Question: What does the Secretary of Education in the US do?

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 What does the Secretary of Education in the US do?

They advise the President on matters related to Education and supervise the US Department of Education and its programs on a national level. They don't have authority over State and Local educational institutions. The US Educational system is a complicated mass of authorities at every level. Decisions relating to things like curriculum, funding, and the hiring and firing of teachers and staff are decided at the local level. Where I live, we have local school boards that do things like hire and fire the local superintendent, but funding decisions are made at the State and County level. Higher up, the State has a hand in deciding things like funding and curriculum, especially for State universities. At the Federal level, the US Department of Education influences local schools through things like funding grants, student loans, and Title IX enforcement. Money comes with strings attached, so if the local school or university doesn't comply with the rules, they don't get the money.


Question: Why do we need to stretch our muscles? In the wild we wouldn’t have time to stretch before running from danger so shouldn’t our bodies be ready to move optimally whenever needed?

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 Why do we need to stretch our muscles? In the wild we wouldn’t have time to stretch before running from danger so shouldn’t our bodies be ready to move optimally whenever needed?

We don't and static stretching is highly discouraged. What we do need to do is "warm up" the muscles. This entails some minor activity to increase blood flow to the area. This helps protect the muscles when in use. If you stretch a "cold" muscle you're more likely to cause tears and further injury.


Question: How come we haven't seen that ninth planet all this time?

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 How come we haven't seen that ninth planet all this time?

It's pretty simple. All the planets we know of now have been discovered directly because we have been able to see them with the naked eye or through telescopes. The "ninth" planet, if it exists, may be a planet we have already discovered but have not attributed to our solar system. I may be a little off on this one, but since it would be very far from the sun in the Kuiper belt, it might not be reflecting enough light from the sun for us to see it clearly. The reason we think it might exist is pretty simple. It's because many celestial bodies in the Kuiper belt display orbits that SEEM to be influence both by the sun's gravitational pull as well as another, as yet unseen, large celestial body. These gravitational irregularities make the scientists think that there is another factor effecting the movement of these celestial bodies, namely the hypothetical ninth planet.


Question: How does traffic work in movies ?

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 How does traffic work in movies ?

Sometimes the vehicles are actually going down a street and following the traffic. A stunt driver could be placed on top of the car, driving for them but out of camera view to the actors “driving”. And sometimes the entire car is on a trailer pulled behind a truck with camera crews at all angles filming as they drive down the street. You’ll occasionally see them with police escorts in LA.


Question: How come the person in the back of the canoe has more control over direction than the person in the front?

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 How come the person in the back of the canoe has more control over direction than the person in the front?

Think of it in terms of fulcrums; if you're paddling at the front of a canoe, you're dragging the boat through the water, and can only drag from one side or the other; it's like pulling a box across the floor. However, when you're at the back, you're pushing the boat. You have the ability to create a force equal and opposite to the resistance of the keel through the water, plus extra impetus for a driving force. From the back, you can just change the angle you're thrusting the water around the stern (using a J and Canadian J stroke) to both direct and push the boat. From the front, you don't have that control, as your paddle is pushing water back ahead of the pivot point.


Question: . Is there really a difference in gas at gas stations?

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 . Is there really a difference in gas at gas stations?

The gas as delivered to the gas stations, not so much. They all pretty much buy the bulk gasoline from the same distributors. Any truckload of 87 octane is pretty much the same as any other truckload of 87 octane. Same for 91 octane. There are some small differences in the type and quantity of detergent additives that each chain adds to the fuel before selling it, but the base fuel stock is largely generic. 93 octane *non-oxygenated* fuel is slightly different, as it is pure petroleum distillates, not having been blended with 10% or more ethanol before distribution. 93 octane is also not legal for use in modern, road going, passenger vehicles. Only for off-road vehicles like boats or lawnmowers. Any difference between what you buy from one gas station and another is likely contamination from the underground storage tanks at the gas station itself. If the tank starts to rust and that rust starts to flake off into the gasoline, it can get pumped into your car, especially if the pump doesn't have a properly operating filter. If dirt, water, road salt, or other foreign material gets into the tank at the station, they is no good way of getting it back out again, so trace amounts of said contamination are likely to make their way into the gasoline that the station sells. It may be immeasurably small amounts, but rust in your gasoline it's definitely a bad thing in any amount. Edit: Just because you *can* put 93 non-oxygenated gas in your car doesn't mean that you should. If the 93 octane gas at a particular station *does* have the required 10% ethanol, then it is obviously street-legal.


Question: Why was Bitcоin designed with a block time of 10 minutes? Wouldn't lowering it to, for example, 10 seconds, significantly speed up transaction confirmations and make it more usable in the real world? What would be the downsides of a lower time?

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 Why was Bitcоin designed with a block time of 10 minutes? Wouldn't lowering it to, for example, 10 seconds, significantly speed up transaction confirmations and make it more usable in the real world? What would be the downsides of a lower time?

Personally I think that the creator probably chose the 10m block time so Bitcoin can run on more computers and use less bandwidth. This bandwidth is incredibly important as the currency grows, more bandwidth is needed for each update. It would also be a lot easier to mine the Bitcoin, lowering the value as more is available to the market. The amount of energy used per Bitcoin would also decrease drastically, meaning less security because there would be less risk to scammers that try to cheat the system and have to invest less money(electricity) Here are is a more indepth look at the pro and cons: URL_0


Question: why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?

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 why can't doctors just prescribe dopamine and serotonin for mental health issues like major depressive disorders?

Because it's more complicated than just a dopamine or serotonin deficiency. Maybe the receptors aren't working properly, so they can't use the brain juice correctly. Maybe things like therapy are more effective. You also don't necessarily want to add MORE of those brain juices, because they affect things other than your brain. Dopamine, for example, is used for cardiac support. If there's nothing wrong with your heart, you don't want to add that to the mix.


Question: Why do money-wiring services exist when you can just email money for free?

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 Why do money-wiring services exist when you can just email money for free?

email doesn't happen out of thin air. you have to have a device. if you're poor you are unlikely to have a device. much of the money-wiring market is poor people transferring their wages home (often a foreign country.) when home *is* a foreign country there are regulations around how cash can be transferred (and I doubt that emailing money is allowed without some compliance infrastructure on the platform.)


Question: How does the Home Owners Association (or HOA) Function?

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 How does the Home Owners Association (or HOA) Function?

The idea behind a HOA is to get the neighborhood working together for their own benefit. A lot of things is shared between the owners of a neighborhood such as parking spaces, sidewalks, fences or even walls and roofs. The HOA is the owners who join together to maintain these things. They also might help each other when things needs to be done, for example when it is time to paint or do maintenance on the properties it is cheaper and better to do on a larger scale. The disadvantage of a HOA is that it attracts people who want power.


Question: Why does water have a reflective surface on one side (outside the water looking in), but not on the other (inside the water looking out)?

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 Why does water have a reflective surface on one side (outside the water looking in), but not on the other (inside the water looking out)?

It does actually have a reflective surface from the inside but you probably don't notice because there are not often bright lights below the surface which are easily noticed. It depends on the angle you look at it. When light goes from one substance into another the differences in how those substances bend light results in a particular angle at which the incoming light will reflect.


Question: Why do we round 0.500 up to 1?

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 Why do we round 0.500 up to 1?

Because you have to round in one direction or the other, and we decided to pick up. Note this is not universal. In some financial accounting, you "round towards even". 3.5 would round to 4, but 2.5 would round to 2. The idea is to try to make the rounding errors cancel out.


Question: When you first light a candle, it oftentimes makes a “pop” sound and the flame flares up a lot before dying down and leveling off. What causes this?

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 When you first light a candle, it oftentimes makes a “pop” sound and the flame flares up a lot before dying down and leveling off. What causes this?

For the candle to light there must be wax evaporating from the wick. As you heat up the wick to that point, you can get a small cloud of unburnt wax vapor around the wick. When that cloud ignites you get a teeny tiny FAE (Fuel Air Explosion) that produces the POP!, and the overheated wick continues to boil off excess wax until the heat stabilizes. Re-lighting a candle that just went out has a similar effect. If the candle is putting out a stream of boiling wax you can light the end of it and watch the flame leap to the still hot wick.


Question: What is the main objective (or how different are) jira, asana, monday, wrike, trello, etc?

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 What is the main objective (or how different are) jira, asana, monday, wrike, trello, etc?

They are project management tools. When your business has a lot of tasks it needs to keep track of/measure/log billable time, then tools like those are great because instead of just monitoring an email box, or using a whiteboard, everything has its own ticket, and they can be sorted/commented/closed as needed. I'm speaking mostly for jira, because that's what I use at work. But I'm assuming the others are similar


Question: Why is it a civic duty/responsibility to vote?

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 Why is it a civic duty/responsibility to vote?

As US citizens, we believe in a government run "by the people, for the people." In order for that to be the case, *the people* need to participate by voting, running for office, and voicing opinion during legislative sessions. If we don't vote, we can't guarantee that the government will run in a manner that we all want.


Question: Why is hydrogen and oxygen the most efficient rocket fuel?

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 Why is hydrogen and oxygen the most efficient rocket fuel?

I do recommend the book "Ignition" which is a humorous and informative book on the efforts into rocket fuel research during the pioneering years in rocketry. Hydrogen and oxygen does have some advantages and some disadvantages to other fuels. First of all you need an oxidizer and a fuel to get a reaction. (There are exceptions). Even on the ground there is not enough oxygen to work as an oxidizer for a rocket engine as they need a lot. The fuel and oxidizer needs to have high chemical energy and the resulting exhaust needs to have low chemical energy. In this case hydrogen and oxygen have a lot more energy then water. Secondly due to the laws of thermodynamics the number of exhaust molecules should be as high as possible for the rocket engine to be efficient. So a rocket engine burns a lot less hydrogen then it would burn hydrocarbons for the same thrust as water have almost a third of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide. So the specific impulse (similar to fuel mileage in a car) is much better for a hydrolox rocket then most other rockets. The disadvantages are also there. Hydrogen is a lot less dense then other forms of rocket fuel. So you need a lot bigger tanks which adds weight and drag to the rocket. In addition hydrogen is much harder to pump though the engine and causes lots of issues for the engine so the engines tends to be much bigger and heavier. So when you add all the additional complexity and weight of the entire system hydrogen is might not be the most efficient fuel in your use case. Edit: High Isp - > Better Isp


Question: How much damage can realistically cause Kim if he decides to press the red button? Are counter-aerial defense system from other countries advanced enough to completely prevent a nuclear disaster?

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 How much damage can realistically cause Kim if he decides to press the red button? Are counter-aerial defense system from other countries advanced enough to completely prevent a nuclear disaster?

The short answer is "a lot," although it would understandably be suicidal. Excluding cyber attacks or an unlikely and unorthodox employment of a nuclear bomb, the physical damage would be largely confined to Northeast Asia- particularly Seoul and the US/South Korean forces near the DMZ. Seoul is well within range of Kim's artillery. Artillery is low-tech and reliable, and the DPRK has so much of it positioned along the border that it would be impossible to prevent significant immediate destruction in and around Seoul. His forces could easily kill thousands of South Korean civilians before being neutralized. The DPRK could also reach Japan with ballistic missiles, although the last couple decades of testing has proved their missile capability to be unreliable. They could probably land a few missiles in Japan, although it is unknown how accurate they would be. The DPRK possesses several nuclear bombs, however they do not yet have the ability to deliver nuclear weapons via missile. (To do so, a nuclear bomb must be small enough to fit on a warhead yet large enough to achieve a fission reaction.) In order to actually employ a nuclear weapon against any of its enemies, the DPRK would probably have to clandestinely smuggle it into detonation range- perhaps aboard a submarine or merchant vessel. A kamikaze-style attack via a nuclear bomb-carrying aircraft could be attempted, although any DPRK aircraft large enough to do so would also be slow enough to be easily intercepted before reaching its destination. A worst-case scenario would be a DPRK nuke smuggled out of the country via merchant vessel and detonated in a US port. However, I do not know whether or not this would be achievable. Kim also has chemical weapons at his disposal, in particular the deadly *sarin* and *VX* nerve agents. These would probably be employed via artillery shells. However, like the nuclear bomb scenario described above, and as the recent assassination of Kim's half-brother has shown, nerve agents could conceivably be employed in an unconventional manner as well. These could potentially be employed against targets far from the DPRK, as the Malaysia assassination proved, although it is difficult to speculate. It is beyond question that a suicidally aggressive Pyongyang would easily kill thousands. However, the scale of the destruction would depend on the military readiness state of the US and its allies. If Seoul, Tokyo, and Washington are on high alert- as they are now- then the DPRK would achieve less destruction than it would otherwise. Another major factor would be what specific defense capabilities those countries currently have oriented against the North (anti-missile systems, CBRN defense, etc.) For example, the US-designed Patriot system has the ability to knock ballistic missiles out of the sky, but I do not know the disposition of Patriot systems in the region or if they would be able to protect mainland Japan. tl;dr North Korea could royally fuck some shit up in the short term.


Question: What does the BAR in slot machines stands for?

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 What does the BAR in slot machines stands for?

The BAR symbol now common in slot machines was derived from an early logo of the Bell-Fruit Gum Company. The payment of food prizes was a commonly used technique to avoid laws against gambling in a number of states, and for this reason a number of gumball and other vending machines were regarded with mistrust by the courts.


Question: How hard is it to assassinate the President of the United States?

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 How hard is it to assassinate the President of the United States?

You have been made moderator of /r/Pyongyang ! Seriously though, very difficult this day and age. All of the protective detail and secret service you see surrounding the president is only one small layer of defense. There are hundreds of people working behind the scenes everyday planning around his schedule. I'm not saying it isn't possible, but it would be far more difficult than you see on TV and in movies.


Question: if identical twins are genetically the same, how do they get different fingerprints?

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 if identical twins are genetically the same, how do they get different fingerprints?

Fingerprints are not generated genetically. Fingerprints are generated when we are in the womb from pressures present on the fingers. 2 people can have similar to even nearly identical fingerprints as well, in fact the chance of 2 people having the same fingerprints is about 1 in 64 million but when you have billions of people on the planet, well, it becomes pretty much bound to happen.


Question: Why is so dang hard to take a good picture of the moon in the night sky?

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 Why is so dang hard to take a good picture of the moon in the night sky?

What are you using? A smartphone, an entry-level point-and-shoot, a mid-range mirrorless, a professional DSLR? This is the most important question. The next most important question is: are you using a tripod? The moon moves and your hands shake, so using a tripod will make your shots a lot better. If you have a camera with manual settings control, general consensus on appropriate settings will be ISO 100, aperture in the range of f/8-f/11, and shutter speed of around 1/100-1/150.


Question: What's the magnet reaction that allows it to attract?

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 What's the magnet reaction that allows it to attract?

It's not chemical; it's a physical force, just like gravity. It's called electromagnetism, and it is controlled/mediated by photons (yes, the same ones that make light). The reason why magnets are all metal is that metals interact particularly well with photons and thus electromagnetism. Wood (or other materials) don't share that property.That's about all I can say with any certainty given my knowledge.


Question: Why is the earth closer to the sun during a full moon?

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 Why is the earth closer to the sun during a full moon?

When a body orbits another body in space, they are actually both orbiting a single point in space, which is their combined center of mass (known as the *barycenter*). [Here is an example of what it looks like]( URL_0 ) if the two bodies have a similar but slightly different mass - imagine that the larger body is the Earth while the smaller body is the Moon. In reality the difference in mass is much larger, so Earth's orbit around it and the moon's barycenter is much smaller, but it does exist.


Question: How do banks prevent you from taking money out of someone else’s account?

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 How do banks prevent you from taking money out of someone else’s account?

Why would you steal money by transferring it into your account? Might as well just walk yourself into jail at that point. Beyond that you’d still need to log in to their online account or swipe their debit card at the bank with their pin. It’s not as easy as just using someone’s routing number.


Question: What makes adhesive tape actually stick?

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 What makes adhesive tape actually stick?

Glue. Specifically, it is known as a pressure-sensative adhesive, meaning the glue forms a bond between two objects as you push down on the tape, effectively solidifying the glue, but also making sure that the most surface area is coated with the adhesive, which makes the bond stronger. It requires no heat, water, or solvent to stick. This glue is also susceptible to damage by contaminates, which is why a bandaid placed on a dirty arm will fall off quickly.


Question: Why we can't use flash when taking photos on art galleries, museums, etc?

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 Why we can't use flash when taking photos on art galleries, museums, etc?

Light damages everything but vegetation to varying degrees. The light from flash photography is much more intense than what is already in a gallery and continued exposure to that light can harm some works more than others depending on the media. Additionally, in cases of less sensitive works, there is a measure of courtesy to other visitors that calls for the practice of not disturbing them with a flash, or the sounds of cameras and camera phones among other things.


Question: Why does all financial statistics(e.g household income) uses median and not mean(average)?

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 Why does all financial statistics(e.g household income) uses median and not mean(average)?

Mean and median are the same for a normal distribution - such as the results of a series of coin flips. However, when you have a non-normal distribution - such as income - then they can be very different. With income, you have most everyone hovering around middle class and then a very 'tail' that stretches into the billions of dollars. If you just take the mean income, those few billions will distort the numbers upwards and give you a false impression of how much money the 'average' person makes. In the U.S., the mean income is about $20,000 higher than the median income, reflecting the impact of billionaires and other extreme outliers.


Question: What is the voice which controls/directs our brain, if brain is the main functionality organ of our body ?

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 What is the voice which controls/directs our brain, if brain is the main functionality organ of our body ?

Your brain is basically a big biological computer simulating reality. It does its best to base that reality on what we can sense, but it has the ability to fabricate pretty much anything within the mental construct. And sometimes it can be at odds with itself. Your physical urges are to sleep, your direct mental control side wants to get up. So your brain decided to manifest a voice to represent the conflict. The brain is weird.


Question: When you hear someone's (mostly trap) music through their headphones on the train/bus, you often only hear the sharp sounds like the snare or high hats but not the melody or lyrics. Why is that? Are they that much louder?

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 When you hear someone's (mostly trap) music through their headphones on the train/bus, you often only hear the sharp sounds like the snare or high hats but not the melody or lyrics. Why is that? Are they that much louder?

1. Earphones' frequency response. It's hard to generate actual bass with a tiny speaker, since a small membrane just doesn't want to vibrate slowly. So most of the "bass" is actually just its overtones that our brain reconstructs into bass sound. 2. Ambient noise. You'll hear things that stick out from the ambient sound more distinct than those that have a similar frequency profile (e.g. lyrics overlaid with people talking).


Question: What is the benefit of a strong password?

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 What is the benefit of a strong password?

When the server gets breached and the database gets downloaded, the attackers now have unlimited attempts to brute force the passwords within that database. If your password is weak then it will be one of the first to fall, potentially before you're notified of the breach. If you use that email and password combination elsewhere then you'll get breached there as well Your strong password argument relies on them not having the ability to spend days brute forcing passwords, this is a bad security assumption. You should always assume the breach and focus on minimizing damages when it happens Every system will get breached, its not a question of *if* merely *when*


Question: Why are we able to see more with a telescope if we're not shortening the distance between us and the "target"?

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 Why are we able to see more with a telescope if we're not shortening the distance between us and the "target"?

For the same reason you can see things larger with a magnifying glass. Think of a telescope as a series of small magnifying glasses arranged in such a way that the small speck of light in the night sky appears larger and more detailed. Its all due to the type of lenses used.


Question: Is sea level the same on both coasts?

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 Is sea level the same on both coasts?

If you were to measure from the center of the Earth to "sea level" of each coast you would find them to be different. I do not know how much difference there would be. Maybe a mm, maybe several meters. The Earth is not perfectly spherical or uniform, there are variations in the density and therefore the strength of gravity all over the Earth. You might search for the term "Geoid" for more information.


Question: When a bomb from World War II gets discovered and needs to be defused, why did it take so long to find it, especially if it is in a populated area?

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 When a bomb from World War II gets discovered and needs to be defused, why did it take so long to find it, especially if it is in a populated area?

Typically these bombs fell from the sky and hit the ground very hard, ending up buried underground (if they didn't explode). Something got built over the top of them, with no one knowing there was a bomb under there. They're discovered when someone starts digging, for example to make a foundation for a new building, or to put in a new sewer line or subway.


Question: why is it that we can't drink sea water to quench our thirst?

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 why is it that we can't drink sea water to quench our thirst?

Seawater is saltier than the maximum saltiness that your cells can operate in. Therefore, your kidneys have to expel that extra salt in the urine so that you don't die. Unfortunately, there's a maximum amount of salt per litre that your kidneys can dump into the urine, so they have to keep taking more and more water out of your bloodstream to flush out the salt. The amount of water they have to take is *more than* the amount of seawater you drank. So if you drink a cup of seawater (and no fresh water), you'll pee two cups of urine - and be twice as thirsty as you were before. So now you're desperately thirsty, and you drink two more cups of seawater... and half an hour later, you pee four cups of urine and are *way, way* thirstier. So you drink... Yeah. This doesn't end well. It ends with a really horrible death, in fact. The seawater itself isn't going to kill you, but seawater without a large amount of fresh water to hand absolutely will.


Question: why does UV light make sperm & salvia glow ?

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 why does UV light make sperm & salvia glow ?

When the UV light hits molecules, it can give them energy, 'exciting' them. Compounds glowing is caused by their electrons getting excited, going up an energy level, and then releasing a photon of a certain wavelength when they fall back down. What wavelength (and therefore what color) the light is depends on the molecule. Some of the chemicals present in bodily fluids just happen to release visible light when they do this, which is why they seem to glow while other materials don't under UV light.


Question: why does Hulu play the same ads over and over, knowing very well we'll hate them more for it?

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 why does Hulu play the same ads over and over, knowing very well we'll hate them more for it?

TL;DR: You may be seeing an ad very regularly because it is a very large order that is specifically being served to your age/gender/location. The business featured in the ad will pay different fees to have their commercial run more or less often. ----- Ad streaming services like Hulu, GoogleAds, or those served in mobile games work much like renting any other advertisement. The merchant who wants to place the ad will design what it looks like, sounds like, says, etc. and then pay the ad streamer to play it a certain number of times. When you rent a billboard you pay for X-number-of-days on display. When you pay for a TV commercial or radio message you pay for X-number-of-seconds. When you pay for a GoogleAd, you pay for X-number-of-clicks. When you rent from an internet streaming service you pay for X-number-of-streams. Say that a streamer like Hulu gets two ad orders, one is for Product A and 10 million views and the other is for Product B and 1 million views. The Product A commercial is 10x more likely to appear than Product B because they need to serve it more times to fill the larger order. There are also a couple of other factors involved depending on the complexity of the advertising network. If the advertiser uses targeted ad placement (like Hulu and Google) then when a merchant buys an ad they can put in an extra criterion -- 10 million views by males, aged between 18 and 30, living in North America. The ad streamer will then use data related to your IP address and their own personal databases (such as your Hulu account) to make good guesses at when to play which ad. You may be seeing an ad very regularly because it is a very large order that is specifically served to your age/gender/location.


Question: how exactly does battery "give power" to a smartphone or laptop? What magic does electricity do to a battery?

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 how exactly does battery "give power" to a smartphone or laptop? What magic does electricity do to a battery?

A battery sort of burns some substance, very slowly, in a way that makes the energy come out in electricity, instead of heat. The basic idea is that you make the chemical reactions happen in two steps, one of which happens at one side, and the other happens at the other side. One reaction needs an electron, which is a particle that has an electric charge, and the other reaction releases an electron. This means that the first step pulls electrons from the first side, leaving it with a positive charge, and the second step releases electrons to the other side, making for a negative charge. And if you have too many electrons in one place, and not enough in another, then you can connect a circuit, like a light bulb or a phone, between the two places, and electrons will be forced through the circuit - and we call this electricity.


Question: Why do shampoo/conditioner brands seem to perform worse the more to use them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do shampoo/conditioner brands seem to perform worse the more to use them?

It's your expectation, you don't want the hair to feel clean and soft. You want it to feel differnt. New conditioner makes it feel diffent than it did last time so psychologically it did some thing good. Between most brands there is very little actual differnce apart from the pH, and type of oil used Source; I manufacture and bottle hair products.


Question: Why do they mandate car insurance instead of driver's insurance?

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 Why do they mandate car insurance instead of driver's insurance?

Because if your car is found crashed into someone, and the driver can't be conclusively proven, someone has to be liable. Otherwise, after accidents people would run away and say "Sure, it was my car, but I wasn't driving it. You need to prove who was driving to get paid for your damages."


Question: When new laws comes out, how do lawyers and judges everywhere "keep up" with them? Or do they have to follow the President and Congress every moves?

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 When new laws comes out, how do lawyers and judges everywhere "keep up" with them? Or do they have to follow the President and Congress every moves?

Sort of, they have conferences and stuff. However the shear amount of laws and case laws really make it impossible for someone to keep up with it all, even if the lawyer specializes in a topic. Really all legal documents and motions contain any relevant laws and case laws that the lawyer cites to make their argument to the judge. Any such document filed with the court requires lawyers on each side to do a lot of research. Being a good lawyer is being able to know how to research and look things up


Question: Water powered engine. Why is not considered a viable option inspite of so so much research?

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 Water powered engine. Why is not considered a viable option inspite of so so much research?

Water doesn't contain (easily accessible) energy. Water fuelcells *output* water as exhaust gas and use hydrogen as a fuel. Hydrogen is a gas. Putting it into a regular diesel engine would just have it escape through the smallest cracks. It's also more efficient to turn hydrogen to electricity in a fuel cell and then run an electrical engine with that power (wich is also true for diesel, but only for bigger engines like ships or goldmine dumbtrucks)


Question: When exercising, why do muscles hurt not until the next day after sleep?

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 When exercising, why do muscles hurt not until the next day after sleep?

'Sore muscles after physical activity, known as delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), can occur when you start a new exercise programme, change your exercise routine, or increase the duration or intensity of your regular workout. When muscles are required to work harder than they're used to or in a different way, it's believed to cause microscopic damage to the muscle fibres, resulting in muscle soreness or stiffness. DOMS is often mistakenly believed to be caused by a build up of lactic acid, but lactic acid isn't involved in this process'


Question: How is thirst satisfied almost instantly after drinking something, even though it takes the body some time to absorb the liquid?

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 How is thirst satisfied almost instantly after drinking something, even though it takes the body some time to absorb the liquid?

It takes very little time to absorb water. You absorb it right from the time it hits your stomach, unlike a lot of food which has to pass through to the small intestine before you can start to absorb it. It’s also very easy to absorb it. You have special holes in your stomach and small intestine for water to just mosey through, unlike most things which need to be frog-marched through by an escort. This makes water absorption very, very fast. As soon as you start absorbing water, your blood volume increases because that is where water goes. Increasing your blood volume increases your blood pressure. Increasing your blood pressure tells special sensors in your blood vessels that you are no longer dehydrated. This message gets sent to your brain neurologically, and your brain stops releasing the “you are thirsty” hormone.


Question: How is salt used to make ice colder when making ice cream, but is also used to make ice melt on the roads during snow storms?

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 How is salt used to make ice colder when making ice cream, but is also used to make ice melt on the roads during snow storms?

Should've googled it first... "Because you're not making the ice colder in the ice cream machine. In both cases your goal is to make liquid water colder, but the reasons for wanting colder liquid water are different. In the case of the ice cream maker, there's always at least a thin layer of liquid between the cream container and the solid ice, so colder liquid water means more heat transfers out of the ice cream and into the liquid water (so the ice cream freezes fast enough to freeze the air bubbles into the mix which is why ice cream has such great texture). In the case of the sidewalks, colder liquid water means more ice melts and flows off the sidewalk and melting continues at lower temperatures, reducing the slipping hazard. " Found same question on Reddit from a year ago. Sorry.


Question: Why do electronic devices (phones, laptops etc) have to be switched off during landing and take off when in an aircraft?

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 Why do electronic devices (phones, laptops etc) have to be switched off during landing and take off when in an aircraft?

It has nothing to do with the electronics, that’s the myth that just won’t die. It’s done so because of emergency procedures. The most likely part of a flight to have an issue is takeoff and landing. They don’t want you fiddling with electronics in case of an emergency and need you to pay full attention to the crew’s instructions. Just telling you to turn it off accomplishes that wonderfully.


Question: Why is the water at Banff such a light blue?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is the water at Banff such a light blue?

It has glacial milk in it. Glacial milk is a very fine silt produced by the action of glaciers slowly pulverizing stone into flour. It's so small that the particles remain in a near colloidal suspension instead of settling out. The glacial milk reflects light in such a way that it makes the water almost look like light blue paint.


Question: Why when you stare directly at something in the dark it seems to disappear/you see you vision turn completely black close on?

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 Why when you stare directly at something in the dark it seems to disappear/you see you vision turn completely black close on?

In the dark your fovea (part of the retina that is for clear and colored vision) don't get enough Light to funtion properly. The retina parts around the fovea don't need much Light but don't percieve colors. That is why you see everything as greyish blue in the dark. If you focus on something, the fovea activates and the parts around get sort of blocked by the brain. So you have to move your eyes to have peripheral vision again. I am an optician so I know this. If you have any mire questions don't hesitate ask me. :)


Question: What is the difference between DTaP, DT, Tdap, and Td?

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 What is the difference between DTaP, DT, Tdap, and Td?

T = tetanus D = diphtheria aP = acellular Pertussis (whooping cough) The order of the letters indicates the relative concentrations of each one. There are two doses for D and P. The capital letters denote the higher dose and the lowercase letters denote the lower dose. So Td has tetanus as its #1 component mixed with low dose diphtheria. Any/all of them could be called a “tetanus shot.”


Question: Why does a change in altitude hurt our ears, and why does swallowing fix the issue?

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 Why does a change in altitude hurt our ears, and why does swallowing fix the issue?

That's about as far as your knowledge has to go :-) Your middle ear (the part beyond your eardrum) holds a little pocket of air in there. Connected to that is your Eustachian tube, which is normally shut, but leads down deep in your nose and connects there. Change in altitude make the pressure different between that little pocket of air and the outside air, and that pressure difference causes the pain (it makes the delicate little membranes that comprise you inner ear stretch a little). When you pop your ears (swallowing normally does this), the Eustachian tube opens up momentarily, and the pressure equalizes. Swallowing does it because of where those tubes lead. You'll sometimes see people (when the pressure outside is greater) holding their nose and trying to blow out, which basically is forcing some air up the Eustachian tube.


Question: What are moles in chemistry?

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 What are moles in chemistry?

A mole is simply 6.02 x 10^23 of anything. Molecules. Beer cans. People. Candy bars. It is like saying 'a pound'. It is just a numeric measurement. Its usefulness is chemistry is that for each element, if you have the Atomic Weight of the element in grams, you have that many atoms of that element. Written out, the number is roughly 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000