Question: Why are native Australians so different from Native New Zealanders?

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 Why are native Australians so different from Native New Zealanders?

The aborigines in Australia were there for a very long time and it’s theorized that they were some of the original waves of people to leave Africa through India and Island hoped to eventually end up in Australia. The Maoris from New Zealand are Polynesian and only arrived in New Zealand in 1300. Thousands of years after the aboriginal people arrived in Australia


Question: Does a fruit gain calories as it ripens due to the production of sugar?

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 Does a fruit gain calories as it ripens due to the production of sugar?

To some extent yes, it does. It doesn't really 'gain energy' because that's unpossible but it does convert fiber and nutrients into fructose and glucose which are easier to digest and therefore give you more calories. I'm not sure if they convert cellulose to sugars but if they do that would be directly gaining calories, as humans get zero calories from the digestion of cellulose.


Question: Why do some bank and payment processes still take 3-5 days to complete?

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 Why do some bank and payment processes still take 3-5 days to complete?

A live person at the bank has to verify certain transactions, which usually involves talking to another live person at another bank or branch. Combine that fact with the workload of large banks, which process god knows how many transactions daily, and the fact that most bank employees have to split their work day between multiple roles/types of work, and it’s no wonder it takes 3-5 days. Example; if I have 80 phone calls to make, but I also have to work the bank’s drive-through and answer phone calls, I probably won’t make them all on the same day.


Question: Besides color, what is the difference between salt, sea salt, pink Himalayan salt, and black lava salt?

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 Besides color, what is the difference between salt, sea salt, pink Himalayan salt, and black lava salt?

OK, let's start with "salt", which when we're in the kitchen is NaCl - Sodium Chloride. Common table salt often has iodine added to it, commonly in the form of potassium iodide. This prevents goitre, and alters the taste. Also, since salt absorbs water from the air, most of the time an 'anti-caking agent' is added (maybe calcium silicate), which has no flavour but keeps the salt from clumping up. Now pickling salt and refined sea salt generally (not always!) do not have these additives; meaning you're going to be getting 100% NaCl. This is what I would use as a base salt for all of my cooking, incidentally. Pink salt, (unrefined) sea salt, lava salt, etc., all are collected from different sources more-or-less unmolested, and have different impurities in them. Although relatively minor, these impurities can definitely impart different flavours to the salt. I find pink (Himalayan) salt to be milder. Black lava salt doesn't actually have any lava, and gets its colour from added charcoal. It adds a bit of richness beyond pure salt, but isn't much different. For some salts, the texture is important as well. Kosher salt is often used because it is (usually) pure salt in coarse grains. Fleur du sel is unrefined sea salt with a lovely delicate texture that is used mostly for finishing food, where you can get the 'crunch' from it without getting a massive salt grain. Any claims about health are utter bullshit.


Question: How are hard drives/sd cards/digital storage nearly doubling in storage capacity, while remaining roughly the same size, year over year?

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 How are hard drives/sd cards/digital storage nearly doubling in storage capacity, while remaining roughly the same size, year over year?

Digital storage capacity has nearly everything to do with storage *density*, or the number of bits that can be stored per unit area. Imagine you have 100 light bulbs, and they can be switched on and off individually via a set of switches you have. Each bulb represents a bit of information (on/off). Say it takes up a square meter of space. You have 100 bits per m^2 in terms of storage density. Then, someone discovers that they can make the light bulbs a LOT smaller, half as small in fact, so instead of fitting 100 light bulbs per m^2, you can fit 400 light bulbs per m^2. Your storage density just went up four times! People keep finding new and novel ways to make the light bulb smaller, until eventually they can't figure out how to make them any smaller, so they try to find something new. Wow, LEDs are REALLY small, and they work kind of the same way as light bulbs. . . All of a sudden, you can fit 1,000,000 bits per m^2. This process of miniaturization is exactly what allows us to cram more bits into the same unit area. We use transistors that are incredibly tiny, on the order of 10nm, or ten *billionths* of a meter wide. If we can make that smaller, say 7nm, then we can cram more and more into the same area, increasing capacity without increasing the physical size of the object. Hard disks use magnetic fields, and as precision of the technology increases, the greater density we can achieve that way. If I can precisely measure a magnetic field that is say 2mm wide, and improve that to 1mm, I can store 4 times as many 1mm fields as 2mm fields. So as technology gets more and more precise, and tinier and tinier, we're able to store more and more information in the same area.


Question: Why does building muscle not equal strength? Eg. High volume for hypertrophy/building muscle vs. Low reps for strength. Whats the difference exactly?

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 Why does building muscle not equal strength? Eg. High volume for hypertrophy/building muscle vs. Low reps for strength. Whats the difference exactly?

First things first. There isn't a line drawn in the sand for hypertrophy vs strength building. They go hand in hand. What you can change is which one you focus more on. Hypertrophy (muscle fibre enlargement) not building new muscle fibre (hyperplasia) is said to be best targeted at around 8 to 12 reps. Strength is basically building a better mind to muscle connection. More motor neurons fired during muscle contraction = greater muscle contraction = higher strength. Think of it like this. The best strength gains will always come from training as close to your 1repmax limits. The closer you can physically lift them, the greater the strength gains. You don't need to hit 1rm figures to build the physical muscle size. To summarise. If you lift to get big, you will get stronger too. If you lift to get stronger, you will get bigger too. To what extent depends on your training routine.


Question: How can you prove that you can't prove something?

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 How can you prove that you can't prove something?

Keep in mind that when we say a proposition "can't be proven", we mean that it can't be proven in one particular system. It's always possible to make a new system that can prove the original proposition. Usually, to show that something can't be proven, you find or construct two examples of your system; one in which your proposition is true, and another in which your proposition is false. To illustrate this, consider the following axioms: * 1 is in G, such that x\*1 = 1\*x = x for all x in G * If x and y are in G, then x\*y is in G * If x is in G, then there is x^(-1) in G, such that x\*x^(-1) = 1 These are called the *group axioms*. Any set G and operation \* that satisfies these axioms is called a group. Suppose we want to check the proposition "for all x, y in G, x\*y=y\*x" (this is called commutativity). No matter how hard you try, you can't prove commutativity from the group axioms. Why? Well, consider the following two groups. * Z is the set of integers with the operation +. This satisfies the group axioms. * D*_4_*, the dihedral group on four points. Imagine a square, and consider how you could move the square around, like a piece of paper, so it ends up in the same place that it started. You could rotate the square 90 degrees about its centre, or you could flip the square over along a line of symmetry. These actions form a group. However, the actions of rotating the square 90 degrees clockwise, and flipping the paper over along its vertical line of symmetry do not commute: (try this out on a piece of paper) Start with your eye on the top right corner of the square. Rotate clockwise, now it's at the bottom right corner. Then flip the paper. Our original point is now at the bottom left corner. If we do it in the other order, the point that used to be at the top right gets flipped to the top left, then it gets rotated back to the top right. These two orders do not give the same action! Therefore x\*y does not equal y\*x in this group! That shows that the proposition "for all x, y in G, x\*y=y\*x" cannot be proven from the group axioms. In a broader context, when someone says that a proposition cannot be proven, they usually mean that it can't be proven in the [ZFC axioms]( URL_0 ), which are the axioms used by almost all mathematicians. The axioms themselves are quite technical (though so are Godel's theorems) and constructing examples is a lot more involved than what we've done here. As for applications to other fields, you have to be careful. Godel's theorems are statements that involve technical properties of the axiom system in question, so they don't necessarily say anything about, for example, what philosophers call axioms. But in your particular examples, yes this can happen in logic (quite easily: "for all x, x!=x" is an unprovable statement in pure logic) but as for linguistics, I don't know much about linguistics but I don't think they work with proofs in the mathematical sense much at all.


Question: in chemistry, what's the difference between "-ite", "-ide", and "-ate"?

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 in chemistry, what's the difference between "-ite", "-ide", and "-ate"?

-ide is typically nonmetal compoundes (sodium chlorIDE). -ate is an ion with the largest number of oxygen ions, while -ite is used for a smaller number of oxygen ions (NO2 = nitrite NO3 = Nitrate) For more fun, lets look at chloride: Cl = Chloride ClO = HYPOchlorITE ClO2 = chlorITE ClO3 = ChlorATE ClO4 = PERchlorATE EDIT: A silly way to remember this is that the hungry hippo -ATE the one with more oxygens (substitute any rediculous animal to assist in making a mental image)


Question: Why does Microsoft care so much about people using Edge?

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 Why does Microsoft care so much about people using Edge?

Your user data is a valuable advertising tool, directed ads are *worth money*. You may recall that a law was passed saying your isp gets to sell your browsing data.. **Google has been collecting that kind of data for years!** That's why you get targeted google ads. If you search for a new deep fryer on google, then you start getting ads for deep fryers nestled in your gmail and on websites with google ads. They sold you out for those valuable clicks. If you use Edge, Microsoft gets to farm that data instead of google and Microsoft gets to target you for targeted ads instead.


Question: How exactly do 'low-cost' airlines make money?

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 How exactly do 'low-cost' airlines make money?

Lower amenities. Some pre-purchase fuel to better control costs. Often they fly a single type of plane, which means mechanics, parts, pilot training, etc.... is streamlined. Southwest Airlines is considered one of the best low-cost carrier success stories. They don't have assigned seating, don't list inventory in many GDS platforms (systems travel agents use to make reservations), fly only 737s, pre-purchase fuel (or put prices under contract), etc..... all of those things work together to lower overhead.


Question: What stops CEO's and other head executives from buying a large share of stock in a rival company and causing their own company's demise?

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 What stops CEO's and other head executives from buying a large share of stock in a rival company and causing their own company's demise?

The CEO is the head **employee** of a company, but they are still an employee. They are hired and fired by the Board of Directors who represent the ownership of the company(shareholders). In some cases(Facebook) the CEO is also a major shareholder that controls the Board of Directors, but this is usually not the case.


Question: Why does vaping create such a large, dense cloud of “smoke” (vapor)?

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 Why does vaping create such a large, dense cloud of “smoke” (vapor)?

Interestingly. There are less particulates in vape vapour, than there are in cigarette smoke. But cigarette smoke has smaller particulates, so it appears a lot less visible. Because the vapour is aerosolised (made into tiny droplets in the air), the droplets start to bind back together into bigger droplets (literally exactly the same as clouds work). You can see the droplets, so it appears larger and denser, but it actually isn’t. I hope that helps a bit.


Question: Why are diamonds see through?

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 Why are diamonds see through?

> I learned that glass is only see through because its somewhat liquid. This is not correct. First, [glass isn't actually a liquid]( URL_0 ), and second, plenty of solids are transparent. Lots of plastics and minerals are transparent despite being solids. Heck, you can even manufacture [transparent aluminum]( URL_1 )! The difference between something being transparent and opaque comes down to its molecular structure. Diamond and graphite are both carbon, but the carbon atoms are arranged differently. In diamond, the atoms are aligned into a grid pattern which allows light to pass through. In graphite, the same atoms are arranged in a layered hexagonal pattern which blocks light.


Question: How does the World Bank work?

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 How does the World Bank work?

Anyone can lend money to governments by buying bonds from them. It is considered a fairly safe form of investment. It is therefore used a lot by savings banks, pension funds and the like. You are likely either directly or indirectly lending some of your money to the government yourself. As for the World Bank that is more of a charitable set of institutions. They provide fairly good loan terms to poorer countries, similar to how student loans provide fairly good loan terms to students. And similar to government student loans programs the World Banks lose money and needs donations from its member countries. The oroginal intention was for the World Bank to provide loans to poorer countries, originally warn torn countries from WWII, to prevent them being bought out by the Communists. There is still some of that original ideology left but it is now mostly charitable as well as some more complex political motives. Most countries in the world borrow money from privates, mostly their own citizens.


Question: Why does Wikipedia need money?

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 Why does Wikipedia need money?

Servers are like playgrounds. And even though other people come and do sports or have races and make the playground fun, when you have so many people using the playground, someone has to do some upkeep. The jungle gym needs to be replaced. The grass needs to be mowed. The nets need replacing on the basketball court. So, because everybody is having fun on the playground, there really isn't one kid responsible for fixing these things. So, there's a groundskeeper who keeps the playground fun and safe for everybody. And occasionally, that groundskeeper asks for a little bit of money to help pay for his time and the money he spent on the new equipment.


Question: Why can’t you melt wood?

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 Why can’t you melt wood?

Wood is a combination of thousands of different chemical compounds - each of them has a temperature where it'll **melt**, and another temperature where it'll **ignite**, and yet another where it will **thermally decompose**. If *any* part of wood ignites, the heat from that flame is likely to burn and break down the other components - quite possibly before they reach their melting points. Here's some information from the pros who care about forest fires, which breaks down wood-burn into several different regimes, and goes over it for several species of tree. Pretty cool, actually. URL_0


Question: What does sunlight consist of, and why do some parts pass through windows while other parts don't?

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</answer>
 What does sunlight consist of, and why do some parts pass through windows while other parts don't?

Sunlight and heat are (in simple terms, heat is complex) both electromagnetic radiation. They just have different frequencies (the rate at which the wave repeats itself, think of it like the number of waves in a given stretch of ocean). UV light (higher frequency) causes sun burn. It’s blocked by special glazing on the glass. Visible light, and IR radiation (lower frequency) which feels like heat, are transmitted through the glass to your body.


Question: Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

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 Why do blues look darker than yellows when colours are the same intensity?

It has to do with the *way* that we see color. Inside your eyes are little structures called cones and rods. There are cones and rods for blue, red, and green. * When blue light hits your eyes, it activated the blue receptors strongly, but very poorly activated the others. * Red light activated the red receptors strongly, and a little bit of the green receptors, and very poorly with the blue receptors. * Green light activated the green receptors strongly, and a little bit of the red and blue. * Yellow light activates the green receptors strongly, the red receptors moderately, and the blue receptors very poorly (often not at all). There’s more to it, though. We perceive different luminosity of the colors themselves. Red is about twice as “bright” as blue, and green is about six times as bright as blue. When you want to specify the luminosity of a color, you take a ratio (59% green value, 30% red value, and just 11% of the blue value). This is because of how the light activated receptors. More active receptors means it’s brighter, but since each base color has its own brightness, we need to add it up to find out! This means that yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors, and active on multiple receptors, so it appears even brighter than either on their own. If you care for the formula: L[Y] = (0.30R x 1) + (0.59G x 1) + (0.11B x 0) = 0.89 This is a fancy way of saying that it has a luminance of 0.89 out of a possible 1. Red would have 0.3 on its own, green would be 0.59, and blue would be 0.11. ##Too Long Didn’t Read; I’m Not A Scientist Basically, your eyes see different colors at different brightnesses because they’re more or less efficient at absorbing those colors. Because yellow is a combination of the two brightest colors that we perceive with cones and rods added together, it appears much brighter than other colors. It’s like you have three buckets. One filled with water, one filled with wine, and one filled with Gatorade. This isn’t a party I want to go to, but all right. Each bucket has a hole in the bottom. The water hole is 1 inch, the wine hole is 3 inches, and the Gatorade hole is 6 inches. If you open the holes for 1 second, you don’t get the same amount of liquid from each bucket. The size of the hole limits how much gets through. Bummer. But! If you hold the buckets over a bathtub and open multiple buckets, you end up with more than either bucket let out! Also it tastes terrible, don’t drink it.


Question: - Why software has to be rewritten or updated for the Apple next gen macbook featuring ARM processor?

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 - Why software has to be rewritten or updated for the Apple next gen macbook featuring ARM processor?

Different processor architectures have different instruction sets. If you think of it as a worker and software as a manual for doing a job a worker that speaks English needs a different manual from a worker that speaks Spanish. Also it's much better to have a native Spanish speaker write your Spanish manual then to have your Spanish workers put the parts of the manual they're currently using through a translator every time they need it.


Question: If our stomach is all acidic with HCl, how doesn't puke burn the crap out of us?

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 If our stomach is all acidic with HCl, how doesn't puke burn the crap out of us?

The acid in vomit can damage your throat, teeth, and mouth and this is a major risk of bulimia. But for the occasional day of throwing up, your throat and mouth are covered in mucus and saliva that does a pretty good job protecting the relatively low concentration of acid in vomit.


Question: Why smartphones don't have paper white screens so you can see them better in the sun?

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 Why smartphones don't have paper white screens so you can see them better in the sun?

Paperwhite is a type of electronic ink screen that uses tiny magnetized balls to show pixels on the display. For reading, it is perfect. Text and black and white images display with a decent resolution and minimal issue, but it's next to worthless for video or color. Trying to make a phone with a Paperwhite display would limit the usefulness of the device to that of an early-model phone and eReader.


Question: When metal is being shaped, why do the outer layers flake off?

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 When metal is being shaped, why do the outer layers flake off?

Many times those outer layers aren't actually the metal but a layer of metal oxide compounds (sort of like rust) formed when the hot metal interacts with the oxygen in the air. This is especially noticeable if you're watching blacksmithing or forging of iron. [In a video like this, you can see the layer of "scale" forming while they're moving the piece around]( URL_0 ). In other cases, you'll see people blowing it off with compressed air jets.


Question: How do countries loan money to other countries?

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 How do countries loan money to other countries?

Most of it is done through bonds. In your example, Canada would announce there are issuing bonds, each one will be worth $1000 CAD in 20 years. There would then auction them off. Anyone, countries, corporations, individuals, would bid on them, and they would sell for maybe $500, give them a yield of about 3.5% a year. Note that Canada is not borrowing money from anyone in particular. They are offering a few million bonds, and whoever buys them, they are the lender.


Question: Why are certain memories remembered more than others, despite not having much significance to them ?

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 Why are certain memories remembered more than others, despite not having much significance to them ?

Memories are reinforced when you remember them. Because, then you have two memories of an event, when it actually happened and when you thought about it later. Do this many times and that memory will be remembered more than others. For instance, when you went to the grocery store about 4 weeks ago, you haven't thought about it since. Now you can't even remember what day that was, what the total cost was, or what people (strangers) you had seen there. But that really embarrassing thing you did in high school, you've thought about that about 800 times and you can remember it quite well.


Question: What IS the purpose of horrifying stock photos like the ones that make up r/wtfstockphotos? Who commissions these?

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 What IS the purpose of horrifying stock photos like the ones that make up r/wtfstockphotos? Who commissions these?

A stock photo, *by definition*, isn't a commissioned photo. It's just a picture that someone took, and added to a big *stockpile* in the hopes that someone digging through the stockpile would find it, like it, and pay for the rights to use it. Someone commissions a photo when they don't want to use a stock photo.


Question: What is the respiratory exchange ratio, and what does it mean when it’s over 1.0?

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 What is the respiratory exchange ratio, and what does it mean when it’s over 1.0?

The ratio is CO2 you produce to the O2 you consume gives the RER. different bioenergy sources have different ratios because they take different amounts of oxygen to fully break down for every CO2 produced. So fat is 0.7 and carbs is 1, keeping it simple. However, it can often rise above 1 but not due to metabolic reasons. Because the more you consume energy the more you'll use O2 and the more you'll produce CO2. The absolute amounts may change, but ratio change is different. Usually, when you exercise the increased breathing rate and the acidity of the blood (due to lactic acid from muscle) rise. This causes an increase in CO2 produced in a breath regardless of substrate use. We have a buffer in the blood, and the more CO2 the more acidic, it's just how its chemistry is, so when you have acidity on the rise the body tries to rid itself of some CO2 to bring the pH back up.


Question: if looked at under an extremely powerful microscope, what would sub-atomic particles look like? What would the space between them look like?

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 if looked at under an extremely powerful microscope, what would sub-atomic particles look like? What would the space between them look like?

Part of the problem with you question is that "looking" is something that is not independent of size. Visible light has a wavelength from 390 to 700 nm (3.9 to 4 x 10^−7 m) while atoms have a radius of 30 to 300 pm (3 to 30 x10^-11 m). So seeing is not really applicable here visible light does not work at this scale.


Question: How a railgun functions and also Lenz’s law and Fareday’s law have to do with it?

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 How a railgun functions and also Lenz’s law and Fareday’s law have to do with it?

Because Science did a video on this and explains better than me ( URL_0 ). However, here is a basic run down. It uses the Lorenz force for all of it. Effectively running a current through a wire will cause of a force experiences perpendicular to that wire. The force is directly increased and decreased with the amount of current run though the wire. So, the idea is run a massive amount of current through a large wire. The proportional force will be immense. However, it is not very focused. Railguns focus this power by creating long tubes in order to focus the force down the barrel.


Question: Why '5 year survival rates' for cancer?

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 Why '5 year survival rates' for cancer?

> Why do doctors use 5 year survival rates for cancer? Is it because cancer rarely re-occurs after 5 years? Is it because cancer often comes back after 5 years? It gives a good indication of if the treatment will effectively extend the patient's life. Something like a year would be too short and a decade too long. Using 5 years as the reference point indicates if whatever the treatment was worked in keeping them alive.


Question: If I try to simultaneously charge my phone with a cable and a wireless charger, will it charge quicker than it would with only one of these? Why or why not?

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 If I try to simultaneously charge my phone with a cable and a wireless charger, will it charge quicker than it would with only one of these? Why or why not?

[Here's an article]( URL_0 ) that tested that. The short of it is no, it doesn't make it charge any faster. Why? generally phones only have one charging circuit/controller, that is, once it hits its charging peak from a source, which is generally enough from a single source, its not charging any faster, its already going as fast and best it can. Though I don't know how it would work from two sub-optimal sources, but I suspect it will simply charge from the "best" of the two sources.


Question: If the universe is expanding, does that mean we have an increasingly less likely chance of being hit by an asteroid?

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 If the universe is expanding, does that mean we have an increasingly less likely chance of being hit by an asteroid?

Not really, the universe is expanding but even nearby galaxies have a strong enough gravitational pull that they continue to move towards us or remain where they are. We only really have a risk of being hit by objects in the solar system or near our solar system, the growth of the universe definitely does not effect object which are that close or even in our galaxy really.


Question: Where do virtual particles come from?

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 Where do virtual particles come from?

If virtual particles are to be considered to exist at all (a prerequisite for them to "come from" anywhere) then they would be sourced from the underlying spacetime manifold which is our universe. But virtual particles are limited by the uncertainty principle, an asserted fundamental limit to the precision at which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can be known. A better way to think of things is that "real" particles are persistent excitations of the underlying field while "virtual" particles are transient excitations which occur during the calculations of other interactions. It is somewhat questionable if they really can be said to exist.


Question: How does Curvature Speed works? Doesn't it break what we thought was a law of physic?

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 How does Curvature Speed works? Doesn't it break what we thought was a law of physic?

FTL travel through space is not possible. Full stop, no "but maybe"s, no "that's just closed minded" no other nonsense like that. Nobody proved anything. ~~I've seen the paper, it's about as theoretically accurate as the starship Enterprise.~~ it turns out this is a different paper. It still doesn't prove anything, but there is a possible theoretical framework for the warp drives suggested if you make some unverified assumptions. There is no telling what would happen if something did go faster than light, because it breaks our universe. It's like asking "Okay, but if 3 > 4, what would happen?" I don't know, it's impossible to tell.


Question: How do CDs/DVDs/game disks work?

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 How do CDs/DVDs/game disks work?

The shiny layers on the disks have tiny groves cut into them in circles around the center. These groves are only a few hundred nanometers wide which is just wide enough for a laser beam. So the disk reader have a laser shining at this grove and a detector that detects the reflection of the laser. This means that it can detect where the grove is cut and where the reflective surface is left intact as the disk spins around. This forms a pattern of ones and zeroes that gets converted into data for the rest of the machine to read.


Question: If a person is kicked out of a spaceship to die, assuming they are going fast enough to maintain an orbit around the sun and won't drift towards it, would their frozen bodies exist forever? Or would the radiation break down the frozen bodies over time?

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 If a person is kicked out of a spaceship to die, assuming they are going fast enough to maintain an orbit around the sun and won't drift towards it, would their frozen bodies exist forever? Or would the radiation break down the frozen bodies over time?

The radiation wouldn't really be a problem since the person's already dead - after all liquid has evaporated, you'd be left with a mummy not unlike the ones found on earth. Coats of space dust would eventually turn the body unrecognizable in the span of a few millenia, effectively turning it into a micrometeorite. There's also a somewhat related [xkcd]( URL_0 ) on this.


Question: In the most common isotope of hydrogen, it has no neutrons. That would leave 1 proton and 1 electron in the atom. So how does the electron stay in orbit if there are no other electrons to repel from when it tries to get ti the proton???

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 In the most common isotope of hydrogen, it has no neutrons. That would leave 1 proton and 1 electron in the atom. So how does the electron stay in orbit if there are no other electrons to repel from when it tries to get ti the proton???

First of all, this is a really good question, which puzzled scientists for a long time and was major problem for the atom model, until Quantum Physics saved the day. And that not only for atoms with a single electron. Even if there are multiple electrons, one would expect them to fall into the nucleus one by one, attracted by its opposite charge. Nobody ever believed that they would keep each other away from the nucleus: someone would win the race and get there. The wrong idea was the same as a planet orbiting around its sun. After all, the planet is attracted toward the sun too (by gravity), but it does not fall into it... Well, not immediately. However, because of frictions, a planet does spiral toward its sun and eventually falls into it. This can be understood as the planet slowly losing (gravitational) energy, which is dissipated into heat. What's worst, once in the sun there's no coming back: no way to regain that dissipated energy. Only, for planets, energy loss (e.g, friction from space dust) is so small, and the initial energy is so big, that the planet will stay in orbit basically unaffected for much longer than the sun lives anyway. But for the atom, it's a different story. You don't even need space dust to lose some energy. Any charge moving (such as electrons) produces electromagnetic radiation (light) which costs a bit of energy and makes energy go down, bit by bit. The electron should then be spiralling toward the nucleus, and once all energy is spent, the electron should be in the nucleus, and never come back. By everyone's calculations, this should be very quick and atoms shouldn't last milliseconds. How atoms lived for billions and billions years, instead, was a complete mystery. The answer turned out to be... really strange. Turns out, at small scales you cannot just "lose a bit of energy". Energy comes in tiny packets, called quantums, and either you have one full quantum or none, with nothing in between. You cannot have half a quantum. It's like having one-cent coins, but no "half-a-cent coin". So you can have 50 cents or 51 cents but never 50.5 cents, or 50.9 cents. At atomic scales, energy of an electron is so small, that it cannot actually be lost "bit by bit". Either a full quantum of energy is spent, or none. When an electron has only its "last cent" of energy left, it can never spend it in part, so it does not spend it at all, ever (to "buy" electomagnetic radiation), and so it never falls into the nucleus.


Question: What causes the "Karen" complex?

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 What causes the "Karen" complex?

Men can absolutely be Karens. Actually it certainly started there. I would suggest that Karens started with more rights and freedoms given (rightfully so) to women in general in the 60s-70s. This combined with the wave of US parenting attitude of the 2000s where each kid is nurtured to think he/she is special, precious and exceptional based on nothing but parental need to pour love and not actual achievements meant that some kids got the feeling that whatever they did was soooo perfect and warranted. And most importantly, when something didn’t meet their unreasonable expectations, they would turn to mommy or daddy to make it right. And the parent would then always turn the situation in the kids favour, even if not deserved. Few of these parents actually were that one sided and had to eventually get into some sort of discipline so that the kid learned the hard way that not everything is ok and even if parental love is ever forgiving, the rest of the society isn’t and you should take that into account. But some parents and kids from the 90-2000s will have made it through and grown up having locked these feelings in. For men you will find entitled assholes that think they can do whatever they want, ask for whichever salary they think they deserve and crash their way through the system. For women, they will appear super entitled and always refer to see the authority when something is not to their liking. Thinking it’s the equivalent of their parents having the authority to reverse the “injustice” to them without actually getting to weigh both sides merit. My 2 cents.


Question: How does the United States Profit from War?

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 How does the United States Profit from War?

Increased production, mainly. Government contractors are contracted for not only more equipment, but in general R & D increases in wartime. This in turn increases tax revenue from the various ways corporations and employees are taxed. WWII, for instance, saw a massive boost in manufacturing in the U.S. Whether or not that can be considered a 'profit' is a whole 'nuther conversation.


Question: How are Lightning and USB-C connectors able to work in both orientations?

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 How are Lightning and USB-C connectors able to work in both orientations?

No, it's really the physical symmetry. USB-C was designed to be symmetric because the Lightning solution (which was non-standard) was very well received by users. It takes twice as many connectors, more parts, more complexity, more gold; but yet users find it's very worth it not to have to figure out which side of the connector is up. There are other things that work this way, like car keys, and it's pretty well known in human factors circles as "the right way to do it".


Question: Why is cloud computing and virtual machines are so much more cost effective than traditional hardware?

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 Why is cloud computing and virtual machines are so much more cost effective than traditional hardware?

When you buy traditional hardware, you own it or lease it, you have to have a physical place to put it (data center), network hardware to connect it, physical lines to connect it to networks, power supply, cooling all the hardware, etc. those are significant up front and ongoing costs. With cloud hardware, you pay a monthly fee and someone else worries about all of it. You also have the ability to scale up based on demand... for instance if you’re a large AAA game dev company and you are launching a new platform in a few days, you may need 10x the web capacity to handle requests that you don’t normally have, cloud can do that for you. You pay (usually) by the minute instead of having to plan for maximum capacity, you can do just enough to meet demand. And when the spike is over, you can scale the web back to “normal”. Because you didn’t buy the machines to support it, you don’t have to sell them afterwards or take depreciation. It’s the same reason you don’t buy a car when you travel, you just rent it for the time you need it, then return it, someone else worries about the maintenance and cleaning etc


Question: How does national debt actually effect the lives of normal people?

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 How does national debt actually effect the lives of normal people?

Politicians love to equate Government finance to personal finance scaring people into believe that any kind of debt is bad and that the government has out of control spending, when in reality operating the Government has far more in common with corporate finance that personal. Corporations and Governments operate in debt all the time and it's perfectly normal and healthy. The catch is making sure that debt is sustainable. In the case of Governments money should be borrowed during times of economic recession. It may seems counter intuitive but government spending and borrowing helps drive the economy which in turns gets you out of the recession. Government cut backs and austerity actually make the economy worse. But that debt has to be paid back. If it's allowed to grow out of control eventually it could cause an economic collapse, but that is doom and gloom scenario. Politically speaking more often than not austerity and lowering government spending has more to do with lowering taxes than actually reducing the deficit. While increasing the debt (politically speaking) is about not having to raise taxes and making the politicians unpopular. The average person isn't really affected by government debt in the same way as increased taxes, which is why the government borrows so much. For the average person government debt doesn't affect your directly, only indirectly. If you have a retirement plan or a pension there is a very good chance that much of that money is invested in Government bonds, which is loaning the government money. This is generally considered a very safe investment because the government is highly unlikely to default on the debt and pays decent interest rates. Worldwide retirement and pension funds actually rely very heavily on government debt to work. Another factor is that debt keeps your taxes low. One of the main reasons to borrow money is to pay for government programs, infrastructure, and wars without raising taxes. A percentage of your tax dollars is used to pay back debt though, so it's give and take.


Question: Users who do game programming with Unity and C#, what is a float?

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 Users who do game programming with Unity and C#, what is a float?

It's a special kind of decimal where the decimal point "floats" around the number, allowing it to represent numbers that are bigger and smaller than you would be able to otherwise. Say you had a piece of paper and you could only fit 10 numbers on it. You divide it into 10 boxes, like this: xxxxxxxxxx - the xs can be any number between 0 and 9 What's the biggest number you can represent? 9999999999 - because if you were to go any higher, you'd need an extra box, and go off the side of the paper. Okay, how could we represent a decimal number? We could agree beforehand that the decimal point goes in the middle of the paper, like this: xxxxx.xxxxx But what is the largest number we can write now? 99999.99999 - because the decimal point is in the middle, we only have five spaces on each side. We've cut the maximum size of the number by a factor of 10000! Okay, let's find a better way. What if, instead of putting the decimal point in a fixed spot, we reserve one of the boxes and use it to position the decimal point wherever we want? Like this: p xxxxxxxxx To figure out what decimal number we're talking about, we look at the value of p and count that many spaces from the first x number. That's where we put our decimal point. For example: 5 999999999 means count 5 spaces from the first 9, giving us 99999.9999 Now we can represent any number between 0 and 9999999, and they can be decimals too! The only problem is that when we pick really big numbers, we run out of space on the right to fit the decimal bit in. That's what causes game physics to start breaking when you're really far from the middle of the map.


Question: Whats so great about LED headlights? I understand that they're energy efficient but if they're blinding everyone else on the road is it even worth it?

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 Whats so great about LED headlights? I understand that they're energy efficient but if they're blinding everyone else on the road is it even worth it?

Yes. When fitted by the manufacturer they shouldn't to blind you and in newer lights they can actively turn sections off to prevent blinding. But Old uncle Joe that goes and buys aftermarket bulbs and doesn't set them up on a beam setter will blind every oncoming car, but if led lights hadn't been invented uncle Joe would just buy 120watt off road xenon plus bulbs and blind you the old fasioned way. In certain countries its a legal requirement to have head lights calibrated and not blinding to oncoming drivers.


Question: . How does a PDF compressor work? How does it give the same quality, with lower size?

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 . How does a PDF compressor work? How does it give the same quality, with lower size?

PDF are technically not "an image", but rather text, special text, "code". A lot of that can be considered "clutter", often left behind for redundancy or for being inefficient. Compressors usually de-clutter the file, then applies actual compression (which Tom Scott made an excellent video about on youtube, I recommend checking it out.) In short: Trims the excess useless fat, then applies regular compression.


Question: Why do things sound louder at night than during the day?

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 Why do things sound louder at night than during the day?

"Loudness" is partially about the context of all other sounds. Like a jet engine is always loud in most everyday situations. But if you're judging between the loudness of talking and whispering, it also depends on how loud the environment is. Night time is way quieter than daytime because people aren't as active (meaning their machines are also less active, like cars). Why is this the case? Because perception isn't the same thing as the actual physical properties. E.g., the same wavelength of blue light can look darker or brighter if it is surrounded by dark (it'll look even brighter) or bright (it looks even darker) colors. Picture example: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) famously, A and B are the exact same shade. But we perceive them differently. Perception is a complicated thing. Edit to add: I also forgot the role of attention. More attention == heightened sensory perception. You pay more attention to your sounds at night because you're aware you're supposed to be quiet.


Question: - Does the newly added Us inflation give to me (a European) more power to buy products from the us?

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 - Does the newly added Us inflation give to me (a European) more power to buy products from the us?

No because the Euro can also inflate/deflate. It means that if you are a producer of goods or services, you can now sell those goods or services to the US for more money than before. Inflation rate is pegged to the prices of goods and services. Foreign exchange rates are tracked separately.