Question: what causes the gurgle sound when our stomachs are hungry?

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 what causes the gurgle sound when our stomachs are hungry?

Yes, it is air in the intestine! (If that was a guess, then it was a good one, if not, then yeah, you're right!) The sound is created by a lack of food (obviously) which leads to an excessive amount of air and average amount of water. The muscles in your stomach recognize that they need energy (food) and produce a vibrating activity, which echos in the intestines in your stomach. It's simple: Hungry + Big intestine = Loud rumbling Hungry + Small intestine = No room to echo, vibrates whole intestine, not as loud rumbling. & #x200B; Even if it's not hungry, sometimes if you sit/move a certain way, food juices/liquids tend to create 'funny noises' in our stomachs because of being moved.


Question: What sort of job can't be automated? What can be done about automation?

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 What sort of job can't be automated? What can be done about automation?

Software developer here, The only job I can think of that can't be automated is a designer. Even my job can be automated. Computers have demonstrated they can write very efficient software, but the techniques involved haven't been thoroughly explored for commercial exploitation because of liability - we don't know how the software works, just that it does. The designer's job, then, would be to direct the automation process. A designer's job would be to direct automated processes to produce the product of a new idea as they describe it. A computer can perfect anything already in existence, but it can't invent anything new on it's own - without sentience, a computer has no agenda, and that is the part that can't be automated. Otherwise, physical tasks are increasingly automated, and intellectual tasks can be automated, though I don't actually know how much of this is being commercialized. *The Policeman's Beard is Half Constructed* is the first work of fiction entirely generated by computer (I'm still looking for a physical copy), and it's trivial to generate any sort of music. I've seen animated sequences fully driven by content that can itself be generated. I think a good deal of science can be increasingly automated, not putting scientists out of a job, but their technicians. I have a friend who is working for a company that is automating centrifuge extraction, where it's currently a manual process. Plenty of hands on science and biology in particular requires testing a lot of samples and cultures, and a lot of this repetitive work can be automated. So I see my job changing from writing raw code to describing a solution the machine implements. Fun times for the future.


Question: What is it that gives a material the ability to be polished?

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 What is it that gives a material the ability to be polished?

There are two things that go into why a material can have a mirror finish. First, is whether light that hits it reflects straight back or gets scattered in many different directions. Smooth surfaces scatter less of the reflected light, and will be shinier than rough surfaces. Any material can be polished.* Polishing is just making the surface smoother. Generally, the smoother a surface, the shinier it looks. So the real question is, why are smooth metal surfaces extremely shiny and other materials not so shiny? The second part of the story is that light is reflected any time it encounters a boundary between two materials with different indexes of refraction. The bigger the difference in the index of refraction, the more light gets reflected. For visible light, metals have very large indices of refraction. The huge difference in the index of refraction between the metal and air can result easily in over 90% of light being reflected. Explaining why metals have such high indices of refraction for light is a little more complicated. Metals have lots of free electrons that can move around inside them (that's why they conduct electricity). All these electrons interact strongly with the electric field of light. Things like wood and plastic do not have many free electrons so they don't interact nearly as strongly with light. For example, when travels through air and hits a glass surface, only about 4% of the light will be reflected. * It turns out that it's a lot easier to polish a metal than it is to polish wood.


Question: How do scientists know anything about distant planets beyond what they look like?

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 How do scientists know anything about distant planets beyond what they look like?

What we know about planets in other solar systems is very limited; in some cases, what you're reading about is pure speculation--the conditions on that planet are right to let something like the formation of diamond crystals in the atmosphere. What *can* we actually know? Well, in some cases we find the planet based on its gravity pulling on the star, and knowing something about how gravity works, we can figure out what its overall mass is and how far it is from the star. In other cases, we find it when it goes in front of the star and blocks light, which lets us figure out how big across it is. Combining mass and physical size gives us density, which lets us take a first guess as to what it's made of. Knowing how hot the star is and how close the planet is lets us take a guess at how hot it would be on the surface of the planet...though we have to make assumptions about how shiny it is, since very reflective planets would bounce off most of the light and wouldn't get as hot. In some cases, we can see the infrared glow of the planet directly, and measure its temperature that way. If we can see it blocking the star's light, we can look at what kinds of light are getting absorbed right as it starts to move in front of the star, which tells us about what gases are in the atmosphere. Combining all of the above lets us constrain our guesses better, to where we can feel more and more confident about what's probably there.


Question: Why is our blowing power so strong but sucking power weak, also same with leaf blowers and vacuum cleaners?

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 Why is our blowing power so strong but sucking power weak, also same with leaf blowers and vacuum cleaners?

Blowing basically means you have an area of high pressure that is attempting to equalize with the environment pressure. Sucking basically means you have an area of low pressure that is attempting to equalize with the environment pressure. Assume the environment pressure is 1 atmosphere. Assume negative pressures are impossible. Sucking can only give you a differential of 1 atmosphere... I.e. Vacuum versus the environment. Blowing has no limit since you can have pressures of 3, 5, 10 or even 110 atmospheres of pressure versus the environment.


Question: Why are dull knives more dangerous than sharp knives?

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 Why are dull knives more dangerous than sharp knives?

When cutting with a dull knife you have to use more force than a sharper one, you also have less control over a dull knife, this makes it very easy slip with a dull knife, and because you are applying more force with said knife you are more likely inure yourself when you slip.


Question: What is Eulers number and what does it do?

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 What is Eulers number and what does it do?

Euler’s number is the basis for growth that gets faster as more growth happens. A simple way to find it is with compound interest. Imagine you have a bank account that has a 100% yearly interest rate. How much money would you have after a year? $2.00 What if it compounded every month? $2.613035 Every week? $2.692597 If it compounds every instant, you’d get e. So e is the natural power of exponential growth. e has a bunch of other uses when you raise it to weird powers. If you put an exponential growth and decay back-to-back, you get a normal distribution. If you make exponentials oscillate from growth to decay and back you get sine / cosine functions. So e is used a lot in statistics and wave mechanics.


Question: What is the origin and/or purpose of the 5 cent refund on glass bottles? Why do only some states have it?

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 What is the origin and/or purpose of the 5 cent refund on glass bottles? Why do only some states have it?

It is intended to create an incentive to recycle. It probably was a bigger incentive when five cents was a more meaningful percentage of the purchase price than it is today. Only some states have it because only their lawmakers saw fit to create a law to put the system to deal with it in place (which costs money to as inter also).


Question: Why don’t more countries use nuclear power?

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 Why don’t more countries use nuclear power?

It depends on what time period you are talking about because in Europe it cause a mass protest movement in the 80's (especially in Germany and Austria) in which they held a public referendum where the people voted to end all nuclear power. They were worried about the effects waste would have considering the power plants that were being protested were close to the Danube river. While others simply can't afford or get access to the materials needed for nuclear power. Others are worried about the effects it would have on their economies due to international intervention. The US is still sanctioning Iran for following all the INF regulations agreed to in the Iran nuclear deal and what other country would want those sanctions that cripple the economy. Other countries have not used it as much because of accidents like what happened in Japan when a nuclear power plant was hit by a tsunami causing even more damage to the surrounding area than if it weren't there. When it comes to international politics there usually isnt one broad answer to cover all countries because each country is different and will have different opinions on different subjects, just as different people have different reasons for not liking a certain food or drink.


Question: What’s the use of weather reports showing the “real” temperature instead of the “feels like” temperature?

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 What’s the use of weather reports showing the “real” temperature instead of the “feels like” temperature?

The real temperature is the temperature you get when you remove every other effect affecting the possible result. Variables could be, for example, residual heat, wind, evapotranspiration (evaporation + transpiration), sunlight, radiation, relative humidity etc. That's why there's a specific set of condition required to measure the temperature (you can Google it out easily). That's why your 'feeling' temperature is different than the real one (also your body produces heat and clothing). You, as a common folk will probably never use this information, however, certain business are heavily dependent on the correct information, it could range from characteristic of building materials, outside works on infrastructure (pipelines, railway etc.) and similar. It's also extremely important in agriculture - you need to have the exact temperature to set up other related practices correctly, from crops irrigation, the amount of water used etc. Edit: it's also important for future planning in many human sectors.


Question: Why is salt the only rock regularly ingested by humans in its pure form?

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 Why is salt the only rock regularly ingested by humans in its pure form?

Salt is actually a mineral, whereas a rock is a composite of multiple minerals and other substances. We can also consume other pure minerals safety in moderate amounts like gold and silver. Salt is uniquely tasty, soluble and cheap, so it’s generally the only mineral we eat in its raw form regularly.


Question: Why do darker colours tend to be shinier and glossier?

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 Why do darker colours tend to be shinier and glossier?

A similar reason why your smartphone is shinier and glossier when in use outside during the day instead of inside: the light reflecting off of the surface layer is brighter than the light transmitted through. Think of light as sticky balls of different colors being thrown at a wall. The stickiness of the ball and the wall depends on the color. We only see the color of the balls that return to us. If 100 balls of 10 colors gets thrown at a green wall, only the 10 green balls gets bounced back. This is how an object looks green. Likewise, for a 50% gray wall, 50 balls, 5 of each of the 10 colors bounces back. Usually, glossy or shiny things have a coating made of plastic or glass in front of the object which causes additional reflections. This is as if an additional wall with holes is placed in front of the colored one that only bounces balls back or lets them through. Let's say this wall reflects one in 10 (10%) of the balls but lets the rest of them through. For a 100% gray (white) wall, 10 balls bounce back from the wall with holes (coating) but all 90 going through will bounce back from the white wall. You see some of the glossiness (10 balls) but it's overpowered by the balls bouncing from the white wall (90 balls). Now, if the colored wall was 10% gray (close to black), 10 balls bounce back from the wall with holes and of the 90 that go through, only 9 balls bounce back. The 10 balls from the glossy layer are now comparable to the 9 balls representing the light coming back from the colored layer. The dark colors are more easily overwhelmed by the reflection from the glossy layer so they appear shinier and glossier!


Question: So what is the difference between an allele and a gene exactly and when do you use either word?

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 So what is the difference between an allele and a gene exactly and when do you use either word?

A gene is a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. For example, you have a gene in your cells that determines your blood type. An allele is a _variant_ of that gene which can produce different characteristics. For example, there are alleles for blood type that determine your _particular_ blood type - AO, AA, AB, BO, etc. The A, B, and O parts of the pair are _alleles_ of the blood type _gene_.


Question: Why aren't Elephants, Giraffes and Rhinos domesticated for transportation and labor (maybe milk/meat too) like Oxen, Cow and Horse were?

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 Why aren't Elephants, Giraffes and Rhinos domesticated for transportation and labor (maybe milk/meat too) like Oxen, Cow and Horse were?

Animals that are huge, resource intensive, and angry are bad candidates for domestication because they have a nasty tendency to stomp on your face. Elephants and Rhinos are meat-tanks, and giraffes are massive. How do you fence them in? They're also all pretty fighty, which isn't great if you want to keep big herds, and they all need huge amounts of food which is ruinously expensive. In a world where bovines exist there's just not much incentive to deal with rhinos.


Question: What biologically/chemically is happening in our brains when we try to remember something but can't?

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 What biologically/chemically is happening in our brains when we try to remember something but can't?

Think of your memory not as a hard drive or computer, but as a storage cabinet. & #x200B; When you try to remember something, the neurons are being activated that vaguely relate to the topic. But, for reasons we can't quite yet grasp, the neurons directly related to the topic are not activating due to there being a disassociation between the two, Your brain is literally sorting through each little file it has to try to find the exact thing related to it, but due to whatever circumstance, can't. & #x200B; Your brain stores memories within memories by association, when certain associations are triggered, others are triggered in response, which eventually leads to the exact memory.


Question: Why are plays 5 acts long, movies 3 acts long and musicals usually 2 acts long? They all typically have the same length (ish, between 2 and 3 hours) and some plays have been adapted into musicals and movies (Les Miserables is a prime example of having been all 3)

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 Why are plays 5 acts long, movies 3 acts long and musicals usually 2 acts long? They all typically have the same length (ish, between 2 and 3 hours) and some plays have been adapted into musicals and movies (Les Miserables is a prime example of having been all 3)

When we're talking generally about story structure, I think we usually talk about three acts - something like * (1) introduce characters and situation; at the end, a problem arises * (2) characters contend with the problem, often things get worse; at the end, there's some kind of crisis * (3) the situation gets resolved somehow, for good or ill. In plays, the acts mean something more concrete - the end of each act is a chance to close the curtain and move the location to a new set. There are ways to work around this, where you switch locations by darkening/lighting different areas, but in a lot of plays, 5 acts means 5 locations. So some of those different numbers can arise because either we're talking about the story structure, or we're talking about the number of physical settings, and they don't always correspond. (For instance, according to Wikipedia, *West Side Story* has two acts, but it would be easy to fit it into a "3-act-story" structure and IIRC there's more than one change of location.)


Question: Why do open wounds burn when touching them?

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<answer>
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</answer>
 Why do open wounds burn when touching them?

PIEZO2. It is a protein that is sensitive to pressure, one of the things that makes us feel touch at all. Researchers have found that after an injury that protein becomes hypersensitive, something called "tactile allodynia." It's why when you're sunburned, even putting on a shirt is painful. It's probably evolutionary. Our bodies way or saying "hey don't touch that it's healing."


Question: When filling up the car with petrol, how come you can see shadows of the fuel gases, it not actually see the gases with the naked eye?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 When filling up the car with petrol, how come you can see shadows of the fuel gases, it not actually see the gases with the naked eye?

Pretty sure the vapors are colorless but it they have a different density than air, which causes light to warp as it passes through them. I’m guessing if you got your head down there and really tried to look directly through the vapors, you’d see distortion similar to a heat shimmer.


Question: How are potholes in the road formed? Seems like there’s nothing then one day 50 potholes overnight.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How are potholes in the road formed? Seems like there’s nothing then one day 50 potholes overnight.

So the road expands and shrinks as it heats and cools. This cycle, along with a metric boatload of traffic, creates weak points in the road that eventually result in cracks. Once the cracks form, water can get inside them. In the summer it's not a big deal, but in the winter the water freezes and expands, which then significantly weakens sections of the road. Then the plows come over and are basically applying a literal truckload of force on the road, and if you hit a section that's weak and not well aligned with the rest of the road it just knocks the whole section out of the road.


Question: Why is the day trading success rate so low?

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 Why is the day trading success rate so low?

Stocks are generally looked at long term. Day traders don't do this. On a day-to-day basis, during the day, each stock is generally highly volatile. Its near impossible to predict the ups and downs of an individual stock during a single day. We can look long term, and generally the market goes up 8%-10% per year on average... but each day can be anything, and we don't know what it is, so day trading simply has higher risk. Now, there is a version of day trading that is successful, its called high frequency trading, which is a specialized method of investing thats better for its own question.


Question: Why does it feel cold when we go into a pool that is 80 degrees fahrenheit and then get out into 85 degree weather and feel freezing cold and need a towel?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it feel cold when we go into a pool that is 80 degrees fahrenheit and then get out into 85 degree weather and feel freezing cold and need a towel?

Human skin temperature averages around 95° Fahrenheit, therefore when you get into the pool, despite the pool being relatively warm, your body still begins to loose more heat to the water and you therefore feel cold. While in the pool your body gets used to the environment, but then when you get out, the water on your skin begins to evaporate and you loose a large amount of heat because water evaporating is the water taking heat energy to change into a gas, this makes you feel cold


Question: When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

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 When your chest feels tight, for example during a panic attack, what causes this? Is your chest actually tightening up or is it purely in your head?

Your chest is not actually shrinking (thank god). But it's not just 'in your head'. The feeling comes from a bunch of muscles contracting rapidly (most notably your heart) as well as your breathing ascelerating rapidly (aka your lungs going into overdrive). It's essentially your body going into (often contextually unnecicary) 'fight or flight' action mode but without the apropriate routine what to actually do. That's why slowing/focusing on your breathing often helps. You force your body out of that 'action mode' and actively tell your lungs to stop overreacting 😉


Question: What happens in the brain when catchy songs get stuck in our head for days?

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 What happens in the brain when catchy songs get stuck in our head for days?

If we had true answers to stuff like this, we'd likely be using to train folks. At least musicians of not also doctors and scientists. Not a ton of research has been done on the matter but basically we know that "catchier" songs are more popular on charts and such which kind of makes intuitive sense. We also know that there is a slight predisposition associated/corelated with music appreciation. Research also shows that the song parts that get stuck in heads tend to be 15 to 30 seconds long. There's other studies that suggest that simpler songs may be catchier. And that familiarity lends itself into catchyness. As an example that "somebody I used to know" song from a few years ago afflicted many people. That may partially be due to it's similarities with "ba ba black sheep" that many children grew up with. Along the lines of familiarity, the brain spends a lot of time predicting things so that it doesn't have to react to new things all of the time. Music is rythmnic and patternistic. Brains love patterns. Patterns, routines, etc are all things our brains have evolved to be good at.. as such, folks may find themselves getting songs suck in their heads whole song routine activities such as jogging, driving, and cleaning. I don't have a biological answer for you. As far as I am concerned, the biology of the brain is all black magic.. and I am not really a psychologist either.


Question: how can our brains remember that we forgot something, but it can't remember what we forgot?

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 how can our brains remember that we forgot something, but it can't remember what we forgot?

This question asks "how is it possible?" and not "how does it work?", so I won't talk about actual brains here. But even very simple information storage and retrieval systems can be constructed so that it's obvious when information has been lost. For example, let's say you have a book with 100 numbered pages in it. Page 46 might be blanked out. You know that's an error, since there is no page numbered 46 after page 45, and page 47 doesn't pick up where 45 left off. Something is missing. You don't know what was on page 46, but you can be pretty sure it's gone.


Question: what does resetting a router actually do and why is that the most common internet fix?

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 what does resetting a router actually do and why is that the most common internet fix?

Your in-home router usually does a few separate jobs. First, it literally routes data: from one computer to another in your local network, and between your local network and your ISP's network (and on to the internet). Second, it provides local network devices with their local IP addresses. Third, it acts as a Domain Name System server, helping local computers match names (like URL_0 ) with IP addresses (151.101.1.140). To do all of that it needs to acquire and maintain its own IP address on the ISP network, and then maintain various tables in memory where all that data is stored. When you restart your router, you cause it to wipe out its copies of existing data and restart its connection to the ISP network. This can fix several different kinds of problems, which is why rebooting your router seems like a magic fix to lots of network problems.


Question: How are new digits of pi discovered?

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 How are new digits of pi discovered?

There are numerous mathematical algorithms that "converge" to the number pi. The more "iterations" (i.e. the more times you apply the algorithm to the last result) that you run, the closer it gets to pi, generating more "new digits". For instance, try this one: 4 divided by 1 minus 4 divided by 3 plus 4 divided by 5 minus 4 divided by 7 plus 4 divided by 9 ... and so on. It converges (extremely slowly) towards pi. (4/1 = 4. The next step subtracts 1 1/3rd giving you 2 2/3rds. The next step adds 4/5ths. And so on.) The ones used for bigger pi calculations get there a lot faster, and are a lot easier for a computer to do (but harder for a human), but you get the idea.


Question: What is antimatter, and has there been any real-life examples in existence or is it only a theoretical substance?

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 What is antimatter, and has there been any real-life examples in existence or is it only a theoretical substance?

Antimatter is basically the same as regular matter except with the opposite charge. For instance, the anti-electron is called a positron. Also, when matter meets antimatter they annihilate each other in a large explosion. Antimatter has absolutely been observed. Radioactive decay gives off both positrons and electrons. This is even used in medicine with PET scans (positron emitting tomography). When new matter is created using high energy collisions it appears to have about a 50 percent chance of being either matter or antimatter. Because of this, one of the great mysteries in science is why the universe appears to be almost entirely regular matter.


Question: why do our eyes adjust to the distances of objects reflected in a mirror as opposed to the distance of the mirror itself?

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 why do our eyes adjust to the distances of objects reflected in a mirror as opposed to the distance of the mirror itself?

A mirror's reflection is not a 2D image. A mirror's reflection is a perfect mirror of the world it reflects. Here is a simple test. View a mirror from two different angles. Note that you see different things in it. Nothing has fundamentally changed about the mirror - it is reflecting light in exactly the same way as it was before - and yet you see different images. You can even see the same objects from different angles.


Question: how do apps share data with other apps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 how do apps share data with other apps?

Typically app writers make a deal with an advertising service. When you do certain things, they send a description of what you did to that service, so the app can show you relevant ads. However, that service in turn may also be working with additional apps, so the ads show up on multiple apps.


Question: If babies weren't exposed to any language, would they invent their own common language?

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 If babies weren't exposed to any language, would they invent their own common language?

In linguistics, this is called "The Forbidden Experiment" because it would be horrifically cruel. There have been several historical examples of feral children, to varying degrees, who have been raised individually with little or no exposure to language, but not enough to really draw any conclusions beyond it being incredibly damaging to their development. There have also been a few cases of twins who've spoken one-off shared languages (e.g., Poto and Cabengo, and June and Jennifer Gibbons), but not raised entirely without outside language as an influence.


Question: Why doesn’t out heart get tired like our other muscles?

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 Why doesn’t out heart get tired like our other muscles?

It does get tired out. This is what we call heart failure. When the heart get tired it can’t move the blood around our bodies the way it’s supposed to. When we don’t get blood to the right places that causes problems for people. So doctors have to be very careful and make sure your heart is working good, which is why they listen to it with the stethoscope.


Question: How does an economy grow?

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</answer>
 How does an economy grow?

All "economic growth" is is an increase in the aggregate amount of goods and services that that economy produces. If we have a super small economy of just Bill and Ted and Bill grows 2 bushels of wheat while Ted grows nothing, then our total economic output is 2 bushels of wheat. If Ted starts farming too and grows the same amount, our economy has grown 100% from 2 bushels to 4 bushels. In practice, economic growth happens in a million different ways. Maybe workers get more efficient at producing something (though better techniques or automation). Maybe workers that were previously not producing something start working. Maybe new workers emigrate to the economy and bring their production capacity with them. All of those would result in economic growth.


Question: How is it physically possible for one-way mirrors to be seethrough from one side but a mirror from the other side?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it physically possible for one-way mirrors to be seethrough from one side but a mirror from the other side?

They are only partially reflective. If you look at a standard window, you can see through but you can also see a bit of reflection in them, especially if trying to peer into a dark room from a sunny outdoor location. One-way mirrors are closer to reflective windows than true mirrors, and they require the observation room to be dark and the observed room to be well-lit. This makes it so very little light shines out from the observation room into the better lit observed room while also keeping reflections from inside the room minimal. Meanwhile, the observed room has much more light both reflected back into the room itself and shining into the observation room. If you were to turn up the lighting in the observation room and/or dim the lights in the observed room so they are at about the same brightness, it would become more like a standard window. And if you completely reversed the lighting, the mirror effect would flip.


Question: Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does burnt food generally have the same taste even if the foods are different?

All the complex and varied organic compounds making different foods tend all to decay into more or less the same basic blocks (i.e. charcoal and simple organic molecules) when overheated, giving the universal burnt taste. Think of it like ice sculptures - they can be of varied shapes, sizes and impressiveness, but they all turn into puddles of water after a warm spring weekend.


Question: How do casinos prevent counterfeit chips. Why can't someone duplicate some chips and cash them in? It appear far simpler than cash.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do casinos prevent counterfeit chips. Why can't someone duplicate some chips and cash them in? It appear far simpler than cash.

Most of the responses here are complete bs. While RFID chips exist, they are extremely rare as the chips and the equipment to use them is expensive and unnecessary. First off, making passable fakes is difficult and takes some equipment that most people can't get, you can't just go to Wal-Mart and pick up some poker set and paint the chips. Each value of chip is uniquely designed in terms of size, weight, color, and edge pattern. Higher value chips are usually microprinted, have uv markings on them or holograms (Most common). Chips usually get larger in size the higher the value so you can't paint a smaller value chip to match a larger value one. Lastly, most casinos use strict inventory control. When a player leaves a table with more than a predetermined amount of money, several people get a call. If someone goes to cash out and it can't be determined where the chips came from, they don't make the change. Leaving and going to another casino doesn't help as they will contact each other to get the information they need. Lastly, casino surveillance serves as a huge deterrent to trying to steal. It's the same reason casinos don't get a large amount of fake bills either. If they get a fake, it's easy to track down where it was picked up and pull a pic of the passer off the camera. Thieves aren't stupid, they aren't going to take the risk of getting caught for a single payoff. You wouldn't go rob a store without a mask in broad daylight in front of a crowd, neither would a counterfeiter. Source: I'm a casino manager for a large property in Nevada.


Question: How can a business avoid paying taxes in a state by registring their business in a Tax Haven state like Delaware?

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 How can a business avoid paying taxes in a state by registring their business in a Tax Haven state like Delaware?

Businesses don't register in DE strictly for tax purposes. DE has a unique Court that strictly handles corporate law (Chancery Court). As a result, there is a large volume of case law and the model helps minimize the costs and time associated with commercial litigation. It is true that DE doesn't tax corporations that incorporate there but don't do business in the State, but that mostly encourages them to incorporate there while not doing business. I guess there are some savings there tax-wise as well, since DE doesn't take a piece so long as they don't do business there. However, any business they do in the State is still subject to whatever the corporate tax rates are there. Keeping it ELI5 - each state sets up corporate taxation differently (gross receipts, nexus, apportionment, etc.). Even out of state businesses can still be found to have a tax obligation if they do business within a state. So if some brick and mortar company sets up shops in State A, even though they are incorporated in State B, they'll likely have some type of tax obligation in State A. But, like all things law - it will depend on all the state laws in place. I suppose companies might also shave some of the incorporation fees and start up costs by setting up shop in Delaware or Nevada rather than a more tax-heavy state.


Question: Why do brands sell chips for 3 or 4 or 5 dollars in normal stores, but in dollar/value shops, they are sold for a dollar for the same brand and size bag?

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 Why do brands sell chips for 3 or 4 or 5 dollars in normal stores, but in dollar/value shops, they are sold for a dollar for the same brand and size bag?

It is not the brands that decide the price. It's the store owners. Supermarkets and value stores have different business strategies, and the margin they try to make on a product is different. First, what is margin. Margin is the amount of profit a retailer (like a supermarket) wants to make on a product. Retailers have contracts with suppliers to sell their items. They will buy the item at a certain price from the manufacturer, then sell it to customers at a higher price. The difference between the price they paid and the price you paid is the margin and that is where the retailers make their money. So basically what happens is Chips Manufacturer will sell their chips to both supermarkets and value stores at, say, 50 cents per bag. A value store that sells that bag of chips for one dollar makes 50 cents worth of profit on each bag; a supermarket that sells that bag of chips for two dollars makes 1.50 worth of profit on each bag. What sort of margin stores decide with often differs from product to product, but in general is determined by their business strategy. A dollar store basically makes their profit from selling large quantities. They go for a low margin on each product, and they only make a bit of profit, but they try and make up for that by selling a lot. They also try to keep their costs low by doing things like keeping their shop layout very simple, not having a lot of staff, not offering speciality items, offering a lot of no-brand items. Supermarkets often go with a different strategy. Compared to dollar stores, they aren't trying to be the cheapest, they are trying to offer a better overall shopping experience. This can be because of ease of shopping, helpful staff, the assortment they offer. But hey, all those things need to be paid for as well. So they charge a higher margin on products.


Question: Why is the ice that comes out of my fridge's ice maker white, or cloudy, while the ice you get at a restaurant or bar is clear?

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 Why is the ice that comes out of my fridge's ice maker white, or cloudy, while the ice you get at a restaurant or bar is clear?

The white/cloudiness is mostly small bubbles of air that was previously dissolved in the water when it was a liquid. Residential ice makers form the top down. The top layer of water freezes and slowly the ice grows downwards into the mold. This trap the air that was previously dissolved into the water. Commercial ice makers form ice from the bottom up, this lets the gas escape. Additionally they may use water that was additionally filtered through a carbon tank to remove off flavors, water softener to reduce calcium and other minerals, or reverse osmosis to make it "pure" water. Boil and cool the water before freezing it, and you'll get almost clear ice.


Question: What causes transformers and other high voltage devices to emit a buzzing sound?

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 What causes transformers and other high voltage devices to emit a buzzing sound?

> I assume it's some sort of vibration, Yep! The transformers are using the inductive interaction between coils of wire to change voltages, and as the current is transferred using "Alternating Current" the magnetic fields will be rapidly switching back and forth. The result is vibration from the stresses imparted to the structure of the transformers.


Question: Why do car insurance companies prefer to declare a car a total loss instead of fixing the damage to the car?

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 Why do car insurance companies prefer to declare a car a total loss instead of fixing the damage to the car?

After an accident your car, even fully repaired, is never worth what it was before it was wrecked. This decreased value, plus the cost of repair, often is what pushes the decision. If you think about it, if you were buying your car from you - would you pay as much for it wrecked and repaired as you would for it never wrecked? Most people would not.


Question: Weather generally moves west to east. Is this the weather moving, or the earth turning underneath it?

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 Weather generally moves west to east. Is this the weather moving, or the earth turning underneath it?

The premise of your question is incorrect. Not all weather tends to move from the west. Some simple observations make this rather obvious. Hurricanes familiar to those in the U.S. originate off the African coast and move towards North America. This is east to west. Other parts of the world have entirely different patterns, such as monsoonal patterns that you see in India. The weather moves from west to east, in the middle latitudes where the [prevailing winds are from the west]( URL_0 ). In the tropics, the [trade winds]( URL_0 ) tend to blow from the east, so weather tends to move from east to west. This is all a product of convection in the atmosphere (which causes air to rise and fall in fairly regular patterns) combined with the [coriolis effect]( URL_2 ) (which causes winds to bend as the earth rotates beneath them). [Here's a good diagram of how it shakes out.]( URL_1 )


Question: What are linear equations used for?

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 What are linear equations used for?

Loads of things. Take, for example, a taxi. Taxis charge a certain amount of money for every mile you go, plus some initial fee. We can write this as P=r•D+c, where P is the total price, r is the rate per mile, D is the distance, and c is the initial cost. We can then plot a graph of P against D and work out how the price changes as you go along. Now, say there is another taxi firm that charges a different rate and initial cost. You could plot *that* one on the same graph, and see which is cheaper for a given distance, or work out at what point they are equal. This is perhaps a silly example, but there are so many things that use linear equations. If you're going at a constant speed, then distance vs time is linear. Or a constant acceleration, speed vs time is linear. The amount of force to stretch a spring to a given distance is linear. And these are just a few things.


Question: Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

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 Before money was invented how did people accumulate "wealth"?

Given what we know about hunter-gatherer tribes, it's not all that likely that becoming rich, as an opportunity, preceded the existence of money. Most early societies appear to have had some form of exchange, such as beads and shells. That said, even today, while money is how we keep score, few people are rich in money. Most people are rich in stocks (companies) and bonds and real estate and farm/ranch land. Bonds are recent. Stocks are less recent. There were corporation-like bodies in ancient Rome, but before that a person, family, or a few partners might own a valuable company or resource. Farmers skilled in management could increase their landholding and have others do the work. (There was also a fair amount of conquerors giving their soldiers chunks of conquered land.) There were traders that got rich exchanging Eastern silk and spices for Western gold and jewels, whose wealth could be measured in the value of their inventory. Much like today, people spent their money on servants, nice houses, leisure travel, expensive mausoleums, hot women and pretty things. Mausoleums aren't so popular today because most of us believe that you can't take it with you. Jewelry stood in for conspicuous consumption the way that sports cars do today.


Question: Can somebody explain to me the photoacoustic effect?

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 Can somebody explain to me the photoacoustic effect?

Sound is created by having different spots in the air that are at different pressures, that is, there's more air molecules, then next to that there's less air molecules (or possibly more/less pressure due to heat), etc. That's what the sound wave is, a series of high-low-high-low bits of air coming towards your ear. When light hits a substance, a bit of it is absorbed and turned into heat. The heat makes the substance and air near it expand, once the photon is gone, it cools and contracts. This repeated expansion and contraction makes pressure waves (high-low-high-low again) in the air around the substance, which as I said above is sound.


Question: Why do cameras lose focus on certain objects? Can current technology make it so that losing focus is no longer a thing?

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 Why do cameras lose focus on certain objects? Can current technology make it so that losing focus is no longer a thing?

There's a number of different methods cameras use to focus, including manual, and you haven't specified which. The general answer for automatic focus is that the camera doesn't know what thing in the frame you want to focus on. It has to figure out on its own what is supposed to be the object of focus and what's in front of and behind that object. If you have one person standing far away and another closer, which one are you trying to take the picture of? The camera doesn't know, so it tries its best to pick the one most likely. This stems from the fact that there is a limitation on how much stuff a camera can focus on at once. This is called "depth of field", which means the range of distance from the lens where objects will be in focus. The size of the depth of field depends on things like how long the focal length of the lens is and the size of the aperture on the camera, which is the little metal iris behind the lens. You can get a larger depth of field by making the aperture smaller, but it lets less light through, which can be a problem in low light environments. Basically, everything on a camera is a trade-off, and even the smartest chip in the best digital camera can't always make the same choice about what settings to use as a human might want.


Question: In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

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 In stories, people trapped alone on a deserted isle tend to make a something to talk to. Would this be actually helpful, or would it cause more psychological problems?

This is sometimes used as a way for a fictional story in third person to describe to the reader what the subject thinks when they are alone. It would be quite challenging to tell a story about someone stranded on a deserted island if they had nothing to talk to or share their emotions with. And while humans do like to tie emotional bonds with others and in a lack of people to bond with we do easily bond with animals or objects we rarely give them names and talk out loud with them. But it would be able to satify some of the psychological need for companionship.