Question: Why is information easier to retain when presented as a story versus esoteric fact?

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 Why is information easier to retain when presented as a story versus esoteric fact?

This has to do with how our mind compresses information, we remember the key points and important part and then the mind creates/connects the dots when we recall/retell the story. So when you learn information in "story mode" you use the same technique the brain is used to and have adapted to over very many generations. Hope that helps understand it? Disclaimer I'm on mobile so ill try to find some good articles on this when I get to a computer:-) Edit:clearification and typos


Question: Why did it take so long for console games to run on 60fps while pc has this option for decades?

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 Why did it take so long for console games to run on 60fps while pc has this option for decades?

PC performance is limited by your budget. You could go build an insane $10000 rig right now to run games at 4k, 120fps if you wanted to. Consoles need to be cost effective, and historically their hardware is already somewhat middling and out of date when they're released. The console manufacturers have no interest in pushing out a thousand dollar system nobody will buy.


Question: How do wealthy people benefit from donating to charity?

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 How do wealthy people benefit from donating to charity?

A simple donation has limited benefit - you'll reduce taxes potentially by your marginal tax rate multiplied by the amount of your donation. E.g., if you're marginal tax rate is 30%, and you donate $100,000, you'll reduce you're taxes by $30,000. It still "costs" $70,000 to support the charity, but the charity received $100,000 of benefit. But there are far more tax-advantaged ways to give to charity, including establishing trusts that can grow tax-free (or tax-deferred) while providing either the charity or the donor with cash now and over the lifetime of the trust. Some of these terminate after a period of time with the funds in the trust going either to the charity (if the donor was receiving cash during the trust) or the donor (if the charity was receiving cash during the trust). Establishing other forms of charitable trusts can confer substantial tax benefits as well, but it's important to understand that none of these approaches leaves the donor with more money than they would have had if they simply didn't donate anything, In other words, there's always an element of giving so long as they're reporting valuation properly. Of course, it's possible to set up fraudulent (or at least questionable) trusts and non-profits that seem to be charitable, but are actually a way for a wealthy person, family or institution to retain more funds while "pretending" to be charitable. It's up to tax and regulatory authorities to crack down on those situations. The nuances of trusts and charitable giving are well beyond ELI5, but not beyond the means of the wealthy.


Question: How are Rats and other smaller Mammals with tiny limbs capable of moving so fast?

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 How are Rats and other smaller Mammals with tiny limbs capable of moving so fast?

Fast may not be the correct term here. They are quick. Most small prey can accelerate and change directions very quickly, but can't run all that fast in a straight line. They look fast, but if you put them in an open area, a coyote or something similar could easily run them down. & #x200B;


Question: How are math problems unsolvable?

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 How are math problems unsolvable?

People use the word unsolvable in a mathematical context to mean a couple of different things. Often in pop math articles the word unsolvable is used to refer to problems that mathematicians have tried for a long time to solve (like the twin prime conjecture, goldbach conjecture, collatz conjecture) but have not been successful. This does not mean that the problem itself is literally unsolvable. It's more just a colloquial way of saying that the problem is very hard to solve. However, there are some rigorous mathematical theorems which in a sense show that there exist problems which are "unsolvable." One of these is Godel incompleteness theorem. In order to appreciate it, one must distinguish between things which are true and things which are provably true. This is kind of subtle. Essentially in mathematics one can prescribe rules of deduction. For example if someone told you that x < y and that y < z, then you can deduce that x < z. The rules of deduction give you a way of proving true statements. However, essentially what Godel proved is that there are statements which are true, but which cannot be proven to be true using the usual rules of deduction. Such problems are in a sense "unsolvable" because it is impossible to produce a proof that they are true (or that they are false). However, in the day to day life of a typical mathematician, we have no reason to believe that the sorts of problems that they are thinking about fall into this category.


Question: why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

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 why isn’t there a metric system unit for measuring time?

It is because of the Egyptians and the Babylonians. Egyptians had a base 12 number system (counted on their knuckles, no thumbs) so two hands equals 24 hours. Babylonians had a base 60 numbering system and Babylonian mathematicians did a lot of work with geometry and angles so this is why we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 min in an hour


Question: Why doesn't ice get squishy when it thaws?

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 Why doesn't ice get squishy when it thaws?

the short answer is, it does. when you try to heat up ice from an external heat source, the outer surface is likely to melt before the inner volume warms sufficiently, but ice in temperatures well below 0c is more solid. The molecular bonds are locked in, rigid, and therefore harder. If Ice is left at temperatures close to 0c, the molecular bonds are weaker and you'll find that ice can actually bend. It's a lot easier to see on a larger scale, such as glaciers, but yes, as ice temperature gets closer to its melting point, it does get more malleable.


Question: Why are fruits sour before they turn sweet?

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 Why are fruits sour before they turn sweet?

The short answer is evolution, the long answer is that seeds prematurely consumed and spread through feces (ie apples) and being discarded (ie cherries) don't produce fruit, but fully matured ones do. Plants that evolved to produce a sweet product after full maturity would only be consumed by animals after having developed seeds, which helped them spread. As for why they're sour, it's due to unripe fruits being high in acidity.


Question: Why does it seem like there were way more single-income households 30+ years ago compared to now? What caused the modern trend of both adults in a household needing to get jobs?

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 Why does it seem like there were way more single-income households 30+ years ago compared to now? What caused the modern trend of both adults in a household needing to get jobs?

Wages have not kept pace with inflation since the late 1970's. If they had, minimum wage today would be around $20. productivity and corporate profits are higher than ever before, but that wealth has all been consolidated amongst the top .1% of earners. Because of this, it is no longer possible for most families to survive from one income. Here are some enlightening charts showing this data. Top earners wages have gone up 138% since 1979, while middle class wages only increased 6%. URL_0


Question: How does thunder make a sound? What makes lightning strikes sound so powerful instead of just being silent?

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 How does thunder make a sound? What makes lightning strikes sound so powerful instead of just being silent?

When lightning strikes, it super heats the air very quickly. Air expands when it is heated, but with lightning, it doesn't have time. So it's compressed, raising the pressure between 10-100 times higher than normal. Thunder is the sound of this super compressed and super heated air exploding! Also a single bolt of vertical lightning will be really loud from its single explosion, and a forked bolt of lightning is often quieter but longer, because the pressure is spread out more and the explosions are smaller, and echo off of each other.


Question: How does alcohol kill neurons?

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 How does alcohol kill neurons?

It doesn't. This is a common misconception. Unless one gets to a point where there is so much alcohol in their body that they aren't breathing enough, alcohol won't damage neurons. It will temporarily affect the brain, and it certainly can do damage to other organs (mostly the liver and kidneys)


Question: How do transition lenses on glasses work?

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 How do transition lenses on glasses work?

According to [Transition's website]( URL_0 ), the lenses contain photochromic molecules, which react to UV light and darken the lenses. The sun gives off UV light. Although some UV light (or UV radiation) is blocked by the ozone layer, UV-A and some UV-B radiation passes through. This UV-A and UV-B radiation causes the reaction in the lenses. You can actually see this happening if you have a UV flashlight - just shine the flashlight on the lenses and it instantly turns dark. Be aware if you do this that it takes a while for the lenses to turn back normal!


Question: Why do films increasingly have a half-dozen or more production companies logos shown at the start of the movie instead of just one?

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 Why do films increasingly have a half-dozen or more production companies logos shown at the start of the movie instead of just one?

Rights get more complicated movies are becoming more frequently based off existing material with rights coming from different places there's more "parts" to a movie requiring different companies (like various forms of CGI or sound mixing) A simple explanation is that for every logo you see, at some point some company had the ability to negotiate to get that logo in the movie. Meaning they provided *something* to the movie (even if it was just permission to make it). These days there are more companies involved in making a movie.


Question: How do commission-free companies like Venmo and Robinhood make money?

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 How do commission-free companies like Venmo and Robinhood make money?

Venmo charges users a small fee for instant bank transfers, or when you pay using a credit card. They also charge merchants transaction fees when you pay with Venmo, like credit card companies do. They also issue a physical card, which charges a fee for cash withdrawals. URL_0 But the real answer is that Venmo doesn’t actually make a profit. They are betting on volume, and it’s not quite there yet. URL_1


Question: Apple recently made the news for having a trillion dollars. My country's GDP is a bit less than 200 billion. Does this mean Apple can buy my country 5 times over?

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 Apple recently made the news for having a trillion dollars. My country's GDP is a bit less than 200 billion. Does this mean Apple can buy my country 5 times over?

The trillion dollars mark was the company's value, not cash reserves, and most of that value is in the hands of shareholders. So hypothetically speaking, if Apple's stock were all donated into a giant pool, and then sold off again to private investors without crashing the price, you could buy the sum of goods and services provduced by your country for that one year 5 times over. (Yes, GDP isn't the value of a country, its the value of the goods and services produced in that country)


Question: Dear homebrew developers why the original Xbox was able to emulate N64 games flawlessly and a twice faster CPU on a Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4 (and far more RAM) still can't?

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 Dear homebrew developers why the original Xbox was able to emulate N64 games flawlessly and a twice faster CPU on a Raspberry Pi 3B/3B+/4 (and far more RAM) still can't?

It's not just CPU & ram, it's the graphics card and software infrastructure. A video card is basically a second CPU, but specifically designed to do graphical calculations. They are especially important for doing full 3d graphics, which become amazingly slow without them. The Xbox has one while the rasberry pi doesn't. Software infrastructure referrers to all the code and resources required to do the stuff that you want the system to do. Historically, consoles provided almost no infrastructure to the developers. Their code almost directly access the hardware. Most rasberry pis are running a full linux distribution, both allowing it to more easily do more things, but consumes a relatively high amount of resources.


Question: why does turning off and on your technology usually resolve issues that your tech is having?

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 why does turning off and on your technology usually resolve issues that your tech is having?

Most tech is “state based”, meaning if there’s an error (say, can’t open a file on your computer), it’ll remain in that error until it’s reset to a fresh state. If you have a tub you’re trying to fill up with water and when you turn the tap on, it starts to leak, you close the tab, fix the hole, then turn it back on (incredibly simplistic metaphor because it’s how I understand it).


Question: what is Mandelbrot set ?

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 what is Mandelbrot set ?

Say you have a tabletop. You pick any spot on the table and you measure how far over your spot is (left to right) and how far up (bottom to top). That gives you two numbers. You "do a math" on these two numbers and that gives you two new numbers, and you can measure to find out where you are now on the tabletop. Then you "turn the crank" by doing the math thing again on the new spot, and so on, to get your next spot, and again, and again. Depending on where your starting spot is, as you keep "turning the crank", your sequence of next spots might: * Quickly end up off the table * Bounce around somewhat but stay on the table Most of the time, if you pick two starting spots that are very close to each other, as you "turn the crank" each starting spot leads to a very similar sequence of next spots. But the cool part is that there are some places where even a tiny change in where you place your spot can have a huge change in where you end up. We call those parts "chaotic". If you color each spot based on how many times you can turn the crank before the answer flies off the table, you get extremely beautiful color patterns and curls and wiggles around the chaotic parts. And if you could somehow zoom in, it would never get smooth, you would keep seeing ever tinier curls, forever. And all this beauty comes from some fairly simple looking math (not simple to a 5 year old, but lots of 12 year olds can grasp it).


Question: Why are the values for depreciation different in cash flow statements and income statements?

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the values for depreciation different in cash flow statements and income statements?

In your cash flow statement, all the cash left on day zero when you bought the asset. (Unless you bought it with a loan, in which case you have to track the loan payments.) On the income statement— just because you bought a $20,000 piece of equipment (with an expected 10-year life) and only made $12,000 with it, doesn't mean you lost $8,000. You still have a machine that's (probably) worth $18k. It hasn't gone anywhere. Your equipment expenses for the year are just $2,000.


Question: How does online credit card verification work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does online credit card verification work?

I wrote a website that processed credit card transactions, the bank I used did it this way, some may be different, some things may have changed since I did it. Anyways, part of the process is the retailer collects the info from the customer, it typically includes, CC number, expiration date, CVV2 code, Name on Card, Billing Address, Billing Zip, billing city/state. They send each one of these to their bank, which is forwarded through VISA/MC/AMEX to the issuing bank to verify. They respond with a yes/no indication for every field. The bank I used left it up to the retailer to decide how many Yes's and what Yes's they required. And the end of the day the bank I used would let any transaction with the right CC number on it through. But if you didn't have enough fields verified they wouldn't stand behind you for a charge back. This meant if you were doing a phone transaction you didn't actually have to collect all that info, but you probably wanted it for online stuff. For the address field, there was a note that most banks actually just check the first number in the address field, so if you lived at "32 Blueberry St Apt 6" they actually just checked for "32", it was important because if you did it backwards "Apt 6, 32 Blueberry St" most banks would give you a "No" because they looked at the 6. Most banks do not try to deal with spelling/words in the address, but they might (and if they want to, the USPS offers an address standardization service which changes all forms of "Road" into the only correct form "RD", this is typically used for bulk mailing though, not billing which might have an international address anyways.


Question: How do paralysed individuals still have functioning organs?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do paralysed individuals still have functioning organs?

Depending on the type of paralysis it can affect organ function (particularly bowel motility, lung function etc) but if it paralysis of the motor nerves then it only affect voluntary muscle movement - organs function on involuntary signals from the brain which are for most part on separate communication nerves to those that control muscles


Question: How does plastic packaging prevent bread going stale?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 How does plastic packaging prevent bread going stale?

Because bread does not stale just when moisture leaves the bread. It's a common misconception. When you cook starch, it gelatinizes. It takes up water, swells, and softens. When it cools, the starch recrystallizes becoming hard, creating that stale bread feel. Moisture can slow this down, like the inside of that plastic bag, but bread still stales in moist environments. Staling is most dramatic when the bread surfaces are exposed outside of the bag. [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) The process is called starch retrogradation if you want to research more about it. The other comment is really really wrong. Refrigerated bread stales fastest, but inhibits mold growth. Freezing your bread halts the recrystalization process entirely, making it better suited for long term storage. Reheating a stale piece of bread with soften it again. You haven't added moisture back into the bread, it's just the starch gelatinizing again. In fact, you lose more moisture through heating the bread again.


Question: Mathematically, 0.999... (infinitely repeating) = 1. How does that make sense?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Mathematically, 0.999... (infinitely repeating) = 1. How does that make sense?

Think of it this way: 0.99... is clearly not greater than 1, so our options are less than 1 or equal to 1. Now, if you want to say 0.99... is less than 1, I ask you: what is the difference of 1-0.99... There is no non-zero number small enough to be an answer to that question, so the answer is 0. And if 1-0.99... then 0.99... is clearly equal to 1


Question: Why do people have to use the bathroom so soon after drinking beer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do people have to use the bathroom so soon after drinking beer?

Alcohol is a diuretic. What this means is, when you drink alcohol, you produce more urine. This happens because alcohol suppresses release of arginine vasopressin or anti\-diuretic hormone \(ADH\), the hormone that allows your kidneys to return water to your bloodstream. The effect is additive, so drinking more alcohol increases the level of dehydration. Another part of the reason you visit the bathroom more often is because alcohol also stimulates the bladder, so you'll feel the urge to pee sooner than you would ordinarily.


Question: Why are green bell peppers so much cheaper than all the others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are green bell peppers so much cheaper than all the others?

There are more green ones. All of them start out green and only turn yellow or red when fully ripened. They’re literally the same thing. Selling fully ripened produce is a dangerous game since the shelf life is inherently shorter, therefore stores prefer to sell less ripe produce so that they’ll keep longer and go to waste less. That’s why people buy bananas that are still green, so they’ll last several days and still be edible. From a farmer/wholesaler standpoint, allowing peppers to ripen is a waste of time and resources and introduces numerous variables that could end up costing money. So only a small amount of them are allowed to fully ripen, and then those cost extra due to their scarcity.


Question: Is it true that baling wet hay after a frost won't start on fire vs baling wet hay after rain will? If so, what makes the difference?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is it true that baling wet hay after a frost won't start on fire vs baling wet hay after rain will? If so, what makes the difference?

The percentage of water moisture in the hay. Frost is very little actual water and just on the top whereas a typical rain will wet all the hay. The amount of water determines if the hay dries (no problem) or if there is enough moisture that the hay will begin to decompose (problem). The decomposition is what creates the heat. Enough heat and the bale catches on fire.


Question: How does sandboxing (computer security) work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does sandboxing (computer security) work?

Say you are hosting a fancy dinner party in your back yard and your sister brought one of your nephews along. This young child needs to do something to be entertained but you really don't want them bothering your other guests. So what you do is give them a sandbox to play in. They can do whatever in the sandbox but they aren't allowed to leave or access anything outside the box without using standard methods. They can ask for juice but not cake. In computer security it is much the same idea, where applications are given a set of resources to use and standard methods of interaction. They are not allowed to do whatever they want in order to prevent misbehavior.


Question: What makes particular adhesives bond so well with their intended material? (I.e. woodglue woodglue, JBWELD-Metal etc)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes particular adhesives bond so well with their intended material? (I.e. woodglue woodglue, JBWELD-Metal etc)

Adhesives work by a couple of mechanisms, but there's two basic ways to get things to stick together with glue: * Sticky substance that bonds to both surfaces * A chemical reaction that welds both surfaces together The first is accomplished by using a substance that in its initial state is liquid because it's mixed with water or some solvent, and applying it to a surface. The liquid permeates the little imperfections or fibers (in the case of things like wood or paper) and as it hardens, encloses parts of the surface within the glue itself. When the water or solvent (technically, I guess water is a solvent but we don't think of it that way) evaporates, the glue hardens and forms a bond. Another way this is done is via epoxy resins, like JB-Weld, and similar adhesives. These are two part mixes of a resin and a "catalyst", that are liquid or gelatinous normally, but when combined go through a chemical reaction- they get really hot for a bit- then harden into an extremely durable and solid substance. Epoxies are typically stronger than wood glue, and are more frequently used on smooth surfaces like metal, marble, tile, etc. They form very long molecular chains called polymers, and these long chains give them a lot of strength. Another way to glue things together works mostly with plastics, and is how "superglue" and model glue work, at least when used on plastic (when used on other surfaces, it's more like an epoxy). When applied to most plastic surfaces, the glue actually melts the plastic and when applied to another surface, the two weld together.


Question: What is GAP insurance? Why is it an option on my Lease agreement but not my auto insurance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is GAP insurance? Why is it an option on my Lease agreement but not my auto insurance?

Since new cars depreciate quickly at first, there will usually be a period when your car is worth less than the outstanding amount you owe. Gap insurance covers you for that gap in value if your car is written off and your insurance doesn't pay out enough to clear the finance. It's not a bad idea to have it, but it's likely that a policy offered through the lease company will be quite expensive. If you want the cover, it's worth checking whether you can get it more cheaply elsewhere.


Question: how does noise cancelling headphones actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does noise cancelling headphones actually work?

Sound travels as waves, and those have a shape that dictates what sound you actually hear. Simply put it has properties called *frequency* which controls the pitch and tone, and *amplitude* which controls the volume. If the total wave reaching your ears has 0 *amplitude* you don't hear anything because it's silent. What **proper** noise cancelling headphones do is they measure the sound waves around you and play an "upside-down" copy of that wave shape that cancels out the incoming background noise. They essentially subtract the background noise from itself, so all the *amplitudes* cancel out to be 0 across the whole background sound wave.


Question: what are stimulates packages and where exactly does the money come from ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what are stimulates packages and where exactly does the money come from ?

A stimulus package is when the government spends a lot of money to *stimulate* the economy, meaning getting it moving and getting money circulating again. You can do this in a lot of ways, and most stimulus packages do a lot of different things at once. The first is direct cash transfers. The government just gives people free money, or cuts/refunds their taxes, so they keep more of the money they already had. People will spend this money, which means businesses will earn profits from selling the people stuff they wanted to buy. If businesses are profitable, they keep people employed and even grow to employ more people. More jobs, lower unemployment. Success. The second is debt relief. The government can forgive debts people owe them, as well as pay off debts that people and businesses owe to banks or businesses or whatever. If these people don't have these debts hanging over them, they can spend their money on other stuff, now that they don't have to spend all their money paying off debt. Businesses are more profitable, more jobs, etc. Success. Another is public works projects. The government can create jobs directly by employing people to build parks and hospitals, repair roads and bridges, etc. This gives these previously unemployed people a job, and therefore income they can spend. It also, of course, provides parks, hospitals, and roads, and those are also good for people, they can have positive side-effects that also improve the economy. A park will attract hot dog vendors and street performers. A new road will allow new customers to access existing businesses. More business, more profits, more jobs. Success. Now where does the money come from? It comes from taxes, obviously, like most of the government's budget. And it comes from government borrowing. The government borrows money and goes into debt, and later has to pay that money back. As for negative interest rates, they're kinda confusing. They're (almost always) not actually negative, like literally below zero. But they can be so low that they are less than the rate of inflation, which means they're *effectively* negative. So consider $100. You have $100 in cash. It buys you, idk, 20 Big Macs at $5 a piece. You can hold onto your money, by keeping it in your wallet. It'll still be there in a year if you don't touch it. But of course there's inflation. Next year, if inflation is 5%, your $100 bill will only buy about 19 Big Macs, because they now cost $5.25 a piece. So your money is worth less over time, the same number of dollars doesn't buy as much as it used to. This sucks, so people who are trying to save can try to loan out their money at interest. Ideally, you'd like to get something awesome like 10% interest, you loan your $100 to someone, at the end of the year he gives you $110 back. That's easy profit. This is what people with a lot of money are always doing. They invest all their money in efforts to get a good return. They don't *spend* as much money, because they can earn *more* money if they invest/lend it instead. It's like, you could buy a car today, but if you wait, and invest your money, and after some time you could have enough money to buy several cars. *But*, that's only if the interest rate is high enough to earn a profit. If interest rates are too low, you'll never make much money by doing this. It makes no sense to do it, you're better off just spending your money now. You're better off getting the 1 car now, it's not like you're ever gonna have enough money to buy 2 cars later if you invest money, because the interest is too low. If we have a *negative* interest rate, that means that you're literally losing money just by holding it. There's nowhere better to put it than buying something. Whatever you buy is going to hold its value more reliably than cash will. So if the government lowers interest rates to the point where they're negative, this encourages people to spend their money, and discourages them from saving it. Their money is gradually becoming worth less, so they're better off spending it. And more spending means, as I said above, more business, more profits, more jobs. Success.


Question: Why is it you can be in a submarine on the bottom of the sea, shake a can of coke and open it, it doesn't spray everywhere?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it you can be in a submarine on the bottom of the sea, shake a can of coke and open it, it doesn't spray everywhere?

Not sure what submarines the other answerers (pretty sure that's a word) served on, but the air pressure in the submarine is pretty close to sea-level, regardless of depth (and by pretty close I mean +/- about 5%) - and shaking up a can of coke still makes it fizz everywhere.


Question: If egg and sperm form first cell of baby, then why does mtDNA comes from mother only?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If egg and sperm form first cell of baby, then why does mtDNA comes from mother only?

Just like any other cell, the egg contains mitochondria--they're required for it to make use of energy and divide, which are both quite important functions for an egg! Since the mitochondria are already present in the egg before the sperm gets anywhere near it, they contain only the mother's DNA. The mitochondria in the sperm, which are far less numerous than the ones in the egg anyway, are destroyed as part of the fertilisation process, nobody is entirely sure why.


Question: Why do cold temperatures cause a weaker immune system/make it easier to get sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do cold temperatures cause a weaker immune system/make it easier to get sick?

It's a superstition that persists today. The ambient weather has nothing to do with your health. The reason we came to associate cold and flu with the cold weather is that the weather creates extremely hospitable conditions for their spread. It's the reason flu season overlaps with the fall/winter months. In the winter, humans tend to gather indoors in close proximity, sharing air and personal space. The cold, dry air also allows airborne viruses and pathogens to survive and remain infectious much longer outside the body. Because we observed this phenomenon long before microbiology could explain it, we came to ascribe these diseases to the cold weather itself, not the pathogens we spread.


Question: Why is the USPS expected to turn a profit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the USPS expected to turn a profit?

It's not supposed to make money, it's supposed to break even. However, several years ago Congress became worried that sales were turning down. The Post Office employees have very nice government-like pensions, and with less sales the Post Office wouldn't be able to afford these pensions at some point. Congress required the Post Office to prefund its pension liabilities, unlike every part of government, over a 10 year window. We're in the middle of that now, and the huge losses at the Post Office are because it can't make enough money to run the Post Office **and** fund all these pensions.


Question: What make pi the same in circles of different sizes?

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 What make pi the same in circles of different sizes?

Pi is a ratio of the circumference to the diameter, so that doesn't change. Just like the density of an object is a ratio of mass and volume. A large piece of gold and a small piece of gold may have different masses and volumes, but the ratio is the same


Question: how has Venezuela's inflation rate gotten so out of control?

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 how has Venezuela's inflation rate gotten so out of control?

When a government can't pay their bills and can't raise funds there are two options: 1) Default. You simply stop paying the bills. For bonds this is pretty straightforward and the domestic bondholders are angry but ultimately helpless. For other types of debt like pension and foreign government contracts this is more dicey. Failure to pay on those may result in asset seizures or other unpleasant contract details when your Russian friends and your government employees don't get paid. Foreign creditors are furious and take legal action and the financial system is in crisis, but people's savings are safe. 2) Hyperinflation. Just print more money! If you promised someone 75 billion Venezuelan Bolivars but can't find a way to tax up that much, just print them. This devalues all existing currency since the GDP hasn't changed, but you technically have fulfilled your debt obligations. If you held debt, it's been vaporized. If you had savings, it's been vaporized. Foreign creditors are frustrated and will demand higher interest rates or alternative currencies in the future, but you haven't defaulted. Venezuela is opting for option 2, but the situation is dire.


Question: What exactly makes muscles fail to perform during exercise? Ex: being able to do 42 push-ups but not 43.

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 What exactly makes muscles fail to perform during exercise? Ex: being able to do 42 push-ups but not 43.

Muscles require energy to perform. Some of this energy comes from oxygen we breathe in. Muscles use up that temporary energy quickly, which is why we breathe heavily after. Our body is trying to get back the oxygen it used up. This also explains why muscles stop performing after a certain point. Not enough energy. And why after a few moments of breathing they can perform again. But energy also comes from other sources that cannot be replenished just by breathing. If you can do 42, but not 43 pushups, you may be able to do 10 more after taking a few minutes to breathe, but likely not another 42 of them!


Question: How do video game hacks work?

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 How do video game hacks work?

Basically, anything that is installed on your pc can be read, written or be modified. So they aren't exploiting weaknesses in the game code, rather, its impossible to prevent someone with admin rights from altering the game if they desire. (It can however, be made very hard) What online games CAN do is simply not tell the pc the information it needs until its fair/legal/proper for them to know. so you could prevent a wallhack/maphack by not telling the computer of the player where the player is, until the server has verified that you should be able to see him. Most Moba's do this, hence there aren't any maphacks for LoL/Dota, FPS games have more lag issues so they can't really implement the above scenario without causing gameplay problems.


Question: The Sensitivity Conjecture has been solved. What is it about?

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 The Sensitivity Conjecture has been solved. What is it about?

Think of it like a Buzzfeed quiz. You answer a bunch of multiple-choice input questions about seemingly random topics ('What's your favourite breakfast cereal?', 'What's your favourite classic movie?', 'What did you want to be when you grew up?', and so on), and you get a response back at the end: let's face it, it being a Buzzfeed quiz, it's usually which Hogwarts house you belong in. But shock, horror: after answering twenty questions honestly, Buzzfeed informs you that you are a Hufflepuff, when you *know* that you're actually (obviously) a Ravenclaw. So you take the test again. You change one answer, and boom! Now Buzzfeed tells you that you're the Ravenclaw you always knew you were meant to be. But you start to wonder: just how many of the input questions could you change in order to change the output? Some of them won't make a difference to the result; it doesn't matter whether you prefer Coco Pops or Rice Krispies, because the Sorting Hat only uses that to determine between Gryffindors and Slytherins, and based on your other answers you are *obviously* neither. On the other hand, some of them will. No self-respecting Hufflepuff would ever answer that their favourite classic movie is *Inherit the Wind*, so flipping that answer will immediately flip the output and put you in a different house, without you changing the answer to any other question. *That's* the sensitivity of a system. If there are three individual answers you could switch that would each change the output, we say the system has a sensitivity of -- you guessed it -- three. (In computer science terms, this is usually considered as a sort of true-or-false, 1-or-0 example, but the basic idea is the same: how many true-or-false inputs can you flip to change the true-or-false output?) This is a way of measuring just how complex the system is. There are other measures of complexity, but over time they were mathematically proven to be polynomial in nature. (That contrasts with it being *exponential* in nature, which would have set it apart from other complexity measures as being much more complex and requiring more time and effort to compute. You don't need to worry *too* much about what that means to get a surface understanding of what's going on; just understand that people suspected it might be polynomial like all the others, but hadn't yet proved it.) The conjecture, and I'm really ELI5ing it here, is about whether or not the rules for sensitivity follow the same rules as other measures of complexity, or whether it's a weird outlier. The short version is yes, it follows the same rules. (If you want to get particular about it, what was proved was that 'every 2^n-1 + 1-vertex induced subgraph of the n-dimensional cube graph has maximum degree at least √n', which is comfortably above my paygrade and well out of the remit of ELI5.) The reason why it's so significant is because this was one of those problems that anyone who's anyone in the field had tried to make even incremental progress towards in the past thirty years, but had generally failed. Along comes Huang, and produces a proof that's two pages long -- that is to say, extremely elegant. It's the computer science version of a team of cryptozoologists spending decades searching for Bigfoot, and then the new guy on the team says, 'Wait, you mean Harry? Hairy guy, kind of blurry, lives in the woods? Yeah, he's on my bowling team. He's cool.' (In actual fact, the solution goes above and beyond what would be needed for a proof, so it's opened up several new interesting questions; it's closer to the new guy saying, 'Yeah, Harry's on my bowling team. Last week he brought the Loch Ness Monster and the Chupacabra. We went out for tacos. Nice guys. Want me to give you their Snapchat?') That's why people are talking about it. It's not a *colossal* leap forward in terms of changing the field, but it's impressive that it was solved and that the solution was so neat.


Question: Why do large, orbital structures such as accretion discs, spiral galaxies, planetary rings, etc, tend to form in a 2d disc instead of a 3d sphere/cloud?

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 Why do large, orbital structures such as accretion discs, spiral galaxies, planetary rings, etc, tend to form in a 2d disc instead of a 3d sphere/cloud?

The really ELI5 answer. Everything wants to make a single ball of stuff because of gravity. But just like a centrifuge, spinning makes things want to go to the outside. Since they are only spinning in one direction, they only move to the outside in one direction. So you have a ball that is spinning and spitting out stuff in one direction, making it 2D. It is kept 2D because things attract each other, and the closes thing is in a 2D plane with it, so it keeps it in the plane.


Question: Why do lots of mobile video game advertisers just show random fragments of out of context gameplay, without showing us the name of the game or even trying to make an ad that is nice to watch? Does that strategy even work?

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 Why do lots of mobile video game advertisers just show random fragments of out of context gameplay, without showing us the name of the game or even trying to make an ad that is nice to watch? Does that strategy even work?

ads are designed to capture as much attention in as short a time as possible. and these ads you're talking about do exactly that. after some time you might realize the ad doesn't represent the thing very well, but there're tons of people who haven't seen the ad yet. and the more exposure you're given the more likely hood of you doing it. so even bad ads can be effective.


Question: What are the consequences of the USA being in increasingly high debt as a country?

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 What are the consequences of the USA being in increasingly high debt as a country?

When a government spends money, it funds activities that result in more incoming tax revenue. Therefore, paradoxically, spending more can actually result in an increased funds available to the government (but not always). For the US, borrowing is basically free. Interest rates are so incredibly low, that borrowing money almost always guarantees that the US will end up a richer nation for it. What this means is the absolute value of debt doesn't really matter. What matters is the US's ability to keep paying it's ongoing debt obligations. The downside is that the US is now locked into low interest rates, and cannot easily raise them. Also, there is a risk of debt spiraling. This is when the debt obligations are higher than the country can pay, so they must borrow money to pay the debt obligations, which creates higher debt obligations in a vicious cycle that leads to economic collapse (see, 1930s Germany, Greece, Venezuela). The US is very far from this, as servicing debt is only 8% of the federal budget.


Question: Why teeth do not grow for a third time when they fall out?

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 Why teeth do not grow for a third time when they fall out?

In humans, you are born with all the teeth you will ever have. Even as a newborn infant you already have your adult teeth waiting in reserve in your jaw. You have one row of child teeth and another row of adult teeth beyond that. There isn't really enough room for more teeth in that arrangement. Other animals like sharks do things differently, but our rather complicated patterns of teeth that are different shapes, size and functions and precisely located in such a way as to allow you to chew and bite right, would not be possible for a shark. For most of our evolutionary history, what we have, has been good enough, and the minor drawback of now third set of teeth was made up for with how good our teeth worked. It has only been recently when people's diets have change so much and life expectancy has risen so much that the fact that many eventually run out of teeth has become a bigger problem.


Question: Why did Mao and Stalin kill all those people?

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 Why did Mao and Stalin kill all those people?

Mao killed people almost inadvertently. He knew what he was doing but it was different in the sense that he wasn’t pulling the trigger, sending the orders for their executions, etc.. Mao wanted to compete with the United States and become one of the main “super powers” of the world. This was known as the Great Leap Forward. His main goal as leader was to have the most exports, have the most technology, and pretty much be one of the best in every economic sense you can think of. This is in turn what created the fallout of the chinese economy and a famine that killed most of the people that “Mao killed”. He was exporting most of the resources farmers and marketplaces had acquired, not bothering to leave any for his own people. He was trying to export more goods than the United States and Japan were, and in turn had nothing left in China for his people and they began to starve. In this process he killed over 15 million people through starvation. The Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries involved public executions that targeted mainly former Kuomintang officials, businessmen accused of "disturbing" the market, former employees of Western companies and intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect. Another million chinese were likely killed in land reform (the taking of their land to give to poorer peasants in efforts to reduce economic inequality) and 800,00 in the campaign to suppress counter revolutionaries. Mao’s agenda was to put China on the map and create a large super nation to compete on the same levels with the US and Japan, and wished to do this as fast as possible. This in turn was his motive and created the result of China for years to come.


Question: What is, and how does diabetes work?

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 What is, and how does diabetes work?

Diabetes occurs when sugar gets stuck in your blood rather than moved to where it is needed. Insulin is what picks up the sugar and moves it. In diabetics, either not enough insulin is made, or the body can't make good use of it. Too much sugar in your blood is bad as it causes organ damage. The body tries to get rid of it and ends up hurting itself, hence why diabetics either take more insulin, or eat less sugary foods to manage the problem.