Question: Some people believe that we are currently living in a "late stage" capitalist society. What does it mean to be in the late stage of capitalism?

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 Some people believe that we are currently living in a "late stage" capitalist society. What does it mean to be in the late stage of capitalism?

Capitalism is supposed to benefit everyone, consumers and producers. Consumers get quality product through competition and availability. Producers get wealth through providing the best product at reasonable prices. The problem with capitalism, especially deregulated capitalism, is human greed. Throw enough money at beating your competition (advertisements, smear campaigns, hostile take-overs, non-compete markets, etc.) and monopolies are bound to arise. When companies grow so large that they dominate through sheer overwhelming numbers (think Walmart vs Mom & Pop), they tip the balance of consumer and producer towards the producers. When the giant companies have such leverage over pricing, wages, logistics, location, and product quality, they will inevitably exploit it for further profits. The purpose of producers is no longer to produce products for success through quality. It is now to provide profits for shareholders. The consumer is no longer part of the equation. We live in a mostly-post-scarcity environment. Products are now readily available. In America, at least, it's not difficult to walk down the street and buy a loaf of bread, some meat and cheese, and go home to feed your family. This is a positive end-goal of capitalism. "Late stage" capitalism, however, is what is happening on the consumer side of the consumer/producer equation. Producers have their end-game, they are making their profits and all is right in their world. Consumers, however, are **struggling to be able to buy from producers**. Wages have stagnated for decades. Education is both losing the value it once had AND becoming more expensive to attain. This is causing a problem of a lack of a skilled workforce AND a workforce incapable of readily buying the products they produce **for the producers**. /r/LateStageCapitalism can and does get extreme, but the entire purpose of the sub is to show the ridiculous point we are at in a capitalist society. People are literally starving in the streets while corporate executives have **multiple** yachts. Poor people are derided as lazy and moochers while lobbyists are convincing the government capital gains shouldn't be taxed as much. A high school graduate shoveling coal used to be able to buy a house; now, software engineers are sharing apartments. It is currently easier to turn $1mil into $10mil on the stock market without ever producing a single product, than it is to create a product that will sell enough to earn you $1mil. There is nothing left on the consumer/producer equation. When a corporation can sell you completely defective products and services (phones that explode, airlines giving seated passengers concussions, pharmaceutical companies selling highly addictive opioids, oil that comes from sponsors of state terrorism, cars that don't pass emissions tests, Big Box stores that pay their employees so little that they require food stamps *and then accept federal assistance from those food stamps*) and *those corporations don't go out of business*, the consumer/producer balance has failed. This is late stage capitalism.


Question: What is the House Ethics Committee and why is it (or not) significant that it is being done away with?

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 What is the House Ethics Committee and why is it (or not) significant that it is being done away with?

The [House Ethics Committee]( URL_0 ) still exists. It's made up of members of congress from both parties. If members of congress are accused of ethics violations, they will investigate, call witnesses, and hold votes on whether to censure or even expel members. If ethics violations are found, they usually make recommendations on how to "right" the conflict of interests and other ethical violations. At least that's what they are *supposed* to do. That will continue to exist. The [Office of Congressional Ethics]( URL_2 ) is an ostensibly non-partisan, unbiased, committee that is composed of private citizens that are neither members of congress or employees of the Federal government. Congress created it in 2008. This is what current House leadership is seeking to defund. The reason this second, independent ethics committee was originally created is because several prominent members of the Democratic Party, [specifically Charlie Rangel]( URL_1 ), had been accused of some rather serious ethics violations by the press. The House Ethics Committe (which along with the House and Senate, was controlled by Democrats at the time) didn't seem to take the allegations very seriously. Members of congress (mostly Republicans, but Democrats, too) were upset with the way the House and committee leadership were handling the ethics issues, and so they created this committee, specifically to penalize these members of congress and go around party leadership. Now that those members have been censured and the Republicans are in control of congress, many don't see a need for an independent committee anymore. That might change if any prominent Republicans are accused of ethics violations and the current committee leadership refuses to act.


Question: Why do we get chills when we experience something beautiful (i.e a really good live preformance) and are they pyshically the same as the chills we get when we're cold?

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 Why do we get chills when we experience something beautiful (i.e a really good live preformance) and are they pyshically the same as the chills we get when we're cold?

What we call life is known as "external" and "internal" stimuli. 'External stimuli' are things you experience (like hearing a joke) and 'Internal stimuli' is how your brain responds to said experience (like laughing at the joke). Your brain releases a potent concoction of chemical like serotonin, dopomine and oxytocin. This chemical release tells you how to feel (Good, bad or in-between). When you get the chills, your body is responding to a sharp degree of stimulation. When you feel fear, joy, cold..etc the physical goosebumps (called piloerection) is the same but the phyiscal feeling (Brains special concoction) is not always the same, so it's partially identical but never absolutely.


Question: Why will your feet burn if you run on a burning coal walk but if you walk nothing happens?

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 Why will your feet burn if you run on a burning coal walk but if you walk nothing happens?

Basically you aren't waking directly on burning coals. The top of the coal is the first part to burn since it touches air first and leaves a layer not actually burning ash behind. Firewalking is usually down at night so that the glow shows through the ash layer more easily and it looks more impressive. Coal ash itself is good insulator. As long as you are walking on the top of it gently it's fine. If you run though you are going to crush through that layer and make direct contact with the actively burning part of the coal. Thus ouch


Question: why many old mathematical equations still unsolved? can't we just use computers to solve them?

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 why many old mathematical equations still unsolved? can't we just use computers to solve them?

Because they're not mathematical equations, they're mathematical *problems*. Lets look at [Fermat's last theorem]( URL_1 ). The theorem is pretty simple: it says that for every n > 2, there are no positive integers values a,b,c,n such that a^n + b^n = c^(n) (this is opposed to n=2 where you can find infinitely many a,b,c values that satisfy this equation). A computer can't solve this problem, because you need to prove it for each and every a,b,c and n. A computer might have *disproved* this theorem by finding a counter-example (if there was one), but proving it is not something a computer can do. Eventually this theorem was proven the "old fashioned" way. Another example of such a problem - the [Collatz conjecture]( URL_0 ). You start with some number N, and do the following: if N is even, divide it by 2. If it is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1. Repeat. The conjecture is: no matter which number you start from, you'll eventually reach 1. A computer can't solve this problem, because it would have to test each and every possible number to start from, which is impossible since there are infinitely many numbers.


Question: How does refrigeration and air conditioning work? Because in order to make something cold you need something colder.

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 How does refrigeration and air conditioning work? Because in order to make something cold you need something colder.

Heat flows from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. But since heat is a property of things you can create areas of high and low concentration by causing areas of high and low concentration of *those things*. So if you take a gas and compress it the temperature goes up because you are concentrating the heat in that gas. This then means heat flows out of the gas into the surroundings, and if you later allow the gas to expand it is now cold in comparison to the surroundings. More heat flows in, you compress it to dump heat again, repeat this cycle. The key then is to change the location where you are compressing and allowing the gas to expand, such that you are expanding inside an insulated container to soak up heat from it and compressing outside it to dump heat into the outside world. What you end up with is a heat pump that moves heat from inside the container to outside, cooling it down. This is the basic idea behind refrigerators and air conditioning.


Question: why does a can of Brisk Iced tea taste sweeter than a can of Dr Pepper, even though the iced tea has 27g of sugar, and the Dr Pepper has 50g?

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 why does a can of Brisk Iced tea taste sweeter than a can of Dr Pepper, even though the iced tea has 27g of sugar, and the Dr Pepper has 50g?

The answer here is carbonation. When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water it gives it a very sharp, bitter taste (if you've had plain carbonated water you'd know). To counteract that in soda a *ton* of sugar is used to balance it out. Since iced tea isn't carbonated, less sugar is needed to make it taste sweeter


Question: Does the sun have conventional weather? Is there such thing as "rain" or "wind" on the surface of the sun or is it just a big fireball?

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 Does the sun have conventional weather? Is there such thing as "rain" or "wind" on the surface of the sun or is it just a big fireball?

There are massive thermal forces at work. Areas of relative hot and cold, but you have to realize the sun is a giant fireball of nuclear fusion. There is no surface. There is no water or any other liquid. As such the "weather" is just the way the fluid of gas behaves due to thermal forces.


Question: How does Doomsday Argument work?

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 How does Doomsday Argument work?

It's a pretty obvious and simple idea that is kinda dumb. & #x200B; Say there was 100 generations that were all the exact same size. If you picked one totally random individual there would be an 80% you picked someone from the middle 80 generations, a 10% chance you picked someone from the first 10 generations and a 10% chance you picked someone from the last ten generations. Which is obvious and common sense. Then you try and make it spooky by pointing out that you, yes you, the reader are a random individual, so that calculation could be done for you! there is an 80% chance you are in the middle 80% of humans that will ever live and only a 10% chance you are in the first 10% so that means that there is an 80% chance everyone will be dead by the year 8000 (if you do the math out with the actual numbers of people in each generations). It's kinda nothing, literally no matter what year you got born in it'd give you the same results of "It's more likely I'm in the middle of human history than it is that I am near the start" then just figuring out how long human history was and saying there is an X% chance history ends before an amount of time 90% as long as we already had. or do it by number of people, or by age of countries, or species, or whatever stat you wanna count by to get a scary number.


Question: How can Chinese sellers on eBay afford to sell me an item for 89 cents with free shipping? Do they not pay to send the item?

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 How can Chinese sellers on eBay afford to sell me an item for 89 cents with free shipping? Do they not pay to send the item?

I heard a podcast the other day that explained this - basically international companies pay a different, much cheaper rate to ship overseas. The expensive bit is the "last mile" which covers the shipping once it's in the destination country, e.g. USPS to get it to your door...and they don't have to pay for this at all.


Question: If all the plants and plantkons are destroyed how much Oxygen will be left in Earth's atmosphere?

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 If all the plants and plantkons are destroyed how much Oxygen will be left in Earth's atmosphere?

Well to be clear, plants and forests do not "produce" oxygen in the sense that you are probably thinking. An area of land in a given climate can support a certain mass of plant life. Once this maximum value is reached plants either stop growing, organically decay, or burn. In other words, any area of land with plant life will reach an equilibrium. Photosynthesis by plants will fix CO2 and release oxygen. Respiration and combustion by/of plants will consume oxygen and release inorganic carbon (CO2). This will always be near equilibrium in an old growth forest. What's also kind of interesting is that the amount of trees (or living matter in general) on earth right now isn't as massive of a carbon sink as you might think. A large portion of sequestered carbon is below the surface and our combustion of that is what throws the equilibrium off, moving us toward a more ancient lower oxygen equilibrium. As another point, when trees first evolved there was no corresponding mechanism of organic decay. in other words, nothing could eat trees. Only combustion could release the captured carbon. As a result, this equilibrium was thrown way off as dead trees piled up (mainly in water, where they couldn't burn). This was an oxygen catastrophe, as all life finds oxygen toxic to some degree.


Question: - why are tests/studies often done on rats specifically?

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 - why are tests/studies often done on rats specifically?

Mice are actually more common than rats, but rodents in general are the most popular animals for scientific study. We use rodents because they're easy to get, don't cost much to get or keep alive, are easy to care for, are small and easy to handle, and reproduce quickly. We generally use rats as opposed to mice for behavior research because rats are more social and have superior memory and problem solving skills, which makes them more similar to humans than mice.


Question: How is it that such tiny cards can hold gigabytes of data?

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 How is it that such tiny cards can hold gigabytes of data?

One thing people are omitting is the complexity of the design of an SD card or similar flash media. A compact flash disk is much smaller than a hard disk drive because its sole purpose is simply to store information, but a hard disk has to do other things like cache data, spin to retrieve information, and have smart error correction and detection systems. Think of this like storing information on a piece of paper - you can stack a huge amount of paper and it will not take up much space, it's cheap and effective since all you care about is stacking paper with data on it. But if you want to organise it and make it more efficient, you need things like a filing cabinet, which now take up much more physical space. You can store more information on a piece of paper by making the font on the print smaller, which is kinda-sorta like how reducing the size of transistors works so you can therefore use fewer pieces of paper to store data.


Question: How were first elements discovered ? How did they know one thing was an element and other wasn't ?

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 How were first elements discovered ? How did they know one thing was an element and other wasn't ?

Which time period? In antiquity certain elements were known. Lead, mercury, silver, tin, copper, and gold come to mind. I suppose back then they were seen as pure metals of some kind rather than how elements are viewed in modern times. How they identified those is likely through material properties and how they separate from composite materials. Fast forward to the 1600s-1900s and we have a developing modern view of elements. It's beyond the scope of a reddit reply to explain each one. An easy example is Hydrogen. In the late 1700s it was identified as the result of a reaction between certain acids and metals. While not the first to synthesize or encounter it, the person attributed with its discovery also figured it was proportioned 2:1 in water. It's difficult to explain without writing a full history, including all scientific knowledge at the time. Electrons were not even explicitly known until 1898. And the modern view of atomic structure wasn't proposed until 1913. Atomic weight was largely used in the 1800s as a classifier. The earliest attempts at periodic tables relied on that. But prior to the discovery of the electron we already had some idea about radiation, could do non-visible light photography, and more. So to answer your question, they sort of didn't know in the sense we did now. But they did know in the context of their time and there are very few false positives. They just knew they had a material with unique properties that didn't further break down with the methods used to break down materials at the time. It also had properties measurable at the time. Periodic tables didn't even come into existence, in any state, until long after many elements were known. And while initial ones were incomplete and had less accurate measurements than today, they were still pretty solid. Apologies for the scattered post. The best way to learn about this is to just read a bunch about the history of chemistry, light/e & m/particle physics, quantum mechanics, and all of that. I don't believe there's a single good consolidated source, and a lot of history in textbooks or articles are just one line "hydrogen was discovered here" without providing the context that it wasn't referred to as hydrogen or known as the "first" element and the discovery didn't discover certain properties of hydrogen that we take for granted today. It'd be an excellent book for someone to write.


Question: Why is figure skating considered an athletic sport while ballet is not?

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 Why is figure skating considered an athletic sport while ballet is not?

A core part of being a 'sport' is the element of competition. If the primary outcome of the activity is one party 'winning' while one or more parties 'lose', then you might have a sport. However, if the activity merely serves to entertain without any final determination of victory, it isn't a sport. Many people would also classify figure skating as 'not a sport' because it involves subjective judgment rather than objective scoring metrics, but major organizations such as the NCAA and the Olympics Committee do not use this as determining factor in what constitutes a sport.


Question: How do doctors know when it is safe to take patients off of mechanical ventilation?

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 How do doctors know when it is safe to take patients off of mechanical ventilation?

Depending on why the patient experienced respiratory failure which lead to them becoming ventilator dependent, there are several different laboratory tests which can determine if weaning is appropriate. Just one example, a severe pneumonia which causes poor oxygenation and gas exchange can be treated with antibiotics. A person's white blood cell count decreasing to normal levels would be an indicator that the pneumonia was improving and it's time to start weaning them off the ventilator. Improved oxygenation on less supplemental oxygen tell us that the lungs are functioning better. X-rays give a picture of the lungs and whether there are fluid collections or they're clearing. Arterial blood gases can determine how well cellular respiration is occurring and help guide ventilator settings. Ventilators have many settings, just one of which allows the patient to initiate a breath and only provide support. When patients are initiating their own breaths, pulling nice deep breaths (tidal volumes), oxygenating their tissues with normal or very little supplemental oxygen, and able to follow directions, it's looking like it's time to think about extubating and letting them try on their own. If they fail at the attempt, they'll be reintubated and tried again later. If they can oxygenate well on their own without tiring out, they're usually moved to supplemental oxygen via a nasal cannula, then weaned from that.


Question: What helps plants on mountian tops do photosynthesis?

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 What helps plants on mountian tops do photosynthesis?

One big benefit is fewer obstructions. No Mountain that keeps them in shade for much of the day when you're on a mountaintop. Also no big trees, and fewer clouds, and fewer pesky animals eating your leaves. Every ecological niche is different, and the plants that thrive there are adapted to their niche.


Question: What is the incentive for real-estate agent fight for the lowest price for a buyer?

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 What is the incentive for real-estate agent fight for the lowest price for a buyer?

Look at it this way... saving a client $10,000 cuts into the agent's take home pay about $150 (6% commission is $600, half to each agent who then pay half to their brokerage). Saving a client an additional $10k is MUCH more likely to result in referrals to friends/family and repeat clients, earning them well more than the $150 they gave up on the transaction.


Question: How do GPS satellites work and how does relativity effect them?

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 How do GPS satellites work and how does relativity effect them?

Each GPS satellite transmits a signal that includes pseudorandom code and the state vector of the satellite. The same signal is generated by the GPS receiver. When the two signals are compared, the one from the satellite will be found to lag behind the one of the receiver because of the time it took for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. This will indicate that the receiver is somewhere on the sphere that surrounds the satellite and is of a radius equal to the travel distance of the signal. Repeat this process with another satellite and we will have narrowed down the location to the doughnut formed by the intersection of the two spheres. Repeat with a third satellite and we will have narrowed the location of the receiver to two possible points. Often one of these points will be illogical so the solution can be defined. Sometimes a fourth satellite is needed. As for relativity it's pretty boring: the satellites are built to run at 10.22999999543 MHz on the ground so that when they're in orbit under the influence of velocity time dilation (special relativity) and a slightly larger amount of negative gravitational time dilation (general relativity), they will run at 10.23 MHz.


Question: Why does American education and healthcare cost so much in comparison to the rest of the world?

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 Why does American education and healthcare cost so much in comparison to the rest of the world?

Not only that it’s a For Profit system, but also because USA has Insurance Companies as middlemen, so ALL of the insurance companies expenses & profits have to come from somewhere. That’s the main reason it’s so expensive, & also a large part of the reason USA healthcare quality is lower than most of the developed world. A couple years ago Bernie Sanders was touring a hospital in Toronto & he asked to see the billing department . He was shocked to find it was only one person, & he couldn’t talk to her because she only worked half days.


Question: When one person talks or even yells it’s only so loud. How does a large crowd talking or yelling seem louder than the max volume of one person? How does the number of people affect the amplification of the sound?

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 When one person talks or even yells it’s only so loud. How does a large crowd talking or yelling seem louder than the max volume of one person? How does the number of people affect the amplification of the sound?

As you know, decibels shouldn't be able to stack up. Otherwise, since normal talking would be around 60 decibels, then theoretically 2 people talking normally would be nearly enough to match the sound output of a gun. & #x200B; But then comes the question, how is it possible then that two sounds of the same volume would generally produce a larger volume? & #x200B; The answer is the fact that... sound DOES add up together. There is an old post that I'll simply quote because it just explains it better than I could. " This is called the superposition principle. Now I use the word "add up" a bit loosely, there are certain configurations when you can add two waves in such a fashion that the overall intensity (loudness) perceived by an observer would be lower than if only one of the waves were present (this is roughly how noise canceling earphones work). This is because waves can interfere with each other, and this interference [as shown here]( URL_0 ) (link is long dead). New image that's easier to picture: [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) However, when you have a bunch of waves produced from all directions and with a wide variety of frequencies, you can largely ignore the effect of interference and to a decent approximation you can estimate the intensity at a given point to simply be the sum of the intensities of each of the individual waves. So if five people are talking equally loudly and you are in the center, you will hear a noise five times louder than if a single individual stood there. " Though many factors disrupt this sound. You may hear a noise 5 times louder than a single individual, however the decibels perceived is much lower. Sound waves are lost significantly from its place of origin. They don't come from the same place, and they don't travel in the same direction. Other surroundings can disrupt sound waves significantly. This is why even 50 people talking wouldn't be as loud as you might think if you were to just add up their sounds in a singular point. The thing of course, is that they aren't.


Question: Why do metals change color when they're heated?

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 Why do metals change color when they're heated?

You are correct, the metal becomes brighter as temperature goes up due to highly energized photons being expelled. Also the automoderator can go choke to death on a bag of dicks. As it becomes hotter, they turn yellow, orange and then finally white, you can see that phenomena in the gun barrels of the M134D Gattling gun.


Question: Why are lanyards' straps twisted one half turn?

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 Why are lanyards' straps twisted one half turn?

So they lay flat around your neck. Let's say you have a lanyard with a red side and a green side. You sew it in a loop with the two green sides together. Then you put it on. The green side might be against your neck (for example) and when it gets close to the end you want the green side against your body. To get that you need a red side sewn to the green side (because green is down and red is up). That's where the half turn comes from.


Question: Why do we (in the USA) never seem to hear about left-leaning survivalist groups seizing a facility or something of that nature? Do such groups not exist? Or are they simply not covered by the MSM? Been curious since the Bundy incident in Malheur County, Ore.

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 Why do we (in the USA) never seem to hear about left-leaning survivalist groups seizing a facility or something of that nature? Do such groups not exist? Or are they simply not covered by the MSM? Been curious since the Bundy incident in Malheur County, Ore.

All things considered, the US is a really right wing country. To the point that Hillary Clinton would have been the equivalent of a tea party candidate in most European countries. In that sense, your question asking about left wing extremism is kinda moot since there basically aren't any left wing extremists. Radical communists is the closest thing I can think of, and there just aren't many commies in good ol' Uncle Sam.


Question: How does a tsunami occur with literally no warning?

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 How does a tsunami occur with literally no warning?

The wave doesn't actually visibly appear until it hits the coastal shelf, about a few hundred or so meters from shore, depending on the local geography. Until that point, it doesn't hardly protrude above the surface at all, and is traveling at hundreds of miles an hour. So, yeah, in a lot of places that don't have massive, shallow, shelves, people don't know a tsunami is coming until it's less than a mile away coming at them faster than a Formula 1 car.


Question: “ What is happening when your eyes get heavy from lack of sleep “?

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 “ What is happening when your eyes get heavy from lack of sleep “?

Muscles you use the most tend to get tired first, like for example, if you walk all day your legs will become fatigued. This also applies to the muscles around your eyes - your ocular and brow muscles become tired because you’re using them for most of your waking hours. Looking at a computer screen for a long time or having chronic allergies can compound the heaviness feeling in your eyes.


Question: What is a basic intuition for Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

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 What is a basic intuition for Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

Take the sentence, "This sentence is false." Is it true? Well, if it is, then it's false, so it's not true. So it must be false. If it's false, then it must be a true sentence (it says so itself!), so it's true. Wait a minute...something weird is happening, and you might intuitively recognize that it's because the sentence is referring to itself, from within itself. Godel basically showed that any set of math principles that's sufficiently complicated to do anything interesting with can create the math equivalent of "This sentence is false." And he did it in a general way that you can apply to \*any\* (sufficiently interesting) future set of math principles. So you can always create at least one "statement" that is neither true nor false, so any math theory is always going to have "gaps"...statements it can make that aren't true or false, they're something undecidable. The theory is incomplete. This was enormously demoralizing to a bunch of mathematicians who'd spent their entire careers trying to define the be-all-and-end-all of mathematics that would describe every single true statement of math that could ever be. Godel didn't just prove, "You're wrong this time", he proved, "You can never be right no matter how hard you try."


Question: what’s the difference between covalent and polar covalent bonds?

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 what’s the difference between covalent and polar covalent bonds?

All forms of bonds are a sharing of electrons. Atoms "want" to have a stable number of electrons; in the simplest cases, they want 8 electrons in their outermost energy level, and they will "borrow" electrons from other atoms to fill up this level. The three traditional categories (ionic, polar covalent, and covalent) are a bit of a simplification. It's really more of a gradient of how equally this electron is shared. In ionic bonds, one atom mostly or entirely strips an electron from the other; they are held together by their differing electrical charges. A nonpolar covalent bond is more or less equal; the electron spends equal time near one nucleus and near the other. A polar covalent bond is in between; the electron migrates between the nuclei, but spends significantly more time on one "half." The category of a particular bond is determined by the difference in electronegativity of the atoms involved. Electronegativity can be seen as a measurement of how strongly an atom will grab electrons. Since chlorine is much more electronegative than sodium, it will (almost) completely strip sodium's electron for itself; this makes an ionic bond. To use your example of polar covalent bonding: the oxygen in a water molecule is very electronegative, but not quite enough to completely steal electrons from hydrogen. Instead, the electrons spend noticeably more time near the oxygen, giving the oxygen end of the molecule a partial negative charge, while the exposed hydrogen protons have a slight positive charge. Edit: clarification and elaboration


Question: How the US hasn't succumbed to becoming victim of nationwide inflation when it is at $23 trillion in debt with?

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 How the US hasn't succumbed to becoming victim of nationwide inflation when it is at $23 trillion in debt with?

People still want to buy things in dollars and the Treasury keeps paying interest on the debt. The debt is held by people and corporations as investments. Right now the government is offering them at a steady rate to finance deficit spending. The interest rates on these are very low, because the government has always paid out on these debts. In fact during the 2008 crisis (and probably also now) interest rates were so low that people were functionally paying the government to hold on to their money for them, because the interest rate was lower than inflation. It's complicated, but government debt is not like your personal mortgage or credit card.


Question: How does 3-in-1 body wash, shampoo, and conditioner work? Wouldn't that seen like a bad idea?

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 How does 3-in-1 body wash, shampoo, and conditioner work? Wouldn't that seen like a bad idea?

I had a high school chemistry teacher put it simply for my classmates and I long ago. Shampoo strips dirt and OIL. Where as conditioner replenishes that oil and other nutrients. So a true all in one cannot chemically exist. I've held to that and used separate products ever since. You may get close results possibly with today's stuff but I haven't checked into the "snake oil" factors ever either.


Question: Air weighs 14 pounds per square inch, yet we don't feel it crushing us. The notion that internal pressure somehow acts as a counterbalance just seems to mean that we're being crushed in both directions. Shouldn't we feel this massive weight on us?

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 Air weighs 14 pounds per square inch, yet we don't feel it crushing us. The notion that internal pressure somehow acts as a counterbalance just seems to mean that we're being crushed in both directions. Shouldn't we feel this massive weight on us?

If it helps, we're already "crushed." Our species evolved on this planet; we evolved "resistance to crushing of 14.7 psi_a" as part of the process, because otherwise our ancestors would've died. With regard to the physics, most of our body is water, which is relatively incompressible, so that's not a hazard. What the barometric/atmosphere pressure *does* push on is the pockets of air in our lungs. Coincidentally, those pockets of air are *also* at about 14.7 psi_a (except we're actively breathing in/out), so the net force of the atmosphere on our lungs is basically zero. This means that there's no crushing at all; both sides being pushed the same means no net force to collapse our lungs. And our bodily structures, as mentioned above, evolved to survive that pressure, so they won't be damaged. Hence, we are crushed into a ball by outside pressure because we have internal pressure to resist it, and our individual cells/parts don't get crushed because they are individually strong enough to resist this pressure.


Question: Why we need measures when doing integration (Real Analysis/MeasureTheory)?

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 Why we need measures when doing integration (Real Analysis/MeasureTheory)?

Suppose you want to integrate a function that only takes the values 0 and 1. The integral should be the ``size" of the set where it has value 1. Assigning sizes to sets is exactly what measures do. All the complicated stuff has to do with making sure the set of sets which you can measure is large enough to permit strong convergence theorems while still behaving sanely.


Question: Why is it recommended to guess the same letter when running out of time during a multiple choice test?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why is it recommended to guess the same letter when running out of time during a multiple choice test?

On a twenty question test, suppose you've answered 16 of the questions the best you can, but have no clue on the last four--you can't eliminate a *single* answer. For each individual question, an answer has a 25% chance of being right, so if you pick B, 1/4 times you'll be correct. The formula for looking at multiple questions will be > p(r) = nCr * p^r * q^(n-r) where > r=# of questions > nCr=# needed correct (which can be 1, 2, 3, or 4), or n! / r!(n-r)! > p is probability of getting an answer correct, .25 > q is probability of getting an answer incorrect, .75 So the probability of getting **all four** correct is 0.00390625 - or, low. The probability of getting **one or more** right is 0.68359375, or, pretty good. The likelihood of getting all four answers wrong is (3/4)^4 = 0.31640625 (alternatively, 1-0.68359375) Looking at the specifics of your question, it comes from most tests not being truly random. A handwritten test with human selected answers will not be random, which is where things like 'guess C always' come from. A computer generated test will be random, and because each question is independent from another, it doesn't really matter what answer you pick.


Question: squirting porn is just urine, right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 squirting porn is just urine, right?

Kinda. So the fluid that’s released during squirting is essentially watered-down urine, sometimes with a bit of ejaculate in it. It comes from the bladder and exits via the urethra, the same as when you pee. In very rare cases some biological females are capable of producing a large quantity of ejaculate but this usually traces back to abnormal testosterone or hormone levels. Many people will firmly believe and swear it's absolutely not the same as urine... They're wrong. Source: I'm one of the people who have been producing those videos for large companies for the last two decades. If you frequent pornhub, you've likely seen something I've worked on.


Question: What's the history of the prefixes in front of many African American first names?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What's the history of the prefixes in front of many African American first names?

Well to understand it, we should ask about the suffixes that were before. During the civil rights movement, many black people wanted to reconnect with African roots since they had been forced to forget their African languages and carry European names. Many black Americans started naming their kids African names or names with African sounding suffixes. That is where all of the *-isha -kisha -tisha* names came in. Lots were converting to Islam during that time so a lot have Arabic names. Kadijah, Layla, Alisha. This kind of opened up the idea of not being restricted to a list of names and parents began giving their kids names that were "unique" so today a lot of the names are picked for the way they sound or they are hybrid of other names. The *La-, Le-, D'-* prefixes are meant to make it sound fancier like French or Italian which is ironically European again. More than anything, it's just a trend so those types of prefixes are not common in kids born in the last ten years but maybe people aged 25+.


Question: Why is homosexuality associated with aids if heterosexuals get it too?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 Why is homosexuality associated with aids if heterosexuals get it too?

AIDS is spread almost exclusively through bodily fluids, particularly blood and semen. It is more common for anal sex to result in bleeding than with vaginal sex, so those who participate in anal sex are more likely to be infected. What's more, in the 1980s, when homosexuality was frowned upon by mainstream society, closeted gay men often resorted to casual, anonymous sex to protect their identity. This resulted in a culture among a segment of the gay population of casual, anonymous sex in general. The result was many gay men had a lot of partners, which caused the disease to spread more quickly.


Question: how is mathematics used to explain/describe things?

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 how is mathematics used to explain/describe things?

The question is a bit broad, what do you mean with something real? I mean, take a ball used for golf. There are equations that represent a sphere. There are equations to calculate the surface area, the volume, the radius, etc. With all this math can explain something real. It also works on a bit more abstract things. Math can be used to describe a conversation between two people. After all, sound is only a wave. And math can describe waves (you propably know of Sine, cosine and tangent ) and with those waves we can describe sound.


Question: Why do some things cut better with a serrated knife and others with a straight blade?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do some things cut better with a serrated knife and others with a straight blade?

It actually depends on a few factors. What you are cutting, the type of knife or blade you are using, and other things like temperature of the knife and the object you are cutting. The biggest determiner, is the thing you are cutting. Soft, malleable things like loaves of bread, or very loose meat, don't cut well with a sharp edge because you don't have enough tension in the material you are cutting to press against the blade and create an even cutting surface. Tomatoes and Bread are excellent examples of this. Only the sharpest of sharp knives can even hope to cut cleanly and evenly through some breads and most tomatoes without issue or mushing. Serated blades, seek to change this by adding in the serrations, tips and points that act to tear and have sharp points that press into what you are cutting and pull small sections, like a saw blade and tear bits and pieces instead of cutting cleanly and straight through. Very, Very hard things also have the same problem, like bone or frozen foods. The ice makes the object to cut so hard and dense, that a sharp knife is almost useless. A serrated knife on the other hand, can cut by ripping and tearing its way through the object where a standard blade could never perform.


Question: What are bumps on spines for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What are bumps on spines for?

The bumps are the spinous process of each vertebra. The spinous process and the transverse process on either side of the spinous process are points of attachment for the muscles that maintain posture and movement of the spine. They don't serve to protect the spinal cord. They simply provide leverage so that the muscles can articulate the individual vertebra more easily.


Question: Why does honey never go bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 Why does honey never go bad?

Honey contains more sugar than saturated water. This means that if you drop some water on it, it will be absorbed. For fungi/bacteria, it means there is no water available... So honey basically has the same properties as dried up food. Besides, it contains some components that actively destroy bacterias; the most important is glucose oxydase, an enzyme which used to be called penicillin A (but was renamed to avoid confusion). This enzyme produces hydrogen peroxyde, which will f\*\*ck any bacteria up in no time. & #x200B; Finally, it is very acidic, and bacterias hate that. & #x200B; But be careful: if you leave honey unsealed in a humid environnement, it will go bad eventually.


Question: What is Modernism and other movements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What is Modernism and other movements?

I can answer most of the -isms that deal with architecture: **Modernism** with a capital 'M' is the idea that "less is more". This movement was a response to the first world war to answer the calamity that society suffered in Europe. This movement would travel to America and be dubbed "International Style" to the chagrin of its European founders, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Le Corbusier. The Modernists sought to strike down historical context and tradition in favor of new technology (concrete, glass, steel) and rid the building of "unnecessary ornament". **Post-Modernism** is the counter-movement to Modernism that began in the late 60s during the many counter-culture movements that were happening. See Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. There was no distinct "style" associated with Po-Mo architecture like Modernism. **Neoclassicism** is the movement that takes roots in Classical theory. It's typically depicted by ancient Greek and Roman styles of Classicism with particular attention to proportion and geometric principles to define solid and void.


Question: Why do some high-end digital cameras have much lower megapixel counts than some budget models?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do some high-end digital cameras have much lower megapixel counts than some budget models?

The amount of megapixels doesn't necessarily make the camera better. The sensor size/quality + lens used is what matters most. As an example, the 1DX is a full frame sensor. If you get a budget model like a Canon ELPH 180 it is capable of saving images to 20MP format, but it only has a 1/2.3" sensor. If you look at this chart you'll see the difference in sensor size: URL_1 The larger the sensor the more light that comes in. The more light you have the less ISO/noise introduced into the image. This is why your cell phone takes shitty pictures indoors and at night. The lens can't take in enough light so it adds noise. It doesn't matter what resolution you save your final image as if the camera itself is taking shitty pictures. Larger sensor cameras also can accept much higher quality lenses which has an even greater impact on image quality, in addition to things like better processing, focusing, etc. The resolution largely helps with print sizes. But once you hit a threshold the resolution becomes less important than things like lenses, quality of sensor, etc. Here is an example of print sizes and resolution camera needed: URL_0 Again, resolution is not a determining factor of the quality of the image, it's just how many dots are stored by the camera for each photo. Those dots can be inaccurate, full of noise, etc. It doesn't mean it will be a higher quality image.


Question: What is Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), what does it do?

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 What is Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), what does it do?

Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty is pretty much the entire reason for the treaty -- the mutual defense. It basically says that an attack on one member is an attack on all members, and if a NATO member has been attacked (within the restrictions defined in the treaty), then the other members are obligated to assist in the defense of that member. It's only been invoked once, by the United States after the attacks of September 11, 2001.


Question: Why are we encouraged to not put things like oil and pills down the drain, but we're allowed to use things like drain declogger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why are we encouraged to not put things like oil and pills down the drain, but we're allowed to use things like drain declogger?

Oil congeals and creates blockages in pipes. Pills dissolve and the drugs inside them can contaminate the waterways the drains empty into, even after going through a water treatment plant. Drain declogger has neither of these issues. It removes blockages, gets rid of grease and oil buildup that may lead to them, and it and its by-products are effectively removed by water treatment plants.