Question: How does Money Laundering work?

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 How does Money Laundering work?

I have a bunch of extra money that I obtained illegally. I want it to be clean, so if the IRS looks at my spending they don't say "how did he get all this money if his income is only X." So, I open a car wash. I was 5 cars an hour. I tell the government that I washed 10 cars instead, and pay income tax on all 10 car washes. In reality, I'm using my illegal money to "pay for" the car washes that didn't actually happen, just so I can pay tax on it and the IRS thinks my business is successful. Thus, I put the rest of the money left over from the income tax in my regular bank account, and it is "clean". Now, if the IRS sees I'm driving a ferarri, they might say "yeah, well he's washing 10 cars an hour, so he has enough money to pay for that car" and they don't arrest me (until I get caught)


Question: what is the more wfficient way to use a programmable gas-hot water heating sustem ?

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 what is the more wfficient way to use a programmable gas-hot water heating sustem ?

You're kind of looking at the wrong variable here. The job of the heater is to replace the heat energy that is lost through the walls of the house, and the loss is going to depend on the temperature difference between the inside and outside. How long the burner needs to be on or how often is really not that relevant because it all evens out at the end. All that's relevant is the temperature difference between the inside and the outside. b) might be more efficient if you heat the house to 22°C, then stop and let the house cool down, then start heating again once it hits say 20°C. But it's going to be more efficient because the average temperature difference and heat loss is lower in that situation. The average temperature inside over time is going to be closer to 21°C. But the energy consumption is going to be virtually the same as keeping the house at a constant 21°C. If you really want to save energy, you need to lower the house temperature, maybe at night when certain rooms don't need to be very warm, or in the morning when nobody is home. You can picture the house as a water bucket with a small hole in the bottom where water is leaking out, and the heater is keeping the bucket filled with water. The higher the water level in the bucket, the more pressure there is acting on the hole at the bottom and the more it's going to leak. Whether you have a constant stream of water refilling the bucket or whether you let the water level drop a certain amount first before you put in a bigger amount of water doesn't really matter. What matters is the average water level. Any time you allow the water to drop to a lower level, you slow down the leak relative to what it would be if you kept the water level constant. And if you're losing less water, you need to put in less to refill the bucket.


Question: For medicine/vitamins that come in pill format, where the dosage is more than one pill, why are the pills not just made bigger so that the dosage is just 1? Would it not also be cheaper that way?

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 For medicine/vitamins that come in pill format, where the dosage is more than one pill, why are the pills not just made bigger so that the dosage is just 1? Would it not also be cheaper that way?

The dosage is customized to the patient. It's just a lot easier to make a standard size and then have certain patients take multiples - especially with the most obscure medications. Where you should really get annoyed is with the prescriptions that call for *half* a pill since this requires a pill cutter (and oval pills don't generally work in pill cutters).


Question: Why is it possible for my bladder to hold a large amount of liquid for a long period of time but the times when I'm actually about to piss myself it isn't as much liquid at all?

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 Why is it possible for my bladder to hold a large amount of liquid for a long period of time but the times when I'm actually about to piss myself it isn't as much liquid at all?

The feeling of having to pee can largely depend on the state of your autonomic nervous system (ANS). Aka the nervous system you can't control. Your ANS is split into two branches, your sympathetic nervous system and your parasympathetic nervous system. Your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is commonly considered your "flight or fight" response. When your SNS is activated, your bladder is relaxed and you don't have a great need to pee. Conversely, when your parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is activated your bladder contracts and your internal urethral spinctor is relaxed. However, you also have an external urethral sphincter that you have conscious control of that allows you to delay micturation (the process of peeing). So for example when you're out running errands your SNS will be more stimulated so your bladder relaxes allowing you to hold much more urine comfortably, and your internal sphincter contracts so you don't have to consciously contract your external urethral sphincter. But when you sit down to eat or arrive home, you become much more relaxed and your PNS is activated. This causes your bladder to contract and your internal urethral sphincter to relax. Regardless of how much urine you have stored in your bladder, this will give you the feeling of having to pee. You can choose to delay peeing by contracting your external sphincter or you can pee.


Question: -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

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 -Why does life on other planets need the same components as us to survive?

We don't know that they do. What we do know is that WE do, and we're the only example we have to go by. So if we find those sames elements on another planet, we know it's possible for life to form. But, ultimately, you're absolutely right, alien life could form under different circumstances, just look at the extremophiles we have here on Earth, like giant tube worms living near oceanic vents.


Question: How do cows and buffalos build muscles while eating mostly grass?

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 How do cows and buffalos build muscles while eating mostly grass?

Grass actually does have a surprising amount of protein in it. But humans can't digest grass, it takes far longer to digest than it stays in our systems for. Enter ruminants, animals, like cows, that are able to digest grass due to their unique multi-stomach structure that allows them to get the nutritional content out of it.


Question: Why is there a large build up of dust on fan and air vent covers when there is air being blown over them often to displace dust from settling?

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 Why is there a large build up of dust on fan and air vent covers when there is air being blown over them often to displace dust from settling?

So lets start off with two things that may not be obvious: 1) Although the air looks clear and clean, its not. The air you're breathing is actually filled with water and dust, you just can't see it because there is substantially more air than water/dust, and the water/dust particles are extremely tiny. 2) Although your fan blade appears to smooth, its actually not - at least not at a microscopic level. If you looked at most fan blades under a microscope you'd see that at that scale they are actually pretty rough - it would look somewhat like a sponge with tons of small pits and holes. So with that out of the way, lets talk about how a fan pushes air. As the fan spins, the blades get forced against the air, compressing it. But air doesn't like to be compressed, so it tries to expand back to its original size. The fan blade is designed so that the only way that this compressed air can expand is to move away from the blade, creating a breeze of air moving away from the fan. But like I said earlier, the air itself is filled with water and dust. When the fan compresses the air, it squeezes some of that water and dust out. The water and dust that has been squeezed out of the air form a type of cement, which then impacts the fan blade and cements itself into those microscopic pits and holes that the surface of the blade is covered with. This newly cemented dust on the blade creates a new surface for even more dust to cement to, steadily growing over time. Because all of this dust is microscopic, you can't see the process happening. All you can see is the visible mass of dust, which is the result of that microscopic dust slowly accumulating over a very long period of time. But you are correct in that the movement of the fan does cause some of that dust to break off. As those dust particles break off, they get flung at high speed into the case of the fan, causing dust to form there as well. The ratio of dust on the blades to dust on the case that you end up with depends on how fast the fan is spinning and how smooth the fan blade is. Faster, smoother fans will produce more dust on the case while slower, coarser fans will produce more dust on the blades.


Question: 1. How can a company like Broadcom offer to buy Qualcomm while they have almost equal market capitalization? 2. What would be the implications for each company (their employees, investors and higher ranked officials) if they reach an agreement?

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 1. How can a company like Broadcom offer to buy Qualcomm while they have almost equal market capitalization? 2. What would be the implications for each company (their employees, investors and higher ranked officials) if they reach an agreement?

1. They can always offer. Its up to the Qualcomm shareholders if they are willing to accept the offer. Often times merging these companies can be a significant net positive for investors, even if the initial offering inst too much, you're thinking longer than that. 2. It depend on the specifics, which we don't have yet.


Question: how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

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 how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

It’s there to encourage you to buy more Microsoft stuff. They lose a little bit of money giving you back some stuff, but they make more money than if you just bought some other company’s version or used a free/open source version. Also Microsoft is trying to encourage you to use their search engine, so they can collect data about how you’re searching, so they can sell it to other people to target ads better.


Question: Does recycling plastic really make much of a difference?

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 Does recycling plastic really make much of a difference?

My interpretation of this is that though the costs of sorting, melting, and recasting the plastic are roughly equivalent to (if not greater than) making it fresh, the real green effect is from the waste plastic not being tossed willy nilly and damaging the oceans and whatnot. However, when the oil starts getting really scarce, recycling will be very effective as we won't have the complex hydrocarbons required. As a fellow redditor pointed out, aluminium is much better for recycling!


Question: What's the reason behind people using words like "um", "you know?", "like" even when they have a clear idea of what they're saying?

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 What's the reason behind people using words like "um", "you know?", "like" even when they have a clear idea of what they're saying?

> Um Um is a filler word. Filler words fill gaps in a conversation so other people waiting to say something don't cut in during the silence. > You know? Is seeking reaffirmation that the listener understands. > Like Like has become very versatile in casual conversation. It could mean "similar to" like it traditionally has, or it could mean "This is what I was thinking/feeling at the time, not necessarily what I actually said out loud in the moment. Example: "I saw a guy littering today and I was like, 'pick up you f-ing trash bro!'" could mean that's what they literally said, but it could also just sum up their unspoken feelings at the time. All of the above is considered poor practice in a formal setting. If your giving a speech and feel the need to use filler words, it suggest you're not confident that your speech is important enough that others would listen without cutting in. You wouldn't ask "You know?" if you were confident that your speech was clear on it's own. You wouldn't use the ambiguous use of 'like' to leave the listener wondering if you said that or just thought it. In an informal conversation between friends, all the above is perfectly fine to use. Sometimes we need to hold priority in the conversation with filler words because we're not finished our statement yet. Sometimes we need to find out if we're getting our ideas across clearly. How else would we know? Sometimes it's best to be a bit ambiguous before we know how well received a stance on an issue is. So long as you know when it is inappropriate to use such terms and are able to turn them off when needed, there should be no issue. The trouble is that if people never practice doing without these casual conversation crutches, they'll have a very difficult time getting out of the habit in a formal setting.


Question: What is actually happening on a molecular level when something is stretching?

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 What is actually happening on a molecular level when something is stretching?

So for metals, imagine those toys comprised of hundreds of identical magnetic balls. A blacksmith hammering a block of iron into a flat plate would like pressing a cube of magnetic balls into a flat shape. The idea is that most metals form a a structure called a crystal lattice. The magnetic balls example is the simplest form called "simple cubic". As you fiddle around with your magnetic balls, you'll notice that if you try to shear a cube of balls by holding half in each hand and moving one half up and the other half down, you'll shift by one line of balls each time. What's happening is that since the balls can't compress, you're breaking entire set of bonds between the two halves along the shear, but as you continue to move half up and half down, you'll see the balls form a new bond which is offset from the previous by one line. You can actually hear this during testing of large metal bars like those used in construction. As you pull on both sides you'll hear individual snapping sounds which corresponds to a whole layer of molecular bonds breaking and reforming one atom over. Polymers such as plastic and rubber on the other hand can be thought of as a lot of long intertwined fibers or springs. Each fiber or spring can stretch on its own, but also as a group they can also slide against each other. Unlike metals, polymers can't reform the same bonds once broken, so as you start to reach deformation, the material will look and perform differently since you're not reestablishing the original bonding structure.


Question: Amazon reportedly paid £0 tax on £11,200,000,000 in 2018. How is this possible?

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 Amazon reportedly paid £0 tax on £11,200,000,000 in 2018. How is this possible?

They had losses in previous years they could count against profits in 2018 to detemine taxable income. They had losses for almost 20 years before becoming profitable. If you lose £1,000,000,000 in a year, you owe $0, you don't get tax money back. But when you make £11,200,000,000, you can subtract that £1,000,000,000 out to reduce the taxes owed the next year. In Amazon's case, they had at least £11,200,000,000 in losses from past years to subtract out.


Question: Why and how did they manage to make every country follow the Gregorian calendar? Even the North Koreans?

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 Why and how did they manage to make every country follow the Gregorian calendar? Even the North Koreans?

Colonialism and imperialism. Most countries in the world at once point have been either colonized or economically subjugated by a European power. Since up until about the end of the 19th century almost all the world trade focused around Europe and Europe used the Gregorian calendar it ended up becoming a de facto standard world wide.


Question: How have we reached the conclusion that the universe is infinite?

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 How have we reached the conclusion that the universe is infinite?

Here, there's a big difference between our *observable* universe and our *entire* universe. The observable universe is definitely finite. See, there is a maximum speed that anything can travel (the speed of light). This applies not only light, but any other particles and even gravity are bounded by this speed limit. From observations that we have made, we know that the universe had a starting point, the big bang. Since there has only been a finite amount of time for far away stuff to travel to us, we can only see so much of our universe and as we look farther away, we are actually seeing older and older things. For somewhat complicated reasons, we can't see *all* the way back to the big bang, but we can get pretty close, but from our perspective, this "wall" is a finite (though very large!) distance away. Now, beyond that, we don't know for sure whether or not the universe is infinite, but it looks like it is. Basically, there are three options and we can reframe each in terms of the curvature of the universe: our universe has no boundary and keeps going on forever (zero curvature), the universe has a definite boundary (negative curvature, though you could never actually reach this boundary), or the universe wraps back on itself like a sphere (positive curvature). We can get information about the curvature from the wall I talked about earlier (called the cosmic microwave background). It seems to look like the measurements we make are consistent with zero curvature, but some assumptions have to be made and so there is still some debate as to how definitive these results are.


Question: Why do echange rates go up and down, and what is this based on?

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</answer>
 Why do echange rates go up and down, and what is this based on?

Currency is being traded back and forth. For example if the US consumers were to suddenly want more Canadian maple syrup the importers would suddenly have a lot of USD from their sales but need CAD to buy more maple syrup. So they find someone who have CAD and wants USD and they negotiate a price for the exchange. But since there is more demand for CAD then USD the seller of CAD would want more USD then before and the price of CAD would go up. At that point anything from Canada would cost more for the US consumers so demand for Canadian products would drop. And so demand for CAD also drops back to normal levels. So the exchange rates are based on supply and demand for the currencies and that is again dependent on trade between the countries.


Question: What actually happens to the body when someone dies of old age, and why?

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 What actually happens to the body when someone dies of old age, and why?

Here's the thing, ***nobody* dies of old age.** What actually gets you is some pathology of some kind. Be it organ failure, cancer, infectious disease, you name it - it's just that as you age, your ability to prevent and fight off those problems declines until you eventually succumb. How come? For a bit of background, ageing is the result of three main processes; oxidative damage, glycalation and telomere shortening. What are they? Well, to start with the latter; **Telomere shortening:** DNA in your cells is organised into structures called chromosomes. We think of all of our DNA as being a set of blueprints that codes for stuff, for you. This isn't quite true. Only a small fraction of your DNA contains information on how to build and run your body - the rest has other purposes. At the end of your chromosomes, you have a section of some of this non-coding DNA called a [**telomere**]( URL_0 ). This telomere acts as a protective cap that protects the rest of your DNA, including all the important coding bits, from being chopped off and damaged. Trouble is, every time almost every single cell in your body divides, a wee bit of this telomere is removed, until eventually they no longer remain and your cell divisions start cutting into important coding regions. This is bad. Not only does this open up your chromosome more to the other two processes, but it often also tends to initiate a self-destruct sequence in that cell, causing it to die. As you find yourself getting very old, many more of your cells are dying in this way than are being replaced. **Oxidative Stress:** Oxygen is pretty toxic to life. Who'd have thought, eh? Well, the oxygen you breathe in is fine when it's just floating about as O2, but when you break it down - as you do every single moment of your life - you produce molecules called [**reactive oxygen species (ROS)**]( URL_1 ). These interact directly with bits of your cellular machinery and DNA, causing damage and mutation, and as you grow older, not only do you accumulate increasing numbers of these mutations, but your ability to mop up these nasty radicals is reduced (as an aside, it's these molecules that 'antioxidants' help you remove). **Glycation:** Sugars are your often your enemy in more ways than one. Like the reactive oxygen species that are generated from useful oxygen, the carbohydrates and sugars that your body needs also do naughty things sometimes and start binding with bits of cellular machinery that ought not be bound to. Not only does this process also often produce damaging ROS as above, but as you increasingly accumulate bits of broken protein, cells and tissue that have been glycated no longer function as they should and you begin to suffer the consequences. _______ **In conclusion:** Now all these three processes don't *cause* you to die of old age, but they *do* make it much, *much* easier for other pathologies to take hold. Cells committing suicide after their telomeres run out not only leads to organ failure and, say, decreasing ability to purge the body of toxins when yer' liver packs in, but the DNA damage - along with damage coming from oxidative stress - results in mutations that can cause aggressive cancer and general cellular degradation. Glycation of your blood vessels stiffens them up, leading to high blood pressure, diabetes and other cardiovascular problems, or screws with the proteins in your brain, giving you dementia or Alzheimer's. In short, you'll die from some pathology, some disease, some infection, something - and it's the processes associated with ageing described above that slowly, but surely, open the door to them. **Actual ELI5 answer:** Grandma isn't as able to fight off the bad things that your younger, healthier body can, and she's getting worse at it. Eventually those bad things will get in, or her body will turn against her, and she'll snuff it. Now, goodnight dear.


Question: Is there a maximum limit on how hard it can rain?

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 Is there a maximum limit on how hard it can rain?

You could try and calculate it. The variables would be Size of drop, Number of drops, Frequency of drops (from these three we can calculate total volume) and the speed of drops. & #x200B; There is a maximum limit on how *fast* rain can fall. Terminal velocity is about [10m/sec]( URL_0 ) or 20mph for a large drop. So assuming a set amount and rate the answer is Yes, there is a limit. But if you drop more rain at once, maybe? & #x200B; As to the size number and frequency there is probably some upper limit, but I'm not sure how you would go about figuring that. There is only so much water the atmosphere will hold before it starts to come down. [This]( URL_0 ) might be interesting to you. & #x200B; Another way to look at it might be to look at how we [classify]( URL_1 ) storms. A class five hurricane has greater than 157 MPH winds - I imagine rain in that wind would smart a great deal more than 20 MPH falling form the sky. And since our classification stops at category 5, we could say that is the practical limit, then speculate on a theoretical limit above that. & #x200B; You're not going to get [water to move at the speed of sound]( URL_2 ), so we can assume the worst case scenario would be a large amount of water moving at some speed above cat 5 157 MPH but below speed of sound 770 MPH. & #x200B; So... yes? & #x200B; TLDR, yes, but going to be hard to figure.


Question: How are we able to determine things such as wind speeds and temperatures on planets outside of our solar system?

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 How are we able to determine things such as wind speeds and temperatures on planets outside of our solar system?

It's actually not determinations, but rather predictions based on environment. Everything on a planetary scale is very hard to judge. Since the objects are so small and doesn't have the aspects of stars. For example, we can easily predict a stats temperature based on luminosity and how it falls on the heat spectrum. Although, this isn't anything you can do over a night. But rather daily observations. So now back to your question. Planets have different perks based on their conditions. Which can help to predict the climate. Also if you observe the host star you can also estimate distance and size based on passages. Because planetary passages block some of the sunlight, making the frequency unnatural. Larger planets have a larger passage when they pass in front of their stars compared to smaller ones. Not only that but the frequency of passages makes estimates for size and distance. Now we let's touch on the atmosphere. Which works like a konvex lens and have properties for estimations. Which indicates what the planet can contain in terms of materia. And could show wind speed. In concussion. It's estimations based on raw data and analysis. Some of the predictions are based on concussions drawn from the findings of coincidental factors based on our own solar system. But at the end of the day that's the best you can do with out current technology.


Question: Why does table salt contain dextrose? Isn’t that a different form of sugar?

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 Why does table salt contain dextrose? Isn’t that a different form of sugar?

Dextrose is added to iodized salt primarily because it's a cheap and effective stabilizer for potassium iodide. Over time, the potassium iodide added to iodized salt tends to break apart into potassium and iodine, which reduces its effectiveness in the body. A stabilizer like Dextrose minimizes the effect. The actual amount of sugar as dextrose in iodized salt is low enough as to not have dietary significance.


Question: Why are some sounds more harmonious than others?

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 Why are some sounds more harmonious than others?

This is a great question for r/musictheory and they could give you a much more thoughtful answer. Essentially, they sound good together because they are in the same key (the key of C). If you played something outside of the key of C along side them, it would sound inharmonious and not make sense. However, if you never started in the key of C and just played that note from before (the one that sounded inharmonious) it would sound fine as long as you played things in the same key of whatever note/chord it is that you picked. As soon as you pick a chord to play (lets use C major) you are now limited to certain notes that will sound good when played beside it - because you picked a major key and you must now use major scales. There are all sorts of exceptions to this rule and the more knowledge you have, the more options you give yourself to bend and break the "rules" of music theory. Hope that makes sense!


Question: [PHYSICS] What is non Doppler radar?

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 [PHYSICS] What is non Doppler radar?

Yep, there's plain radar which will just give you the distance to what you're scanning but not the speed toward/away that you get from doppler. The earliest weather radars were non-doppler. In the late 80s, NOAA's radars were upgraded to NEXRAD (next generation radar) WSR-88D (weather surveillance radar, 1988, Doppler). Now the WSR-88D units have been upgraded with dual polarization doppler and that gives us even more information as to what a storm cell is doing. Edit: & #x200B; > I grew up learning that radar worked on the doppler principal. Doppler weather radar does, but radar does not require doppler to work. Regular radar sends out a pulse and measures the amount of time it takes for the echo to come back. since we know time and know the speed of light, you can tell how far something is away. Doppler radar does basically the same thing, but additionally the change frequency of the reflection is measured to see if what the echo bounced off of is moving toward or away from the radar site. Now you have distance and movement.


Question: Why do we use basic soap for cleansing instead of acidic equivalents, since our skin flora is acidic?

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 Why do we use basic soap for cleansing instead of acidic equivalents, since our skin flora is acidic?

Soap is used as a cleaning agent, not because it is basic, but because it acts as a surfactant and an emulsifier. Basically soap breaks up oils and encases them allowing them to be rinsed off with water. It cleans your skin by doing this to the oils your skin excretes to help trap in moisture, but the oils also trap in bacteria and dirt that can be bad for you. So you use soap to remove the layer of oil, then the dirt and bacteria come off easier. Some times acids are used to clean your skin, but that is usually when a specific adhesive needs to be removed. But for the most part acids can damage your skin, so you want to avoid using them.


Question: How can everything run Doom?

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 How can everything run Doom?

Doom's source code was made open source in 1997 and was written in c which is one of the most portable and best optimized languages allowing it to work on weak hardware. Since the source code is easily available and it's an old and notable game with low system requirements written in a language that is both optimized and easy to port, it became a popular game to port to weird platforms. After it became a meme in its own right, it took on a life of its own with people porting it to more and more things to continue the joke.


Question: How do runaway truck ramps work?

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 How do runaway truck ramps work?

They have a sand or gravel pit at the end. Once the truck gets to this point it will start to sink in and usually takes a lot of work to get it unstuck afterwards. Those pits will slow a truck pretty fast. [Here is a dashcam video from one truck looking at another using a runaway ramp.]( URL_1 ) Also, most large airports have a similar system at the ends of the runways. Basically, in that case it is a soft tarmac product that crumbles under the weight of the plane and slows it safely, but rapidly. If you look at the aerial view of a major airport like LAX, you will see yellow chevron or arrows at the end of the runways, this is that area. A fully loaded 747 doing 200 mph will be stopped in that area. [Here is a pic of a smaller jet sunk into the safety area surface. ]( URL_0 )


Question: How did Stephen Hawking manage to survive for 55 years after being diagnosed with ALS when almost everyone else who gets it dies within 1-2 years of the diagnosis?

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 How did Stephen Hawking manage to survive for 55 years after being diagnosed with ALS when almost everyone else who gets it dies within 1-2 years of the diagnosis?

Diseases progress differently depending on many factors; medical care being just one of them. ALS and many other neuron diseases are still relatively poorly understood; even the cause(s) is unclear (in most cases it’s some combination of genetic and environmental factors). So the average life expectation from offset is based on averaging the historical occurrences of people; some of them lived much longer than 1-2 years, some died shortly after the onset etc. In general, medical prognoses are estimates under a set of “general” conditions, not definitive answers. In some cases, the progression is very slow and different neurons get affected; i think his case in particular was one of those that only affected parts of the spinal cord, so only a few neurons at a time instead of the whole body at once...


Question: How come we have and crave different types of food for breakfast, lunch, and dinner?

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 How come we have and crave different types of food for breakfast, lunch, and dinner?

Some of it is also societal conditioning depending on culture. Part of a Full English breakfast is beans, but that's not very common in the US. Pho is a breakfast food in Vietnam, but the US eats it for lunch and dinner. It really boils down to how you were raised and what was advertised to you as the proper time to eat a certain meal.


Question: Why are the recommend servings written on food so little?

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 Why are the recommend servings written on food so little?

It's a strategy by the manufacturer to show the calories per serving as small in the consumer's eyes. I've noted a package containing more than 500 calories will be split into two servings. But if the contents are cookies or easily divided into a quantity usually consumed in a sitting then they'll base serving size on this serving size. There is probably some variance by manufacturer as it's not a precise definition.


Question: What's the significance of weight distribution when racing?

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 What's the significance of weight distribution when racing?

The center of weight in a car is directly related to how it behaves when pushed to the limit. The further forward it is the more understeer you get and the further back it is the more oversteer you get. Having more weight on your drive tyres increases grip during acceleration and having more weight on your steer tyres increases cornering speed. Having the weight high up on the car means it moves more as the suspension is loaded and unloaded.


Question: Radiation and its slow decay. What makes an atom Radioactive and what makes the decaying process (i believe its called a Half-life) so slow?

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 Radiation and its slow decay. What makes an atom Radioactive and what makes the decaying process (i believe its called a Half-life) so slow?

Imagine an apartment building with a broken elevator. Everyone is going to want to live near the ground level, so they don't have to waste energy climbing the stairs all the time. Either you have crowded lower floors or you have to climb a lot of steps, and if it is too much, people move out. Atomic nuclei are kind of like that. Each particle wants to be at the lowest possible energy state, but there are only so many possible states, as nuclei get larger, particles have to crowd together or occupy higher states. They can have roommates, particles that occupy the same state, but like people, they have preferences, and some combinations work out better than others. They also have more esoteric preferences, even numbers work out better than odd, and there are certain "magic" numbers that make everyone happier. We still don't completely understand why, it is an area of active research. When a nucleus has a configuration that makes everyone happy, it is stable. But when some particles aren't happy, like a tenant, they don't necessarily move out right away. If one neighbor is making crack in their apartment, and the other won't shut up about putting the lotion on its skin, you run away screaming. But if it is just a little too loud or there is a funny smell, you keep your eyes out for a better place and move when it is convenient. In atoms, sometimes the particles run away screaming and have halflives measured in milliseconds. Others are mostly fine with things and stick around for billions of years before they move on.


Question: What happens in the background when you click on the 'Safe to remove hardware' button in Windows?

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 What happens in the background when you click on the 'Safe to remove hardware' button in Windows?

The safe removal function instructs the operating system to wait for all processes accessing a filesystem to finish and then "dismounts" the filesystem, preventing further read/write operations. If this step is not taken, there is potential for read/write operations that have not completed or are waiting to fail, which has the potential to cause data loss.


Question: What is an "Algebra" in Higher Maths?

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 What is an "Algebra" in Higher Maths?

You have numbers. You apply "algebra" to the numbers. Algebra includes how to add, subtract, multiply, divide, powers, exponentials, radicals, factorials, and so on, all of the possible math operations that you could apply to numbers. And then you try to extend the concepts of what it means to add, subtract, multiply, divide, powers, radicals, exponentials, factorials, and so on, to THINGS THAT ARE NOT NUMBERS. Because it's useful in some way. First you take sets. Sets are groups of numbers. It's useful to have a definition for what it means to add two sets together, how you can go about doing it. Multiply. Divide, etc. Vectors. Surfaces. Fields. These things can, in some way, be expressed as numbers, or represented by numbers, somehow, so it's useful to be able to also have "operands" (+ , - , x, / , etc.) for them. That's your "algebra of x". Algebra of sets is all the rules of how to add subtract multiply divide, etc., but sets instead of numbers. And because sets, vectors, surfaces, fields, etc., are NOT numbers, sometimes it's possible to come up with a few extra operations that you can do with them. Vector vs. scalar multiplication. Transforms. Etc. So the "algebra" gets more complicated.


Question: Why are the twists in Cat V strands so important? Why can't they just be straight wires?

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 Why are the twists in Cat V strands so important? Why can't they just be straight wires?

The twists reduce the "magnetic flux" caused by magnetic fields in the environment, reducing interference. Nearby electrical circuits will cause fluctuating magnetic fields in the region of the cable. These fields will create an "induced voltage" in the cable circuit: the induced voltage depends on the magnetic flux, which is the number of field lines which poke through the gap between the two strands. This induced voltage will interfere with the signal. So clearly you want the two strands close together to minimize the gap, but because of their physical size and insulation, you can only get them so close together. But if the wires cross over each other, the magnetic field pokes through in one direction for the first half-twist, then pokes through "backwards" for the other half-twist, and so on: each half-twist cancels out the previous one, so the total magnetic flux is much closer to zero. URL_0


Question: when we take anti-inflammatories, how does the medication know what swelling to target? Or would it just decrease any swelling anywhere?

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 when we take anti-inflammatories, how does the medication know what swelling to target? Or would it just decrease any swelling anywhere?

Swelling is the result of an immune response from the body. It's a natural defense mechanism, often times hystamine. Non steroidal ant-inflamation drugs (nsaids) block the response and thus reduce swelling. You don't necessarily have to do that, much like a slight fever. It may give you physical relief because inflammation is painful, but you're slowing your body's best defense system.


Question: Why can only one person talk on a walkie-talkie channel at a time?

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 Why can only one person talk on a walkie-talkie channel at a time?

Radios can't receive and transmit on the same frequency (channel) at the same time; their own transmission drowns out the weak signal from a distant transmitter. If you need handle messages in both directions at once then you can use two different channels, but even then it's difficult to receive while transmitting because the local transmission is so much more powerful than the received signal that it can swamp the tuning circuits. Another approach is to use just one channel but switch rapidly between sending and receiving. Walkie-talkies are traditionally simple devices where having one person talk at a time is much less of a problem than going to the trouble and expense of enabling two-way talking. Modern digital communication technology is changing this.


Question: Court stenographer machines can capture entire conversations in real time but no one uses them as computer keyboards? Why? Are they harder to use?

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 Court stenographer machines can capture entire conversations in real time but no one uses them as computer keyboards? Why? Are they harder to use?

[A stenotype machine]( URL_1 ) isn't just a quick way of typing, it's also a form of [shorthand]( URL_2 ). It's not a 100% accurate way of recording things, it's just a really good way to capture things quickly. You have to do some work after the fact to make it readable. There are [chording keyboard]( URL_0 ) layouts but they're not particularly popular because it's much harder to learn key combinations than a 1:1 connection between symbols and keys.


Question: who does the government owe when they’re in debt and why does government debt matter?

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 who does the government owe when they’re in debt and why does government debt matter?

The government issues bonds - they are kinda IOU’s that can be bought by anyone who wishes to do so: private investors, foreign governments, whatever. The government uses the proceeds to finance its current needs, and pays interest to the bond owners from that moment on. This debt matters because it can make a government go broke if it can’t pay the interest at some point. It has happened to a lot of countries a lot of times in history. All sorts of unpleasantries can ensue after that.


Question: How does cache and virtual memory reduces memory latency?

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 How does cache and virtual memory reduces memory latency?

A single CPU cycle on a modern 3.0 GHz CPU is about .3 nanoseconds long. Normal system RAM can transfer data to the CPU at around 40GB/s with about a 50 nanosecond latency. Whenever the CPU is waiting on getting data from RAM, it can't do much (modern systems have some tricks to work around this we can ignore them for now). That's 150 cycles of being useless. Cache RAM is a small amount of *very fast* memory - like 900GB/s - built directly into the CPU that has *very low* latency (as low as 5ns). If the CPU can pull data from cache instead of waiting on main memory, you *greatly* improve system performance by not wasting as much time doing nothing. Why not make everything cache RAM? It's ridiculously expensive and must be built directly onto the CPU to get those ridiculous performance levels. To put this in context, a modern PC is going to have 8-16GB of main RAM while a high-end i7 has under 512 *kilobytes* of L1 cache (the fastest), about 1.5MB of L2 cache (slightly slow but still fast) and 12MB of L3 cache (way slower but still better than RAM). ---- Virtual memory solves the other side of the problem - it moves data from fast system RAM to slow hard drives to make up for the fact that system RAM is a limited resource. It doesn't directly speed most things but it can potentially move unused data out of system RAM, freeing up RAM for applications & OS processes that actually need it & speed those up.


Question: How is old music digitally remastered to sound good?

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 How is old music digitally remastered to sound good?

Old music (video as well) was often recorded into a format that had very good quality (called a master) but to replicate the media into a format that can be afforded by consumers meant that some quality had to be lost. At time went on the quality of consumer formats has progress and caught up with Enterprise formats of decades gone. If the old master still exist you can simply replicate the media to whatever new format now exist that is on par with the master recording.


Question: if the four basic nucleobases decide gene outcome (ACGT), but have strict complementary base pairing (A-C & G-T), are there then four values to variate with or just two, like binary?

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 if the four basic nucleobases decide gene outcome (ACGT), but have strict complementary base pairing (A-C & G-T), are there then four values to variate with or just two, like binary?

DNA runs in a twin strand (the double helix) so a strip of DNA is actually 2 strips of DNA joined at every nucleotide Its still 4 option not binary just repeated in its opposition in the complementary strand of DNA. So for instance you AGTATAC would be (for the sake of argument) the left hand strand and the right hand strand would read TCATATG or when running parallel would look like A-T G-C T-A A-T T-A A-T C-G So it is 4 options not binary


Question: Why is bleach so toxic to all living things?

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 Why is bleach so toxic to all living things?

Because it has reactive chlorine in it. Chlorine tends to form strong chemical bonds with organic molecules.These bonds change how the rest of the molecule reacts and can displace certain groups of elements from the molecule, or even trigger a chain of reactions that result in a drastically different molecule. Living organisms depend on consistant reactions in order to function, so the disruption of the chlorine screws up their patern, thus preventing them from continuing life-functions.


Question: How do property value assessments work?

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 How do property value assessments work?

For selling purposes, a bank doesn't want to lend you more money than the house is worth. So, in most cases you are required to hire someone to assess the value of the house you want to buy before they approve you for a loan. A person will come out, walk through the house and compare it to similar houses in the area that have sold recently and base the value based on that. They will search for records of houses that are the same square footage, year built, number of rooms, etc and assign a value to the house.


Question: How can the senate vote to end a filibuster, when the whole point of a filibuster is that it prevents a motion from being brought to the floor?

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 How can the senate vote to end a filibuster, when the whole point of a filibuster is that it prevents a motion from being brought to the floor?

The idea is that, while filibusters are useful when used sparingly to encourage robust debate, they can can be detrimental to democracy, since it can allow someone to essentially hold legislation "hostage" indefinitely. This happened in the US in the 1960s, when southern senators filibustered the Civil Rights Act for 60 days. For this reason, there's a procedural rule called "cloture", which allows a supermajority (it used to be 2/3, but was reduced to 3/5) to limit the debate on a topic to 30 additional hours, but no more. There's also the so-called "nuclear option", which allows a simple majority to override the cloture rules to only require a simple majority instead of a 3/5 supermajority. But that's used very rarely, because it really pisses off the other side, and makes it more likely that they'll invoke the "nuclear option" in the future.


Question: Why do some people have a myocardial infarction after losing a loved one? What chemical processes are taking place?

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 Why do some people have a myocardial infarction after losing a loved one? What chemical processes are taking place?

In advanced I'm on my mobile so I apologize. I'm also going to bring it to layman s terms so I'm not concerned if it's not **exactly** correct This condition is called Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy aka "Broken Heart Syndrome." It does not need to be a sad event it can also be a joyous occasion. In every way it's symtoms mimic a Myocardial Infarction or Acute coronary syndrome. It can even show ST elevation on an ECG indicating a STeMI (which means that heart tissue is being damaged). For emergency medical personnel we treat it as a 'heart attack.' The largest hypothesis is the myocardium typically metabolizes fat and during these events the myocardium instead tries to use glucose (sugar). Since this is an emotionally stressful event heart rate increase meaning the heart works harder using more glucose (burns fast like gas) instead of fat (burns slower like charcoal). The issue is we see that the heart is not getting the necessary components for metabolism which is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy In a typical MI a thrombus prevents oxygen reaching the myocardium creating strain and an acidic environment due to the lack of oxygen. This is similar since the heart does not have enough sugar to continue doing work. It is similar to a hypoglycemic patient but the low blood sugar is localized to one spot rather than systematically. The heart usually resolves this issue with out medical intervention, but there have been cases that I'm which they were suspicious of death due to Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. Source Medscape App.