Question: Why is CPR for drowning different than CPR for people who collapse from heart problems? e.g rescue breaths are recommended for one but not the other.

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 Why is CPR for drowning different than CPR for people who collapse from heart problems? e.g rescue breaths are recommended for one but not the other.

When you drown, you're drastically decreasing the available oxygen in your body/lungs as it all gets spent as you suffocate. When you collapse from heart problems, you tend to have available oxygen still in your lungs, as well as in your blood, so the priority of CPR is to circulate the blood until emergency response gets there. Sometimes pausing and taking a breath burdens the effectiveness of the CPR, but it could be necessary in someone who drowns (or else you're circulating spent blood). So if there is oxygenated blood in the body already then breathing can do more harm by pausing CPR compressions


Question: Why are both the derivative and integral of e^x e^x?

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 Why are both the derivative and integral of e^x e^x?

Here's one way to look at it: If y(x)=e^x , then y'(x) is a function that gives the slope of e^x at any x. In the case of y(x)=e^x , the function that gives the slope is e^x ! That means that at any point on the line given by y=e^x , the value of y is *also* the slope of the line.


Question: Why does white light contain all colors of the spectrum, but when you combine every color you get black?

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 Why does white light contain all colors of the spectrum, but when you combine every color you get black?

Pigment is subtractive, in that when you add pigment together, you subtract the wavelengths of light that can be reflected. At some point, you add enough pigment together that you have subtracted every wavelength of light as it hits the combination of pigment, so what you see is black (obviously you aren't absorbing 100% of visible light with the tech we have right now, but enough that there is no color to be identified so you end up with what we call black). Light is additive in that as you add visible light waves together they approach what we call white - the presence of all visible light waves.


Question: Do animals somehow know and sense that other animals are an entirely different species?

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 Do animals somehow know and sense that other animals are an entirely different species?

Animals covers a lot of ground, and what a border collie knows and what a turtle knows is likely to be a huge difference. Let's just pick on dogs, as dogs and humans have been working together for many centuries. Dogs have excellent scent and hearing. They can clearly tell "your car" from "another car" through sound alone. They know other dogs are different individuals, regardless of species. Scent probably plays a big role here. They know "your car" is not you and not a dog. It's unclear that "alive or dead" is an interesting distinction to a dog.


Question: What is the differences between those car "models"; roadster, spyder, convertible and cabriolet?

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 What is the differences between those car "models"; roadster, spyder, convertible and cabriolet?

A roadster, spider, or spyder (all the same thing) was originally a two-seat, open-topped sports car. The term is often used for closed-top two-seaters with sporty styling or high performance models of small cars. Convertible and cabriolet are the same thing. A car with a folding top. Cabriolet is more often used in Europe.


Question: what makes quartz crystals so useful?

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 what makes quartz crystals so useful?

One major aspect of quartz is that it is piezoelectric. This is when a material will produce a tiny amount of electricity when deformed by physical force. Such a behavior is very useful in things like sensors for microphones, guitar pickups, and ultrasound sensors for medical imaging. Another major use is that the piezoelectric behavior works in reverse where the crystals will slightly deform when electricity is applied to them. A sort of "tuning fork" can then be constructed that will resonate at a specific frequency and kept resonating by applying a small electric charge. That resonance then can be used to keep time with high accuracy, hence the concept of a "quartz watch". There are other obvious uses for timekeeping in electronic devices.


Question: What exactly happens when one goes into shock and how is it treated?

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 What exactly happens when one goes into shock and how is it treated?

When the body goes into shock it basically thinks it's dying so it starts to pull all the blood from the extremities into the core (chest and abdomen). Shock is usually caused by loss of blood pressure (due to loss of blood, or something else) therefore the heart also starts pumping faster which can lead to tachycardia. The best thing to do is call an ambulance, keep them still and cover them with a blanket as they will be cold. Try to stop any major bleeds with direct pressure and elevation and wait for the ambulance. The only time you don't cover them with a blanket is in the case of heat stroke, where the pressure loss is due to loss of sweat. Signs are hot flush skin, and inability to sweat in the heat. In that case call an ambulance, move them to shade and put light strips of wet cloth on them to help pull heat through evaporation.


Question: Why was white straight male historically the default for management/leaders & when did this start?

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 Why was white straight male historically the default for management/leaders & when did this start?

Well you can't say that "leaders" have been "historically" white or male. All cultures - from any ethnicity - have leadership figures, men and women, and often entire power structures are matriarchal. If you're talking about modern, Westernised corporate culture, it's simply down the the fact that anyone who wasn't a straight white male has been burdened with centuries of marginalisation and disempowerment. Homosexuality was a literal crime, so you couldn't be a gay manager. Womens' lives were defined by cultural norms that assigned them to motherhood and housework, so you couldn't be a woman manager. POC were demonised, disenfranchised, often literally enslaved, so you couldn't be a black or Asian or First Nations manager. This is the legacy of centuries of misogynistic, sexually repressed white supremacist values.


Question: Why does the heart not grow bigger with use, like every other muscle in your body?

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 Why does the heart not grow bigger with use, like every other muscle in your body?

It doesn't need to, and that would have negative effects like lowering blood pressure. The heart is made of *cardiac muscle*, different from most other muscles, and what happens instead is it gets stronger as you exercise, which means it pumps more blood per beat, so it ends up that the heart works less for the same effect. This is good. Besides that, other muscles grow from being damaged and repaired (it's not called “getting ripped” for nothing). Muscle fibers tear when enough force is applied, and in the case of weightlifting and working out the tears are very^very^small. As you work muscles more the tears happen more often, so the body makes more muscle to patch the tears.


Question: How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

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 How is it possible for panic attacks to manifest similar symptoms to a heart attack if there aren't any other underlying health factors present?

That is essentially due to stress. When you are normally stressed, your body create stress hormones which make you more receptive to danger, more reactive, make you feel fear, and prepare your muscles to an intensr activity (if you need to run away). It's totally chemical. About panick attack: It happened to me after a long stress period (~1year) : your body accumulate stress hormones and is not able to eliminate them anymore so you are in "constant stress" even if nothing stressful happen, it's nearly impossible to control. Stress hormones make you tired, contract every muscles of your body even those near the heart and the stomach, which causes (real) pain that make you believe you have a heart problem. Plus, your brain reacts to the hormones and the pain with a sentiment of intense fear (a fear like : I need to go to the nearest hospital NOW). So you have a huge pain in the chest and an intense fear : that's very near to an heart attack symptoms.


Question: how much money (in $ worth) is actually circulating around the world?

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 how much money (in $ worth) is actually circulating around the world?

I think you’re asking is how much much currency is in circulation which is a separate question from much money there is. As of September 9th there was $1,980,000,000,000 in circulation, according to the Fed’s website. According to Wikipedia, the 2016 value of worldwide circulating currency was just under 4.7 trillion US dollars.


Question: How does c-4 detonation work?

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 How does c-4 detonation work?

C-4 is an engineered explosive, specifically made to be insensitive to shock. You want soldiers to carry it around in case they need it, and if a stray bullet could cause someone's backpack to explode - there would be less volunteers to carry it around. The key is to create a highly concentrated shockwave. A detonator cord or blasting cap generates a very high pressure shock in a very small area. This concentration of the pressure triggers the C-4.


Question: As we continue to lob probes, cars, and eventually bigger stuff into deep space; will this eventually erode the mass of the earth enough that its orbit might be affected?

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 As we continue to lob probes, cars, and eventually bigger stuff into deep space; will this eventually erode the mass of the earth enough that its orbit might be affected?

The top layer of the Earth, known as the crust, is up to 30 miles deep in continential areas and 5 miles deep in ocean areas. If we manage to strip all of that out and throw it into space, the Earth loses less than 1% of its volume. Relative to that, a few cars or spaceships won't affect the overall mass of the Earth.


Question: How is the trading app Robinhood “bad”?

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 How is the trading app Robinhood “bad”?

It's "bad" in that it makes it too easy for people with zero knowledge or experience to get themselves in a really bad spot. That's a case where an individual should do more to educate themselves on what they're getting into first. In an inexperienced person's defense, however, Robinhood *does* make things too simplistic at times - for instance, identifying royalties as regular dividends or not labeling ETFs as partnerships when they are more than just an ETF.


Question: What are the actual negative effects of drugs like ecstasy and Molly?

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 What are the actual negative effects of drugs like ecstasy and Molly?

Molly/ Ecstasy is supposed to be MDMA (see [3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine]( URL_0 ) for the wiki article) But can sometimes be cut with stuff nothing of the sort; like research chems (another topic) Basically, MDMA activates a part of your brain which releases serotonin and that part is like a bank or a "holding space" of serotonin. Serotonin is also released when we eat chocolate, have sex or do something fun we enjoy and get that "happy feeling". When someone takes MDMA they release almost "all" of the serotonin in their bank, so it feels good and you have a great time because serotonin. Thing is, serotonin takes time to "fill" back up in the bank. MDMA also acts as a psychedelic drug (a drug that can induce hallucinations or the feeling of expanded consciousness). When people take MDMA regularly; like twice in a week or more, they don't have the serotonin to enhance their "psychedelic experience". So what was at one time this amazing, euphoric experience of feeling one with others and empathetic can turn into a nightmare where people feel they can't escape it, until the effects ware off. Some studies suggest long term regular (within months at a time) can cause long term permanent problems with serotonin regeneration (see [here]( URL_1 ) ) Tldr: Using pure/ good MDMA not so often (once/ twice a year, spaced out from months apart) shouldn't cause problems. Using it regular can result in depression and possible brain damage due to serotonergeic damage.


Question: If water makes blood cells swell up and salt makes them contract than why does salt cause an increase in blood pressure?

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 If water makes blood cells swell up and salt makes them contract than why does salt cause an increase in blood pressure?

If you have a high concentration of a solute like sodium, water will naturally move across a semi-permeable membrane to dilute it in an effort to balance the sodium concentration on either side of the membrane. The same applies to the human body - if you have high sodium levels in your blood, you'll have more water in your blood because it tends to follow solutes, primarily sodium. More water physically making up your blood means more volume in your blood vessels and pumping around your body which means higher BP. The principle of sodium controlling water flow is the basis by which your kidneys can influence BP via blood volume - low blood flow to the kidneys (often via low cardiac output) leads to activation of the RAAS system, which among other things makes the kidneys reabsorb lots of sodium, and as a result also reabsorb a lot of water. Further - if your RBCs actually had high sodium concentrations in them then they'd actually bloat due to this very phenomenon; water would flow into the RBCs to dilute the sodium in them, leading to cell expansion and (eventually) lysis. This implies the cells exist in hypotonic solution; a liquid that contains less salt in it than the cells have in them. What you're thinking of is if the cells existed in a **hyper**tonic solution, which is where the high levels of salt exist in the solution outside of the RBCs, rather than in them. In this case the water would actually flow *out* of the RBCs, into the surrounding solution, causing them to shrink/contract. TLDR; you're thinking of water/salt on the cellular level (i.e. how it's affecting the size of RBCs) rather than on the level of actual blood volume - your blood is not just RBCs. Excess sodium isn't sitting inside of your RBCs themselves, but rather it's dissolved in your blood, as is the water which affects volume.


Question: (as soon on TV shows) why does a commander on a naval vessel give orders for course corrections to a subordinate officer who then passes it on to the helm? Why not order the helm directly?

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 (as soon on TV shows) why does a commander on a naval vessel give orders for course corrections to a subordinate officer who then passes it on to the helm? Why not order the helm directly?

> One of the most important principles of ship handling is that there be no ambiguity as to who is controlling the movements of the ship. One person gives orders to the ship's engine, rudder, lines, and ground tackle. This person is said to have the "conn." — James Alden Barber, 2005, "Introduction", The Naval Shiphandler's Guide, p. 8. *One* person at a time can give orders to the helm. Obviously, that person can't be the captain all the time because the captain has other things to do. Less obviously, the captain doesn't get that role just by being there--to avoid confusion, the conn must be *explicitly* transferred. Thus, if the captain doesn't currently have the conn and orders "Ten degrees to starboard," the helmsman is *not supposed to* do it until they hear it from the person who *does* have the conn. Of course, that person will immediately relay the captain's instructions.


Question: Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

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 Why does the taste of a burger vary so greatly from restaurant to restaurant?

Are you ordering the same (or at least relatively) the same ingredients on your burgers? Meat quality and cooking style varies from restaurant to restaurant, along with bread quality and cheese varieties. For instance, a place with fresh baked buns and real cheese will differ from a place with American cheese and frozen buns.


Question: To make advanced man made chemicals like soaps, acids, etc., where are the most basic components collected from?

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 To make advanced man made chemicals like soaps, acids, etc., where are the most basic components collected from?

Believe it or not: nature. Chemistry is sometimes like a cookbook. Get things, heat them up, collect the vapours, put them there, etc. To make soap, the chemical agent you need is caustic soda (lye). To make caustic soda you use sodium carbonate (that occurs as a mineral on Earth) and calcium hydroxide that is either found in nature in minerals (rare) or can be collected by mixing lime and water. Chemistry is what happens when you have a cookbook and use nature as ingredients. You'll have inorganic compounds such as table salt and organic ones (for example: hydrocarbons). Actually there are so many uses of petrol (= organic stuff) that chemists with tell you it's a pity we burn it.


Question: What is the logic behind Corporate Personhood?

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 What is the logic behind Corporate Personhood?

Corporate personhood long predates the 14th Amendment, but derives from British law. To understand why corporate personhood exists, consider a situation where you are wronged by a corporation and want to sue them. Without corporate personhood, this is impossible - there is no 'person' to sue. In terms of the 14th Amendment, what the Supreme Court ended up ruling is that people don't lose rights simply because they organize into a corporate structure. So the government can't shut down the New York Times on the premise that corporations don't have rights - the people who combined their wealth and efforts into the New York Times retain their press/speech rights as a collective just as they had them as individuals.


Question: How there can be so much money in network TV advertising and so little in comparative online advertising?

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 How there can be so much money in network TV advertising and so little in comparative online advertising?

First off, Youtube is not struggling to profit; neither is Netflix. Netflix made more than $2 Billion in profit and $20 billion in revenue last year, far more than any TV station. Alphabet Inc (parent of Google/Youtube) is the 3rd largest company on earth with a value of $988200000000. Secondly, there are few TV stations. There are only 5 broadcast networks in the US: ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, and The CW. There are a few dozen pay channels available via cable. There are literally millions of websites. It's very easy to start a website. It's very difficult to start a TV station; you either need a license to broadcast or an agreement with a cable provider. So a TV station doesn't have to fight as hard for viewers. Everyone sees the same ads on TV, whereas ads on websites are individualized. An ad that 50 million people see is worth more than an ad that 1 thousand people see.


Question: How do we know there is a hole in the ozone layer?

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 How do we know there is a hole in the ozone layer?

We can directly observe and measure the ozone concentrations in a given column of air. One method involves sending a weather balloon up with a device called a ozonesonde. Once the balloon reaches about 21 miles up, the ozonesonde sucks in some gas and measures the amount of electrical charge produced when the gas reacts with potassium iodide. The amount of charge is directly proportional to the amount of ozone in the gas sample. High altitude flights can also reach the stratosphere and measure the ozone in a similar manner. Weather satellites can measure the amounts of ozone by measuring the amount of UV radiation that is reflected back into space from the earth, as that's the primary function of atmospheric ozone. That data. combined with ground-based UV measurements, tells us how much UV is being blocked from the earth by the ozone, which directly correlates with the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere.


Question: Why can Casinos throw people out for counting cards when it isn't illegal or considered cheating? Why can't people take action against the casino for this practice?

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 Why can Casinos throw people out for counting cards when it isn't illegal or considered cheating? Why can't people take action against the casino for this practice?

Plenty of businesses kick people out for things that aren't strictly illegal, but that the business finds undesirable or not good. Hanging out in a diner for an hour after you're finished eating isn't a crime, but they still want you to pound bricks so they can get another customer in there, especially during busy times, for example. When this happens, the customer doesn't have any real recourse, and in fact has the law against them. The business has the right to ask them to leave, and refusing to leave can be interpreted as trespassing. Card counting screws with the casino's profit margins; a skilled card counter or card counting crew working against a single deck or a limited number of decks will statistically outperform the dealers at the table. That alone is enough reason for them to suppress it, both indirectly (more decks, more randomized automatic mechanical shuffling, etc) and directly ("Sir, could you come with us please?"). The casino isn't performing a public service, it's there strictly to make a profit, and are allowed to decide who they do business with. Assuming they don't do anything to the counter other than restrict their access to the gaming table (which sometimes doesn't even include a full casino ban, just from the blackjack table), the counter can't really claim to have suffered a loss, since they didn't have a legal right to play at the table anyway.


Question: Why is warm tap water murky?

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 Why is warm tap water murky?

It is not the dissolved oxygen and gases that contribute to tap waters murkiness;gases are basically without colour. Instead, calcium carbonate, which contributes to turbidity, is actually the cause behind warm water's murkiness. It's solubility is inversely related to temperature. As temperature rises, aqueous calcium carbonate takes its solid form and forms a white precipitate which causes a decrease in water clarity, hence warm water's murkiness. edit: And so, when you turn on the hot water, it is not that the water is dirty, it's just the minerals already present in the water in ionic form are taking a solid form.


Question: In calculus, what does it mean if a function is differentiable?

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 In calculus, what does it mean if a function is differentiable?

There is not really any one perfect definition of differentiability. With that said, if a function is said to be differentiable, this usually means that the derivative exists at every point described by the function. For this to be true, the function must be defined at that point (no holes or gaps or asymptotes there) and also smooth (no kinks, sharp corners, or jagged places). You can also think about this geometrically by saying that a function is differentiable at a point if it is possible to draw a tangent line there. As one example, the absolute value function is not differentiable at the origin, since you cannot draw a tangent line or ever see a straight line by zooming into the function infinitely far at the origin. (If you put a microscope on the graph and begin zooming in, you will always see a sharp V no matter how far you zoom, instead of eventually seeing a straight line as you would if the function were differentiable). Another example of a function that is not differentiable even though it is continuous is the Weierstrass function ( URL_0 ). I would also recommend The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Calculus by Michael Spivak for a deeper explanation of continuity and differentiability.


Question: Keeping in mind the advancements in phone cameras and handheld cameras, why are cameras used in television studios still so bulky?

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 Keeping in mind the advancements in phone cameras and handheld cameras, why are cameras used in television studios still so bulky?

I’m a feature film camera man and advances have made our camera bodies pretty small (see the Alexa mini). However, by the time you add all the accessories we need it gets pretty big and heavy. These accessories include batteries, wireless video transmitter, wireless focus motors, extra focusing monitor, cage to attach all that stuff, focusing range finder, viewfinder, tripod plate, lens, matte box and filters... the list goes on. In the end a 7 pound camera body ends up being 40-50 pounds with accessories.


Question: How can human brain contain and endure many personalities (in cases like DID and MPD) that are so different from the "host" and is there a limit to how many different identities can exist in one brain before their personality's "quality" declines?

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 How can human brain contain and endure many personalities (in cases like DID and MPD) that are so different from the "host" and is there a limit to how many different identities can exist in one brain before their personality's "quality" declines?

*Disclaimer: I am not a mental health professional, just a guy who explains things good so I welcome corrections from people who are more knowledgeable.* Dissociative identity disorder is so poorly understood that many psychologists don't believe it's a real mental disorder *at all*. Skeptics argue that while many, if not most people diagnosed with DID are suffering from *some* kind of mental illness, multiple personalities are not the answer. I'm not qualified to weigh in on that controversy, all I can do is explain what the experts argue about it. Suffice it to say, only a minority of psychologists recognize the disorder and a roughly equal minority are staunchly against it; most are ambivalent or skeptical. Dissociation is something even neurotypical people experience sometimes in response to [usually severe] stress or danger. Dissociation is a detachment from reality, sometimes enough that you feel separated from yourself. It is believed to be a response to stress so that you can take actions necessary for survival without being distracted by emotions and unnecessary details. For example, if your house is on fire you might be distracted by the loss of your cherished memories, or even the loss of your loved ones in the house. You might become paralyzed by the overwhelming sadness and fear. By dissociating, the reality of the situation disappears and it *appears* to be totally unreal: no one is dead, nothing is lost, just go on autopilot which means walking out the door. Dissociation often feels like you are not in control of yourself. Brains are complicated: people often ask even here on ELI5 how your unconscious mind knows something. Well, because *you* know it. You *are* your unconscious mind. Consciousness is an emergent process that arises from all the signals bouncing around through your brain. So, sure, if you dissociate and your conscious mind doesn't register that, say, you're driving a car that doesn't stop the rest of your brain from going through the same unconscious actions you take to drive successfully. But it's still *you*. Think of it like when you're being a terrible, irresponsible driver and texting someone while driving, and even on a slightly curvy road you manage to stay on the road, because you can delegate the task of driving to another part of your brain while you do the "more important" task of texting. (It should go without saying that you shouldn't do this, it's dangerous. Don't. This is not an endorsement of texting and driving.) Sometimes dissociation is accompanied by amnesia. Your brain shuts off reality *so* much that you don't record memory of the event. Kind of like when you zone out while driving and when you "come to" you realize that you've definitely traveled but you also definitely don't remember doing it. Between feeling like someone else is in control of your body and not being able to remember something that evidence shows definitely happened, it can *appear* to someone that literally someone *else* other than their own self is in control of their body when that is not the case. Memory is a lot more fluid than people like to believe: so fluid that you can invent explanations for what happened and believe them so intensely that, in your mind, they are absolute truth. In the case of DID, skeptics argue that *at best* people suffering from DID are creating or altering memories - consciously or unconsciously - to explain gaps in their memory or actions they performed that they did not feel in control of. If it wasn't me, it must have been *someone else* so who is that person? If multiple personalities exist, they are allegedly created in response to trauma to help the person compartmentalize and control that trauma. So if someone is attacked and raped, they can separate that part of themselves and say, "It wasn't *me* that was raped, it was this other not-me." Or conversely, "I was raped but if I become not-me, then I can become someone who was not raped." In that way, alters are aspects of a person's mentality that manifest to deal with a problem. Even if DID is a real diagnosis, alters would not be "real" in the sense that they are not fully-fledged personalities, they're just invented characters designed to help a person function. Can they talk to each other? Well, you can talk to yourself. You can imagine a whole conversation with yourself. Did that conversation "happen"? You can imagine that a conversation *happened* in the past and act as if that were the case. You can imagine that you have separate personalities and you can act like you do, and you can have a mental pathology where you believe that it's true and act like it's true. Is it true? Skeptics say, no. It's acting. It might even be a kind of mentally unwell method acting where you truly believe yourself to be a different person. Skeptics say, it's still acting. Proponents say the distinction between acting like another person and *being* another person is not really a meaningful one, especially given that dissociation is *definitely* a recognized thing. Proponents say, if you can dissociate and then act like a different person during that dissociative episode, well, that's a different personality. To answer your specific questions, the answer is that it depends on who you ask, but really it's a distinction that may not be possible. They are, after all, all made up and in your head, regardless of how "real" they are so they can "do" anything you believe them to have done.


Question: How is time perception possible?

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 How is time perception possible?

DNA just controls what proteins exist where in the developing embryo. The way dividing cells react to those protein gradients controls what kind of cells they become and what they can do. When a whole bunch of brain cells get together, and start sending signals to each other, various mental states and structures emerge. One such emergent phenomenon is the awareness that there's a difference between before (stored in the memory), now (currently processed sensory inputs), and later (the abstract subject of anticipatory thought and executive planning).


Question: how did ancient cultures create statues of solid gold? Is it shaped or or made from a mold?

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 how did ancient cultures create statues of solid gold? Is it shaped or or made from a mold?

Due to the rarity and cost of gold, it wasn't common for solid gold items to be made, except for small jewelry type items. And of course, if such things were created, they were subject to the theft and re-melting over the ages. The melting point of gold is close to that of copper, and it's possible to melt either metal in a charcoal furnace with forced air from a bellows. The simplest casting method would be to carve a small master pattern die from wood or bone. The master could then be pressed into a block of wet clay forming a mold. Molten gold would then be poured into the mold cavity. Two sided molds could also be created with the same method. Because of the softness and malleability of gold, you can also form gold items just by hammering gold nuggets or small cast ingots, with various punches and chisels. This is probably the first method used to work gold, before casting was used. Another process developed in the bronze age is lost-wax or investment casting. This was also common for creating bronze tools and weapons, as well as sculptures and jewelry. Adapting it for gold isn't a problem. In this process a pattern or investment is carved from beeswax, tallow, or resin. The pattern is coated in successive layers of fine clay, mud, sand, and other materials, until a thick outer shell mold is created. Alternatively a clay core can be created, and the core can be coated with several thin wax layers, then fine details are carved into the wax. Finally the outer supporting mold is created. This saves on the amount of metal in the final casting. The finished mold is then heated to melt out the wax or resin, leaving a hollow mold cavity that very precisely duplicates the features of the wax pattern. This is then filled with molten metal, cooled, and the outer shell is broken out. This is called investment because both the original wax pattern and the outer mold is destroyed. This technique is so effective and can create intricate details that other manufacturing processes simply cannot produce. It's still very popular today in the 21st century.


Question: How do screens produce the color black if it’s, physically speaking, just the absence of light?

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 How do screens produce the color black if it’s, physically speaking, just the absence of light?

Exactly as you say. They don't emit any light. It you turn of a screen it is black so turning of the light is enough for the pixel to be black. In practice it is not as black as a turned off screen types because the back light is always on and make it darker with a LCD that can block the light. It might look darker then when a screen if of but that is because you compare it lit pixels beside it or previous scenes.


Question: Why do bloody noses usually only bled from one nostril?

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 Why do bloody noses usually only bled from one nostril?

When your nose is bleeding, you're normally bleeding from a specific place on the inside of your nose (like if you make it bleed by picking it). The blood will come out of whichever nostral that place is in. When you bleed from both, it's probably because the whole inside of your nose is dry to the point where bleeding happens in both nostrals.


Question: How do we know ADHD is real?

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 How do we know ADHD is real?

There's a whole bunch of psychological conditions that are basically the pattern "things everyone feels sometimes, but so often and so intense that they cause a real problem with the person's life." So there's being a bit obsessed, and then there's OCD. There's being sad sometimes, and then there's major depression. ADHD isn't directly measurable but it can be tested, partly by testing for all the other things that could cause those symptoms and ruling them out. It's not very satisfying to be honest but for medical purposes, the fact that diagnostic procedure X leads to treatment Y leads to improved outcome Z (all of which can be tested scientifically) is strong enough evidence—medicine prioritizes helping people over figuring out how it worked. Having said that, while we don't know enough about the brain to directly measure—well basically anything about psychology—we can measure some clues. I've run across studies on the thickness of an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex that hint it's different between ADHD and regular brains. There's also something called "mouse model ADHD" where they've genetically engineered the mice to have a specific biological problem with their brains: reduced dopamine signalling effectiveness. The mice show similar symptoms of ADHD, and respond to the same treatments in similar ways.


Question: When you mix something are you separating the molecules?

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 When you mix something are you separating the molecules?

You can imagine molecules in water as sand. You can move an object through the sand and all the grains just flow around it, but you don't break apart any grains of sand. All liquids will behave in pretty much the same way, with the molecules sliding past each other and around objects.


Question: How can folding a paper 42 times reach the moon?

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 How can folding a paper 42 times reach the moon?

Everytime you fold a paper it doubles in thickness. Start with .1mm Folds thickness 1 .2 2 .4 3 . 8 4 1.6 5 3.2 So you can see in 5 folds our paper has grown to 32x the thickness. Imagine 37 more folds. In fact given that we start with 0.1mm our thickness follows a nice relation that is t = (2^x ) /10 where x is the number of folds. For example X = 2, t = 0.4mm So using 42 we get t = (2^42 ) / 10 mm = 439804651110.4 mm or 439804 km The distance between the earth and moon is 384,400 So you can see on the 41st fold we would be at a thickness of ~200,000 km and with one more fold we would be past the moon.


Question: What makes cheddar cheese “sharp”?

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 What makes cheddar cheese “sharp”?

As I understand, there's two components. Part of it is the culture (bacterial or fungus) that eats up dairy and poops out those delicious sharp flavored compounds. The other part is that as cheese is aged it might lose water content due to evaporation or whatever other means. The less water, the more concentrated the sharp flavors are.


Question: What is Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and why is it so infamous in Mathematics?

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 What is Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and why is it so infamous in Mathematics?

There are actually two incompleteness theorems. They are in the realm of logic, which attempts to axiomatize mathematics. Both theorems are about *formal systems*, which you can think of a set of rules for inferring from axioms. Kind of like meta math in a way. The **first incompleteness theorem** says that all *consistent* (you can think of this as there are no contradictions) formal systems of mathematics that can carry out *Peano arithmetic* (just normal addition/multiplication, basically, with integers that are ordered) are *incomplete*. Here, incomplete means that there are statements you can formulate but you can't prove. The **second incompleteness theorem** says that no consistent formal systems of mathematics that can carry out Peano arithmetic can prove their own consistency. I don't think they are really "infamous", by the way—Gödel is very respected, and no serious mathematician thinks these theorems are wrong. But maybe they can be considered depressing or disheartening. The first theorem says that there are some mathematical questions we don't know the answer to and that we *can't* know the answer to! To mathematicians whose whole purpose is to get those answers, it seems horrifying. And the second theorem says that you can't really "know for sure you're correct" since the formal system can't prove its own consistency.


Question: can logical fallacies ever be baseless?

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 can logical fallacies ever be baseless?

A fallacy is an incorrect use of reasoning. Example: All men are mortal. Socrates is mortal. Therefore Socrates is a man. Wrong. Socrates is my cat. Properly applied, logic works just fine. It's only when it is misused that it does not work. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore Socrates is mortal. That is correctly applied logic: If A then B. A, therefore B. Logic can do a lot more than just that. I always recommend the class in formal logic, taught by the philosophy department, to every college student I meet. It was the single most useful class I took.


Question: I always thought free healthcare was unrealistic to implement here in America due to how much it would raise taxes. Then, I saw Canada’s tax rates. Where does that money come from and how could it be implemented in the states?

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 I always thought free healthcare was unrealistic to implement here in America due to how much it would raise taxes. Then, I saw Canada’s tax rates. Where does that money come from and how could it be implemented in the states?

Some numbers for you. (As of 2016) The U.S. spends almost $10,000 per person on health care, presumably much of that comes straight from individuals. Canada specifically spent almost $5,000 per person on health care. On the assumption that we could copy the Canadian model on a per cost basis, we would simply increase taxes to meet the $5k and let people pocket the rest that they would have spent themselves. It's basically changing the source of the money from individuals and Medicare/Medicaid and moving it into a tax. So the money is easily found because it's not an added expense, it's actually a reduction in overall expenses.


Question: What is happening when one taste bud has a freak-out, swells and is hypersensitive?

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 What is happening when one taste bud has a freak-out, swells and is hypersensitive?

From the sounds of it, you're getting 'lie bumps'. They can be caused by a lot of things, including stress, hormone changes, and certain foods. I get them when I'm dehydrated. The thing that's getting inflamed is not quite a taste bud - it's the little perch that your taste buds sit on (called a papilla). If its just one or two every now and then, it's quite normal. If it's more frequent, you may be having a reaction to something you're eating, or a tongue condition that makes them flare up. A doctor will be able to clarify things for you


Question: How do college campuses have the same WiFi network across entire campuses?

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 How do college campuses have the same WiFi network across entire campuses?

It's called a [wifi mesh]( URL_0 ). There are multiple ways to set up a wifi mesh. From having one wifi access point connect over wifi to a neighbor, to having all access points connect to a central switch over Ethernet. As for why some on-campus locations appear (or are) to be faster or slower than others, that's something you'd have to ask your campus network staff.


Question: What's the difference between sympathy and empathy? Why does it sometimes feel bad to receive sympathy from another person?

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 What's the difference between sympathy and empathy? Why does it sometimes feel bad to receive sympathy from another person?

I have a friend who constantly loses his wallet. He gets wildly upset each time. I can empathize with his feelings, I understand how it would feel to lose my wallet. But because he does this so often, I no longer sympathize with him, I no longer feel sorry for him. He never learns, and never looks after his wallet. No sympathy from me.


Question: - What does it mean to own one's feelings? How does one do that?

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 - What does it mean to own one's feelings? How does one do that?

For example if you’re feeling sad, rather than trying to ignore it or push it away, or express the sadness as another emotion (eg. anger), you recognise that you’re actually feeling sad and allow yourself to just. Be sad. Because that’s ok. It might help to try and look at the individual facts of the situation and decide yes, this part hurt me and made me sad, this part made me angry, and this stuff over here is dumb and I’m also sad about it. idk does that help?


Question: If every distance (in theory) can be halved, regardless of how microscopic, how does anything physically touch anything else?

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 If every distance (in theory) can be halved, regardless of how microscopic, how does anything physically touch anything else?

As other comments have pointed out, on an atomic level, you can't actually touch something, as electrons will always try to repel each other. So let's loosen our definition of touch to the idea of two surfaces making contact, just so that we can ignore these atomic effects. We'll also assume that if the distance between two surfaces is 0, they're touching, and if it's greater than 0, they're not (no negative distances) Now we can approach the actual question of halving distances. With these premises, you can keep getting closer to the object you want to touch without touching it, but these kinds of problems (akin to Zeno's Paradox) always forget about time. If you go to poke the wall, and you keep your hand moving at the same speed, then each time you move your hand halfway towards the wall, it will take half the time to cover that distance. Let's say it takes time T to move your hand halfway to the wall the first time. The second time, your hand is moving half the distance, so it takes half the time T/2 The next time it takes half the time again, T/4 Then T/8, T/16 etc If we add up all these values, T + T/2 + T/4 + T/8 +... infinitely, we get what mathematicians call a geometric series, and the answer is equal to 2*T. So after 2T time has passed, we will have done all of the infinitely many distance halves, and if we've done all of them, then we must be at distance zero (where we can't get any closer), so we're touching the wall. Since time is always passing, we know that 2T time will eventually pass, so we will eventually touch the wall. In short, philosophical problems often don't deal with infinity that well. If infinity's involved, resort to pure maths.


Question: What exactly is the Bilderberg Meeting and why is it so secretive?

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 What exactly is the Bilderberg Meeting and why is it so secretive?

The meeting itself isn't secret just that the words spoken by individuals are not revealed the reason for this is to encourage open and frank exchange of views a bit like why advice from Ambassadors to their native governments are also "secret" so that views about the leadership and policies of the other country can be discussed without repercussions. It is a transatlantic meeting of experts from North America and Europe with the aim of the two areas working better together.


Question: Why do people roll their eyes when exasperated or annoyed at someone or something?

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 Why do people roll their eyes when exasperated or annoyed at someone or something?

Eye contact is an important part of communication for humans (and other animals). Averting eye contact is used across multiple cultures to signify discomfort or distaste as well as a method of avoiding direction aggression. This is seen across all kinds of mammals, particularly primates, so it may be biological in nature. Eye-rolling specifically is a very recent phenomenon; 20th century at the earliest. It's just one of those memes which spread through use. It's an easily-exaggerated form of eye contact removal which allows one to emphasize their distaste.