Question: . What are those traders shouting at each other in the trading pits on Wall Street?

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 . What are those traders shouting at each other in the trading pits on Wall Street?

Imagine if you and seller were negotiating the price of an item. You: I'll give you $10. Seller: $20 You: $12 Seller: $15 You: ok $15 Now imagine a different seller in same conversation with same item. You: I'll give you $10 for it Seller 1: $20 Seller 2: $19! You: $12 Seller1 $18 Seller2 $17 You $15 Seller 1 $15 done! Seller 2 fuck I missed out! Now imagine there's 50 other buyers and sellers all screaming prices. The end of Trading Places. A masterpiece.


Question: why is it ok for your eyelids to touch your eyes but not your fingers or anything else? (As asked by my 6 year old)

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 why is it ok for your eyelids to touch your eyes but not your fingers or anything else? (As asked by my 6 year old)

You're not necessarily going to harm your eye to touch it with something else. However, it is a relatively fragile surface, and very sensitive, so you could easily cause discomfort or pain. You could damage your eyes or introduce germs that cause an infection. So it is unwise. Your eyelids have evolved to be a delicate touch and aren't generally going to get exposed to much in the way of germs that your eyes aren't already exposed to as well. Even then, just to emphasize the fragility of the tissues of the eye, I had a bad encounter with a corn leaf once which scraped a small triangle off my cornea. For roughly a year afterwards I would occasionally wake up *very rapidly* as my eyes would dry out overnight, and the first blink in the morning would rip off surface imperfections in the healed tissue. Much stronger than a cup of coffee.


Question: How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

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 How can the rubiks cube be solved with simple algorythms, from any starting point?

Because a Rubik's Cube has a finite and equal number of facings. While staggering to think of, there are roughly 43 quintillion moves that can be made on a standard Rubik's Cube. With each facing assigned a numeric value, solving it becomes a mathematic equation where you have color groups (white 1-9, blue 1-9, etc.) and can then solve the puzzle using these assigned values. Now, 43 quintillion sounds like a lot to math out, but 99.99% of those moves are unnecessary. When I was a kid they taught a computer system the mathematic formula and from there they determined you could resolve the puzzle from any point in just 42 moves! What's more impressive is that as computers advanced we got better at teaching them to solve the Rubik's Cube. We now know, after Google decided that 42 moves was too many, that you can solve the puzzle from any starting point in just 20 moves. Edit: sp/format


Question: How is Argon a noble gas?

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 How is Argon a noble gas?

"Subshells" go 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, ... An s-subshell holds 2 electrons. A p-subshell holds 6 electrons. Argon has 3 s-subshells (6 total) and 2 p-subshells (12 total), meaning it has 18 electrons and all its shells are filled. Edit: "s-subshells" and "p-subshells" are not necessarily common terms. Shells hold 2, 8, 8, 18, etc. electrons, orbitals hold 2 apiece. A "p-subshell" has 3 p-orbitals.


Question: if you reverse a reversed video, why does it still look very strange?

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 if you reverse a reversed video, why does it still look very strange?

So you tried to un reverse the backwards running gif? The issue is compression I think. All formats of video have it and it can't be undone completely. So you lose some with the original and you lose some when you reverse it. And you lose some when you reverse it again. It's like putting a phrase both ways through Google translate. Enough is lost that it sounds really weird but still generally the same.


Question: How do snakes breathe when consuming a large meal?

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 How do snakes breathe when consuming a large meal?

Snakes contract muscles between their ribs in order to inhale and exhalation is passive. Basically they can reduce pressure within their body cavity by flexing their ribs, and the rear of their right lung (the left is typically vestigial) is mostly just an air sack to regulate pressure within their abdomen.


Question: Is witness protection still possible with technology today, facial recognition, reverse image searching, social media and such, or does it make it easier?

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 Is witness protection still possible with technology today, facial recognition, reverse image searching, social media and such, or does it make it easier?

Witness protection is still possible but I could see it that the witness would get limited online interaction. Of which it would likely be supervised. Witnesses would not be on social media with new profiles as that would pretty much break any form of secrecy. And honestly, I could see it making it way more difficult.


Question: Why does everything that moves in outer space seem to move at extremely high velocities that could never be attained on Earth?

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 Why does everything that moves in outer space seem to move at extremely high velocities that could never be attained on Earth?

Firstly, it's a question of scale. Space is huge compared to Earth. What seems like an incredible speed here on Earth is actually very slow out in space, and it will take a long time to get anywhere. For instance Neptune is travelling at 5 kilometers every second - a stupendously fast Earth speed - but it takes 168 years to go around the Sun. Secondly, things on Earth don't move very fast for very long, because of air. Travelling through atmosphere at space-speeds would be like slamming into a wall, simply because of how much air you need to move out of your way every second. The fastest man-made objects are rockets, which gain most of their velocity way up high where the atmosphere is relatively thin. They simply couldn't reach that speed at ground level. Thirdly and perhaps most surprisingly, even if you could somehow overcome the atmosphere, you run into another problem. If you're going fast enough (even on the ground), you'll reach escape velocity, and never come back down! As you're tearing across the landscape at a few km/s, the Earth's surface curves away underneath you faster than gravity pulls you down, and you rise up into the sky and disappear. So anything travelling at space-speeds on Earth would soon be flying away in space anyway. It's not really that things in space always move very fast; it's that things here on Earth can only move very slowly.


Question: I often get spam emails from people who obviously did not send the emails. How does this happen? Is someone hacking their account?

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 I often get spam emails from people who obviously did not send the emails. How does this happen? Is someone hacking their account?

Often times, the account that appears to be sending the message did not actually send it. The “from” address is basically being forged. In internet parlance this is called “email spoofing.” There is phone spoofing too (fake caller ID information) which is a freaking epidemic in the U.S. these days. The person whose email/number is being spoofed can’t do anything to stop it.


Question: How does public school wifi block sites without using software?

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 How does public school wifi block sites without using software?

The trick is that the school controls the entrance/exit to the Internet. With software processing the traffic that glows in/out they can control what you can actually connect to and sometimes replace the responses your computer received with their own. This is usually implemented as with a firewall (control what you can actually connect to), DNS injection, and transparent proxying.


Question: How does toothpaste actually whiten our teeth? Does it even do that or is it just marketing?

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 How does toothpaste actually whiten our teeth? Does it even do that or is it just marketing?

If you look at the fine print of most of the whitening toothpaste, they say they "whiten" by removing stains which you would think is what toothpaste should do by default. Edit: To further clarify, most toothpaste that claim they whiten your teeth just add a stain-removal agent like baking soda to bring out the natural color of your teeth, not bleach them to actually be white.


Question: I replaced 50w halogen light bulbs with 7w LED. Whenever my oil boiler ignites, the LEDS dim A LOT for a second, a lot more than the halogens did. It really doesn't bother me, butwhy does a bulb that draws less watts dim more than one that draws more, with a sudden current draw?

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 I replaced 50w halogen light bulbs with 7w LED. Whenever my oil boiler ignites, the LEDS dim A LOT for a second, a lot more than the halogens did. It really doesn't bother me, butwhy does a bulb that draws less watts dim more than one that draws more, with a sudden current draw?

LEDs are very voltage sensitive, and it’s really non-linear. When your boiler starts up there’s a big current draw (either the igniter or the fan, probably), the voltage drops, and your LEDs fall way off their peak emission voltage. And they do it really quickly (LEDs respond nearly instantly). A halogen bulb responds much more slowly, so it can “bridge” the voltage transient better, and it doesn’t respond to voltage transients nearly as strongly.


Question: How exactly does obtaining an image for FREE from a royalty free image site like gettyimages work?

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 How exactly does obtaining an image for FREE from a royalty free image site like gettyimages work?

Royalty free means you don't pay ongoing licensing fees for the use of the image (eg. per-view or per-usage). There can still be an up-front costs to purchase the content with a royalty free licence. Once you've purchased the licence for the image, you can use the image as many times as you want without paying any additional royalties (subject to the conditions of the licence).


Question: When you lose body fat.... where does it go?

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 When you lose body fat.... where does it go?

When you use up fat for energy, it is (eventually) metabolised into carbon dioxide and water. You breathe out the carbon dioxide. You also breathe out some of the water, and lose the rest through urine and feces, tears, sweat, etc. Carbon dioxide weight around 2.5 times more than water per molecule, so most of the actual weight is lost through your breath.


Question: How do animated movies stay up to date when they take multiple years to complete?

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 How do animated movies stay up to date when they take multiple years to complete?

All the other movies are "outdated" too, so everyone ends up on a level playing field. Just like with videogames. And yes, this means that if your schedule takes longer than usual, you'll be behind the curve. This is what stalled Duke Nukem Forever. I think the effect is somewhat lessened in movies where there's a greater focus on story rather than technical animation.


Question: Why do streaming services want us to actually watch? Shouldn’t it be more like the gym, where they hope we sign up then never use their bandwidth?

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 Why do streaming services want us to actually watch? Shouldn’t it be more like the gym, where they hope we sign up then never use their bandwidth?

Usually because they’ve paid for their content and they want the metrics. Eg if Netflix buys ‘Making a Murderer’ and 7/10 people with Netflix accounts watch it, they will further invest in true crime docs to ensure they keep their customers. If they purchase anything by Amy Schumer and then no one watched it, they stop buying her content, thank Christ


Question: Why do mirrors facing eachother get greener?

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 Why do mirrors facing eachother get greener?

Mirrors reflect more green light than others, which is due to how the glass filters light that reaches the true reflective surface (the thin layer of silver or other metal on the back). When mirrors reflect to one another, their abilitt to reflect light in a straight line gets lower and lowrr the more it reflects. This allows more green to be reflected as other light is not, giving a green color overall.


Question: How to the underwater fiber optic cables work and how are they able to handle the massive amount of data sent?

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 How to the underwater fiber optic cables work and how are they able to handle the massive amount of data sent?

A laser shines through the clear fiber, and basically flashes on for 1 or off for 0, billions of times a second. (The exact signals are more complex but that's the basic idea.) Because lasers can turn on and off very fast, and because several different colored lasers can shine through the same fiber, and because each cable can contain several separate fibers, the total capacity per second is immense.


Question: if most of our physical attributes are determined by dominant genes, why are mixed-race people usually an "in-between" color of their parents skin tones?

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 if most of our physical attributes are determined by dominant genes, why are mixed-race people usually an "in-between" color of their parents skin tones?

Skin color is controlled by what is known as [polygenic inheritance]( URL_0 ). Traits controlled by polygenic inheritance have an additive effect, rather than the dominant/recessive relationship. Effectively, the more dark-skinned genes that you have, the darker your skin will be. If a black person and a white person have a child, the child will have fewer dark-skinned genes than the black parent, but more than the white parent, resulting in a skin color that is in-between the two parents.


Question: How does country debt work if the country prints its own currency (ex USA). Why are people so concerned about it?

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 How does country debt work if the country prints its own currency (ex USA). Why are people so concerned about it?

Inventing more currency to pay off debt is one way to get rid of it, but doing that can seriously devalue the currency. Because, in very general terms, the more of something there is on the market, the less it is worth. Creating a few trillion extra dollars makes all the dollars in circulation worth less. Mostly people who are worried about sovereign debt don't have a clue how it works, and assume that the country must "owe" some other country money like you or I would owe a bank.


Question: does gargling mouth wash actually do anything? What's the best way to keep your teeth clean (beyond brushing)?

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 does gargling mouth wash actually do anything? What's the best way to keep your teeth clean (beyond brushing)?

It does, it has antibacterial properties as well as forming a sort of protective coating on the tooth surface that prevets plaque buildup. It also reaches places where the toothbrush struggles. Other than that you should also floss as that removes debris between the teeth that are otherwise hard to reach.


Question: What is the Atwood machine good for?

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 What is the Atwood machine good for?

When students are learning physics, they tend to use simplifications such as frictionless machines. That makes experiments difficult, as we don't have frictionless machines. The goal of experiments is to give students something real-world to work with, to increase engagement. Atwood's machine can be made relatively frictionless, particularly the multi-bearing version Atwood really built. This machine produces results that match the formulas to 2 significant digits. We don't use them much anymore, because air-glide bearing machines can do these sorts of experiments with 3 significant digits of frictionlessness.


Question: Why does balding occur primarily on the head in comparison to other parts of the body?

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 Why does balding occur primarily on the head in comparison to other parts of the body?

There are three different types of hair on the human body. The fine short hair all around the body except the palms, bottom of feet, back of ears and eyelids is called vellus. There is terminal hair that grows during and after puberty. It includes facial hair, leg hair, arm hair, feet hair and etc. Then there is head hair. The different types of hair are controlled by different genes and hormones so they hair loss doesn't need to be universal. Male pattern loss due to a combination of reasons but one is the circulation of dihydrotestosterone and facial/terminal hair isn't affected. However people can experince hair loss of head and body hair so it may just be more difficult for other people to notice someone else's loss of chest hair.


Question: What is the meaning of a negative wave function in physics?

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 What is the meaning of a negative wave function in physics?

The wavefunction is a complex-valued field - as such it has two components (real and imaginary), and both can be either positive or negative, at every point in space. The value of the wavefunction doesn't have any physical significance in and of itself, but its [absolute value]( URL_0 ) squared is the probability density of finding the particle there (or in whatever other state that point of the wavefunction represents). That means, to find the probability of finding the particle in a particular boxed-off region of space, you would integrate (add up, if you're not as familiar with calculus) the magnitude of the wavefunction within that box.


Question: What is counterparty risk in crypto/stocks?

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 What is counterparty risk in crypto/stocks?

The counterparty risk is the likelihood that other party to the transaction (ie the counterparty) does not fulfil their end of the transaction. If you're buying then it is mostly the risk that they don't have the goods that they offered to sell. If you're selling, then it is the risk that they don't have the cash to go through with the purchase.


Question: Why do movies/TV shows show credits both at the start and end of said show/movie?

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 Why do movies/TV shows show credits both at the start and end of said show/movie?

It used to be that all the credits were shown at the start of a movie but who wants to sit through 20 minutes of credits before the movie starts? So nowadays generally only the big names get credited at the start and everyone else at the end. I believe George Lucas paid a fine to one of the guilds he belonged to when he made Star Wars because he put the credits at the end when the guild rules were credits at the start. He then quit the guild.


Question: How (or why) does water form such neat, organized ribbon formations when poured from a container?

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 How (or why) does water form such neat, organized ribbon formations when poured from a container?

Simplest answer, water is an extremely polar molecule, and as such has very high surface tension, which is what allows it to “stick together” at the molecular level to form the ribbon look. There’s way more too the interactions than that, but for an ELI5 answer, that’s the best I’ve got


Question: Why are game updates so big when the code is probably just a few hundered MB?

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 Why are game updates so big when the code is probably just a few hundered MB?

> Why is Fallout 76's day one update 51GB? Because Bethesda screwed up, same reason their beta had people clicking the play button in the launcher and the whole game deleted itself. Fallout 76 is a bad reference Normally large patches come with new models and textures, these are the largest parts of a game. If you want to add a new character who looks different you need to add new art and models which are far larger than the code for their actions.


Question: If cochlear implants communicate directly with the brain using electrical signals to fix deafness, why can we not yet use the same principle to correct blindness, or even possibly create virtual reality capable of full cognitive immersion?

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 If cochlear implants communicate directly with the brain using electrical signals to fix deafness, why can we not yet use the same principle to correct blindness, or even possibly create virtual reality capable of full cognitive immersion?

The ear basically transmits information to the auditory nerve and then the brain deals with processing the information it receives. The eye has a lot more "pre-processing" before any information gets to the brain. Networks of neurons within the eye process information to a certain extent before this information is sent to the brain. This is a lot harder to replicate with electronics. The other issue is that the ear is a stationary thing. The eyeball moves all over the place to focus on different things, so with a "fake eye" we would have to hook into the nerves that go to eye muscles in order for the fake eye to know what the brain wants to look at. While vision and hearing are both very complicated processes, I would say that vision is overall a lot harder to replicate with electronics. But as others has said, research is ongoing and there has been limited success. I'm sure vision implants will be a thing one day.


Question: What exactly is Iambic Pentameter and how does it work?

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 What exactly is Iambic Pentameter and how does it work?

Normally when you speak, your voice rises up and down, and you put emphasis on certain syllables. Notice how when you speak certain sentences, there is some rhythm to the words: for example, when I say "I'll meet him at the stairs before the gate", there's a stress on every second syllable - "I'll **meet** him **at** the **stairs** be**fore** the **gate**". Other times I'll put the stress on every third syllable - "I am **Worf**, son of **Mogh**". This becomes especially noticeable in poetry. The basic "unit" for this rhythm is called a "foot", and there are various feet, for example: * "Iamb" is when you put the stress on every second syllable (like the first example I gave). * "Trochee" is when you put the stress on the first syllable of every two. * "Anapest" is when you put the stress on every 3rd syllable. "Pentameter" means that each line consists of 5 feet (penta = 5).


Question: How is mathematical research done? Is it just putting equations together until you get something new?

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 How is mathematical research done? Is it just putting equations together until you get something new?

Sometimes yes. Sometimes it's not an equation or formula at all. Math is a big field with lots of different areas and how you approach a problem in one area can vary wildly from how you approach a problem in a different area. Here's an example of a problem that isn't an equation: Are there more real numbers than counting numbers? The solution isn't grinding a formula to spit out the answer, it's devising a way to prove which set of numbers is the biggest. It turns out that both sets are infinite, but the reals are a bigger size of infinite. If you want to see what this proof looks like [here's a video of someone writing it out.]( URL_0 ) A famous problem which is still not currently solved is the P vs NP problem. It makes two classifications of types of problems. P are problems where the answer can be computed quickly. NP are problems that take a lot of time to calculate the answer, but once you get the answer you can check if it's right very easily. The question is, is there a way to reduce NP (hard problems) to P (easy problems). This has big ramifications for computer science, saying that if we can do this, we can get computers to save a whole lot of time on difficult calculations. How we will find the answer we still don't know. There's a more complete but still ELI5 friendly explanation of P vs NP in [this video]( URL_1 ).


Question: Why aren't decentralized "Internets" popular?

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 Why aren't decentralized "Internets" popular?

They have a lot of problems. For example you would need some path to whatever physical server you want to reach and that generally means you would need an unbroken chain of WiFi routers. That simply doesn't exist in most cases; perhaps within a dense city but there is a lot you want to access elsewhere. Another problem is speed. Depending on the physical locations of the participants a lot of traffic may pass through one node, and inevitably there will be a lot of nodes to traverse. That means it will be slow, completely unsuitable for significant amounts of data. And finally you have the issue of private users changing the network topology without consulting anyone or due care. Someone may note their node is dirt slow and overheating so they turn it off... oops, that just cut off a critical connection between parts of the collective network, nothing works anymore. Who is accountable or going to fix it? Nobody. All those problems mean it isn't a viable solution for internet as we know it.


Question: why can BMX/MTB riders(some pros) take 10+ meter drops and not get injured whatsoever when they land it but if you would jump the same height you would most likely get some kind of injury?

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 why can BMX/MTB riders(some pros) take 10+ meter drops and not get injured whatsoever when they land it but if you would jump the same height you would most likely get some kind of injury?

This is because they land on slopes rather than flat surfaces. The same applies to skiers/snowboarders. The slope allows them to partially absorb the landing impact and convert it to speed rather than compression. This is why terrain park jumps have steeply sloped landing areas or drops that are equal or greater than the take-off angle, located past the “knuckle.”


Question: How do Incentive Stock Options (ISOs) work?

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 How do Incentive Stock Options (ISOs) work?

ISOs are like coupons to be used to pay for discounted shares of stock. Let's say the current stock price is $10 and your ISO discount or strike price is $5. When you exercise an option, you pay $5 to get something that is worth $10. If you sell it immediately, you get your $5 invested and $5 profit. However, that $5 profit will be taxed as income. If you hold the exercised share for at least 2 years before selling, the profit will be taxed at the capital gains rate which is lower than the income tax rate. The risk is that the stock ends up at a lower price than your strike price so it's not worth using the options. These options also expire usually 10 years after the grant date. They may also be taken back if you leave the company. The stock may also lower after you exercised the options and hold on to stock. These incentives help employees focus on working to build the company's worth so the stock and thus the value of the ISOs goes up.


Question: How do chlorofluorocarbons create holes in the atmosphere?

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 How do chlorofluorocarbons create holes in the atmosphere?

When UV hits a CFC molecule, the chlorine atom is separated from the molecule. This atom interacts with ozone (O3) molecules and strips off an oxygen atom to form ClO + O2. Free oxygen atom interacts with ClO to form a more stable O2 + Cl. The chlorine atom continues this process of splitting ozone molecules several more times.


Question: Why are professional video cameras so much larger than professional photography cameras?

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 Why are professional video cameras so much larger than professional photography cameras?

I think the question you're trying to ask is why professional movie cameras are much larger compared to a professional still camera (for example a DSLR)? A few factors: - Image sensor/film size. A larger sensor or film format will require a larger unit and a larger set of lenses. Note that both still and video cameras come in a variety of sensor/film sizes. You can get a professional still camera that's bigger than a professional video camera. It all depends on the application. - Flexibility. A movie camera lens typically needs a wider zoom range than a still camera, particularly still professionals using primes (non-zoom) lenses. This means bigger, heavier lenses. - Ergonomics. A movie camera needs a greater degree of smooth control over the camera so you can do smooth zooms, smooth pans, smooth tilts etc so there's additional control and mounting hardware. - Movie cameras tend to have a viewing screen as opposed to a small optical viewfinder. - Storage requirements are higher for movie cameras.


Question: Why do mostquestions seem to get answered?

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 Why do mostquestions seem to get answered?

Most ELI5 questions are honestly LMGTFY territory. Much of the rest is stuff that a lot of people know off hand. Only a slim minority are really in depth questions requiring deep knowledge of the subject to answer. To be blunt, if you're in a position where you're asking a question so in depth you need an answer from a real expert in the field, you're probably not asking it on reddit.


Question: What do doctors actually do to treat a heart attack patient?

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 What do doctors actually do to treat a heart attack patient?

MONA BASH In the acute stabilization of a heart attack (aka acute myocardial infarction or AMI) -M: Morphine - pain control reduces the stress on the heart (myocardial demand) -O: Oxygen - AMI is heart death due to lack of oxygen, maximize the patient's blood saturation of oxygen to get as much through to the tissue as possible -N: Nitroglycerin - Nitro dilates blood vessels, esp heart blood vessels, and can acutely relieve a blockage -A: Aspirin - acts as a platelet poison, prevents blood clots in the heart vessels from growing in size. The MONA is designed to be acute and temporary, get the patient alive to a Angio lab (aka Cath Lab), where an interventional cardiologist will insert a wire (aka catheter) up the patient's artery, into their heart to access the blood vessels that feed the heart and use either medication (tPA) or a tiny balloon to open up the blood vessel and break up the clot. Often will leave a metal stent in place to keep the vessel from reclosing. The longer term care is the BASH B- Beta blockers, medicines that reduce heart rate and stress, keeps your heart from working too hard A- ACE inhibitor, another anti-high blood pressure medication like beta blocker, helps prevent long term pathologic anatomic changes to the heart post AMI. S- Statin, anticholesterol drug helps reduce risk of another AMI H- Heparin, an anticoagulant that also keeps clots form forming.


Question: how does my walmart account know what I bought in-store if I never uploaded the receipt?

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 how does my walmart account know what I bought in-store if I never uploaded the receipt?

If your debit card is the sole piece of identification that links you to the purchase, then yes - Walmart is able to track the purchases you make using that card. You probably agreed to let them do that in the T & C of the online account when you signed up.


Question: What is QAnon and why is everyone so worried about it?

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 What is QAnon and why is everyone so worried about it?

QAnon[a] (/ˌkjuːəˈnɒn/) is a disproven and discredited, far-right conspiracy theory[b] alleging that a cabal of Satan-worshipping pedophiles is running a global child sex-trafficking ring and plotting against US president Donald Trump, who is fighting the cabal.[2] QAnon also commonly asserts that Trump is planning a day of reckoning known as the "Storm", when thousands of members of the cabal will be arrested.[3][4] No part of the conspiracy claim is based in fact.[5][6][7][8] QAnon supporters have accused many liberal Hollywood actors, Democratic politicians, and high-ranking government officials of being members of the cabal.[9] They have also claimed that Trump feigned conspiracy with Russians to enlist Robert Mueller to join him in exposing the sex trafficking ring and preventing a coup d'état by Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton and George Soros.[10][11] That’s what I found on Wikipedia


Question: Why do humans enjoy patting/ scratching animals?

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 Why do humans enjoy patting/ scratching animals?

Grooming behaviors are widely used in social animal species for group cohesion purposes. If you enjoy spending time with people then you'll spend time with them. Laughter is also used in this manner but it is much more limited. Humans are AFAIK the only species to laugh naturally. The key feature of joking around is that it doesn't have to be a a one to one experience, whereas brushing someones hair is more focused.


Question: How does infinity work with regards to decimals?

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 How does infinity work with regards to decimals?

This is a common idea in mathematics, and the basis of quite a lot of mathematical paradoxes. The only answer I can think to give you're question is that yes, you are right, there is an infinite amount of numbers between 1 and 2, or between 0.1 and 0.2, or between 0.000004 and 0.000005 etc etc. There are a lot of mathematical concepts related to this idea such as the asymptotic curve or convergent series. I'm sure I'm going to get many of the details about this story wrong, but I was once told about an ancient Greek philosopher who posed the following paradox: An old man and a strong Spartan warrior have a race. The Spartan can run twice as fast as the old man so, being the honourable warrior he is, he gives the man a 100m head start. The race begins, and since the Spartan moves twice as fast as the man, when the man reaches the 150m mark, the Spartan is at the 100m mark. When the man reaches 175m, the Spartan is at 150m. Every time the man moves forward, the distance is halved, but logically, this means the Spartan will not ever overtake him despite the fact that he is running faster. It took hundreds of years for someone to come up with a mathematical proof that explains the paradox.


Question: How is it possible that The USA spend more on healthcare per capita than the UK?

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 How is it possible that The USA spend more on healthcare per capita than the UK?

Just because it is free at the point of delivery doesn't mean costs aren't kept in check. Because it is paid out of taxation, the government can set a budget on expenditure and balances the public desire for healthcare against the competing desire for tax reduction. The government oversight limits treatments with expensive drugs to those with proven efficacy and some expensive treatments are not available. Also because the NHS is able to block or allow drugs for a large market, it is in a better position to negotiate a lower price.


Question: Why is Puerto Rico in so much debt and what type of economy did they have post WWII?

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 Why is Puerto Rico in so much debt and what type of economy did they have post WWII?

Too much to mention. Highlights: 1) tax subsidies for US producers, and tax exemptions for US imports, ensure most local production, farming, etc will always cost more than importing. 2) predatory lenders gave them all they asked for, assuming the US would guarantee against default 3) incompetent and/or corrupt govt used the borrowed money and kept borrowing until it was far past unsustainable. Summary: they import most things and produce and export almost no things, and that isn't likely going to change.


Question: Why are a bunch of companies incorporated in Delaware and how do they get away with it if they're not actually in Delaware?

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 Why are a bunch of companies incorporated in Delaware and how do they get away with it if they're not actually in Delaware?

The main reason for businesses to incorporate in DE is because DE has laws friendly to corporate structure. They have their Chancery Court system, dedicated to corporate law, and a very well-established body of corporate and business law, which keep the uncertainty of legal issues and costs of corporate litigation down. It’s good for protecting the privacy of major owners and for allowing the board of directors more flexibility than other states might have. It’s a bit of a myth that it’s for taxes. DE’s tax structure doesn’t significantly impact out of state corporations as much as some other states, but it’s not as though it reduces their overall tax burden. Corporations need to register and pay any applicable taxes to any state in which they do business. So a business operating in NY is going to pay the same taxes and registration fees to NY regardless of whether they incorporate in NY or in DE. Most, perhaps all states just require that you have a registered agent in that state in order to incorporate in that state. They don’t actually require you to conduct much of your business in that state.


Question: what exactly are fractals and how are they made?

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 what exactly are fractals and how are they made?

Fractals are objects that don't start looking smooth, no matter how much you zoom in on to them. A simple fractal is Sierpinski Triangle. URL_0 You take a triangle with all the sides the same length. Then take out smaller triangle from the middle, leaving you with 3 triangles. Then you repeat this process for all 3 triangles, resulting in 9 small triangles. Then you repeat it again, leaving you with 27 very small triangles, etc. Sierpinski triangle is the result of this process "at the infinity", after infinitely many steps. And now if you start zooming in on that shape, you notice that you're just running into ever smaller holes and triangles peppered with even smaller holes and triangles. Contrast this with zooming into a regular triangle. If you zoom into any side of a triangle, it starts looking like a straight line eventually, and then it just looks like straight line from there on out. Fractals are sort of attempt to mathematically model the way that in the nature you don't have perfect geometric shapes, but rather, there are ever smaller imperfections everywhere. One of the earliest example of a fractal is the coastline of Britain. If you look at the whole Britain isle, you'd be seeing certain kind of pattern to the length of its coastline, and so you'd estimate length of its coastline to be something. But if you zoom in, it doesn't "smooth out", meaning that actually the coastline is longer than your initial estimate. And as you zoom in, your estimate on the length of the coastline just keeps on growing and growing, which kinda meant that coastline of a Britain actually isn't a line at all. Trying to represent it as a line is kind of a lie. Hence the word "Fractal" was used. So in short, fractals are objects that never quite start resembling things on geometry class, no matter how much you zoom in on them. Most things in nature are like that. Self-similar fractals you can make by iterating simple instructions, like Sierpinski casket. You could also just really carefully look at some natural object that's known to be fractal'ish. Like coastline of britain, look it up on Google maps. Try to measure how long coastline of Britain is.


Question: How do Co2 emissions keep growing year on year despite rapidly expanding renewable capacity?

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 How do Co2 emissions keep growing year on year despite rapidly expanding renewable capacity?

Because CO2 emissions aren't determined by how much renewable energy we produce. We could cover the world in solar panels and windmills and our CO2 emissions would remain the same if we still *also* burned all the oil and coal we could get hold of. We're producing more renewable energy than ever, sure, but we're also *using* more energy than ever, and we're still building new coal plants, and we're still buying more and more (non-EV) cars. In order to drive down CO2 emissions, we have to stop doing *those* things. Building more renewable capacity is at best a means to an end. It doesn't do anything for the climate *in itself.* It might enable us to make those kinds of changes, or it might just provide more energy allowing us to *use* more energy, without actually cutting down on non-renewable energy sources


Question: Why do films from the 70s-early 00s look so much better, richer than ones produced today?

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 Why do films from the 70s-early 00s look so much better, richer than ones produced today?

I don't know if I can identify one thing that makes twenty or thirty years of movies similar to each other, but nowadays they really love to do color correction on everything. A few examples of this done obviously for artistic reasons are *The Matrix* trilogy (everything inside the Matrix looks vaguely greenish to suggest the feel of a monochrome monitor, thus a virtual world), and *O Brother, Where Art Thou* to give that dusty, old-timey feel to the '30s setting. But even movies not trying to elicit aesthetics like that do it. *Jurassic World* is a pretty bad offender. The older Jurassic Parks used a natural color balance, so you got a good mix of all colors you'd normally see. The new one, however, looks quite teal tinted, and thus feels flat for a reason that's hard to pin down. Cracked did a few writeups I tried to paraphrase bits of. You can see the full articles here. URL_0 URL_1 And the fifth item on here: URL_2


Question: Why is the number 'e' so important?

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 Why is the number 'e' so important?

Take y=2^x, the gradient along this line is always less than 2^x at the point x. Take y=3^x, the gradient along this line is always greater than 3^x at the point x. This implies there is a number between these two where the gradient of this line is always equal to that number to the power x at the point x. This line is called 'the exponential' and the value is quantified as e. At this point it is worth mentioning that logarithms can be taken with base 'e', this is called the natural logarithm or ln, or log*_e_*. Assuming you have covered basic calculus you will understand that if y=x*'n'* then dy/dx=n.x*'n-1'*. This is a very useful formula, and can be used for the basics of integration. If dy/dx=x*'n'* then y=(1/(n+1)).x*'n+1'* + c(integrating constant). This is also very useful, however you may have wondered what's the integral of x*'-1'*. By our formula it would be 1 divided by the sum of n(-1 in our case) plus one. Dividing by zero is undefined and hence we need a different tool to define this. This is where e and ln become useful. If y=lnf(x) then dy/dx=f'(x)/f(x) since x*'-1'* is the same as 1/x you can see that as 1 is the differential of x therefore the integral of x*'-1'* is ln(x). As ln is useful in integration e is useful in differentiation. From our definition of e^x=gradient of e^x which in a more meaningful form can show: y=e*'f(x)'* dy/dx=f'(x).e*'f(x)'* Compare this to: y=2*'x'* (to find the differential take log base e both sides) ln(y)=ln2*'x'* (ln2^x is the same as xln2 differentiate) 1/y dy/dx = ln2 dy/dx = y.ln2 dy/dx = 2*'x'*ln2 You see how much simpler e makes a simple equation, this is but one of it's aweosme properties. Power series of e*'x'*: e*'x'* = 1 + x + x*'2'*/2! +x*'3'*/3! +...+ x*'n'*/n! (Differentiates to itself!) It is also useful for explaining complex numbers by combining sin and cos power series to show a famous formula: e*'i*pi'* +1 = 0 or half a circle (pi radians) of the unit circle (radius 1 centre (0,0) plus one gets you back to zero. EDIT: If you see a number with 'number' around it imagine it as to the power of, I messed up the formatting and won't change it now.