Question: How does a company go about separating, like with Activision Blizzard?

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 How does a company go about separating, like with Activision Blizzard?

I can’t say In activisions case. But my old company simply bought themselves a majority share. This means the company took all of their profits and bought back their own stock. In my old companies case it took around 10 years to complete but with enough capital a company could do it overnight.


Question: How exactly does our brain "process" informations when we sleep? I've heard this before and was wondering what it actually meant. Also (if related) why does screen time before bed supposedly mess it up?

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 How exactly does our brain "process" informations when we sleep? I've heard this before and was wondering what it actually meant. Also (if related) why does screen time before bed supposedly mess it up?

I can only give a partial answer without going to deep into things I don't know enough about. There are 2 states/protagonists/antagonists of your invulontary/autonomous nervous system (sympaticus and parasympaticus). The first one is active when you are active (physical work, stress, activities, concentration, active thinking) the other one takes over when you rest (chill, sleep, daydream, recover, subconscious brain activities, like sorting and processing information on the background and during sleep ). Visual stimulation (and many other things like constant stress, fear and not enough rest) activates the first one and it takes a while for the second one to take over. The body works best when both are in harmony, screen time just before bed shifts this balance towards a more restless state of mind.


Question: why is it so common for some women to get postpartum depression after giving birth?

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 why is it so common for some women to get postpartum depression after giving birth?

Imagine every nutrient in your body building a human being and then all of that energy and power leaving your body. On top of the demands of parenthood, the anxiety that something could go wrong, that you’ll be a bad mother, that this world is too messed up to bring a child into. I can keep going forever honestly


Question: how do debt consolidation companies make money?

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 how do debt consolidation companies make money?

They negotiate down the debt with the credit agencies, contest debts and offer lump sum payments of a lesser amount. For example, a lender or credit card company who has held a $5,000 debt for 3 years, is suddenly offered $2000 upfront to call it even they usually take it, or a collection agency has bought a $1,500 debt from a store card account for $500, they will be willing to take a lump payment of $750. After paying off all creditors and negotiating what they can, they then add their service charge, call it a loan and you then pay them with interest like any other personal loan. Generally they want physical collateral, a house, vehicles or high value items, to back the original loan, as a physical assurance, they know you’re a bad borrower lol


Question: How do Animals that live in the Ocean know where they are going?

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 How do Animals that live in the Ocean know where they are going?

I can only speak for sea turtles, but they have a distinct three stages of navigation: 1. When they hatch, they follow the reflection of the moon on ocean water. This is why they tell you not to have lights on at the beach during turtle hatching season. They basically just aim towards the light. 2. When they first get in the water, they go against the waves. So they can feel the direction that the water is traveling in waves, and they constantly try to swim against that. 3. Once they’re into deeper water, they follow the magnetic fields of the Earth. They have specialized senses that can tell the direction of magnetic fields so they can tell the direction they’re traveling


Question: The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

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 The first humans made crude stone tools 2.5 million years ago, but our recorded history is only 5000 years old. Wtf did we do for 24,995,000 years?

It was a long, slow buildup. We're used to history moving *FAST* because we have a globalized civilization with excellent record keeping, near instant access to huge amounts of data, and perfect communication. For the vast majority of human existence "civilization" was the 100 or so people you would ever meet in your life, records were whatever the oldest person could remember, data was whatever you personally could remember, and communication happened at walking pace. With those conditions it takes a long time for the right resources to come together to increase the complexity of your society and technology.


Question: What causes the discomfort in the ears when a sharp metal object scrapes against a dull metal object?

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 What causes the discomfort in the ears when a sharp metal object scrapes against a dull metal object?

Scientists that have researched this effect say it's because of the frequency range the action produces. 2,000hz - 4,000hz. There are evolutionary reasons why our ears are so sensitive to this specific band in the audio spectrum such as the cry of a baby, the range of human speech, and many others. Couple that with the sheer mechanical audio power of metal against metal, and you have an audio "laser" shooting straight into your cochlea that is already too sensitive to the laser to start with. Here is an article that describes it better: URL_0


Question: How does exercise boost energy levels?

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 How does exercise boost energy levels?

Regular exercise makes your muscles and your heart stronger. When you're stronger, it takes less effort to finish your regular day-to-day tasks. This makes it seem like you have more energy leftover after doing your regular tasks. This goes for intentional physical activities as well as just being alive (I.e. having a beating heart). It may help to think of this in reverse. If you're in great shape, you get used to doing a lot during the day. If you were suddenly out of shape, you'd have difficulty keeping up with your former, fit self.


Question: () When we forget something then remember it, are we re learning it or just pulling it out of somewhere?

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 () When we forget something then remember it, are we re learning it or just pulling it out of somewhere?

well for one, we dont completely know how the brain and memory works perfectly yet, but if in your scenario you see something 30 years later and go "oh yea like that video i watched about rabbits." then the new information is sparking that old pathway and youre pulling in the old information, even if you dont completely remember the old show, if you knew or remembered some fact or part of it then you're pulling in the old info. you may be doing a bit or relearning by getting reminded of it, but youre not starting completely from scratch. Really, with the way our brains are able to store and process information you really only learn something once, maybe youre not able to actively recall it, but when given little reminders or pushes in the right directions our brains are outstandingly good at pulling back old information.


Question: Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water?

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 Why does hot water freeze faster than cold water?

We don't know. We don't even know under which circumstances it happens. All in all, the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) is a very hazy subject. Possible explanations for the [Mpemba effect]( URL_0 ) include: * Evaporation: The evaporation of the warmer water reduces the mass of the water to be frozen. Evaporation is endothermic, meaning that the water mass is cooled by vapor carrying away the heat, but this alone probably does not account for the entirety of the effect. * Convection: Accelerating heat transfers. Reduction of water density below 4 °C (39 °F) tends to suppress the convection currents that cool the lower part of the liquid mass; the lower density of hot water would reduce this effect, perhaps sustaining the more rapid initial cooling. Higher convection in the warmer water may also spread ice crystals around faster. * Frost: Has insulating effects. The lower temperature water will tend to freeze from the top, reducing further heat loss by radiation and air convection, while the warmer water will tend to freeze from the bottom and sides because of water convection. This is disputed as there are experiments that account for this factor. * Solutes: The effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate among others. * Thermal conductivity: The container of hotter liquid may melt through a layer of frost that is acting as an insulator under the container (frost is an insulator, as mentioned above), allowing the container to come into direct contact with a much colder lower layer that the frost formed on (ice, refrigeration coils, etc.) The container now rests on a much colder surface (or one better at removing heat, such as refrigeration coils) than the originally colder water, and so cools far faster from this point on. * Dissolved gases: Cold water can contain more dissolved gases than hot water, which may somehow change the properties of the water with respect to convection currents, a proposition that has some experimental support but no theoretical explanation.


Question: what is auth left, lib left, auth right and lib right?

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 what is auth left, lib left, auth right and lib right?

The idea that rather than a single dimension of political differences (left vs right), there is more of a plane or square of ideologies. Going up you have more authoritarian (strong government) and down is libertarian (personal freedoms). Then you have an economic line that goes left (collectivism or socialism) and right (individualism or capitalism) There's a subreddit called r/politicalcompassmemes that will help clarify while providing occasional lolz.


Question: How does dechlorinator work for fish tanks?

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 How does dechlorinator work for fish tanks?

Hi! I'm a technical writer for an aquarium supplies company! You're right, they do have to go *somewhere*. Dechlorinators are *reducing agents*. The active chemical in the dechlorinator has an electron that it doesn't need. Chlorine really *wants* an electron. Chlorine kills bacteria because the chlorine will take electrons from things that it shouldn't, disrupting the chemical bond and destroying that molecule. The dechlorinator *reduces* the chlorine by donating its extra electron, turning the chlorine into its ion chloride, which is mostly not reactive. That chemical change won't last forever, but the chlorine will either bind to other ions in the water as part of an ionic bond (like *sodium chloride* - table salt), or it will simply evaporate away. However, chlorine isn't added to tap water as simple chlorine atoms. They're too reactive and wouldn't last very long before reacting to *something* and becoming chloride. Moreover, chlorine is a gas, and won't stay dissolved in the water very long before evaporating off. In fact, in many places you can make your tap water safe for an aquarium by simply leaving it outside in the sunlight for a while (although I recommend using a dechlorinator to be safe). Chlorine can be added as part of a number of different molecules, which over time fall apart to release the chlorine. The only one of these that matters for your aquarium is *chloramine*, which is almost but not quite a chlorine atom bonded to 3/4 of an ammonia molecule. It matters for your aquarium because when the chlorine is reduced it leaves the chloramine atom, which itself becomes an ammonia molecule. If you know aquariums, you know that ammonia is bad news for your fish. So you've solved one problem (chlorine) by introducing another (ammonia). Fortunately, chemicals can be added to the dechlorinator that will *protonate* the ammonia - meaning, it will cause the ammonia to take a hydrogen ion, which is just a proton, and become the harmless ion ammonium. Ammonium will eventually turn back into ammonia, depending on the pH of your aquarium. If you know aquariums you should also be familiar with the nitrogen cycle and nitrifying bacteria, which consume ammonia and convert it (eventually) into harmless nitrate. So the harmless ammonium will hopefully slowly turn back into ammonia, when it will be consumed by your nitrifying bacteria. As for the nitrate...that doesn't go anywhere, you have to remove that from your tank with regular water changes (10-20% every week or two! Don't ever change more than 30% at a time!). Or if you want to get crazy you can grow plants or algae which will *fix* the nitrogen (incorporating it into their tissues), which itself will have to be harvested periodically. Ideally, you should check whatever product you use to make sure it will affect ammonia as well as chlorine. Most do, but not all. Chloramine is typically used in more rural areas since it stays in the water a lot longer, but I've heard of it being used just about everywhere (in the US). Most conditioners use some kind of sulfur compound, which is why they typically have some kind of rotten egg smell. The most common ones are sulfur dioxide or sodium thiosulfate. As the dechlorinator does its job, the molecule breaks down and releases that sulfur, usually bonded with oxygen, as a gas that eventually evaporates out of the water. Manufacturers often include other compounds to make them *water conditioners* which are more than mere *dechlorinators* (although AFAIK there's no regulation on these terms so always check to see what the manufacturer says the chemical will really do). Conditioners also usually include chemicals that will detoxify heavy metals in much the same way, and some chemicals to promote fish health by encouraging the fish to make a healthy mucus coating over their scales. Manufacturers and aquarists differ in opinion on whether or not that stress-coat chemical is truly beneficial or not. Others include pH buffers to regulate the water pH. Anyway, I've been keeping aquariums for about a decade now. I managed a local fish store for a while, and now as I said one of my jobs is technical writing for a relatively small company that sells aquarium supplies, like water conditioner! If you have any fish questions, AMA.


Question: How does the relationship between acceleration and distance traveled work?

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 How does the relationship between acceleration and distance traveled work?

If it's an ideal system with smooth continuous acceleration, then it goes like: an object starts initially with a speed of 30 m/s. Then over the course of the first second (from time point zero), it accelerates to 35 (reaches that by the end of the second). So average speed during the first second is actually 32.5 m/s, meaning it traveled 32.5 meters in that time. Then over the course of the next second, it climbs to 40 m/s. So in the second second, it had an average speed of 37.5 m/s. So in the first two seconds it traveled 70 meters.


Question: Why are small bugs not afraid to fly directly up to humans/other animals that are much larger?

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 Why are small bugs not afraid to fly directly up to humans/other animals that are much larger?

Bugs do not feel fear, or happiness, or anger, or Joy, or excitement, or sadness. They are automatons, and they react to stimuli automatically and without reflection or thinking of any kind. Their behavior has been programmed through millennia of survival and adaptation, and if a little bug flies up to a larger animal, it is because that behavior has led to the long-term survival of the bug as a species. When that behavior no longer enhances survival, it will be weeded out, and those bugs will no longer do that.


Question: Why do pickles have less calories than a fresh cucumber of the same size?

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 Why do pickles have less calories than a fresh cucumber of the same size?

Okay. So I looked it up a bit, and I might have an idea of what the slight loss in energy comes from? So in a traditional pickling process, vegetables (commonly cucumbers) are soaked in a salt solution (called a brine) and allowed to ferment. There is bacteria that begins lactic acid fermentation in the vegetable, and CO2 is released somewhere during this process. Since energy is derived from organic compounds (carbs, fats, and proteins), the release of carbon into the atmosphere might account for the fluctuations in energy stored in the pickle. This is just an idea. I don’t know what the actual answer is.


Question: The significance of Platonic solids, what makes them different from the other shapes?

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 The significance of Platonic solids, what makes them different from the other shapes?

They are polygons (3D shapes made up of flat surfaces joined together) for which: * the faces are identical in shape and size * the faces are regular polygons (so all their angles equal and all their sides are equal) * the same number of faces meet at each vertex (corner) of the polygon * the polygon is convex (it doesn't have any indentations) They are interesting because there are only five such polygons: 1. Tetrahedron made up of four equilateral triangles 2. Cube made up of six squares 3. Octahedron made up of eight equilateral triangles 4. Dodecahedron made up of twelve regular pentagons 5. Icosahedron made up of twenty equilateral triangles


Question: When geese are flying in a v-formation, why are there always a handful of geese flying out of line (in the center of the "v" shape)? Are they free loading? Are they verbally giving advice and instructing the flock? Why can't they just do their job like everyone else?

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 When geese are flying in a v-formation, why are there always a handful of geese flying out of line (in the center of the "v" shape)? Are they free loading? Are they verbally giving advice and instructing the flock? Why can't they just do their job like everyone else?

The V formation is an energy-saving technique. A flying object forms a rotating wake in the air, similar to the wake formed by a boat. By flying in this wake, birds get additional lift effectively surfing in it, so use less energy to fly. The one at the front has to work harder, so they regularly change position, so that the benefit is shared. This means that they can fly further together than they could on their own.


Question: why do teeth “hurt” when eating extremely sweet foods?

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 why do teeth “hurt” when eating extremely sweet foods?

Note that this isn't normal. It's generally a symptom of mild or moderate gum disease and excessive plaque, resulting in recession of the gum tissue. This is usually a result of a lack of flossing and/or poor brushing routine, but pain in this instance can also be caused by cavities. Either way if you have frequent tooth sensitivity to cold or certain foods, its a good time to see the dentist. When gums are unhealthy and receded, it exposes living tooth tissue, known as Dentin, in the teeth root area beneath the layer of dead enamel on the exposed tooth surface. Often this happens in the space between teeth due to plaque trapped there. Normally the enamel is the only exposed part of the teeth and the gums cover the dentin. However bacterial overgrowth can weaken the connection between the dentin and the gum tissue causing gumline recession. Sweets often contain citric acid as a flavoring agent. Bacteria in the mouth also are able to quickly break down sugars into lactic acid. These acids cause inflammation and irritation of living cells in the dentin. These send chemical signals in response to the central nerve in the tooth resulting in pain.


Question: How does a government nationalise an industry?

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 How does a government nationalise an industry?

BT is a public company so in theory the government can buy enough shares and force a hostile takeover. Many companies have little choice with nationalisation as the alternative is often liquidation. In these cases the owners would sell the business and its liabilities for a token amount (usually £1) and the government would take ownership of all assets and debts. BT is a heavily regulated business anyway so it wouldn't be too much of a reach to legislate some form of additional tax and government board seats that would effectively place ownership of BT in the government hands. Finally its the government. They have an army so can basically do what they like. After all if the last 3 years has taught us anything parliament is sovereign. Tbh though I'm not even sure he can force much through under EU Laws.


Question: how does your phone figure out how full your battery is?

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 how does your phone figure out how full your battery is?

Hi :-) All batteries have a nominal voltage, but the voltage changes depending on how full the battery is (and depending on the load). So your 4.2 volt phone battery will have 4.2V at full charge, and cuts off at 3.3V (as discharging it further will damage the battery). This is not completely linear, but the software accounts for that. Under heavy load (e.g. video, wifi, full brightness) the voltage will drop quicker. Or if the battery's outside and cold. This is the reason why you can sometimes turn your phone back on with a few percent of charge left after it shut off. As for how it's done: There are certain chips and components (e.g. bandgap voltage reference); The simplest is a "Zener diode". You can build a very simple circuit to deliver something like 1 Volt as reference Independent from the battery voltage. A microprocessor can than compare the voltage to the battery. If you have a $5 multimeter and like to tinker, you can try :-) Zener diodes are dirt cheap, a few cents a dozen. Or if you are into Arduino/micro-controllers, many micro-controllers have a reference voltage built-in, so you can indeed check your battery status for your DIY projects.


Question: How do batteries supply power to a phone?

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 How do batteries supply power to a phone?

A battery uses a chemical reaction to move extra electrons from one part (the `+` terminal) to another part (the `-` terminal). Since like charges repel, if you don't hook a battery up to something, after a while the "charge pressure" of the built-up electrons at the `-` terminal will prevent the chemical reaction from moving more electrons, and the chemical reaction will stop. Voltage is basically a fancy name for "charge pressure." If you connect the battery to a device, like a phone, then electrons will flow from the `-` terminal, through the device, to the `+` terminal, which causes the device to operate. As the charges clear out, the "charge pressure" holding back the chemical reaction starts to dissipate, allowing the chemical reaction to continue. So there are two things limiting how fast the chemical reaction can happen: - Load / demand: How many electrons are flowing through the device per second. - Chemistry / supply: How quickly the chemical reaction happens If there's not much demand (a light load), it means the "charge pressure" (voltage) remains near what it would be if the battery is disconnected, and the chemical reaction produces a trickle of electrons to replace what's flowing through the device. Things get interesting if there's a lot of demand (a heavy load). You start to be limited by the chemistry; the chemical reaction simply can't produce electrons as fast as they're being used. This means the number of electrons on the `-` terminal (at any single point in time) drops. Which means the "charge pressure" (voltage) drops. Which causes the device to (usually temporarily) stop working [1]. As batteries get older, the ability to serve heavy loads decreases over time. Apple's solution is to modify the software to not place older batteries under heavy load. Which in practice means making your phone run slower. Apple didn't tell anybody their software did this. Recently some users discovered it on their own. Many of the people who heard about it were very angry. Some believe it was a strategy of "planned obsolescence" where Apple would make older phones unusably (or at least annoyingly) slow, to encourage people to upgrade to a newer model. (On December 28, 2017, Apple issued an apology where they denied they had this motive.) [1] Like almost all modern computers, smartphones are based on transistors that work due to physical effects which only occur at a specific voltage. (Why does it require a specific voltage? Physics has a very complicated theory called *quantum mechanics*.)


Question: When someone commits suicide in public, who’s responsible for the cleanup?

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 When someone commits suicide in public, who’s responsible for the cleanup?

Whatever jurisdiction controls the area that the person who committed suicide died in. Was it in a city? Then the city cleans it up. Was it in an unincorporated area? Then it is the county's responsibility. Was it at a National Park? Then the federal government is responsible (though the body would be transferred to the county the park is in). Who pays for it? The taxpayers via the budget of the jurisdiction. It could be possible that the jurisdiction goes after the estate of the deceased, but if that doesn't pay out, then it is just the cost of running a government. What happens to the body? It gets take to the morgue and if unclaimed is cremated. If there are no relatives willing to take on this burden, this is also paid for by the tax payers.


Question: Why do mountains look blue when there’s snow on them?

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 Why do mountains look blue when there’s snow on them?

[Everything far away looks blue]( URL_0 ), for the same reason the sky is blue. Blue light gets scattered by the atmosphere, so you're seeing light scattered by the air between you and the mountain. I'm guessing it looks more apparent when the mountains are covered by snow, because snow it white, so the blue is more noticeable than against another color, like green.


Question: Why is urine yellow when dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

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 Why is urine yellow when dehydrated and clear when hydrated?

Clear urine is diluted. If the urine is yellow it's because the particulates in the urine are more concentrated. If you out a teaspoon of purple dye in a gallon of water and shake it, the water is a tiny bit purple. Put that same amount of dye in a glass and it's really purple. The same concept takes place with your urine.


Question: How was the Playstation 3 able to perform so well with only 256MB of RAM?

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 How was the Playstation 3 able to perform so well with only 256MB of RAM?

PC run Windows OS that multipurpose generic OS that will consume 2+ GB of RAM on it's own plus there is other software running at the same time so with 4GB of there is not even 2GB left for the game. The game on console can be fine tuned to specific configuration of the console. On PC it must be prepared to work with different configurations. PS3 has lower details. The thing about computational complexity (how it is hard to compute something) doesn't have to be linear.


Question: How does one calculate the death toll from the aftermath of a bomb like the MOAB?

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 How does one calculate the death toll from the aftermath of a bomb like the MOAB?

Aerial or satellite flyovers had likely established a "pattern of life" of the area before hand for days or weeks. This gives a decent idea of how many people were moving around, who many of them were, and the routines. That would give an upper end for casualty estimates. The whole area would continue to have this kind of surveillance after the bomb was dropped, showing if any one left the area, which would subtract from the upper end of the estimate. Afghan National Army troops moving in afterwards could conduct visual checks and estimates of whatever bodies were left. A lot of photos for later would be taken. Afghan National Special Forces or US troops, which may have been called in due to the high profile of the bombing, would be collecting samples of blood and hair in evidence bags for later analysis. They would also be carrying biometric scanners similar to a [BAT/HIIDE]( URL_0 ) to take samples of any intact fingers, eyes, or toes (bodies themselves are too big to bring back). This would give them a number of individual prints, and if any of the biometric data was previously associated with a known insurgent, they could be able to specifically know who the body was. I do not know the details of this specific bombing, in regards who went on the ground afterwards, but that is the way it's usually done; if I were to make a blind guess, I'd absolutely say US troops would have been doing the site inspection alongside Afghan soldiers.


Question: How do electronics with battery indicators "know" how much battery they have left?

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 How do electronics with battery indicators "know" how much battery they have left?

Batteries voltage changes slightly as they discharge. A simple way is just to measure this voltage (like a battery tester). Smarter batteries, like laptop batteries, have micro-controllers built into them that allow the device to communicate with the battery. Charge is measured in Coulombs and battery capacity can be measured by counting Coulombs. Amps, are just the number of Coulombs per second flowing, so smarter batteries can measure the current flowing out of a device and integrate this to get the amount of charge flowing into or out of a battery. Current is usually measured with a small resistor and a voltage meter using Ohm's law (Voltage = Current \* resistance) Smart batteries will also report battery degradation over time etc, so a 100% charge on an old battery might only be 80% of the original capacity. & #x200B; Better ELI5: & #x200B; A Coulomb (charge) counter would act like a water meter that can measure water flowing into or out of a storage tank. By keeping track of the net water in the tank, and you know the total size of the tank, you know the percentage. & #x200B; A more simple method is to measure voltage. This would be like capping the spigot on a tank with a PSI gauge and reading how much pressure was at the bottom of the tank and therefore you can calculate the water depth and estimate the remaining capacity. & #x200B;


Question: How do astronauts prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide inside the spacecraft?

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 How do astronauts prevent the buildup of carbon dioxide inside the spacecraft?

There are CO2 scrubbers that remove it. This is typically either lithium hydroxide or a zeolite that will chemically bind to the CO2 and pull it out of the air. By circulating the air of the craft through this system the CO2 concentration can be kept low and the astronauts able to breath.


Question: Why does 59 FPS and 60 FPS look drastically different to your eyes but in theory is just one frame apart from each other?

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 Why does 59 FPS and 60 FPS look drastically different to your eyes but in theory is just one frame apart from each other?

Technically they don't as long as the original source is shot in a multiple of the framerate. It's barely detectible if you have very good vision. Essentially if you just double the framerate of the source video its easy as just duplicating every frame. But if the original source video needs to be converted to a slightly different framerate it has to have frames added or subtracted somehow to fill the gap, which is going to be more noticible.


Question: Why does adding money into an economy affect inflation? Why can't prices remain fixed and incomes rise?

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 Why does adding money into an economy affect inflation? Why can't prices remain fixed and incomes rise?

Imagine that you live in a world where the only thing anybody wants is pizza, and each day one pizza is made, with exactly 100 slices, with varying toppings. There are exactly 50 people in this world, and every day, you dig holes, and for every hole you dig you get a dollar. At the end of the day, the pizza slices are auctioned off. One day, the money god decides to pay everyone two dollars per hole, but no more pizza is made. So now you, and everyone else, has twice as much money. But you all still want to eat, so you all bid twice as much, and nothing in the system has changed except for the numbers written on your money.


Question: How can the water stay in the sea without just oozing down through the ground? When it rains the water doesn't stay on top of the grass and asphalt so how can the water stay in a sea or ocean?

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 How can the water stay in the sea without just oozing down through the ground? When it rains the water doesn't stay on top of the grass and asphalt so how can the water stay in a sea or ocean?

Water at the bottom of the ocean has already seeped as deeply as it can. The water runs all the way down to bedrock, and as such can go no deeper. The same is true for groundwater - it goes from the top of the water table all the way down to bedrock. When you pour water on asphalt or grass, it flows down to the water table. Imagine it like this: You have a glass full of sand. You pour some water into the glass. The water sits at the bottom of the glass, mixed with the sand. This is groundwater, and is under your feet at this moment. As you add more water, it eventually fills enough of the glass to be above the sand. This is an ocean/lake/pond.


Question: How do PC games identify pirated copies but some pirates bypass that?

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 How do PC games identify pirated copies but some pirates bypass that?

You’re referring to DRM or Digital Rights Management. To understand how it works, you need to know a little bit about the history and the history goes back to the 1970’s! In the early days of arcade machines most of the arcade cabinets contained a system ROM (Read only memory) chip that stored the game code, but a secondary chip that verified the authenticity of the ROM. This way, even if pirates wanted to make knockoff arcade machines, copying the ROM chip wasn’t going to be enough. Eventually hardware hackers found ways for the various machines to bypass the authenticity check entirely. Later games for PC platforms usually had some kind of user DRM. It might be a code in the manual, it might be a dark sheet of paper that wasn’t easy to photocopy, in the case of one game console, there was a literal crystal that had to be held up to to the TV set to decode a pattern. Later games used codes that were in the manual as a sort of “license key”. That was a bad idea because pirates could just include the key in a README file. In the console era, many games were encrypted or used physical copy deterrents. Sony made disks that had a slight “wobble” that would make copying the data from them nearly impossible. Modern Vintage Gamer on YouTube has a series that covers the methods used by different console manufacturers and it’s definitely worth a watch. The other method that is slightly more modern is a checksum that verifies the integrity of the game code. If the checksum fails, then it’s apparent that it’s a pirated copy. Look up the G-Mod anti-piracy scheme for more on that. Very fascinating. Today the most common copy protection is the (very controversial) “always online” method. That’s where when you start up your game, it verifies itself with a certificate that certifies the copy of the game as legitimate. If it’s not legitimate, the game generally won’t start or the developer will have implemented some features to troll the pirates. (Check our Serious Sam) Disclaimer: I’m a little drunk at the moment, but I’m happy to answer any questions you might have tomorrow when I’ve sobered up a bit. I’ll probably also make this comment a bit more detailed.


Question: What is "PCIe 4.0" and what advantages does it have over its predecessor?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is "PCIe 4.0" and what advantages does it have over its predecessor?

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect express) is a standard for a type of socket in computers, generally on the motherboard, that other components like graphics cards, hard drives, wifi cards, etc, use to connect. PCIe 4.0 has a transfer rate of 16GT/s (Giga transfers per second), which is double that of PCIe 3.0 and has lower power requirements. PCIe 5.0 went up to 32GT/s for a total of 63GB/s with a 16 lane configuration, and PCIe 6.0 went up to 64GT/s, for 128GB/s with 16 lanes. PCIe 3.0 was released in 2011. PCIe 4.0 was released in 2016. PCIe 5.0 will be released sometime this year, and PCIe 6.0 in 2021.


Question: How do radio stations determine who is listening and how many people are tuning in daily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do radio stations determine who is listening and how many people are tuning in daily?

Similar to TV ratings, they outsource it to a company (Arbitron - now part of Nielsen, which also does TV ratings). They have two ways of tracking ratings - they randomly choose people to fill out diaries, and (or at least they used to) randomly choose people to wear devices all the time that automatically detect what radio station their listening to. I was once chosen to be in the latter group and made quite a bit of money off of it.


Question: Why are some batteries rechargable while others are not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are some batteries rechargable while others are not?

You can actually recharge non-rechargeable batteries such as alkaline batteries. However, they perform very poorly and take a very long time to recharge (Up to one day). They will also only last a handful of cycles before completely dying. I highly advise against trying this as your normal battery charger will likely cause the battery to overheat and catch on fire. Essentially what recharging a battery does is reverse the flow of electrons, pushing all of the electrons from one side to the other. Nearly all batteries can do this, but only ones such as NiCad, NiMh, Lead-Acid, and Li-Ion/Po can do this efficiently. The only reason that alkaline batteries still exist is that they're cheap, durable and relatively safe.


Question: why does increased air flow extinguish flames? Wouldn't you be adding the necessary ingredients?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does increased air flow extinguish flames? Wouldn't you be adding the necessary ingredients?

Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why can air both extinguish and stoke up a fire? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does blowing air on a small flame put it out, but doing the same on a big fire only fuels it? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does blowing on a flame put it out, but glowing on coals makes them brighter? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: If fire thrives on oxygen, then why does wind blow a fire out? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5 Why does a flame (like on a match, lighter, etc.) go out when you blow on it but when I blow on an ember it intensifies? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5: How does wind blow out fire, like on a match? ]( URL_2 )


Question: When on a call on speaker, how does the other person not hear their feedback on their end?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When on a call on speaker, how does the other person not hear their feedback on their end?

Depends on the phone. Cheap phones have a gate. When the are playing audio they turn the microphone off. More expensive phones have echo cancellation. They know what audio they are producing, then they can subtract that waveform from the incoming audio waveform, leaving everything but the echo. You can tell if your phone is using a gate if only one end of the call can speak at a time.


Question: How is the USA in so much debt but the government is still spending so much money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the USA in so much debt but the government is still spending so much money?

People really like owning US government debt. It's considered an extremely stable way to store money. They are in fact so prized for their stability that right now, the return on them is negative. People are taking a loss to lend money to the United States. When you put your money into the bank, it doesn't just sit in a room somewhere. That's actually quite expensive to maintain - you'd need a ton of guards, and a warehousing system for the money, and it doesn't keep up with inflation. The bank itself will lend out the bulk of accounts. But it needs to make sure that it can reap assets back to make any withdrawals that happen, so it needs a mix of very safe investments it can quickly liquefy, and some riskier ones to turn a profit. US Government Bonds are that ultra-safe, highly liquid debt. You can readily find other banks around the world trading in it, as well as retirement funds, and, if all else fails, the federal reserve trades in them frequently. Whenever the economy is in trouble, and we talk about 'quantitative easing', they mean buying back those bonds, and making them liquid - more or less, owning US Government Bonds puts you at ground zero of any federal reserve monetary policy. It is, as a result the safest and most stable asset there is, and the one people flock to in a crisis. It's value in that regard is so high that the United States can freely find buyers for just about any amount of it, at relatively affordable rates. It's the proverbial gold standard of assets, who's existence plays an important role in the global economy. It is worth noting though that all of this debt isn't cheap. In better years, issuing debt costs more, as it has to compete with better investment opportunities. This is meant to work in a Keynesian sort of way, where a government will have incentives to raise taxes in boom years and run deficits in leaner years, because it's easier for them to borrow money in a crisis. Unfortunately, it isn't often done.


Question: Is the a limit to the number of pathogens our immune system can remember?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is the a limit to the number of pathogens our immune system can remember?

Well, technically there is. But it's an immensely large number. What happens when you get vaccinated is that your B-cells, which have 10^18 possibilities to form a complementary antibody to the pathogen you are vaccinated against, are primed to memorize said antibody pattern. Since each B cell is specific to eyactly one antigen, you can technically remember 10^18 antigen sequences. And that is only counting the numbers of possibilities from gene rearrangement, not included spontaneous mutations, so it's likely even more than that.


Question: Why does audio rapidly repeat itself when a computer crashes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does audio rapidly repeat itself when a computer crashes?

At a high level, sound cards playback sound by reading digital data from a buffer and converting it into an analog signal to transmit to the speaker. When a normal stream of audio is being played back, its data is written into the buffer as a stream so there's no hops or skips - as the digital audio converter scans back and forth over the buffer, the buffer data is overwritten as its being played. If the audio controller crashes but the hardware is still going strong, it begins to simply replay what happened to be in the buffer at the point of the crash, causing the effect you describe. The audio will fully stop if the OS can catch the program going unresponsive and eject it from memory, which frees the audio controller.


Question: Around what prevalence rate would it be appropriate to consider a disorder "rare"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Around what prevalence rate would it be appropriate to consider a disorder "rare"?

URL_0 URL_1 A disease or disorder is defined as rare in Europe when it affects fewer than 1 in 2000. A disease or disorder is defined as rare in the USA when it affects fewer than 200,000 Americans at any given time or about 1 in 1,500 people. In Japan, the legal definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 50,000 patients in Japan, or about 1 in 2,500 people. The definitions used in the medical literature and by national health plans are similarly divided, with definitions ranging from 1/1,000 to 1/200,000.


Question: How do blisters form? And whats in a blister?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do blisters form? And whats in a blister?

Living tissue, as a general rule, is wet. Living cells like being wet and generally require a fluid environment to function. Many living things have to stay constantly wet or they simply dry out and die (or go into stasis). So human beings are just a large collection of cells, the vast majority of which are constantly bathed in fluid which they require to function and live. We have a few specialized cell types which exist specifically to form a barrier between our living cells and the outside world. In humans this is primary skin and mucosa. Broadly speaking skin covers the outside of your body, mucosa lines the inside. Let's set mucosa aside for a moment. If you damage, break, cut or scrape your skin, the protective barrier is broken, and something will leak out. Obviously blood, but that will clot off after a while. Without intact skin all tissues will leak serous fluid even if there is no bleeding. Now this can dry out and form a crust or scab, but if you keep it moist it will produce fluid indefinitely until (hopefully) new skin heals over it. Some tissues don't produce enough fluid to survive exposure for extended periods, and they die (bone, tendon, and ligament being notable examples). Usually people don't notice this fluid because blood predominates, unless they pick at a scab or have an open wound. A blister forms when the skin is damaged but the top layer of keratin, ("dead skin cells", though that's not really a great way to think of it) stays intact. The top layer of your skin is actually pretty tough, so you can kill or damage some of the living skin cells underneath, while having top layer stay in one piece, say through through friction or a burn. Since the skin isn't doing it's job anymore the exposed cells underneath start producing fluid. If the skin is dead but still intact on top it collects and forms a blister. If not you just have an abrasion/wound. Note that enough physical trauma to damage the skin is usually enough to create defects in your epidermis. That's why blisters are most common on areas where the skin is particularly robust (hands and feet) or when you have burns (can be severe damage that doesn't break the skin). That's the 5 yo version anyway.


Question: Where do animals like squirrels get water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where do animals like squirrels get water?

There is different way to ger water that is not drinking. & #x200B; On is to eat food that contain a lot of water another is to metabolite food. . Humans generate \~0.4 liter of water per day from the food we metabolize. & #x200B; The amount you need to drink and can be supplied by food depend in the size and the evolution of the animals that for example changes how efficient the kidneys are. & #x200B; The result is that some animals like squires do not need to drink water but can get if from the food. It is the case that is is primary large animals that need to drink water and many small can manage without. & #x200B; Here is a link to a book that describe it for squirrels. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: How does in-built "unsubscribe" functionality in Gmail work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does in-built "unsubscribe" functionality in Gmail work?

The email headers (which aren't normally visible to the user) will normally contain unsubscribe links if the email is from a reputable sender. When gmail identifies that an unsubscribe link is there it will give you the option of unsubscribing in addition to reporting the spam. You can view these headers by selecting a message and then selecting "show original".