Question: Why is it illegal to use tear gas on enemy combatants, but not on civilians in the US?

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 Why is it illegal to use tear gas on enemy combatants, but not on civilians in the US?

Because the US is a signatory of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (aka the Geneva Protocol) that outlaws the use of chemical weapons in warfare. It does not address the use of irritant gases in civil settings.


Question: What does "crisp" and "dry" mean when it comes to beer?

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 What does "crisp" and "dry" mean when it comes to beer?

When speaking of alcoholic beverages, "dry" is the opposite of "sweet." If a fermented beverage has a lot of residual sugar in it, it will be sweet. if the sugars all get used up by the yeast, or if some other method of reducing the sweetness of the beverage is employed, it will be called "dry." Beers use hops, which are bitter, to counteract the sweetness of the residual sugars, and the bitterness is sometimes referred to as "crisp."


Question: Why was it that during the Colombian Exchange, the colonizers brought so many diseases but didn’t get any in return from the natives?

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 Why was it that during the Colombian Exchange, the colonizers brought so many diseases but didn’t get any in return from the natives?

Colonial Europeans had lived in dense population centers and developed vast trade networks. Trade networks brought in more diseases, and the denser population centers meant that it spread. So while a lot of people died, those that survived had stronger immune systems as a result. This happened over and over again, so by the time Europeans met the native poplulations they were harboring a lot of nasty diseases that their immune systems could handle. The natives did not have immune systems that could however.


Question: How does graphite stay on paper?

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 How does graphite stay on paper?

Graphite is relatively soft, and as you scrape it along a surface, tiny bits of it crumble away and stay behind. These bits are insaaanely individually tiny and make up an extremely fine powder. Paper is not as smooth as you might think. It's covered in ridges and pores and little valleys. So as you are dragging the graphite along a piece of paper and leaving the trail of ultra fine powder behind it, you're also applying a bit of pressure between the pencil tip and the paper, effectively packing the graphite dust into all those grooves and pores and ridges in the paper. Erasers work because they're soft and also extremely porous, wich allows them to sink into the textures along the surface of the paper and collect that graphite dust up in it's own surface, taking it from the paper. As you can imagine this process doesn't work perfectly every swipe, which is why erasers sometimes leave smudges behind.


Question: Why aren't more video games distributed on cartridges (SD Cards etc)?

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 Why aren't more video games distributed on cartridges (SD Cards etc)?

Because games are mostly distributed via the internet nowadays. For consoles you *could* make a case for using SD cards (and I think the Nintendo cartridges are indeed such but with a larger case so they fit the cover art and don't get lost easily), but the Xbox/Playstation has inertia behind using DVD/BluRay drives. Indeed, one of the Playstation's features is serving as a BluRay player to watch movies. Disks are also quite a bit cheaper since they contain no electronics while an SD card is actually a tiny computer that communicates with the reader over a serial port.


Question: If atoms are mostly empty space, why can't light shine through and instead reflect off an opaque surface?

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 If atoms are mostly empty space, why can't light shine through and instead reflect off an opaque surface?

Oversimplification: The wavelength of light is wider than the atoms. More detail: (still a simplification... this ignores quantum effects and stuff in non-metallic crystals) Light behaves differently based on what the electrons in the material are doing. The electrons in molecules act like tiny antennas for light and and radio waves and absorb and emit them. Very small molecules tend to absorb high frequencies, and larger ones lower frequencies. This is why air is clear in the frequencies we see. Metals are special. In metals, some of the electrons flow freely through the material so they absorb a great many frequencies. They act both like small or large molecules. Because the electrons flow freely, the electron wiggles just right to counter the electric field of the light and bounce it back. This is how you get metallic reflection. (Reflection in non-metallic objects is different). Reflection in clear-ish things happens because of the antenna-like electrons. They wiggle which causes light to slow more in certain things and faster in others (the fastest is in empty space). Because of the different speeds, light bends when it reaches a boundary between two different materials, at an angle. Now light has some rules about how it moves, it has to conserve its momentum as it moves. This means that how hard it is moving in a direction has to stay the same. Because it’s slowed and bent, the new momentum is changed. To conserve momentum some light has to get reflected out so it all adds up to the original amount.


Question: What is a holomorphic function and what makes it holomorphic?

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 What is a holomorphic function and what makes it holomorphic?

I’m not really sure what you are asking here. The definition is pretty straightforward: a holomorphic function is any complex function which is differentiable everywhere on its domain. That’s all there is to it. If you’re getting stuck on any particular part of the definition(or if anyone reading this is), let me know and I’m happy to go through it, but I can’t really explain more without knowing what is tripping you up.


Question: Why is it that when you take a photo of your computer screen with a phone camera, the image is distorted or has some sort of pattern superimposed onto it until you zoom in on the image?

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 Why is it that when you take a photo of your computer screen with a phone camera, the image is distorted or has some sort of pattern superimposed onto it until you zoom in on the image?

They're called [Moiré patterns]( URL_0 ) The pixel grid in the camera's sensor, the pixel grid on the screen your photographing **and** the pixel grid on your phone's screen (that's why it changes when you zoom) are not perfectly aligned and create an interference pattern. The same thing occurs when you take a picture of window screen.


Question: If a website/server is hosted in the cloud, how can increased traffic cause the site to crash?

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 If a website/server is hosted in the cloud, how can increased traffic cause the site to crash?

> Why wouldn't the cloud allow it to just scale up? "The cloud" is just a word meaning "someone else's computers" and if their computers aren't able to handle the load they may crash as well. Scaling up capacity might not be fully automatic and takes some time so completely unanticipated load could overwhelm even an outsourced solution.


Question: ... How do gnats just... show up?

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 ... How do gnats just... show up?

A single gnat will lay somewhere between 20-100 eggs. Possibly even more. So one gnat gets in, and about a week or two later, boom, instant swarm of gnats. Also the eggs can lay dormant for a few weeks. So they can wait to hatch, though it's still a few days till the larva turns into flying gnats.


Question: Why is chocolate considered healthy for humans while it is unhealthy for most domestic animals?

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 Why is chocolate considered healthy for humans while it is unhealthy for most domestic animals?

Chocolate actually has the same effect on humans, we're just much, much better at metabolizing theobromine than most domestic animals. We would have to consume a substantial amount of chocolate very quickly to reach the level of toxicity a dog would achieve by having just a few pieces. They just can't clear the chemical from their system quickly enough to avoid the negative effects it causes.


Question: Why do we have trouble eating Foods that we got sick from or threw up even though we've had more good experiences than bad?

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 Why do we have trouble eating Foods that we got sick from or threw up even though we've had more good experiences than bad?

It's called the Garcia effect. One bad experience can ruin you on a food for life. It's got the name 'Garcia' after a rancher in the US who was having a hard time keeping wolves away from his ranch. He shot them but they (or rather, new wolves) kept coming back. One day he decided to leave lightly-poisoned meat around the perimeter of his ranch. Wolves ate it and got sick but didn't die. Instead, they learned to avoid Garcia's cattle and, better yet, taught their young to also avoid it. Less effort, better results! Ever wonder why some people hate tequila? Probably the same reason. They went out, had fun, did the obligatory one-too-many tequila shot and then threw up. Well, the taste and aroma of the drink suffused the whole experience and now the smell of the drink causes all sorts of alarm bells to go off in your head. Same with bad sushi. Eat bad sushi once, get sick, and then swear up and down for the rest of your life that you "just don't like it".


Question: Why does a sleeping person seem to weigh so much more than when they are awake?

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 Why does a sleeping person seem to weigh so much more than when they are awake?

When he was awake he was automatically using his muscles to balance his weight to where your hands were holding him. It's like if a box made handles on itself wherever you grabbed it from. But when he's asleep and he's not doing that, you have to distribute your force all over his body or he would slip right through your hands. Because of that you likely ended up in an uncomfortable position where you are using less primary muscles in weirder angles. This is why it takes much more effort than before, and so it feels like his weight increased.


Question: How does a pulse oximeter measure the blood oxygen levels without actually taking blood?

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 How does a pulse oximeter measure the blood oxygen levels without actually taking blood?

One side of the clip has a light and the other has a sensor. When you clip it on your finger, it shines both red visible light and infrared light through you finger and it hits the detector on the other side, after passing through your finger. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Saturated hemoglobin (full of oxygen) and unsaturated hemoglobin (not full of oxygen) absorb different amounts of infrared and visible light, so by comparing the ratio that the sensor detects to the ratio that was emitted, it can tell how much of the hemoglobin in your blood is saturated and how much isn't. Edit: As others have pointed out, it can only tell whether hemoglobin is saturated or not. Someone with carbon monoxide poisoning will still show normal saturation because the hemoglobin is saturated with carbon monoxide. (Edit to this edit: apparently newer pulse oximters can measure carbon monoxide as well). Edit 2: A lot of people are asking about the kinds on watches or other fitness devices. My description above is for the [finger clip pulse oximeter]( URL_0 ). The ones ones on watches and whatnot work the same way, except the light is reflected back instead of passing through the finger.


Question: Why is it that high frequency signals don't pass through walls easily but you need a block of lead to block the radiation (for Gamma)?

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 Why is it that high frequency signals don't pass through walls easily but you need a block of lead to block the radiation (for Gamma)?

Gamma is so high frequency that it has a \*really\* short wavelength and \*really\* high energy per photon. The gamma wavelengths are less than the diameter of an atom, in a rough sense they can literally shoot through the empty space between atoms. That's why you need big heavy nucleuses to stop them, like lead. What we think of as "high frequency" signals, like WiFi, has a wavelength of several centimeters. Compared to gamma, or compared to atoms, it's HUGE, and far lower energy per photon.


Question: if temperature at the molecular level is just about how fast the molecules are moving, what is it about quicker moving molecules that creates a burn on the skin?

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 if temperature at the molecular level is just about how fast the molecules are moving, what is it about quicker moving molecules that creates a burn on the skin?

it's literally your skin being damaged by the kinetic energy of the object you're touching. Or, the object you're touching makes your own molecules heat up and wiggle around more, and this damages the cells that they make up. think of it like... throwing tennis balls at a car vs. driving gold balls into them at 100mph edit: to be clear, a sunburn happens because ultraviolet radiation (which is higher energy than visible light) hits and pumps energy into your molecules, not because of physical collisions with other atoms


Question: Why do some objects melt when heated and others just burst into flames?

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 Why do some objects melt when heated and others just burst into flames?

Some objects are composed of complex combinations of molecules, where the bonds holding them together can potentially break down before you reach a melting point for everything involved. This break down with heat is (in part) what we observe with fire. Other forms of break down are possible. If you have a simple material, like a lump of a pure element, then you aren't going to encounter this before reaching the melting point.


Question: How does the 4-color theorem "work"?

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 How does the 4-color theorem "work"?

> Why can't you just make a really big and complicated map with really thin shapes? Feel free to try. You'll find that you can't (at least on a planar or spherical graph). As for why? It's complicated. Too complicated, in all likelihood, to be explained in layman's terms. The four-color theorem wasn't proven until 1976 and it was the first major proof that required the use of computers to solve.


Question: When you shake a carbonated drink (soda/beer) it will fizz out of the can if you don't wait a while for it to settle down. What happens to "settle it down"?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you shake a carbonated drink (soda/beer) it will fizz out of the can if you don't wait a while for it to settle down. What happens to "settle it down"?

There is some air in the can, normally just sitting in one piece/bubble at the top. When you shake the can, you break that bubble and mix it with the liquid, creating thousands of small air bubbles. Now when you open the can, the pressure is released and the CO2 dissolved in the (carbonated) liquid vaporizes out of the solution and becomes gas. It’s a lot easier for CO2 to do that when there are already many bubbles of gas (air) which it can join. So a freshly shaken can will fizz out because of all the CO2 suddenly becoming gaseous. In a short while after shaking the air recollects in one bubble at the top, and it’s no longer so easy for CO2 to come out of solution, making the drink “settle down”.


Question: What is this odd feeling I get before falling asleep?

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 What is this odd feeling I get before falling asleep?

Your sensory body is expanding. It happens every night as part of the falling to sleep process but we usually are not conscious of it. In waking state the sensory body is contracted because of various thigs going on in our body and psyche. For example yoga means union and the goal is to expand the sensory body back to its natural open state so it feels like you said as big as the universe or more aptly one with it, thats why yoga means union. But this has nothing to do with western body flexing yoga that is known in western culture.


Question: How is superposition different from just simply saying ‘we don’t know if its there until we check’?

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 How is superposition different from just simply saying ‘we don’t know if its there until we check’?

Superposition is one of the weird aspects of quantum mechanics. The superposition of states A and B doesn't mean that it's either A or B, but we're not sure which. It means it's both. The particle is in state A, and it is also in state B. Collapsing the wavefunction brings it into a state that is either A or B, but that doesn't change the fact that a second ago, it was *both.*


Question: How come drinks in glass containers taste different then drinks in aluminum or other metal containers? I don’t just mean the obvious reason of them being in different materials.

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 How come drinks in glass containers taste different then drinks in aluminum or other metal containers? I don’t just mean the obvious reason of them being in different materials.

That's actually a large part of it. Aluminum cans are sealed with plastic on the inside to keep the soda from dissolving the metal, but glass doesn't need to be sealed. The sealant in aluminum cans leaches a tiny bit into the soda (because the carbon dioxide and other compounds in the soda just work that way), but glass has a different structure so it doesn't dissolve from that. Besides all that, soda in cans is mixed a little differently from soda you'd get from a fountain, and that affects the taste too. Soda from a fountain is pretty much the freshest possible mix you can get.


Question: When you get married, does power of attorney automatically go to your spouse?

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 When you get married, does power of attorney automatically go to your spouse?

If you both die, your things would go to any kids you may have. If you don’t have kids, your property would go into probate and parents of both of you would have a chance to petition the court for your estate. A simple will prevents this. You can prepare a simple will very easily online and prevent that from happening. LawDepot, Rocket Lawyer, LegalZoom... all of them can do that for you for a small fee. LawDepot is free for first seven days, it walks you thru all the pertinent questions and drafts a legally binding copy.


Question: - In movies, special teams like SEAL or others, invading an enemy complex, never takes the enemy weapons like rifles, bombs, grenades, etc. As a civilian, I would take everything I could fearing becoming out of ammunition. Why is that? Is that a movie thing?

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 - In movies, special teams like SEAL or others, invading an enemy complex, never takes the enemy weapons like rifles, bombs, grenades, etc. As a civilian, I would take everything I could fearing becoming out of ammunition. Why is that? Is that a movie thing?

Veteran here: For one; it's generally against policy. Two, you don't know what kind of booby traps might be built in. In Afghanistan, they'd rig their weapons to explode if handled a certain way. Also enemy weapons tend to just suck overall. Three: different ammunition. NATO uses standardized round, not every enemy faction might. Russian rounds won't work in NATO weapons. Four: Weight. Weapons and ammunition are heavy. You also need some way to carry them. Also remember that movies and TV shows are fiction and do not portray realistic combat in any way, even if they say they do.


Question: Why does multiplying two negative numbers create a positive number?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does multiplying two negative numbers create a positive number?

If you think of numbers as if they’re situated on a timeline, you can consider positive to mean “on the same side of 0” and negative is “on the opposite side of 0.” Now by default, our numbers are to the right of 0 because those are numbers of things that we see and feel, not numbers that are absent or taken away. Now when we multiply, we’re saying “this number of clusters of that number.” So if you multiply 5x3, it’s 5 clusters on the same side of 0 of threes on the same side of 0. If you multiply -5x -3, you’re saying 5 clusters on the opposite side of 0 of threes on the opposite side of 0. In other words, 5 clusters of 3 that are the opposite side of the opposite side of 0, which means the same side of 0, which by default is the right side. So it’s 5 clusters of 3 to the right of 0, which is +15.


Question: Why do animals like to be petted?

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 Why do animals like to be petted?

Most wild animals do not like to be petted. Domesticated animals however have been bred to work and live in close relationship to humans. Thus they trust humans more and in most cases depend on us to survive. Domesticated animals have thus learned to socialise with humans, and petting is a social interaction. I guess it is similar to us humans talking, but since animals can't speak we need to communicate in other ways. Petting is a way in which we can express love, affection and trust. With that said you should never pet an animal which you don't know or have the permission to pet as they can be dangerous or don't like humans and get scared.


Question: How do people develop eating disorders?

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 How do people develop eating disorders?

Some people feel comfort from eating and, in times of stress, develop a kind of addiction where they must constantly eat to stay comfortable and happy. & #x200B; On the other hand, some people see themselves as overweight and will do everything they can to not eat, or just vomit up the food (bulimia). & #x200B; These are obviously extreme examples and I am nowhere near qualified to go into more detail, but essentially it works like an addiction to help the victim feel more comfortable.


Question: How come every time I get blood drawn I feel sick, turn white and nearly pass out?

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 How come every time I get blood drawn I feel sick, turn white and nearly pass out?

First always insist they draw your blood with you lying down. If they ask why, tell them you're "a fainter". (That'll get 'em off your back.) Second, drink tons of water the night before & day of the draw so your blood pressure will be good and strong. You get lightheaded because gravity pulls your blood down but your head is up high. Your body fixes this by making you collapse (faint) so your head will be down on the ground instead of higher than your heart (the blood pumper). Which can result in serious injury (concusdion, skull fracture, dental damage, etc.). So prevent fainting at all costs. Syncope (fainting) is one thing. But vaso vagal reactions are common involuntary neurological responses to any piercing of the skin, and they are no laughing matter. Many nurses will tease men for being sissies about needles, etc. If you have a seizure while upright, it can result in brain damage within a couple minutes. Last tip: if getting a fasting blood draw, bring along a BIG bottle of orange juice to start drinking as soon as they put the bandaid on. Take your time moving into sitting position, next dangle your legs, then sit on the edge a while, then stand a minute to get reaccustomed to being vertical. Slow & easy. It's not mind-over-matter, and it's not a sign of weakness. Take care of yourself and insist others do too--not all medical professionals get it. Source: POTS patient


Question: How does Alexa read so naturally from a book, with proper inflection, etc.?

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 How does Alexa read so naturally from a book, with proper inflection, etc.?

I'm not an expert on AI either, but I believe that Alexa can train herself to get better. Same goes with Siri, Google, and other assistants. Millions of users talk to them every day, and by listening to the users, they can recognize speech patterns, and even accents. Eventually, they improve and gets better at producing natural speech. One thing to recognize is that this is machine learning, so the AI gets better gradually by processes close to trial and error. If you look at them, say 5-7 years ago, they were horrible and monotonic. As humans interact with the AIs more, they can use more data from the interaction to improve.


Question: Why was the idea of a currency for the EU (the euro) conceptualised?

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 Why was the idea of a currency for the EU (the euro) conceptualised?

The idea of a common european currency is fairly old. It first started appearing after WWI in the hopes that it would unite countries and prevent another world war. Obviously, this didn't get very far, what with world war II breaking out and all. The idea was partially revived in 1969 by the [European Economic Community] ( URL_1 ) (Belgium, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Luxemburg & West-Germany) which led to the [Werner Plan] ( URL_2 ) to prepare for an economic and monetary union. This failed however due to pressure from the USA, which led to France backing out. Between that and the oil crisis, the Werner plan went ~~nowerner~~ nowhere. Jump about a decade, and finally there came agreement for moving towards an European economic and monetary union (EMU). This was set to happen in three stages. Most important for the foundation of the euro is the [Treaty of Maastricht] ( URL_0 ) in 1992 which formally conceptualised the three pillars of the European Union and the creation of the Euro. Then, on the first of Januari 1999 the Euro was formally introduced into our wallets. Interesting fact, originally the common coin was supposed to be called the Ecu (European Currency Unit) but Germany thought that was a dumb name, so at the last moment they switched to euro instead. As for the why. The Euro and all the various european institutions (EEC, ECSC, EMU, EU, Euratom) all were based on the idea that the best way to prevent more wars from occuring within Eruope was to basically make it so that war was the least profitable option for the member states. When your economy is closely intervowen with that of the rest of the EU, when cooperation is creating more profit than fighting, that is when they argued wars would stop from breaking out. Additionally, by creating a singular strong european block, they would be able to stand up better to outside forces / world powers than they would be able to do if they were divided. They believed a single currency would help achieve this unity.


Question: Why do bands start their songs by saying "One, two, one, two, three, four" instead of just saying "One, two, three, four"?

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 Why do bands start their songs by saying "One, two, one, two, three, four" instead of just saying "One, two, three, four"?

A lot of band songs these days are pretty fast. That one-two is half the speed of the one-two-three-four, so denotes one and three rather than one and two, and is a helpful run-up into the song. having two bars to prepare instead of one means that people are much more likely to come in on time. It's also probably a style thing. Bands have been using that so long that it's become a bit of a flair that makes the performance cooler.


Question: How does your phone know what time it is if it's battery dies?

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 How does your phone know what time it is if it's battery dies?

In general, a dead phone battery isn't completely dead. It's just very low. The battery still has a bit more power in it, but using it damages the chemistry, so the phone doesn't. Besides that, phones can get the time from the phone network, or the Internet. A sim card isn't absolutely required to interact with the network, by the way. It's required for billing, but for instance emergency services are available from any provider, even without a sim card. I'm not sure if getting the time also works that way or not, but it could be.


Question: Can something have a pH level that's higher than 14 or lower than 0? And on the subject of that, how did the scientists decide the magnitude of the pH scale?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can something have a pH level that's higher than 14 or lower than 0? And on the subject of that, how did the scientists decide the magnitude of the pH scale?

Yes, pH can be above 14 or below 0. pH is the negative log of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, measured in moles per liter. If you have less than 10^(-14) moles/L of H^(+) ions in a solution, then the pH will be over 14. If you have more than 1 mole/L of H^(+) ions, the pH will be below 0. These situations are uncommon, but not impossible.


Question: Why is it that when both of my eyes are open, I don't really see my nose, but with one open, it becomes far more noticeable?

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 Why is it that when both of my eyes are open, I don't really see my nose, but with one open, it becomes far more noticeable?

You can always see your nose but you don't always *perceive* your nose Your brain considers it to be useless information that never changes so it ignores it. If you were to paint your nose blue or another color then you'd be acutely aware of it for a while Your brain does a good job of isolating signal from noise. This is why you don't see your nose, smell constant smells, feel your clothes touching you, or pay attention to how your tongue sits in your mouth. For the most part all of that is just useless distracting information


Question: Where does a online bank keep their money?

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</answer>
 Where does a online bank keep their money?

They have your bank account number and the $5 is deducted from your total. It’s a numbers game. Banks don’t have all of the money of every client on hand at any given moment. That’s why they pay interest for you storing your money with them. And that’s why the [bank panic]( URL_0 ) leading to the Great Depression were so bad. Everyone tried to withdraw their money at the same time, but the banks didn’t actually have their money. The banks made a gamble and they lost.


Question: Why isn't TV static colorful instead of B & W?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't TV static colorful instead of B & W?

Television signals have a signal with color information synchronized after the beginning of each horizontal line called the "colorburst". If that signal is missing the decoder falls back to black and white decoding that only includes luminance values, in order to preserve backwards compatibility with older signals. Static of course lacks this colorburst information and so the decoder only outputs black and white static.


Question: - What are fat people in poor countries eating? I have seen a bunch of YouTube videos with overweight people in these countries. Serious question.

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 - What are fat people in poor countries eating? I have seen a bunch of YouTube videos with overweight people in these countries. Serious question.

By far, some of the cheapest calories are Carbs, and an excess of them is difficult to deal with for a human body. Add in that you might have nothing gainful to do (sitting around in a refugee camp, wasteland, etc) so putting on weight might happen more than you think. Also, take into account that lack of reliable food access might be multigenerational, so bodies could be adapted to storing every last precious calorie and then, BAM this is bread and rice, get wrecked, metabolism.


Question: How do we know multiple/parallel universes may exist?

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 How do we know multiple/parallel universes may exist?

We don't know that they exist, but if they did they would solve some problems in theories of physics. For example, physicists often ask why something came out the way that it did, but they generally don't like the answer, "because our place in the universe is special". So when they ask why is the charge of the electron the value we seem to measure or why the Planck length is the value it is, or why this particular quantum event turned out one way instead of another way that could possibly be, they want a more satisfactory answer. Parallel universes offer a way to answer these questions much more satisfactorally. The constants of our universe aren't special, there are many or infinite universes each with their own values and we just happen to be in this one with these values. The result of that quantum event actually happened both ways and we just ended up in the universe where it went the way we detected. We are no longer special and that makes phycists happy.


Question: How does Foreign Exchange work?

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 How does Foreign Exchange work?

There are many different currencies in the world, but most companies are really only willing to accept one of them. If I run a factory in the US, I need to pay taxes in US dollars, wages in US dollars, utilities in US dollars, etc. If a customer in Europe wants to buy whatever my factory makes I'm not going to accept Euros because I can't use them to pay my bill at the end of the week, hence foreign exchange. There are people/companies who are willing to exchange one type of currency for another, on the basis that trade between counties needs to happen, and there is money to be made by facilitating those transactions. If a county is doing well economically and lots of people want to buy their goods, that often leads to their currency being "strong", which means that it take more than the usual amount of a foreign currency to buy one unit of their currency. When that happens, companies which import goods into the company with a strong currency are happy because the same number of dollars can buy more foreign currency which means more foreign goods for the same price, but companies which export goods away are unhappy because other countries have a harder time affording enough dollars to buy the goods they want to sell.


Question: 401(k). Why are they better than just regular savings?

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 401(k). Why are they better than just regular savings?

The tax advantage. Money contributed to a 401(k) plan reduces the amount of your paycheck that is taxed. The money grows due to compound interest and stock market gains. After retirement, when you start withdrawing the money, you do pay income tax on it, but you're likely to be in a lower tax bracket.


Question: With the new finding of the seven earth sized planets, how will humans determine whether there is life on them and how long would it take to do?

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 With the new finding of the seven earth sized planets, how will humans determine whether there is life on them and how long would it take to do?

The planets are 39 light years away, so getting a probe or something over there would take quite hundreds of years or more with our current tech at it's best. Fortunately, we don't have to do that. The best thing we can do is to look for signs of the kinds of gases life makes: oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane. When Trappist-1's light shines through the atmosphere of one of the planets, we can watch for which spectrums of light are and aren't filtered out by the atmosphere, which tell us what types of gases are in it. This is of course not SUPER conclusive, but we'll be able to get proper answers on it within the decade. And there's plenty of other exoplanets out there to try the same tricks on. We've been discovering exoplanets at an enormous rate lately, which is amazing since it took until 1992 to fundamentally find and prove the existence of planets around other stars, and now we've got bucketfuls of data about 'em to sort through and start oogling.


Question: Why are some medications in higher doses only with a prescription?

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 Why are some medications in higher doses only with a prescription?

As doses increase so do things like the risk associated with taking those doses, normally they would expect people to not decide for themselves what dose is appropriate as improperly dosing yourself can be fatal. 600mg of ibuprofen for example runs a much higher risk of side effects and as such are more likely to have the tablet designed in such a way to do other things (say have a fast dissolve outer layer and a slow dissolve inner layer to effectively provide the dose over a more appropriate period of time). Remember, everything is poisonous with the right dose, aka its the dose that makes the poison.


Question: What is 'high-pressure' and 'low-pressure' in weather and how do they form?

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 What is 'high-pressure' and 'low-pressure' in weather and how do they form?

Not a meteorologist but my understanding is that there are currents of airflow the go around the world. Mostly caused by heating and cooling of the atmosphere from the sun. As these pockets of air move around the run into each other and move away from each other. This causes high low pressure areas.. because water vapor is heavier than air itself it tends to collect in low pressure zones. As more water vapor collects it starts to form clouds and eventually rain..


Question: Are the White House press briefings usually this hostile? It always appears Spicer is upset with media and vise versa. I never heard any briefings under Obama administration so I just don't know if this is normal.

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 Are the White House press briefings usually this hostile? It always appears Spicer is upset with media and vise versa. I never heard any briefings under Obama administration so I just don't know if this is normal.

To be the White House press secretary is the highest level of bullshit artist a man can attain. It is their whole job to spin the President's daily actions and inactions into something everyone can understand. The good ones are like lawyers, they never lie, but get real creative when telling their truth. Since most of the reporters in the room are regulars, a rapport and trust is established. Relationships can be be leveraged so the WH can ask a reporter with a hot lead: "Sit on this for a week and we'll give you an exclusive", or "Please don't fuck this deal up for us, if you spin it our way, we'll bring you along to Kandahar". Sean Spicer seems to lack the artistry and charm it takes to develop an individual relationship that gets reporters to forgive briefing fuckups. If he was more friendly, perhaps folks in the room would be more willing ignore the "Largest Inauguration" claims and move on in the spirit of cooperation. But he's not. He isn't the first shit press secretary we've had, nor will he be the last. However, he does seem to be on-track to be the longest-serving shit press secretary, so there's that.


Question: Why does spring water taste sweeter than mineral water?

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 Why does spring water taste sweeter than mineral water?

There are two parts to this: 1. The mineral make-up of the water influences its flavour. A water from any given spring will taste slightly different to the water from another given spring. The same is true for mineral water - depending on the makeup of minerals in that water, it may well be sweeter than water from another spring. 2. The psychological effect. People generally can't tell the difference between tap water and bottled water if they aren't told which is which: URL_0 > hese results indicated that the participants could not distinguish between the two water varieties and that the indistinguishability of the water varieties was statistically significant.


Question: What causes an oil fire and why does water make it worse? Can a flammable item be used to suffocate it and put it out.

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What causes an oil fire and why does water make it worse? Can a flammable item be used to suffocate it and put it out.

Fire requires three things: fuel, heat, and oxygen. Now oil and water don't mix, and when water is vaporized it can cause the hot oil to separate creating enough surface are that the hot oil now has enough oxygen for a combustion reaction. Placing a flammable blanket over the flame can smother it if it is removed from the heat source but you should generally smother it with something like salt or a lid. When the oil burns away it will naturally peter out.


Question: After dialling a phone call, why does the dial out ring you hear before a person picks up often differ in tone and frequency?

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 After dialling a phone call, why does the dial out ring you hear before a person picks up often differ in tone and frequency?

Remember, the phone system is ancient. The electronics that generate the ring signal you hear when you call a phone number is not the same as the electronics that generate the ring signal that the person you are calling hears. For example, one might be Sprint, the other might be AT & T. One might be a cell phone, and the other a land line.


Question: How can a bicycle/motorcycle etc balance when moving but not when stationary? I know it's physics, but what is exactly?

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 How can a bicycle/motorcycle etc balance when moving but not when stationary? I know it's physics, but what is exactly?

A bicycle is effectively an inverted pendulum, you keep balance by moving the contact point left and right, to keep it under the center of mass, but when the bike is stationary that contact point isn't moving. Bicycles will self steer in the direction they're leaning, which will naturally help keep balance. This self steering happens for multiple reasons, including gyroscopic precession, caster angle, and location of the wheel's center of mass compared to the steering axis.


Question: Why is Rhode Island called that when it’s not an island?

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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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 Why is Rhode Island called that when it’s not an island?

The name was originally only associated with the actual island—Rhode Island, which is the largest of the islands sitting the state’s southern bay. Eventually when boundaries started to appear, that’s the name that was chosen for that entire area, even though, yes, it includes lots of land that isn’t part of the island.