Question: why does gas exchange in the lungs depend on partial pressure of oxygen and not its concentration as in simple diffusion?

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 why does gas exchange in the lungs depend on partial pressure of oxygen and not its concentration as in simple diffusion?

Partial pressure *is* a form of concentration. pV=nRT, which we can rearrange to say p= (RT)*n/V. The n/V is molar concentration. R is a constant, and T includes the role of temperature in the density of the gas. For liquids, density doesn't usually change drastically with small changes in temperature, so you can often ignore the effect density has on the concentration of something. For gases, the changes are much bigger, and we almost always have to care about it, so it's useful to talk about concentration in a way that already rolls in the effect of temperature.


Question: How do cameras work? How did someone figure out that you could capture an image on film?

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 How do cameras work? How did someone figure out that you could capture an image on film?

Before we had plates to capture the image and keep it, there was something called a camera obscura, basically just a dark room or tent with a tiny hole. If done correctly, light shines through the hole and creates an image on the wall. The camera as we know it is kinda a shrunken version of this "The History of Camera Obscura and How It Was Used to Create Art" URL_0


Question: How could time be non-existent?

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 How could time be non-existent?

The main point is time and space aren't separate things - they are one thing together - spacetime - and spacetime simply did not exist before the universe existed. Not sure what the "in the first milliseconds" bit means, and that's a new one by me. You may, however, be thinking of Einstein's use of the phrase "For us believing physicists, the distinction between past, present and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion." What he means is that all of spacetime - from the moment of initial existence to however things "end" - exists fully and completely all at once. Things don't "come into being" in the future or recede into the past - that's just an illusion. All of it exists right now, has since the beginning of spacetime, and never goes away. We just "travel" through it, and it is only our experience that makes it seem as if there's a difference between past and future, and hence an experience of "time." Think of the entirety of spacetime as being a giant loaf of bread - at one crust slice is the start of spacetime, and the other crust slice is the end of spacetime. But the entire loaf exists all at once and came out of the oven fully baked - it's not changing at all. Imagine a tiny ant starting at the beginning crust and eating its way through in a straight line from one end to the other. It can't back up and it can't change its pace. It can only move steadily forward and with each bite it can only get sensory input from the part of the loaf its sensory organs are touching. To the ant, it seems that each moment is unique, and while it may remember the moments from behind it, it hasn't yet experienced the moments to come. It seems there's a difference in the past and future, but the loaf is already there on both ends. Now what makes it weirder is that the ant itself is baked into the loaf from start to finish so in a sense it's merely "occupying" a new version of itself from one moment to the next. This also isn't quite right, since it's more accurate to say that the ant is a collection of all the separate moments the ant experiences. It's not an individual creature making it's way from one end to the other - it's the entire "history" of the creature from start to finish. Doesn't make a lot of intuitive sense to us mere humans, and the concepts have serious repercussions for the concept of free will, but that's a different discussion. EDIT - holy hell, this got some attention. Please understand that all I did was my best to (poorly) explain Einstein's view of time, and by extension determinism. I have nothing more to offer by way of explanation or debate except to note a few things: 1. If the "loaf" analogy is accurate, we are all baked into the loaf as well. The particular memories and experiences we have at any particular point are set from one end of the loaf to the other. It just seems like we're forming memories and having experiences "now" - but it's all just in the loaf already. 2. Everything else in the universe is baked into the loaf in the same way - there's no "hyper-advanced" or "hyper-intelligent" way to break free of that (and in fact, the breaking free would itself be baked in). 3. I cannot address how this squares with quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle or anything else for that matter. It's way above my pay grade. I think I'm correct in saying that Einstein would say that it's because QM, etc. are incomplete, but (and I can't stress this enough) I'm no Einstein. 4. Watch [this]( URL_0 ). You won't regret it, but it may lead you down a rabbit hole.


Question: why do vegetarians get stomach aches when they eat meat again?

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 why do vegetarians get stomach aches when they eat meat again?

I'm not finding any scientific studies that confirm that vegetarians get stomach aches when eating meat for the first time in a long period, but if they do the reason is probably due to gut flora. Our intestines are full of beneficial bacteria that digest our food and can even help signal the production of enzymes to further break down food. It is possible that a long-time vegetarian having a steak homecoming would either not have enough of the necessary enzymes to break the food down properly, causing discomfort, or their intestinal ecosystems are lacking the bacteria that specialize in digesting the kind of molecules you would find in meat.


Question: How do they stop the lines from mixing together when you squeeze the toothpaste?

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 How do they stop the lines from mixing together when you squeeze the toothpaste?

Toothpaste is very viscous (aka thick), so it doesn't flow much on its own. Viscous fluids don't mix together very easily. Also, when you squeeze the tube, you're applying mostly even, linear pressure, which will direct the toothpaste toward the hole; there's nothing causing turbulence that would cause it to swirl together. If you leave the tube closed and squeeze it in all different directions, kneading it all over, it might come out more mixed.


Question: if a region wants to become independent, why do countries resist so strongly?

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 if a region wants to become independent, why do countries resist so strongly?

It varies on a case by case basis but a commonality is that land and resources are valuable. Spain doesn't want Catalonia to secede because Barcelona brings in a lot of money. Bosnia didn't let Republika Srpska leave because that area had been part of Bosnia for hundreds of years. Also usually not everyone in a disputed area is pro-succession or independence, so it can be a complicated issue.


Question: Why do airplane seats have small slips of fabric on the headrest?

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 Why do airplane seats have small slips of fabric on the headrest?

> Why do airplane seats have small slips of fabric on the headrest? This strip of fabric can be removed and cleaned while a replacement piece is installed in short order. While people wear relatively clean clothes their heads are covered in oily hair, residue from which could build up on the headrest.


Question: Why do people get overly emotional while watching their favourite band/singer live?

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 Why do people get overly emotional while watching their favourite band/singer live?

I personally don’t give a crap about the band members themselves but I get emotional over music all the time (although not typically live cause I think it usually like crap compared to the audio recording and like I said the music is what I care about.) I’m a metal head and the raw emotion of being able to scream out your feels is nice when you have so many chaotic emotions always jerking your around. It’s like if I made this post and you saw it and went, “YES!! What this guys said!! I’m not the only one raging about this!” Except I’m listening to a song yelling what I feel and I’m like, “YES!! What this guy f**king said!!!” I know what I described is not what you’re specifically talking about but I think there some overlapping reasons. Could be that they’re goo goo for the person because they give them the credit for creating that outlet for their feels. That would be similar to me except I just care about the outlet; I don’t care who gave it. It’s the music I like not the person I don’t even know and probably wouldn’t even like that delivered it. Like the Porsche dealer that delivers me my brand new 911 Turbo S. It’s the car I love, not the dealer that I ordered it from but I think people feel that way. “You made this possible so its you I love as a the maker of this moment!” But I’m sure a lot them are just suckers for celebrities and don’t stop to think that most of them (my opinion) are terrible people. In which case I think I hand you a beer OP and say “Aren’t these people stupid?”


Question: When a big company buys another big company for let says $10bn, where the money come from, and goes? For the receiving company, to which the money goes? Shareholders? CEO? Both? And Who exactly pays, from what wallet does the money come from?

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 When a big company buys another big company for let says $10bn, where the money come from, and goes? For the receiving company, to which the money goes? Shareholders? CEO? Both? And Who exactly pays, from what wallet does the money come from?

It goes to whoever owns the company. In the case of a private company, ownership is private, and either an individual or a business. With a public company, ownership means all outstanding shares, which have to be purchased back at the agreed upon rate (essentially, the purchase price divided evenly amongst all shares).


Question: why do our hands shake when we are nervous?

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 why do our hands shake when we are nervous?

It’s a component of the fight-or-flight response. Your muscles essentially get prepared to either help you get away from the stressor, or fight it off. This is caused by the release of adrenaline when you notice a stressor. Adrenaline speeds up how quickly your muscles contract, which can lead to twitching (especially around a particularly intense stressor)


Question: where does wind come from?

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 where does wind come from?

Wind comes from the changing of air pressure caused by differing temperatures over land vs water. Hot air rises and cool air falls. As the hot air over land rises, the cool air from the sea or over bodies of water, rushes in to take its place creating wind. Wanting to find the answer to a question is an inherent marker of intelligence.


Question: What is the difference between odds and probability?

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 What is the difference between odds and probability?

TLDR: 1 in 6 chance = probability of 1/6 = 5:1 odds. The long version: There is no fundamental difference. The two words refer to broadly the same concept. The only gotcha is that different people use different names and different notation. The most common thing I see in informal contexts is, I think, "There's an x in y chance this will happen". E.g. "There's a 1 in 6 chance you'll roll a six on a die." In a mathematical context, you'll almost always call it "probability", and represent it as a single number: Either a percentage (usually for laypeople) "There's a 16.6(6)% probability of rolling a six on a die", or as a number from 0 to 1 (in more technical contexts): "There's a probability of 1/6 of rolling a six on a die". Note how I didn't write a probability of 0.1666 (equivalent to the percentage). Mathematicians are a precise bunch, and nobody would say a probability of 0.16 when you can write it precisely as 1/6. Finally, odds is a term most often used in gambling or by gamblers, and usually comes in the form of a ratio, in the form failures:successes, so e.g. "5:1 odds against rolling a six on a die" — five failures (1,2,3,4,5) to one success (6). The gotcha here is that odds in this sense is often used interchangeably with the odds in a bookmaking sense: the payout. 5:1 odds means that, on a bet of $10, you win $50 (so take home $60). Because the house wants to make money, the (payout) odds are usually worse than the (probability) odds: Rolling a six might be a 5:1 event, but it'll earn you 4.9:1 from a bookkeeper.


Question: How do they rationalize the transporters in Star Trek when they appear to function by killing you, and then creating a new you with the same memories at a distant location?

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 How do they rationalize the transporters in Star Trek when they appear to function by killing you, and then creating a new you with the same memories at a distant location?

Using a transporter to make a new you with the same memories is not fundamentally different from waiting 7 years for all of your cells to be replaced. And because nobody has any qualms with cell death, nobody should be upset with how transporters work. Although, there was one episode (I think it was in TNG, but I could be mistaken) with a character who refused to use the transporters. She insisted on using shuttlecraft to travel from ship to planet and back. Perhaps she thought the way you do.


Question: how do apps keep data secure when transferring over public WiFi?

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 how do apps keep data secure when transferring over public WiFi?

In a word, encryption. _Any_ data transferred over HTTPS is secure from the device to the web page you're connected to. HTTPS packets are encrypted, meaning snoopers can't see the contents. All people trying to steal data over WiFi will see is the **domain** ( URL_0 ) and not the path (/bankingapp/login.php) or parameters (?app=android) or the body (stuff sent when you submit a login form). Additionally, a well designed login system never sends the password, only a _hash_ of it (can be used to check if the password is correct, but not what the password is). Since HTTPS is a pretty well-adopted protocol, it's easy to write your app and server using HTTPS and let Android/iOS handle the encryption part of it. If anything uses HTTP (no S) traffic, then it's not secure. All of Google's stuff will be HTTPS, as well as online banking. It does depend on the developer, but there's more and more pressure on to use only HTTPS, and companies that _really should be_ using it get a pretty hard time if someone discovers they're sending data in plain text.


Question: Why is it so difficult to make synthesized instruments sound like their real-world counterparts?

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 Why is it so difficult to make synthesized instruments sound like their real-world counterparts?

First, I want to suggest that your experience might be coloured by 'availability bias'. If you ever hear a synthesized instrument good enough to fool you, then, more or less by definition, you won't know you've heard one. One pretty popular brand of synthesized and sampled acoustic instruments, is the Native Instruments Kontakt line, and you can listen to previews of many of their soundpacks here: [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) Instruments like these are used extensively in movie soundtracks as well as other music. I bet that lots of them will sound pretty real to you. & #x200B; But why is it hard to do this in general? The answer is a bit different for each instrument. Fake pianos started to sound a lot more convincing a lot earlier than fake guitars, for instance, because there isn't all that much playing nuance to capture in a piano note. The note can be struck hard or soft, and it can be held long or short, and that's just about it. Two parameters, velocity and duration. In piano playing, all the expression and nuance doesn't come from fine details about the note itself, but from how they're put together. A single note on the guitar, though, can have all kinds of inflection on it - picking technique, fretting/voicing, bends, tremolo, all that stuff. It's a lot more work to come up with a simulated model of a guitar which captures all those things about someone's playing style. And even if you \*have\* come up with a convincing virtual instrument model, that doesn't necessarily mean composers and players will know how to use it effectively. Most music composition and production software has a quite generic, non-instrument-specific approach to writing out melodies and chords. There's no standard way, for instance, for a composer to tell a virtual guitar instrument, which chords should be strummed upwards and which should be strummed downward. People using these instruments might have to manually edit their compositions note-by-note to add tiny minuscule timing offsets to simulate strumming, since if all 6 notes in a guitar chord are struck at exactly the same time, it will sound unnatural. It's the same for many other instruments, like saxophone or violin, which allow for a huge number of different ways to play a single note. Most computer and keyboard-based composition workflows do not have good ways to expressively simulate those technique nuances. Edit: Here are some examples of [wind controllers]( URL_0 ). If you wanted to get a convincing synthesized saxophone sound, controlling it with one of these would be a must. Playing the sax line on a piano keyboard or drawing it out on a sequencer grid just wouldn't cut it.


Question: How are animals/organisms with short lifespans such as mayflies not constantly mutating/evolving?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are animals/organisms with short lifespans such as mayflies not constantly mutating/evolving?

They have evolved into a local optimum. This means that any small change in their genes would be for the worse and that such lines would become extinct or mutate back. There is always some genetic variation but it is clustered around an optimal sequence. Evolution does still happen but it requires big mutations to find an even more optimal species or the environment would have to change making their current species less suited.


Question: Why does it feel different when one touches their own skin as opposed to someone else touching it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why does it feel different when one touches their own skin as opposed to someone else touching it?

It has to do with two things: 1) you experience yourself touching not only on the skin you touch, but also with the hand you touch yourself. (Maybe you experienced how different it feels, when you touch some part of your body that "fell asleep" and lost its sense of touch) 2) expectation: You will anticipate yourself touching, because you learned this growing up. You will have a mental representation already in your mind when you touch yourself, and this will change your experience. This is also the reason you cannot tickle yourself.


Question: why foods like boiled rice, pasta or deep fried fries rise up to the surface when done cooking?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why foods like boiled rice, pasta or deep fried fries rise up to the surface when done cooking?

I think, it is because as they absorb water their mass becomes less than the boiling water. Hot water is less dense than cold water, so as the water cools those things then sink back to the bottom. For the fries ... Deep frying is actually considered a "dry cooking" method. In deep frying though ot is actually a LOSS of moisture in the food (fries, chicken, veggies) that causes it to float to the top. Same thing happens when the oil cools, those items would sink. ELI5: The food becomes "lighter" when cooked and hot. Heavier when cold or raw. Hot liquids push these lighter foods to the top.


Question: How the hell do Deep Fakes work?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How the hell do Deep Fakes work?

Honestly, I know it's probably against the rules of ELI5, but I would recommend Corridor's Crew video on their Keanu Reeves deepfake to fully understand everything that's behind this. In short, you basically have to get an actor to play the body of the subject of deepfake, and train an algorithm to match the face of that celebrity you want in the scene to the body of the duble, you need to track the face of the celebrity trough interviews and movies though


Question: Why does hot water help dissolve old dirt on dishes but cold water doesn’t? Also, why is dirt harder to wash away if you leave it overnight?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does hot water help dissolve old dirt on dishes but cold water doesn’t? Also, why is dirt harder to wash away if you leave it overnight?

Heat produces fast moving molecules in the water. That's why water boils. The molecules are super agitated. That's why tea dissolves faster in boiling water instead of cold and that's also why dirty dishes are easier cleaned with hot water. Over night the dirty dishes become caked in their sauces, it loses water it dissolves in the air, leaving behind crusty hard dirt. The crusty dirt is not a liquid anymore henceby being harder to clean.


Question: what’s the difference between a white surface and a mirror?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what’s the difference between a white surface and a mirror?

If a beam of light hits a white surface, it scatters in all directions. If a beam of light hits a mirror, it reflects in one particular direction. The result is that you can see reflected images in a mirror while a white surface just creates a single color that is a mash-up of all the incoming light.


Question: Why are intelligent people more associated with depression than others?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are intelligent people more associated with depression than others?

Malcom Gladwell's book [Outliers]( URL_1 ) goes into this pretty well. He found that very intelligent people can struggle with depression due to a shortfall in achievements compared to their perceived potential. As someone who has been told they're "so smart" all their lives, you should be working at NASA now right? Then how come you ended up in a cubicle living out [Office Space]( URL_0 )? It's definitely because you're not an asshole that can't work with others. They just should do it your way because it's objectively superior due to your overwhelming intelligence. They're just dumb and should be ignored like the sheep they are. Gladwell found that intelligence only goes so far. Once you crossed a threshold of "smart enough" the real difference between becoming a ranch hand in the middle of Missouri vs founding the Manhattan project was your ability to work as a team. Fact is, no matter how smart you are it takes too long for you to learn enough about rocket science, material properties, chemistry, astrophysics, finance, and welding. If you cannot communicate, all that genious goes to waste, as nobody in the rest of the world can use it. This makes you feel like a child again with something REALLY IMPORTANT to say but nobody will listen. Or when they do, they just don't "get it" because you can't boil it down to a HS reading level, as that would be "beneath you". So, you start to feel lonely, isolated, and start that spiral towards depression.


Question: What is Pi? How was it discovered, and why does such a strange number have so many diverse uses?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is Pi? How was it discovered, and why does such a strange number have so many diverse uses?

It’s just a relationship between the diameter and circumference of a circle. It was discovered because people noticed that the ratio never changes, no matter how big or small the circle, and it’s the only way to calculate the surface of one. It has many uses because many things in nature have circular motion.


Question: How has it been decided that the second amendment applies only to guns?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How has it been decided that the second amendment applies only to guns?

The simple answer is the Court hasn't addressed the issue yet. Incorporation of the Second Amendment is recent (2010!), and a case involving other arms hasn't worked its way up yet. In my view, knives are the most likely arm to be challenged. We know at the time the Second Amendment was drafted that many (maybe most) men carried knives. So it may be that the drafters had a conception of knives as arms.


Question: Why do people with severe Migraines or Cluster headaches feel like drilling their head is a perfectly sane idea at the moment?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people with severe Migraines or Cluster headaches feel like drilling their head is a perfectly sane idea at the moment?

I get migraines and cluster headaches. First off there are different types and different causes. The type that makes you want to drill into your head is usually due to sinus pressure. it feels like something is pushing against your skull and opening a hole will release the pressure. Now, noone really wants to drill into their head literally they just want the pain to stop. Generally putting counter pressure on the sinus will numb the pain. Also interesting fact. there are migraines that don't involve any pain. Extremely photosensitive people in certain light can't focus their eyes, may loose balance, or get nauseous. All of this and no headache. Other causes include constricted veins. High blood pressure. Injury or tightness in the upper neck muscles. And concussion history. If you never had a history of migraine and suddenly get them get in touch with your doctor asap. They could be the sign of something more serious.


Question: how do eye dilation drops inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do eye dilation drops inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system?

The pupil is closed by ciliary muscles (round muscles around the eye), which are stimulated to contract and close the pupil by parasympathetic innervation. This signal is sent through certain receptors (muscarinic receptors). The chemical agent in eye drops bind to this receptor, but they don't cause a contraction, so they prevent the pupil from closing. The dilator muscles which open the eyelid have no opposition, so every time they open a little bit they stay open and are unable to close.


Question: Why is sending images on messaging platforms like discord considerably slower than video call, where you're sending each other over 30 images per second almost instantaneously?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is sending images on messaging platforms like discord considerably slower than video call, where you're sending each other over 30 images per second almost instantaneously?

**Sending an image** is a kind of file transfer. It uses a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), which is connection oriented. Essentially, all hosts (i.e. both you and your friend's computer, or each computer and a server in discord's case) care about what is being transferred and if it was done so correctly. It does this by sending both the image itself and a 'hash'. The hash is just the image data sent through a particular algorithm resulting in a string of what appears to be gibberish. However, the receiving computer can run the payload (the image you sent) through that same algorithm and compare the hashes. If they match, the image was sent completely without error. If not, the whole thing must be sent again. **Video Streaming** typically uses some connection*less* protocol (like UDP). In this kind of interaction, both hosts don't care what is being sent or if anything is lost. If some packet doesn't make it or is damaged, it just moves on to the next like there isn't an issue. This is considerably faster but you will inevitably end up with packet loss (and stuttering/blurriness) unless the connection is perfect.


Question: If multi-trillion dollar rescue package will stimulate the economy, why not do it in non-crisis times too?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If multi-trillion dollar rescue package will stimulate the economy, why not do it in non-crisis times too?

Dumping large amounts of newly created money into the economy during times when it's already healthy would likely result in major inflation (since a large amount of extra money is unneeded in a healthy economy, its relative value would decrease and costs everywhere would increase). The current crisis stimulus is only intended to temporarily replace the economic activity that our economy would normally be generating on its own. Very much like providing temporary (but necessary) life support for someone in a coma.


Question: When an article cites "top scientists", "leading experts", etc. what does this mean? Is there some sort of ranking leaderboard for science industries?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When an article cites "top scientists", "leading experts", etc. what does this mean? Is there some sort of ranking leaderboard for science industries?

It means "I'm a lazy journalist who wants to add credibility to my article so more people will read it." It is also a way to refer to a scientific consensus. "We'd say all scientists believe this, but there are a few bigfoot hunting cranks on The History Channel who don't, and saying 'non-stupid' scientists is too mean."


Question: Why is it when we chew/swallow food or drink, we don't gag but if we have to have a medical procedure that involves something going down our airway or dentist, we don't gag?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it when we chew/swallow food or drink, we don't gag but if we have to have a medical procedure that involves something going down our airway or dentist, we don't gag?

Because you have no gag reflex. You have likely lost your gag reflex through the repeated taking through your throat hole of various large objects. What these objects might have been we can only guess. It is possible that you are bulimic and have lost your gag reflex that way. Perhaps you're a sword swallower. But the fact that you do not gag under any of the circumstances you've described strongly suggests that you have suppressed your gag reflex in some way.


Question: How do search engines find their URLs?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do search engines find their URLs?

Search engines "crawl" the internet to search for content that will satisfy the user's search. Website devs need to optimize their website so they can be indexed (or "crawled") and they also includes optimizing the URL so it can be crawled. Optimizing (being relevant being one very key point) also helps your search engine result page (serp) rank increase (showing up as first result is most desired because 75% of us don't go beyond the first page of SERPs), but without going into marketing, that's the basics


Question: Why are food chains allowed to call their products things like "freshly baked/ handmade etc." when they are not?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are food chains allowed to call their products things like "freshly baked/ handmade etc." when they are not?

Define "freshly baked" and "handmade" Its pretty hard right? What does freshly baked mean? 1 hour? 1 minute? 1 day? 5 days? What does handmade mean? Does it mean I can use zero tools or machines? Can I use some tools? Some machines? Does it mean at some point someone was involved in the process and it wasn't just 100% automated? What is it? It's pretty hard to define those topics, and that difficulty in definition is the key out here for companies. These are not strict terms as you can see above, so they are up to interpretation. Also, just to note, a lot of stuff in food chains is FAR more "fresh" than you'd initially think, they have extremely good logistics chains to get them fresh items and they turn over their inventory quickly so need to replenish it with new fresh items. Even onsite or offsite baked goods even as an example here are often quite fresh, as the logistics of fresh bread and such are an entire industry in itself.


Question: Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is - 1 X - 1 = 1 ?

Repost from 2 years back: I give you three $20 notes: +3 × +20 = you gain $60 I give you three $20 debts: +3 × -20 = you lose $60 I take three $20 notes from you: -3 × +20 = you lose $60 I take three $20 debts from you: -3 × -20 = you gain $60


Question: How do people depict dinosaur sounds despite not knowing what they actually sound like? Or do they just guess and just go with it?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do people depict dinosaur sounds despite not knowing what they actually sound like? Or do they just guess and just go with it?

So animal sounds, like the human voice just rely on air running past/through some kind of resonator or 'voicebox'. I remember in a highschool biology lesson we got a pig's lungs and heart to dissect as a class demo, and the teacher showed how the squeal /grunt could be replicated by using a hand pump to pass air through it . I'm sure I recall you here being an attempt to recreate the 'voicebox' of a fossil in a similar way [link to a similar article, but not quite the one I was thinking of]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do some cities not get certain restaurants? What's the decision-maker that decides what restaurant goes into a city?

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 Why do some cities not get certain restaurants? What's the decision-maker that decides what restaurant goes into a city?

Some chain resturaunts work in franchises, which means you buy the rights to build a store. The company can set very specific rules about how they want their store built, and where. They may have a limit and say that two stores must be more than 5 miles apart. Or no one is willing to buy a franchise to said store. They are very costly at first. You pay for everything.


Question: What is AWS and what sort of work is involved?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What is AWS and what sort of work is involved?

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use. Symptoms typically include anxiety, shakiness, sweating, vomiting, fast heart rate, and a mild fever. More severe symptoms may include seizures, seeing or hearing things that others do not, and delirium tremens. Symptoms typically begin around six hours following the last drink, are worst at 24 to 72 hours, and improve by seven days. Benzodiazepines are effective for the management of symptoms as well as the prevention of seizures. Certain vitamins are also an important part of the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In those with severe symptoms inpatient care is often required. In those with lesser symptoms treatment at home may be possible with daily visits with a health care provider.


Question: Why do some images in softwares such as Photoshop appear fine at 85% zoom, blurry at 100%, and then fine again at 125%?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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</answer>
 Why do some images in softwares such as Photoshop appear fine at 85% zoom, blurry at 100%, and then fine again at 125%?

Imagine an image was to be displayed 50/50 red and blue. You start out viewing it at a size when it's 20 pixels wide, so 10 pixels red and ten blue. Bam, it is perfect. Now you zoom in by 25 percent, making it 25 percent larger. The red and blue should each be 12.5 pixels wide, for 25 total pixels Uh oh, a pixel is a smallest we go. A pixel has to be all one color, it can't be half one and half the other. So maybe out of our 25 pixel width, we either do 13 red and 12 blue, or vice versa. Or maybe 12 red 12 blue and a purple pixel in between. Either way, it doesn't look perfectly 50/50 red blue anymore, there's either a purple blurring of the line between the two, or it looks slightly off. Zoom in farther! 50%! Now that ten and ten becomes 15 and 15, for 30 total. The screen can totally do that, no problem, there's no half pixels there. So you had the weird half pixel problem at 25% maginification, but not 0 or 50. This is super simplistic, and the problem is drastically more complex over curves, but that's a basic. This is also just one element. There's also a case of extreme zooms where the 'pixel' elements Photoshop is representing get so big individually your brain stops seeing the pixels together as a picture, and start seeing the clear delineation of the pixels as separate elements.


Question: How did scientists prove that entangled particle show the same properties even when light-years away from eachother? How can they detect the spin of a particle with such precision across insane distances. Or is it all theoretical proof?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How did scientists prove that entangled particle show the same properties even when light-years away from eachother? How can they detect the spin of a particle with such precision across insane distances. Or is it all theoretical proof?

So believe it or not, quantum entanglement isn't a far-off mystery -- it's actually really well accounted for, both theoretically and experimentally. So well, in fact, that it already served as the *solid basic foundation* of the experimental methods that led to the [2008 Nobel Prize]( URL_0 ). That's an indication of how well supported entanglement already is. Now, as for the other part of the question: entanglement is *not* a robust persistent connection between particles. It's only a correlation that shows up in the statistics of correlated state variables which takes us slightly beyond ELI5. But the main point is this: as soon as one of the entangled particles experiences a particle interaction that affects the correlated state, that entanglement is lost. So I mean we can surely *imagine* a state-entangled particle traveling for a light year before interacting. But in the end, it makes no difference. It can be mathematically proved that there's no physical information or physical transport through entanglement. Only statistics of the correlated state.


Question: Where does gravity come from?

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 Where does gravity come from?

> If I jumped in the air directly underneath the moon would I jump higher than if I jumped when the moon was above the other side of the earth? Yes, but only a teeny tiny bit. The Moon is so far away that its gravitational effect on you is minuscule compared to Earth's gravity. Specifically, Earth's gravitational acceleration is about 9.8m/s^2 while the Moon's gravitational pull on a person who is on Earth is about 0.000033m/s^(2).


Question: Apparently this decade has only just begun this year?

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 Apparently this decade has only just begun this year?

Your girlfriend is only correct in the most old fashions of terms. The 3rd decade, of the 21st century began in 2021. But the 20’s started in 2020. They use different convention. The first one uses the 1 to 0 convention. The second one uses the 0 to 9 convention. Nobody really uses the 1 to 0 convention for decades, only for centuries. This only really came back into living memory because there was controversy on when the 3rd millennium started in 2000 or 2001. And a lot of people were wrong in thinking it was the start of the 2nd millennium.


Question: How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How would we know if we’re seeing a color for the first time? How are new colors created?

We actually have [colour databases]( URL_0 ), which colour scientists check to see if a colour they made already exists. If it doesn’t, boom, new colour. To most people, these don’t look like new colours, because they are all variations of colours we are all familiar with like red and blue. > How are colours made? New colours are made by mixing synthetic and naturally-occurring pigments together. There’s obviously more science to it, because colour is created when light bounces off atoms, but overall it’s just mixing stuff together. Hope this helped!


Question: Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is 1 not considered a prime number?

Here’s a longer explanation. Prime numbers are any number other than one that are only divisible by one and themselves. Note that “other than one” - one is intentionally excluded, not because it just doesn’t work. Why? The Fundamental Theorem Of Arithmetic, which states that every number has a unique and singular prime factorisation - i.e. that there is a unique set of prime numbers that multiply together to produce every individual number. For 21, this would be 3x7. For 88, this would be 2x2x2x11. If 1 was a prime number, then 21 could be 3x7, or 1x3x7, or 1x1x3x7, or so on. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic would not be correct and thus maths as we know it could not work properly. So that’s the actual reason.


Question: Why do we have a 12-based clock and calendar?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do we have a 12-based clock and calendar?

The origins of time measurement were based on measuring circles, like the horizon, or a zenith in the sky. The sun comes up and goes down in a semi circle over our heads. Circles are hard to divide by ten, but very easy to divide by six. So you’ll notice that 360, 180, 60, 24, 12 etc are all divisible by six. Using multiples of six to measure time as well as circular things became the norm.


Question: Why aren’t hysterectomies, or other uterine surgical procedures done under local anesthesia (epidural) like C-sections?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why aren’t hysterectomies, or other uterine surgical procedures done under local anesthesia (epidural) like C-sections?

Hysterectomies are an invasive surgical procedure involving the total removal of a significantly sized organ. You can't use local anaesthesia for it. Local anaesthesia only works at the extremely direct point of contact the local anaesthetic makes, so anything aside from a thin incision is going to cause extreme amounts of pain.


Question: why having no inflation is bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why having no inflation is bad?

There are two main reasons a modest level of inflation is generally seen as good. The first is that it encourages people to invest and spend rather than keep money in cash - because that cash will lose value. The second is that it provides a buffer against deflation. Deflation not only discourages investment and spending, but it's also harder to control than inflation. Governments have a set of well-used tools for controlling inflation, but their toolkit for deflation is much more limited. So even if you think inflation is bad you still might want a bit of it to reduce the risk of deflation.


Question: How do psychology researchers obtain informed consent without tipping their subjects off on the subject of the study?

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 How do psychology researchers obtain informed consent without tipping their subjects off on the subject of the study?

You have to tell them what will happen to them during the study. You don't have to tell them why you are doing it or what conclusions you will draw, except in the vaguest of terms. "You will answer a series of timed questionnaires while being observed by our researchers, to increase our knowledge about how people make decisions". Maybe they don't care about your answers to the quizzes, only your facial expressions while you take them.


Question: How is calculus different from algebra?

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 How is calculus different from algebra?

Calculus deals with calculations of quantities that are changing, these need special techniques not part of other branches of maths. A simple example, you can use an algebraic formula to calculate the displacement of a moving mass subject to a constant force using f = m.a and s = u.t + a.t^2 However if your moving object is a rocket, expending fuel to provide the force, the mass, and therefore the acceleration, is changing constantly so simple formuli can't be used and you need calculus to do the same calculation. Calculus also gives ways to calculate maxima and minima of mathematical formulae and much other useful maths. edit for misspelling