Question: How did "Chinese" food in the U.S. get so standardized?

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 How did "Chinese" food in the U.S. get so standardized?

The Chinese Exclusion Act in the 1800s banned Chinese immigrants from doing pretty much any good jobs which drove Chinese Americans to slums. Chinese food was considered dirty and for poor people as a result. The act was repealed during WWII because China was considered an ally. As a result Chinese food didn't really catch on in the US until fairly recently. During this time, the majority of Chinese immigrants to America came from a handful of places in China, most of them ended up in New York, and most of them were illegal immigrants who found work in restaurant kitchens. They adopted their cooking styles to what was locally available, i.e. General Tso's Chicken is just chicken nuggets smothered in sauce. There's a very good documentary on Netflix called ~~General Tso's Chicken~~ The Search for General Tso which better answers your question. Edit: thanks u/deuce232 for the correction


Question: How is money real any more? When millions and billions can disappear and reappear in the blink of an eye?

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 How is money real any more? When millions and billions can disappear and reappear in the blink of an eye?

The stock market is not *money*, it's *value*. If you have a $1 bill, then you have money with a fixed value of $1. Today it's worth $1; tomorrow it'll be worth $1. If you have 1 share of stock that's currently trading at $1, then you do not have any money. Instead, you have a stock with a variable value - if you sell it right now, then you'll gain $1. That converts its theoretical value into actual money. If you bought that stock when it was $1, then sold it when it was $1, you broke even. You spent $1 of money to gain a stock with a value that can go up and down, then you sold it when the value was $1 and gained that much money back. If you bought that stock when it was $1, then sold it when it was $100, then the value of your stock went way, way up - but you never had a $1 bill that magically transformed into a $100 bill. You spent $1 to buy the stock, then you sold it for $100. You gave your $1 bill to someone in exchange for the stock, then someone else gave you a $100 bill of theirs in exchange for your stock. *Value* was created out of thin air here, but it was paid for in *money* that never changed its worth.


Question: How do military planes and drones (made to target ground units, houses, and so on) see through things like clouds and heavy rain?

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 How do military planes and drones (made to target ground units, houses, and so on) see through things like clouds and heavy rain?

The best answer is that they don't "see" through clouds and rain. If the targeting system is purely visual (it rarely, if ever, is purely visual, but say it was) they couldn't target anything they couldn't see. In reality, they use combinations of targeting systems. There are visual targeting systems, sure, but there are also radar, infrared, and I'm sure other types of targeting systems. The planes can fly through all kinds of stuff that they can't see through, because there's not a whole lot of things to hit in the sky, and they have radar and other sensors to find objects that are close to them, so they don't hit them. They also have 3d maps of the earth to make sure they don't hit mountains or other land obstacles.


Question: why do we see things in the corners of our eyes when there’s nothing really there?

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 why do we see things in the corners of our eyes when there’s nothing really there?

Vision in the peripheral is built to detect movement, your brain interprets input and this is what you “see”, especially related to danger. From time to time, a specific set of inputs are mistaken for something else and you then “see” something out of the corner of your eye which is in effect a prediction that later proves false.


Question: Considering the fact that we've taken underwater vehicles (like James Cameron's deep sea challenger) to nearly the maximum known depth of the ocean, why haven't we begun to explore the ocean more?

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 Considering the fact that we've taken underwater vehicles (like James Cameron's deep sea challenger) to nearly the maximum known depth of the ocean, why haven't we begun to explore the ocean more?

Because the deep ocean is really really big and *boring*. Most of the ocean is a desert, there is just nothing there. We can dredge the bottom and send unmanned probes, and for the most part we just find more nothing. Life on earth depends, directly or indirectly, on the sun or deep ocean vents. If you aren't close to one of those to things, you aren't going to find much.


Question: Why is electricity fine until it's grounded?

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 Why is electricity fine until it's grounded?

Electricity is caused by a difference in electrical potential. At a more granular level the issue is a greater or lesser concentration of free electrons, those that aren't bound into individual atoms. Electrons have a negative charge so there is an excess of them on the negative terminal of a battery or electrical wire, and the positive terminal has a relative lack of electrons. Electricity transfers energy by the flow of electricity, and that flow is motivated by the tendency of things to reach equilibrium. For example if you have air at a high pressure and release it into a room the air will expand and spread out to fill the room with an equal pressure. If you pour water into a pool you won't end up with a pile of water, it will all flow to reach an even water level across the pond. Similarly if you allow the concentration of electrons to connect to a void of electrons they will tend to flow into the void until they are equalized. That flow is an electrical current, and we can extract useful work from that flow through things like motors or electrical resistance producing heat. This flow can only occur when there is an accessible void though, and one major void is the environment at large. Air doesn't conduct electricity very well so connecting to the ground is much better for dissipating an electrical charge. "Grounding" or "earthing" comes from that concept, a literal connection to the ground which is generally considered an unlimited sink for excess electrons. If you aren't grounded such as by wearing insulated rubber boots there is no easy path through you to a void of electrons. Since there is nowhere the electrons really want to get to there is no significant flow, meaning no significant damage to the person.


Question: Why do print newspapers like The New York Times have page numbers written like A30 A40 instead of just the numbers from 1 to 200 or 300 as the pages may be?

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 Why do print newspapers like The New York Times have page numbers written like A30 A40 instead of just the numbers from 1 to 200 or 300 as the pages may be?

The sections are designed and printed in parallel. They don't know how many pages the A section is when they print the B section as the A section has late breaking news and the front page. Some features sections are printed days before. Restarting the numbers makes for many fewer mistakes.


Question: What are SPACs in finance and why are they so popular recently?

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 What are SPACs in finance and why are they so popular recently?

SPACs are a trick to speed up an IPO of a company. I’m sure you probably are aware of an IPO, when a company initially puts shares on the market and “goes public.” The problem is that for the owners of the company, this has heavy regulation attached to it and constant delays. It takes a while to take a company public through an IPO. Most companies have a lot of assets and statements they have to sort out and publicize before they go public. An SPAC is a bit of a cheat around this system, cheating the regulations by making the IPO look like company acquisition. The idea is that some kind of trusted person on Wall Street creates a new company and takes it public immediately, these companies have no assets and no employees, none of the messy stuff that causes delays in a common IPO. The funds raised from the IPO are then used to buy a company, or at least a large share in the company.The SPAC in effect converts itself into the company. The reasons for their popularity is pretty clear here of course, it’s just faster. The SPAC already likely exists as a public company for when a private company wants to go public, so it just has to negotiate the sale. The sale has significantly less regulations on it. The initial investors in an SPAC actually have no idea what the SPAC will end up as. Investing in the SPAC itself is risky, but later on its less so. There is an element of trust of the executives, though the executives have also put in much of their money into the spac so you can trust their interests align with yours. Typically they were considered sketchy because of course they are bypassing the traditional IPO regulations. But apparently people have been viewing them as more of a burden recently than something protecting investors.


Question: Von Neumann ordinals. What does it even mean to define numbers as sets of empty sets?

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 Von Neumann ordinals. What does it even mean to define numbers as sets of empty sets?

It's just a way to contruct numbers from basic axioms. In ZFC (the usual axioms for set theory) all sets are built up from the empty set, so all look like this. You have to remember that this is just a respresentation of numbers, one that makes it easy to define and manipulate them formally. It isn't saying anything more profound.


Question: Why was the invention of 'zero' such a big deal, and how did it change things?

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 Why was the invention of 'zero' such a big deal, and how did it change things?

As a mathematical idea, zero was a concept that was difficult for people to get their heads around for (literally) millennia. If zero is *nothing*, and the marks on a clay tablet all stand for *something*, making a mark for *nothing* didn't make any sense. But the Babylonians had a problem: the marks for 1, 60, and 3600 were all the same, just shifted by a blank space. (The Babylonians used base 60. In base 10 we would have the same problem writing 1, 10, and 100 without using zeros.) If the spacing was ambiguous, the number was ambiguous. Without a zero, '1 1' could equal '101' or '1010' or two separate '1's, etc. So zero was introduced as a placeholder, but it still wasn't considered to be a number. Negative numbers were also looked at suspiciously for a long time; how could you have '-3' goats? But once zero and negative numbers were thought of as numbers, some very useful things happened. A number line that started out as '1 2 3 4 ...' could be extended to '-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4' and it still makes total sense, because every number is one less than the number to its right. This strongly implies that zero really is a number. Once zero became both placeholder and number, math exploded into a million new ideas. The Babylonians, Egyptians, and Greeks used rational fractions for amounts less than 1, which was tedious. With the arrival of zero came the idea of decimal places, i.e. digits to the right of the decimal point. These too made sense, because every digit is just 1/10th of the number to its left. Multiplication or division by 10 just meant shifting the number one place to the left or right. Then we got exponents, long division, the calculus, logarithms... each idea built on what came before. But most of those ideas had to wait for the idea of zero to show up.


Question: The USA has many developed cities in "inhospitable" environments (Vegas, Phoenix), so why can't Australia build cities in the middle of their country?

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 The USA has many developed cities in "inhospitable" environments (Vegas, Phoenix), so why can't Australia build cities in the middle of their country?

They could, but why would they? Cities tend to form around ports, shipping routes, places with natural resources or sometimes because geographic factors made it easier to defend from invaders. If there's no reason for anyone to live in central Australia, then why would anyone choose to live there instead of along the coast?


Question: Which is better, a 2.4 GHz single core processor or 1.6 GHz dual core processor?

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 Which is better, a 2.4 GHz single core processor or 1.6 GHz dual core processor?

Impossible to answer. Clock speed itself doesn't determine how "fast" a processor is. A 2.4Ghz Pentium 4 isn't the same as say, a 2.4Ghz i3 even if we pretended the Pentium 4 had two cores like the i3 would. Dual core processors are better at multitasking and multithreaded applications. If the processors are otherwise identical, you'll always get better performance on the dual core processor as some CPU time is always being used on OS-level tasks. Edit: If you really want to know what processor has better performance, you're going to have to [rely on benchmarks]( URL_0 ) and even then it won't tell you the whole story.


Question: what do robo callers gain from calling and then immediately hanging up when someone answers?

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 what do robo callers gain from calling and then immediately hanging up when someone answers?

These systems are designed to just keep dialling numbers essentially non\-stop. If you answer and one of their dodgy telemarketers is available to take the call it'll connect you. If no dodgy telemarketer is available it will hang up. But it just keeps calling so that there's always a pool of phones beings answered and their dodgy telemarketers can stay on calls constantly rather than having to wait once one call ends for another to connect.


Question: When astronauts are in space, they experience weightlessness in "zero gravity." But, the Earth's gravity is strong enough to hold satellites and the moon in orbit. So, what is zero gravity? Why aren't astronauts bound to the closest surface by the Earth's gravity but instead can float?

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 When astronauts are in space, they experience weightlessness in "zero gravity." But, the Earth's gravity is strong enough to hold satellites and the moon in orbit. So, what is zero gravity? Why aren't astronauts bound to the closest surface by the Earth's gravity but instead can float?

They aren't really experiencing zero gravity. They're experiencing *most* of the gravity we experience here on the surface. They are floating because while in orbit, they, and the shuttle/station/etc that they are in, are in free fall. It's the same way people float inside the Vomit Comet airplane, they're all falling at the same rate as the plane, so they seem suspended in their surroundings. The important distinction is that an orbit is falling laterally fast enough that, unlike the vomit comet, it won't intersect the ground at some point. They fall "past the earth" which redefines which way you are falling into a continuous circle.


Question: If I fell into a literal bottomless pit how long would I survive? What would be the cause of my death?

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 If I fell into a literal bottomless pit how long would I survive? What would be the cause of my death?

Assuming you've managed to keep air out of the hole, then after about 22 mins, you'll be falling/flying through the Earth's core incredibly fast. More than likely, you'd be quite well cooked already by that point. Oh, make sure to position your pit on the poles. Otherwise the Earth's rotation will swiftly slam you into the side of the hole, and you probably won't live long enough to be cooked alive. In the slightly more likely scenario that you are unable to keep a vacuum in your bottomless pit, it'll take you more like 20 hours to get to the core due to air resistance. Again, though, you'll be very, very dead due to the heat.


Question: - Why do boxers and other top sports stars have, and listen intently to, trainers and coaches that NEVER reached their level?

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</answer>
 - Why do boxers and other top sports stars have, and listen intently to, trainers and coaches that NEVER reached their level?

There are multiple things that go into being a superstar in any field. The superstar is someone who can combine all these things. Their trainers will often have specific skills in one particular area but not the whole package. Moreover they will have skills that make them a good trainer that is not necessary for being a superstar. I'll give you an example from MMA. Even though they have a primary skill A MMA fighter needs to have training in a wide variety of disciplines to compete. Moreover, the MMA fighter doesn't need to be the best in the world at any one particular thing. They may have a boxing trainer, a judo trainer, a jiu jitsu trainer in addition to a strength and consitioning trainer. Each of these people may have never been in a MMA fight but they understand that component very well. A trainer may also be someone who understood one part of a game very well but didn't have other gifts that allowed them to compete. Maybe they got injured or didn't have the requisite size or athleticism. Example: Kevin Long is the Mets hitting coach even though never played in the major leagues. He was by all accounts a good hitter in the minor leagues but he injured his wrist and decided to retire. Of people good at hitting he seems to be really good at coaching other players. People who work with him seem to all praise his coaching ability. Often people who were superstars make horrible managers because they had all the natural talents and don't know how to connect with any player or competitor who didn't. I'll give you one last example from my life. I taught myself computer programming and computer science and I'm a software engineer for a living. I studied math in college (for reasons) and I was decent at it but decided not to go to grad school for math. I would never ever be a superstar in either field. It I'm waaaay better at computer programming than I am at math. I'm a bunch better teacher at math than computer science. I couldn't even tell you how I learned how to code, i just got a book and did it at 9 years old. I can absolutely guide you through learning calculus, set theory, linear algebra and a few other fields of math. If you need someone to teach Calculus I'm not a bad choice because it didn't come naturally to me at 9 the way programming did. On the other hand I know plenty of peofessors who studied way more math than I did who can't teach for shit. They are brilliant, they know the material but they don't know what to do when someone doesn't get something as simple as Calculus without trying. The only superstar I would reliably say should teach Calculus (though I imagine there are others) is a superstar in physics, Richard Feynman.


Question: Can countries do the opposite of a state seceding? For instance, could the US "kick out" one of its' states and force it to become its own country?

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 Can countries do the opposite of a state seceding? For instance, could the US "kick out" one of its' states and force it to become its own country?

Yes. In fact there have been nations that have been formed because they were kicked out. Singapore is an example - they got kicked out of Malaysia. In the context of the US, there is no way in the US constitution for a state to be expelled from the union. Any attempt to do so would require an amendment of constitution. Actually, if the circumstances were ever such that a state needed to be kicked out for some hypothetical reason, it's likely that there would be a constitutional crisis.


Question: Why does blood smell like iron when that's just one of its many components?

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 Why does blood smell like iron when that's just one of its many components?

The smell of metal is actually the smell of skin oil and other bodily fluids breaking down on contact with metal. When they break down, they form other chemicals which evaporate and are detected by our noses. This means that when you smell, say, a penny, you're actually just smelling the gunk which was left on the penny by your own and others' grimy hands. Delish, am I right? Anyways, a surgeon and I were pondering why blood smells like it does a while ago. Everything from here on is speculation. The simplest possibility is that the iron interacts to break stuff down. Possible, but imo unlikely, as iron in the blood is bound up and not a metal. As such, it seems odd to expect it to behave like one. Another possibility is that something else in your blood breaks oils down. Imo this is the most likely as your while blood cells are breaking-stuff-down machines. Yet another possibility is that these breakdown products of skin oil are naturally in the blood.


Question: How exactly do control rods in a nuclear reactor capture neutrons and slow down the fission occurring?

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 How exactly do control rods in a nuclear reactor capture neutrons and slow down the fission occurring?

It doesn't really have much to do with Boron or cadmium being non-metal, they work to slow the reaction because they are good neutron absorbers. They happen to be isotopes that will readily grab a free neutron into their nucleus without much complaint. The amount of neutrons you have flying around is directly related to the reaction rate, so absorbing more of them is a good way to slow things down.


Question: Why do soccer players act overly injured so often during games?

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 Why do soccer players act overly injured so often during games?

"Because it pays" is the short answer. If a player can convince the referee that an opposing player has committed a foul, his team gets an advantage: the opposing player can get a warning (yellow card) or his team gets a free kick or a penalty shot (if the "foul" happened in the penalty area). They get away with faking injures because FIFA (international soccer association) is notoriously slow to adopt new reforms, so the referees don't have access to instant replays (as they could easily afford to have in all large tournaments). This means that it is enough to fool only the referee, while the TV-watching audience might see the fakery from all angles, making the act more obvious.


Question: Why does the body not adapt to allergies? After experiencing the overreaction every year you would expect the body to adjust the the dust/pollen.

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 Why does the body not adapt to allergies? After experiencing the overreaction every year you would expect the body to adjust the the dust/pollen.

The allergic response is the bodies response to what it perceives to be a threat only it goes overboard on the reaction, since you are alive at the end of it the body thinks the action was correct and so has no reason to modify the response, there isn't a deep part of the brain which is analysing the results it is relatively simple biology and chemistry - URL_0


Question: Why do the mountains curve around the horizon, so it looks like they make a semi-circle?

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 Why do the mountains curve around the horizon, so it looks like they make a semi-circle?

> I know the Rockies are pretty much a straight line and don't curve I think this is the source of your confusion. The Rockies are only straight when you look at them from the perspective of a map showing thousands of miles in one view. When you're on the ground looking directly at them they absolutely can curve around the specific location that you're at.


Question: how do stocks work and why?

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 how do stocks work and why?

Stocks are little tiny pieces of ownership in a company. Companies generally need investment and capital when they are starting out, so to get that money they split themselves in to a set number of shares, each representing 1/nth of the company ownership, and sell those off to people who want to own the company. Depending on the type of stock in question owning a share can give you a voting voice in company decisions, the company might pay you a small piece of the profit every so often, or it might just quietly sit there until you decide to sell it off. Originally you pay the money directly to the company and get the stock in return. Simple enough. After that however you must find other people willing to buy or sell shares to you; and you get money back when you sell the share to someone else. Most people try to buy the shares cheaply, wait until the company becomes more valuable (and thus more people want to own the share and thus the price is driven up) and sell at a high price. It isn't profitable for people who lose money, which is why people try to avoid selling the share for less money they bought it. Sometimes if the company lost value that isn't possible. It works because we want it to work. Owning companies generally is not really all that different from other things you might own. You can buy a house, live in it a few years, and then sell it for higher if the market has grown stronger. Sometimes it hasn't, so you don't really make all that much money back.


Question: What does offsides and icing mean?

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 What does offsides and icing mean?

Offsides in hockey is when a player crosses the opponents blue line before the puck does. This is to avoid people sitting at the net waiting for a pass. Icing is when a team shoots the puck past the midline and blue line and no one touches if. This is to avoid being able to just shoot the puck down to the other end to clear it. Hope you enjoyed the game!


Question: how does crack in games works and why?

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 how does crack in games works and why?

A game crack is disabling of the copy protection. So what you do is change the game program so when if for example check with steam if you own the game you add some code that fake a response from steam and say that you own the game. So cracking a game is examining the program by decompiling it and checking the code and to run and check where it try to access something to determine if it is a legitimate copy. You might the just change the code so the check is never done and the game run just like if there was not code to check it if was legitimate at all. It get a lot harder if the game communicate to some server and part of the game is executed there or stuff that is needed is downloaded on the fly. You can create code that do what the server do and copy what is downloaded and lot is locally but it is a lot harder. Online gams where you play with other on a server that the publisher own can't be cracked because the check is on there server and you can change them without hacking into them. That is hard, can be fixed and a a crime that is a lot easier to trace back to you so it is not done.


Question: How does massaging make you feel good?

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 How does massaging make you feel good?

2 reasons. First is a tight muscle is, well, tight. The muscle is contracted and by massaging it you take tension off the fibers and allow the tissue to relax. Blood flow improves yada yada. The relaxing of the fibers reduces the ache of constant tension which is perceived as that gooood feein. Second reason is oxytocin. Human contact produces a hormone called oxytocin which promotes a sense of relaxation, bonding and well being. So even if the massage is not super strong the touch alone can cause a hormonally induced relaxation which is of course pleasant.


Question: How do sales and discounts work? Would it not be harmful for the company to sell their products at lower prices?

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 How do sales and discounts work? Would it not be harmful for the company to sell their products at lower prices?

Lets say that I sell TVs. I sell them for $600, it costs me $400 to get them, so I make $200 on each TV. But the TVs aren't selling very well. I'm only selling 2 a week, making $400. If I have a sale, and lower the price to $450, I'm still making money, and end up selling 10 at the lower price, I've just made $500. I'm making more money. Sometimes stores realize that lowering prices temporarily will get people excited and they will spend more money, especially on things they hadn't planned on buying earlier. If you do this right, you can earn more money than you would have otherwise.


Question: Why does the earlobe sometimes grow around the backs of earrings and encase them in flesh?

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 Why does the earlobe sometimes grow around the backs of earrings and encase them in flesh?

Your skin is programmed to repair its self. So your skin sees that it's been breached and tries to fix the hole. However, your skin isn't very "smart". It just grows to cover the damage. It only has two options, either make new skin that covers the inside (that's what you want) or make new skin that just covers everything (this is the one you don't want). Your skin just does what's easiest. So unless the piercing is moved, removed periodically or otherwise positioned, then it just takes the easy route and covers everything. Remember, one of your skins primary jobs is to keep the inside of you, inside. That's all it's trying to do.


Question: Why is 1 to the power of infinity undefined?

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 Why is 1 to the power of infinity undefined?

To be more precise, we're actually talking about the limit of 1^n as n approaches infinity. Perhaps the easiest way to understand this would be to consider the concept of a left-hand and right-hand limit. That is, we choose something that bounds our limit arbitrarily close on either side. If you've got the limit of 2^n as n approaches infinity, it's pretty easy. The limit would be bounded by (2-d)^n and (2+d)^n, where d is some arbitrarily small number - and both of those evaluate to the same limit as 2^n itself for very small values of d. But what happens when we use (1-d)^n and (1+d)^n ? In the first case, our limit is zero (no matter how small d may be). In the second case, our limit is infinite (again, no matter how small d may be). So all we can really say is that the limit of 1^n as n goes to infinity is somewhere between zero and infinite.


Question: How exactly was Jordan Belfort scamming people and why did it work successfully till his demise?

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 How exactly was Jordan Belfort scamming people and why did it work successfully till his demise?

As I understand it he would basically pump and dump stocks. So he would find a cheap stock and buy up alot of it causing the price to inflate then he would hype it up to investors through false information and falsified financial statements of that company and get them to buy in as well at the higher price which inflates it even more. Then he and his brokers would sell their shares at the inflated price which causes the stock price to tumble and they'd just reap the profits of buying low and selling high. He got away with it for a while basically because nobody who knew said anything because they profited as well. His success and party lifestyle eventually causedd the SEC to be suspicious and they started to investigate and the rest is history. Moral of the story: if you're getting rich through illegal means, don't flaunt it and draw attention to yourself


Question: Why are recycling places such sticklers about items being washed out?

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 Why are recycling places such sticklers about items being washed out?

Rats and other vermin are hard to deal with. Dump a bunch of oily, dirty old food tins and soda bottles with sugary residue into a big pile, you're getting mice, rats, and vermin of all sorts. They'll travel with the cans and bottles down the sorting lines, into the shredders, etc., messing up the equipment and the workers. Labels and paint can be removed by passing the shredded materials through a chemical bath or sprayer. Food particles have to be washed out (along with the vermin).


Question: What does a country's national debt mean for it's citizens?

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 What does a country's national debt mean for it's citizens?

the more debt the more of the annual income (taxes) has to be spent on interest for that debt. it indirectly influences the governments policy (usually high national debt - > more likely to curb spending/less likely to introduce new spending measures) it also influences (to some extent) the country's credit rating and thus how much interest it has to pay on bonds and the exchange rate of its currency to other currencies (again there are other factors to this, it just plays into this). and (I'm no expert on this, but from what I remember from my university lectures) most economists say that a "manageable" level of national debt is actually a good thing (as opposed to no debt) hope this helps


Question: what are the physical constraints preventing us from digging a hole all the way to the center of the Earth, or even through the center of the Earth and out the other side?

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 what are the physical constraints preventing us from digging a hole all the way to the center of the Earth, or even through the center of the Earth and out the other side?

* It starts getting really hot after you're a couple miles down. * The further down you get, the harder you have to throw the dirt (or the further you have to haul the dirt) to get it out of the hole. * If you get down far enough, you're not digging through dirt or rock anymore; you're digging through semisolid or liquid so the hole keeps re-filling. * It's dark down there, at least until you get to the part where it's glowing hot. * If you want to take lunch breaks, you need a way out of the ever-deeper hole, so either you have to build in some kind of elevator system or you have to install a ladder or stairs, which makes the job take even longer. (Also, the ladder/stairs solutions start to not work when you get to the semisolid/liquid levels.) * Once you're 20-50 feet down, you'll lose cell service so if you hurt yourself it's harder to get help, and if you want to stream music, you can't. * Up there where I said hot? I meant *really* hot. Even in the mantle, not even halfway down to the core, iron melts...and then it boils. Steel melts, then boils. Tungsten, the most heat-resistant metal? In the upper mantle it only melts. Closer to the core, it boils. Diamond? Burns. Asbestos, the fireproof insulation? Disintegrates. * As you get deeper, the air pressure piles up. First you notice that your ears pop when you're coming up out of the hole. Later, you start getting the bends if you come up out of the hole too fast. Eventually, coming out of the hole while avoiding the bends takes too long, so you just have to stay down there and rest in the hole then get up and continue working. Humans can only tolerate air pressures up to around ?40-50? pounds per square inch for any kind of time, even with acclimation, so to get beyond that point you'd have to wear a pressure suit. Now, the question is how long your suit can hold pressure while it's busy melting, boiling, burning or disintegrating.


Question: Why does the U.S government own most of it debt?

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 Why does the U.S government own most of it debt?

This isn't a complete answer, but it might help. A big organizations isn't like a house hold. At home, you're in charge of your budget, and it's up to you to give money from eating budget to the home improvement budget if you need to buy a new lamp for example. You hold all the power, so you can take and give as you want (assuming you're not married that is). On the other hand, power in any big organization is distributed between different people. In the government, this separation is setup by law. They don't want any one part to become too strong. So, now you have a bunch of people with some power. And, money is simply another form of power. So, the guy running the FBI has power (and money), as does the guy running the EPA. **As far as I know, this isn't a real situation** Let's say the EPA needs money, and the FBI has money. Now, if the FBI just gives the EPA $100,000,000, they lose the Power that money brings. On the other hand, if they were to buy bonds from the EPA, they would just be loaning that power, with the promises of getting it back + more in interest. Now, that answers the reasons why someone doesn't transfer the money. But, since the FBI and EPA don't actually fund themselves this way, it doesn't say why the government owns bonds. As far as I know, it's mostly the Feds and the Social security administration who hold Treasury bonds. But, local government savings funds / wealth funds also hold bonds. And, they all do so for different reasons, each would take it's own ELI5.


Question: what happens when you mix hydrogen with anti-hydrogen (antimatter from hydrogen)?

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 what happens when you mix hydrogen with anti-hydrogen (antimatter from hydrogen)?

When matter and antimatter collide, they go trough a process of annihilation. During that, you can observe some mass changing into energy. It depends on the particles colliding but most of the time you will get a few very high energy photons and some **other** bosons. On a macroscale you will get some light and heat out of it. Depending on the scale, you can get a stable reaction or an explosion. Fun fact! AntiHydrogen is one of the most expensive materials humans produce, the cost of producing 1 gram is around $90 Trillion. **EDIT**


Question: why don’t super glue caps get stuck by the super glue?

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 why don’t super glue caps get stuck by the super glue?

The cyanoacrylate in superglue hardens on contact with water (moisture). Your skin has moisture on it, and air has humidity (moisture), so that's why the superglue acts that way when you put it on skin, or after you expose it to air. Otherwise, if you manage to put the cap on without letting any moisture to come in contact with the glue, it will remain liquid. Plastics in general (the container for superglue) don't let moisture through very easily.


Question: Why does the wine taste better when it's old? Or does it really taste better?

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 Why does the wine taste better when it's old? Or does it really taste better?

Let's look at red wine here. Over time, it will change and develop in the bottle. The fruitiness will gradually dry out, the acids will mellow, and the tannins will polymerize to go from 'squeaky teeth' sharp to smooth and...really toothsome. I can't think of another word for it right now. If all goes well, it will get remarkably complex and subtle, with more stuff going on in the mouth. HOWEVER if it is too tannic for the fruit, then it can become just old and dry; or if there's not enough of a tannic 'backbone,' then it will become bland. So why *can* wine taste better when it's older? Because the tannins change to develop a soft and complex mouthfeel, while the fruits develop a richness of flavour and aroma, and the acids balance it all to not be too sharp or too bland. BUT UNDERSTAND THIS: Most wine (about 90%) that is sold is intended to be drunk within a year of purchase, and will get worse over time, as one element overpowers the others and it falls out of balance. Making wine that is intended for long-term cellaring is a challenging process, and from the winemaker's point of view, often not worth the effort. Furthemore, if you have a wine that really has the potential to age well, then (a) you have to cellar it properly to avoid destroying it, and (b) it still won't improve indefinitely. Wines have an 'ideal' point, which is very much a personal point of view, but sooner or later all wine dies.


Question: When using slow internet, why do some web pages load bit by bit, while others show nothing until the full result appears?

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 When using slow internet, why do some web pages load bit by bit, while others show nothing until the full result appears?

When the internet was always slow we designed it so that the first part loaded quickly and other stuff showed up when it could. Now pages are built expecting everything to load quickly so they don't optimize. Plus advertisements take time to pull from other servers and JavaScript code sometimes needs everything to load first. This pulls in code libraries and until everything is there it won't go.


Question: How are hypoallergenic animals made? Are they genetically modified before birth or altered once born?

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 How are hypoallergenic animals made? Are they genetically modified before birth or altered once born?

Neither in the way that you seem to imply. If you want a hypoallergenic dog, you *find one* that happens to be hypoallergenic and breed it with other dogs so that the puppies might be hypoallergenic, too. Breeding is the crudest form of genetic modification, but it works. If you want a dog that is *more* hypoallergenic than the ones currently hanging around, you breed hypoallergenic to another hypoallergenic so the puppies might have hypoallergenic traits from both parents.


Question: What in the molecular workings of plastic makes it turn yellow after a long time?

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 What in the molecular workings of plastic makes it turn yellow after a long time?

1. Most plastics are polymers, aka they're made of extremely long repeating chain molecules linked together. 2. Sunlight has enough energy to break chemical bonds over time, and will eventually break these chains into shorter fragments, and break bonds between different chains too. 3. This one's hard to simplify. The property of "being coloured" comes from how a material's electrons are laid out and how they're able to move around. Basically there's a "sweet spot" of molecule size/length that's good at absorbing visible wavelengths of light. When some colours get absorbed, the object appears coloured since not all colours of light are reflected to your eyes any more. Putting it together: Over time, the light breaks down the plastic until its polymer chains are short enough that they start absorbing light and appear coloured. Related to this, for plastics that are initially transparent: the sun breaking down the plastic at a molecular level also causes "disorder" or just general damage throughout the material. What was once a more neatly packed array becomes fragmented and leads to more light being "scattered" rather than reflected or passed through. That's why clear plastics also go opaque as well as discolouring.


Question: What causes procrastination and how should you deal with it?

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 What causes procrastination and how should you deal with it?

Procrastination is often caused by anxiety over the difficulty, or perceived difficulty, of the task at hand; or over the perceived effects of performing it wrongly. A person believes that the task or its outcome will be unpleasant, and so they put it off for as long as possible. Often this can persist until external circumstances - deadlines, looming failure, etc - cause *"not doing the task"* to become more unpleasant than *"doing the task"* and so the person does the task in a hurry, at the last minute. This can be very stressful because of the external circumstances being so threatening and so close, which in turn validates and reinforces the original feeling that the task would be unpleasant. Breaking free? Well, there are a few options, but my personal method is to pick apart the task into pieces which are too simple to feel anxious over: * Anxious about an assignment? Break it into chunks and write a *super, ultra-rough draft* for each chunk and then work from there. * Anxious about making a phonecall? Write a full list of what you need to get from it, and contingency options to recover if things don't go as expected. * Too much on your plate and can't decide where to start? Write it all out, making sure you get out whatever's in your head, and then see where you can start. Work on things from the most accessible 'handhold' -- grab onto it and see what else becomes possible. Just getting a proper grasp of the task can get you moving with enough momentum to keep going.


Question: Why aren't candy and other dessert foods fortified?

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 Why aren't candy and other dessert foods fortified?

I guess that would be like having fortified sugar. I know I wouldn't buy it. And since it would cost more than the unfortified version, I expect not many others would buy it either. Finally, there'd be a LOT of blowback for the company advertising, "New, Improved, Chocolate Bars with IRON!" Waiting for the message of being disabled.


Question: How did the 2008 economic downfall happen?

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 How did the 2008 economic downfall happen?

Banks were loaning too much money to people who couldn’t afford payments if they had any life changes. Most banks had lots of loans to people that were in risk of not being paid back. One bank went under and it was a domino effect. Eventually the banks went upside down one by one until the govt paid them out of their bad loans.


Question: Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

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 Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature?

Unless the environment is below freezing, mammals need to have heat constantly moving out of our cores in order to maintain the core temperature range where our biochemistry works right. In cool environments we don't have to do anything to maintain this heat movement - heat naturally has a net flow from hot to cold. In environments closer to our core temperature, our waste heat doesn't naturally leave (well) because we're not much warmer than the environment. We have to put effort into moving the heat away, mainly by sweating.


Question: How is it possible that the wreckage of the USS Lexington along with its planes is still in such remarkable shape despite being under water for more than 75 years?

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 How is it possible that the wreckage of the USS Lexington along with its planes is still in such remarkable shape despite being under water for more than 75 years?

There can be a lot of factors. The chemical makeup of the water, the salinity, the current flow, pollution level, all of those can have a bearing on how much anything that sinks deteriorates. For an extreme example, look at the wreck of the [Vasa]( URL_0 ). That was a ship that went down in the 17th century and was recovered in the 1960s, in *astonishingly* good condition considering it was a wooden ship that had been underwater for nearly three hundred and fifty years. Again it depends on the conditions at the particular site.