Question: What can you tell me about the Grand Mosque of Meknes?

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 What can you tell me about the Grand Mosque of Meknes?

The Grand Mosque of Meknes is the historic main mosque (Friday mosque) of the old city ("medina") of Meknes, Morocco. It is the largest and most important mosque in the old city and one of its oldest monuments.
Like many grand mosques in other Moroccan cities (e.g. Ben Youssef Mosque in Marrakech or al-Qayrawiyyin in Fes), the mosque is located at the center of the old city and anchors its most important commercial and religious district, which contains the city's main souq streets (also referred to as the "qaysariyya or kissaria") and its major historic madrasas, all located near the mosque.


Question: Respond in 1 sentences. Describe the career and accomplishments of Fred Davis.

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 Respond in 1 sentences. Describe the career and accomplishments of Fred Davis.

Frederic Emery Davis (born June 17, 1955), known as Fred Davis, is a veteran US technology writer and publisher who served as editor of "A+" magazine", "MacUser", "PC Magazine" and "PC Week"; personal computer pioneer; technologist; and entrepreneur involved in the startups of "Wired", CNET, Ask Jeeves, Lumeria, Jaduka, and Grabbit.


Question: What are the potential consequences of Putin's war against Ukraine?

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 What are the potential consequences of Putin's war against Ukraine?

Indeed, he says, in the course of the conflict with Ukraine, “Russian fascism has become a FACT,” something underscored by the Kremlin’s own behavior. When its propagandists speak of “the Kiev fascist junta, they are behaving just like when an everyday thief shouts out ‘Catch the thief!’” in order to escape justice.
What that kind of people needs is “a leader, terror and militarism.” It needs “hoary myths, stimulating mass hatred and mass pride,” Shiropayev says.
One result of this is that “the relationship of Russia and Ukraine will NEVER be as it was. Ukraine will never forget” the war Russia has unleashed against it. “Ukraine is lost for Russia as an empire FOREVER. From now on,” the two countries will be divided by the blood that has been shed.
Putin has become “a hostage of his own policy” even as he has made Russia a hostage to it, and “already he cannot turn back, he is simply forced to go further along the path of more escalation, because at his back are breathing the Dugins and Strelkovs, the legion of those” who want to drown Ukraine in blood.
But there is an even larger consequence. “Over the last six months, the world has sharply changed and something evil has clearly come into it,” Shiropayev says. “The war of Russian against Ukraine is an obvious prelude to the Third World War,” a conflict that will be “the last war in the history of humanity” and one that Russia will have triggered.
Many will dismiss this as improbable alarmism, he notes, but a year ago, they would have dismissed as impossible things that have happened thanks to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Shiropayev says his own conclusions deserve attention because he predicted as early as August 24, 2008 that Putin would invade Ukraine.


Question: What is the latest news coming out of Gaza? Respond in 14 sentences.

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 What is the latest news coming out of Gaza? Respond in 14 sentences.

GAZA CITY (Ma'an) -- Hamas, the de facto ruling party of the besieged Gaza Strip, has rejected a decree purportedly made by Palestinian Authority (PA) President Mahmoud Abbas, which exempts the Gazan population from paying taxes to the PA.
According to Yousif al-Kayyali, the finance minister of the Hamas-run government, which Hamas refers to as an administrative committee, Abbas decided that residents of the small Palestinian territory were exempt from paying all taxes and governmental service fees to official departments and establishments of the Ramallah-based, Fatah-led PA.
A number of officials close to the PA declined to comment on the issue, but a hard copy of the decree was obtained by Ma'an in Gaza, which said that Palestinians in Gaza were entirely exempted from the obligation of paying additional taxes, including income tax, taxes on imported goods, and property tax.
The document said that "every act that goes against or violates this order will be canceled," and said the decree was put into action "the day it was declared." However, two dates appeared on the document: a stamp for April 2, 2017, and a written signature for May 2, 2017.
Al-Kayyali said in a statement Saturday evening that Hamas rejected the executive order due to it not being approved by the Palestinian parliament, the Palestinian Legislative Council, and said that Hamas leadership would refuse to implement the decision.
"We view this issue from a purely legal perspective, and independent of any political disputes. This decision can only pass through the Legislative Council," said al-Kayyali.
The 2007 decree, also issued by Abbas, sought to amend the tax law to exempt Gazans from paying income taxes, and was not implemented by the Hamas government.
Critics have accused Hamas of lack of transparency in tax collection and using the funds to pay Hamas employees rather than spending the revenue on services for Gaza citizens, who suffer from deepening poverty, unemployment, and insecurity.
Palestinian leadership has repeatedly failed to follow through on promises of reconciliations, as both Fatah and Hamas have frequently blamed each other for numerous political failures, and tensions have only continued to escalate between the two factions in recent weeks.
Earlier this week, Hamas security forces in Gaza arrested several Fatah leaders from the northern Gaza Strip, while several others were summoned for interrogation and subsequently detained, allegedly in order to prevent the Fatah officials from taking place in a march planned in support of Abbas and hunger-striking Palestinian prisoners.
The Fatah march was organized just one day after Hamas suspended schools and government offices in Gaza to encourage people to take part in rallies they organized to voice opposition to Abbas, who has been president since 2005 and faces growing unpopularity.
Meanwhile, an ongoing electricity crisis in Gaza, PA-imposed cuts to the salaries of civil servants in Gaza, and the fact that the PA has decided to move forward with local elections in the West Bank, despite being boycotted by Hamas and other factions, have further exacerbated an already dismal political situation that began with Hamas’ 2006 election victory and subsequent takeover of Gaza.
“The Palestinian Authority, Israel, and indeed Hamas -- who have controlled Gaza for a decade now -- have obligations as duty-bearers for the welfare of Gaza's residents and must live up to their responsibilities,” he said.


Question: What is the Cirque du Freak trilogy about?

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 What is the Cirque du Freak trilogy about?

Vampire Blood (also called the "Cirque du Freak" trilogy) is the first trilogy in The Saga of Darren Shan by the author Darren Shan. It contains the books "Cirque du Freak", "The Vampire's Assistant" and "Tunnels of Blood". These starting books explore how Darren must adapt to his new life, and what that entails. The first book contains the reasons why he became a half-vampire and what he had to give up in order to save his ex-best friend, as well as introducing the character. The second and third go into more detail about how he has to change and what he will never be able to do. The main theme for the whole of the trilogy is insecurity. Darren has just been changed into something hardly anyone would accept, and this, combined with the fact that he is just a child, leads into a darker and more unusual way to grow up.


Question: Provide information about the death of Gwynevere River Song.

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 Provide information about the death of Gwynevere River Song.

Gwynevere River Song was shot to death at home in Waxahachie, Texas.
A transgender person in Waxahachie, Texas, was shot to death Saturday, becoming the 17th known transgender homicide victim of 2017.
Gwynevere River Song. 26, who used “they” pronouns, died at home after an argument escalated into violence Saturday afternoon, reports the Daily Light, a local paper. Song was pronounced dead at the scene. Another adult, whose name has not been released, was taken to a hospital. The Ellis County Sheriff’s Office is continuing to investigate.
Song was a 2015 graduate of the University of Texas at Austin. They identified as “femandrogyne” and bisexual, according to the blog PGH Lesbian Correspondents.
A memorial vigil for Song is being planned for Monday, the blog reports.


Question: Explain the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's Eastern Expedition in the mid-19th century. Respond in detail.

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 Explain the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's Eastern Expedition in the mid-19th century. Respond in detail.

The Eastern Expedition encompassed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's efforts to capture the Yangtze River Delta, the provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang. Most of the areas would eventually be occupied by the Taipings, but they were notably repulsed at several locations, especially the city of Shanghai. Following the Jintian uprising in the southern province Guangxi and the beginning of open hostilities, Taiping forces attacked and captured Nanjing in central China by 1853. The Western Expedition captures cities along the Yangtze River like Zhenjiang, Anqing were captured later the same year.
When Hong Rengan arrived in Tianjing in 1859, he became one of the most senior military officials. Hong uses a strategy to Qing's attention away from Tianjing by attacking areas to the east like Hangzhou and Suzhou. Then Taiping forces counter attack Qing armies besieging the capital, successfully lifting the siege. In 1860, during the Second rout the Army Group Jiangnan (1860) Taiping forces capture the following cities: Changzhou (May 26), Wuxi (May 30), Suzhou (June 2), Wujiang (13 June), Jiaxing (15 June). Ningbo is captured by the Taipings in December 1861. Taiping armies advance towards Shanghai by 1861, but are repulsed with the help of foreign mercenaries like the Ever Victorious Army.


Question: Respond briefly. What do you know about Jeremiah Russell?

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 Respond briefly. What do you know about Jeremiah Russell?

Jeremiah Russell (February 2, 1809 – June 13, 1885) was an American pioneer and territorial legislator.


Question: Have you heard anything about Ben Gladwin's transfer?

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 Have you heard anything about Ben Gladwin's transfer?

BEN Gladwin has joined Blackburn Rovers on a permanent transfer.
The 25-year-old midfielder has agreed a two-year deal at Ewood Park, after QPR accepted an undisclosed fee for the former Swindon Town man.
Gladwin joined QPR from the Robins in the summer of 2015, but has found first team opportunities limited.
He made 17 appearances in total for the R’s.
The club wishes Ben all the best for the future.


Question: Explain the importance of acids and bases in organic chemistry and provide resources for learning about them.

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 Explain the importance of acids and bases in organic chemistry and provide resources for learning about them.

Acids and bases are crucial when it comes to organic chemistry.
Not those crazy ice charts and pKa calculations. At the organic chemistry level you will be asked to differentiate and rank acids and bases by looking at their molecular structure and comparing their reactions.
This shows up early in Orgo 1 when you learn the material, then again when ranking the reactivity of bases in elimination reactions, and again in Orgo 2 when studying stability of complex molecules.
As an orgo tutor I am often frustrated by the manner in which this material is taught. My students come to me all confused with data they memorized but don’t understand. And so I created what I hope is a complete resource to help you really GET acids and bases.
Be sure to watch each video to learn the information, then download my FREE Acid Base Cheat Sheet to take your studies on the go. And when you feel ready, see how you do on my Acid Base Practice Quiz.
The first step to ranking acids and bases it to UNDERSTAND acids and bases.
This video takes you through the Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions from a logical rather than memorization perspective.
This video also shows you how to recognize the acid/base in a conjugate reaction pair.
This video may very well be the missing link between your textbook and acid/base ranking logic.
Start by learning how to understand ka/pKa/acid strength relationships, then learn about what you REALLY need to understand for strong and weak acids.


Question: What do we know about the Ziopharm patient deaths?

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 What do we know about the Ziopharm patient deaths?

The circumstances surrounding the Ziopharm patient deaths come amid heightened scrutiny of experimental anti-cancer therapies.
A brain cancer patient died from bleeding in the skull soon after being injected with a Ziopharm Oncology (ZIOP gene therapy directly into the brain tumor.
The Ziopharm patient, diagnosed with a recurrent brain tumor, was treated with the company's experimental gene therapy, known as Ad-RTS-hIL-12. The gene therapy, which is supposed to stimulate a tumor-killing immune response, is injected directly into the patient's tumor. Fifteen days after the Ziopharm gene therapy injection, the patient died from an intracranial hemorrhage.
Ziopharm CEO Laurence Cooper first disclosed the patient death -- which occurred as part of an ongoing clinical trial -- during a presentation at a closed-door scientific workshop in Washington, D.C., on Thursday. Cooper's presentation slides, which included a single bullet point about the patient death, were attached to an 8-K filed Thursday night with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Ziopharm spokesman David Pitts confirmed the never-before-disclosed death but says the company does not believe the injection of Ad-RTS-hIL-12 into the patient's skull was responsible for the fatal bleeding episode.
However, Pitts concedes that more information about the patient and his fatal skull bleed is still being collected. The FDA has not yet been told about the death.
"This event has just been reported to us and we are following protocol in collecting and analyzing information in order to properly report it to the FDA," said Pitts.
The death of a second patient enrolled in the Ziopharm gene therapy study was also disclosed for the first time Thursday. That patient died 3.9 months following treatment for an undisclosed reason, but unrelated to Ad-RTS-hIL-12, the company says.
The circumstances surrounding the Ziopharm patient deaths come amid heightened scrutiny of experimental anti-cancer therapies. Last week, two blood cancer patients died from treatment with an unapproved CAR-T cellular therapy from Juno Therapeutics.
Ziopharm was trying to raise as much as $50 million in a stock offering this week, but the deal was abandoned Thursday night, according to an email sent by bankers from the investment bank Jefferies & Co. to a prospective investor in the deal. That investor forwarded the Jefferies email to TheStreet.
Concerns about the patient death and the way Ziopharm disclosed it scuttled the stock sale, a second investor source told TheStreet.
"We don't comment on any of the company's confidential activities," said Ziopharm spokesman Pitts.
Ziopharm acquired its anti-cancer gene therapy from Intrexon (XON - Get Report) , the synthetic biology company run by healthcare billionaire R.J. Kirk. The two companies are closely aligned.
The Ad-RTS-hIL-12 gene therapy uses a virus encoded with DNA to express interleukin-12 (IL-12), a powerful protein known to stimulate T cells in the immune system to kill cancer cells. The virus is injected directly into a patient's tumor.
Once there, the gene and the production of IL-12 are controlled using an oral drug, veledimex. By raising or lowering the veledimex dose swallowed by patients, Ziopharm says it can control the production of IL-12 to optimize the killing of cancer cells in both injected and non-injected tumors, while also limiting the dangerous side effects (sometimes fatal) caused when IL-12 is administered systemically.
Ziopharm first tried Ad-RTS-hIL-12 in patients with skin cancer, but subpar response rates and competition from other, more effective, cancer immunotherapies led the company to back off that indication. In a study of 12 breast cancer patients treated with Ad-RTS-hIL-12 and veledimex, a single patient had a partial response, according to data presented at a November 2015 cancer immunotherapy meeting.
The FDA is likely to look closely at the information collected by Ziopharm about the patient death in the brain cancer study because the fatal bleed occurred in the same location as the gene therapy injection. The timing of the bleeding death -- 15 days post treatment -- could also be linked to the gene therapy flooding the brain with the IL-12 protein.
For now, Ziopharm says the brain cancer study remains open.
Ziopharm shares closed Thursday at $5.67.


Question: Who is Robert David Kleinberg?

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 Who is Robert David Kleinberg?

Robert David Kleinberg (also referred to as Bobby Kleinberg) is an American theoretical computer scientist and associate professor of Computer Science at Cornell University.
Robert Kleinberg was one of the finalists at the 1989 Mathcounts.


Question: Explain how subprime auto debt contributes to economic struggles for average Americans and the wider consequences it has on the economy. Respond in detail.

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 Explain how subprime auto debt contributes to economic struggles for average Americans and the wider consequences it has on the economy. Respond in detail.

Leave it to Wall Street to resurrect the subprime loan. This time, subprime has found a comfortable home in the automotive industry. In the car addicted US culture, subprime debt is back in a massive way. Subprime auto debt is the new risky debt product. This is a big deal. $924 billion in total auto debt is rummaging around the economy. What is even more disturbing is that delinquencies on auto debt are surging. Repossessions are up 70 percent because people simply can’t make their auto payments. What do you expect when you are pumping out subprime debt trying to churn more sales on marginal buyers? Most Americans are living paycheck to paycheck so taking on another debt payment isn’t necessarily a wise move. How big is this market? The latest data shows that a stunning one third of new auto loans are in the form of subprime debt. This is telling given that FICO is planning on being more lax with credit scores. Also, it should tell you about the underlying health of the economy when a large portion of your borrowers have marginal credit.
Essentially a core group of borrowers on new auto loans is coming from the subprime variety. Of course some pundits would like to point out that this is a “small” portion of the total auto loan market. This argument has parallels to what we heard about subprime debt in housing. These are your super marginal borrowers. But don’t think the typical American with a job making roughly $26,000 per year is in good shape either. Problems cascade from the bottom up. The economy for most Americans is struggling so it should be no surprise that the new growth market is subprime auto debt. Now, most can’t afford a home so at least you’ll get a car, even if you can’t afford a car as well.
Let’s just hope for the sake of those who took out these sub-prime loans in order to have a car to get to a job, that they were able to save enough from that job to purchase a used car outright before the repo guy shows up! Public transportation isn’t the answer for most when it comes to getting to a job (and daycare and the doctors and home) on time.
Has anyone seen the movie, “The Pursuit of Happyness”? It stars Will Smith. Watch how well public transportation works for him.
With all these bubbles in play, I’m reminded of the old Laurence Welk show where champagne bubbles abounded.
Credit scores are becoming more and more irrelevant every year.
How can you factor in a “global economy” into a credit score?
Go on give me a job,look at my car.
Quite ironic to see so many more bums begging on major roadways while everyone else is listening to their favorite tune behind the wheel of their new car. How different are they really?


Question: Describe the effects of the Brazilian Supreme Court ruling that permits local governments to charge property taxes to concession operators.

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 Describe the effects of the Brazilian Supreme Court ruling that permits local governments to charge property taxes to concession operators.

BRASILIA (Reuters) - Companies from Brazilian state oil company Petróleo Brasileiro SA to commodities giant Louis Dreyfus Company and German car giant Volkswagen AG (VOWG_p.DE) could face hefty bills after Brazil’s Supreme Court this month allowed local governments to charge property taxes to operators of public concessions.
The ruling settled an 18-year old spat between Petrobras (PETR4.SA), as the state-controlled oil company is known, and the city of Santos, home of Brazil’s busiest container port.
Even though Petrobras does not own the terminal, and only operates it under a concession, the court ruled that it was liable to pay tax on the property.
Now Santos is demanding the oil giant and other terminal operators pay an estimated 300 million reais ($85.5 million) in back taxes and foot an annual tax bill that could total 13 million reais a year.
Property taxes in Brazil are set at the city level and usually hover around 1.5 percent of property values.
Santos could become the first of many regional governments to seek redress from operators of everything from ports and highways to airports as a slower-than-expected economic recovery in Latin America’s largest economy has made authorities desperate for tax revenues.
Though the annual value of tax payments going forward may be small, at an annual average of around 200,000 reais ($57,136) per terminal in Santos, the city government wants to collect back taxes stretch back to 2000, when the suit was first filed.
The Supreme Court, by stating its ruling was generally applicable, has opened the door for other cities to follow suit, though there is still legal uncertainty over how far back unpaid taxes can be claimed.
Venilton Tadini, head of Brazil’s association of infrastructure operators, said he expects local governments, which have seen tax collection slump due to the weak economy, to rush at the opportunity of raising revenues.
The association for highway operators said in a statement that local governments have already contacted “several” of its members to charge property taxes on toll roads, roadways and even catwalks.
An unexpected tax bill could deal a blow to a wide range of companies, including not only listed Brazilian firms such as toll-road operator CCR SA (CCRO3.SA) and rail firm Rumo SA (RAIL3.SA), but also foreign behemoths such as commodities traders Bunge (BG.N) and Louis Dreyfus Company AKIRAU.UL and car manufacturer Volkswagen, which operate port terminals in Brazil.
Representatives for the companies and the government declined to comment.
With margins on many of the contracts tight, the ruling could trigger renegotiations to offset the new taxes by increasing federal payments to concession operators or by allowing them to raise their tariffs more than currently forecast.
This could pose a fresh obstacle to the federal government’s efforts to curb a mounting fiscal deficit, while also elevating the notoriously high logistical costs for companies operating in Brazil.
“Either the federal government transfers money to local governments or prices will have to change. Margins are far too tight,” said José Di Bella Filho, the head of the port terminals association.
Charging property taxes on public concessions could also threaten future auctions of public services, the association said.
This would add fresh difficulties to government efforts to join forces with the private sector to renew the nation’s ageing infrastructure, a flagship initiative of President Michel Temer, who is considering whether to seek reelection in October.
Temer’s administration undertook a string of infrastructure auctions after he took office in 2016, following the impeachment of his predecessor Dilma Rousseff, seeking to tap newfound demand for Brazilian assets.
A government source involved in concessions, who requested anonymity because of the sensitivity of the subject, said the Supreme Court decision generated legal uncertainty that could drive investors away from future auctions.
That could be a heavy blow to Brazil’s economic prospects. In a February survey, OECD singled out infrastructure investments as crucial to boosting Brazil’s economic growth.


Question: Respond briefly. Who is Sayo Akasaka?

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 Respond briefly. Who is Sayo Akasaka?

, better known as , is a Japanese entertainer and race queen who is represented by the talent agency, Platinum Production.


Question: "Hey there! I'm looking for something to help me brew beer at home. Any ideas?" Respond in 35 sentences.

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 "Hey there! I'm looking for something to help me brew beer at home. Any ideas?" Respond in 35 sentences.

Have you ever wanted to brew great beer at home? Would you rather be able to watch it being done than read a book? How to Brew with Malt Extract is an introduction to home brewing that takes you from purchasing your first equipment and ingredients to bottling and sampling your beer. Featuring two of the best known authors in the brewing community, this video is cinematically filmed with hundreds of detailed shots showing every step in the processCovers equipment needed, ingredients, brewing, fermenting, bottling and judging your beer using extract and partial mash techniques. Professionally filmed in HD with hundreds of shots showing every step in the brewing process. Also includes four bonus videos on partial mash brewing, yeast starters, water and late extract methods. Aproximately 70 minutes in all! Available digitally for online rental/viewing/download via Vimeo as well as Amazon Instant Video and also in DVD format on Amazon Prime as well as many beer supply store.
Over 10 different styles currently available, including both ale and lager styles, and more on the way! Irish Stout, ESB, Belgian Tripel, American Pale Ale, Robust Porter, Oktoberfest, American IPA, English IPA, Kolsch, and Vienna just to name a few!
Brew the best beer you’ve ever had with Palmer’s Premium Beer Kits!
Click here for a copy of the general brewing instructions.
Click here for for an example of the recipe instructions (American Pale Ale).
Craft brewing has experienced a renaissance over the last 20 years as old beer styles have been rediscovered and new styles created. Beer and brewing are just like food and cooking—to make a great dish you need to understand your ingredients and seasonings, and brewing a great beer is the same. Beer is 90% water and the quality and mineral content of the water can have a large effect on the beer's flavor.
LaMotte now offers a full line of products for the home and the professional brewer and winemaker. Since 1919 we have been helping to solve analytical challenges by providing innovative solutions through knowledgeable technical guidance, prompt service, and quality products. We are proud to extend this to the brewing and winemaking public.
Palmer Brewing Solutions Inc, helped Lamotte develop the BrewLab products in order to provide an easy-to-use, fast and reliable test kit for home and professional brewers alike. The BrewLab tests the 6 water minerals that determine your mash pH and beer flavor in less than ten minutes. The BrewLab Plus includes a high quality pH meter, and the BrewLab Pro contains a combination pH/TDS meter and a dissolved oxygen meter. Each kit includes easy-to-follow instructions and enough reagents to perform a minimum of 50 tests.
Lamotte Company – Products that help brewers measure their beer.
Click here for link to BrewLab website.
"People often ask me for advice on brewing water, and the most common question is “what’s the first thing I should do?” A great brewer, like a great chef, understands how the ingredients will affect the brewing process and its results. The first step to understanding the effect of water on brewing a great beer is to know what is in it. The Brewlab® Basic from the LaMotte Company is an economical, easy-to-use test kit to quickly measure the mineral content of water and allow the brewer to make informed decisions in the brewing process. Great beer starts with a knowledgeable brewer."
–John Palmer, author of How To Brew, Brewing Classic Styles and Water, A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers.
I am very pleased to announce the debut of Anvil Brewing Products from Blichmann Engineering! I have been working closely with Blichmann Engineering these past few years to develop a line of brewing products that combines the best of materials, features, and price point. Each of these products has been developed, tested, and reviewed to meet these ideals and bears the Palmer Brewing Solutions stamp of approval on the packaging. The current product line includes: Stainless steel brew pots, spoon and mash paddle, a large digital grain scale and smaller precision hop scale, weldless and NPT kettle thermometers, and a sturdy, high-efficiency burner with optional leg extensions. More products will be introduced in the future.


Question: What was the result of the 2006 Connecticut 4th Congressional District Election?

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 What was the result of the 2006 Connecticut 4th Congressional District Election?

The 2006 Connecticut 4th Congressional District Election was held on November 7 to elect the representative from the 4th District of Connecticut, which includes 17 towns in southwest Connecticut. Representatives are elected for two-year terms; the elected representative will serve in the 110th United States Congress from January 3, 2007 until January 3, 2009. The candidates were Christopher Shays, Republican, incumbent, member of the United States House of Representatives since 1987; Diane Farrell, Democrat, former Westport, Connecticut Selectwoman; and Phil Maymin, Libertarian, owner of a financial management firm and Justice of the Peace in Greenwich, CT. Richard Duffee, Green, ultimately withdrew his candidacy. Shays was ultimately re-elected by a margin of 6,645 votes. As of 2019, this is the most recent congressional election in Connecticut won by a Republican.


Question: Describe the circumstances under which college student Otto Warmbier was imprisoned by North Korea.

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 Describe the circumstances under which college student Otto Warmbier was imprisoned by North Korea.

The college student was imprisoned by the North Korean government for 17 months, returning to the United States on June 13, 2017, in a coma.
CINCINNATI — The Hamilton County coroner examining Otto Warmbier found he had a collection of small scars on his body, but none appear serious enough to indicate he was tortured while he was imprisoned in North Korea.
The coroner’s report, which The Cincinnati Enquirer obtained Tuesday, only deepened the mystery of what happened to the 22-year-old University of Virginia student, who died six days after he returned to Cincinnati after being imprisoned for 17 months by the North Korean government.
Warmbier was evacuated from that reclusive dictatorship — in a coma — on June 13. Warmbier's mother and sister ran off the plane when they first saw him lying on a stretcher at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Otto's father, Fred Warmbier, said in an interview on Fox and Friends on Tuesday morning.
"Otto was jerking violently, making these inhuman sounds," said Fred Warmbier.
"Otto had a shaved head. He had a feeding tube coming out of his nose. ... He was blind, he was deaf. As we looked at him and tried to comfort him, it looked like someone had taken a pair of pliers and re-arranged his bottom teeth."
Fred and Cindy Warmbier, of suburan Wyoming, Ohio, said they decided to speak out now because they feel that North Korea is being painted as a victim in global politics right now.
"North Korea is not a victim. They are terrorists," Fred Warmbier said.
Fred Warmbier said he and his wife were astounded to learn that North Korea is not listed as a state sponsor of terror.
"We owe it to the world to list North Korea as a state sponsor of terror."
"They destroyed him," said Cindy Warmbier.
"The fact that Otto was alone all that time was inexcusable."
Otto Warmbier went to North Korea with Young Pioneer Tours, a China-based tour company. He was arrested Jan. 2, 2016, in Pyongyang, the nation’s capital.
After Warmbier returned to Cincinnati, doctors said he did not have any broken bones or marks on his body other than those which indicated medical treatment.
The doctors also said they found no indication of botulism — the explanation North Korean officials gave as leading to the coma — although it is likely the toxin would no longer be in the body after more than a year.
President Trump said Otto Warmbier was "tortured beyond belief," in a tweet after the Fox interview aired.
Deputy county coroner Dr. Gretel Stephens, with oversight by the elected coroner, Dr. Lakshmi Sammarco, conducted the examination and wrote the report. The cause of death, the report noted, was brain damage from a lack of oxygen “due to an unknown insult more than a year prior to death" — insult, in this case, meaning an injury. The coroner limited the investigation to examining Warmbier’s body because his parents declined an autopsy.
The coroner’s report of the young man’s “well-developed, well-nourished” body lists at least small 10 scars. At least half of them were pale, indicating they were older. Newer scars with bruising, such as one on his right side of his neck, could have come from medical treatment, such as for an intravenous line. Another at the top of Warmbier’s sternum is “consistent with a tracheostomy scar,” made to insert a breathing tube, although when that could have happened is not clear in the report.
The Enquirer left a message with Fred Warmbier Tuesday in an effort to reconcile the parents' comments with the coroner's report.
Dr. Brian Peterson, coroner of Milwaukee County, Wis., is president of the National Association of Medical Examiners. He reviewed the Warmbier report at The Enquirer’s request to clarify terminology, and he stressed he was not speaking directly about the case.
Some of the older scars look like something an athletic boy might acquire as part of growing up, he said.
“Hypothetically, could these things happen if you’re in a rough prison in North Korea? That might explain some of these things, but there’s nothing specific to show that,” he said.
The Warmbiers’ television appearances — they later appeared on CNN as well — and the president’s Twitter comment occurred at a tense geopolitical moment.
The rhetoric exchanged by Trump and Kim Jong Un are the most bellicose ever between leaders of the two countries. Trump this month dismissed Kim as “rocket man" and threatened to destroy North Korea. Kim responded by calling Trump a "dotard" and compared him to a frightened dog. On Friday, Trump called Kim a "madman."


Question: Who was Cecilie Jørgensen?

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 Who was Cecilie Jørgensen?

Cecilie Jørgensen (1814 - 1890) was a Norwegian (originally Danish) stage actress and opera singer. She was active at the Christiania Theatre in Oslo in 1835-63. She was married to the actor and opera singer Christian Jørgensen.


Question: Have you seen Elektra?

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 Have you seen Elektra?

On the heels of Free Comic Book Day and the release of the new Avengers movie, here's a comic movie most people barely remember: Elektra! When fearless assassin Elektra (Jennifer Garner) is tasked with assassinating a hunky father and his middle-school-aged daughter, will she be able to carry out the assignment, or will she wuss out? And what will she do when the Hand calls in a hit squad led by Kirigi (Torque's Will Yun Lee) to finish off the father/daughter? Probably engage them in karate fights!
The movie has a lot in common with the Netflix Daredevil show, which we both recommend. Like the show, it's full of karate fights in the dark and ninjas. And Stick shows up.
Only Elektra, Stick, and Kirigi are recognizable from their comics counterpart; an assassin named Typhoid the same first name as Daredevil love interest/villain Typhoid Mary, but is completely different in looks, powers, and personality. Wikipedia also thinks "Tattoo" is a reference to a Grant Morrison character created in 2001, but it is wrong.
After getting zero writing credit for 2003's Daredevil, Frank Miller was given a "based on the characters by" writing credit. When you take into account his influence on films like Daredevil and Batman Begins, it becomes apparent he's had more comics he created turned into film than anyone not named Jack Kirby.


Question: What is the Amiga A570?

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 What is the Amiga A570?

The Amiga A570 is a single-speed external CD-ROM drive for the Amiga 500 computer launched by Commodore in 1992. It was designed to be compatible with Commodore CDTV software as well as being able to read ordinary ISO 9660 CD-ROM discs.


Question: Describe the growth in the luxury-vehicle market in India over the past year and a half.

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 Describe the growth in the luxury-vehicle market in India over the past year and a half.

The growth in luxury-vehicle sales for the past year and half has been in tandem with or faster than the overall passenger vehicle market, with new product launches.
Four of the top five luxury-car manufacturers posted double-digit growth since January.
After posting record sales in 2017, India’s luxury-car market is on course to hit anew peak this year. Sales have topped 20,000 units in the first half of the year, expanding in double digits every month through June with an average growth rate of 12-13%. Total sales for 2017 were about 39,000 units, a 17% increase over the year before.
The growth in luxury-vehicle sales for the past year and half has been in tandem with or faster than the overall passenger vehicle market, with new product launches, expanding dealer networks and 13% growing prosperity among buyers whose profile now includes an increasing number of women driving demand.
Four of the top five luxury-car manufacturers posted double-digit growth since January. Sales at Mercedes-Benz and BMW rose 12% and 13%, respectively, while Jaguar Land Rover posted growth of 66% and Volvo, 33%. For all the four carmakers, sales from January to June 2018 were the highest ever for a six-month period in India.
Most of the numbers announced are retail, clearly reflecting the demand environment — automakers in India usually report only dispatches to dealerships, which may not show the actual sales to consumers. This growth in 2018 is despite an import duty bump in this year’s budget, which saw car prices being impacted. The growth could have been faster if not for a decline in sales at Audi India, which is undergoing a product life-cycle change.
The luxury-car market over the last three years has been disrupted by a series of legal, regulatory and taxation challenges. If 2015-2016 saw a ban on large diesel-run cars in the National Capital Region, it was the impact of demonetisation and GST in 2017. The industry had to encounter a duty spike again in this financial year’s budget. But, industry players say the prevailing demand environment was largely driven by fundamentals and that growth would only accelerate in the second half.
Vikram Pawah, president of BMW Group India, said his company’s strategy of introducing new and innovative product segments in the Indian market has started showing results. “The BMW 6 Series Gran Turismo and the BMW X3 have exceeded our expectations and we see remarkable sales contributions coming from both in the future. Also, introduction of Euro 6 petrol engines in our product portfolio has played an important role in our strategy,” added Pawah.
New model excitement is likely to intensify in the coming months as the nation moves into the festival season. Automakers had planned more than 40 launches during the year. While some of these have already been introduced, at least a couple of dozen new launches are expected in the rest of the year. Launch of new entry-level cars and SUVs, attractive finance packages and opening up of small cities and towns have offered more people access to taste luxury in India.“We have seen Tier 1and 2 cities with high sales potential emerging as key hubs of future growth. This is an encouraging trend highlighting the market potential of smaller towns in mid to long term and we will continue our expansion drive there,” Folger said.


Question: Hey, how's it going? Respond in 0 sentences.

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Question: What is AIF?

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 What is AIF?

The Argument Interchange Format (AIF) is an international effort to develop a representational mechanism for exchanging argument resources between research groups, tools, and domains using a semantically rich language. AIF traces its history back to a 2005 colloquium in Budapest. The result of the work in Budapest was first published as a draft description in 2006.


Question: What happened in Attica, New York?

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 What happened in Attica, New York?

A freight train has derailed near the town of Attica, New York. Pictures from the scene show plumes of smoke billowing up from the crash.
Emergency crews have been dispatched to the scene, where multiple cars went off the tracks and at least one caught fire. At least two minor injuries have been reported.
A HAZMAT team was called to the scene, according to local media reports citing first responders. Citing officials from Norfolk Southern, the railroad company that owns the train, other reports said the crash involved a car carrier with no hazardous material on board.
The fiery wreckage is near the Attica Central School campus.


Question: Provide information about Holdre. Respond in 1 sentences.

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 Provide information about Holdre. Respond in 1 sentences.

Holdre a village in Tõrva Parish, Valga County (previously in Viljandi County) in Estonia.


Question: What do you think about the Fox Business report on Denmark?

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 What do you think about the Fox Business report on Denmark?

In a clip that has been widely shared on social media, a host on US television station Fox Business Network has claimed Danes are work-shy and slow at finishing their education, and likened the Scandinavian country to crisis-hit Venezuela.
“It's a really horrible scene. No food, no healthcare, no jobs. Lots of violence, lots of looting, lots of corruption. This is what socialism looks like in Venezuela, and you know what, it's getting worse,” the presenter says at the beginning of the monologue.
That is a misquote of Shakespeare, but it is far from the only misleading element of Regan's report.
“Denmark's freebies are anything but free,” the cable news host says before claiming the Scandinavian country's “top federal tax rate [sic.]” is 56 percent.
“In other words, everyone in Denmark is working for the government!” Regan then asserts.
While taxes in the Scandinavian country were last year reported to be the highest of any developed country by the OECD's economic thinktank, they are not as high as reported by Fox Business.
Top earners - those with an annual income of over 542,283 kroner - pay an increased tax rate known as topskat on earnings over this amount, which can take taxation over 50 percent on top-end earnings (but is still not the overall income tax rate).
The average total income tax is around 34 percent of earnings, according to Danish Ministry of Tax figures from 2016.
Danish Minister of Finance Kristian Jensen offered his response to Regan's claims via Twitter on Monday.
“So Danes don't wants [sic.] to work? 11 places better than US in OECD statistics! We are working much more than Americans and at the same time ranking as the world's best in Work-Life-Balance. You should come to Denmark if you dare be confronted with facts,” Jensen tweeted at the Fox host.
Regan also declares in her Venezuela comparison that only three of Denmark's 98 municipalities had employment levels over 50 percent in 2013.
“And no-one wants to work,” she says without offering any evidence to support that claim.
Next in Regan's sights is Denmark's state student grant, Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU), which partially covers living costs for people in full-time higher education.
“School's free. University's free, that's lovely. They have a programme there, it's supposed to take you five years. But you see, not only is school free, they actually pay you, basically 990 dollars a month to go to school – not bad, eh? Well, you know what happens then? Nobody graduates from school, they just stay in school, longer and longer and longer,” the host says to camera.
A March 2017 analysis by Statistics Denmark shows a significant fall in the average length of time spent in higher education by Danes in recent years. The average time to complete a Master's degree programme in Denmark fell by three months between 2012 and 2016, while Bachelor's degree programmes fell slightly to an average duration of just over 36 months – or three years – from start to finish.
That reflects policies by both the current centre-right government and its Social Democrat-led predecessor to significantly reduce the amount of time young people spend in higher education, in part by introducing stricter rules on SU.
According to a March 2018 government report, 2015 figures show just under 90 percent of eligible people holding Master's degrees were in employment by their second year following graduation, while Denmark has the eighth-highest employment rate of all OECD member countries for people aged 25-64 with Master's degrees.
Since 1985, employment levels of people with Master's degrees have been equal or higher to the overall national employment levels, according to the same report.
“Denmark, like Venezuela, has stripped people of their opportunities,” the Fox Business host concludes.
Factual inaccuracies aside, the aim of Regan's monologue seems to be to prove that the social welfare model on which Denmark is governed makes it a ‘socialist' country with a system comparable to Venezuela, rather than the market economy it is in reality.
That misunderstanding has long since been addressed – and dismissed – by Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen.


Question: Tell me about Larry Williams and UnionBase.

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 Tell me about Larry Williams and UnionBase.

Frustrated at labor’s longtime slump, Larry Williams Jr. created UnionBase, which he’s positioning as both a social network for union members and an organizing vehicle for unions.
Organized labor may be in a decades-long slump, but at least among the commentariat it appears to be making a comeback.
Larry Williams Jr.–at age 29, a millennial through and through–is doing his best to fill the bill. His means is a digital platform called UnionBase, which he’s positioning as both a social network for union members and an organizing vehicle for unions.
Already, other platforms–like those developed by OUR Walmart and Coworker.org–are giving employees a way to join together online and push back en masse against particular actions at a company. But Williams’s vision is much bigger: He wants not only to amplify workers’ collective voice but to actually facilitate collective bargaining on a grand scale.
As powerful as the internet can be, fulfilling that vision won’t be easy. Consider, for instance, the inability of the United Auto Workers to organize a Nissan plant in Canton, Miss. Last month’s vote, seen as a bellwether, wasn’t even close: Workers voted 2,244 to 1,307 against unionization.
Across the country, organized labor has been on a long and steady decline. While more than 35% of the private-sector workforce carried a union card in the early to mid-1950s, only about 6% does today. Right-to-work laws have proliferated around the country.
For all of his passion, Williams didn’t set out to be a labor activist. As a student at the University of the District of Columbia, he held several jobs to get by–working the front desk at an apartment complex, at a Gold’s Gym, and as a reading tutor. He was interested in civil rights, but wasn’t exactly sure what kind of career to focus on. “I didn’t really have a plan,” he says.
Then in 2008, while still in school, Williams took a temp position at the Teamsters union, doing data entry. Immediately, he was swept away by the organization’s mission. “I was enthralled,” he recalls.
Williams, who was eventually brought on full-time at the Teamsters, began to read voraciously about labor history–about the battles that workers had waged over many decades to secure higher pay, good benefits, and better conditions. He also learned how the “spillover effect” from labor’s gains helped to lift up employees across the whole economy.
At the same time, he noticed something else: When it came to technology, most unions were still living in the Dark Ages. At the Teamsters, Williams says, he found himself looking up colleagues’ phone numbers in old-fashioned directories. “We had paper stacked up to the ceiling,” he adds.
So Williams decided to do something about it. He learned to code. And he began putting together a simple, searchable website that listed contacts for unions around the nation. UnionBase was born.
Over the years, with Williams spending about $25,000 out of his own pocket, UnionBase has been enhanced with educational material on labor and other features. About 10,000 people have visited the site since 2015, he says.
The latest iteration–to be unveiled on Labor Day–marks a major step forward. It provides portals for union members to engage with each other and for their unions to engage with them publicly and privately. Williams likes to think of it as an early-stage Facebook for the labor movement.
This is particularly valuable because unionized businesses have been known to make it difficult for the rank-and-file to communicate by staggering their breaks and using surveillance. “What I like about UnionBase is that it’s a space to ensure that information can be shared even when employers restrict social interaction,” says Ben Speight, a Teamsters organizer in Atlanta.
But Williams, who is also president of the Progressive Workers’ Union, representing Sierra Club employees nationally, intends to go even further. His long-term aim is for those who’d like to be unionized at most any employer anywhere in America to sign on to UnionBase and reach out to organizers at one of 30,000 locals who, in turn, can assist them in successfully petitioning for a representation election at their workplace–and ultimately winning.
For unions, this could prove to be an extremely cost-effective way to plug into groups of employees eager to organize. For workers, it offers a chance to jump-start the unionization process.
Can “Bureaucratic And Clunky” Unions Adapt?
Even with all of this promise, UnionBase faces significant hurdles.
For one thing, much of American business is fiercely resistant to being organized. Studies show that many employers will do whatever it takes—legal or illegal—to keep unions at bay.
Another obstacle may be organized labor itself, which is largely ill-equipped to take advantage of UnionBase. Many unions aren’t very good at messaging–and having a smart website won’t necessarily remedy that.
And then there’s a more fundamental–almost existential–issue. To some, attempting to revive the old union framework with new technology is the wrong prescription for restoring workers’ broad economic power.
Says David Rolf, president of Service Employees International Union Local 775 in Seattle: “It won’t be the legacy collective bargaining organizations of which I’m part” that will be “disruptive enough” to force corporations to give workers a larger slice of profits–and, by extension, give shareholders and top executives a smaller amount.
Rolf, widely seen as one of the most far-thinking leaders in labor, is instead advocating other models, including giving employees a greater say in how a company is managed through “co-determination”; advancing worker ownership; and establishing an “ethical workplace certification” program to point consumers to those businesses that treat their people well.
Yet Williams makes no apologies for UnionBase. “I’m all about fighting,” he says. “There’s a huge opportunity here”–even if it’s built on a system that reached its heyday more than three decades before Williams was born.


Question: What happened to the USS Abner Read WWII destroyer?

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 What happened to the USS Abner Read WWII destroyer?

UPDATED: August 16, 2018. Correction made: The release incorrectly stated in the third paragraph that Kiska was one of only two U.S. territories to be occupied by foreign forces in the last 200 years. This is inaccurate. Kiska, Attu and the Pacific territories of Guam and Wake Island were occupied by foreign forces during World War II. We regret the error.
Discovery of the USS Abner Read World War II destroyer stern off Kiska, Alaska. On July 17, a NOAA-funded team of Project Recover scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego and the University of Delaware discovered the missing 75- foot stern section of the destroyer USS Abner Read in 290 feet of water off of Kiska, Alaska. The stern sank Aug. 18, 1943 at the height of World War II after being blown off by a Japanese mine (University of Delaware).
On July 17, a NOAA-funded team of scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego and the University of Delaware discovered the missing 75- foot stern section in 290 feet of water off of Kiska, one of the few United States territories to be occupied by foreign forces in the last 200 years.
Abner Read was on patrol at about 1:50 a.m. Alaska time when the massive explosion – presumed to be from a Japanese mine – ripped the destroyer apart. Somehow the crew kept the main part of Abner Read’s hull watertight, and two nearby Navy ships towed it back to port. “This was catastrophic damage that by all rights should have sunk the entire ship,” said Sam Cox, curator of the Navy and director of the Naval History and Heritage Command.


Question: Explain where Windows 10 Mobile is going and the expected timeline of updates.

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 Explain where Windows 10 Mobile is going and the expected timeline of updates.

I did promise (several times) that I was working on a chart explaining where Windows 10 Mobile was going - and here it is. In short, future development of the current branch for mobile will probably end this Autumn, but that shouldn't detract from the continuity of updates to anyone running the OS, in terms of security fixes and applications, even into 2018 and beyond.
You may get a sense from the chart below how complex a sequence I was trying to represent - the architecture of Windows 10 Mobile versus Desktop and how it would change going forwards, i.e. with time running from left to right.
There's some guesswork, of course, though it's quite an educated guess. It's also realistic, this is no fan boy wish - and nowhere on the chart have I mentioned 'Surface Phone', though I couldn't resist emboldened and emphasising the word 'Mobile' on the right, since Microsoft will, at some point, produce more first party hardware that plays in the phone (or at least phablet) space - we just don't know what this will look like yet (this is my hope, though I'm not holding my breath).
Over time then, the amount that's shared between Windows 10 Mobile and the latest 'Desktop' branch does reduce. We've already seen 'OneCore' get splintered because of all the rework needed to compile it for 2017 ARM chipsets - ironic considering that OneCore already runs on ARM on the phone, but here we're talking about underpinning a much larger set of functionality in terms of UI options and hardware for Windows 10 on 'Desktop'.
In any case, I suspect the decision was taken not to even try implementing it all for Windows 10 Mobile too (just) for completeness sake, because the latter OS wouldn't be able to take best advantage of most of the UI modules and ideas (Ink, 3D, Story Remix, Mixed Reality), not to mention the Gigabytes of code needed to support varied PC hardware. Thus 'feature 2' - OneCore for W10M was left essentially as it was for Redstone 2, with just the 'bits' that it needed implemented.
Then, probably around this Autumn, I fully expect the Universal App Platform middleware to leave Windows 10 Mobile behind, since by that time Microsoft's last first party phones will be two years old and expectations of new core features be very low. So devices like the Lumia 950 XL and Elite x3, at the top of the Windows 10 Mobile tree, will be left on whatever official release 'feature 2' evolves to (which may well be named 'Fall Creators Update' too, for simplicity's sake). So, for 2018, there will be no more Edge or Cortana updates, for example, for the current hardware, whatever Insider ring or state they happen to be on.
However, all of this misses that 99% of your experience on Windows 10 Mobile will carry on, unchanged. In fact, it'll still get better, even into 2018, with core Microsoft (and third party) UWP apps continuing to be updated at an impressive rate in the Store. Then there will be monthly ('Patch Tuesday') branch updates, bringing bug fixes and security updates, and these will continue for the life of each branch. So as long as you've got your smartphone onto the Creators Update (e.g. via the Release Preview Insiders ring) then you're essentially good until 2020 or so. You'll be protected against exploits and your UWP apps will carry on getting better and better.
We've been seeing 'Windows Phone is dead' headlines in the tech world since 2013, four years ago, and, while the headlines may be technically right at long last (in that active development of the last Windows 10 Mobile branch will cease), anyone happily using (say) a Lumia 930 or HP Elite x3 will still be seeing daily app updates and monthly security patches for a long time to come. Maybe 'Plateaued' is a better term than 'dead' in this context?
PS. And yes, of course I'd like new shiny pocketable toys running some variety of Windows 10 - as much as the next enthusiast - but the analysis above is what I expect will happen, not what I hope to happen.


Question: What caused the tilt on Mars? Respond in 32 sentences.

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 What caused the tilt on Mars? Respond in 32 sentences.

The surface of the planet Mars tilted by 20 to 25 degrees 3 to 3.5 billion years ago.
This was caused by a massive volcanic structure, the Tharsis volcanic dome (1), which is the largest in the Solar System. Because of its extraordinary mass, it caused the outer layers of Mars (its crust and mantle) to rotate around its core. The discovery of this huge shift changes our vision of Mars during the first billion years of its history, at a time when life may have emerged. It also provides a solution to three puzzles: we now know why rivers formed where they are observed today; why underground reservoirs of water ice, until now considered anomalous, are located far from the poles of Mars; and why the Tharsis dome is today situated on the equator.
These findings are published on 2 March 2016 in the journal Nature by a mainly French team including researchers from Gosciences Paris Sud (CNRS/Universit Paris-Sud), Gosciences Environnement Toulouse (CNRS/Universit Toulouse III Paul Sabatier/IRD) and the Laboratoire de Mtorologie Dynamique (CNRS/cole polytechnique/UPMC/ENS), together with a researcher from the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (University of Arizona, US).
Mars hasn't always looked like it does today. Some 3 to 3.5 billion years ago, the planet underwent a huge tilt, which has now been identified thanks to the combined work of geomorphologists, geophysicists and climatologists. It wasn't the rotation axis of Mars that shifted (a process known as variation of obliquity) but rather the outer layers (mantle and crust) that rotated with respect to the inner core, rather like turning the flesh of an apricot around its stone. This phenomenon had been predicted theoretically(2) but never demonstrated.
The tilt was caused by the gigantic Tharsis volcanic dome, which first started to form over 3.7 billion years ago at a latitude of around 20N. Volcanic activity continued for several hundred million years, forming a plateau exceeding 5,000 km in diameter, with a thickness of about 12 km and a mass of a billion billion tons (1/70th the mass of the Moon). This mass was so huge that it caused Mars' crust and mantle to swivel around. As a result, the Tharsis dome shifted to the equator, corresponding to its new equilibrium position.
So before this tilt, the poles of Mars were not in the same place as they are today. In 2010, Isamu Matsuyama (University of Arizona) had already used a geophysical model to show that, if the Tharsis dome is removed from Mars, the planet takes on a different orientation with respect to its axis. In this new study, geomorphologists Sylvain Bouley (Universit Paris-Sud) and David Baratoux (Universit Toulouse III Paul Sabatier) show for the first time that the rivers were originally distributed along a south tropical band on a planet Mars that rotated around poles shifted by about 20 degrees with respect to their current positions. These poles are consistent with those calculated independently by Matsuyama. This remarkable correlation is supported by observations by other scientific teams who had already observed traces of glacier melting and retreat, as well as evidence of subsurface ice, in the former polar regions.
Such a shift would have had a significant impact on the appearance of the planet, whose topography in this early configuration was recalculated by Matsuyama with the aim of examining the effects of the relief on primitive Mars. This study radically changes the generally accepted scenario, according to which the Tharsis dome was thought to have mainly formed before 3.7 billion years ago and to have existed before the rivers, since it controlled their flow direction. On the basis of the calculated topography, Bouley, Antoine Sjourn (Universit Paris-Sud) and Franois Costard (CNRS) have shown that despite the different relief, with or without Tharsis, in both cases most rivers would have flowed from the cratered highlands of the southern hemisphere to the low plains of the northern hemisphere. This observation shows that the rivers could have been entirely contemporaneous with the formation of the Tharsis dome.
The topography of Mars before the tilt can also be used to study the early climate of the planet. Using climate models at the Laboratoire de Mtorologie Dynamique, Franois Forget (CNRS) and Martin Turbet (UPMC) show that, with a cold climate and an atmosphere denser than it is today, ice accumulated at around latitude 25S, in regions corresponding to the sources of now dry river beds.
This study radically changes our perception of the surface of Mars as it was 4 billion years ago, and also significantly alters the chronology of events. According to this new scenario, the period of liquid water stability that allowed the formation of river valleys is contemporaneous with, and most likely a result of, the volcanic activity of the Tharsis dome. The great tilt triggered by Tharsis happened after fluvial activity ended (3.5 billion years ago), giving Mars the appearance it has today. From now on, this new geography will have to be taken into account when studying early Mars to look for traces of life or for an ocean, for instance.
(1) In which is located Olympus Mons, the highest mountain in the Solar System (over 21 km high).
(2) Such a phenomenon may have happened on other planets, including the Earth. However, on Earth, plate tectonics would have wiped out any possible traces.