Question: How does the Hubble telescope, moving 8 km/s around the Earth, take clear and well exposed pictures of interstellar formations light years away?

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 How does the Hubble telescope, moving 8 km/s around the Earth, take clear and well exposed pictures of interstellar formations light years away?

When you're driving down the highway, the bushes right on the side of the highway appear to be zooming by at incredible speed, while the mountains in the distance dont seem to be moving at all. This is an effect called parallax. Now imagine how incredibly little the interstellar formations would seem to be moving when they are many orders of magnitude further away. All the telescope needs to do it slightly adjust its angle to stay pointed at the right spot.


Question: How does the moon produce waves?

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 How does the moon produce waves?

I assume by waves you mean tidal waves, aka tides One of the universal forces in nature is the force of gravity. That is, objects with mass attract each other. This attraction is higher for objects with more mass, and lower for less. Simultaneous, this attraction is higher when the objects are closer to each other, but lower when they are far The moon has quite a lot of mass, not as much as earth, but the moon is the largest mass orbiting the earth. So the moon exerts a gravitational attraction, or pull, on the side of the earth facing the moon. This pull stretches the earth a bit, but the largest stretch we see is in fluids, so water in the oceans. This creates a tide facing the moon. But remember, the gravitational attraction is lower the farther you go. So the ocean/water on the far side of the earth, the side facing away from the moon, feels the least attraction from the moon towards the earth. So the stretch is highest near the moon, medium in the middle, and lowest on the other side of the earth, creating an oblong shape with two tides on the opposite sides of the earth (with the earth itself in the middle) There's also quite a bit more to it, but that'll require too much text, so I've linked a nice YouTube video explaining it here, URL_0


Question: Why does the freeway/highway clog when there’s a high volume of traffic? What slows it down?

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 Why does the freeway/highway clog when there’s a high volume of traffic? What slows it down?

I am going to steal the explanation for this one. They are called "Phantom Jams" as opposed to traffic jams caused by accidents. > A phantom jam begins when a car in dense traffic slows down even slightly, which causes the car behind that vehicle to slow even more — and the slowing action spreads backward through the lane of traffic like a wave, getting worse the farther it spreads. > Eventually, the cars far behind are forced to stop completely or risk hitting the slower vehicles ahead —and so the traffic grinds to a halt over nothing.


Question: Why do stores such as Costco have giant fans at the entrance doors?

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 Why do stores such as Costco have giant fans at the entrance doors?

It's called an [air curtain]( URL_0 ) > Air Curtains 101: An air curtain, also known as an air door, employs a controlled stream of air aimed across an opening to create an air seal. This seal separates different environments while allowing a smooth, unhindered flow of traffic and unobstructed vision through the opening. Because air curtains help to contain heated or conditioned air, they provide sizable energy savings and personal comfort when applied in industrial or commercial settings. Air curtains also help to stop the infiltration of flying insects. TLDR: It creates a barrier keeping the inside air inside and the outside air outside.


Question: Why did the sky turn purple in Japan before Typhoon Hagibis made landfall?

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 Why did the sky turn purple in Japan before Typhoon Hagibis made landfall?

It's called scattering. The amount of moisture content and particulates in the air change what light wavelenghths are refracted (which changes what colors we see). It happens at sunset, though it's usually only the longer wavelenghths which are reds and yellows. The high moisture content and clouds that come with storms help to refract the shortest wavelengths (violets) which can result in a purple sky.


Question: Why do scabs form on light scratches when the scratch did not cause any bleeding?

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 Why do scabs form on light scratches when the scratch did not cause any bleeding?

So scabs do form from stuff in blood, but you don’t necessarily need frank bleeding to have your body start making a scab. The stuff in blood that makes the scab are called clotting factors. Anytime that there is insult/injury/disruption of you skins surface, the clotting factors will start to attach to the area that was injured. This takes a little bit of time for the clotting factors to build up into the form of a scab. However, some scratches are enough to cause damage but don’t cause enough damage to really disrupt the vasculature. So although you damage an area of skin, if it isn’t a considerably sized scrape it likely won’t bleed outright.


Question: If warm air expands, then why does cool air expand in adiabatic cooling?

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 If warm air expands, then why does cool air expand in adiabatic cooling?

You have it backward. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air is forced to expand, like when it is pushed to a higher elevation by rising land. The air becomes cool due to the expansion, it doesn't expand because it is cool. Adiabatic simply means the temperature change is occurring without heat or mass transfer.


Question: What does it mean when some countries “sell” energy to each other? Do they just link up their power grids and send some extra power to the buyer?

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 What does it mean when some countries “sell” energy to each other? Do they just link up their power grids and send some extra power to the buyer?

Yes, this is exactly what it means. Countries in Europe like states in the US have specific connection points where they can share/sell electricity. The price you pay for electricity is usually an average but the generators and distributors and sometimes even large buyers are always negotiating the price. If electricity is too cheap in your area you are willing to sell your electricity for less than the sellers in another more expensive country, then you can sell your electricity to those other countries.


Question: What would happen if the Earth was sawed in two. Beyond the social hysteria, would the halves remain together? Would the liquid metal core leak out?

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 What would happen if the Earth was sawed in two. Beyond the social hysteria, would the halves remain together? Would the liquid metal core leak out?

Assuming the Earth is instantaneously bisected with the separation maybe an inch wide. Huge global earthquakes as the two halves slam back together, triggering tsunami's basically everywhere. Along the bisection line volcanoes would likely form in the now broken crust. These as well as existing volcanoes erupt, throwing vast amounts of dust and gas into the atmosphere, effectively blotting out the sun and triggering the greenhouse effect. It would easily be the greatest "natural" disaster since the dinosaurs. Whether humans survive is uncertain, but in the larger scheme of things the planet is fine. Underneath the crust the Earth is basically liquid so that will mesh back together fine. Over the extremely long term the new fault line created by the separation would influence plate tectonics, how exactly that plays out would depend where the Earth got bisected.


Question: How different are most toothpastes?

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 How different are most toothpastes?

Plain old toothpaste is basically water, xanthan gum, chalk, fluoride, fluorescent dye, detergent, and flavoring. * Chalk is the active ingredient, it polishes your teeth. * Water and xanthan gum make it a paste for easy use. * Detergent makes it foam up, which doesn't do anything useful but makes it feel like the toothpaste is doing stuff. * Fluoride replaces some of the calcium in your teeth; the new fluoridated mineral is not as strong, but more resistant to acid (Hydroxyapatite - > Fluoroapatite). With modern diets that don't involve cracking bones with your teeth but do involve a lot of sugar and soda, that's a good tradeoff. * Fluorescent dye makes your teeth look whiter, by absorbing (invisible) ultraviolet light and re-emitting it as blue light. * Flavoring makes the toothpaste taste better. Usually this also includes an artificial sweetener. Whitening toothpastes include bleaching agents; toothpaste for sensitive teeth contains saltpeter to desensitize nerves and stannous chloride to block up tiny holes that can develop in teeth if you lose the top layer; fluoride toothpaste contains extra fluoride.


Question: How do scientists figure out exactly how many neutrons/protons/electrons an atom have?

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 How do scientists figure out exactly how many neutrons/protons/electrons an atom have?

There are a number of ways. One is to react a mass of the element with a known reactant, and measure how much of the reactant was needed to react with the substance you are analysing. This allows you to calculate how many moles of the reactant were used, telling you how many moles there were in the substance. Dividing the measured mass by the number of moles gives you the molecular mass of the substance, which is the combined number of protons and neutrons. I’ll let someone else have a go at explaining other methods.


Question: What is the biological function of blushing?

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 What is the biological function of blushing?

You have blood vessels in your face and when you are in a situation where your fight or flight response is triggered your body will have more blood and adrenaline going through your face as that's the fastest way to the brain. This is the reason you blush when nervous(can also happen when scared).


Question: Why can you wake up, and immediate become allergic to something in your environment, but not have it affect you while you're asleep?

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 Why can you wake up, and immediate become allergic to something in your environment, but not have it affect you while you're asleep?

The sense of smell is [highly dulled]( URL_0 .) during sleep. It's one of the last senses to fully return when you awaken. We also take fewer and shallower breaths when we sleep, and consume less oxygen. My resting heart rate while sitting is about 58 BPM on most days. While sleeping, it's usually 42-43 BPM. I cannot confirm if these are directly related to the histamine allergic response in the nasal passages. Just an idea.


Question: Do our internal organs feel the heat or cold when taking a hot or cold shower?

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 Do our internal organs feel the heat or cold when taking a hot or cold shower?

Because of our blood, which circulates through the body and helps keep the body at an even internal body temperature, this isnt really a question of one specific organ changing or being affected, but really the body as a whole. And yes, hot/cold water can influence your internal body temperature. this is why you can start getting hypothermic swimming in a cold pool/lake, and why you can start sweating while sitting in a hot tub. The same things can happen in the shower.


Question: What causes the drain to make the SKRLBLBLBLB noise when you put the plug in as the water is flowing out?

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 What causes the drain to make the SKRLBLBLBLB noise when you put the plug in as the water is flowing out?

At some point of pressure, the water will cause the rubber to vibrate, or perhaps vice versa. Either way, this minuscule vibration will cause depressions into the air known as sound. After shortthought, it's most likely the water making the noise, as the sound is usually always the same no matter what the drain material consists of.


Question: Why do we need to distinguish between rational and irrational numbers? What's the importance of knowing where they fall between the two?

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 Why do we need to distinguish between rational and irrational numbers? What's the importance of knowing where they fall between the two?

Because, you can develop a definite value for a rational number, it is exact. Irrational numbers are approximations of the value, the more precise you get with it the closer you are to the true value, but you will never quite reach it. You can take pi to 25 quintillion decimal places, but you still won't have its exact value.


Question: Why are the compositions of Beethoven and Bach so highly regarded, but the work of modern composers like Johann Johannson, Ludwig Goransson, among many others, not as much in terms of being known the world over for their music and skill?

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 Why are the compositions of Beethoven and Bach so highly regarded, but the work of modern composers like Johann Johannson, Ludwig Goransson, among many others, not as much in terms of being known the world over for their music and skill?

The music of the most accomplished 18th century (to early 19th century in Beethoven's case) composers have stood the test of time and are still highly regarded 200+ years later. If in 200+ years, if people are still listening to Johannson or Goransson (or The Beatles or Beyoncé or whatever), then they'll get lumped in with historical greats like Bach or Beethoven. Remember there were a LOT of composers from Bach and Beethoven's time that are totally forgotten because their music didn't stand the test of time. Also, music evolves. Orchestral music isn't popular as it was 200-250 years ago. Heck, it's not even as popular as it was 75 years ago. Most people only hear it as background music in films (which is where Johannson and Goransson have done most of their work), and don't listen to it *by itself* for pleasure. So it's less likely to get recognition outside of a small market. Frankly, Goransson is more likely to go down in history for producing Childish Gambino's "This is America" and other songs, than as an orchestral composer.


Question: how do electric vehicles harness braking energy to charge batteries?

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 how do electric vehicles harness braking energy to charge batteries?

Electric motors. work the same as generators - and essentially they are the same thing. Think "direction of power flow" They can take electrical energy and convert to mechanical energy (the RATE or how fast they can do this is their power) and visa-versa. So when using Regenerative Braking, they use the motors as generators and convert the kinetic energy of the moving vehicle back into electricity...which then is actually converted to chemical (electro chemical) potential energy by charging the battery. E1- > A.D.D. sentence corrected


Question: Cones mediate color vision and rods don't. Why is it that the ratio of rods to cones in our retina is around 20:1 despite humans being more active during the day? Why are the cells that contribute to better color, contrast, and spacial awareness less prevalent than those that don't?

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 Cones mediate color vision and rods don't. Why is it that the ratio of rods to cones in our retina is around 20:1 despite humans being more active during the day? Why are the cells that contribute to better color, contrast, and spacial awareness less prevalent than those that don't?

Your thinking about it wrong. Evolution doesn’t work toward any kind of goal. It does not care about optimization. It’s a random series of changes that may or may not help things reproduce. If something works well enough, as in it doesn’t impede an organism’s ability to reproduce, there is no pressure to change it.


Question: When driving into a tunnel, why does it take quite a distance in for you to loose radio signal but you don't get it back till right at the exit, not a similar distance to the exit as you lost it from the entrance?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 When driving into a tunnel, why does it take quite a distance in for you to loose radio signal but you don't get it back till right at the exit, not a similar distance to the exit as you lost it from the entrance?

It mostly has to do with the way radio receivers work. It uses something called a *phase-locked loop*. Basically, once your car has found the signal it "locks" to it which makes the signal clearer even though you might get a few disruptions here and there. This is why you are able to keep hearing the station even after you are in the tunnel a bit. The signal is very weak but your car knows what to do to boost it. But after you completely lose the signal you are going to need a good strong signal to re-lock to the station.


Question: what's happening when you're driving down the road with your back window(s) rolled down but not your front, and you hear/feel that weird vibrating warbling noise in your ears?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 what's happening when you're driving down the road with your back window(s) rolled down but not your front, and you hear/feel that weird vibrating warbling noise in your ears?

Imagine you are blowing across the neck of a coke bottle. It makes a whistling noise. The bigger the bottle the lower the note of the whistling. Imagine a much much larger bottle and a much stronger blowing. Same thing happens except the whistling is at a really really low note. That's what happens when you open a single window of your car on a motorway.


Question: Why does it take 1+ hours to charge something when electricity is almost instant?

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 Why does it take 1+ hours to charge something when electricity is almost instant?

If you open your bathroom tap, water comes out immediately, because there was water in the pipes, and that water is under some pressure so it wants to come out if you give it an opening. So in that sense, the delivery of water is "instant". However, it still takes a good while to fill up your bathtub with it, because the pipes only allow a certain amount of water through them, and the pressure only pushes it through the pipes at a certain rate. To speed up the flow, you would need to increase the pressure, but if you increase it too much that will damage the pipes. To prevent that you would have to make the pipes stronger or wider. Electricity is very analogous to this. The water pressure is analogous to voltage. The higher the voltage, the faster electrons are getting pushed through your outlets. The pipes are analogous to the wiring, which has a certain *resistance* that puts a limit on how many electrons can pass through every second. If that flow of electrons (the current) becomes too strong, it damages the wiring. So that puts a limit to how many electrons can flow out of your power outlet every second, just as there is a limit to how much water can flow out of your faucets. And so just as it takes a while to fill up your bathtub with water, it also takes a while to "fill up a battery with electrons" (that's not precisely what happens but it's close enough). (The limits aren't just in your power outlets of course - they are in all the wiring that is involved, including the charger you're using, which has its own limits to how much electric current can pass through.)


Question: - Why do HGV/Semi trucks feel the need to overtake each other when they’re cruising at a very similar speed?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 - Why do HGV/Semi trucks feel the need to overtake each other when they’re cruising at a very similar speed?

Because the vast majority of us get paid either by the mile, or we get a percentage of the load, as opposed to getting paid by the hour. Therefore, the faster we get to our destination, the more we get paid. The time that we are allowed to be driving is also strictly regulated and monitored, and since the people that set our loads up are sitting at a computer, they often can have unrealistic expectations about what we can accomplish. Add to that the fact that some places will choose not to even unload us for many hours if we are late, even if it's not our fault, and we can get pretty desperate to get there on time. A lot of trucking is getting some place just in time. I can't count the number of times that I've reached a destination with less than a minute left before running out of time and having to either park on the highway for 10 hours until our clock resets, or having to violate DOT law, which could cause us to incur heavy fines and penalties, should we get pulled over within the next 8 days. A difference in 0.5 mph might not mean much to a regular driver, but to a trucker, that difference could mean hundreds of dollars.


Question: Why, when we feel hot underneath the covers, does sticking one leg out cool us off, when obviously it is the body mass that is most uncomfortable?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why, when we feel hot underneath the covers, does sticking one leg out cool us off, when obviously it is the body mass that is most uncomfortable?

Because your foot shares the same blood supply as the rest of your body. When hot blood runs through your foot, and your foot now has access to cold air, it cools off while it is in your foot and then it gets pumped back to the rest of your body, cooling the rest of your body.


Question: What does an MRI of the head make images of exactly, and what is it used to look at/diagnose?

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 What does an MRI of the head make images of exactly, and what is it used to look at/diagnose?

MRI scans are physically mapping the concentration of hydrogen, what this means for the human body is mostly measuring water and fat. They produce a structural image for example in the brain you can see all of the grey and white matter (and they appear different which is useful diagnostically). They’re using for diagnosing pretty much anything which causes a structural change in the brain like Alzheimer’s. MRI does occasionally use contrast agents but it’s rare as most MRI imaging doesn’t require it. A PET scan on the other hand measures the distribution of the tracer you inject, eg some sugar analog with a radioactive isotope. This lets you map metabolic processes, seeing where that tracer gets concentrated in the body. For example cancer cells use a tonne of sugar because they are growing so much, so if you image them with a PET scan then they can be easily identified. My experience in this is from studying physics involving medical imaging so someone with a medical background may be able to elaborate on exactly what they can be used for.


Question: Private equity or hedge funds that buy successful brands and drive them to bankruptcy within a few years. What do they gain by doing this?

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 Private equity or hedge funds that buy successful brands and drive them to bankruptcy within a few years. What do they gain by doing this?

This isn't always the case but when that's the plan, it goes as follows: - Borrow money and buyout the company. - Have the company massively go into debt and use the money to pay yourself an enormous dividend. - Use the dividend to pay back the money you (not the company) borrowed. - The company is way over leveraged, defaults on the debt and declares bankruptcy. Here's where it gets interesting, the bankrupt company now sells off it's assets (brand name, plant, etc.) and defaults on its union contracts, pension obligations (which screws the retirees and the taxpayer funded PBGC), etc. The corporate lenders are now basically the owners of a new unencumbered company with a much higher profit margin. Hostess Bakeries is a good example of this.


Question: Why does putting a slice of bread in a jar of stale cookies work?

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 Why does putting a slice of bread in a jar of stale cookies work?

In a word, humidity. The bread's got a relatively high moisture content, and its porous texture gives a big surface area for exposure to air. Because of that, the water in the bread can evaporate pretty quickly until it's at equilibrium with the atmospheric humidity in the jar. And the cookies, in turn, are now less humid than the air... so that moisture content will be condensing on/in them faster than it's evaporating. Basically, in a sealed environment like a jar, moisture will tend to find its way around until everything is about as humid as everything else.


Question: Do all veterans get paid after service?

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 Do all veterans get paid after service?

You get a percentage of your pay for the rest of your life as a pension after 20 years. I think if you serve 28 years that gets up to 100 percent though I could be wrong about how many years that takes. We call these retirees and they also get medical and dental benefits and are entitled to a military burial when they pass. None of this costs the retiree money. The VA takes care of our career service members. Service members who don't serve a full 20 years are entitled to other benefits such as the GI bill or disability but generally not a pension.


Question: How is it that an american agency (FCC) can give approval for Space-X's global internet with more than 4000 satellites in orbit around the globe. What gives this agency the authority to make this kinds of decisions?

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 How is it that an american agency (FCC) can give approval for Space-X's global internet with more than 4000 satellites in orbit around the globe. What gives this agency the authority to make this kinds of decisions?

There are no global space cops. That is, no global regulatory body for outer space activities. The Outer Space Treaty says "the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty" That means if you're an American company that wants to launch stuff, you have to get permission from the US government, if you're Chinese, from China, etc. Each nation is responsible for damage or harm caused by its citizens' stuff. In the US, that approval happens through the Federal Aviation Administration, which regulates the rocket launch, and the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates satellite radio communications, and orbits to the extent that they affect communications. To my knowledge, nobody regulates the actual "being in space" part of it.


Question: Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

Are you ordering the same (or at least relatively) the same ingredients on your burgers? Meat quality and cooking style varies from restaurant to restaurant, along with bread quality and cheese varieties. For instance, a place with fresh baked buns and real cheese will differ from a place with American cheese and frozen buns.


Question: Why do some pictures taken on my phone take up more storage space than others?

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 Why do some pictures taken on my phone take up more storage space than others?

The phone is compressing the data to help save space, but some images are more compressable than others. Lets say you accidentally take a picture of the inside of your pocket. It's a 1000x1000 pixel image, and they're all black. Instead of saving "black pixel" one million times, you can save this image as "black x 1,000,000" and save a whole lot of space. Images with a lot of colors and details are hard to compress and will take up more space than images with few details that can get heavy compression.


Question: Is it true that the missionary position was named after Christian missionaries? If it is true why weren't tribes people already doing that simple position?

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 Is it true that the missionary position was named after Christian missionaries? If it is true why weren't tribes people already doing that simple position?

It's certain that the natives knew many positions, including the missionary one. In the Bible it uses the phrase to lay down with as a euphemism for having intercourse with. So some thought that any position were both were not lying down as somehow deviant. Hence, doggy style would be considered immoral.


Question: Why government closures don't happen in other countries outside the USA?

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 Why government closures don't happen in other countries outside the USA?

For many parliamentary democracies without separate executive and legislative branches (think the UK and many British colonies, as well as many European countries), a failure to pass a budget will pretty much 100% of the time mean that a snap election will be held, because it means that the majority of the parliament is now against the current Prime Minister or equivalent. And countries with strong executive branches (whether they are democracies or not) can have the president just keep running shit until the parliament(s) get their shit together and pass a budget. Also, for some countries (such as Germany), it is *illegal* to send home government employees because you can't pass a budget, so for many countries they'll just continue using the old budgets until a new one is passed. URL_0


Question: How does this not violate the law of conservation of energy? "Fluctuation-induced current from freestanding graphene" (links in description)

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does this not violate the law of conservation of energy? "Fluctuation-induced current from freestanding graphene" (links in description)

The energy comes from the motion of the graphene layer. As the energy is harvested, the molecule slows down. On the substance scale, this means cooling down. Hierher, once its temperature is lower than room temperature, it gains energy from the surrounding. So energy is used, but thermal energy from the Environment.


Question: Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why was art from the Middle Ages so different?

So as the Roman Empire fell, and most places were conquered or left in chaos, a lot of the artistic developments of Greece and Rome faded away. 1 point perspective, 3 point perspective, and so on would be lost for a long time. But not only that, at the time most couldn't read, so artists needed to make religious works easy to follow, with defined symbols and elements that would be recognized by any person. (Think like, how Batman wears a cowl with pointed ears, anyone would know thats batman, even if it wasn't 100% accurate. This would apply to religious leaders, with stuff like the color of their garments donating their position) Most artwork of medeival europe were done by Monks, and they often would create hundreds of characters with the same generic face to differentiate the commom folks from the important ones, who were the only ones whos images were made in their likness.


Question: Why is it when you allow water to sit and reach room temperature it feels warm but coffee left to reach room temperature feels ice cold?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when you allow water to sit and reach room temperature it feels warm but coffee left to reach room temperature feels ice cold?

your mind expects coffee to be hot so when it's room temperature, it feels much colder because it's colder than you expect it to me. one day, brew coffee in a mug and let it get to room temperature. also put water in a mug and have someone mix up the mugs and blindly feel them. you won't feel a difference.


Question: Are tropical forests poor or rich in nutrients and what effect does deforestation have on the underlying soil?

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 Are tropical forests poor or rich in nutrients and what effect does deforestation have on the underlying soil?

Your argument is mostly true. However there are many variables in any ecosystem. Many of these variables live in a symbiotic (one organism helps out another organism for mutual survival) relationship which help when something is lacking such as water or nutrients. The downfall of this is when one in the symbiotic relationship perishes, the other must relocate or perish. Such as animals that cool down under the shades of trees, making it their home, hunting place and eating place. The mycelium which helps trees absorb nutrients from water and soil dies off when the tree dies. Thus causing a chain reaction of sorts.


Question: How do scientists isolate individual atoms?

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 How do scientists isolate individual atoms?

Well, they don't do it individually. There is a field in Physics called Statistical Physics which concerns itself with the statistical study of particles. So when you supercool a particle, you actually supercool a massive amount of them. The same thing happens with protons in accelerators, like in CERN or Fermilab, when they collide beams of protons or electrons to discover new particles. The products of the collisions consist of billions of particles that have come from billions of colliding particles. An interesting way to supercool a gas is the following. You can use some lasers to hit the gas particles from one side and some other lasers to hit them from the opposite side. That way, you can practically immobilize them. This means that their kinetic energy drops and so does their temperature. Of course, you understand that this process does not happen to individual particles, but rather to a large amount of them. The movement and process can be sufficiently described by Statistical Physics. If you wish to learn more about Statistical Physics read about Bose-Einstein distribution and Fermi-Dirac distribution. The first concerns the behavior of bosons (like Z or W bosons) and the second concers the behavior of fermions (like the electron).


Question: Perfect silicon spheres were developed to redefine the kilogram because the platinum kilogram was changing in weight even in extremely strictly controlled physical conditions. If dust can ruin the platinum kilogram, why are people allowed to touch the silicon version?

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 Perfect silicon spheres were developed to redefine the kilogram because the platinum kilogram was changing in weight even in extremely strictly controlled physical conditions. If dust can ruin the platinum kilogram, why are people allowed to touch the silicon version?

Not sure about silicon spheres, but the kilogram is now defined in terms of fundamental constants rather than a lump of something. The definition is in terms of the Planck constant, the speed of light and the atomic transition frequency. A lump of something is simpler, but as you note, is prone to changing over time.


Question: Why do nuts and seeds taste significantly better after roasting them?

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 Why do nuts and seeds taste significantly better after roasting them?

Because you end up roasting out some of the water and caramelizing the naturally occurring sugars, giving a deeper, sweeter flavor. Roasted nuts weight less than their unroasted counterparts due to the water loss, and therefore the fat content by weight increases, which helps amplify the flavor as well. If your roasted nuts taste burnt and are only salvageable by salt, you're doing it wrong. 🤦♂


Question: Why do muscles stiffen and lose flexibility? And why does stretching sometimes feel good and sometimes hurt?

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 Why do muscles stiffen and lose flexibility? And why does stretching sometimes feel good and sometimes hurt?

Lots and lots of reasons. But ELI5. Muscles get stiff because they get used to being short and all the fibres get tighter and closer together. It can also be because of literal knots in the muscle. Imagine you cut a piece of string in half, to make it whole you have to tie a knot in it. The string is shorter but it’s whole. These are knots and there can be thousands. Thanks to healing and massage those cuts can be healed to normal. Pain when stretching is normally due to excessive tearing. It’s your body screaming at you to stop. It feels good because of other reasons that I’m not clear on.


Question: What’s the difference between stocks and ETFs?

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 What’s the difference between stocks and ETFs?

An ETF is a Fund (collection of other investments) that is Exchange Traded (bought and sold in real time). Most ETFs have some sort of goal or strategy: some ETFs buy stock in big companies, some ETFs buy precious metals, some ETFs buy real estate, etc. So when you buy a share of an ETF you are buying a small piece of a number of other investments.


Question: How do rich people use charities as tax shelters?

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 How do rich people use charities as tax shelters?

The common method is to actually donate a *thing* not necessary to give cold hard cash. For example a rich person might buy a painting for 1 million dollars. And then store it in a warehouse for a decade. And then Get it appraised. The appraiser says its worth 10 million now. So the rich person has two options: 1) find someone willing to buy the painting which might be difficult if not impossible. 2) donate the painting and write it off as a donation. Option two is a lot easier. And now they get to say they donated 10 million dollars. Which might save them 3 million in taxes.


Question: What exactly are Dissociation and Depersonalization episodes?

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 What exactly are Dissociation and Depersonalization episodes?

See tl;dr at end. Long answer: From my experience and research, depersonalization/derealization (DPDR for short) is a state in which your brain puts you to protect you further from trauma/emotional pain. Have you ever seen an animal, maybe in a documentary, that stops running and completely freezes when it realizes it can't escape a predator? DPDR is similar to that response. Your brain disconnects you from your body (DP) or the perception of your surroundings (DR) in order to "dampen" the shock of the event, very simply put. It can get triggered by chronic stress, chronic anxiety, repeated panic attacks, consumption of drugs, but mostly trauma. Now, when I say trauma, it doesn't have to be a single tragic moment (like in PTSD), it can also be something repeated like emotional abuse or neglect, basically anything that didn't get processed properly and causes stress/anxiety. It comes with multiple symptoms (that more or less overlap between DP and DR): - feeling like you are watching someone else's life - feeling like there is a barrier between you and the real life - feeling like you see yourself from above (3rd person perspective, basically) - feeling like the world around you is grey, robotic, static-y (like the static on the tv), experiencing tunnel vision - feeling like you lose control of your actions/speech (because you're so disconnected from your body) - feeling like you do not remember someone's face, your face (usually when seeing yourself in the mirror), that you do not know the people in your life somehow - amnesia (depends a lot on the person and how long it's been going on, but this happens mainly because your memories have a lot of emotions attached to them normally, but because your entire emotional side is cut off, so to speak, it's hard to remember things; and on top of this there is the stress/anxiety of the trauma that can affect memory) - lightheadedness, brain fog, fuzzy head etc, the list goes on and it can depend from person to person, but what binds everyone together is the *sheer fear that you are going crazy, that it will last forever, that you are going to somehow die and lose your body (especially in DP)* Things that you can do for your gf in her worst moments: - breathe with her (inhale normally, exhale long, hold for a second, repeat until she calms) - if she is ok with touching: tickle gently, play with hair, whisper, hold hands, massage her feet or back - *anything that stimulates the senses and make sure she isn't getting stuck on thoughts but actually focuses on what she is feeling* (you might want to tell her to close her eyes and describe what she is feeling in her body) - if she has the possibility to have nice things around her for grounding: fluffy clothes, textures, smells like a favorite parfume or food, again, *anything that helps to focus on the senses* - yoga was for me a huge help, and I definitely recommend it, if she wants to try it - and of course, working on her trauma, because essentially DPDR goes away the moment anxiety/panic/stress goes away - *it is a very uncomfortable feeling of being always on the edge of your life, but it is NOT dangerous.. maybe exhausting, but NOT dangerous* - the brain does this thing to protect you! The most crucial aspect of dealing with DPDR is accepting it as just another symptom of whatever your life dealt you, and trying to live normally while the feelings last. They DO go away. The more the nervous system calms down, the less DPDR is experienced. For anyone interested, *The Body Keeps the Score* by Bessel van der Kolk and *Waking the Tiger* by Peter Levine are good books on the subject of how trauma creates such symptoms, *The Stranger in the Mirror* by Marlene Steinberg is good for the aspects of amnesia and dissociation (though it's a book about DID). I also recommend Jordan Hardgrave's youtube channel for more info. TL;DR Your brain tries to protect you from further trauma by disconnecting you from your emotions, bodily sensations, perceptions of your (supposedly) dangerous surroundings. (edit: formatting) (edit 2: thank you for the gold, stranger!)


Question: Why are chimps so much stronger than humans when they are smaller and have less muscle mass?

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 Why are chimps so much stronger than humans when they are smaller and have less muscle mass?

Chimpanzees really aren't that small. The average size of a male chimp is about 110 lbs and they can easily reach 150 lbs - with some males having reached over 200 lbs in captivity. If standing erect, males are over 5 ft. That's very similar to our average height and weight range - well, of a human female anyway. Their muscle mass is easily equal to a humans. But the basic science as to how they're stronger than us is how their muscle fibers work. Muscles are basically a bunch of ropes connected together. When you lift or pull something, the necessary muscles pull, like a crane. Over the past million years or so, other primates have utilized "fast fibers" useful for sudden, tremendous effort - the rough maximum a human could lift is about 3 times our body weight (a 250 lbs powerlifter may be able to lift around 750 lbs). Chimps can lift around 5 times their body weight and pretty much all of them could be considered powerlifters - so, a 150 lbs chimpanzee would be as strong as the 250 lbs human (now, for fun, imagine what a 500 lbs Silverback Mountain Gorilla could lift - estimates of their strength run from 5 to 15(!) times what a human could lift. Our muscles have developed for Endurance - we can run, walk, or do things much longer than other primates. Let's say a chimp (or gorilla for that matter) tries to attack you; if it misses its first charge, a healthy human most likely could outrun and out-distance it fairly easily. In fact, humans have one of the best endurances in nature. We can, in theory, run at a moderate speed for hours - and walk, literally, all day and night without stopping.


Question: What makes a vowel a vowel, and a consonant a consonant?

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 What makes a vowel a vowel, and a consonant a consonant?

Vowels are the sounds that come from an open airflow - the air is going through your throat and out your mouth, and the only thing affecting that air is the shape of your mouth, positioning of your tongue, etc. Consonants are created by interrupting that air in some way and closing off part of the vocal tract. Air is getting interrupted at some point between the throat and the lips, and that interference creates the consonant sounds. Try making a bunch of consonant sounds - k, b, d, v, f, p, j. At some point in each, contact is being made in your mouth that is obstructing or altering the airflow. That's also why (Y) is sometimes a consonant and sometimes a vowel! The Y in sky, bicycle, or symbol is a vowel - see what your mouth is doing to make the Y sound in those words. Now try the Y in yellow or kayak - your mouth is acting in a very different way, and your palate is helping to make the sound.


Question: Why are you required to wear specialized eyewear when welding, and in what way the light emitted differs from another light source?

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 Why are you required to wear specialized eyewear when welding, and in what way the light emitted differs from another light source?

The brightness of the arc form an arc welder is bright enough to cause damage to your retina if you looked directly at it. How it differs from other light sources, is intensity. Like the sun, the brightness is so intense that direct exposure will damage your vision. In fact, arc welders are brighter than the light from the sun entering your eye (of course it's travelling much shorter distance, and not through miles of atmosphere). Exposure to the brightness of the weld area leads to a condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Welding goggles and helmets with dark face plates—much darker than those in sunglasses or oxy-fuel goggles—are worn to prevent this exposure.