Question: How does pausing in video games work?

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 How does pausing in video games work?

> With all the calculations it's doing, especially for 3D games, surely pausing it can mess up something that's in the middle of running. Why would it? You also can put down your pencil at any point when doing math on a piece of paper and then resume at any time. Same applies to computers. Fun fact: your computer is actually switching programs it is running at hundreds of times a second, pausing every time to run something else. It will run one program for one hundredth of a second, pause that computation and run another program for another hundredth of a second, and so on to make it seem that all your apps are running at the same time.


Question: How do lotteries/casinos calculate a current jackpot?

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 How do lotteries/casinos calculate a current jackpot?

Every lottery has a certain payback percentage. Say for every dollar you put in, you get 60 cents back. Most lotteries also have smaller prizes. Some of that 60 cents that they pay back has to go into those, each one taking a chunk out of that expected 60 cents. Now maybe only 40 cents of every dollar that is spent can go to the jackpot. You might note that the jackpot has a fine print next to it, saying that it's an estimate. The lottery basically has to predict, based on past data, how many tickets they will sell. You might recall during some of the really big national lottery jackpots, they will re-adjust this value upward because they underestimated the demand. It also creates a feedback loop where even more tickets get sold because the advertised jackpot is higher. Finally, you might also notice that the jackpot is usually advertised as the sum of payments in an annuity. This lets them advertise a higher jackpot. The cash option is less, because a dollar today is worth more than a dollar 1-20 years from now. The 40 cents in my example is the *cash* value they can add to the jackpot. Because with an annuity they can invest the cash and not pay until later, the 40 cents contribution may end up being more like 80-90 cents in the advertised jackpot, depending on what the interest rates are. This concept is called Time Value of Money if you are interested.


Question: How can a stream of air from a vacuum stabilise a ping-pong ball midair?

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 How can a stream of air from a vacuum stabilise a ping-pong ball midair?

Because when an object is introduced to airflow, the air travels on practically all sides of said object. A shape like a sphere is easier to do this with because there are no edges to stop, slow, or block the air from hitting all the surface area. So when you hold an airflow below an object, the center of airflow is the strongest, and gravity is pushing down on the top. Because a ping pong ball is effected by gravity less than something like a bowling ball, a less powerful airflow is needed. Hence why it floats, rather than infinitely rise or fall. It's both going up and down at the same time, keeping it relatively stable. The gravity pulls it down, but the airflow pushes it up and locks it in place due to the airflow moving around the surface area of said object.


Question: How do scientists split atoms?

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 How do scientists split atoms?

you dont "cut" them you more or less smash into them until they fall apart. Less knife more sledgehammer. Large Atoms like Uranium 235 are already inheritable unstable. Almost like a jenga tower that is way too tall. We launch a Neutron into the the nucleus which is almost like adding another layer on that massive jenga tower. Once we do that the entire thing comes crashing down. The really nice thing is that once a large atom like uranium 235 splits it shoots off neutrons out and those will hit other 235 atoms and you get a nice little chain reaction of nuclear fission.


Question: Why is beef the only staple meat with true intramuscular fat marbling?

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 Why is beef the only staple meat with true intramuscular fat marbling?

It isn't, you're just not looking at the right cuts of meat. Certain parts of a pig have marbling, certain parts of a cow don't, certain parts of fish do, etc, etc. It just depends on the quality of your meat and which parts of the animal you're looking at. A quick Google search of "marbled pork" or "marbled fish" or whatever will show you what they look like.


Question: How do MRI machines work?

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 How do MRI machines work?

Really oversimplified explanation: 1. suspend body in really strong magnetic field, forces water molecules to line themselves up in specific direction 2. at same time, zap water molecules in body with a radio wave, causes them to wiggle against magnetic field direction 3. wiggling water molecules give off their own radio waves, slightly different for each kind of tissue. Record it all & use computer to reconstruct 3D picture of it.


Question: Why do the top layers of a lake freeze but not the water underneath it? Isn't it all around the same temperature? Can the water get colder then 32 degrees fahrenheit (0 degrees celsius) without freezing?

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 Why do the top layers of a lake freeze but not the water underneath it? Isn't it all around the same temperature? Can the water get colder then 32 degrees fahrenheit (0 degrees celsius) without freezing?

Generally there's two reasons for this. First is that when the top layer freezes, it causes a sort of insulation layer that keeps the lower water at a warmer level. Secondly water is unusual in that its solid is less dense than its liquid, which is why ice floats. This means that as the top layer cools and expands to become ice, it exerts pressure on the water below it. This pressure means that the water might be cold enough to freeze, but it can't expand to become ice and so stays as water.


Question: Why do bands with their own drummers sometimes use samples of drum beats?

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 Why do bands with their own drummers sometimes use samples of drum beats?

If it’s a specific sample (example: Bonham’s beat from When the Levee Breaks is often used in hip hop) you want the original sound because to recreate that beat you’d need very specific room mics and natural room reverb etc. so it’s easier to use the sample. Also a lot of people use samples because it’s been used before (tried and tested) and it may sound familiar to the listener if they’ve heard it before in other popular music genres. Hope this helps!


Question: What is the purpose of Wall Street?

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 What is the purpose of Wall Street?

It allows companies to crowd-fund investment money so they can grow, and offers individuals a chance to get rewarded by doing so. If your friend runs a coffee shop and wants to start a second one and says for a $10k investment you can own 20% of the business and get 20% of the profits in return, that's buying stock in their company. That's what the stock market does but on a more granular scale.


Question: Why does Germany retain a budget surplus, when most countries agree that incurring debt to fund economic growth is a better strategy?

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 Why does Germany retain a budget surplus, when most countries agree that incurring debt to fund economic growth is a better strategy?

What’s supposed to happen is the Government is supposed to accrue the budget surplus in good years and put that money back into the economy in leaner years this averaging everything out . That’s the principle of Keynesian economics Debt is not a good way to prop up your Government if it’s done year after year


Question: If Jupiter is a gaseous planet, then is it possible to land a rocket there?

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 If Jupiter is a gaseous planet, then is it possible to land a rocket there?

It would take on a semi-fluid consistency as you entered it. The deeper you went towards the core the denser it would get and the harder it would be to move forward. Eventually the force of buoyancy pushing against the ship would be equivalent to the force of gravitational attraction the ship felt, and it would come to a halt. I'm no sure if that really constitutes landing, but it's the closest you could get on Jupiter.


Question: in countries where the cost of goods is significantly cheaper than the UK or US, how are the big brands that sell in to those cheaper countries making any profit? Or are we just getting royally ripped off?

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 in countries where the cost of goods is significantly cheaper than the UK or US, how are the big brands that sell in to those cheaper countries making any profit? Or are we just getting royally ripped off?

Prices aren't set by what a product costs to make, but by what customers are willing to pay. If they can still enter a market and sell at a profit they will, even if it's a much smaller profit than US or UK. Otherwise, they may sell an older product they can make cheaper into these markets. This happens often with cars. Design a new car, sell it into US/EU markets for 5+ years. Once all the tooling / design costs are paid off, sell the car into Mexico/Africa/South America. Example: Nissan Sentra, sold in USA from 1991 - 1995. Sold in Mexico until 2017: URL_0


Question: Why is it that when we get into cold water after a while it feels normal but if we’re in cold weather we remain cold?

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 Why is it that when we get into cold water after a while it feels normal but if we’re in cold weather we remain cold?

Cold weather won't remain cold. It'll take a lot longer to get to the point where you're not feeling cold because the thermal conductivity and capacity of air are so much lower than those of water, and as a result you'll probably be close to dying of exposure by the time this happens, but it will happen. The reason why cold water and weather stops feeling cold is because the nerves that sense cold rely on your skin temperature being one thing*, so once your skin cools past a certain point those nerves will stop telling you you're cold. *) both in terms of relative temperature, and in terms of most nerves ceasing to work when they're cold. That's second part is why putting ice on and injury can numb it.


Question: why do wages not keep up with the rising cost of living?

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 why do wages not keep up with the rising cost of living?

The short answer is debt. As the economy, and the money supply, grows, so does the total debt. Since the advent of pure fiat money the banks have become quite proficient in draining the excess productivity from the economy without allowing it to show up in wages and salaries. You might end up hearing more complex answers from apologists for the current system but it really is as simple as I laid it out. 97% of all money in circulation is created as interest bearing debt and that forces the money supply to grow forever to keep up the interest payments.


Question: What is it that draws pigeons specifically to parks and plazas? Why not other birds as often?

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 What is it that draws pigeons specifically to parks and plazas? Why not other birds as often?

Pigeons in cities are descended from rock doves that usually breed in cliffs. Man made structures are pretty similar to their natural habitat. A concrete ledge is pretty much the same as a natural ledge in a cliff side as far as the birds are concerned. In between their rock dove ancestors and the current form, the birds were domesticated by humans and then went feral again. Meaning that unlike many other birds they have very little fear of humans. Being perfectly adapted to survive in the concrete jungle of the city due to its similarity to their ancestral habitat and being descended from domesticated birds, means that pigeons in the city have all the advantages that few other wild animals enjoy. Pigeons are not particularly choosy about food and quite happy to eat any food stuff that humans throw away in plaza's or leave carelessly unguarded on their plates in outdoor cafes. There are some wild raptors that feed on pigeons, but peregrine falcons or similar are far more susceptible to human made poisons and never really enjoyed the benefits of being domesticated by humans.


Question: How/why is 'Jewish' a religion AND a race?

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 How/why is 'Jewish' a religion AND a race?

Unlike other religions, perticularly Christianity but also Islam, Jews do not actively recruit new members. It is also much tougher requirement to be considered a Jew then other religions. This means that most Jews today is the decendents of only twelve tribes. This makes them a seperate race as marriges between Jews and non-jews have been rare.


Question: Difference between piano and keyboard?

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 Difference between piano and keyboard?

Differences include: Number of Keys — pianos have a standardized set of 88 while keyboards can differ Key Weight — piano keys have different weights by default while keyboards usually have weightless keys Sound Quality — there are some pretty great electric keyboards out there but the ones you’ll commonly see just use midi or low quality samples. By contrast it’s rare that you’ll ever run into a cheaply made piano and even older, less cared for pianos have a decent sound, all things considered. Dynamic range — Most common keyboards lack this. A piano’s volume will change due to the amount of force a player puts on it. Keyboards have a volume fader or knob but that’s typically it unless you want to approach high-end modals. Peripherals - A piano typically has 3 pedals: sustain (holds all notes after the key has been released), half sustain (only keeps the lower half sustained), and damper (makes the piano quieter through various means). A keyboard may have an external sustain pedal but you can also connect it to your computer or to other cool peripherals and devices. Size — even the smallest pianos take up a lot of room (especially since Wurlitzer went out of business) and are very loud when played in a house. Keyboards can be as small as a book and you can put your headphones in them to practice. Unless amped they aren’t loud at all and some don’t even have internal speakers (these are usually just called Midi Controllers) Cost — the cheapest, good quality pianos will run you a few grand *at the very least.* You can probably buy a keyboard for like $20 online. Even really high end ones cost about as much as a basic piano. Then, of course, pianos are acoustic while keyboards are electric. If you want a keyboard that plays like a real piano you’re looking for a Digital Piano. If you want a high end keyboard with a lot of cool functions go for a Nord. If you just want something to mess around with or if you want to experiment with electronic stuff go for a midi controller of some kind (whichever works for you because you can offset almost of the actual sound design to your DAW).


Question: Why We Can't Remove The Cancer Cells With Surgery?

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 Why We Can't Remove The Cancer Cells With Surgery?

...Which cancer? Different cancers happen to different parts of the body. Some are simpler to remove than others. But typically when a tumor is inopperable it's because the flesh/organs they've lodged themselves can't be cut without serious risk of killing the patient. Cancer cells travel across the body, and thus can grow themselves deeply into organ material. They're still a part of the body at the end of the day: They end up connecting to the veins and arteries, gathering blood to fuel themselves like any other kind of tissue cell.


Question: Are animals, or I guess anything that isn’t human, aware of the concept of time? Obviously they are aware of things like seasons and things like that, but I’m talking physical time.

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 Are animals, or I guess anything that isn’t human, aware of the concept of time? Obviously they are aware of things like seasons and things like that, but I’m talking physical time.

It depends on what you understand by time. Time is a human concept, and it refers to localizing yourself inside this causal chain that makes up our liniar existence. You can "tell time" because humans have defined it based on certain things, and you can use this common definition to express ideas or locate yourself in that flow. However, this definition is arbitrary. We have defined the units of measurement, their names, the relationships between them, and so on. Of course, animals cannot sense or perceive these notions in any way since they don't exist unless someone teaches them to you. However, time is based on the fact that we as humans have observed certain cyclic behaviour in our planet. From the day-night cycle to the seasons, we notice that time repeats itself at a certain interval. Animals can sort of pick up on that, but they perceive it in two major ways: 1. As a natural instinct, that is either in their genetic memory or taught by their parents. This teaches animals how to survive when winter comes or when to sleep. 2. As a reaction to changes in the world around them. This is based on their needs, and of course, when they notice it gets dark, they go to somewhere where their impaired senses don't matter as much, or when it gets cold, they go somewhere that it's less cold. I guess it all depends on what you're talking about, more precisely.


Question: how do people make huge $ bonds?

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 how do people make huge $ bonds?

You don't actually have to give them $6 million, you could but not many have that kind of money, let alone as a liquid asset to call upon immediately. More commonly people provide physical assets or other non-cash securities, so the person would put their house up as collateral, their parents would do the same, the person would say "I have $250,00 worth of apple stock" which can be put towards the bond. The bond itself isn't you paying the court to get out of jail (although it may seem like that), it's actually in the other direction; "if I fail to show up at court, here are a list of collateral to be seized by the court." So if you run, your house, your parents house, and the apple stock would all become property of the government.


Question: How do passwords in older video games work?

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 How do passwords in older video games work?

Everything in a game is pieces of code, and a password simply ties a bunch of those pieces together to recreate a certain set of circumstances and accomplishments, whether it's “JUSTIN BAILEY” in *Metroid* or opening Dr. Wily's castle in a *Mega Man* game. EDIT: Corollary: Game Genie/Shark codes would often set certain values to maximum allowed and/or lock them there eg infinite lives/HP/Mana.


Question: How is weather so unpredictable? Why can you have 0% chance of rain when you go to sleep and wake up to hours of thunderstorms.?

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 How is weather so unpredictable? Why can you have 0% chance of rain when you go to sleep and wake up to hours of thunderstorms.?

Weather is really complicated issue, there are many many inputs you have to know to predict weather (like temperature, wind speed, humidity, clouds etc). What is more weather is phenomenon we can describe as highly sensitive to initial conditions. So let say you make two weather simulations, and the only difference between those simulations is let say 1 degree temperature difference. You will find that this tiny difference will make huge difference in results, and this difference grows very quickly over time. So at beginning simulations result would be similar, but over time differences will grow very quickly. In reality many phenomenons are sensitive to initial condition, think about throwing a dice. You try to throw dice twice in the same way, but in both cases result is basically random, small differences in initial conditions make huge difference in the result. To add to this you cannot know every variable (temp, wind etc.) in every point in space, so you have to make some approximations. So connect those two, we cannot know every variable with perfect accuracy, and weather is highly dependent on initial conditions. Result: we cannot predict weather perfectly.


Question: Why are hospital buildings (in the US) generally built taller than surrounding city property?

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 Why are hospital buildings (in the US) generally built taller than surrounding city property?

I'm surprised that nobody has mentioned this: Most hospitals (if not all) have a helicopter landing pad on the roof somewhere, for when patients need to be airlifted due to emergencies. It would be dangerous or difficult to land that with taller buildings right next to it, and making the hospital taller just gives more space.


Question: Why does the adhesive inside my nasal strip packaging light up purple in the dark?

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 Why does the adhesive inside my nasal strip packaging light up purple in the dark?

This is called triboluminescence. Light is generated through the breaking of chemical bonds in a material when it is pulled apart, crushed, or rubbed. As i'm understanding it, when you're pulling the packaging apart you are exciting the electrons in the adhesive. These excited electrons want to get back to their normal state so they release the extra energy as light.


Question: What actually is happening when people "crack" their body parts? i.e. Back, knuckles, neck, etc.

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 What actually is happening when people "crack" their body parts? i.e. Back, knuckles, neck, etc.

This was actually an open question just a few years ago. Until some doctors took MIR scans of someone cracking bones. It is actually Nitrogen gas that is dissolved in the soft tissue around your joints. When you "crack" them the Nitrogen is forced out of the tissue very rapidly which causes the sound. It takes time for the Nitrogen to re-dissolve which is why you (generally) cannot crack the same joint two times in quick succession.


Question: Why do some judges ask a person to pay more alimony/Child Support, than what they make in a month? Or a extremely high % of what they make in a month?

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 Why do some judges ask a person to pay more alimony/Child Support, than what they make in a month? Or a extremely high % of what they make in a month?

A lot of it is based on previous employment. Say you had a job that made 6000 a month last year, well your wife and you split, and you get depressed and lose the job because of whatever reason. The judge will assume that your previous income is your earning potential and charge accordingly. In most cases this is complete fudge nuggets for the father and he gets hosed on the arrangement. This was probably *and i have no source for this* brought in because of some fathers trying to skip out on alimony by claiming a lower income immediately after a divorce just to stiff the wife while hiding their current income.


Question: I went to 3 optometry clinics and they all gave me different glasses-prescriptions: is Optometry an inaccurate science? why are they all different?

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 I went to 3 optometry clinics and they all gave me different glasses-prescriptions: is Optometry an inaccurate science? why are they all different?

It can indeed vary because the measurement isn't based off of observations of the optometrist, but of your observation of improvement between the choices that they give you during the exam. "Which is better, #1 or #2?" Sound familiar? They are basically dialing you into your prescription and depending on how much time they take with you figuring out which is better, that will get your prescription closer to what is considered 20/20. Dealing with other factors like astigmatism and corneal curvature, and pupilary distance are all factors and while it's science, there's wiggle room for adjustments. Bottom line is that you should take your time when deciding whether #1 or #2 is better and you can always ask them to go back and try measurements that you think might have been better. Good news is that you can get your glasses (or contacts) from wherever after you've got your exam done. Optometry is weird in that it's one of the few medical businesses that can sell what they prescribe so it can be rife with grift. Bottom line, take your time, research the doctor to make sure they are reputable, and don't be afraid to ask lots of questions, and if at all possible, don't buy glasses from the Luxottica brand. They're the reason why an average pair of glasses will retail upwards of $800 for 10 bucks worth of materials (if that).


Question: If a helicopter stayed stationary in the air (zero mph/knots), will the earth eventually rotate under it?

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 If a helicopter stayed stationary in the air (zero mph/knots), will the earth eventually rotate under it?

Found an explanation [here. ]( URL_0 ) In short, no it would not. The helicopter is still under the same momentum generated by the rotation of the Earth, so it would move along with the Earth in rotation unless the pilot exerts a force to counteract this movement. It's the law of inertia, and the conservation of momentum. The helicopter will continue in the same rotation as the Earth unless there is a horizontal force on the helicopter that changes that momentum.


Question: Why are crowds/stadiums of people so loud and not just as loud as the loudest person?

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 Why are crowds/stadiums of people so loud and not just as loud as the loudest person?

Because the loudness adds up. Sound is a pressure wave traveling through the air. If there are several, they add up. This is also what makes it hard to understand what one person in a loud crowd is saying. Very many sound sources with many different frequencies add up to noise that our brains can’t pick apart anymore.


Question: How do long ago healed piercings get infected when the hole is no longer an open wound?

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 How do long ago healed piercings get infected when the hole is no longer an open wound?

When you have a piercing, you have basically made a cozy, warm, hard to clean area of the skin that's in constant contact with the piercing. Oils from your skin get on the piercing giving the bacteria that cause infections food to grow too. So it's just more prone to getting infected like any area of the skin potentially can, unless you practice good hygiene in that area, regularly cleaning it and the piercing itself.


Question: Why is it illegal to stream a movie on an unofficial site?

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 Why is it illegal to stream a movie on an unofficial site?

There are several possible situations 1) Kohl's or their parent company paid for the rights to the movie owner to show the movie in the store. In which case, Kohl's has specific rights according to what they paid for eg can show in store but not online. This is pretty unlikely. 2) Some employee at that branch decided to play the movie without permission. In this case, it is illegal. Even if you, for example, bought a DVD of the movie, this does not confer the right for you to publicly broadcast it, stream it online, or to charge other people to watch the movie (say in your house etc). You only bought the rights to show the movie for your personal consumption. Of course, whether or not some adverse action comes is a matter of cost to the movie rights owner vs any expected benefits. If you (or Kohl's) streamed it online then it will almost certainly be noticed and some action brought against you. But it is very unlikely that you'd be caught if you had a neighborhood movie watching party. Don't mistake "getting away with it" for "it is legal", though.


Question: Why is on-hold music during phone calls of such poor sound quality?

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 Why is on-hold music during phone calls of such poor sound quality?

It's not of poor quality, usually these on hold audio are CD quality audio that is playing (in the past, you literally had a CD player hooked up that played the audio 24/7). The phone line itself is the one that is lower quality, as such, you get a lower quality signal to your ears, but the source on the other end is perfect.


Question: What causes obsession with a certain band or musician?

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 What causes obsession with a certain band or musician?

Like basicly any "addiction" it triggers the reward system of the brain. First, you need to love the music. Relating to people like a singer or band member, who has traits you identify with, or admire, makes the bond stronger. The obsessed person has to get something out of it so basicly, interacting with the band (listening to music, talking about them online or offline) needs to be rewarding. This is often based on short term rewards so feeling good while listening to a song is such a reward. A person who doesnt get much positive rewards in "normal life" is more likely to seek this feeling in some other place. You could argue that music obsession is certainly not the worst option. (think drugs or violance) True obsession can be a sympthom of some deeper issue's but certainly doesnt have to be. some people just realy enjoy certain stuf. and if it's harmless things like music, it's probably not the end of the world.


Question: What would happen if the speed of light were only one mile per hour?

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 What would happen if the speed of light were only one mile per hour?

First things first, I greatly recommend trying a "game" [Slower speed of light]( URL_0 ) by some folk on MIT that simulates these effects. And my answer: Our solar system as we know it could not exist under such conditions. The Earth alone rotates with surface speeds much higher than that (~~733 MPH~~ 1037 MPH at equator), and the entire Earth moves much faster than that around our sun. Air that you breathe and blood in your veins also moves faster and you couldn't function because of physics. But leaving that aside, if we somehow had current conditions and the speed of light slowed down this much, your experience of the world would be extremely bizarre. For example, if you move relative to your surroundings, you see things in front of you blue-shifted while things in the back are red shifted. So light you see literally changes color based on your movement. Normally, you move at an infinitesimal fraction of speed of light, so you can't possibly detect this. But if speed of light would be that low, moving even a 0.75 mph would shift the wavelengths extremely, way past visible light. Another thing is, that your surroundings would appear to change geometry based on your speed and direction. Under certain conditions, you could literally see front and back sides of objects (such as road signs).


Question: How do we know what colors animals can see and not see?

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 How do we know what colors animals can see and not see?

There's not one way to do this, an animal may have all the "circuitry" to detect a color but behaviorally don't respond. And then there are some species like cats who were long thought to not have color vision because they were uncooperative. Yes, your cat and dog see color, just not as many as us. Some techniques might be: 1) Genetic - test which genes are present for a particular cone type. We also know that e.g. most mammals have 2 cone types, though they differ in peak wavelength. Only the apes (including humans), old world monkeys, howler monkeys, and certain female new world monkeys have 3 cones. Some mammals, mostly deep sea or nocturnal, have one cone and therefore see in "black and white." 2) Chemical - test which opsins are present. 3) Spectral/electrophysiology - test the response of the retina to a range of wavelengths. Test the vision areas of the brain in a similar fashion. 4) Behavioral - show an animal 3 lights, 2 of which are identical. Train them to pick the different one and reward them until they are good at this with easy stimuli. Then try stimuli that are closer in appearance or known to be confused by color deficient humans and animals. Repeat with a wide range of colors.


Question: How do locks and keys work when it comes down to uniqueness? Is every lock-key combination unique? Or could I get lucky and could I find another door or bike lock that matches my key?

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 How do locks and keys work when it comes down to uniqueness? Is every lock-key combination unique? Or could I get lucky and could I find another door or bike lock that matches my key?

Great minds think alike. I may have found yer answer, matey. Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Is each lock and key combination unique, or do I share the same house key as a bunch of other people? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_83 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How are keys unique? There must be millions of doors out there. Do "overlaps" happen? What are the odds that my key will open a random door in the same city? ]( URL_7 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5: if every lock is unique and requires a different key to open in, how does a skeleton key open any lock? ]( URL_8 ) ^(_6 comments_) 1. [ELI5: is every house key completely unique? How is this done? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_11 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Does every single car in the world have a unique key? ]( URL_6 ) ^(_37 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do padlock companies make so many locks, yet ensure that your key only opens your lock? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_43 comments_) 1. [How are there enough variations for keys that every key in the world can only unlock it's specific lock? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_18 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do lock makers mass produce locks that can only be opened with one key? ]( URL_5 ) ^(_12 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How are locks/keys made so that no other key works in any other lock? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_8 comments_)


Question: How did AIG, an insurance company, go bankrupt when the housing bubble burst?

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 How did AIG, an insurance company, go bankrupt when the housing bubble burst?

Technically it wasn't mortgage insurance (those companies failed too, but AIG wasn't in that business). Several decades ago some mathematicians figured out something important: that if you take a bunch of very risky things whose risks aren't aligned the risk of loss declines. That's the basic insight of modern finance. But it's crucial to remember that it only works when the risks aren't all depending on the same event. The housing bubble was inflated because everyone in finance believed that mortgages in different parts of the country were different enough that a group of risky mortgages were still different enough to keep that lower risk. These mortgages were packaged together into what were basically drone banks, that made it easy to finance lots of them. AIG effectively took the role of the FDIC for all those drone mortgage banks. It guaranteed that it would bear the losses beyond a certain point, believing that there was no way for a nationwide large decline in home prices. It was hard for the company to see how wrong they were in advance, because no one would trust a company without a pristine credit rating, and they were one of the only companies in the world left with such a credit rating (so there was no competition). Which meant they were providing that guarantee for hundreds of billions of dollars worth of virtual banks, who nearly all failed at the same time because they were actually all depending easy lending pushing home prices further and further up. The bankruptcy was caused by enormous demands for collateral, as home prices declined nationally and most of the drone banks began to fail, far beyond what AIG could actually meet. The bailouts were made to their clients.


Question: What exactly is an abscess, and when/why does it need to be drained?

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 What exactly is an abscess, and when/why does it need to be drained?

Yes. Basically pus are dead cells. The body makes a capsule to isolate it from healthy cells. You must drain it as fast as possible cause if your immunity can't deal with it anymore, the bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause a Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome then if it's untreated goes into sepsis with septic shock and death. There is a famous latin quote in medicine that all surgeon know "Ubi pus, ibi evacua" that means "where is pus, you must evacuate"


Question: when a video you're streaming is buffering, why does it load faster when you rewind a little as opposed to just letting it buffer on its own?

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 when a video you're streaming is buffering, why does it load faster when you rewind a little as opposed to just letting it buffer on its own?

Id imagine 1 of 2 things is happening. 1. Your restarting the buffer/download and it could be getting a better connection the second time. 2. Its an illusion and its not faster you’ve just wasted enough time rewinding/waiting for it to buffer that when you watch the thing the content is now loaded far enough that watching the movie won’t catch up.


Question: Why does Rorschach hate Veidt's Plan while likes Truman's Hiroshima Bombing?

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 Why does Rorschach hate Veidt's Plan while likes Truman's Hiroshima Bombing?

Hiroshima's bombing has very few similarities with Veidt's plan at all. Hiroshima's bombing was done to end a war between two nations, and was exactly what it seemed to be: a strike used to end a war. Veidt *purposefully* caused disasters and pinned them on someone else in order to get people to unite against that "common foe" (which wasn't a foe at all). It was basically a trick. Rorschach doesn't think the deception is worth it.


Question: Why do programmers actually have to write/type the codes?

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 Why do programmers actually have to write/type the codes?

Yes, it's completely possible. This is what systems like Simulink (a control system modeller in MATLAB) do. But those programs are, themselves, programs and somebody has to write them. In many cases, you pick up a lot of overhead for using those kind of automated systems. The resulting auto-generated code may be larger or less optimized than directly writing it because it has to be more general and assume a lot of programmer intentions. Also keep in mind that, when programmers write in a modern language like Python or C, they're already working in an abstract environment. The only code that computers actually understand is assembly code, direct hard-wired commands to the processors. It is very rare today for people to code directly in assembly, although it still happens for some specialized reasons. Virtually all programming is done in higher level languages that are "translated" to assembly code by intermediate programs that were created for exactly the reason you suggest...to make programming easier.


Question: What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?

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 What is a CPU core and thread? Why do they matter?

Modern CPUs basically are several small CPUs in one package. These are called cores. A CPU with more cores can do more things at the same time. Threads can refer to two distinct but related things: * Software threads: these are instruction sequences that can execute on the CPU. Programs can have one or more threads. * Hardware threads: these are instruction sequences that a CPU core can execute *at the same time*. Some cores only have one hardware thread and thus can only run one instruction sequence (ie: software thread) at a given time. Some core have 2 (and sometimes 4) hardware threads and thus can run 2 (or 4) software threads at a time. More hardware threads usually means better performance in highly multi-threaded workloads. Consumer CPUs usually have in the order of 4 cores and 8 threads. ************** All hardware threads running on a core actually share most of the core's resources and will sometimes have to compete with each others to run. This means that in a CPU with 4c/8t will be outperformed with a 8c/8t at full load (but will be cheaper).


Question: How does calculators actually solve the math problem?

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 How does calculators actually solve the math problem?

They don't know the solution. The have rules built into them that allows them to calculate the solution. To start with the simplest example, suppose we want to add numbers. Inside a calculator you represent the numbers by having voltage on a wire or not having voltage. This is the 1 and 0. We could then hook together transistors so they could take the two wires coming in, and make it so the wires coming out represent addition. 0+0=00 1+0=01 0+1=01 1+1=10 (2 in binary) This circuit is called a "binary adder". You can daisy chain these together to get as many digits are required. Every other operation that a calculator can do uses this same sort of process of hooking together transistors in a logical way so that you get the correct outcome. For a fairly intuitive example using dominoes instead of electrical components, [check out this Numberphile video]( URL_0 ).


Question: - Why when watching HD movies is the dialogue volume so low and the background noises (score, explosions, etc) so loud?

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 - Why when watching HD movies is the dialogue volume so low and the background noises (score, explosions, etc) so loud?

Having a high dynamic range (the difference in volume at reference amplification between the lowest whisper sound and the loudest explosion in the soundtrack) is often a sought after factor. In proper professional movie theatres where you won't bother a neighbour this is a good thing. For most consumers it's pretty annoying. If you're able to, when I set up my surround sound I program the center channel at least 3db louder than any other speaker to compensate for the quiet voice thing. Many receiver/amps have also a night mode that compresses Dynamic range as well although I haven't been a fan when I've tried it.


Question: why is oxygen so flammable and can other elements (i.e. sulfur or selenium) allow fire in the absence of oxygen?

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 why is oxygen so flammable and can other elements (i.e. sulfur or selenium) allow fire in the absence of oxygen?

Oxygen itself isn't really flammable. Instead Oxygen forms low energy bonds with a lot of other elements. That means it is easier for other elements to bond with oxygen than with other elements. So when oxygen and something else are next to each other they break their existing bonds and bond with each other forming Something Oxide. Since the bonds with oxygen take less energy, the left over energy is released as fire. Some elements can form similar low energy bonds with elements other than oxygen, thus they can burn without oxygen. Or you can have the oxygen be in a form other than gas, this is common in thermite reactions where iron oxide reacts with aluminum to make aluminum oxide and iron, the oxygen just moves from the iron to the aluminum.


Question: what is a lumen and are higher numbers good or bad to look for in a flashlight?

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 what is a lumen and are higher numbers good or bad to look for in a flashlight?

Lumens is *not* the same as intensity. Lumens measures the total light output. Some flashlights are like floodlights: they spread their light widely and evenly so there is no bright "hotspot" right in the middle. This illuminates a wide area. Say this flood flashlight has 100 lumens: if we were to narrow the beam to illuminate a smaller area, that area would be lit even more brightly, even though the flashlight is still 100 lumens. Taking it further, let's focus that light into a narrow beam to illuminate a very small area. Still at 100 lumens, that little spot will be much, *much* brighter than when we were flooding. It gets even more complicated because most flashlights have a center hotspot that is surrounded by a dimmer halo, called "spill". So it's really hard to make apples-to-apples comparisons when different 100 lumen lights have larger or smaller hotspots and larger or smaller spill. All this is to say, a 50 lumen flashlight that has a tight beam can illuminate something more brightly than a 150 lumen flood light. So if you want to know how bright a light is, you also need to know the beam width of the hotspot and spill.


Question: How is anesthesia so simple in animals but complex in humans?

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 How is anesthesia so simple in animals but complex in humans?

It is just as complicated in animals as it is in humans. In fact, in many small animals, the risks of putting an animal under, especially if they are older, much be carefully weighed against the benefits of the surgery. Monitoring is also an important part of putting an animal under. And there are veterinarians specialised in anesthesiology. That said though, for most people, the life of a cat or a rabbit is not as important as the life of a human. So they feel it is more of an acceptable risk to put an animal under without a dedicated anesthesiologist (and instead just have a vet tech monitor that, for example) but they don't feel that is acceptable in a human because if it goes wrong, it is worse to lose a human life.