Question: Why do baseballs go further in the heat than in the cold?

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 Why do baseballs go further in the heat than in the cold?

When a gas is heated, it expands which lowers it's density. Since the density is lower, there are less particles for the baseball to collide with, so it goes further when the air is warm. Also, something funny and slightly related is that baseballs also travel further in humid weather because the water particles in the air are lighter than some of the molecules they displace, so for a constant temperature and volume the humid air is lighter and collisions don't slow the baseball as much.


Question: Why is the performance of a graphics card tied so heavily to the drivers, to the point that a bad driver can cause a sudden drop in performance?

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 Why is the performance of a graphics card tied so heavily to the drivers, to the point that a bad driver can cause a sudden drop in performance?

Yo don't write code to be executed on the graphics card directly. Yo write code in a API like DirectX or OpenGL that the driver converts or thing that are executed on the graphics card. So the performance depends on good the driver is. The reason for not writing directly to the graphics card is that then you would have to write different code for each new model of graphics card for it to work and have maximum performance. It is simpler that the manufacturer writes the driver for their card once. The not writing directly is not quite true because of shaders and OpenCL etc but that is not a ELI5 answer


Question: Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

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 Who do all the planet not eventually get sucked into the sun?

To get sucked in, they would have to lose their momentum and energy. But what's going to do that in space? Nothing really. A well lubricated, low friction clock pendulum can swing for a very long time, a massive planet flying through basically empty space experiences essentially zero friction. They can keep flying in a circle around the sun because they have the speed to do that and aren't losing it. But how did they all end up with enough energy to keep flying around the sun? Wouldn't some of them have less speed and a path that would eventually hit the sun? Absolutely, and that happened a few billion years ago. The current planets, moons, asteroids, and meteors in their present configurations are not all that ever existed in our solar system. Lots of things fell into each other when the solar system was young. Will they ever fall into the sun? It there a very small amount of friction slowing them? Yes. The inner planets will end up in the sun. Definitely mercury and venus. Probably earth. Probably not mars. Not because they fall it, but because the sun will grow to a red giant before it dies and engulf them. But ignoring the sun ever dying, foreseeably the planets would eventually decay. There is gravitational waves, and gravitational orbits do trigger tiny amounts of these waves that carry away energy and momentum. In a few trillion or more years, longer than the existence of the entire universe so far, the planets might fall into the sun. Sun of course by then will be a small, cold black ball rather than a star. Life as we know it will be long dead and impossible to exist.


Question: What is the chemistry behind a hangover and what are the best ways to overcome/ prevent?

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 What is the chemistry behind a hangover and what are the best ways to overcome/ prevent?

Skipping the nitty gritty details, the pain of a hangover primarily comes from the brain shrinking due to dehydration. Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning it makes you want to piss. You lose a lot of water from all that unnecessary pissing, and overnight your brain slightly shrivels up from the dehydration. You don't feel it when you're drunk since your pain receptors are dulled. The best natural cure to a hangover is to drink a lot of water. You could always go for an aspirin, but all that really does is kill the pain.


Question: Why do humans have a system for eating and breathing that intersects?

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 Why do humans have a system for eating and breathing that intersects?

Evolution only has to come up with something that works not the perfect something. As long as people and animals live long enough to breed and raise their young to breeding age then whatever physical traits they have will get passed on. The human body has many poor design faults such as the optic nerve in the eye being where it is which causes a blind spot which means the brain has to guess what is there and lie to the brain. That's why the optical illusion with the cross and spot works.


Question: Why are Canadian coins minted with almost the exact specification as American coins?

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 Why are Canadian coins minted with almost the exact specification as American coins?

According to a brief Google search, it’s a throwback to when the US and Canada both used the “gold standard” (although really it’s silver/copper) for their currency. The coins are the size they are because at one point they were actually worth the amount of metal they were made from. If the price per ounce of silver was set to one dollar, a half dollar would be made of a half ounce of silver, a quarter made from a quarter ounce, and so on...so their value dictated their size. At some point that was phased out, especially once they started using plating and metal alloys for the coins, but they kept the size of the coins standard for what the public (and vending machines) were accustomed to. Also according to my search, up until the 1960s or so, it was common for coins to be accepted across the border, so that made the push for them to be standard between the countries that much more relevant. Nowadays we aren’t supposed to accept Canadian coin, but it doesn’t stop people from trying, and plenty of Canadian coin winds up in US circulation (can’t speak if it’s the same vice verse). Canadian coins may look the same at a casual glance, but they’re actually pretty easy to differentiate when you actually handle them...they’re lighter and slightly smaller, and are made of different metal alloys. This also means that they are magnetic, which is how coin sorters in the US will filter those out. (Source: am bank teller, so I clean a coin sorting machine out daily)


Question: How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

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 How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

The red/purple leaves still contain chlorophyll, and they capture the energy of sunlight the same way as regular green plants. High amounts of dye chemicals just make them look not-green. As far as I know, the purpose of these chemicals is debated, but a likely possibility is that their antioxidant properties protects the plant tissues from damage.


Question: Why does multiplying or dividing two negative numbers produce a positive?

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 Why does multiplying or dividing two negative numbers produce a positive?

I owe you $10. You can interpret that as me having -$10. I mow your lawn and you cancel my debt. That's like subtracting that -$10, which is the same as adding $10. I owe 5 people $10. That like having 5 x -$10 = -$50. I mow all of their yards. I'm subtracting that debt five times, so -5 x -$10 = $50


Question: If 99.9999% of an atom is empty space, how do these atoms form matter that we can touch and feel?

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 If 99.9999% of an atom is empty space, how do these atoms form matter that we can touch and feel?

Hold two magnets close to each other. With strong enough magnets (and a clever design) you can make several "wrong-way" magnets levitate one of them in the air. There is nothing between the magnets, yet they are *very* hard to push together. This is called electromagnetism. Atoms, while 99.xxxx% empty space, are basically miniature electromagnets. An atom consists of the core (Protons and Neutrons) and the electron shell (Electrons, duh). Protons have positive charge, and thus attract electrons. Protons and Electrons, like same-charge magnetic poles, repel each other. When you compress a material, the electromagnetic force prevents the atom cores from getting too close. This is called degeneracy pressure. You require extreme amounts of pressure (several solar masses) to overcome this and start to fuse matter into a more dense state. This is what happens in a neutron star, that is heavy enough to overcome degeneracy pressure. In this matter, electrons and protons merge into neutrons so that they can be packed together. This reaches densities in the vicinity of several hundred millions of tons in *one* cubed centimeter of space. On a shorter timescale, this can also happen in *very* hot materials. Since heat is movement on a microscopic scale, the atom cores can accumulate enough speed to actually crash into each other. That's called *fusion*, and results in the creation of heavier elements (atom cores with more protons and neutrons). So essentially you never *actually* touch anything in your life, your feet are just levitating a microscopic distance above the floor because of electromagnetic forces.


Question: Why does pouring warm soda into a glass of ice flatten it?

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 Why does pouring warm soda into a glass of ice flatten it?

I'm going to add to the previous reply, as a black-belt home brewer. A lot of things (sugar, salt) dissolve better when the liquid is hotter. This is the basis of making syrup or candy. But carbon dioxide (the fizz in soda and beer) can get dissolved in water at a pretty cool temperature, sort of its ideal maximum saturation. So warm soda wants to get rid of its CO2 quickly, and when you have any situation where you have a solute (the hard stuff) condensing out of the solvent (the wet stuff) it will look for little imperfections (these are called nucleation sites) and condense out. Pouring warm soda into a mix of different objects (glass, ice) and temperatures will cause it to condense out all the gas. You could make the situation even worse by shaking it, which will create little variances in density. This means more nucleation sites. & #x200B; All solids/liquids/gasses that can be dissolved in other solids/liquids/gasses have an ideal state. CO2 in water (soda) doesn't like being warm.


Question: Why does background prove/give evidence that there was a big bang?

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 Why does background prove/give evidence that there was a big bang?

1) By looking at the stars we realised that they are all going away from us in all direction. And not only that, the farther they are from us, the faster they are going away. This point to an expansion of the universe. 2) Speculation time. If we are currently expanding, that mean that in that past the universe was denser. So we can imagine what the universe should look like if we look at what matter look like when it's denser and denser. 3) When matter and energy is denser you get plasma (like in a star). Atoms move around too fast and less their electron. Light don't travel very much through plasma. But if you decrease the density a bit, electron attach to atoms and then light can go through. So we can speculate that in the past there was a point when light count really travel through the universe, it was bumping into electron all the time. But the universe cooled and then light could travel. We know what the universe is made off, it's mostly hydrogen and helium. So we can test at which point hydrogen and helium become a plasma. So now we know that If our speculation is true, at some point in the past there was a point where light was finally able to travel and we know that would be the temperature of the hydrogen/helium. 4) Matter ''leak'' energy through radiation. That's true of all matter at all energy level. And the wavelength at which that matter ''leak'' energy depend on the temperature. So if you know the wavelength, you know the temperature and if you know the temperature you know the wavelength. Like I said, IF our speculation is true, then we know the temperature at which that should happen, so we know the wavelength of the first light that could travel through the universe. 5) But when light travel through an expanding universe, it lose energy. That's the Doppler effect. It's the same thing happening when you hear an ambulance or a F1 car passing by. The sound change as it pass by you. Light do the same. Depending is the source of the light is going away or toward you, the wavelength will change. 6) So again. IF our speculation is right. We should at a specific distance from us, see a specific wavelength of microwave that was red shifted from the original wavelength of the first light to travel through the universe after it went from a plasma to a gas. 7) And that's exactly what we see. The CMB is first light that could travel through the universe, red shifted by billions of years of travelling through an expanding universe until it reached us.


Question: How is the "Trickle down" system different from the basic pyramid scheme?

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 How is the "Trickle down" system different from the basic pyramid scheme?

Pyramid schemes are "trickle up" schemes. Money flows from the bottom to the top, so as long as you can keep adding more people below you, you'll make money. The reason we call them schemes is that they usually imply that you can make money other ways, but in reality the money is to be found almost entirely in getting people to join the scheme. Trickle down -- assuming you are referring to the economic policy idea -- is the belief that reducing the tax/regulatory burdens on people who make a lot of money will help people below them in the system. Money flows downward, because the billionaire takes his tax break, spends some of it to hire more workers, who spend some of that to buy more goods and services, which means money goes to the workers that provide them, and so on. Many people don't believe that trickle down is correct (in the sense that there's no special advantage to tax breaks for the rich as opposed to tax breaks for the middle class, and maybe even a disadvantage) but it's not really like a pyramid scheme.


Question: why some sauces turn to jelly-like consistency in the fridge?

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 why some sauces turn to jelly-like consistency in the fridge?

Sauces made with meat drippings, especially long-cooked meat with bones, will contain cooked-down collagen. We call that gelatin - that's how Jello and Knox are made - and it is definitely NOT a bad thing. It's a very nice thing. Warmed back up, it makes a major contribution to the flavor and texture of stews and soups, and it is very good for you. Eating it helps maintain the health of the collagen in our own bodies, especially in our joints and tendons. Have you ever noticed that gristle in meat gets tasty and soft when slow-cooked? That's the stuff.


Question: How does the undo feature work in collaborative applications such as Google Docs?

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 How does the undo feature work in collaborative applications such as Google Docs?

[Chuktropolis Welling Moran of UC San Diego]( URL_3 ) explains that different programs implement an undo feature in different ways. Recently, the undo button has evolved to accommodate collaborative text-editing systems, such as Google Docs. So what goes on under the hood? Before we learn about how a computer keeps track of undo, we must understand what a stack is. A stack is a way of storing data, where new data is added on top of old data, and the most recently added data will be removed first. This is analogous to a pile of books: the most recently added book will be on top, and it will be the first to be removed. Many implementations of undo use stacks. [Max Lynch,]( URL_0 ) the CEO of Ionic Foundation, describes the undo function as a stack of operations that the user has performed. In other words, it is the "history" of the actions the user has taken. Whenever the user does an action, we add the action to the undo stack. When the user wishes to undo something, each action is taken out of the undo stack. Think back to the pile of books but now imagine someone wants a book in the middle. They wouldn't want to topple the pile to get the book from the middle. Instead, they would remove each book off the top of the stack, undoing what they did, until they reach the book they need. Collaborative applications implement the undo feature in a more dynamic way using stacks. In the case of [Google Docs]( URL_2 ), the program keeps a copy of the document on each user’s computer, and sends each change a user makes to a central server. The central server then sends a signal to all of the other users to implement the change on their copy of the document. When someone undoes an action in Google Docs, the local stack of actions on that user’s computer removes the last action. Then, that change is sent to the central server, and the data on all copies of the document are updated to reflect the undo action. The main challenge that arises when implementing this is users making changes at the same time. This could cause a number of problems, including changes being applied to the document in the wrong order. To mitigate this, [Google Drive Blog]( URL_1 ) states that Google Docs implements a technique called operational transformation. In his academic [paper]( URL_4 ), Mandeep Kaur describes operational transformation as an algorithm that “transforms” the changes being received from others relative to each user’s document. This transformation is done so that the change can be completed without editing the rest of the document. The inner workings of this algorithm are very complex, but it essentially ensures that when users make simultaneous changes, these changes (including undo) happen in the correct order. TLDR: the undo function is a list of actions that is stored on the computer. When the user either clicks on the undo button or does “Ctrl + Z/Cmd + Z” on their keyboard, it removes the most recent action in the list. In collaborative applications, there is a local list of actions on each user’s computer which can be used to undo the latest action of the user. Processes such as Operational Transform apply these changes in a central server and merge actions to create simultaneous undo actions.


Question: Does having more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase plant growth? Why or why not?

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 Does having more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase plant growth? Why or why not?

To ELI5. Yes, it's possible, but not a huge factor in increasing terrestrial plant growth. If you had as much food as you wanted, but only a little water, it wouldn't help you to be given extra food. The CO2 is the food in this example. Other resources (like, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc) are usually far more limited in the environment. So plant growth is going to be limited by other factors. Additionally, plants can only make their food through photosynthesis efficiently in a specific temperature range. So as the global temperature increases, it becomes much harder for plants to make their food without accidentally losing their water in the process. Some plants get around this (C4 plants, CAM plants), but they are already adapted to hot, dry conditions.


Question: Why are galaxies and solar systems always disc shaped?

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 Why are galaxies and solar systems always disc shaped?

They form from a cloud of gas and dust. This all has an average direction of spin. This gas and dust collides together and slows down, but this average direction of spin is conserved. So, any remaining stuff that is outside of this plane will eventually collide with the plane or get launched away by gravity.


Question: Why does freezer burn have a distinct taste and smell, no matter what it's on?

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 Why does freezer burn have a distinct taste and smell, no matter what it's on?

Well. I'll give it a go. Freezer burn is damage to food from two things: dehydration and oxidation. I have two theories: # 1 Once food starts the process of oxidation, the surface of the damaged portion of food is chemically altered. This could lead to the similar taste of freezer burn on different foods, because the chemical change is basically the same no matter what. (Lots of oxygen being added) #2 It could totally be your brain just racking it up as "freezer burn" after experiencing a taste other than what you were expecting. A.K.A You know the food is from the freezer, it tastes weird, so it's freezer burn. If anyone else would like to throw in some more educated reasoning, please do so.


Question: When we get hurt why is our reaction to touch/grab the area that hurts?

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 When we get hurt why is our reaction to touch/grab the area that hurts?

Like a double edged reaction. 1st part is to protect the area from further pain and the second as a primal emergency medical need like clutching a more major bleed in an attempt to stem the blleding (to stop what is inside from getting outside) We want to protect ourselves from further damage and we want to limit the damage already done to us.


Question: How do weather stations know the "feels like" temperature of the windchill if thermometers only pick up the windless temperature?

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 How do weather stations know the "feels like" temperature of the windchill if thermometers only pick up the windless temperature?

They use a formula! On a windless day your body & environment radiates heat that makes the air around you warmer than the average temperature. If it is windy, the heat you radiate blows away, so the temperature gradient between your body and the actual temperature is much shorter. Scientists have derived this formula: > New Wind Chill Index = > 35.74 + 0.6215*T - 35.75(V^0.16 ) + 0.4275T(V^0.16 ) > where: > V = wind speed (mph) > T = temperature (F) The math behind the constants gets college level really quickly, but is available if your google-fu is strong.


Question: How do homing pigeons know what home is and how to get there?

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 How do homing pigeons know what home is and how to get there?

There have been many studies on this subject and there is not one definitive answer but so far there have been studies that have proven that a pigeon uses the following to get home: Olfactory navigation : olefactory navigation or using their sense of smell has proven to be a factor especially over shorter distances. Magnetoreception: It has been proven that a homing pigeon has a large concentration of iron in their beak and are able to use this like a compass. Some experiments attached magnets to pigeons that interfered with their homing ability Ultrasound: using ultrasonic sensors in the ears the birds are also able to navigate Lastly, visual spatial awareness, like humans reading a map, a pigeon is known to remember and follow visual landmarks and cues to get home.


Question: what is the difference between the internet and the www?

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 what is the difference between the internet and the www?

The Internet is like a telephone system for computers. It's a communication network that allows computers to talk to each other, much like people can talk to each other over the phone. Whereas the WWW is one of the services you can use the internet for. Your browser can requests pages from web servers, and web servers provide them, using the Internet to communicate that request and response. Think of it like calling a tourist info line. The phone system you use to make the call = the Internet, the person at the other end of the call providing you information = the WWW. And just as there are many other reasons you might use a phone, there are lots of other services provided using the Internet to communicate (e.g. e-mail, instant messaging, online gaming).


Question: Why is it when people ride in cars at, for example, 40mph or fly in an airplane at hundreds of miles per hour, they don't feel like they're going that fast? Yet when people ride in roller coasters, they feel lots of the speed?

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 Why is it when people ride in cars at, for example, 40mph or fly in an airplane at hundreds of miles per hour, they don't feel like they're going that fast? Yet when people ride in roller coasters, they feel lots of the speed?

Imagine your perspective from a car, in every aspect. Your vision is taken up almost entirely by the car, and not the road. You are focused on the road, but in reality, most of your FOV is the car itself, which relative to you, is not moving. You are also feeling the air inside the car, not the outside air. However, that isn't the real reason. The reason is acceleration vs velocity. In a car, you generally try to accelerate as evenly as possible, and maintain velocity. However, roller coasters only feel thrilling when you accelerate very fast. If you've ever been on Test Track at Disney World, you might notice the end of the ride isn't very thrilling, since you are just maintaining a fast velocity. Drops feel fun because of the acceleration due to gravity. TL;DR: acceleration is what makes you feel like you're going fast, not the actual speed you are going. Roller coasters accelerate quickly, planes and cars don't.


Question: What is a coma? And how do doctors put people into induced comas? Are there different types of comas?

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 What is a coma? And how do doctors put people into induced comas? Are there different types of comas?

Coma is essentially a state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness. Imagine being asleep, but the rest of your body also cannot work properly, and you can't wake up until whatever is causing the coma is reversed. In trauma medicine, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is used to determine the coma status, which is essentially a surrogate for brain and brainstem damage. Trauma can cause coma, as well as medical problems, drugs, and lots of other things. Doctors put people into induced comas usually via medications. Anesthesia drugs such as barbiturates are given to patients to induce a coma so that surgery can be performed without the patient feeling it or moving, even surgery on the brain, or to protect the brain from further damage after an injury, etc. Think of someone who is "out" during surgery as medically induced coma. During a traumatic coma for example, they'd be in a similar state when assessed clinically. "Types" of comas are typically defined by what caused them, such as TBI (traumatic brain injury) or toxic-metabolic encephalopathy, etc, and the *level/degree* of coma may differ among them. Typically the concept I outlined in the paragraph stays the same however, though sometimes with a condition like Locked-In syndrome it is termed a coma, even though the patient is awake and alert. Source: 4th year MD student, so any surgeon etc feel free to correct me


Question: Why are Saturn's rings (and other planets) located at the center of the planet rather than closer to the top or bottom?

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 Why are Saturn's rings (and other planets) located at the center of the planet rather than closer to the top or bottom?

Objects orbit it must orbit the center of a body. It might be tilted, so that is above the equator in part of it's journey and below for an equal part. It can't, all be above the equator, for example, because then it wouldn't be orbiting saturn's center. As far as why not just a random cloud - Spinning clouds of stuff in 0 gravity resolve (and everything seems to be spinning) collapse into disks due to gravity. Dust clouds, solar systems, even whole galaxies The objects that compose the rings are thought to be the remains of moons that strayed too close to saturn and was ripped apart by it's gravity (the closer parts being enough heavier than the top due to the gravitational gradient to rip it apart). So it all has to be going basically in the orbit the moon was in. Almost all moons rotate on the same plane that the planets do. because they were part of the same original cloud. ( I think Titan is an exception, and it has been speculated that it may be captured rogue planet. ) Edit - the moon is Triton - thanks guys.


Question: Why is Facebook considered such a large company when it seems like the site itself is dying out?

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 Why is Facebook considered such a large company when it seems like the site itself is dying out?

It might just be regional, because I only know a couple of people who *don't* use Facebook. Facebook chat seems like the primary method of communication for a lot of people, or is at least tied with texting. I also see a lot of people and organizations using Facebook for planning events. I work in advertising and a lot of my clients also have Facebook pages for promoting their brands. Granted, I don't have any hard numbers to back that up so my experience is equally anecdotal, but it doesn't seem like Facebook is in any trouble.


Question: How come things emit radiation after they get exposed to high levels of radiation?

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 How come things emit radiation after they get exposed to high levels of radiation?

One dog comes out of a lake and is really really wet. It shakes itself off next to some other dogs. Those dogs are now also wet but aren't as wet as first dog. At some point in the future they will also shake themselves off. The dogs are like atoms and the water is radiation(stuff like electron/proton). When the radiation hits a non-radioactive particle it can be absorbed and makes that particle unstable. There may also be dust/other radioactive particles which get trapped in clothing.


Question: Why doesn’t water have any distinct flavor? What makes it taste so neutral?

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 Why doesn’t water have any distinct flavor? What makes it taste so neutral?

Not being a smart ass but water does have a distinct flavor. If you were blindfolded and asked to drink something I'm sure water would be the most distinct. Maybe that's not what you are getting at but we never ever drink pure water (as in only H2O and nothing else. It's actually very dangerous to the body). Water from different sources will have different flavor due to the mineral makeup. The water from my tap is town water and is very "hard" whereas my mate who collects his rainwater in a tank has a very different flavor to his water which is instantly recognizable to me as tank water.


Question: Why are electrolytes measured in mEq/L and not just mM?

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 Why are electrolytes measured in mEq/L and not just mM?

Electrolytes are dissolved charged particles in water, generally salts. The thing about them is that, for the purposes of biology, you don't really care how much of the electrolyte itself exists, but how much its presence will affect other things in the water. The most important difference is the charge of the electrolyte. mEq/L is a count of how many hydrogen ions will react with your dissolved electrolyte, so having a charge of -2 will make the ion react with twice the number of hydrogen ions that an ion of charge -1 would. In addition, some ions don't fully dissociate in water. There will always be some particles of the full salt compound floating around, and those particles won't react with hydrogen ions at all. The mEq/L of these weak electrolytes will be lower per mole of salt added to the water than you would get for a salt which completely dissociates as a result. Furthermore, adding two different salts to the solution will produce the same electrolytic properties as adding twice as much of just one of them (assuming the ions are things like sodium and potassium, rather than something inherently dangerous like cyanide). If you added 1 mole of sodium chloride and one mole of potassium chloride to one liter of water, the solution would have the same mEq/L as if you added two moles of sodium chloride. The measure only cares about the negative ions floating around, not exactly what you added to make that happen.


Question: What is the difference between Public Accounting and Private Accounting?

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 What is the difference between Public Accounting and Private Accounting?

It's more who you work for and what you have in your head as your main goal. Private Accounting, you are there to protect the company you are working for, to ensure they remain within the law. Public Accounting, you are making sure that other people are remaining within the law. This is a VERY generalized view of it.


Question: What causes someone to blackout when hit on the head?

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 What causes someone to blackout when hit on the head?

So we have two things going on here. The mechanics of being hit on the head and also the mechanics of blacking out. I'll start with the skull whack. It's fairly simple. If a thing hits you on the left side of your head, it moves your head suddenly to the right. But your brain is a half second behind the skull movement. It gets shaken a bit. Imagine a box inside a slightly larger box. Whack the big one and the little one shakes around in there hitting the inside surfaces of the big box. This causes some damage that can vary anywhere from major to minor. And like most damage to the body it causes swelling. The brain has little room for swelling inside the skull so swelling one area usually means squeezing another area. The squeezing might cause inappropriate firing of neurons or reduced bloodflow because the little capillaries get smooshed flat. Since most of the outer surfaces of your brain near the skull have to do with things like memory, senses, calculation, and other "higher order" brainwork that gets effected. Now for blackouts. The first possibility is that you weren't making new memories correctly. To everyone else you were doing things like sitting up with your eyes open and maybe even talking, but afterward you can't remember any of it. This can be caused by things like failing to transfer those memories to long term storage. Or you actually make the memories but are unable to recall them because you don't have the right "address" to find them. Or maybe the memories were stored in a distorted way and when you try to recall it you have something of a "disk read error" and nothing useful comes back. The other possibility is that you lose consciousness in some way. Consciousness is complex and it comes in a big spectrum. Medical professionals use a simple tool called the Glasgow coma scale to rate your level of consciousness when more complex tools aren't available, and you should check it out. Different parts of the brain being affected by the injury can cause different effects like confusion or not really reacting to most stimuli. If you are scoring in the bottom of every category for more than a couple of seconds you are very close to dead. Now I throw in the disclaimer. Unconsciousness does not really work like in TV/movies. If you hit someone in the head hard enough that they lay around like a limp sack of rice (for more than a couple seconds) you probably also cracked their skull, injured their neck, and gave them permanent brain damage. If you punch someone out, drag them to your secret base, and tie them to a chair, you can't just wait for them to wake up. You, in all likelihood, just have a dying person tied to a chair. Even people anaesthetized for surgery don't just lay on the table like corpses. Depending on the anaesthesia types used, people might mumble or open their eyes. They even wiggle around sometimes if they aren't also given a paralytic drug.


Question: Why does paper turn hard after you left it in your pocket and washed the pants in the washing machine?

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 Why does paper turn hard after you left it in your pocket and washed the pants in the washing machine?

Paper is made up of fibres, during the manufacturing process the fibres are manipulated to form a nice thin mesh that allows them to flex. Once you put the paper in the wash it turns back to mush and forms into a random blob of fibres all stuck together and cannot fold as easily any more.


Question: Why do humans live so long compared to other mammals?

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 Why do humans live so long compared to other mammals?

Hi, physical anthropologist here. There are a number of ways you can answer this question- for examplefrom a cellural/molecular perspective or a larger scale, evolutionary perspective. I can only address the latter. A popular hypothesis in paleoanthropology is that longevity in human ancestors was selected for due to two concurring phenomena: an increasing trend in brain size and an increase in social relationship investment. Our young take longer to mature because they are born with a great deal of brain development left (they wouldn't fit through the birth canal otherwise). Thus it is beneficial to have help raising them. Over time, those individuals who had help from their parental generation (in terms of contributing time and physical resources) were more likely to have offspring survive.


Question: What causes transverse waves to move up and down?

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 What causes transverse waves to move up and down?

Not all transverse waves are the same. It sounds like you're talking about light, or electromagnetic waves. With an electromagnetic wave, the wave isn't actually moving up and down. Rather, the electric field is pointing up and down. If you were following a photon of light as it traveled from the sun to the Earth, the photon does NOT move up and down - it moves in a straight line. However if you were following this straight-line path with an electric-field meter, you would notice the field pointing up, then zero, then pointing down, then zero, then repeating.


Question: What does it mean when managementnis “Managing out” an employee?

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 What does it mean when managementnis “Managing out” an employee?

Employees have rights, and you can't just fire them without good reason. If an employer no longer wants to retain an employee, they should make them redundant which normally involves extra pay depending of their length of service. Managing someone out is firing them without having to go through this. Management will watch the employ very closely for any reason to fire them - being 1 minute late, using bad language, making a small mistake etc. They'll build a legally legitimate case out of trivial matters, and then fire them.


Question: How is Electrical Energy actually Generated?

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 How is Electrical Energy actually Generated?

Electricity and magnetism are related forces. If you take a conductor, and a changing magnetic field, it will produce current in the conductor through a process called electromagnetic induction. Essentially what happens is that the electrons are attracted to the magnetic field, and that causes them to move - and current is just moving electrons. So if you take a bunch of wire and subject it to a changing magnetic field, you get electricity. The simplest generators are a static loop of wire with a rotating magnet inside of them. All you need to do is provide some sort of energy to make the magnet rotate - like a human turning a crank.


Question: radiation causes cancer, but radiation therapy is used to beat cancer?

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 radiation causes cancer, but radiation therapy is used to beat cancer?

Radiation causes DNA damage. DNA damage causes mutations. Mutations *can* cause cancer... but usually trigger apoptosis; cell suicide. Tumors are a concentrated mass of cancerous cells. In radiation therapy, *many* relatively weak beams of radiation are aimed at the tumor from all angles. They are aimed so that they ***only*** converge on the tumor; this means that the target tissues are affected tens of times more powerfully than the non-target tissues. Essentially, you irradiate the tumor with such an absurd dose of radiation that the DNA damage goes beyond the realm of mutations, and into the realm of, "What the fuck is that molecule anymore? Certainly not DNA." This kills the cancer cells.


Question: Why does ice cause carbonated drinks to foam more than it would normally when pouring a drink?

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 Why does ice cause carbonated drinks to foam more than it would normally when pouring a drink?

The ice isn't smooth, it has little holes in it that let the gas separate out from the liquid(nucleation sites). Once these little bubbles form they leave the ice and head towards the surface freeing up the spot for another bubble to form. The surface of the ice eventually melts and any high points melt quicker resulting in smooth ice that doesn't have nucleation sites after a bit which is why the second pour over the same ice makes fewer bubbles


Question: Why did Typhus disease seem to be most rampant and severe in German concentration camps in WW2 and not reportedly as bad elsewhere?

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 Why did Typhus disease seem to be most rampant and severe in German concentration camps in WW2 and not reportedly as bad elsewhere?

Because the crowding and poor sanitary conditions in concentration camps were an ideal breeding ground for the lice that cause typhus. It wasn't as bad elsewhere because no one else was packing people together like the German concentration camps. You see the same discrepancy today. Typhus is effectively non-existent in most of the world, but it does crop up in places like refugee camps where the crowding and sanitary conditions are poor.


Question: Why do countries use third party currencies to trade goods?

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 Why do countries use third party currencies to trade goods?

When you're buying or selling shit to a lot of different people, working with one agreed upon currency just makes things easier. Iran sells oil to India, Indonesia, and China, (lets say) and India buys oil from Iran, Saudi Arabia and Canada (or whatever). Rather than dealing with different currencies for each transaction, conducting all your sales in one currency makes everything easier to everybody. Those default currencies are the Euro and the US dollar, because they are widely used and stable.


Question: How do sites that don't display ads make money?

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 How do sites that don't display ads make money?

As website you can make money by selling ads, but also by selling user data. Alternatively, the site is devoid of money making schemes as part of its growth strategy, and will monetize once it secures enough market share. Why bother showing adds when you barely get 100 visitors a day, better keep it add free to develop a proper following ,and only then switch on the adds.


Question: What makes gummy type candies give them different textures?

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 What makes gummy type candies give them different textures?

The real answer is "Trade Secrets". The "technology" to make most gummies isn't patentable, as the core techniques have been around pretty much since sugar was invented. Some of the effects you can achieve with simple manipulation of sugar over specific times at specific temperatures. Check out how to make [Turkish Delights]( URL_0 ) for a super basic primer. That will get you a good deal of the way there. They can also thicken juice with Fruit Pectin or Gelatin. The more you add, the more it gels. Again, manipulate this sugary gelatin at the right time and texture and you'll eventually hit their target. I know this is a vague answer, but you've asked a REALLY big question. Better to just go binge some [Gourmet Makes]( URL_1 ) for more specifics.


Question: Why (in the US) do I need to sign the back of a check that is made out to me?

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 Why (in the US) do I need to sign the back of a check that is made out to me?

I am not a banking expert, but I have deposited checks without signatures before, as long as the name on the check matches the name on the account. It may help that I know my bank staff and they know me, but I imagine it would work if the names match. Do you know your bankers?


Question: What is Pascals triangle and why/when is it used?

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 What is Pascals triangle and why/when is it used?

Pascal's triangle is just a certain "adding pattern." You can construct it by starting with a single number 1, and then adding more rows of numbers below it, where each number is the sum of the numbers above it to the left, and above to the right. How is it used? Well, *that's* tricky. It's such an abstract idea - just a way of adding things to things - that it isn't really tied to one specific application or problem. Kind of like pi or the golden ratio, it's something that 'just pops up' in all kinds of unrelated fields. One very common one is used by schoolkids studying algebra: the rows in pascal's triangle correspond to the coefficients in the expansion of a binomial expression. For instance, (a+b)^2 = 1a^2 + 2ab + 1b^2. And "1 2 1" is the third row of Pascal's triangle. (Try expanding (a+b)^3 and see what you get!) Another fun one: If you colour the numbers in Pascal's triangle according to whether they're odd or even, you will start to see a famous fractal pattern emerge called Sierpinski's Sieve.


Question: What makes rent so high in some areas for small apartments, and so low in others for relatively large apartments?

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 What makes rent so high in some areas for small apartments, and so low in others for relatively large apartments?

It can be largely based on surrounding areas income but it’s mostly just location. Are you in close proximity to a large employer (like a medical center?), close enough that people wouldn’t *have* to drive? Then it’s gonna be higher, marketed towards medical employees. It’s based on a lot of factors, but for most apartments that aren’t really near any significant employer but are surrounded by general urban sprawl, just check the average income for the surrounding neighborhoods and such. If it’s high, probably in a ‘better’ part of town. Low, ‘worse’ part of town and the rent reflects it


Question: Why does caramel taste so different than sugar when it’s just melted sugar?

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 Why does caramel taste so different than sugar when it’s just melted sugar?

An apple tastes good and sweet when raw. But add heat and cook it for awhile it tastes sweeter and little different. The same thing is happening when you make caramel. The heat changes the sugar at a molecular level and that change produces a sweeter and different taste. This is a big reason that most foods we enjoy are cooked.