Question: how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?

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 how does nausea work? Does the level or degree to which you feel nauseous have anything to do with surface area of your stomach? Or what mechanism determines how nauseous you feel in a given situation?

Nurse here. Part of our brain (known as the medulla oblongata) senses substances (or chemicals) that tell our bodies they are sick or under extreme stress. When these substances are detected it triggers a warning to stop whatever you’re doing eating, spinning around fast, etc. That warning is nausea. There is a second part in the same area of the brain that gets triggered and causes the muscles involved in puking to contract and cause you to vomit. Vomiting is the body’s way of expelling something potentially harmful from inside you. Vomiting can have lots of triggers including illness, driving in a car, slow movement of food through your stomach/intestines, certain smells, hormones, exercise, anxiety, drugs, etc. Some people’s systems are more sensitive than others simply just because we are all unique individuals. Also, since the brain is part of your nervous system having an overreactive nervous system or certain medical conditions can make you more prone to nausea/vomiting.


Question: Why does campfire smoke "follow people around?"

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 Why does campfire smoke "follow people around?"

When you move you create minor low pressure areas in your wake, and the smoke follows that. However once you stop moving, or in a steady breeze, these quickly go away. Generally, smoke doesn't actually follow you around a campfire. You're just sitting too close and random eddies in the air are giving you a faceful of smoke. If you stop sitting so close that your shoes are toasting on the rocks, you won't have this problem unless you're actually sitting downwind of a smoky fire.


Question: Converting decimal to binary in octets?

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 Converting decimal to binary in octets?

I think what you are asking is, how to deal with a decimal that converts to a binary less than a full 8 digits. If this isn't what you are asking I'm sorry. Binary is counted from the right. Each 1 represents you adding that place's value to the total, and each 0 does not. So for example: 1100001 = 97 But you are right, in IP addresses, you have octets or group of 8's. So you just pad it with a 0. 01100001 = 97 because the padded position is a zero, so you don't add that number to the total.


Question: If a certain result has a 1/x chance to occur per action, on average which iteration will it first occur on?

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 If a certain result has a 1/x chance to occur per action, on average which iteration will it first occur on?

What you're asking about is the [expected value]( URL_2 ) of a [geometric distribution]( URL_1 ). And yes, the expected value of a geometric distribution with probability of 1/X is X. You correctly note that the probability of it not happening at that point is less than 50%, but the way the expected value works, is it's weighted by both the probability, and the value. There is a small but non-zero probability of getting 10000*X. Since the lowest possible outcome is 1, the right side is much larger than the left side. This is described by a property called [skewness]( URL_0 ).


Question: Is there less Oxygen in the air in Winter?

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 Is there less Oxygen in the air in Winter?

A little, though deciduous trees are just one factor. Other photosynthesising organisms like algae reduce in output due to the shorter days. There's a current trend of O2 depletion of \~0.0035% per year, and within that a seasonal variation of \~0.007%. So basically tiny amounts, and the concentration this winter will be approx the concentration in summer 2018. [Here's a short paper with a bunch of graphs]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do almost all countries still have speed limits on highways, even though Germany has no speed limit and has a low crash rate?

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 Why do almost all countries still have speed limits on highways, even though Germany has no speed limit and has a low crash rate?

I don't know much about the Hitler thing that other guy is talking about, but an important distinction for your question is that compared to America and the UK, Germany has extremely difficult driving standards. This is just a quick jump away from the idea that if your driving standards are higher, you will have less drivers in total, but those that do drive will drive on average at a higher caliber. With safer roads, better drivers, and safer cars, there is little need for Germany to have speed restrictions. Edit: Wikipedia states that the cost for the test and class alone in Germany is about 1800$, which was way more than the 200$ for the class and 35$ for the test here in California.


Question: Why do men have more blood than women of a similar size?

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 Why do men have more blood than women of a similar size?

1 - blood is inversely proportional to body fat percentage. And on average females have more fat then males at the same weight and height 2 - menstruation causes women to lose some blood, that needs to be replaced 3 - it has been shown that higher levels of testosterone causes more blood production. (And faster clotting times)


Question: How or Why do Mushrooms grow on Rocks, even if Rocks aren't even composed of Decomposing Materials which they digest?

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 How or Why do Mushrooms grow on Rocks, even if Rocks aren't even composed of Decomposing Materials which they digest?

The mushroom itself is the “fruit” of the larger fungus structure, and it tries to raise up high to help spread the fungal spores. The mycelium “body” of the fungus is concealed nearby feeding on debris, perhaps even underneath the rock. The mycelium can be quite large and diffuse, covering a large area in thin root-like structures.


Question: Why can't you eat pills? Why do you have to swallow it? Isn't it the same thing? It's still going to get digested.

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 Why can't you eat pills? Why do you have to swallow it? Isn't it the same thing? It's still going to get digested.

Pill are designed to break down at a specific rate releasing the medication gradually as it is digested. If you chew it up it will break down much faster and you can overdose on the medication by absorbing it too quickly. Most medications are also very bitter tasting compounds and they would just taste horrible.


Question: What happens to the healthcare sector of the economy if single payer healthcare goes into effect?

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 What happens to the healthcare sector of the economy if single payer healthcare goes into effect?

Doctors and hospitals would still get paid. Probably more since the uninsured would actually pay their bills now. Insurance companies would go out of business, maybe the rank and file will go to healthcare admin jobs with the govt. the CEOs and managers I’m sure will find some other jobs draining money from people uselessly. And people will stop going bankrupt over medical bills. But I’m not an expert...


Question: What makes the human mind dwell so easily on embarrassing experiences even after a long time since they occurred?

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 What makes the human mind dwell so easily on embarrassing experiences even after a long time since they occurred?

Embarrassment usually happens when you perceive yourself to have messed up in some way (especially when others witness it). Humans are social creatures, and our group is really important. We don't want to lose our group because they think we are screw ups, so the brain tries to hammer home every mistake so that we don't make it again. Does that make sense/answer your question?


Question: why does wine go bad when exposed to air, but when air gets through the cork in tiny amounts it ages?

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 why does wine go bad when exposed to air, but when air gets through the cork in tiny amounts it ages?

You got something backwards in there. It's doesn't get O2 through the cork, it gets O2 FROM the cork. It's a finite amount of oxygen contained withing the compressed cork itself, thats why they seal the bottle with wax or a metal wrapper outside the cork. You want a little O2 for the nice slow oxidation of compounds in there to age properly, but once it's sealed the outside air isn't getting in. Letting it breathe when it's open aims for a different reaction with other compounds, and its much more dramatic. But let it go on too long and the wine will be real nasty. So both aging and breathing aim for oxidation reactions, but different compounds at different rates for different goals.


Question: How does the temperature of meat continue to rise after the heat source has been removed?

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 How does the temperature of meat continue to rise after the heat source has been removed?

Imagine you've got a burger, and the outside is 180 degrees from touching the grill, and the inside is 140 degrees since it takes longer for heat to reach the middle. Once you take the burger off the grill, the outside will start cooling off and getting closer to the temperature of the air around it. But since the outside is still much hotter than the inside (180 compared to 140), some of the heat from the outside will continue to transfer to the inside of the burger. So if you were to poke a thermometer into the middle, it might show that the internal temperature has gone up, even if the outsides are cooling off!


Question: Why does the ISS not melt if the thermosphere is 500°C +?

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 Why does the ISS not melt if the thermosphere is 500°C +?

The ISS (or anything else in the thermosphere) doesn't have any problem with the temperature because there's basically no air, it's almost a vacuum. Hot gas heats up cold objects predominantly by running into it, and there's so little of it in the thermosphere that an object sitting there gets collided with sufficiently infrequently that it just doesn't heat up to any significant degree.


Question: Why do hot countries like India, Mexico, Spain etc.. eat very spicy food? Isn't it hot enough as it is?

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 Why do hot countries like India, Mexico, Spain etc.. eat very spicy food? Isn't it hot enough as it is?

There a few different theories. One is simply that spicy peppers grow well in hot climates, and people traditionally ate what was easy to grow. So, traditional cuisines included local vegetables and spices, including spicy peppers. Another is that spicy foods help you cool down. Although eating spicy food might make your mouth burn, they don't actually raise your core temperature. Instead, they make you sweat and your skin flush, which cools you down. A third possibility has to do with spoilage. Food spoils faster in hot climates, and some spices have antimicrobial properties that can slow down the spoilage, or at least the spiciness can cover up the taste of food that has begun to spoil.


Question: How does garbage collection work in the US? Is it done by private companies or the government? If the former, then who pays the private companies?

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 How does garbage collection work in the US? Is it done by private companies or the government? If the former, then who pays the private companies?

It depends in the location, some areas will have a city or county trash service from the government. Other areas will have private companies. If its a private company then the people will get a bill directly from the trash company. Where i live there are multiple companies that will do residential trash pickup. But just a few miles away in the city the government does it and (i believe) its a separate bill still, but paid to a specific department in the government.


Question: Why do fully able adults struggle with Right and Left?

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 Why do fully able adults struggle with Right and Left?

Left/right discrimination involves a lot of processes; language processing (since these are verbal/written labels), spatial processing, memory, etc. It's arbitrary (unlike up/down, which is defined by gravity). It's relative - The post office is to your right? Turn around; now it's to your left. It's something our brain wasn't really made for; it's purely a cultural thing, so unlike many functions our brain isn't evolved to deal with it.


Question: Why does hormonal acne tend to pop up on your chin/jawline, as apposed to elsewhere on the body?

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 Why does hormonal acne tend to pop up on your chin/jawline, as apposed to elsewhere on the body?

What else is happening during that time of your life, particularly for boys? Hair development. The main reason this area gets hit hard is that hormonal changes affecting hair follicles where the beard develops produce extra sebum, the oily substance that lubricates your skin and helps hair grow without impediment (ingrown hairs). The oily nature of sebum causes extra bacteria to build up in the opening follicles, causing an immune response that creates the pus associated with acne.


Question: How do you make a pill and how does it work?

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 How do you make a pill and how does it work?

A pill is basically the medicine on a carrier made of starch or maltodextrin. They do this because the medicament in its raw form might be very hard to produce as a pill, because the needed dose is something like 20mg (0.02 grams), which you can't really make. How that medicament is made in the first place is a whole other story I can't explain to you.


Question: Why could retro cartridge-based games not save player data without a battery backup? Why do modern cartridge-based systems not let you do this as well?

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 Why could retro cartridge-based games not save player data without a battery backup? Why do modern cartridge-based systems not let you do this as well?

Technology like the Non-volatile memory in SDcards didn't exist yet, or at least not in a commercially viable form. If the classic NES was made today the system would contain either a hard drive, an SDcard slot, or a portion of non-volatile memory on the motherboard. The Cartridges used on older systems like an Atari or Nintendo were ROMs. Read-Only-Memory The chips were created at the factory without the ability to be modified so there was no way to store dynamic information on them. To get around this cartridges would have a small amount of NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) that could store variables (like what level you are on, your life total, which weapons you unlocked, etc) even if the power was shut down. NVRAM can only keep its contents if it has a constantly power source, which in the case of Nintendo games was a small watch battery inside the cartridge. > Furthermore with the advancements in storage and us now having SD cards the size of ones fingernail why cant player data be stored on a a Nintendo 3DS/Switch cart? They total could, they just don't :D There is no reason that Nintendo couldn't use common SDCard technology to release video games for a portable system, other than they don't want to. Probably for anti-piracy reasons.


Question: Why do we have dofferent gauges of needle for injection? What difference does it make?

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 Why do we have dofferent gauges of needle for injection? What difference does it make?

Ooh, I know this one, as I regularly have to take an intramuscular injection. Needles come in a huge variety of gauges, with the larger numbers being smaller in diameter and vice versa, so an 18 gauge drawing needle would be much bigger in diameter than a 24 gauge intramuscular needle which would be much bigger in diameter than a 30 gauge subdermal insulin needle. The smallest ones are for water-based solutions like insulin. Their viscosity is very low so they push easily through the tiny needle. The bigger ones like 24-21 gauge gauge needles are for more viscous (thicker) solutions like testosterone, which is an oil-based solution or some antibiotics like Bicillin which is just really thick stuff. The ones in the teens like an 18 gauge drawing needle is for pulling the medicine out of its vial. The viscous oil is hard to push through the needle and even harder to pull with the vacuum pressure of pulling on a syringe, so the hole the medicine needs to travel through needs to be bigger to allow the person using it to get the medicine into the syringe without spending a minute or more getting the medicine out of the vial. Other uses are as others have said before me, based around flow rate, like when a person is donating blood. It would take a LONG time to pull almost a half liter of blood (standard donation is 470 ml) through a small needle and if the donation were plasma, the blood cells would need to be returned to the person and would be way too viscous to try to push through a small needle.


Question: Can someone explain what a derivative of a function tells you about a function? For example what does dy/dx mean ?

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 Can someone explain what a derivative of a function tells you about a function? For example what does dy/dx mean ?

There are a *lot* of possible interpretations of the derivative. The usual explanation is that dy/dx tells you how fast y changes when you increase x by a small amount. If dy/dx = 3, for example, that means that if you increase x by a small amount, y increases by 3 times that amount. If dy/dx = -1.6, that means that if you increase x by a small amount, y "increases by -1.6 times" that amount, or more intuitively, y *decreases* by 1.6 times that amount. Think of "dy" and "dx" as symbols representing, roughly, "a very small change in y" and "a very small change in x" - this turns out to be a bit tricky to justify formally but will almost always be an instructive guide on how to use them or how to interpret equations involving them.


Question: Why do your stomach and chest hurt when you are depressed?

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 Why do your stomach and chest hurt when you are depressed?

The mind and the body are not separate things. Rather, they are one thing that can't be separated. As Surya Vanamali points out, scientists are finding more and more evidence of this every day. One interesting implication of this is something that anyone can try out on their own. Not only do states of mind correspond to feelings that we identify as being in the body, but the information travels the other way, as well. You can put your body in various postures, and those postures will cause you to experience various emotions or feelings. I once went to the Asia museum at the Smithsonian and went around looking at the various statues of Indian gods and goddesses. They are all in characteristic poses or mudrahs. I had my daughter, who was maybe five at the time, try to imitate these poses. One was the pedagogical pose, where you are standing with one hand held out flat, palm up and the other held flat, pointing to the sky. In this pose you find yourself feeling like you are pontificating. You feel knowledgeable. Another pose is one I can't do -- the lotus position. It makes you feel calm. There are other poses, and not all of them are in the Indian pantheon. For example, if you raise your arms up and to the side, lean back and look up to the sky, you will feel a feeling as if your heart is opening. You will find yourself feeling acceptance and openness to the all. And if you kneel down, and bend over and touch your head to the ground, in the pose known as "child's pose" in yoga, you will find yourself feeling reverent, calm, and possibly loving. I suppose these don't work all the time, but often enough. Various emotions are felt in various postures. It works from the internal experience to the posture as well as from the posture to the internal experience. If you are depressed, you will feel a weight in your chest (heart) and stomach. Sometime you will feel that jazzed up feeling that many of us interpret as anxiety. I know I've felt it, and oftentimes it happened for no apparent reason. Eventually the feelings became too powerful and I had to get treated for depression. When it first happened, I assumed it had to mean something. It felt like someone had died. Now I know that things can go wrong in my brain, and I can feel these things for no reason. I know now that I don't have to take these feelings at face value. They might just be a malfunctioning brain. They might be that I was in the wrong posture. The reason we feel them, though, is because there is a connection between body and emotions. In fact, there is no disconnection between body and emotions. Everything we think and feel takes place in the body. It is a mistake to think things happen only in the mind. The mind is not separate. Body and mind are one in ways we have only begun to start researching in a scientific way.


Question: In a democracy, what is supposed to stop hypothetical 90% majority from literally killing off minority 10%?

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 In a democracy, what is supposed to stop hypothetical 90% majority from literally killing off minority 10%?

This is a known problem with democracies, and is called *the tyranny of the majority.* URL_0 Other than human decency, the main things stopping this are (1) rules explicitly protecting minority rights and (2) the fear that "maybe I'd be next". These protections famously broke down in Nazi Germany, an advanced and wealthy and educated modern European society that suddenly decided to murder quite a few of its citizens just for being members of a minority ethnic group.


Question: How did something come from nothing?

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 How did something come from nothing?

To put it bluntly, **we don't know.** We don't have any theories (that I know of) that explain how something came from absolute nothing. We don't know why things exist. One interesting theory you might enjoy is the simulation theory. Put simply, in the future we can assume we will create simulations of our past and other worlds. We will run these simulations extremely quickly and efficiently. We will do so billions upon billions of times. With so many worlds being created that, for the intents and purposes of those living in it and those being simulated are real, how are we to know we aren't in a simulation ourselves? Indeed, it is exceedingly likely that this IS a simulation. Are we the 1 in 1000000000000? Probably not.


Question: How come VCs & Angel investors don't just hire people to copy an idea rather than invest in it?

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 How come VCs & Angel investors don't just hire people to copy an idea rather than invest in it?

Investors are investing in you, your ability to make a viable business, not your idea. Ideas are a dime a dozen, but entrepreneurs who are willing to do all the work for half the company are a rare and desirable thing to invest in. They are busy running their investment business, they don't have the time to run your business. Plus, they would prefer to invest in an idea you had patented, to reduce competitors, and they don't see a benefit in breaking patent laws.


Question: When we mute our phones, do the apps actually stop sending the data to generate sound at the speakers?

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 When we mute our phones, do the apps actually stop sending the data to generate sound at the speakers?

Since Android has system-level volume control, changing volume in Android seamlessly changes the volume so other apps don't have to worry about it. So if you mute using the Android UI, the apps are still running as normal, but the audio passes through a system-level mixer before being played over the speaker. Muting is really just a toggle for zero volume that remembers the last volume you had it at. Short answer is yes the apps send audio data (unless they have options to customize volume or muting, etc), but the OS controls overall volume. An app could be written to check to see if it's muted and if so avoid processing sound, as long as the OS underneath provides access to volume information.


Question: What is the difference between baking powder and baking soda?

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 What is the difference between baking powder and baking soda?

The top comment is correct, but in case it's too technical: Both baking powder and baking soda are used to create a rise in baked goods. The chemical reaction they cause makes bubbles that puff up the dough. Baking soda needs an acid added to the dough to make that reaction happen (like your grade school volcano). Baking powder is baking soda plus an acid that activates when it gets wet. Which one you use depends on the recipe (is there an acid?) and how much rise you want (baking soda is stronger but too much of either powder can affect tastes so sometimes you want a big rise and you use both).


Question: what is the point of airplane mode??

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 what is the point of airplane mode??

When you first land in a new country your phone makes a bunch of handshakes with the local networks. These transmissions are often audible in the pilots headsets and can hinder their communication with the tower/ground. It's just a little background distortion, but you can imagine the result when a planefull of phones all do so at once. It used to be you couldn't use your phone in flight, even if it had airplane mode, because not all phones had it so the devices were just banned. Thankfully it's now an industry standard Source:. My father is a professional pilot.


Question: Why did digital audio/cds allow for increased dynamic range and wider stereo separation compared to vinyl?

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 Why did digital audio/cds allow for increased dynamic range and wider stereo separation compared to vinyl?

A record player needle can only vibrate so much. That accounts for the higher dynamic range of CDs, the difference between the lowest and highest dB sound it can produce is lower for vinyl. This also accounts for the higher level of stereo (channel) separation. There is a lower dynamic range to work with on vinyl, so the channels can't be as far apart.


Question: Why do we have to ensure food is piping hot throughout, even if it's okay to be eaten chilled?

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 Why do we have to ensure food is piping hot throughout, even if it's okay to be eaten chilled?

From a food safety perspective, chilled and piping hot both limit the growth of microorganisms, whereas lukewarm provides them with better conditions to multiply. But I suspect it's mostly from a quality/experience point of view, since you'd usually be eating it immediately. Eating a slice of pie that's hot on one side and cold on the other is rarely pleasant - the texture of the food changes and often the cold side feels grainy after eating the properly heated side.


Question: When a balloon pops, what is actually creating the sound I hear?

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 When a balloon pops, what is actually creating the sound I hear?

Expanding air. Sound is just vibrating molecules. When you play music from speakers, the speakers vibrate the air and those vibrations get picked up by our ears. Stronger vibrations sound louder, and smaller ones are quieter. When a balloon pops, all of the air inside is suddenly free to expand. So it does, instantly and with quite a bit of force since it was at a lot higher pressure than the outside air. Our ears perceive this big pressure wave as a bang.


Question: What are the practical living, and political differences, between the USSR and post USSR Russia?

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 What are the practical living, and political differences, between the USSR and post USSR Russia?

Immediately after the collapse, there was a major increase in homelessness, joblessness, and other social ills we see in the modern world. In the USSR, you had a job, you had an apartment, and if you were a disfunctional alcoholic, it didn't matter. After the fall, jobs went away because why keep factories open that don't make money? In the next decade, Russia was a political trainwreck. The people on the top pretty much just took all of the state owned assets and traded them to eachother, instantly making generals and communist party officials into the oligarch class we see today. It was a sort of "buyout" deal, where rich people could get loans from the government for essentially nothing as a stimulus package. THese rich people were then able to buy large majorities in previously state owned enterprises, but the values of these companies were extremely undervalued. In the end, the people that had the most friends at the top became wealthy oil and gas mogols. Cue the 2000's... people got fucking sick of social and political turmoil. As a decade had passed since the collapse, enough time had passed for there to be a rather large generational split, where the older people looked back at the soviet system as being a more fair and better society. They had jobs, homes, security, and they knew who was in charge of collecting bribes. The president of Russia at the time knew he couldn't run for office again, and he was afraid that the next guy to take power might look back at the decade of state-asset looting and decide to arrest him and his friends. So in a stroke of wisdom, he sought out an ally that he could trust to maintain the same power dynamic that he helped build and could garantee that he is not arrested for corruption upon standing down. He groomed a former KGB officer named Vladimir-Putin to be his eventual replacement. At first, there was a push to get rid of the corrupt politicians and whatnot, but when Putin put down the Chechnyan rebels in the Caucus region (Pretty much a terrorist group trained in the middle east and fought for autonomy from Russia) the older russians saw the strong man that they had longed for. Instead of using diplomacy to find a peaceful resolution to the crisis, Putin ordered tanks and Spec Ops to go in and fucking blow the terrorists away. Anywho, Putin successfully won the first election to make him president and then he slowly began dismantleing the democratic rules put in place by Russia's constitution. Coincidentally, the price of oil and gas hit all-time highs during his first two terms as president, so he was able to pay for more social programs and whatnot that were cancelled after the fall of the USSR. in the following decade, he rooted out all serious political threats, consolidate power in the presidency and created the mythically manly man image he has today. ELI5: Before the fall, Russia was a shitty place, but people felt secure in their lives. After the fall, Russia was even shittier and nobody but the super wealthy and connected felt secure. Life for average Russians was difficult. A decade or so after the collapse, the country began sifting toward more of the USSR politics again. Today, the power is pretty much consolidated in the same power circles as before the collapse and people are split along generational lines if this is a good thing.


Question: Why do objects with larger mass slow time down?

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 Why do objects with larger mass slow time down?

Good question! First, we have to understand space time. Imagine that space is a trampoline. Planets, stars, and black holes are all balls resting on the trampoline. Planets are like golf balls, stars are baseballs, and black holes are bowling balls. The more mass the object has, the more it bends space time. Black holes really sink down, creating a big dip. If any smaller object like a planet happens to roll by, it will get caught in the dip and roll into the black hole (this is gravity). So we know spacetime curves around objects of large mass. Next, we need to talk about light. To any observer, light must always appear to be traveling 300,000 km/s. It's one of light's weird properties. Now let's imagine a beam of light traveling in a straight line. When this beam of light goes near a massive object that is curving spacetime, the "distance" the beam of light has to cover is greater because of the dip, called a gravitational field. (If this doesn't make sense, imagine running a 100m race. If the track is flat, you only have to run 100m. But if the track has a hill in the middle of it, you know has to move some distance vertically in addition to the 100m horizontally, making the track "longer") So back to the light beam. As it moves through the gravitational field it is covering more "distance". Not physical distance, but spacetime distance. But remember that light must always appear to be 300,000 km/s. This means an observer in that gravitational field must see light move the same speed as an observer far away, not in the gravitational field. How do we solve this? Let's look at what speed is. Speed is distance divided by time (think miles per hour). Light has to always travel the same speed to observers. Since the distance is increased for the observer in the gravitational field, time must also increase as well. The only solution for both observers is that time must slow down in the gravitational field. This effect is called gravitational time dilation. In most circumstances, such gravitational time dilation is minuscule and hardly observable, but it can become very significant when spacetime is curved by a massive object, such as a black hole.


Question: What can insurance agents do that we can't?

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 What can insurance agents do that we can't?

It depends a lot on what you're looking for and who the agent is. On a general level, an insurance agent is very knowledgeable about insurance and can help you figure out the coverage that's right for you and navigate some of the pitfalls of selecting insurance. In short: they can help you make the right decisions, which might not always be obvious. In a lot of cases they're not going to recommend the *cheapest* option but focus on the *best value*. However, every insurance agent is going to have a certain pool of companies they sell for and they can really only recommend you options from that pool. *Captive agents* work directly for an insurance company and sell only that company's products. Typically buying from one of these agents will be the only way to purchase insurance from that company, so if you want that specific company's product you'll have to go through an agent (even if they let you sign up for insurance through the website they'll likely assign you an agent they expect you to work with). *Independent agents* contract with one or more insurance companies to sell their products but don't work for them directly. Some of those products you'll be able to bind directly yourself, but some might still require an agent (depends on the company). In all cases agents will have access to the actual rating software for the companies they represent that allows them to provide you with an accurate payment, whereas an online quote will only give you a ballpark amount.


Question: How do transition glasses work?

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 How do transition glasses work?

There's a material (like silver chloride) in the lens which can be in two different states. In the ground state, the material is transparent, in the energized state it's opaque. Exposing the material to the very bright light from the sun provides enough energy to transition the material from the ground state to the energized state, becoming opaque. When no longer exposed, the material favors the lower energy state and eventually loses energy becoming transparent again.


Question: Why do some photos from the 19th and early 20th centuries appear to be of higher quality than photos from the mid to late 20th century?

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 Why do some photos from the 19th and early 20th centuries appear to be of higher quality than photos from the mid to late 20th century?

Probably because they are. Good film with good photographers were able to capture very clear very detailed pictures, more detailed than digital cameras now, because the clearness of the picture is only held up by the molecules on the film, as opposed to how a digital camera is controlled by the number of pixels it can store. When old films get re-released as HD or 4K, they actually just go back and rescan the original film with better digital equipment to copy the detail of the film better.


Question: How do ink remover pens work?

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 How do ink remover pens work?

If by ink remover pens you mean "erasable pens", the way they work is actually quite simple. With those sort of pens, the ink that they use is actually heat sensitive. When you're using the eraser with them, the rubbing action on the paper creates friction which in turn creates a small amount of heat. This heat, while very minuscule is actually enough to break down the ink and make it "disappear". Another way to test this is the case, is to use one of these pens and draw anything you would like on a post-it note. Then you can use a heat source like a small candle flame or a lighter and hold the note over the heat (not so close to burn it of course) and what you have drawn will disappear.


Question: why does red wine go bad only a few days after opening the bottle but white wine can stay good for months in the fridge?

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 why does red wine go bad only a few days after opening the bottle but white wine can stay good for months in the fridge?

Wines don't go bad like food does unless they are infected with bacteria. In fact white wines are often more delicate and oxidize (lose freshness due to oxygen contact) more quickly than a full bodied red. No wine, white or red would be fresh more than 3 or 4 days after opening under normal circumstances.


Question: “Gulag Archipelago” question. What was the reason they imprisoned a huge amount of people in Russia 1920s-1950s?

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 “Gulag Archipelago” question. What was the reason they imprisoned a huge amount of people in Russia 1920s-1950s?

The gulags were slave labor camps that actually produced things of value that were sold into the economy much like Hitlers concentration camps The Soviet system was corrupt and quotas of people were required to maintain production of material out of these camps whether it was timber or a mined material. Most camps were in Siberia and other inhospitable areas where it was difficult to get voluntary labor. The money produced from the camps went into many others pockets apart from the State


Question: What was the Michelson–Morley experiment about? How was it done?

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 What was the Michelson–Morley experiment about? How was it done?

Before scientists knew how light worked and what is was, there was a thought that maybe it was like sound. That it was just a wave moving through a medium, like sound waves in air or water. So an experiment was made. They would send light at a set up of mirrors. First there would be a semi-mirror, that would let half the light through and reflect the other half at an angle. Then both parts of the light would reflect of two other mirrors. After that they met back at the first semi-mirror and are recombined and sent off to a detector. The hypothesis was that if light is really just a wave traveling through some medium (people called it aether), then the two parts of light would hit the detector at different times even though it was the same distance, if they could affect the aether. The built their experiment then tried in in lots of different ways. They tested to see if gravity effected the aether. Did heat? Cold? Vacuum? In the end nothing ever made the light take longer going one way or the other.


Question: the word “platypus” is Greek for “flat footed”. Why, upon discovering the venomous, lactating, egg-laying beaver-duck, did someone look at it and think, “damn those are some flat feet! Let’s name it after that!”?

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 the word “platypus” is Greek for “flat footed”. Why, upon discovering the venomous, lactating, egg-laying beaver-duck, did someone look at it and think, “damn those are some flat feet! Let’s name it after that!”?

I agree with your point, but just because it's kind of interesting: flat feet are pretty rare in mammals. The only other examples that pop to mind are humans and bears. Most mammals walk on their tippy-toes- dogs and cats, for example. The first joint above the feet which we often see as a "backwards knee" is really their ankle it just never touches the ground when they walk. The rest of the mammals, like the hooved mammals, are walking on their fingertips (or a single fingertip in the case of horses, for example). So while it's probably not the weirdest thing about a platypus, it is still pretty unusual!


Question: What are the major components and subsequent advantages that distinguish various household cleaners? (Ex, Soap and water vs 409, glass cleaners, mold/mildew type cleaners, etc?

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 What are the major components and subsequent advantages that distinguish various household cleaners? (Ex, Soap and water vs 409, glass cleaners, mold/mildew type cleaners, etc?

Real soap is good but forms a scum in hard water that is difficult to remove. Detergents are good for removing oils but can be harsh on your skin. Glass cleaners are designed to clean glass/mirrors and leave a streak free surface but ammonia based cleaners like windex will remove tint from windows or computer monitors. Mold/mildew/sanitizers have different properties that make them ideal for some problems but ineffective for others. For example, bleach is cheap and can be used for sanitizing fruits and vegetables but will rust metal and doesn’t last long. Phenols like lyesol is good but can leave a residue so you can’t use it on food surfaces. And quats are good but can be expensive and have to be diluted correctly.


Question: In films portraying olden times you’d see a lady get off a train in a foreign country and someone would help her carry dozens of suitcases off the train and possibly onto another vehicle. Was this a service that trains always provided back then or did the lady bring the helper from home?

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 In films portraying olden times you’d see a lady get off a train in a foreign country and someone would help her carry dozens of suitcases off the train and possibly onto another vehicle. Was this a service that trains always provided back then or did the lady bring the helper from home?

Yes. Porters weren't just for customer service, but also to help get the train unloaded ASAP so it can get loaded and rolling again. If you're going on a train trip, you were reasonably packing for a couple of months, or even moving house. The bags were heavy and a proper lady never shows that she can bench press 100lbs. Well tipped porters carried your bags all the way to the car. Stiff the kid and you'll get a pile just off the train and be lucky to hear "good luck" while the train pulls away.


Question: How can bugs crawl on the ceiling? I understand they might have really good grip, but does the blood not rush to their head?

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 How can bugs crawl on the ceiling? I understand they might have really good grip, but does the blood not rush to their head?

Bugs do not have a circulatory system that works the same as ours at all. They really only have a heart and a single aorta going from the back end to the front and then their "blood" just circulates freely through them amongst the other organs back to the rear to be pulled in by the heart again. But that's not the main thing... Because we walk upright our circulatory system is optimised for needing higher pressure to get blood back from the feet and legs to the heart and much lower to get blood back from the head to the heart. When we are upside down blood pressure increases in the head becuase we are the wrong way around. Most bugs though walk with their heads on the same level as their heart anyway so when they are upside down it makes no real difference since the head is still at the same level as the heart.


Question: what octane fuel should i use and why?

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 what octane fuel should i use and why?

High octane gas is more resistant from combustion. This is important on high performance engines because they put as much gas, compressed as much as it can go, with as much air as it can in there, and you don't want the gas to combust before the piston/engine is ready. Let's say regular gas combusts when it's compressed by 10 to 1, high octane might let you go to 12 to 1. So now your engine can put 20% more gas into the piston and make more power - but only if it compresses by a factor of 12. If it compresses by a factor of 10, then the high octane gas won't be any different from regular gas. High octane gas has no extra energy in it, it won't improve performance or fuel economy for an engine that doesn't require it. Putting high octane gas into a regular engine is like getting Stephen Hawking to play tic tac toe. He's brilliant if he's doing physics but all that extra intellect is going to waste when playing tic tac toe. You can just use a regular gas or a regular person.


Question: Why does freezing food make it last longer? And is freezing the brain a real thing?

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 Why does freezing food make it last longer? And is freezing the brain a real thing?

Freezing stops bacteria and fungi from growing, and those are the things that make food go "bad". It also stops the food from drying out, which would cause it to lose flavor and texture. Freezing brains and bringing them back to life is currently not possible because ice crystals destroy the cells by piercing cell membranes and organelles.