Question: Why do car tires lose air when sitting for a long time, but not when driven regularly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do car tires lose air when sitting for a long time, but not when driven regularly?

This is not something I've noticed before. I've had cars sit for a year or so, but never longer. Could be that over time the tire deforms a bit due to the pressure on it always being in the same spot. So then its not seated properly and a bit of air leaks past the seal.


Question: Explain to me, an Irish person, why anyone thought a HOA was a good idea? And what it’s actual function is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Explain to me, an Irish person, why anyone thought a HOA was a good idea? And what it’s actual function is?

Sometimes they're there to enforce a standard of appearances on the community. Other times there is community property that has to be maintained. Like maybe a park in the middle. There are repairs that need made, staff to keep the lawn trimmed and the trash picked up. The restrooms cleaned etc. It's just turned into one of those good idea on paper but shoddy execution problems


Question: Why do you feel tired when you think a lot?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you feel tired when you think a lot?

Thinking is basically your neurons working. For neurons to work, they need energy, and energy is provided by your food sources. So if you're running low on nutrition department, you might feel tired. Many people dont get it when we say we're tired of thinking, but it can be literal. That is why you shouldn't skip meals when studying or doing any other work that need mental back breaking.


Question: why do things explode in a hydraulic press?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do things explode in a hydraulic press?

Explosions are just the result of pressure building up until an object can no longer contain them. Think about putting air into a balloon - at some point, it will pop because there's too much pressure. Everything has a breaking point at which it can no longer handle the stress placed on it. Frequently, when this breaking point is reached, all the energy stored up in the object is spontaneously released in all directions, causing an explosion.


Question: Why do you get white when you mix all colors of light, but brown when you mix all colors of paint?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you get white when you mix all colors of light, but brown when you mix all colors of paint?

[here]( URL_0 ) is a good article explaining in depth the answer to this question in simple terms, but I'll copy-paste the heart of the answer, shortened just a little bit to make it easier to read. "Suppose that we dab some red paint onto white paper. The paper starts off white because it reflects all the colors of the rainbow. The paint blob we add looks red because it is absorbing all blue and green light, leaving only red light to be reflected into our eyes. A dab of blue paint on the paper will absorb the red and green light, reflecting just blue onto our eyes. This is called subtractive coloring. What happens if we paint red over the blue? The red pigment absorbs the blue light and the green light, but since the blue absorbs red and green, the two pigments together account for all the light, leaving none to be reflected onto our eyes. Result: the patch looks black. This process is different than mixing colored lights, where the colors are made by *adding* light of different wavelengths together. With paint mixing you are doing the opposite - *subtracting* the colors of light that the paint absorbs from white."


Question: Constant growth vs. steady state economics. What’s the difference in the long run?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Constant growth vs. steady state economics. What’s the difference in the long run?

These are pretty straightforward terms. An economy experiences constant growth when the value of the stuff produced in a given amount of time continuously increases. An economy in a steady state does not see the overall value of stuff produced change very much. Economies grow principally due to two factors: * An increase in people - More people can make more things out of more raw materials * Innovation - People can think of new ways to use existing materials that are more valuable and productive than the old ways of doing them An economy can stop growing for a lot of reasons. If I were going to boil them down to two very broad ideas they would be: * Existing resources can be used inefficiently or be underutilized. * The stock of resources used to produce things can decrease.


Question: how does probability work with more than one variable? If i make 25% of my shots and my friend catches 50% of passes whats the probability of a successful pass?what about more variables?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does probability work with more than one variable? If i make 25% of my shots and my friend catches 50% of passes whats the probability of a successful pass?what about more variables?

1/4 chance of throwing a pass properly times a 1/2 chance of catching a pass properly equals a 1/8 chance of success. So this would be a 12.5% chance of a successful pass. When you have two independant variables you multiply them to get the final probability. [Here is a website that explains this.]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does 'cornstarch mud' become solid when impacted and remain liquid at all other times?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does 'cornstarch mud' become solid when impacted and remain liquid at all other times?

"Cornstarch Mud" as you call it, sometimes also called "Oobleck," is a non-newtonian fluid. Specifically it's a called a *shear thickening* non-newtonian fluid. There are two types of non-newtonian fluid: Shear Thickening fluids increase their viscosity when they are acted upon; Shear Thinning fluids decrease their viscosity when acted upon. Most shear thickening fluids are shear thickening because they're complicated molecules. Looking at this [cornstarch molecule]( URL_0 ) you can see this one is too. If you let it sit by itself the individual molecules will be able to slide over one another like a fluid; but if you try to pull on the mixture the individual molecules will get "tangled" in each other and seize up and appear to be solid.


Question: How do airplane wings generate lift and why is there less of it when a plane angles itself more vertically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do airplane wings generate lift and why is there less of it when a plane angles itself more vertically?

Wings bend the airflow "down". Technically, they direct it at 90 degrees to the air flowing past them. But since most airplanes are usually level and going forward, that means down. Then Newton kicks in...for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If air is being forced down, there must be a force up on the wing. That's lift. That's about it...all the fancy shaping is generally to reduce drag or improve behavior in high lift situations, but anything that bends airflow down will generate lift. A flat plate makes a perfectly decent wing for low lift situations...that's why paper airplanes and balsa gliders work. When the plane angles itself vertically, the aerodynamic lift doesn't change if the airplane maintains speed. But remember that lift is defined relative to the air going over the wing...if the airplane is angled up, the airflow over the wing is at an angle relative to the ground and the direction of the lift isn't straight up. Only a portion of it is pointed up and opposing gravity. If you're flying straight up the lift force isn't helping you at all (it's straight sideways) and you can ditch the wings...hence why rockets don't have wings.


Question: How can you contain objects at extremely high temperatures? The Large Hadron Collider reached 7.2 trillion degrees Farenheit. Why did it not vaporize instantly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you contain objects at extremely high temperatures? The Large Hadron Collider reached 7.2 trillion degrees Farenheit. Why did it not vaporize instantly?

If you pour a teaspoon of boiling water into a pot of ice water, the temperature of the pot won't really change, even though that teaspoon is much hotter. While there is an intense amount of energy going into the beam, the collisions only get that hot because it's being concentrated in a relatively small amounts of particles (on the order of thousands to millions, instead of the usual between 10^20 and 10^(30)). It's not nearly enough energy to vaporize the LHC, which is miles across, or even the detectors in which most of that energy is released.


Question: How do we know the universe is ever expanding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know the universe is ever expanding?

Doppler effect. When the source of a wave is travelling away from you, the waves stretch out causing a shift down. That’s why the sound of a car horn changes as it drives past - the sound waves are getting longer and therefore the pitch is changing. The same thing happens with light waves - if the source is travelling away from you, the wavelength of light stretches until it drops below the visible spectrum. If this didn’t happen, then you wouldn’t see individual stars at night - the night sky would be full of stars from all over the universe.


Question: Why does the effectiveness of rechargeable batteries that are in phones or laptops for example, deteriorate over time and seem to not be able to hold a charge for the same time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the effectiveness of rechargeable batteries that are in phones or laptops for example, deteriorate over time and seem to not be able to hold a charge for the same time?

Rechargeable batteries use a reversible chemical reaction. In the normal discharge direction, they release electrons to one side of the battery and we flow those through the device to power it before we return them to the other side of the battery. When we recharge the battery we force electrons in the opposite direction, reversing the chemical reaction. But...the reaction isn't perfect. The battery will physically change over time; some parts will degrade, some of the chemicals won't fully revert to their original form, some side chemicals will form. As you do this over and over and over the amount of chemical available in the right form to do the power reaction fades away.


Question: Why do spicy foods like wasabi, mustard and horseradish burn differently to foods like chilli's and curry's?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do spicy foods like wasabi, mustard and horseradish burn differently to foods like chilli's and curry's?

Different molecules, different chemistries, but the same sensory receptor. Wasabi and horseradish get their effect from a volatile sulfur-based compound. This means it's carried very easily into your nasal passages and throat by normal airflow, where it binds to those receptors and gives you the distinct pungency. Chili/Currys and similar foods contain oily capsaicin, which binds to the receptors in the mouth and isn't wafted up into other areas as much.


Question: Why are mammals generally non-poisonous or venemous, as compared to reptiles/fish?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are mammals generally non-poisonous or venemous, as compared to reptiles/fish?

Modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are able to kill quickly with their teeth or claws, whereas venom, no matter how sophisticated, requires time to disable prey. Most reptiles/fish, who do not have claws or teeth (other than crocodiles) capable of killing their prey have to rely on toxins as both a self defence mechanism and as a means of predation.


Question: Why does hold music sound so terrible? In this age of UHD sound how come hold music sounds like it's being played through sock in a wind tunnel?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hold music sound so terrible? In this age of UHD sound how come hold music sounds like it's being played through sock in a wind tunnel?

Phone lines are designed to carry voice and not music. Humans can hear sounds from 30Hz to 22kHz but can only make sound from 300Hz to 3000Hz with out voice. So you need very different sample rates for the voice and music. This means that phone lines works terribly for music as it cuts out most of the high pitches and you are left with just the bass. Secondly as phone lines gets more and more digital we find even more ways to save on bandwidth by compressing the sounds so they take up less space. However this process uses very different compression algorithms for voice then for music. So the compression algorithms will add a lot of noise to the music as it is not designed for music. Adding to this you can have different compression for different sections of the lines as the line passes through different phone operators. So you get different types of distortions each time.


Question: what exactly is the determinant of a matrix calculating, and why does it end up being so significant/useful in other matrix calculations?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what exactly is the determinant of a matrix calculating, and why does it end up being so significant/useful in other matrix calculations?

I'll focus on 3 x 3 matrices. Take any 3D shape. Something that's asymetrical, like a sculpture of Vincent Van Gogh's head. Or anything else, it doesn't matter, but it should have a finite volume V. (and not zero volume, like a flat plane). Think of your 3D shape as sitting in an x,y,z coordinate system. There are infinitely many points in your shape and each of those points P is described by a vector that goes from (0,0,0) to P. So you have infinitely many vectors that describe your shape. Now suppose we have a matrix M. We can think of M as transforming vectors. Take a vector v and M\*v is some other vector (or maybe the same vector!). We're going to take every vector that's describing your shape and transform each of them with M. The end result will be another shape. How different it is will depend a lot on M, but it can be any combination of the following: your original shape rotated about some axis; your original shape scaled up or down in size; a mirror image of your original shape; your original shape skewed, as if it were made out of clay and your smushed/stretched it uniformly along some combination of directions. The volume of your transformed shape is likely different than it was originally. The factor by which the volume changed is the determinant of M. That is, New Volume = |det A| \* Old Volume. I used absolute value on the determinant there because volume ought to be positive and the determinant can be negative. A negative determinant has a straightforward interpretation: it means the transformation of your shape involved taking a mirror image. Like Vincent van Gogh's missing ear switching sides. With this volume-based interpretation of determinants we can quickly make some inferences about determinants that are pretty hard to perceive just from the definition of determinants. For one, a zero determinant must mean the transformation squished your shape to something with zero volume -- a flat plane, or a line, or a point. So any matrix that "projects" down to a plane or a line or a point must have zero determinant. Also we can infer if the transformation by M only rotated your shape without altering it otherwise, then the determinant of M should be 1, since the volume is the same. Likewise, a purely mirror-image transformation, or a mirror-image combined with a rotation, ought to have determinant -1. Also we can infer the important rule for determinants, that if K and M are both matrices, then det(K\*M) = det(K)\*det(M). I'll leave that for you to reason through.


Question: Why do people do lines of cocaine? Why not just a little pile/mound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people do lines of cocaine? Why not just a little pile/mound?

Try an experiment, put some flour on the floor in a pile and in a thin line. Then take the hose of the vacuum cleaner and try to clean up the mess. With the pile, if you stick the hose into the middle, you suck up the flour in the middle, but you are left with a ring of flour. You then have to move the hose around in a spiral pattern to get all of it. With the line, you just move the hose along the line. This is obviously easier to do without leaving any waste. With anything more expensive than flour, reducing waste seems like a money saving concept. Not to mention how hard it would be to get your head to do a more complex motion with a rolled up bill up your nose.


Question: What is the fifth dimension?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the fifth dimension?

First, a point about terminology. If I have a square, it's entirely accurate and meaningful to say "this is a four-sided shape". But if I start talking about "the third side of the square" without any further context, it wouldn't make any sense. There's no inherent numbering associated with a square's sides. It's the same way with dimensions. You can talk about a space being five-dimensional, but "the fifth dimension" doesn't really mean anything. This may seem like a minor point, but if you're reading something and see a phrase like "the fifth dimension" come up, it's a strong indicator you're reading either sci-fi or pseudoscience. In the context of mathematics, the number of dimensions a space has is just a way of measuring how many different directions there are to move in. On a line, there is only forwards/backwards; on the edge of a circle, there is only clockwise/counterclockwise. These are one-dimensional objects. In a flat plane, there's forwards/backwards and left/right, and on the surface of a sphere there's north/south and east/west. There are also many other directions, but the important part is that any other direction you pick (like northeast) is just a combination of the directions we already have. There are two "independent" directions, so these are two-dimensional objects. In the everyday 3D space we experience, there is forwards/backwards, left/right, and up/down: three independent directions to move in. While it is impossible to visualize four or more dimensions because our brains didn't evolve for that, there's nothing inherently contradictory about an *n*-dimensional space for n > 3, and the exact same mathematical ideas carry over to those higher-dimensional spaces. In physics, it's often useful to consider the universe as a 4D structure with forwards/backwards, left/right, up/down, and forwards-in-time/backwards-in-time. This last direction is different than the others in some ways (it is a direction in time rather than space, after all), but with the proper mathematical adjustments we can work with this idea to get useful results - this is one of the basic ideas underlying relativity.


Question: what’s the difference if any between working class and middle class?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference if any between working class and middle class?

For most intents and purposes, the working class is loosely defined as those who hold jobs with lower barriers to entry, that are usually defined by the work they entail. This does not strictly refer to wage, but more towards the type of job they hold. This means that, with proper saving, the working class can be middle class, but usually won’t be able to make upper class. Examples of these are oil field workers, construction, etc. Blue collar jobs often fit the criteria as well. Middle class is where the wage comes into play. People that belong in the middle class usually do not have to worry about meeting monthly bills.


Question: Old cities have been excavated that are covered in soil from years of neglect/abandonment. Sometimes from quite deep underground. Where does the soil come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Old cities have been excavated that are covered in soil from years of neglect/abandonment. Sometimes from quite deep underground. Where does the soil come from?

There are a few different things, all of which may or may not be present in any given site: 1) Rivers naturally deposit silt along their riverbed, slowly becoming shallower until they spill over into a new area and change course. When humans are living next to a river they will actively manage that river's course by building dams and levies, as well as periodically dredging it to prevent silt from building up. If humans abandon a site, or the humans living in a site experience a period of economic hardship such that they aren't able to repair levies or dredge the river for a period of time, then the river will eventually change course, potentially flooding and/or burying the city in the process. 2) Buildings will slowly sink in dirt and continue sinking until they hit bedrock. The speed with which this happens depends a lot on the local ground conditions and the quality of the building's foundation. Premodern buildings tended to not have very good foundations and there are lots of regions in the world with muddy soil that buildings can sink into over the course of a human lifetime. Historically, humans that were maintaining buildings in high subsidence areas would periodically knock them down. They would then use the rubble from the old building as a foundation and build a new building on top of it. However, if humans abandon the building then it will just continue sinking. Over very long periods of time this can result in the building sinking completely underground. 3) Huge quantities of dust gets blown off the Sahara and Gobi deserts every year. This dust gets deposited in nearby areas and can build up quickly. This is a particular issue in areas like Egypt, Greece, Turkey, and parts of China. (Note that those are also all areas with large numbers of well preserved, buried buildings). As with everything else, if humans are actively maintaining the area then they will clear that dust away or rebuild the buildings in the area on top of it. Once humans abandon the site, however, they stop doing that and buildings can very easily be buried. This is especially true as buildings act as a windtrap and so a lot more dust gets deposited on them than gets deposited on the surrounding area.


Question: When does America have to pay back the national debt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When does America have to pay back the national debt?

Daily. The debt is made up of millions of small loans. Some loans to the government are just $25. Each of these loans have their own due date and interest rate. These “loans” are called savings bonds or treasury bills. The length of the loans can be anywhere from overnight to years! I still have a savings bond from 1986 that I could collect anytime.


Question: Why is Pi so special and how was it discovered?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is Pi so special and how was it discovered?

Pi was discovered initially as the specific ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. They determined that the exact ratio was not a simple fraction, though they were happy to approximate. As they explored mathematics, they determined that this ratio came about with surprising regularity, due to it's natural relation to circles and spheres.


Question: How exactly does a automatic weapon work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly does a automatic weapon work?

When you shoot a gun, not all of the energy from the explosion gets transferred into the bullet. For ex, if you shoot a revolver, the kick will move your hands to a different position. Automatic weapons harness that mechanical energy using pistons, springs, and levers to cycles the gun completely. So basically you use a small part of the energy from the explosion to eject the spent casing, cycle the bolt, move a new cartridge into the chamber, and rearm the firing mechanism.


Question: What happens if I own stock in a company and that company gets sold (or bought out) by another company?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens if I own stock in a company and that company gets sold (or bought out) by another company?

It depends on the specific of the deal as announced and approved by the shareholders, but most commonly the shared will be converted to shares in the acquiring company. Sometimes they'll issue only in full shares and pay cash for fractional shares and sometimes they'll issue fractional shares. As an example, I owned 15 shares in SolarCity, a solar panel recently bought by Tesla. Based on the transaction prices, that was equivalent to 1.65 shares of Tesla, which was issued to me as 1 share of TSLA and $127 (for the value of the .65 share)


Question: How are adept music players able to just start playing along to anything that someone else plays and have it sound good?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are adept music players able to just start playing along to anything that someone else plays and have it sound good?

i’m a drummer so i’m not speaking for guitarists/bassists here. in drums there’s basically three things to improvisation - the time signature, the tempo and confidence (in my experience). the time signature is pretty easy to find out - you only need to listen to one bar to figure it out really. time signature is stuff like 4/4, which means there’s 4 quarter notes in a bar basically. kind of easy if you know how to count time signatures. tempo could be more difficult depending on how much rhythm you have. tempo is literally just how fast or slow you go, at it’s simplest. i’m quite good at keeping time and getting tempo right so i don’t really worry about that but some are worse. if you’re an experienced drummer, you’ll most likely be good at this. confidence is key when playing as a whole. only a drummer can tell when a drummer goes wrong usually, you just gotta have the confidence to carry on and ignore your mishap. often it doesn’t matter what drum you hit, just how you hit it and what time you hit it (although obviously some combinations sound better than others!) another factor would be experience and knowledge of different beats. if you only know one simple rock rhythm then you’re probably not gonna be very good at improvisation cause you’ll be doing the same thing every time. i’ve only been drumming for a year in november and i can improvise very well along with guitar/piano so it’s not as difficult as it seems as long as you put practice into learning the instrument and also practice improvising. you’re never gonna be good the first time but you get better.


Question: Why Venezuela is collapsing since they're an oil rich nation; what went wrong?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why Venezuela is collapsing since they're an oil rich nation; what went wrong?

A couple of reasons. Firstly, they relied far too heavily on oil. Before the collapse, oil made up 95% of exports. When oil prices came tumbling down due to US shale, the foundation for their economy was eroded away. Another problem was the appropriating of private assets by the government. Entire businesses were seized, and a government puppet was put in charge. Needless to say, they had no idea how to run a competitive company but could rely on government wealth to keep them running. Yet another problem was the government’s response to these problems. When their income from oil started running dry, they doubled down and threw more subsidies at the oil industry. In fact at the current prices, a single US dollar is enough to fill up your car 700 times. That is obviously absurd. In order to pay for these subsidies, the government had to print more money since they couldn’t afford it in the budget. This led to hyperinflation and the huge crisis we have today. To combat hyperinflation, the government decided to use price controls. While it technically succeeded since no shops could sell goods at increased prices, it had the obvious side effect that shops had to make a massive loss for every sale and thus closed, leading to mass shortages of every item.


Question: How do powered TV antennas boost the signal at the receiving end, and why can't TVs just do that themselves?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do powered TV antennas boost the signal at the receiving end, and why can't TVs just do that themselves?

The powered antenna includes a small amplifier that boost (and sometimes cleans up) the signal. There's no technical reason that the TV can't do this itself but a lot of TVs aren't connected to antennas anymore and no TV has any idea what kind of reception you have or what kind of antenna setup you need, so it's easier to let you figure out the appropriate antenna to your specific situation than trying to engineer the TV to accommodate all possible reception levels.


Question: Why is there a separate security code on credit cards? If the three extra digits make it that much more secure, why not just make the number three digits longer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there a separate security code on credit cards? If the three extra digits make it that much more secure, why not just make the number three digits longer?

In the olden days, credit cards were often not scanned with the mag strip, because the equipment was still too expensive for smaller retailers. What they did instead was use a carbon paper and a roller machine to take an imprint of the front of the credit card with the numbers. This was commonly part of the receipt, and one copy would be torn off and given to the customer. The problem with this, of course, is that now all these receipts you are just throwing away left and right have your whole card number on them. This is where the extra numbers on the back to confirm an online(or at the time, over the phone) purchase can be used, if you only had a receipt you found with the front of someone's card, you would not have all the numbers needed to complete a transaction.


Question: Why does road work in the United States seem to go on forever?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does road work in the United States seem to go on forever?

There are a lot of roads in the US. They all need maintenance with time and this cost a lot of money. But even if we had all the money and enough workers to fix everything in 1 year that wouldn't actually be a good idea. You would just end up with to many people out of work once everything is done and then inevitably when its time to to maintenance again you now need it everywhere at the same time. Better to always have work than to finish all the work and then lose the ability to do it in the future.


Question: What's the difference between contortionists and people who have hypermobile joints? Is there a difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's the difference between contortionists and people who have hypermobile joints? Is there a difference?

Contortionists have trained their muscles and body to stretch in all sorts of ways. Those with hypermobile joints have what is basically a birth defect or mutation that lets them be extra flexible. They are physically different from the norm for whatever reason. In gaming terms, Hypermobile Jointed people would be a race that specs well into a Contortionist's career.


Question: What, exactly, is a "bit", as in the fact that the Nintendo 64 was "64 bit"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What, exactly, is a "bit", as in the fact that the Nintendo 64 was "64 bit"?

In computing terms, a bit is a "binary digit," which is short just means either a 0 or a 1. When we talk about Nintendo64 being "64 bit," its the same as having as 64 bit computer: the instructions used by that processor is 64 bits long. While this is useful, a 32 bit machine has 2^32(a little over 4 billion) possible instructions, which nothing even comes close to using. What actually makes this good is how much *memory* a 64 bit system can have. When we talk about the max amount of memory (RAM, to be specific) a computer can have, we need to realize that every single "piece" of memory has to have an address. This way we can say "piece of memory #48" and know exactly what we are talking about. In a 32 bit system, we can only address 2^32 "pieces" of memory (which for reasons I won't get into is usually 8 bits, which we call a byte). Now, ~4 billion bytes *sounds* like a lot, until I say that 4 billion bytes is only 4 gigabytes. So a 32 bit machine cannot use more than 4 gb of RAM, period, end of story. Now, a 64 bit machine can use 2^64 bytes of memory, which is ~10^10 or 10 billion gigabytes of memory. Clearly an upgrade. Edit: I should note that while 64 bit lets you have more RAM, the N64 specifically did not make use of it. The N64 only had 4 MB of RAM, not even coming close to the 4 GB of RAM upper limit for 32 bit.


Question: Why does watching running water make us want to pee?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does watching running water make us want to pee?

Peeing is very complicated in terms of neurology. Our nervous system is divided into three distinct systems. Central, Autonomic and Somatic. The act of peeing is linked into all three and all three play off against one another to make it happen. It is the autonomic nervous system that is to blame for making you want to pee when you see/hear water. The autonomic nervous system is the same nervous system that make your mouth water when you think of sucking a lemon, get a penile/clitoral erection when you see something sexually appealing, makes you gag when you smell something disgusting etc, etc. It is essentially a system that makes your body involuntry respond to external stimuli. When you urinate the sound and sight of the urine flowing from your body stimulates the ANS to keep your bladder sphincter relaxed, so you may pee freely without responses from the other nervous systems interupting it mid flow. So seeing or hearing water trickling is tricking your ANS into thinking you've released your bladder and it's trying to keep the bladder muscles relaxed to aid your peeing. Source: used to nurse in an elderly care home and did a fair bit of incontinence care.


Question: What major economic development(s) occurred between around the 50's and now that made it necessary for the average household to have two incomes instead of one to have a "good life"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What major economic development(s) occurred between around the 50's and now that made it necessary for the average household to have two incomes instead of one to have a "good life"?

You're going to get a lot of answers but the truth is a lot of the damage from World War II gave the US a leg up economically for the 20 years post war. So much of Europe and Asia's working-age male population had been decimated. Barely any industrial capacity was left standing in China, Japan, Europe and Russia. Railroads, factories, supply depots, mining operations, everything had been refocused on the war effort or destroyed. Meanwhile, the US was untouched. Our factories were not bombed. The railroads and supply lines and mining operations were never disrupted. Much of our industrial capacity was actually built during the war, so America was not only *not* getting its factories bombed but it was building new factories at a breakneck pace. We had one of the lowest casualty rates of the war and nearly no civilian deaths. What does all of this add up to? America has a huge fucking advantage over the rest of the world as far as industrialization goes. For 20 years the rest of the world was rebuilding their population and industries, figuratively and literally. This is when America became the dominant economic superpower that it is. By the mid-seventies the rest of the world was beginning to catch back up to pre-war economic activity, and a natural result of that is globalization. And the natural result of globalization is the drop in the standard of living at the top of the food chain. a lot of money that was being exclusively spent on America and in America was now being spent in Japan and China and Western Europe and India, countries whose economies were left in no better shape than the rubbled cities that dotted their landscapes.


Question: When multiple conversations are happening around you, how is it possible to tune into the only one you want to listen to and basically block out the other ones?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When multiple conversations are happening around you, how is it possible to tune into the only one you want to listen to and basically block out the other ones?

It's called the cocktail party effect. Essentially our brains are pretty darn impressive where it subconsciously filters stimulus that it doesn't deem relevant. There are funny examples/experimemts of this visually is when someone will approach a random person on the street and ask for directions off of a map. The person asking for directions will get separated behind a crowd and a completely different person will come out and get the rest of the directions. The person giving the directions never notices because they were focused on the map. URL_0


Question: How is it that pigs can grow from being a tiny piglet to a mature 250-300 pig in 6 months, but it takes some animals (like humans) so much longer to achieve that much growth?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it that pigs can grow from being a tiny piglet to a mature 250-300 pig in 6 months, but it takes some animals (like humans) so much longer to achieve that much growth?

Because we are born before our heads get too big to come out of a woman's pelvis. We are MUCH weaker than other mammals at birth. Many take minutes, hours or days to walk. We take a year or more. This is caused by two parts of our evolution. 1, we have large brains and need a large head to accommodate them. That means that we need to be born before our heads get very big. Two, being upright instead of on all fours limits how much the pelvis can spread. So a woman's pelvis is narrower than typical for a mammal and a baby's head is larger than normal for a mammal. This all results in babies needing to be born waaaaay before most mammals do.


Question: Why does a phone camera flash twice before actually taking the picture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a phone camera flash twice before actually taking the picture?

> When you press the shutter release, aTTL flash will fire a pre-flash before the actual shot, the camera will then measure the pre-flash with the ambient light level to calculate the power needed in the actual flash for the shot. Basically what you're seeing is a preflash. The camera uses that to measure how much power the actual flash requires.


Question: How can water filters remove 99.9% of impurities but not turn salt water to fresh water?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can water filters remove 99.9% of impurities but not turn salt water to fresh water?

The impurities referred to are larger particles and very large molecules. Unfortunately for us in this case, salt is an extremely tiny molecule -- not much bigger than a water molecule, and far smaller than normal filters. Only a very special filter, requiring very high water pressure, can filter out salt molecules.


Question: why does gum fall apart after I chew it for a while?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does gum fall apart after I chew it for a while?

If you are referring to the gum becoming a messy mush instead of a wad you can chew on, its because that particular gum used less... gum. The gum bace is what is used to give it its chewyness. The reason they use less is because it saves money and prevents any issues of you swallow the gum.


Question: Why aren't humans more sexually dimorphic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't humans more sexually dimorphic?

By mammalian standards we are pretty dang sexually dimorphic. Our males are about 50% more massive than our females, and there are a wide number of secondary sexual characteristics that can usually help you identify the sex of another human even at a distance. Among our close relatives, we are more sexually dimorphic than chimpanzees but less than gorillas this implies that we evolved from a social status that was roughly in between that of chimpanzees and gorillas. Gorillas live in groups dominated by a single male who breeds with most of the females, while chimpanzees have comparatively less sexual dominance by the males and more males mate with more females.


Question: Why do ethics outweigh the benefits when it comes to genetic engineering of humans?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do ethics outweigh the benefits when it comes to genetic engineering of humans?

If science starts generically engineering babies, it will go in two main ways - - extremely rich people will make extremely perfect humans - smarter, prettier, better than everyone else which will further create class divides worldwide - military superpowers and wanna-be military superpowers will make super soldiers - maybe not clone wars bad or marvel bad, but as close as they can get - as fast, as strong, as immoral and as obedient as possible. Basically the world has decided that we can’t be trusted with this technology, which... seems about right, at least historically.


Question: How does spinning work? How are short cotton and wool fibers spun into a single thread for weaving, sewing, and making textiles with?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does spinning work? How are short cotton and wool fibers spun into a single thread for weaving, sewing, and making textiles with?

Some fibers are easier than others. Each strand isn't smooth like a human hair. There are microscopic roughness and microfibers tangled into them. When you spin them, you're smashing them all into a tangled mess, like headphones in a pocket but 10 times worse. The tangled fibers hook onto each other and hold the larger thread together. The same thing happens when a wool sweater is shrunk. One way to try unshrinking wool is to wash it in hair conditioner and stretch it. The conditioner lubricates the fibers and let's them slip back apart.


Question: What are bonds, and what is the difference between stocks and bonds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are bonds, and what is the difference between stocks and bonds?

Bonds : Local bakery has a great idea for muffin tops. They need 500 for the special muffin top slicing machine and non stick pans. The local bank won't give them a loan because the idea is so new and they haven't been in business for long. But everyone in the neighbourhood is super excited. So the bakery prints out 500 bond certificates that cost $1.00 each and the certificates say that in 1 year from now they can be redeemed for $1.10 at the cash register.


Question: How are fundamental particles made?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are fundamental particles made?

The photons of the CMB weren't created then, they existed before. What changed, however, was that due to inflation the distance between matter got large enough (by electrons and protons combining into the first neutral atoms), so that these photons could travel without hitting anything all the time, so the Universe switched from being opaque to being transparent.


Question: Won’t the battery materials for electric cars run out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Won’t the battery materials for electric cars run out?

You're right, the minerals are finite. But difference is that electric car batteries doesn't use up those minerals during the lifetime of the car. The electricity that's charged is what's used up, not the minerals. Eventually the battery does degrade but the minerals are still there and can be recycled to make new batteries again. So it's not like petroleum where it's used up and gone


Question: If people could save hundreds of thousands of dollars by paying upfront for houses and cars instead of taking out a loan, is there a logical reason why they don't save money for longer and pay upfront?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If people could save hundreds of thousands of dollars by paying upfront for houses and cars instead of taking out a loan, is there a logical reason why they don't save money for longer and pay upfront?

Because in the end that can be much more expensive. In the case of a house, you still need to live somewhere. So that means that for those decades (and it can takes decades to save up) you are saving up money, you are not only putting away money to save, but you are also sinking money into renting a place. That is money you won't ever see a return on (whereas, putting that same money into mortgage payments at least comes with the potential of the house being worth more at the end of it all) Same with a car. For many people, cars are a necessary part of life. They need it to have a job. So you either have the situation where they do not have a car at all, and cannot get a job as public transport is not always an option (and therefore also cannot save.) Or you have the situation where instead they drive around an older less reliable car. That means they are able to have a job, but if that car is truly in a bad state, that also means they might need to throwing a lot of money at said car in terms of maintenance and constant repairs. Which can be more money than you pay on loan interest.


Question: Why aren't consumer computers "instant" yet, in terms of the basic functions like booting up, opening up programs, etc? I mean literally instant, with zero delay following a mouse click. Will they ever be?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why aren't consumer computers "instant" yet, in terms of the basic functions like booting up, opening up programs, etc? I mean literally instant, with zero delay following a mouse click. Will they ever be?

There are instant computers, you just don't think of them as "real" computers. Tons of devices with embedded microcontrollers (household appliances, elevators, traffic lights, you name it) have real computers in there that load their resources almost instantaneously and can get going. As for "real" computers, we'll probably never see instant ones because as soon as the startup process gets faster.... people dream up more functions and resources for the computer to load. As computers get faster, we just keep on giving them more to do. Microsoft Office 95 would probably load in a blink of an eye on a modern machine, but Office 2013 takes a while. But 2013 offers a ton of features and changes it's predecessor didn't that MS decided was a worthwhile tradeoff. The case is the same for most software.