Question: How do teams qualify for Champion's League?

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 How do teams qualify for Champion's League?

A full answer is complicated. On a basic level, a certain number of slots are awarded to each league. Some of these slots are "Automatic" slots that immediately put a team into the group stages, others a qualifying slot that put teams into a short two-leg knock-out tournament that takes place before most of the European leagues begin for a spot in the real thing. In addition, the winners of the Champions League are guaranteed a place in the group stages, and the winners of the second-tier competition the Europa league are also given a place. As you observe, though, Europe has a variety of different leagues, each operating at a different level. How do you decide how many slots each country gets? Welcome to the UEFA Country Coefficient. The Coefficient is supposed to be a ranking of the quality of leagues, and it is determined by the performance of teams in UEFA competitions over the past five years. Two points are awarded for each win in European competition, one point for a draw. bonus points are awarded for reaching the later stages of competition. Then, the total of each country is divided by the number of clubs that participated that year (from that country). So, right, you use that to rank all the leagues in order. The top four leagues get 3 automatic slots, and 1 qualifying slot. Currently, that's Spain, England, Italy and Germany, and that's unlikely to change in the short term. As you move down the rankings, proportionally less places are awarded, until you get to the 53rd ranked league, Kosovo, who get one single slot into the earliest section of the qualifying competition.


Question: Can someone explain what it is about music theory that allows pretty much every song to be mashed with eachother in a way that fits?

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 Can someone explain what it is about music theory that allows pretty much every song to be mashed with eachother in a way that fits?

Songwriters are unimaginative. They use the same stupid chord progressions and scales and rhythms over and over and over and over again. The energy of a song is largely independent of the scale/harmony, so that's no barrier. Key doesn't matter because you just shift one song or the other up or down until the two songs match. And because we all use the same stupid scales, the chords often barely matter as well. The melody from All Star is mostly pentatonic which means it works with *virtually any* typical Western chord progression. There's a reason this is done with mostly pop songs and not, say, King of Limbs-era Radiohead.


Question: Is quality of sleep affected by how you wake up?

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 Is quality of sleep affected by how you wake up?

Kind of. Your body runs through 90 minute cycles when you're asleep. You go from light sleep to very deep (REM) and back again. If you wake up during the deep sleep part of your cycle, it is much more difficult to wake up and you feel very groggy. If you wake up during the light part of your cycle it's usually much easier. There are apps you can get on your phone which monitor your sleep pattern, and try to wake you up during a light-sleep period closest to your wakeup time. These can help make your mornings a little easier. This is also why, if you're taking a nap, you want it to be shorter than 30 minutes. Any longer than that and you start going into the deeper stages of sleep that are hard to wake up from. Then your nap leaves you groggy instead of refreshed.


Question: Why does exercise help your heart but drugs don’t?

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 Why does exercise help your heart but drugs don’t?

Exercise stimulates the heart by increasing demand for oxygenated blood throughout the body. Over time, the heart responds to this stimulus by enlarging itself and increasing its pumping efficiency in order to meet bodily demand. This is a feedback loop where the heart is taking cues from the body for this growth to occur. Using drugs that increase the heart rate just, well, increase the heart rate. The heart isn't getting any feedback from the body as it does in aerobic exercise, so it's not changing its efficiency much at all.


Question: How is real estate used to launder money?

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 How is real estate used to launder money?

It is a high value asset which can be easily sold without attracting too much attention and can be bought in a different country than the source of the money. You sell $3 million in gold, diamonds etc. and you will attract a lot of attention sell $3 million in property and no one bats an eyelid. With property also you don't need to move the item just sign some papers and ownership transfers from one person to another no need to smuggle anything through customs.


Question: if the universe is 13 billion years old, and all our matter came from a singular point that exploded in the big bang, how did our matter get "here" like this point in space, to wait 13 billion years to see things that are 13 billion light years away?

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 if the universe is 13 billion years old, and all our matter came from a singular point that exploded in the big bang, how did our matter get "here" like this point in space, to wait 13 billion years to see things that are 13 billion light years away?

Whole books are written to answer any single one of your questions. So, I’ll just give a layman’s simple explanation for some of this. At the instant of the Big Bang, there was no matter. Everything existed as subatomic particles at extreme temperatures. This quickly condensed into protons (hydrogen), neutrons, electrons and several forms of energy. Helium quickly formed due to random collisions. All other matter didn’t form until the first stars formed and started having fusion and supernovae. Meanwhile, the universe expanded. At first, it expanded really fast. Then, it started expanding slower. This expansion doesn’t have a ‘center’. Everywhere in the universe is just as legitimately the center as every other point. It has expanded more than 13 billion light years, but due to the timing involved we can only see the closest 13 billion light years of space. Essentially, the light is trying to travel at the speed of light through a space that is expanding. After that initial fast expansion in the first few seconds of the universe, anything far away from our spot in that expansion is too far away to be faster than the expansion between us and it. Essentially, objects 20 billion light years away are expanding away from us too fast for light to ever reach us.


Question: we often have moments of self realization. It causes this feeling of it awe, and we think, “oh yeah, I’m a person in this body walking this earth like all these other people.” Why does this happen, and what’s happening in our brain?

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 we often have moments of self realization. It causes this feeling of it awe, and we think, “oh yeah, I’m a person in this body walking this earth like all these other people.” Why does this happen, and what’s happening in our brain?

Here are some terms that for the general phenomena you desribed: Daesin is a philosophical term for experiencing a mood that "assails us" in our unreflecting devotion to the world. A mood comes neither from the "outside" nor from the "inside," but arises from being-in-the-world." Sonder is the realization that each random passerby is living a life as vivid and complex as your own Rigpa (Buddhism)is the experiencing the knowledge of the original wakefulness that is personal experience. Satori (Japanese Buddhism) is the experience of seeing one's true nature Yūgen (Japanese aesthetics) means “an awareness of the universe that triggers emotional responses too deep and mysterious for words.” Sati (Buddhism) is the practice of being aware moment-to-moment of one’s subjective conscious experience aid one to directly experience the "stream of consciousness" and to gradually cultivate self-knowledge and wisdom Kaivalya (Hinduism) is the direct intuition of Real-existence, intelligence and bliss. Manana (Hinduism) is the discovery of the true significance of the identity of the individual self and the supreme Universal Self with the great sayings is what is known as shravana; and to arrive at the possibility of its validity through logical reasoning If you're interested in the philosophical side of the question as to what's going on in your mind, Alan Watts does a good job of putting the concepts of Hinduism, confucianism, and zen buddhism in an eli5 format. If you're more interested in the psychological side of things, theres a number of ideas out there that attempt to understand the realization of ones self in reality. Phenomenology is an alternative to cartesian dualism, its a "systematic reflection to determine the essential properties and structures of experience." Carl Rogers is a psychologist and a phenomenologist, he wrote extensively on his theories of self awareness. Lacanianism is a proprosed structure of the human psyche developed by psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. He built off of freud's model, and it's a fairly easy to grasp. If you're looking to understand how your feel and think from a psychophysiological perspective, you're not alone. David Chalmers deemed it the "hard problem of consciousness." A couple of the answers to it people have hypothesized are the holonomic brain theory and the global workspace theory.


Question: Why are contact-less credit cards a good idea? Doesn't it just make it less safer and easy to be used if stolen?

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 Why are contact-less credit cards a good idea? Doesn't it just make it less safer and easy to be used if stolen?

The transaction amounts are limited (depending on the country the limit is different) so the risk is very low. The card can only be used contactlessly around 5 times before it needs to be inserted and used with chip Banks have fraud monitoring where they will decline transactions if they think they’re not made by you or are unusual / too close together. You can very easily block your card and it won’t work if someone has stolen it (it will beep but won’t be approved)


Question: How do scientists seperate particles from the rest of their groupings?

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 How do scientists seperate particles from the rest of their groupings?

Methods differ depending on what kind of particle you want. For example, for the Gold Foil Experiment, they were using an alpha "particlse" (which really aren't particles but are actually two protons and two neutrons). Alpha particles are a product of alpha decay, which happens naturally in some heavier elements, such as Radon (which was what Rutherford used).


Question: Why do our leg hairs stop growing at a certain point but will grow again if we cut them?

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 Why do our leg hairs stop growing at a certain point but will grow again if we cut them?

All mammalian hair falls out after a certain period of growth, then restarts it's growth. For human head hair, this period of growth is measured in several years, which is what allows it to get so long. For human leg hair, it's limited to a couple of months. In other words, leg hair never stops growing, it just falls out when it reaches a certain point and then restarts it's growth.


Question: How do hybrid cars work? (Simple version please!)

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 How do hybrid cars work? (Simple version please!)

Hybrid vehicles are electric vehicles which use a gasoline motor to charge the battery. Why do they do this? Gas engines are designed to work well and most efficiently within a certain RPM range. In a typical gas car, this means that in order to keep the gas engine working in its "optimal range" as the car moves through various speeds, you need a transmission - gears that convert the engine's speed into the car's speed. Transmissions are complex, heavy, prone to wear and failure... so if we can do without one we're better off. Electric motors have (to simplify things) the benefit that they work most efficiently across a wider range of speeds. So we don't need a transmission. But batteries (currently anyway) don't have the same energy density as gasoline. You'd have to recharge an electric vehicle more frequently than refil the same size / performance gas vehicle. And batteries are _heavy_. so lets combine the strengths of both. We get simplicity of an electric vehicle, but we can reduce the size of the battery by adding a small gasoline motor that is only there to charge the battery. Oh, and to help the brakes we can recoup some of our electricity as we brake.


Question: why can’t we just make the happy chemicals our brain makes?

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 why can’t we just make the happy chemicals our brain makes?

There are three main reasons: 1. There aren't really any "happy" chemicals. There are chemicals whose presence correlates with happiness, but they serve many functions and may cause entirely different effects in other parts of the brain. Serotonin, for example, is thought to cause depression if levels are low, and there's some indication raising the serotonin level alleviates depression. But there's also some evidence *lowering* the serotonin level can alleviate depression. The brain is really complex, and it can't really be treated like an engine that is low on oil. 2. Some brain chemicals have unintended consequences. Chemicals that increase the amount of dopamine in the brain, for example, makes the patient feel *really* good. But it creates the risk that the patient will crave that chemical enormously, and lose interest in everything else. Some chemicals can cause reckless behaviour, or impair reaction times. Basically fiddling with the brain to make me happier can make it worse at keeping me alive. 3. It is hard to get chemicals into the brain. If the chemical is eaten, it must pass through our digestive system which is really good at breaking down complex chemicals. Once it's in the blood it must avoid the immune system and avoid being filtered out before it has time to have an effect. Finally it must cross the blood-brain barrier, which adds an extra level of protection for our central nervous system.


Question: If a nuclear missile is shot down from the sky, say several miles above a large city, what would happen to the city below?

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 If a nuclear missile is shot down from the sky, say several miles above a large city, what would happen to the city below?

Not much of any interest really. Modern nuclear weapons require a very precise series of timed explosions take place to compress the fissile material and produce a nuclear explosion. An incoming warhead struck by an interceptor missile would not detonate. It would be forcefully torn apart by the impact, and scattered over a relatively wide area in likely very small pieces. The actual amount of nuclear material in a warhead is fairly small, and the resulting contamination would be minimal. There would probably be a fairly intense effort to make sure that there wasn't any stray nuclear material or bomb components scattered around the city. However the speeds at which a ballistic missile intercept happens means both the warhead and the interceptor are going to be blasted into very tiny pieces.


Question: Why do adhesives weaken as temperature increases?

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 Why do adhesives weaken as temperature increases?

Adhesives start out in the liquid state, and then once they're applied, they dry out and become a solid. On a chemical level, this means that the molecules that make up the adhesive are disordered (i.e. not fixed in any particular pattern) and can move around relative to each other fairly easily. Once they become dry (how this happens depends on the type of adhesive), the molecules become "stuck" to each other and can't move around anymore. When you increase their temperature, you're adding heat energy to those molecules, which allows some of them to break free from the forces holding them still, and thus weakening their ability to hold things together.


Question: Why does a 40 Celsius weather kill scores in Europe and Japan, but the people of the Middle East have no problem living in weather even hotter than that?

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 Why does a 40 Celsius weather kill scores in Europe and Japan, but the people of the Middle East have no problem living in weather even hotter than that?

Aside from people in those regions being acclimated to the heat, people die over there to heat exposure all the time too. But it's a regular occurrence so it doesn't make national or international news. Someone died in my town in a highway auto accident, you didn't hear about it. A heat wave where it regularly doesn't get hot is unusual, so the deaths from it are also unusual.


Question: Why is saltwater marine life usually so much more colorful and vibrant?

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 Why is saltwater marine life usually so much more colorful and vibrant?

If you’re talking about aquarium fish, it isn’t because they’re saltwater. Plenty of saltwater fish are boring. It’s because they’re tropical. Animals throughout the tropics are more colorful and if you were going through the trouble of having a saltwater tank (which is very difficult to take care of), then you might as well select the most colorful and interesting looking ones. And in the ocean, there are way more to choose from. People think the reason tropical animals are more colorful is that given the biodiversity and density it’s more important for species to find each other for mating than to avoid predators.


Question: aspirin lowers your nervous sensors that's why you feel less pain when you take one, but how does it actually work?

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 aspirin lowers your nervous sensors that's why you feel less pain when you take one, but how does it actually work?

Aspirin doesn't exactly "lower your nervous sensors." Put simply, aspirin slows down the action of another chemical in your body (cyclooxygenase) by changing its shape, which ordinarily produces a particular *other* set of chemicals called *prostaglandins,* which attach to our nerves and cause us to feel pain. With less prostaglandin to attach to our nerves, our perception of pain is reduced.


Question: Why does a sine wave produce a pure tone?

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 Why does a sine wave produce a pure tone?

A sine wave is the only tone that's a pure frequency. If you break it down to the component frequencies, there's just one. That's what makes it sound "pure", it only stimulates a single frequency detector (cochlear nerve) in your ear. Any other real sound, or any other waveform (e.g. a square wave at the same frequency), is a mixture of frequencies. Your ear can hear all of them, so it stimulates multiple nerves and you hear a more complex/less pure tone.


Question: how is cheeto cheese made?

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 how is cheeto cheese made?

Pretty much any cheese can be turned into powder, if you dry the cheese either with an oven or a dehydrator it becomes very easy to crumple into powder, then you can just mix it with whey powder and whisk it until it all becomes a fine flour-like powder. Once it's powder, you can easily apply it to a number of food items, such as puffed cornmeal, thus making a cheesy snack. I can't say exactly what process they use to make their powder or what other additives they have, but it's likely Cheetos is mostly just cornmeal and powdered cheese, you could probably make them homemade pretty similar.


Question: Why do we go through stages of grief instead of just accepting it?

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 Why do we go through stages of grief instead of just accepting it?

Those stages of grief ARE the stages of acceptance. It takes time because it’s a major shock to your whole system. If you get your leg ripped off in an accident you don’t immediately realize you’ve lost a leg. First you freak the F out. Then maybe they try to find a way to reattach it. Then they tell you it can’t be done. Then you’re in the hospital thinking I’m never going to do XYZ again because I’ve only got one leg. Then you get a prosthetic leg and start learning how to do stuff again. Then one day maybe you’re able to do the same stuff you could do before, albeit differently now.


Question: If your joint or muscles is damaged and it hurts chronically over and over for a long time will the brain eventually 'get used to it' and then it no longer hurt?

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 If your joint or muscles is damaged and it hurts chronically over and over for a long time will the brain eventually 'get used to it' and then it no longer hurt?

No. "Chronic" means that the pain is either permanent or very long-lasting. Your brain passively learns to filter out a lot of stimuli (like background noise and your own nose from your field of view) but it won't get used to pain. Pain is your body's way of signalling you that something is wrong and you should do something about it. Being able to get used to pain would defeat its purpose, because a torn muscle will not stop being a problem until it's healed.


Question: Why does iron rust faster in the presence of saltwater?

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 Why does iron rust faster in the presence of saltwater?

Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: why does adding salt to water cause metals submerged in the water to rust more quickly? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: why does iron dissolve faster in salt water than water? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does salt water increase rate of corrosion? ]( URL_0 )


Question: What actually happens when a website undergoes scheduled maintenance? Why can’t they stay online to make the changes?

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 What actually happens when a website undergoes scheduled maintenance? Why can’t they stay online to make the changes?

It depends on a lot of things. It is rarely the same thing twice. But today you usually only get downtime when something involves a database or storage. I have been part of scheduled maintenance on a website caused by the fact that the station wagon we were loading all the data required to run the website into did not have the power or network access to run the website while we drove across town into another datacenter. You may think modern cloud computing have made away with this but all the major cloud providers do allow you to ship disks to and from them and they will ship disks between their own datacenters. This is the fastest and cheapest way to transfer data but there is some latency to it. That is of course an extreme situation that does not happen very often. But for example the last time I scheduled downtime for a website it was because one of the databases it used had some wrong settings and could not be upgraded. So we had to export all the data and import it into another database that were a later version and also had the correct settings. But in order to get a clean export of all the data in this particular database we had to make sure there were no changes in the meantime. So we had to shut down the website during the copy. On the other hand since we fixed this problem we will now never have the exact same problem again for this website. So the next scheduled downtime will be for something else.


Question: Why do some countries still struggle to make nuclear weapons?

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 Why do some countries still struggle to make nuclear weapons?

It’s not a matter of scientific difficulty, the process is well known and you can look it up online. The difficulty is mostly in procuring the materials and equipment against the will of the international community. You need enriched uranium and a large number of centrifuges to refine it to weapons-grade, but these aren’t easy to come by. When your geopolitical enemies embargo these items and dispatch spies to disrupt the process, you’re forced to procure equipment through other unsavory channels and try to do this work in secret. Iran has a lot of very powerful enemies and very few friends, and they can’t just go buy nuclear weapons equipment.


Question: What is the relationship between natural resources and economic growth?

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 What is the relationship between natural resources and economic growth?

Complicated. At best. Having access to abundant natural resources certainly seems to *contribute* to "economic growth", but it's hardly the only factor. The best economic results come when a particular economy can engage in large-scale "resource extraction" for *domestic* use. Think coal in England during the nineteenth century, or natural gas in the US over the last decade. In both cases, access to large quantities of a particular natural resource was an economic benefit for the particular regions that contained it, but the "real action," as it were, comes from the fact that those resources were being consumed by industries in the same country. The resource extraction regions benefit from vigorous demand for resources, and the more industrial regions benefit from having ready (and therefore *cheap*) access to necessary natural resources. Everybody wins! But those two things don't necessarily go together. Take Japan, for example. As far as natural resources go, Japan got a raw deal. It's an island nation (archipelago, really). It has no mining industry to speak of. Never has. It has a *tiny* (and massively protected) agricultural sector. It catches an absolute crap-ton of fish and other seafood, but its fishing fleets go all over the Pacific, and it *still* imports something like half of its seafood. And it's *still* got the second-largest economy in Asia and the third-largest in the world. Exactly why that should be is an interesting question, but clearly, having bupkis in terms of natural resources hasn't slowed it down much. By contrast, consider Africa. *Abundant* natural resources of *many* different kinds. Minerals. Agricultural land. Fossil fuels. Precious stones. And almost uniformly *crappy* economies. There are historical reasons for this, to be sure. But look at the Middle East too. Those countries tend to be pretty rich, sure. . . but they're *highly* dependent upon oil extraction, to the point that a lot of them are in increasing trouble what with oil prices hovering stubbornly around $50/bbl. If this keeps up much longer, the Saudis, Kuwaitis, Emiratis, etc., could be in real trouble if they don't find something else to do with their economies. Because right now, it's basically "oil" and "tourism." And if it wasn't for the former, the latter wouldn't be *nearly* enough to keep things going. They might well be worse off than many African nations, many of which can at least grow *some* of their own food.


Question: If mouthwash gets rid of 99.9% of everything compared to 50-60% with toothpaste - and there’s a noticeable difference - why do people still brush their teeth?

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 If mouthwash gets rid of 99.9% of everything compared to 50-60% with toothpaste - and there’s a noticeable difference - why do people still brush their teeth?

Mouthwash may kill a lot of the bacteria that are currently present in your mouth, but it doesn’t necessarily remove all the food or plaque on your teeth, on which further bacteria would then grow. As vigorously as you “swish”, you don’t generate enough power to essentially power-wash all the debris from your teeth. Brushing and flossing remain the best way to physically remove food remnants and plaque from your teeth and gums. Mouthwash then kills any remaining bacteria and freshens your mouth.


Question: Why does does unresponsive software sometimes start working normally the second after I try to close it?

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 Why does does unresponsive software sometimes start working normally the second after I try to close it?

That depends on why it's being unresponsive. Usually, it's unresponsive because some process is blocked or waiting on a resource that it can't access. When you click the close button, or when you force it to close via the task manager, you tell those processes to stop doing whatever they were doing. Since they're no longer waiting on resources, the program becomes responsive again--but since you clicked close, it closes.


Question: How can your eyes focus on the information on "smart glasses" that is so close to your eyes?

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 How can your eyes focus on the information on "smart glasses" that is so close to your eyes?

Previous answers are missing something crucial: **a system of lenses** is used to refocus the light rays from the screen so that they appear to come from much further away. The same system is used for "red dot sights" on guns, heads-up displays in cars and airplanes, etc. To give more detail: light rays from an object spread out in a wide fan. The lens and cornea of your eye must bend those light rays so they converge on a single point at the back of your eye. Your eye only has so much "ray bending power", so that if the object is too close to your eye, the light will fan out too widely, your eye can't bend it to a point, and it ends up as a fuzzy spot. Adding extra lenses makes the light rays fan out less, so your eye can bring them to a focus.


Question: What is the Fibonacci sequence?

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 What is the Fibonacci sequence?

Start with 1 and 1. Add them together. You get 2. Put that on the end: 1, 1, 2 Now add the last two together again. That's 1+2=3. 1, 1, 2, 3 Now add the last two together again. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5. Now just keep going forever. That's the Fibonacci sequence. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ..... It pops up in some things when you look closely (things like the number of petals on a flower, or buds in the centre of a big spiral sunflower, and that stuff like that). Not because there's some inherent magic, it just happens to be that some things work out that way. If you do certain things with the numbers, like treat them like a distance from a point, it can draw the golden spiral, which also occurs in nature (in snail-shells, etc.). It's a mathematical toy that sometimes pops up and is useful when it does, but otherwise is just "interesting". To be honest, Fibonacci being remembered only for that is actually quite an insult to the man. "The most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages", who brought the numbers we use (Arabic numerals) to Europe.


Question: Why do plants die if you give them too much water?

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 Why do plants die if you give them too much water?

Roots need air to breath and create nutrients for the plant. There are air pockets in the soil for the roots to reach. When watering, the roots are covered in water and absorb it. If the water is not absorbed or drained enough, after a while, the plant will start to "drown" for the roots cannot access air pockets. There are more infos there if I'm allowed to link it; URL_0


Question: Why would identical items in the same area of a freezer freeze at different rates?

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 Why would identical items in the same area of a freezer freeze at different rates?

When a liquid freezes and becomes a solid, it gives off the crystallization energy necessary to do so. With the tubes standing still in the fridge the temperature in the compound can drop below its freezing point without causing it to crystallize. This builds up an energy potential that when it suddenly freezes, the crystallization energy is set free which causes the temperature to rise a bit and radiate the energy away to the neighboring tubes, slowing their cooling process. Thus if a tube suddenly freezes, it hinders nearby tubes to freeze until the excess heat is cooled down again. The temperature raise is miniscule, but not neglegible.


Question: Why does a PS4 have to download a game that you have the physical copy of? Shouldn’t it just play the game right off the disc?

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 Why does a PS4 have to download a game that you have the physical copy of? Shouldn’t it just play the game right off the disc?

It doesn't necessarily have to download anything off the Internet, but it does have to install it from the disc. Blu-ray discs are just too slow for modern games to be played from them directly. They have to be installed to the hard disk instead, which is much faster relatively speaking. When you put the disc in the first thing it does is start installing the data from the disc. In theory it doesn't have to install it all before you can start playing. It can install say the first level and then you can play that while it installs the rest in the background. However that's not really possible for many games. It might also download and install the latest update. It's common for games to have updates even on the day the game comes out. But if it's a single player game you should be able cancel that and play without the update if you want.


Question: What determines if something is "microwave safe"?

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 What determines if something is "microwave safe"?

Microwaves work by causing polar molecules to continuously reorient themselves in the oscillating electric field which causes them to heat up. This field is the result of the microwaves themselves being emitted. One of the most abundant and polar molecules in existence is water. As such, microwaves can be thought of a primarily heating the water in the object and then that water transfers heat to the rest of the object. The tricky thing with plates, bowls, etc. is that some of them are made up of "hydrous" materials, meaning that there is water bonded to their constituent molecules. When this water continuously reorients itself in the electric field, it messes with the constituent molecule and can cause the object to be ruined. Or it can simply heat up the object to the point that it is dangerous to touch. This isn't restricted to water, so if the object has some other polar molecules in its composition, it may still be subject to this phenomenon. It is just most common with water.


Question: What is it that makes it so computers can't solve captchas?

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</answer>
 What is it that makes it so computers can't solve captchas?

It requires image recognition capabilities that don't yet exist outside some advanced machine learning laboratories. Asking a computer to look at a cluttered image of a street corner and identify a fire hydrant is not something it is going to be able to do unless it's had a lot of practice identifying fire hydrants from multiple angles, zoom, color, etc. Humans are able to solve them because we process things differently. We can look at that image and process that fire hydrant, based on prior knowledge of what a fire hydrant looks like.


Question: Is there an advantage to using the Imperial System of measurement instead of the Metric System?

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 Is there an advantage to using the Imperial System of measurement instead of the Metric System?

No advantage to the imperial. The changes are arithmetic only. The metric system being standardised in orders of magnitude makes it significantly easier to remember. It's worth pointing out they are (were?) both standardised. The difference is one is standardised in a much more user friendly way. Look at these two Imperial units list [this] ( URL_0 ) and [this] ( URL_2 ). These are *slightly* different from the ones the US uses, but comparable enough for this (it's a bit like the difference between US English and correct English :P ) Now look at [this]( URL_1 ) This one is much easier to remember.


Question: What exactly is the job of cinematographer?

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 What exactly is the job of cinematographer?

The cinematographer (also called a director of photography, or DoP for short). is part of the leadership trio on set. producer: finds money for the project, runs the budgets for project and accounting, hires crew, director: in charge of “above the line”- hires actors, composers, and makes creative decisions director of photography: head of the below the line: heads of canera dept and lighting dept and grip dept report directly to him and take orders from the DoP. often times the DoP makes the call on what department heads are hired. Like all power trios, the power shifts around from project to project. I have seen DoP’s that really were “shadow directing” for a weak director- including giving actors performance notes. ( the directors job) I have seen some directors compose every single shot, turning the DoP into basically just a camera operator. A director can do that though. The DoP Is there to serve the directors vision, and is the technical expert on how best to capture it. Most of the time a director goes “Okay lets get a (fill in the blank) shot”. The DoP will go. “if i move to the left here we see the building in the background, its a better angle”. and the director goes “yeah love it. Action!” or a director may go “no, i want the camera higher, it makes us look down on Tom, and I want him emotionally fragile in this scene.” DoP concerned with making the composition and lens choice and lighting to set emotional mood and tone of the movie.


Question: I've always read on here that the US helped destabilize a few governments in South and Central America. How was this done and how would it benefit the US in any way?

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 I've always read on here that the US helped destabilize a few governments in South and Central America. How was this done and how would it benefit the US in any way?

The CIA has a long history of supporting military coups and providing support to dictators that are anti-communist. It was all part of the Cold War doctrine to prevent communist expansion, even if that meant propping up anti-democractic dictators. Having pro-US dictators in South America allowed the US to get trade benefits and natural resources from those nations like Oil, and Copper. But of course this backfired on a variety of occasions. The Shah in Iran was deposed by pro-Muslim forces creating the Iran of today. Saddam Hussein was originally backed by the US and we all know how that ended up. The Mujahedin were given US military aid to fight the USSR and after the USSR pulled out the Taliban took over. South Vietnam was ruled by a ruthless pro-west dictator that marginalized the Buddhist majority of his country. The list goes on...


Question: What is the purpose of the holes in windmill blades?

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 What is the purpose of the holes in windmill blades?

Is it all windmills with [blades like this]( URL_0 ) you are talking about? The answer can be seen in the image. The wooden structure with hols is there as a support for fabric that catches the air. It is a way so you can change the catchment area of the blades so you can regulate the speed the rotate it. When not in operation you can roll op the fabric and there is a lot less braking force needed to keep it still. Modern wind turbines have a blade that can be rotated to change the angle of attack for the same reason, some even has tips that can rotate independently so they provide a force in the other direction as a way to keep the blades stationary if needec.


Question: How does negative absolute temperature work?

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 How does negative absolute temperature work?

Negative temperatures are hot. Heat flows from -10K to -100K. And from -100K to +9999999999999999999K. 0K approached from the negative side would be the hottest things possible. You've probably heard temperature is the average kinetic energy, but that's just a truth for an ideal gas. The actual definition is the relationship between energy and entropy. Positive temperatures are where more energy means more entropy. At absolute zero, everything is in the same rest state. As you add energy, things start taking on a variety of higher energy states. This is more chaotic, higher entropy. Negative temperatures rely on a maximum energy state existing. Once you pass a halfway point of maximum entropy, population inversion occurs. Adding more energy tends to put more things into the maximum energy state. This is more orderly, as things are now lining up into the same state again. Just a higher energy one. So more energy means less entropy, so temperature is negative. Everything being in a maximum energy state is clearly very hot, and in contact with anything that still has most of the stuff in a lower energy state (positive temperature), heat will flow to that.


Question: What does computer hacking actually look like? Movies make it seem action-packed — a lot of fast typing, on-screen visuals, and tight deadlines. But that's fake, right? Is actual hacking just writing code for hours on end?

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 What does computer hacking actually look like? Movies make it seem action-packed — a lot of fast typing, on-screen visuals, and tight deadlines. But that's fake, right? Is actual hacking just writing code for hours on end?

Not even that. The vast majority of "hacking" is social engineering. That is, convincing gullible people to give up their own access credentials so you can just log in like a normal employee. It's stupidly effective, AFAIK 20% of a company's employees *not* falling for a fake email from IT/a fictional guy from HR/etc. and giving out their password is considered a pretty decent record when doing a security audit.


Question: What happens when electricity is provided to a poor conductor or an insulator?

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 What happens when electricity is provided to a poor conductor or an insulator?

current = voltage / resistance. If you have a poor conductor, then it has high resistance, so the electricity doesn't flow as fast. If it has an infinite resistance (ie, a perfect insulator) then it doesn't flow at all. You can basically just think of the insulator as blocking the flow of electrons. They can't get through the material, so no electricity can flow.


Question: what happens if cruise ship workers quit on the job?

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 what happens if cruise ship workers quit on the job?

If a sailor quits, they usually get off at the next port. However, there are usually some exceptions to that. The USA, for example, doesn't like random foreigners jumping ship, so ship desertion is restricted in those countries. If a sailor really wants to leave a ship, they usually wait until the ship is in a suitable location, which it easier/cheaper for them to return home. Unless there is a medical/security emergency, the ship will not turn around for a quitting crew member.


Question: Why is the inside of our body so sensitive to temperature changes?

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 Why is the inside of our body so sensitive to temperature changes?

The main and vital processes in our cells are carried out by the help of enzymes, proteins which are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. They work in a fixed temperature and pH value for a stable equilibrium. Changes in temperature would affect the enzyme activity and harm cells, throwing vital processes in the body off balance.


Question: Why can we only independently control our big toes, and not control each of the other littler toes without the other 3 moving with it?

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 Why can we only independently control our big toes, and not control each of the other littler toes without the other 3 moving with it?

Because you haven't practiced it, and you don't have the appropriate motor control nerves trained to ever send different commands to these muscles, as you generally never need it. It's like many people are unable to fully separately bend their fingers (e.g. fully bend the pinky or middle finger while having the other fingers *fully* extended and without tension). People who do use their toes a lot, for example, people without arms, can become able to control their littler toes - there are people who can play piano or guitar with their toes.


Question: How does an FHA loan work and is it difficult to get one?

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 How does an FHA loan work and is it difficult to get one?

Hi! FHA loan holder here! My wife and I just bought our first house 2 years ago. Here is the run down on FHA : First thing you need to know is that more than likely, this type of loan is going to come with PMI (Mortgage Insurance) and it can be HEFTY. I have PMI and mine is around 300/mo. This is rolled into your mortgage payment. The real pull of the FHA loan is that they will give you a loan with as little as 3.5% down. That makes it much easier for someone to come up with a downpayment. Traditional loans require 20% down which in today's market is a pretty serious number. For my house it would have been around 60k. I didn't have 60k so I got an FHA and did roughly 7% down. Now....how to get rid of PMI! Yes, you can get rid of PMI. Depending on how your loan is structured it may never go away completely, but you can gradually lower it to the point that it is a negligible charge. The first way (and in my case) you can eliminate it completely, is by having 20% equity into your home. As soon as you hit 20%, the PMI falls off. For me, I bought my house for less than it appraised for (hooray!) so I instantly had about 14k in equity. Unfortunately because of amortization schedules being as awful as they are, I am only paying about 350 a month towards my actual principal balance. The rest is going towards interest. To speed things along, I am planning on building a fourth bedroom in my basement and then getting the house reappraised. If it reappraises for enough so that I had 20% equity, I can get the PMI removed. At the very least it will speed things along quite a bit. So long story short, an FHA loan allows loans to be given out to people who can't afford 20% down, but has PMI built-in to avoid another housing crisis situation. The loans are insured, and you pay the premium. EDIT: Forgot to answer the "is it easy to get one" part of your question. Yes, it is the easiest type of loan to get if you are a civilian and not active/former military.


Question: How does bleach work? What does it do to color?

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 How does bleach work? What does it do to color?

Bleach is a really intense base. It oxidizes the materials it comes in contact with. Chromophores are the parts of molecules that reflect light and give color to those molecules. When bleach is introduced to material, the oxidation process alters the chromophores in such a way that they no longer reflect only the light that gives color to the material. This is how bleach essentially strips away color. However, different materials, colors, and amounts of bleach can affect the oxidation process enough to produce a range of shades from white to yellow.