbers, but it's between 3 and 4, between 3.1 and 3.2, between 3.14 and 3.15, etc. This turns out to be crucially important for things like calculus. * The complex numbers extend the real numbers, making it so that every polynomial equation (except trivial cases like c = 0 for some nonzero constant c) has at least one solution. For example, 36 + x^2 = 0 has no solutions in the real numbers, but in the complex numbers has two solutions: 6i and -6i. Just as there are infinitely many integers that are not natural numbers, and infinitely many rational numbers that are not integers, and infinitely many real numbers that are not rational numbers, there are infinitely many complex numbers that are not real numbers. The complex numbers that are multiples of i are called "imaginary". The complex numbers are useful for modeling certain physical phenomena, and are also interesting because they can provide insight on the more familiar real numbers. They aren't the only way we can extend the real numbers. For example, in step 2 above we mentioned division being well-defined except division by 0. Instead of the complex numbers, we could try to extend the real numbers in a different way so that division by 0 is well-defined. These are abstractions, so as long as we're internally consistent there's no problem. However, it turns out that the complex numbers are, by far, the most useful and interesting of the extensions of the real numbers, so this is the one you're most likely to hear about.


Question: What is so groundbreaking about the Amiga?

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 What is so groundbreaking about the Amiga?

For its time, it has very advanced graphics capabilities. It also was one of the first PCs to multitask. It used to be that computers could only do one thing at a time. If you want to copy a file, that is all your computer would be doing until the copy was done.


Question: how do hexadecimal numbers work?

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 how do hexadecimal numbers work?

> Also how is it so hard to guess a 64 bit hexadecimal number that is less than another like in bitcoin mining? That's not how bitcoin works. First, bitcoin uses SHA-256, which means it works on 256 bit numbers. Second, it's not "less than", it's "find an input that when fed through sha256 produces a number starting with the right number of zeroes". It's not very easy to explain that, but imagine that sha256 is a sort of a blender: you put ingredients in, blend them, and out comes out a milkshake. Only for sha256 it works such that even tiny changes to the input produce huge and random looking changes to the output. This means that getting the output you want is only possible by throwing in stuff at random until you happen to get it right by chance. It's a matter that's hard to explain because the whole thing is full of math and doesn't really have intuitive real-life equivalents. > Isn't there a hexadecimal representation of 0? Yes, 0


Question: how paul george can snap his leg in half and recover to be an mvp candidate but people are wondering if KD can return from an Achilles tear?

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 how paul george can snap his leg in half and recover to be an mvp candidate but people are wondering if KD can return from an Achilles tear?

The difference between the two is that George snapped his bone, while Durant tore his tendon. Bones in general are known to break apart and reform, with the right care, and are commonly known to fix themselves (e.g. broken arm in a cast). However, the Achilles’ tendon (tear) doesn’t carry its own robust (strong/healthy) blood supply meaning that it can’t heal by itself efficiently, unlike a cut or bruise which heals in a matter of days. So, the only two ways fix a tendon is extreme physical therapy, with very little to no activity on that tendon, so as to let the tendon heal by itself over a long course of time, or surgery. However, operating on a tendon is very difficult and the tendon itself almost never comes out the same. Plus with the additional time or no activity in both treatments, Durant may have a hard time coming back and recovering lost skills.