Question: Respond briefly. Describe the acting and singing career of Maria Mikaela Markuntytär Ylipää.

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 Respond briefly. Describe the acting and singing career of Maria Mikaela Markuntytär Ylipää.

Maria Mikaela Markuntytär Ylipää (born 8 August 1981) is a Finnish singer and actress, who has become especially known for her role in the musical "Kristina från Duvemåla" (Helsinki 2012, Göteborg 2014, Stockholm 2015) and acted in the films "Keisarikunta" (2004) and "Pietà" (2007). She has also appeared in the television series "Rikospoliisi Maria Kallio" (2003), "Tappajan näköinen mies" (2011) and "Luottomies" (2016) as well as musical theatres Helsinki City Theatre, Tampere Workers' Theatre, Swedish Theatre, Gothenburg opera house and the Stockholm Cirkus.


Question: What are your thoughts on the recent changes to childcare legislation in regards to immunisation? Respond in 52 sentences.

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 What are your thoughts on the recent changes to childcare legislation in regards to immunisation? Respond in 52 sentences.

Kristine Macartney receives funding as an employee of the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS). She has also conducts research on vaccines, vaccine preventable diseases and vaccine safety funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
Immunisation in Australia isn’t compulsory – and doesn’t need to be controversial. Most Australians recognise the incredible benefits that vaccination provides to prevent serious disease; we have high and stable coverage rates of around 93%.
Getting childhood immunisation to the 95% target rate would be even better, providing more individual protection and “community immunity”.
However, the McClure Review recommendation that child and youth welfare payments be conditional on having up-to-date immunisation is not the answer to maintaining or improving vaccine uptake.
Nor is the Productivity Commission’s recent suggestion that parents who have not had their child fully vaccinated should not receive the childcare benefit tax rebate the right way forward.
Most parents whose children are un- or under-vaccinated need more support to help protect their child: a carrot rather than stick approach.
Why aren’t all children vaccinated?
Financial incentives are in place to encourage parents get their child to the clinic multiple times early in life to get their shots on time. We all know this can be challenging.
Research tells us that parents of the 7% of incompletely vaccinated children fall into two distinct groups.
The first group, more than half of the 7%, face practical, economic, social or geographic impediments to full and timely vaccination. They are more likely to experience poverty or social exclusion.
A smaller proportion, estimated at 2-3% of the population, have beliefs, attitudes and concerns that cause them to reject or delay some or all vaccines.
In addition, some parents who are up-to-date with their child’s routine immunisation can be hesitant or uncertain about vaccines. Who can blame anyone for having questions about vaccines when misinformation abounds, promulgated by small fringe groups.
Recent changes to childcare legislation in New South Wales require parents to provide documentation about their child’s immunisation when they enrol into childcare. Other states are examining the legislation and Victoria plans to follow suit in 2015.
This is a great initiative for a number of reasons. First, it provides another “reminder point” to check on a child’s immunisation status and gives an opportunity to enrol the child in a “catch up” program.
Second, it requires that parents who actively decline vaccination have visited an immunisation professional or GP to discuss their decision. If those parents continue to choose not to vaccinate, they need to produce a signed objection form.
Parents who follow any of these options are currently eligible for the childcare rebate.
Unfortunately, these system improvements have been characterised by the media as “no jab, no play”: that unimmunised children don’t have the right to attend childcare. This is blatantly untrue; “no form, no play” is more accurate but not as sensational.
To protect both themselves and others, unimmunised children are required to stay at home from childcare for weeks in the case of a vaccine-preventable disease outbreak, such as measles or whooping cough. This is a financial and practical disincentive for parents who don’t vaccinate their children.
Removing welfare payments or childcare rebates for parents who do not fully immunise their children is unnecessarily punitive and could have a number of negative repercussions.
On the one hand, these measures are unlikely to influence the completely committed vaccine objectors. But not all parents who haven’t vaccinated are completely committed to that position.
On the other hand, removing incentives could paradoxically push very hesitant parents who have some willingness to immunise their children further against doing so.
Removing childcare subsidies carries the risk that children of low-income non-vaccinating families may not attend childcare or access much needed financial support to visit the doctor at all – a terrible outcome.
Removing welfare payments would obviously have a devastating effect on these children and their families.
History tells us that coercive policies can galvanise and further radicalise fringe movements. These proposals, together with a steady flow of adversarial public discussions, may actually increase exposure of everyone to anti-vaccination arguments and “normalise” vaccine objection.
Strategies that increase the opportunity to vaccinate are most effective. Improving access, awareness and affordability could potentially boost coverage rates by as much as 3-4%.
Research shows that maintaining openness and trust is key to guiding parents to feel comfortable to immunise. This is also my experience as an immunisation professional who sees parents with low-vaccine acceptance.
Parents can change their position over time. A proportion of registered vaccine objectors have at least one vaccine recorded for their child: some have started the vaccine schedule but then ceased vaccinating or continue to selectively vaccinate.
Some registered objectors go on to fully vaccinate their children. The example of the mum who said “I never realised whooping cough could be so bad” and who went on to fully immunise her daughter after a prolonged hospitalisation for that preventable disease, springs to mind.
Having vaccine-hesitant parents engage with well-qualified health professionals who can take the time to address immunisation concerns is pivotal to helping them wade through the challenges that misinformation can create.
Another strategy that can work is grassroots campaigning for immunisation.
In the Northern Rivers district of New South Wales, which is notorious for low immunisation rates, a community movement called the Northern Rivers Vaccination Supporter Group is seeking not to demonise neighbours who don’t vaccinate, but to promote immunisation as part of a healthy lifestyle.
Their message of “love, protect, vaccinate” might not persuade the most ardent sceptics in their region, but it is going a long way to promote positive messages in their community and tell the real story of serious preventable illnesses.
A similar group in Western Australia, Immunisation Alliance WA, is supporting parents to get the best information about vaccines.
Finally, it’s important to remember the child in this debate. Good policy and practice should afford young children every opportunity to be both healthy through immunisation, educated through childcare, and supported in their family environment.
Let’s focus on improving opportunities for our kids, not punishing parents.


Question: Provide a summary of the recently announced Bow Ditama manga adaptation.

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 Provide a summary of the recently announced Bow Ditama manga adaptation.

This year's January issue of Kodansha's Monthly Shonen Sirius magazine announced on Saturday that Bow Ditama's Shōgakusei wa Mama demo Ii desu ka? (Is it Alright if the Grade School Student is my Mother?) manga will launch in the next issue on December 26.
The manga centers on a man having love problems at work, when a girl appears before him who turns out to be his reincarnated mother.
Ditama's Kiss×sis manga received an OAV adaptation that shipped with volumes of the manga beginning from its third volume in 2008, and ending with its 12th installment in the 14th volume in 2015. The manga also inspired a television anime in 2010. The manga launched in Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine in 2004, and Kodansha published the manga's 18th compiled book volume on May 2.
Ditama ended the Fight Ippatsu! Jūden-chan!! manga in 2013. The series inspired a television anime series in 2009, which Crunchyroll streamed as it aired in Japan. North American distributor Media Blasters released the series on DVD in 2013, and again last October on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc.


Question: Explain why Snoop Dogg will not be returning for season 2 of Dana White's Tuesday Night Contender Series.

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 Explain why Snoop Dogg will not be returning for season 2 of Dana White's Tuesday Night Contender Series.

Snoop Dogg has left the building.
The famed rapper and fight fan who hosted an alternate commentary track alongside UFC Hall of Famer Urijah Faber for Dana White’s Tuesday Night Contender Series will not be returning for season 2.
UFC officials confirmed the news to MMAWeekly on Tuesday.
Snoop Dogg joined the broadcast team last year with an alternate stream that ran on UFC Fight Pass where he did commentary for five fights each week with Faber (sort of) providing play-by-play.
The ‘Snoopcast’ was popular and polarizing at the same time as the hip-hop superstar was often times hilarious yet somewhat controversial with the statements he made about the fighters.
Either way, as the Contender Series debuts again on Tuesday night, Snoop Dogg will not be returning for another season of the ‘Snoopcast’.
As far as the remainder of the broadcast team, recently retired former middleweight champion Michael Bisping and lightweight contender Paul Felder will alternate duties during the season with Brendan Fitzgerald or Dan Helie providing play-by-play.
The Contender Series returns on Tuesday night and then airs on every Tuesday night throughout the summer on UFC Fight Pass.
Former NFL player Greg Hardy will make his debut on the first show on Tuesday night with former World Series of Fighting lightweight Nick Newell and Valentina Shevchenko’s sister Antonina Shevchenko amongst the fighters who will appear on later editions of the show.


Question: Who was the former CEO and chairman of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, and what happened to him?

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 Who was the former CEO and chairman of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, and what happened to him?

James J. McDermott Jr. was the former CEO and chairman of Keefe, Bruyette & Woods. He was arrested and charged with insider trading in December 1999 by federal authorities.


Question: Describe the Spanish American wars of independence.

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 Describe the Spanish American wars of independence.

The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, shortly after the French invasion of Spain in 1807 during Europe's Napoleonic Wars. Although there has been research on the idea of a separate Spanish American ("creole") identity separate from that of Iberia, political independence was not initially the aim of most Spanish Americans, nor was it necessarily inevitable. After the restoration of rule by Ferdinand VII in 1814, and his rejection of the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, the monarchy as well as liberals hardened their stance toward its overseas possessions, and they in turn increasingly sought political independence.


Question: Describe the reactions of people who own a Harley Davidson motorcycle to President Trump's attacks on the company.

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 Describe the reactions of people who own a Harley Davidson motorcycle to President Trump's attacks on the company.

Trump to Harley riders: Who do you love more?
The president is testing the loyalty of his supporters with his aggressive attacks on the iconic motorcycle manufacturer.
President Donald Trump declared war on Harley-Davidson on Tuesday, saying its decision to shift production overseas could be the “beginning of the end” for the iconic motorcycle company that’s a darling of the Republican Party.
He also predicted he would suffer little fallout for his aggressive tweets. "The people who ride Harley-Davidsons are not happy with Harley-Davidson,” Trump told reporters later.
So far, many Harley lovers aren’t willing to pick sides in the brewing battle.
“I am 100 percent behind the president and behind Harley-Davidson,” said Ted Richardson, a member of the North Georgia Mountain Riders group who owns a Harley.
Trump stepped up his Twitter attacks on Harley-Davidson on Tuesday morning, after the motorcycle company said on Monday that it would move much of its Kansas City manufacturing to Thailand to avoid paying steep tariffs on its motorbikes sold in the European Union.
The European tariffs were in response to Trump’s controversial move to impose steep steel and aluminum tariffs on manufacturers in the EU and elsewhere.
Richardson, who has been riding motorcycles for decades, said he was willing to give Trump the benefit of the doubt, and said the president’s tweets criticizing the motorcycle company may not be an “iron-clad” position.
While Trump has aggressively attacked companies before — he notably pressured an Indiana-based Carrier plant to stop a plan to move jobs to Mexico — Harley-Davidson has a special resonance in the GOP.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based Harley-Davidson has a formidable base of support among high-profile Republicans who hail from the state, including Speaker Paul Ryan, Gov. Scott Walker, former Gov. Tommy Thompson and former Trump chief of staff Reince Priebus.
Harley has also been embraced and appropriated more widely by Republican politicians. Scores of Midwestern governors over the years have made their Harley-riding habits part of their political personas, including Illinois Gov. Bruce Rauner and former Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels, as well as Walker and Thompson.
Former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin famously rode into Washington on the back of a Harley in 2011 for the annual Rolling Thunder rally ahead of Memorial Day.
And Iowa Sen. Joni Ernst has made her annual Roast and Ride a can’t-miss event for Republican hopefuls, with then-candidate Trump making an appearance in 2016.
Trump also has found a strong following in “Bikers for Trump,” a thousands-strong grass-roots group that gained notoriety for serving as a de facto security force at Trump’s campaign rallies.
And with Harley-Davidson, specifically, Trump had much kinder words when he met with company executives and union members at the White House in February.
Christine Allen, who rides in the Cactus Cuties chapter of the Women in the Wind motorcycle club, said Tuesday that she thinks Trump has a point in his attacks on Harley-Davidson, but that it doesn’t mean she’s going to give up her two Harley bikes.
Allen said it was unclear to her whether Harley-Davidson was using the president’s latest tariffs to justify its move overseas, since the company already operates factories in Brazil, Australia and India.
“I would pay more if they were made in America. In fact, I try to buy things made in America because they last,” said the lifelong motorcycle rider and Chloride, Arizona, resident.
Chris Cox, founder of Bikers for Trump and a Harley owner, said on Tuesday that Trump’s attacks would not cause his support to falter.
He said the production shift could provide an opportunity for Indian, another American motorcycle company. He added that Harley-Davidson’s customer base is aging, and questioned whether the company can attract younger riders.
“I myself ride a Harley-Davidson, but I’m certainly not married to my Harley-Davidson,” Cox said.
Two-decade Harley-Davidson owner Ray Tower took a different view on Tuesday. The Manchester, New Hampshire, Harley Owners Group historian said he disapproves of the president’s tariffs, and he believes the Harley-Davidson issue is just the tip of the iceberg for American consumers.
Tower, who lives in central Massachusetts, said he will remain loyal to Harley-Davidson, regardless of where the motorcycle company hosts its production.
Dan Houck, a Bikers for Trump member who lives in Pennsylvania, said he has no worries about the trade issue and that he hasn’t heard any buzz about the conflict between the motorcycle company and the president.
Houck also said he does not ride a Harley-Davidson bike for reasons separate from the trade conflict — and for one specific reason that might resonate with Trump.
“Harley doesn’t make bikes big enough for me,” Houck said.


Question: Please provide information on the former New Zealand cyclist Max Grace.

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 Please provide information on the former New Zealand cyclist Max Grace.

Max Grace (born 14 December 1942) is a former New Zealand cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.


Question: Compare and contrast the market presence of Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts in New England and Seattle.

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 Compare and contrast the market presence of Starbucks and Dunkin' Donuts in New England and Seattle.

Even though the hometown coffee giant is popular in the U.S. — and particularly in Seattle — data show that New Englanders are more hooked on their local chain than we are on Starbucks.
Of all the East Coast-West Coast rivalries, there’s one where Seattle plays a front-and-center role — naturally, it involves coffee.
I’m talking about Starbucks vs. Dunkin’ Donuts. Between them, the two chains control about 60 percent of the U.S. coffee market, with Starbucks dominating on the West Coast and Dunkin’ Donuts much of the East.
While Starbucks is well ahead of its Massachusetts-based competitor in terms of market share, Dunkin’ Donuts may be winning the war on another front — namely, hometown love.
New market data show that New Englanders are more hooked on their local chain than we Seattleites are on Starbucks.
Don’t get me wrong. Starbucks is extremely popular around here. More than one in three adults in our metro area say they’ve patronized the coffee giant within the past 30 days, according to survey data from market research firm Nielsen. That ranks Seattle No. 1. when it comes to Starbucks’ market penetration.
Impressive, until you take a look at Dunkin’ Donuts’ numbers. It does even better on its home turf — a lot better. In Boston, not far from where the chain is headquartered, about 47 percent of adults say they’ve patronized a Dunkin’ Donuts in the past 30 days. Numbers are even higher in nearby Manchester, N.H., where more than half the population frequents the chain.
New Englanders seem to have an almost unconditional love for their Dunkin. The chain has a distinctly local feel to Bostonians, despite the fact that it’s now spread to 41 states and 36 countries — folks just look at that as a hometown-kid-makes-good story.
Here in Seattle, not everybody shares that same sense of regional pride in Starbucks.
In fact, many local coffee purists would never set foot in one, favoring independent cafes over a massive corporation. They might begrudgingly credit Starbucks, founded in Pike Place Market in 1971, with spearheading Seattle’s world-famous coffee scene. But that hardly makes up for unleashing pumpkin spice madness upon the world — the flavor is now found in everything from vodka to dog treats. Another common complaint is that Starbucks’ beans have a bitter or burnt taste.
Then, of course, there’s the Sonics. Former Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz sold Seattle’s NBA franchise in 2006 to an investment group from Oklahoma City, to which the team eventually departed. We’ve been unsuccessful so far in securing a new basketball team, and some local sports fans still hold a grudge.
Perhaps it’s also a matter of economics. Starbucks is more expensive, the branding more upscale and hip. Dunkin’ Donuts markets itself more as the “Average Joe” coffee shop. Its presence is stronger in suburban areas, while Starbucks is more heavily clustered in cities.
This distinction between the two coffee titans is borne out by the market research. According to Nielsen, Starbucks patrons have a higher median household income and are more likely to be college educated. They’re also younger. Someone who frequents Starbucks is more likely to be under 30 than 55 or older — the exact opposite of Dunkin’s demographics.
While Starbucks is ubiquitous in major cities around the country, the Nielsen data show that the West Coast remains the company’s stronghold. Tacoma is right behind Seattle in the rankings. After that, it’s nearly all California. San Diego, where about 30 percent of adults say they’ve patronized a Starbucks, ranks No. 3. Denver is also in the mix, in seventh place, while Portland ranks just outside the top 10.
Starbucks does go head-to-head with Dunkin in its own backyard, with close to 300 locations in Massachusetts. But while the green siren be can seen all over the Boston area, only about 15 percent of folks say they’ve patronized a Starbucks in the past 30 days, according to Nielsen. That ranks Boston below Starbucks’ average for U.S. metros.
There’s no turf war between the companies in Seattle. Although at one point there were 10 Dunkin’ Donuts locations around this area, but since 2002, the chain has had no stores in Washington.
That could change though. In January, Dunkin’ Donuts announced an ambitious plan to open 9,000 new stores in the U.S., doubling its current footprint.
Starbucks has about 14,000 locations nationally, with plans for 3,400 more in the U.S. by 2021.
Nielsen interviewed about 400,000 adults age 18 and over in more than 10o metro areas between August 2015 and November 2017. Nearly 4,600 were interviewed in the Seattle metro, which includes King and Snohomish counties.


Question: Describe the life and career of Robert Tyng Bushnell.

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 Describe the life and career of Robert Tyng Bushnell.

Robert Tyng Bushnell (born January 9, 1896 in New York City, died October 23, 1949 in Manhattan ) was an American politician who served as Massachusetts Attorney General from 1941-1945.
A Boston lawyer, Bushnell served as District Attorney of Middlesex County, President of the Republican Club of Massachusetts, and chairman of the Boston chapter of the Motion Picture Research Council before being elected Attorney General.


Question: Describe the film "The Woman Hunt". Respond in 2 sentences.

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 Describe the film "The Woman Hunt". Respond in 2 sentences.

The Woman Hunt is a 1972 film directed by Eddie Romero and starring John Ashley, Pat Woodell, and Sid Haig. It was the last of several films Romero made for Roger Corman's New World Pictures and is an unofficial remake of Richard Connell's short story "The Most Dangerous Game".


Question: Hey, do you have a recipe for vegan sloppy joes? I need something quick and easy my family will love.

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 Hey, do you have a recipe for vegan sloppy joes? I need something quick and easy my family will love.

Raise your hand if you love super easy, family-friendly dinner recipes during these fun and feisty summer months? Well then. Me too. These healthy, vegan, super-delicious Summer Veggie Lentil Sloppy Joes are just for you. Packed with protein, fiber and flavor, you can have these sassy sandwiches on your dinner table in just fifteen minutes. Really.
Oh and these are always fun to eat. Suitable for the little and big kids at your table.
A quick skillet sizzle, and dinner is served..
Eat More Lentils. I am always trying to eat more lentils because they are so healthy for vegans and vegetarians .. and everyone else.
-> One cup of boiled lentils contains 18g plant-based protein, 230 calories, 16g fiber and 36% RDA iron.
..Not too shabby for a few legumes.
Flavorful, healthy lentil-veggie sloppy joes are family approved for a fast and easy, and fun dinnertime.
Optional: serve with toppings like avocado, sliced tomato, shredded carrots, additional greens, pickles, vegenaise and more!
Turn oven to 300 degrees and place buns on top rack to toast, for about 5-10 minutes. Longer time if using frozen buns. Optional: rub bins in EVOO for extra yumminess.
Turn on stove to high and warm up a large skillet. Add the extra virgin olive oil.
When oil is hot, add the onions, garlic and corn. Saute for a few minutes until onions start to caramelize a bit.
Turn heat down to medium-high, and add the tomato paste, spice, veggie broth and optional nutritional yeast. Stir well until the mixture thickens into a red sauce with the veggies.
Add in the lentils and continue stirring gently to mix ingredients. This will only take about 3-4 minutes until flavors mesh together and lentils cook through.
Lastly, fold in the collard greens. If desired, you can add another splash of veggie broth for a wetter texture to your mixture, but you want the thickness to be scoopable so that the sloppy joes do not get too sloppy.
Pull your buns from the oven and fill them with the warm and steamy sloppy joe filling. Serve right away. Store leftovers, sealed in the fridge - delicious as leftovers too or a make ahead meal. Tip: If you filling gets too dry, just add a few splashes of broth and some more tomato paste. You could also add in some mild salsa or BBQ sauce to "wet" your filling.


Question: "What trends do you think we'll be seeing in 2017?"

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 "What trends do you think we'll be seeing in 2017?"

Everyone has an opinion on trends. You either love them or loathe them. but if you love interior design, fashion, or anything design related (really), let's face it, trends are a part of our world. And although we subscribe to the "decorate with what you love" world, we still love to keep on top of what's hot or what's not. It's a fun past-time, and having been writing about design for over 11 years now, we love weighing in on what trends we are looking forward to for the new year. And I think the feeling is mutual for 2017, we are all looking forward to a fresh start.
Colours are always a good one to start with.
We're seeing last year's pastels a little more muted. Think less Miami Beach, and more California Desert. Colours like sandy pinks, muted greens and softer greys, purples and blues paired with natural woods, greys, blacks, and darker mossy greens.
Below, we've selected 12 colours that we are loving for 2017. The main colours (first row) being muted pastels, like 1) blush pink (which is still going strong from last year and a great colour for walls, sofa's, home accessories); 2) a powdery green (a favourite for walls right now), and 3) a soft grey with purple undertones.
The next two rows are a more intense version of the above. Perhaps complimentary colours, in hues/surfaces like terracotta, moss greens and a darker muted purple/blues (or as Benjamin Moore predicted for their colour in 2017 - Shadow).
And the last line of colours we created as we see a push towards more natural palettes, like natural tan coloured leather sofas, lighter n atural woods and black/charcoal accents.
Another example of these colours working well together. Casual or more formal, a nice soft combination for any room. Photo Urban Outfitters.
Another nice palette, again with natural wood and macrame. Photo Urban Outfitters.
H&M's 2017 Spring features a combination of more pinks, greys and we're loving the black and brushed gold/brass accents and a hint of terracotta. Photo H&M Home.
Tan leather, lighter wood and charcoal black rug create a more natural palette. Photo Inisde Out Magazine (January 2017). Photo Anastasia Kariofylldis | Styling Simone Barter.
Warm rusty tones of and terracotta and golden hues are a nice change of pace and fit in well in certain spaces. We love these hues from IKEA's Livet Hemma (below). All goes good with denim.
Although white and colours are dominating, and natural is the new white, there's still a definite huddle around darker interiors. Things are looking luxe, we're loving the darker purple/blue hues especially on a paneled wall. If you like a little drama in your life, dark with brass accessories is it.
With furniture we see not only lots of pink, greys and powdery greens with black and brushed brass accents, we're also seeing lots of mirrors, deco-inpsired influences and some returns like rattan and iridescence.
Rattan has had a big comeback these past couple of years and we don't see it going anywhere soon. From ornate headboards to adorable daybeds, rattan gives a room a relaxed-vibe, in an updated 70s version of itself. Woven cane is also having a comeback as we've seen in many designs including IKEA's new GRÖNADAL rocking-chair.
From deco-inspired to faceted, wall mirrors are the shiz and so are mirrored coffee and end tables.
We first wrote about iridescence back in 2013, and the trend has never been more in vogue. From Tom Dixon's series we interviewed him back earlier this fall at IDS Vancouver to Patricia Urquiola's side tables and mirror we reported on during MAISON&OBJET, iridescence is very fun and futuristic.
Not only for the dorm, floor lounge cushions and sectionals are a casual alternative for a sofa.
We saw versions of these surfaces in September when we visited Cersaie '16 in Bologna, Italy with large format tiles being applied to walls, and also at Maison et Objet .
Marble has really taken it's place on surfaces and walls other than it's traditional place on floors and countertops. We first wrote about marble here back in 2014 and this year it doesn't seem to be going anywhere soon; from textiles to wallpaper. We love this look especially in small rooms like bathrooms or as a focal statement wall.
These are just a few of the trends on our radar this year. Feel free to add what's on your radar in the comments.
Lovely photos and great trends.
Agree Natalie - love these colours too!


Question: Please provide a description of Orland High School.

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 Please provide a description of Orland High School.

Orland High School is a public high school in Orland, California, United States, a city northwest of Sacramento, California, and south of Redding, California.


Question: Who was Robert Alexander Kinglake?

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 Who was Robert Alexander Kinglake?

Robert Alexander Kinglake (9 June 1843 – 10 June 1915) was an English rower and barrister.


Question: Write a brief description of the career of Antonio Neal Phelon.

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 Write a brief description of the career of Antonio Neal Phelon.

Antonio Neal Phelon (born June 7, 1973) is an American gospel musician and music producer, as well as a Christian R&B, Christian hip hop, urban gospel and black gospel recording artist and singer. He started his music career, in 1999, with an independently-made album. His first studio album, "Days of My Life", that was released by EMI Gospel. His only hip hop music album, "Bible Megamix", was released Anshar Forever Records, in 2009. The only extended play, "Welcome Home", a contemporary R&B work, was released by Madison Line, in 2014. He has won two GMA Dove Awards, one for his songwriting and another for his music production work.


Question: Respond briefly. What kind of plant is Lithospermum bolivariensis?

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 Respond briefly. What kind of plant is Lithospermum bolivariensis?

Lithospermum bolivariensis is a flowering plant of the family Boraginaceae found in Peru, particularly in Amotape District and Huancabamba Province.


Question: "What is MOAC? Tell me about the partnerships it has formed." Respond in 28 sentences.

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 "What is MOAC? Tell me about the partnerships it has formed." Respond in 28 sentences.

MOAC –The next generation of blockchain Technology and its Partners.
MOAC is a Blockchain Tech Inc. with a pioneering Multi-Blockchain architecture, that is proposed to addresses the performance and cost issues faced by the existing blockchain systems, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, and also introduce new features that minimize the barrier to entry for developers, users, businesses, and the entirety of the blockchain ecosystem.
How do they plan on achieving this?
The new platform (called by some a next generation blockchain platform. ) will achieve this by using a layered Multi-Blockchain architecture, blockchain sharding, MicroChain Smart Contracts, and Cross-Chain capabilities. The platform’s advanced layered Multi-blockchain architecture will increase overall transaction processing speeds up to 100x faster (TPS) than existing blockchain platforms.
Going through the MOAC whitepaper, you will agree with me that there are a lot of things to be done despite all that has been put in place already. And if we are to put the roadmap time frame into consideration, there arise a need for useful and strategic help that can bring something good and relevant to the project’s goal to the table and thus I will be making a quick list of some MOAC’s recent partnership deals and how they intend to help or integrate the MOAC technology into their platform.
These are the latest to join the list of MOAC partners (as at the time of writing this post). On the 15th of August 2018, there was an official post from the Moac team stating their strategic cooperation with Bookmark Shopping. Although there was no much details as to what achievement this will help MOAC with, but it was stated that the union will bring about the use of MOAC’s large scale commercial lower layer technology in verifying data and uploading of user data on the Blockchain Taoke bookmark Shopping platform.
It is a good thing seeing projects trying out this awesome invention already at this its early stage. This shows the level of usefulness of the platform.
On like the previous partnership deal mentioned above in this post, there were some said target that the pairing of Moac, the street maker company and its affiliate Wei’a technology look to meet.
The point that stood out for me about this agrrement was that MOAC’s IPFS microchain FileStorm program will be preinstalled on the worldwide network storage system produced by street maker’s affiliate company Wei’a. They also have plans of an offline promotion of commercial blockchain application. That’s a useful connection if you ask that. Is automatically provides MOAC an avenue to reach all Wei’s users.
THE GREEN FINANCE CHAIN PARTNER.
Based on the news posted by the moac team on their medium channel on the 14th of August, we were made to understand that the two companies have decided to work hand in hand as partners in order to be able to achieve their individual goals as well as collective goals. Although there were no clear points as to what the partnership can help them achieve, but one can be rest assured that if not anything, it should help MOAC in their awareness building journey.
There are just a few of the partnership deals signed by MOAC, some other partners are Chuiduobao, IntelliShare etc.
It is now obvious that been called the next generation blockchain platform is not in anyway wrong. Businesses are already settling with that fact and identifying with MOAC already I hope you will find a way to get your business on the MOAC platform too. It is the FUTURE!
Stay up t date with the project latest news using any of the links below.
It's funny how quickly MOAC rises in number of new partners. This article lacks of one more new partnership happened on August 19th with Healthy Cell Chain (CELL) - a company which goal is a health data management and privacy protection.


Question: Congratulations on your milestone!

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 Congratulations on your milestone!

This week we’re celebrating an important milestone in our company’s young history. We’re are assembling our 1,000th panel! Every job or panel can contain orders for 20 or more customers. Since hitting the market in 2015, we have experienced many successes and have serviced thousands of customers. Our CEO, Chris Church, successfully closed an additional $3M in funding this year, which has allowed us to grow our team to build the best electronics manufacturing platform and experience out there.
MacroFab is transforming the contract manufacturing experience from a manual, time-intensive and error-prone process, into a transparent and connected experience. We have developed software to manage all assembly operations, whether it’s a single prototype or production run. Through our platform, customers can upload files, submit their bill of materials (BOMs), view quotes instantly, and check on the status of their projects, in real-time.
This early achievement is the beginning of many as we continue to innovate, develop strategic relationships and grow our tightly-knit team.


Question: Describe the alleged plot of a 17-year-old in Texas.

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 Describe the alleged plot of a 17-year-old in Texas.

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A 17-year-old boy in Plano, Texas, has been arrested and charged with plotting a mass shooting inspired by the Islamic State at a shopping mall, law enforcement agencies said on Wednesday.
In other conversations, investigators say, Azizi-Yarand talked about his interest in traveling to Pakistan and then crossing into Afghanistan where he could join the Islamic State. At another point, he told the FBI source he knew a person in India who had information on jihadi activity in Libya, and who invited Azizi-Yarand to travel there with him.
In numerous online conversations, investigators said, Azizi-Yarand shared multiple forms of Islamic State propaganda. At another point, he sent the FBI source a document authored by one of the 1999 shooters at Columbine High School in Colorado containing detailed instructions for building pipe bombs.


Question: Describe the research conducted by Rutgers University–New Brunswick and other institutions.

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 Describe the research conducted by Rutgers University–New Brunswick and other institutions.

Rutgers University–New Brunswick professor Dennis Kent with part of a 1,700-foot-long rock core through the Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. The background includes boxed archives of cores from the Newark basin that were compared with the Arizona core.
The scientists linked reversals in Earth’s magnetic field – when compasses point south instead of north and vice versa – to sediments with and without zircons (minerals with uranium that allow radioactive dating) as well as to climate cycles.
The scientists studied the long-term record of reversals in Earth’s magnetic field in sediments in the Newark basin, a prehistoric lake that spanned most of New Jersey, and in sediments with volcanic detritus including zircons in the Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. They collected a core of rock from the Triassic Period, some 202 million to 253 million years ago. The core is 2.5 inches in diameter and about 1,700 feet long, Kent said.
The results showed that the 405,000-year cycle is the most regular astronomical pattern linked to Earth’s annual turn around the sun, he said.
The study was conducted by National Science Foundation-funded scientists at Rutgers–New Brunswick; Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, where Kent is also an adjunct senior research scientist and where longtime research collaborator and co-author Paul E. Olsen works; and other institutions. Christopher J. Lepre, a lecturer in Rutgers’ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and seven others co-authored the study, and the cores were sampled at the Rutgers Core Repository.


Question: Who was Margaret Mann?

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 Who was Margaret Mann?

Margaret Mann (4 April 1868, in Aberdeen, Scotland – 4 February 1941, in Los Angeles, California), was a Scottish-American actress.


Question: Describe the Greens' policy on cannabis legalisation.

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 Describe the Greens' policy on cannabis legalisation.

The Greens have proposed full legalisation of cannabis – including for recreational use – with a new government agency to act as the single wholesaler of plain-packaged cannabis.
People would also be allowed to grow up to six marijuana plants at home for their personal use under the new policy, which was announced by Richard Di Natale on Monday.
The policy is the first time a party with significant federal representation has backed full legalisation, providing a point of difference with the Coalition and Labor, which both support a scheme initiated in 2016 to legalise cannabis for medicinal use only.
Under the plan cannabis would be taxed and regulated in much the same way as alcohol and tobacco. It would be sold to adults by licensed shops and attract GST as well as federal excise tax.
In a statement, Di Natale characterised the policy as a harm minimisation approach that treats “drug use as a health issue, not a criminal issue” and a rational response to the “failed” policy of prohibition.
The Greens’ policy notes that 35% of Australians have used cannabis, according to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare statistics, and there were 79,643 cannabis related arrests in 2015–16, up 6% from 2014-15.
Prolonged use of cannabis can cause dependence, depression and psychological effects, especially if a person has a predisposition to schizophrenia.
But according to the AIHW the impact of cannabis on Australians is dwarfed by the effects of alcohol and tobacco.
A study released in March found that tobacco accounted for 9% of Australia’s combined fatal and non-fatal disease burden and alcohol 4.6%. Illicit drugs were responsible for 2.3% of the disease burden, of which cannabis accounted for only 7%.
Di Natale, a former doctor, said he had “seen that the ‘tough on drugs’ approach causes enormous harm”.
The president of the Australian Drug Law Reform Foundation, Alex Wodak, welcomed the announcement.
Cannabis is legal in Spain, Uruguay and nine states in the United States, including California. Canada has committed to legalisation this year.
An Essential survey conducted in September 2016 found that 47% of respondents were in favour of decriminalising cannabis, compared with 39% who opposed it and 13% who said they did not know. Support runs as high as 55% when people are asked if cannabis should be taxed and regulated like alcohol or tobacco.
In January the health minister, Greg Hunt, announced a plan for a home-grown industry of cannabis products for export but at that time only 350 patients in Australia had accessed local products.
Labor has accused the government of not doing enough to grant access to medicinal cannabis, particularly for blocking imports of cannabis products.
After the health ministers’ meeting on Friday, Hunt announced that all states and territories had now agreed to a NSW and commonwealth joint trial to provide faster access to medicinal cannabis.
“So there will be a one-stop shop for accessing medicinal cannabis,” he said.
Hunt said after a medical professional prescribes cannabis, a patient should get access within 48 hours and in many cases 24 hours.


Question: Hi there! What do you do?

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 Hi there! What do you do?

So You Want To Be A Scrum Master?
A collection of ideas, thoughts and learnings from the agile community at NewVoiceMedia.
This book is the result of a Hackathon. Whilst the devs were busy hacking code the Agile Community Of Interest here at NewVoiceMedia decided to hack around on a book. This book is a collaborative effort by the community to provide something free, and hopefully valuable, to the wider agile community. We wrote this book for new Scrum Masters, or those planning on tackling the Scrum Master career. Our goal was to ship an eBook to LeanPub in 48 hours. We achieved it and you're reading it now. We appreciate your support and we really do hope you enjoy the book. We certainly enjoyed creating it for you. Thanks NewVoiceMedia Agile Community Of Interest.
I am an Agile Coach at NewVoiceMedia and I work with a team scrum masters.
I have been working in agile ways with companies for well over a decade and everything from ground zero transformational to....well, NewVoiceMedia! I have been writing and running workshops, presentations and learning sessions along side specific 1 to 1 coaching for all of my career.
I have a blog at FluidWorking.com and I have a bit of an obsession with afternoon tea.
This is what I love to do, so if you bump into me around and about, or electronically, do say hi and stop for a chat.
Rob Lambert is heading up Engagement and Enablement at a fast paced, forward thinking Tech company where he helps people perform at their best. He started work as a Software Tester, building a strong foundation as The Social Tester. He then became a Development Manager where he helped build an outstanding Software Development team with agility and learning at its core.
He writes many books, delivers award winning communications training, coaches technologists and blogs at Cultivated Managemen and Parent Brain.
I’m a full time Scrum Master at NewVoiceMedia, and a part time (hobby) developer. I have a passion for Agile practices, CSS, TDD and whatever sparks my interest this week.
My career began as a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Analyst with the British Army. I later became a .Net developer, and most recently a Scrum Master.
I blog about my experiences at Frank Code.
My name is Raji and I am a Scrum Master at NewVoiceMedia. I help build outstanding self organised teams.
I can be found blogging about My Journey and occassionally speaking at conferences.
In my spare time, I enjoy learning to play the Veena and spending time with my family.
My early career was in defense research, finding ways to identify explody things in locked containers. I moved in to software development as a way to escape work in a thick walled laboratory. I spent 15 years writing software to index and analyse the unstructured information clogging corporate file shares around the planet.
During this time working as a software engineer in a small team I became interested in agile, user experience, and Lean UX approaches to building software with teams of people.
Since 2014 I have been a Scrum Master at NewVoiceMedia, helping teams work together to change the world of cloud-based contact center software-as-a-service.
I'm a Scrum Master here at NewVoiceMedia. I help build amazing teams so they can do the best work possible.
I have a keen interest in growing Agile across multiple teams and an even bigger interest in all things startup.
How Do You Become an Expert in a Room Full of Experts?
What Has a Scrum Master Ever Done for Us?
What Would a Customer Say if You Shipped it Now?
Scrum Master - What Happens Next?


Question: Have you heard what happened with the referee in Switzerland's game against Serbia?

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 Have you heard what happened with the referee in Switzerland's game against Serbia?

GERMAN referee Felix Brych will not officiate any more matches at this World Cup after his role in Switzerland's controversial win against Serbia.
The ref has been sent home, Fifa announced on Wednesday, after a formal complaint from the Serbian FA.
A win in the game would have seen Serbia through - but with the game poised at 1-1, Brych denied Serbian striker Aleksandar Mitrovic a clear penalty.
The decision was then controversially not overturned by VAR.
Serbia would go on to lose 2-1, while another defeat in the final group game against Brazil would see them knocked out at the group stage.
In the aftermath of the Switzerland game, the Serbian FA released claimed that Brych was biased against their team.
It read: "We have submitted seven video-recordings clearly showing Brych’s tendency to make decisions against our national team.
"The footage reveals Brych’s double standards in brandishing yellow cards, as he was quick to book our key players while he didn’t do the same in similar situations at the other end."
Vice-president of the Serbian FA, and former Aston Villa striker, Savo Milosevic said: "We have filed an official complaint, that is all we can do... this is a World Cup and those kinds of decisions are deciding games.
"I understand the referee didn’t see it but that is why we have VAR. What are those guys doing up there?
Do we need another four men up there, do we need 100 people to control VAR for something we can all see perfectly well?
"We are Serbia and nobody cares, that is all I can think of."
Now, Brych has been sent home from the tournament - the game was the only one he officiated in Russia.
Brych, 42, has been on Fifa's elite list since 2008.
He has officiated at two World Cups and took charge of the 2014 Europa League final and the 2017 Champions League final.
Outside of football, Brych is a lawyer.


Question: Explain the significance of David Rogers in NASCAR. Respond in 2 sentences.

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 Explain the significance of David Rogers in NASCAR. Respond in 2 sentences.

David Rogers (born April 19, 1955) is an American racing driver who won the NASCAR Weekly Series national championship in 1994. Driving his own late model, Rogers won all 22 races at Volusia County Speedway in Barberville, Florida, making him the first NASCAR Weekly Series national champion to complete a season undefeated.


Question: Hey, what do you know about gene editing?

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 Hey, what do you know about gene editing?

A team of researchers, including UConn assistant professor of pharmaceutics Raman Bahal, has, for the first time, corrected a genetic mutation in a mammalian fetus using a targeted gene editing technique. The approach offers a potential new pathway for treating inherited genetic disorders during the earliest stages of development.
Every year, an estimated 8 million children are born with severe genetic disorders or birth defects. While genetic conditions can be detected during pregnancy using amniocentesis, there are no treatment options currently to correct the conditions before birth.
Yet in a paper appearing in the international science journal Nature Communications, scientists from UConn, Yale University, and Carnegie Mellon University describe how they corrected a genetic mutation in fetal mice using an intravenous injection of nanoparticles loaded with a combination of donor DNA and synthetic molecules known as peptide nucleic acids or PNAs.
While the results are encouraging, the researchers caution that much more research needs to be done before the application can even be considered for human trials.
“This study provides a benchmark for gene editing technology where diseases can be treated at a very early stage of development,” says Bahal, a recent arrival to UConn who performed the research when he was an associate scientist working in the Yale lab of Dr. Peter Glazer, a professor of therapeutic radiology and genetics.
In the current study, the researchers injected the nanoparticle suspension into the amniotic fluid of pregnant mice whose fetuses carried a genetic mutation that causes beta thalassemia, a blood disorder that reduces the production of hemoglobin and causes a severe form of anemia. The nanoparticles deliver the PNA/DNA complex to the site of the mutation, where the PNA molecule, which mimics DNA, binds to the faulty gene’s DNA, creating a triple helix. This helical distortion activates the mutated cell’s repair response, which corrects the mutation using the healthy donor DNA packaged with the PNA.
Four months after birth, the treated mice showed dramatic improvements in symptoms of beta thalassemia, enough so for them to be considered cured. Mice that received a single injection of the PNA/DNA complex in utero had normal blood counts, spleens of normal size, and lived a normal life span. Untreated mice with the genetic disorder died much earlier, the researchers found.
Most importantly, the researchers say, the chemically-oriented process resulted in no off-target effects from treatment, which has been a major concern for other gene editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, which can erroneously damage untargeted DNA and cause complications. Such collateral damage has limited CRISPR/Cas9’s therapeutic applications, they say.
The fetal research study was patterned after an earlier successful trial of the gene editing process in anemic adult mice. Bahal served as the lead author of the adult mice study, which was reported in Nature Communications in 2016. For both studies, Bahal designed and synthesized the next generation gamma PNAs used in the treatment. These modified PNAs exhibit enhanced binding to DNA, which provides better capacity for gene editing.
Working with diseased fetal tissue presented an enormous challenge for the researchers. The latest effort was a true collaborative process, Bahal says. The PNA molecules were synthesized in Glazer’s lab and the nanoparticles were formulated in the lab of W. Mark Saltzman, Yale University’s Goizueta Foundation Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical & Environmental Engineering, & Physiology.
Professor Danith Ly of Carnegie Mellon University provided material for the gamma PNA molecules, and the team relied on the expertise of Yale pediatric surgeon Dr. David H. Stitelman in making the necessary fetal injections.
Treating the disorder at the fetal stage allowed the researchers to target important stem cells, which propagate the corrected DNA once they are treated, rather than DNA carrying the mutation.
Moving forward, the researchers plan to test the approach on other genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Hurler disease.
Bahal says a recent grant he received from Cooley’s Anemia Foundation will be critical in allowing him to build resources in his new UConn lab to take the gene editing technology to the next level.
Beta thalassemia is caused by more than 200 different genetic point mutations. The successful results reported in the recent study only addressed those related to a beta globin gene mutation in individuals of Asian heritage, which was selected for the study, says Bahal.
The research was funded by the Brain Research Foundation Scientific Innovations Award, the NIGMS Medical Scientist Training Program (GM07205), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL134252), the Ohse Research Grant, Yale School of Medicine, the American Pediatric Surgical Association Foundation Grant, and the DSF Charitable Foundation.


Question: Could you tell me about your experience with unit testing?

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 Could you tell me about your experience with unit testing?

Early on in my career, I decided to try test driven development (TDD). The first couple days felt great: visions of greener coding pastures filled my imagination, my opinion about my code quality skyrocketed, and all untested code began reeking a putrid stench.
Yes, I was that guy: the overconfident junior developer.
Over the next couple months, I wrote a massive suite of tests. As the novelty faded, I made a change to my code, saw about forty tests fail, and started fixing all of the failing tests. Then I realized that my productivity had dropped significantly. Since I was clearly great at coding, it must have been those tests!
Tests with multiple assertions are bad!
Tests that combine multiple modules are bad!
That must have been it! I set out to fix all these awful tests in my massive test suite.
And then over the next couple months, I wrote a massive suite of tests. As the novelty faded, I made a change to my code, saw about forty tests fail, and started fixing all of the failing tests. Then I realized that my productivity had dropped significantly. Since I was clearly great at coding, and I was clearly great at writing unit tests, I was likely wrong about my opinion of both skills.
My directories contained more files.
Writing unit tests unveiled an unsettling truth: I wrote brittle unit tests because I wrote confusing code.
You can’t write bad code and good unit tests. If your unit tests are bad, it might be a symptom of bad code. Go back to the design and figure out how it needs to change to allow writing good unit tests.
It’s probably inefficient to explain via story the next lessons I learned, so I’ll list them out instead.
An immutable object can’t cause side effects. If you pass an immutable object reference to another function and then you refer to that same object again, its value must remain constant. This allows a developer to use the object without investigating all of the hidden areas of code that refer to it.
Multiple threads can safely reference an immutable object. You won’t run into any locking issues, metastability, or difficult-to-trace issues from using an immutable object across multiple threads.
An immutable object cannot become inconsistent with itself. This holds true for immutable objects referencing other immutable objects, which can guarantee consistency for large portions of your application state. Errors and exceptions resulting from code designed in this manner tends to be easier to debug.
Given the same set of inputs, a pure function will always produce the same output.
It’s incredibly easy to test pure functions. They rarely require mocks; they have predictable output; they have few external dependencies.
Debugging pure functions takes less time due to their predictability. If you see an error in the debugger, calling the same function with the same set of parameters will always produce that error. Copy the parameters; paste them into a unit test; fix the unit test; ?; profit.
It’s difficult to reason about large functions. Break them into smaller functions; test the smaller functions. Use the smaller function output to test your previous larger function.
Make sure to name your smaller functions very well. It’s incredible difficult to decipher code composed of small functions with nonspecific names. In many cases this makes the code worse than it was before.
This function has about 6,129 design flaws, such as: mutating the database in a function that’s just getting data, making multiple database calls without a join, mixing multiple responsibilities into a single function call, hardcoding labels, etc… Don’t take it seriously. It’s a contrived example intended to make a point.
Most of this function’s poor design reduces to just doing too much. It’s impossible to write good tests for this function because in order to test that dog === 'golden retriever, you have to mock the user cache, mock userRepository.get, and mock userRepository.getByName. You have to do this for every test. That’s code smell.
Okay, I’ll stop beating this example to death.
In retrospect, unit testing caused me to start adopting functional coding practices wherever possible. It generally makes code easier to test, simpler to understand, and easier to change without breaking tests. And this applies ubiquitously: I’ve written plenty of tests in C#, JS, Python, Ruby, PHP, etc… The same concepts apply in all places.
These lessons are far from complete, and I’m sure some might even disagree with them. If that’s you, I’d love to hear your thoughts. If not, I hope this post at least gave you something new to consider.


Question: Describe what Nemo is and how it works.

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 Describe what Nemo is and how it works.

Nemo is a computer algebra package for the Julia programming language, maintained by William Hart, Tommy Hofmann, Claus Fieker and Fredrik Johansson with additional code by Oleksandr Motsak and other contributors.
The Nemo code written in Julia is licensed under the BSD license and it makes use of GPL and LGPL C/C++ libraries such as Flint, Antic, GMP/MPIR, MPFR, Singular and Arb.
A Julia package for algebraic number theory, called Hecke is also being developed on top of Nemo by Tommy Hofmann and Claus Fieker.
Nemo is written in the Julia programming language and runs on many platforms (including Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and BSD).
Logo background due to Giacomo Merculiano.


Question: Explain the origin of the name Tupac Shakur.

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 Explain the origin of the name Tupac Shakur.

Over the last few weeks, even if you blinked, you couldn’t miss the name Tupac Shakur. More than 20 years after his death, the rap legend’s name has been everywhere, thanks to the Benny Boom-directed biopic All Eyez on Me which premiered last weekend. The buzz around the movie (and even the initial negative reviews) have pushed ‘Pac into the mainstream conversation once again, even more so than his 2012 Coachella cameo as a hologram did.
But the reality is that, box office buzz or not, Tupac Shakur is a hip-hop icon whose name is instantly recognizable, in the U.S. and around the world. His name can be found splashed across T-shirts, hats, jewelry, posters, and other merchandise, and has been featured in murals from Oakland to New York City. It’s hard to imagine ‘Pac going by any other name—but he did, at one point, and it only lasted about a year.
The rapper was born Lesane Parish Crooks on June 16, 1971. While he was still an infant, his mother, Afeni Shakur, changed his name to Tupac Amaru Shakur, which made him the third well-known person to carry the name Tupac Amaru.
“Tupac Amaru” is derived from the name Tupaq Amaru, which, loosely translated, means sierpe resplandeciente or “shining serpent” in Quechua (the indigenous language of the Andes and second-most spoken language in Peru). The first known Tupac Amaru was an indigenous monarch—the last Sapa Inca, for any 16th-century Latin American history buffs out there. The second known person to carry the name was José Gabriel Condorcanqui—better known as Tupac Amaru II—an 18th-century Peruvian revolutionary of indigenous blood (he claimed to be a direct descent of the first Tupac Amaru). The second Tupac led the largest indigenous uprising in Spanish American colonial history. As many indigenous people of the Americas were, both were executed by the Spanish.
“I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood,” Afeni reportedly said of her son’s renaming. The origin of this quote is unknown; it’s been widely circulated across the internet, plastered on shareable graphics and Tumblr posts. But historians say there’s evidence that the Black Panthers, which Afeni was a member of at the time, were studying and paying close attention to international liberation movements.
According to Walker, in the late 1960s and early ‘70s, there was international interest in Tupac Amaru II (remember, that’s the 18th-century revolutionary) because of “global fascination with third-world political struggles and anti-colonialism.” At the same time, in Peru, the name and image of Tupac Amaru II became a national symbol during the regime of General Juan Velasco Alvarado, a commander of Peru’s armed forces who overthrew the country’s previous president in a military coup. General Velasco became known for his nationalist rule, and his agrarian reform and education reform policies focused on bringing up the poor and indigenous communities of Peru. For many, Tupac Amaru II came to represent an indigenous and mestizo revolution—in other words: a revolution for the people.
Here’s where it gets tricky. It is true that Tupac Amaru, the Inca chief, was beheaded by the Spanish. But Tupac Amaru II, the revolutionary who came after, was also tortured upon being captured during the rebellion. When the Spanish attempted to tear off his limbs, his body resisted the four horses’ strength. He eventually was beheaded in the same plaza in Cuzco, Peru where his namesake suffered the same fate.
There is only way to know for sure whether the most recognizable name in rap is an homage to an Inca chief or a Peruvian freedom fighter centuries later. That would be to ask Afeni Shakur if she were still alive today.
That may have been the only time he spoke about his name on tape, and may be the only time he connected his name with Peruvian indigenous history on the record.
But it’s clear that, from his early beginnings, Shakur had all makings of a revolutionary: based on not just his name, but also the family he was born into. When he began to use his platform, ‘Pac was able to share his truth through rap and the written word about his multifaceted experience as a black man in America, even if the complex truth was the last thing anyone wanted to hear.
“I’m not saying I’m gonna change the world, but I guarantee that I will spark the brain that will change the world,” said ‘Pac in a recorded interview. His fight for freedom differed from his namesakes, but they are unified in the fight to change and inspire their respective worlds. That’s what a leader, warrior and freedom fighter does.