Question: If sound doesn't travel in space, does it stay in one spot?

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 If sound doesn't travel in space, does it stay in one spot?

Sound waves cannot love in a vacuum right? Meaning you couldn’t create them either. Think of your own ears. Hitting a bowl with a spoon makes sound waves happen and they go towards your ears that pick them up. Now imagine there is no air in the room. There’s nothing to vibrate so there is no sound. And nothing for it to travel though.


Question: Why do airplanes collide midair if there aren’t that many planes, and the sky is huge?

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 Why do airplanes collide midair if there aren’t that many planes, and the sky is huge?

Many fights come from and go to the same airports, which means that lots of planes are using similar flight paths. If they were freeform flying from anywhere to anywhere, then there would be much less risk since they'd be following a million different paths. But since there are relatively few starting points and ending points, more traffic is compressed into less routes.


Question: why do we have a dominant hand/side? And why isn’t the world 50% righties and 50% lefties?

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 why do we have a dominant hand/side? And why isn’t the world 50% righties and 50% lefties?

Nobody really knows. There are many competing theories, but since evolution works on geologic timescales, it's hard to falsify these theories experimentally. What we do now know about handedness is that it's far from a uniquely human thing. Around 2/3rds of chimpanzees are right handed for example. Much closer to 50:50 than humans, but still a sizable majority of righties. Gorillas are about 75% rightie. The most commonly accepted theory is that it's simply about division of labour between different parts of the brain. Brains aren't just one big wodge of neurons all doing the same thing. The brain is specialized into many functional units for performing particular tasks. So the part of the brain that deals with motor control also gets specialized somewhere. And which side of the brain it gets specialized determines your handedness. As to why right-handedness is much more common, this is less clear. But population-level handedness seems beneficial for social species, with handedness being much more prevalent in animals with rich social structures.


Question: I just watched Arrival for the first time and the idea of a non zero-sum game is not making sense to me. What is the simplest explanation or example? #

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 I just watched Arrival for the first time and the idea of a non zero-sum game is not making sense to me. What is the simplest explanation or example? #

I am a lawyer. If I win a case, my opponent loses a case. If my opponent wins a case, I lose my case. For me to win, someone must lose. This is a zero sum game. I am a doctor. If I save a life, every doctor who worked on the case also saved a life. The patient had his life saved. If I lose a patient, every doctor who worked on the case also lost the patient. The patient lost his life. For me to win, no one has to lose. This is not a zero sum game.


Question: Unions are often regarded as bad for the employment. How come that countries with strong unions (like most european countries) have low unemployment?

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 Unions are often regarded as bad for the employment. How come that countries with strong unions (like most european countries) have low unemployment?

Unions are not bad for employment, that's just what companies want you to believe. When you're in a union, you have a voice at your work place and you get better pay, better health care and better working conditions. Employers don't want to pay you more, and this includes insurance (they don't give it to you, you earn it) and they don't want to spend money on making the work place better, they want to keep all the profits for themselves. I work in a union shop. We recently hired 2 people from our nonunion competition. At there old job they HAD to meet certain measurement even though there are so many things out of their control that effect those measurement, in a union shop, that doesn't happen.


Question: Why are most pills cylindrical: Aside from being easier to swallow, wouldn’t a powder form work best?

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 Why are most pills cylindrical: Aside from being easier to swallow, wouldn’t a powder form work best?

I work in pharmaceutical QC and have been involved in testing tablets. It's a easy shape to form in molds, when you're medium is a powder. You do get other shapes, but the further you move away from disks or cylinders, the more precise you have to be with temperatures and pressures used in the forming molds. Tablets have to pass a friability (breakability) test. The tablets are tumbled in a drum and you can only lose a certain amount of surface area before failing the test. Shapes with more hard edges tend to fracture and break at these hard edges, and are more prone to failing. So manufacturers tend to keep to round shapes. Sachets of powder have been used, but suffer from two main issues. They tend not to be as stable in terms of shelf life. The whole surface area of loose powder is exposed to factors that may degrade the product. They deliver a full dose fast, so are unsuitable for timed release medicine. Most tablet or capsule forms are carefully formulated to deliver the dose over a specific time frame. From minutes for some painkillers or angina meds, to 24 hours or more for meds used to manage chronic conditions.


Question: Every time that I either eat, drink, or breathe I do this without thought; my body specifically knows somehow what I need. How is this complex mechanism (loose term, no I.D.) react so precisely?

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 Every time that I either eat, drink, or breathe I do this without thought; my body specifically knows somehow what I need. How is this complex mechanism (loose term, no I.D.) react so precisely?

These are autonomic functions, amongst the most basic at that. There are neural circuits in your brain (mostly brainstem for such functions) that are preprogrammed to function a specific way, much like a computer algorithm. For things as simple as swallowing, it's just a sensor of food in a certain region of your throat, connected to a motor neuron that flexes a series of muscles with a particular timing and rate of change of contractile tone that push food down to your esophagus. Of course this is an oversimplification, but that's the gist of it. Other more complex things like breathing have a basic neural network of a basic rhythmogenecity (generates signals at a given rate). For example, this rhthym tells your diaphragm to contract every now and then, and exhaling is mostly passive (lungs going back to their default shape). But it's complex because many inputs can alter this rhthym. For example, you have sensors for acidity (as higher CO2 makes blood acidic), and the more acidic your blood the faster you need to breath to exchange more gas and normalize. Then it gets more complex because you have more inputs, voluntary inputs, where you can actively inhibit, slow down, or accelerate breathing. And another layer of complexity is that you can recruit more muscles to breathe (intercostal muscles for example) harder or exhale more strongly. And these other muscles need to be coordinated with your diaphragm and a bunch of other things. Then another layer of complexity is that, depspite having administrative rights where you can override the rhythm, you also need a built it circuit that forces you to breath when you stop too long, or when you're intentionally breathing too slow. So for this you need things like the acidity sensor to reach override privilege to your own administrative rights when it's signal output exceeds a given threshold, one at which you have dangerously high CO2. This is also an oversimplification. Then you some autonomic things like walking, which are orchestrates at the level of the spinal cord, but also brain. Here you have a large amount of sensors that measure muscle and tendon tension and that have a machine like inner workings to generate highly fine tuned gait (walking pattern). But at the same time, your brain needs to be able to override this when it wants. But simultaneously, you need to have certain sensors that detect danger and override you. Like if you're intentionally walking badly allowing your feet to trip over one another until you lose balance and are about to fall. Here you brain needs to integrate information from sensors in your inner ears that detect acceleration, linear or angular. It then computes the optimal path to correct your fall with minimal damage, and your cerebellum (a structure in your brain responsible for complex muscle coordination) processes this stuff and with the help of other regions quickly sends overriding reflexive signals that forcefully move your leg a specific way or your hands so you don't fall on your face. As you can see, these are autonomic functions. Some, like breathing are wired from birth. Others are hardwired by learning as a child. Some give you complete room for overriding and control, some give you partial room. Some receives info from a huge amount of sources, some don't. And keep in mind, these are literally amongst the simplest neural networks in your brain. They're so simple they're the most well studied. So you can appreciate the degree or complexity in actual thinking and memory and creativity and so on. To give you an idea: change of position over time is velocity right? Change in velocity over time is acceleration right? You have comprehend such things, but now go further.. Change of acceleration over time. Change of change of acceleration over time, etc. As you go higher and higher, you will find that the computation of such derivatives or integrals is incredibly difficult. It's advanced calculus, these higher derivatives are called jerk, snap, crackle, pop and so on. Well, your brain actually does the math to such levels and higher when it's trying to fine tune the flexion of your muscles and it does this in milliseconds. Our brains are smarter than we can ever be.


Question: Why so many people hate the company Nestlé?

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 Why so many people hate the company Nestlé?

They claimed their baby formula was as healthy as breast milk. It wasn't and it's harmful to babies to mislead parents like that. Their baby formula required clean water. Most of the groups they were targeting, especially in Africa, didn’t have access to clean water. Many mothers were not aware of this (literacy rates suck in some regions), so they mixed the formula with polluted water which put the children at great risks. Nestle seems to have knowingly ignored this and encouraged mothers to use the formula even when they knew the risks. Nestle's response to criticism was essentially "go do something about the dirty water then." Oh, did I mention they hired nurses to distribute milk formula to new mothers, long enough to make their natural lactation stop, so they'd *have* to continue using milk formula. In 2008, [their factories were implicated in a milk scandal that killed hundreds of children]( URL_3 ). TL;DR: six types of milk powders produced in China by Nestle contained low-level traces of melamine and were removed from the shelves. Their chairman once stated that he does not believe drinking water is a basic human right, and stated that those who think it is are "extreme" in their thinking. Nestle, coincidentally, is the world's biggest producer of bottled water. They drain their aquifers to get that water without the slightest concern for environmental damage. Case in point: With the recent California drought, a lot of companies that use aquifers started to move their projects out of California and into states not being affected by drought. When asked if they'd do the same, Nestle's CEO said "Absolutely not. In fact, if I could increase water bottling operations, I would." And they do. Their aquifer projects in Pakistan have reduced local villages (such as Bhati Dilwan) to having no fresh water to drink, being forced to drink muddy, polluted and infected water instead. Oh, and they've pumped water illegally many times. Their tactic is to get permits, continue doing it after permits expire so as to avoid being told to stop, once they're found out they drag out a legal battle whilst continuing to pump water, then even if they lose they just appeal and continue to pump while the appeal goes through. By the time the process is over it can be 10+ years. They've done it in Brazil with their Perrier brand and in [the San Bernadino forest]( URL_1 ). On top of that, one of their subsidiaries (Ice Mountain Water) was simply outright bottling tap water and selling it as sparkling fresh mineral water. Some claim upwards of half of all their bottled water is just tap water. And then we get to chocolate. They exploit child slave labour to produce the cocoa. They were actually legally tried in a US court for turning a blind eye towards trafficking of children in Cote d'Ivoire to work their plantations, but the case was thrown out because the judge said it wasn't his place to rule on international issues. [Nestle knew though.]( URL_4 ) They pollute the shit out of Chinese water because they can legally get away with it. They made extensive deals with Robert Mugabe (and his wife especially), buying milk from farms he'd have illegally seized by the state just to sell the product to them. They can't claim ignorance because it was very well known They were found guilty of price fixing in Canada. When Ethiopia was in the midst of a huge famine, Nestle decided it was the perfect time to demand they repay a $6 million debt. A drop in the damn ocean for that company, but everything to one of the poorest nations on Earth struggling with massive starvation-related deaths. They defended themselves stating it was "a matter of principle." After a huge public backlash they [eventually relented]( URL_2 ). They claim to be "the world’s leading nutrition, health, and wellness company" but are regarded by most experts in the field to be one of the absolute worst amongst larger food companies. You could just boycott them, but [good luck with that]( URL_0 ). They're also not alone. Most corporations their size have long lists of nasty, nasty stuff going on. Nestle have just been bad at keeping it hidden, plus their chairpeople have a bad habit of saying utterly horrific and completely amoral things to the press.


Question: Why does a^2 + b^2 = c^2 in a right triangle?

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 Why does a^2 + b^2 = c^2 in a right triangle?

Imagine you had a square with four similar triangles inside forming a smaller square: a b ———————————— | /——____ |a | / c ——-___| b| / / | | / c / | | / c / | | / / |b | ——____ c / | a| ——___/ | ———————————— b a a ———————————— | /| b | | / | | b| c / | b | | / | b | | / | | |_/__|_______b______| a| a |——____ c | a |____|_______——____| a b This new figure was made by rearranging the triangles. Notice how in the first figure, the square in the center has area c^2. In the second figure, the two squares are a^2 and b^2. Both figures have the same outer square and the same four triangles in it. So if the areas of the four triangles combined are equal in both figures, then the areas not occupied by triangles must be equal. So a^2 + b^2 = c^2.


Question: why do we open our eyes wider when surprised or scared?

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 why do we open our eyes wider when surprised or scared?

Wider eyes and dilated (i.e. biiig) pupils make it easier to soak in more visual information. This is important for quickly assessing the surrounding environment for fast reactions. This is important for survival in surprising / scary situations as it helps us react faster. That's also why blood vessels dilate and you see more blood flow to your limbs. To help them react quicker to perceived threat/danger (which is an element of surprise/getting startled). In your case it's probably more a matter of getting more alert for something your on expects / wants perhaps. To find the source of something you really like.


Question: Why do clouds not freeze and fall to the ground when it's really cold out?

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 Why do clouds not freeze and fall to the ground when it's really cold out?

Well, clouds *do* fall to the ground (that's what rain and snow is), but clouds aren't solid objects that can freeze and fall to the ground in the way that you're thinking. A cloud is a collection of particles of water, either as vapor, droplets, or ice crystals. Also, it gets colder as you increase in altitude, so, often, it's already freezing or below freezing at the altitude of certain clouds. Eventually, that water falls back the ground as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. We call this precipitation. The type of precipitation is determined by the local weather.


Question: [UK] Why is the NHS on it's knees financially? Where has all the money gone? How much is being cut?

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 [UK] Why is the NHS on it's knees financially? Where has all the money gone? How much is being cut?

"Health inflation" is between 3 and 4% annually. This is the amount the NHS' funding needs to be increased each year to provide the same level of service. (Because of changing, aging demographics and run of the mill financial inflation) The NHS budget was increased by 3.7% annually between 1949/50 and 2009/10. The Conservatives came to power in 2010 and have been increasing the budget by 1.2% annually (continuing up to 2020) They can claim they're increasing spending and giving record amounts of money to the NHS because technically they are but because of the way these reductions compound over the years the NHS will in real terms be something along the lines of 20% smaller than it needs to be in 2020 after 10 years of this government. By the way this is not considered a biased or controversial take within health academia. Here's an article from the independent King's Fund which better explains what I'm trying to say. URL_0


Question: How do ants and termites design such complex and sophisticated large-scale structures?

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 How do ants and termites design such complex and sophisticated large-scale structures?

A current belief for how ants create such complex structures is called [Stigmergy]( URL_0 ). Essentially individual builder ants follow specific rules where if the environment meets certain conditions they will build in a specific way. So as a made up example, if a tunnel is x long then turns right an ant may use these conditions to build a separate branch to the left. Add in some pheromones for communication and ants will work together to achieve simple tasks that result in complex structures. [Pheromones]( URL_1 ) are basically specific chemicals that ants and other organisms can produce and react to. There can be different kinds of pheromones such as alarm signals, food trails, and mating signals. As another made up example if a lot of ants are squeezing through the same tunnel there may be a lot of pheromones lying around and builder ants could use those as a condition to make the tunnel wider.


Question: Why is cold water more thirst quenching than warm water?

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 Why is cold water more thirst quenching than warm water?

Warm water does not taste as good as cold water so your body represses its feeling of thirst hoping for better quality water later. Cold water tastes better both because your sense of taste gets worse with cold (and water is not supposed to have taste) and because you instinctively prefer cold fresh water over warm water that have potentially been sitting outside in the sun for a long time. Warm water is actually easier for the body to take up and will hydrate you faster. You can add flavoring to the water to make it easier to drink warm.


Question: (From my actual 5 year old) Can you take anti-venom before working with a poisonous snake in case you get bit?

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 (From my actual 5 year old) Can you take anti-venom before working with a poisonous snake in case you get bit?

The side effects from taking anti-venom can be severe, including serum sickness, shortness of breath, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Paraphrased from Wikipedia, they have sources. There's also the economic problem: Anti-venom is expensive. And then there's the logical problem: People will often have potential exposure to multiple types of venom, I.E. there are many different venomous snakes in Australia or the snake handler must handle many different types of snakes. Each situation could require different anti-venoms. I'm not a doctor, but given the potential side effects, mixing anti-venom probably isn't a solution.


Question: What is a partial derivative? Why are they useful?

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 What is a partial derivative? Why are they useful?

Since you're already versed in the concept, one way to think about it is as a special case of the directional derivative - that is, df/dx is the directional derivative with respect to < 1,0 > , df/dy is the directional derivative with respect to < 0,1 > , etc. Or for the non-mathematically-inclined: "if you go in such and such a direction, how quickly does the function change?" They're useful for the same reason that regular 1D derivatives are useful: they tell us how the output of a function will change with small changes to its input, it just so happens that for functions of multiple variables there are several ways in which we can change the input.


Question: Why would a company want to generate fake income?

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 Why would a company want to generate fake income?

Many possible reasons: -Inflating income makes it looks like you make more money which means people pay more for your stocks. -Often the CEO and Board get personal bonuses if they hit certain goals: lie about hitting the goal and they get their bonus. -Lower employees could be fired if they don't meet their quotas, so just lie about it rather than get fired.


Question: what happens to chemical weapons if they're hit by missiles?

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 what happens to chemical weapons if they're hit by missiles?

The primary way of destroying toxic chemicals is by burning it at an extremely hot temperature. Traditional explosives aren't very effective since, like you insinuate, an explosion is just going to disperse the agents, and for simple substances they are not going to be stored just as precursors. One of our first attempts to deal with that was to actually use a white phosporus bomb, amusingly enough. The white phosphorus burns at such a high temerature it is able to destroy the agents in the explosion. But anyone who knows anything about white phosphorus can see why this is uh...not an ideal solution, lets put it that way. Last I checked, the more advanced version of this is using a thermite bomb. Thermite burns as hot as is needed, but in a much more controlled manner in a form that's less volatile. There are additional challenges to using a thermite bomb, but it also has a lot of advantages over white phosporus. The easiest method, and the one I believe we did just recently in Syria, was to be indirect and simply target planes and helicopters that are able to carry and disperse the agents. You can't gas your own population if you can't get the gas to them after all.


Question: How do fish feel pain?

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 How do fish feel pain?

We feel pain when something excites our nociceptors - which is a sensory neuron that when it recieves stimuli, sends a message to the brain that makes the place hurt. In five year old terms, I would say that we are full of buttons that when pressed hard enough, makes us feel pain. Fish seem to have neurons like that, but apparently wired differently. Besides that, behaviour is really the best thing we have to go off of. If you touch something and it hurts, your first instinct is to get the hell away from it, and we see that in other animals, including fish: they will avoid certain stimuli. But, it's hard to tell if they'll avoid it because it hurts- the reason that there's a debate around that is because we don't know if they avoid it because of instinct or pain. Long story short, we don't know for sure how actual pain works in some groups of animals, but we do know that there is some sort of mechanism that makes them avoid dangerous things. & #x200B;


Question: Why can all recursive solutions to a problem be solved using an iterative solution?

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 Why can all recursive solutions to a problem be solved using an iterative solution?

It's been a long while, but the ELI5 is that Church-Turing declares that all computations can be computed with a Turing machine, in the sense that a Turing machine is able to carry out a series of instructions and come to a result in a finite amount of steps. Computable functions can do this in a finite amount of steps (for example, add 1 to each number in a list of ten thousand numbers), whereas noncomputable functions are not (the halting problem being canonical, which is NP-hard). In general, all computable Turing-complete solutions to a problem require carrying out a series of steps finite in number to reach the endpoint, and therefore it doesn't matter if you do it recursively or iteratively for the purposes of solving the problem - you're simply executing the instructions in a different order. There are major implications to your speed and memory consumption, of course, but since it all gets fed into a Turing machine and it's still Turing complete, it's still solvable either way.


Question: The difference between face, hand and body wash. Why can't I just use the same thing all over?

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 The difference between face, hand and body wash. Why can't I just use the same thing all over?

Mostly they are the same thing. Hand washes might have additional ingredients to make them antibacterial, face washes might be less harsh and/or contain moisturisers since our faces have more delicate skin. Fragrances and foaming are sometimes different too. Having your hands smell nice is one thing, but having that scent on your nose is overwhelming.


Question: What was the reason the economy was messed up in Chile during Salvador Allende's presidency?

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 What was the reason the economy was messed up in Chile during Salvador Allende's presidency?

The US waged economic warfare against Chile. President Nixon famously ordered the CIA to "make the economy scream". The CIA had been working for several years since the latter 1960s to prevent Allende from becoming President of Chile. Some documents regarding the affairs have in fact been declassified. [These are some of the activities the CIA *admits* to being behind]( URL_0 ) - there are certainly more that have not been declassified: > Overview of Covert Actions. At the direction of the White House and interagency policy coordination committees, CIA undertook the covert activities described below. There were sustained propaganda efforts, including financial support for major news media, against Allende and other Marxists. Political action projects supported selected parties before and after the 1964 elections and after Allende’s 1970 election. > * In April 1962, the “5412 Panel Special Group”—a sub-cabinet body charged with reviewing proposed covert actions—approved a proposal to carry out a program of covert financial assistance to the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) to support the 1964 Presidential candidacy of Eduardo Frei. * Also in 1962, the CIA began supporting a civic action group that undertook various propaganda activities, including distributing posters and leaflets. * In December 1963, the 5412 Group agreed to provide a one-time payment to the Democratic Front, a coalition of three moderate to conservative parties, in support of the Front’s Presidential campaign. * In April 1964, the 5412 Group approved a propaganda and political action program for the upcoming September 1964 Presidential election. * In May 1964, following the dissolution of the Democratic Front, the “303 Committee,” successor to the 5412 Group, agreed to give the Radical Party additional covert assistance. I* n February 1965, the 303 Committee approved a proposal to give covert assistance to selected candidates in upcoming Congressional elections. * In 1967, the CIA set up a propaganda mechanism for making placements in radio and news media. * In July 1968, the 303 Committee approved a political action program to support individual moderate candidates running in the 1969 Congressional elections. * As a result of 1968 propaganda activities, in 1969 the “40 Committee” (successor to the 303 Committee) approved the establishment of a propaganda workshop. * In the runup to the 1970 Presidential elections, the 40 Committee directed CIA to carry out “spoiling operations” to prevent an Allende victory. * As part of a “Track I” strategy to block Allende from taking office after the 4 September election, CIA sought to influence a Congressional run-off vote required by the Constitution because Allende did not win an absolute majority. * As part of a “Track II” strategy, CIA was directed to seek to instigate a coup to prevent Allende from taking office (see discussion below). * While Allende was in office, the 40 Committee approved the redirection of “Track I” operations that—combined with a renewed effort to support the PDC in 1971 and a project to provide support to the National Party and Democratic Radical Party in 1972—funneled millions of dollars to strengthen opposition political parties. CIA also provided assistance to militant right-wing groups to undermine the President and create a tense environment. > Support for Coup in 1970. Under “Track II” of the strategy, CIA sought to instigate a coup to prevent Allende from taking office after he won a plurality in the 4 September election and before, as Constitutionally required because he did not win an absolute majority, the Chilean Congress reaffirmed his victory. CIA was working with three different groups of plotters. All three groups made it clear that any coup would require the kidnapping of Army Commander Rene Schneider, who felt deeply that the Constitution required that the Army allow Allende to assume power. CIA agreed with that assessment. Although CIA provided weapons to one of the groups, we have found no information that the plotters’ or CIA’s intention was for the general to be killed. Contact with one group of plotters was dropped early on because of its extremist tendencies. CIA provided tear gas, submachine-guns and ammunition to the second group. The third group attempted to kidnap Schneider, mortally wounding him in the attack. CIA had previously encouraged this group to launch a coup but withdrew support four days before the attack because, in CIA’s assessment, the group could not carry it out successfully. > Awareness of Coup Plotting in 1973. Although CIA did not instigate the coup that ended Allende’s government on 11 September 1973, it was aware of coup-plotting by the military, had ongoing intelligence collection relationships with some plotters, and—because CIA did not discourage the takeover and had sought to instigate a coup in 1970—probably appeared to condone it. There was no way that anyone, including CIA, could have known that Allende would refuse the putchists’ offer of safe passage out of the country and that instead—with La Monedam Palace under bombardment from tanks and airplanes and in flames—would take his own life. > Knowledge of Human Rights Violations. CIA officers were aware of and reported to analysts and policymakers in 1973 that General Pinochet and the forces that overthrew the Allende Government were conducting a severe campaign against leftists and perceived political enemies in the early months after the coup. Activities of some security services portended a long-term effort to suppress opponents. In January 1974, CIA officers and assets were tasked to report on human rights violations by the Chilean government. > Liaison with Chilean Security Services. The CIA had liaison relationships in Chile with the primary purpose of securing assistance in gathering intelligence on external targets. The CIA offered these services assistance in internal organization and training to combat subversion and terrorism from abroad, not in combating internal opponents of the government. The CIA also used these relationships to admonish these services concerning human rights abuses in Chile. The policy community and CIA recognized that the relationships opened the CIA to possible identification with the liaison services’ internal operations involving human rights abuses but determined that the contact was necessary for CIA’s mission. > Propaganda in Support of Pinochet Regime. After the coup in September 1973, CIA suspended new covert action funding but continued some ongoing propaganda projects, including support for news media committed to creating a positive image for the military Junta. Chilean individuals who had collaborated with the CIA but were not acting at CIA direction assisted in the preparation of the “White Book,” a document intended to justify overthrowing Allende. It contained an allegation that leftists had a secret “Plan Z” to murder the high command in the months before the coup, which CIA believed was probably disinformation by the Junta. > Knowledge of “Operation Condor.” Within a year after the coup, the CIA and other US Government agencies were aware of bilateral cooperation among regional intelligence services to track the activities of and, in at least a few cases, kill political opponents. This was the precursor to Operation Condor, an intelligence-sharing arrangement among Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay established in 1975. Operation Condor meaning the operation throughout South America in the 1960s and 1970s where the CIA sent intel and advisers to countries such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, etc. to imprison, torture, and murder thousands of opponents on the political left, such as union leaders and other political activists. The leaders of Chilean big business also closely collaborated with the CIA and a group of US-educated Chicago School economists known as the "Chicago Boys" as well to sabotage Allende as much as possible. The CIA was also behind a [widespread strike by the Chilean teamsters' union in 1972-1973 that crippled the logistics of the Chilean economy]( URL_1 )


Question: How were codes for Game Genie/Gameshark/Action Replay found/created back in the day?

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 How were codes for Game Genie/Gameshark/Action Replay found/created back in the day?

The other answer is talking about something different, actual cheat codes. Most game genie devices that I'm aware of don't do that. They alter memory addresses. The console stores everything in memory. Ammo, weapon, lives, points. The game genie forces the value to whatever it wants. As for how it's found (I e. How to make the code), trial and error. You can take a dump of everything currently in memory. It will be in hex, it won't be in English and won't make sense to a naked eye. Then lose a life and take another dump. Compare what has changed. Even if it doesn't make sense reading on its own, your can still spot the difference Do it enough and maybe you learn that line 4, character 6 is where the life value is stored. The "code" can then be made as an instruction of what location in memory to edit and what value to insert.


Question: Why some perfumes last for long time while the other dissappear after short time ?

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 Why some perfumes last for long time while the other dissappear after short time ?

Perfume is a complex substance made up of essential oils, extracts, alcohol, water, wax, and other complex molecules and they all evaporate at different rates. In general the more volatile a molecule and the lower it's vapor pressure, the quicker it will evaporate, creating a strong scent, but not lasting as long. The lighter the molecule the faster it will evaporate and bring scent with it. The heavier and more resinous or oily the molecule, the longer it will last but the slower it will give up it's scent. The scents usually come in one of 3 forms, water based, oil based, or alcohol based. Some extracts result in essential oil like rose oil. Others are extracted by soaking in fat to extract the scent, then using alcohol or ether to separate the fats from the scent, and these are usually the alcohol based ones. Still others like rose water are pretty much adding the natural substance to water and letting it steep, then filtering the resulting elixir. Most perfumes are made up of different chords of scents which are mixtures of individual scents or notes. The most volatile are the head notes, which are what you initially smell the most when you apply a perfume. These last a few minutes up to an hour usually. Next are the heart notes which are slightly heavier and less volatile and these are what you tend to smell a few minutes to a few hours after applying it. An the very last are the bass notes which are the heaviest, most resinous scents which are less volatile, give up their scent very slowly, but may last for hours or days. These differences in evaporation and volatility are the reason why many perfumes change scent over time or "develop". The amount of perfume oil or concentrated scent in proportion to water and alcohol also affect the strength of the scent and it's longevity. Eau de parfume (perfume water) tends to have a higher concentration of fragrance to alcohol and water than eau de toilet (bath water) for instance. So the parfume versions are more expensive as there is more scent in them, but they also last longer than the more watered down eau de toilet which in turn is stronger than the super weak aftershave/body lotion versions. Some perfumes are also available as oil, which is pure scent with maybe a little oil to water it down. These tend to be very strong and are applied sparingly. The word perfume itself comes from par fumer which means "through smoke" as in walking through incense smoke, which was one of the earlier ways people experienced scent. Smelling as if you walked through incense or perfume is a way of saying the scent lingers on you. For instance if you mixed lemon grass, cedar oil, and patchouli together, the initial scent would be very citrusy, followed by a more woodsy smell for a few hours, and finally ending in a more dry and dark earthy smell. A persons body heat, body chemistry, the local temperature and humidity all will impact the longevity and sillage (how strong the scent is). Some scents are better suited to cold climates and winter time and others are more of a summer scent for use when it's warmer. For instance a scent which smells great in the winter, may be over powering if worn in the summer because it flashes into scent at a high rate making your eyes water. (Angel for men I'm looking at you!) Source - Im a grown man that loves perfume and cologne, has read many books on them, makes their own scents for fun, and is afraid to reveal how many bottles he owns.


Question: For all you soccer (or football fans, either name is fine), How does the offside rule work, and why is it a rule? Is it only to stop cherry picking?

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 For all you soccer (or football fans, either name is fine), How does the offside rule work, and why is it a rule? Is it only to stop cherry picking?

Iirc, you mustn't pass the ball to a team mate that's behind the opponent's defenders. So if you have ABA and left A passes to right A it's an offside. However, if at the time of shooting the pass, it's AAB and right A passes B while the pass is still ongoing, then it's not an offside. I assume the rule is there to stop teams from just doing high, far loop shots. That is, they sort of want to enforce a "last line of defense".


Question: Why isn't there a bunch of craters decorating our planet like the moon?

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 Why isn't there a bunch of craters decorating our planet like the moon?

Well, for one, there are - Earth has [dozens of large impact craters]( URL_0 ). And in fact, the most visible sign of a huge impact on Earth is, well, the Moon itself (which was formed by an impact of such violence that it melted a good chunk of the planet and knocked a few percent of its mass into orbit). But Earth's geology is very different from the Moon's in several important ways: * Water and wind cause rocks to weather much more quickly on Earth than they do on other worlds. This means that large features on the Earth's surface quickly erode away in most places, leaving many of the largest known impacts in dry and rocky areas (like Meteor Crater in Arizona). Living things also contribute: plant roots wedge into cracks in rock, bacteria live in the pores of stones, biological chemicals react with rocks, etc. * Earth has active plate tectonics, which eventually recycle most of the Earth's crust back into the mantle. Only a few places on Earth are as old as the Moon's surface, or even very old at all. The land I live on is only a few tens of millions of years old, and is a scraped-off remnant of an ancient plate that is now hundreds of miles below me in the mantle. Most big craters are very old, so while Earth probably did have them in the distant past, only a couple remain on fragments of very old plates. * Earth's atmosphere slows small objects down, or even burns them up or causes them to explode due to the stress of reentry. An object has to be reasonably big to make it to the ground - the asteroid that made Meteor Crater, for example, was roughly the size of a house.


Question: How does a game like Call of Duty have practically no online delay at all while when playing a game like NBA 2K17, multiplayer modes experience about a full second of delay between when the button is pressed and when the game responds?

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</answer>
 How does a game like Call of Duty have practically no online delay at all while when playing a game like NBA 2K17, multiplayer modes experience about a full second of delay between when the button is pressed and when the game responds?

Err. I haven't noticed this to happen in any online game so thought I'd start with that. Video games online don't use much bandwidth so getting a faster connection doesn't really impact them that much. (Unless it comes with better latency) Games are mostly impacted by latency or ping, this is how long it takes for a piece of information to get from your computer to the host. Some games select a player with a good connection as a host and others use a central server. The graphics are rendered locally with just the information about what movements the players are making sent back and forth. Having played NHL, Madden, and NBA 2k I have never noticed long delays. Are you playing one of these games on a computer and the other on TV? Delays in console gaming especially can be very long if your TV isn't in "game mode" Most modern TVs put a 1/2 second delay on what they show so that they can upscale, and insert additional frames to make things look smoother- this obviously negatively impacts gaming.


Question: Why is liquor called Spirits ?

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 Why is liquor called Spirits ?

The word alcohol comes from the Arabic term al-kohl, which means something like "of the essence" or "of the spirit". It was called this due to its use in alchemy/chemistry, where it was used as a medium for extracting properties specific to different (alcohol-soluble) ingredients. As such, the alcohol captured the essence or spirit of the ingredient in question. This might be done to extract scents for perfumes, colors for dyes, or purified forms of drugs or poisons from plants. I should add that although simple forms of alcohol like wine, ale, and mead were already widely used throughout the world, the Arab alchemists were the first people who took things one step further to create distilled alcohol, which is still referred to as spirits. People in the West were introduced to this distillation process by the Arabs; they did not have a name for the chemical we call alcohol until the Arabs began spreading this knowledge. I should also note that distilled spirits were not originally consumed as an intoxicant - they were a special ingredient required for alchemy and not widely available to regular people. This might have something to do with Eastern attitudes (especially within Islam) which caution against its consumption.


Question: Everyone wants to cut the defense budget, but what would actually happen if USA removed half of its defenses around the world?

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 Everyone wants to cut the defense budget, but what would actually happen if USA removed half of its defenses around the world?

If that actually happened, there would probably be a lot of geopolitical chaos, but it's not that simple. The US wastes billions of dollars in wasteful spending contracts that ends up in the pockets of CEO's of military supply companies, rather than actually going toward defense. So cutting the defense budget and literally reducing the size of the military are not the same thing.


Question: . How it's possible for the earth to create the magnetic field? If there is a iron core how it created?

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 . How it's possible for the earth to create the magnetic field? If there is a iron core how it created?

There are other ways to create a magnetic field besides some bar of iron. Any time you move electric charges, that also creates a magnetic field (every electric motor works this way). The core of the Earth is very hot, so hot liquids from the core rise up, while colder liquids sink down again. This moves a lot of charges around, which creates the Earth's electric field. However, the whole thing is rather complex, and not yet all that well understood. Scientists have a lot of work left to do in this area.


Question: How do spam callers call you from fake numbers with area codes that are relevant to you?

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 How do spam callers call you from fake numbers with area codes that are relevant to you?

The phone system is intentionally set up to allow spoofing the number you're calling from. Imagine you've got a business with multiple office locations. Whenever someone makes an outbound call, you want the caller ID to show your businesses inbound number. This is why you can spoof caller ID. As for how they get relevant numbers, it's because of the information collected about you along with your number. They may, for instance, scrape Facebook for hometown info and full in area codes to match. These spreadsheets of information get sold and traded around many times.


Question: Why do "normal" or "generic" bricks almost always have some sort of orange-red color and why do said colors sometimes become darker?

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 Why do "normal" or "generic" bricks almost always have some sort of orange-red color and why do said colors sometimes become darker?

Bricks are made of clay from the Earth, and the specific clay they use has iron in it. When iron is exposed to oxygen, it turns red/orange (like rust). Bricks become darker over time because they are porous (lots of little holes in them) that can be filled with dirt. Power-washing can bring them back to life :)


Question: Why are some currencies worth more than others and how is it determined?

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 Why are some currencies worth more than others and how is it determined?

Supply and Demand. Company A makes and sells widgets in China. They use Chinese Yuan to buy the supplies for the widgets, pay the workers making the widgets, and receive as payment for the widgets. I am an American with US Dollars in my pocket, and I want to buy widgets from Company A. To do that, I need to possess Chinese Yuan. I, therefore, have a demand for Chinese Yuan and a supply of USD. Conversely, someone in China has a supply of Chinese Yuan and wants to buy something from an American company. This person has a demand for USD and a supply of Chinese Yuan. Collectively, all the entities that have a supply of Chinese Yuan and a demand for USD combined with all the entities that have a supply of USD and a demand for Chinese Yuan make up the exchange rate of Yuan:USD.


Question: What energy is being converted into GPE for a magnet?

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 What energy is being converted into GPE for a magnet?

There's an electromagnetic potential energy between two magnets which are separated, this is reduced by bringing the magnets closer together - in a similar way to the gravitational potential energy between a mass and the earth (another mass). If the electromagnetic potential energy is strong enough, you can use one magnet to lift another (assuming the higher one is fixed on a crane or something), because it will be able to turn that electromagnetic energy into kinetic and then gravitational potential energy (with a little lost as heat)


Question: If hash function like sha 256 is an algorithm how it is not possible to follow the steps in reverse and figure out the private key?

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 If hash function like sha 256 is an algorithm how it is not possible to follow the steps in reverse and figure out the private key?

There's no private key involved in a hash function, instead with a hash function you want to try to find some input that maps to the output you have. But your question still makes sense: why can't you just run it backwards? The answer is that the steps are specifically set up so that they're easy to do in one direction but hard to do in the other direction. Suppose, for example, you have an algorithm that says: * Pick a 9-digit number (including possibly leading zeroes) * Split it into 3 3-digit numbers, call them A, B, and C * Do this 100 times: * Set A' to A + B modulo 997 * Set B' to B - C modulo 997 * Set C' to C * A modulo 997 * Set A = A', B = B', C = C' * The output is A concat B concat C And now I tell you that I got an output of 857829123. What's the input? All of the forward-direction operations are really easy, just adding, subtracting, multiplying, and taking modulus. However, if you know that A = 857, B = 829, and C = 123, it's hard to even reverse the operation one time, let alone all 100 times. Hash functions work like this, doing simple operations that are easy to do forward but hard to do in reverse and serve to mix all the different bits of the input together again and again.


Question: Is there any place on Earth (besides Antarctica) that no country owns or lays claim to?

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 Is there any place on Earth (besides Antarctica) that no country owns or lays claim to?

You can leave off Antarctica; even though a few countries have agreed to divide it up amongst them, other countries have claimed parts for themselves that overlap. Notably, China, Russia and the USA have no official claim in the original treaty, but all three tend to use it however they want. You'll most likely find that places on earth have overlapping claims more than that there are areas nobody lays claim to. That said, I don't believe anyone has laid claim to the Mariana Trench, for example. Most waters are considered "international" beyond a set distance from land (that changes from place to place). Sovereignty over airspace and below-ground locations also is variable.


Question: Why do formula 1 cars use super slick wheels?

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 Why do formula 1 cars use super slick wheels?

Well, in F1, grip is super important. And the only contact point with the ground are the tires. Slick tyres gives the car a bigger contact space with the ground and therefore more grip than a tire with treads. The reason road cars need to use tyres with treads is to get rid of the water so they can reach the tarmac and have grip in all weather conditions.


Question: Why is it that waterdrops can't be bigger? What's stoping water from forming like the size of a golfball or even bigger?

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 Why is it that waterdrops can't be bigger? What's stoping water from forming like the size of a golfball or even bigger?

Water drops are held together by surface tensions, and the hydrogen bridges that create it. Whichever force is applied to the drop will "battle" with surface tension. If the force is bigger than the tension, the water drop breaks. If not, the water drop stays together. Here on earth gravity is the most common force, when the drop is somewhere on the ground, or dripping off something. In space, for example on the ISS drops of water can be huge because gravity doesn't apply anymore.


Question: How sitting in the seat of somebody who sat in it recently feels warm, yet that same warmth can’t be recreated simply by standing up and sitting back down in your own seat?

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 How sitting in the seat of somebody who sat in it recently feels warm, yet that same warmth can’t be recreated simply by standing up and sitting back down in your own seat?

When you're sitting down, both the seat *and your butt* warm up, so your butt is at the same temperature as the seat, which is why it doesn't feel warm when you stand up and sit back down. But if you're standing, your butt is a little cooler, so the seat warmed by someone else's butt feel warm in comparison.


Question: Why can't a sine and cosine angle be greater than 1?

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 Why can't a sine and cosine angle be greater than 1?

Start with the unit circle -- a circle of radius 1 [in whatever units], centered at the origin. Draw this. Pick a point on the circle and draw the radius to it. Also draw the vertical line to the x-axis, and the horizontal line to the y-axis. The angle is measured from the positive x-axis counterclockwise around to the radius. By definition, the height of the point above or below the x-axis is the sine of the angle. Likewise, the distance of the point left or right of the y-axis is the cosine of the angle. Now, no point on the circle can be more than 1 from the center; the most the sine and cosine can be is 1 (or –1). What about bigger circles? Then the sine is the ratio of the height to the circle's radius, and similarly for the cosine. So, if the point is at coordinates (x,y), the radius is r = sqrt[x^2 + y^(2)] by the Pythagorean Theorem. And the sine is y/r while the cosine is x/r. Again, the magnitude of these ratios is guaranteed to be less than or equal to 1.