Question: "How to create a Glowing Social Icon Hover Effect using CSS3?"

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 "How to create a Glowing Social Icon Hover Effect using CSS3?"

You might have seen many different kinds of social icon hover effects, But In this article, I’m going to show you, how to create the Glowing social icons hover effect. For achieving this effect I’m going to use the CSS3 box-shadow and text-shadow properties.
A small snippet about CSS3 Box-shadow and Text-shadow properties.
By using box-shadow property, we can create the shadow effect around the div elements.
By using text-shadow property, we can create the shadow effect around the text.
In this Demo, I’m going to use only blur value because by using only blur value we can create the shadow effect around the div and text.
For social icons, I’m going to use the font-awesome icons. and for accessing the font-awesome icons, we must include the CDN link in our head section.
Consider a div element with class:wrapper and inside that div element, consider the unordered list with five list items with different classes inside it. and place the required social icons inside the list items. and for increasing the size of the font-awesome icons, use one of the default font-awesome class .fa-2x.
Style the unordered list by setting its list-style value to none.
Style the list items inside the UL list, by setting its width, height and line-height values to 75px and float them to left and set its border and border-radius values.
Style the icons by setting its color and margin-top value to 20px to align it properly.
Now target the specific li classes for styling and by using box-shadow effect to border and text-shadow effect to icons we can achieve the glowing effect and use transition property for smooth transition effect.
check out the below demo.


Question: Please explain homoiconicity.

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 Please explain homoiconicity.

In computer programming, homoiconicity (from the Greek words "homo-" meaning "the same" and "icon" meaning "representation") is a property of some programming languages. A language is homoiconic if a program written in it can be manipulated as data using the language, and thus the program's internal representation can be inferred just by reading the program itself. For example, a Lisp program is written as a regular Lisp list, and can be manipulated by other Lisp code. In homoiconic languages, all code can be accessed and transformed as data, using the same representation. This property is often summarized by saying that the language treats "code as data".


Question: Hey, what's going on with TEDxYouth@Redmond?

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 Hey, what's going on with TEDxYouth@Redmond?

TEDxYouth@Redmond is back and better than ever!
This year’s event will be held on September 29th, 2018 with the theme “Escaping the Echo Chamber”, and we are proud to feature a large variety of speakers from local high schools and from around the nation. The event will take place at the Microsoft Commons (15255 NE 40th St, Redmond, WA 98052; click here for directions). Tickets are available at our Eventbrite page. Students receive free tickets, so make sure to take advantage of this awesome opportunity!
If you would like to learn more about our talented speakers and performers, please visit our Speakers and Performers page.
We are also bringing back some of our popular event features such as the raffle and delicious snacks – more information is under our Event Details tab!
We’re coming up on our 9th year planning TEDxYouth@Redmond, an independently organized TED event that features a lineup of talented and inspiring speakers and performers all aged 22 or below. Our event has drawn hundreds of attendees each year, inspiring middle and high school students as well as adults.
Our event is organized entirely by local teens, but it wouldn’t be possible without the support of our parents and several special local companies and organizations.
We believe that the youth of today hold some of the world’s greatest untapped potential, and we’re excited to continue spreading that message and proving it over and over again. Youth is not a barrier to success. We look forward to seeing you in September!
On July 14th, 2018, TEDxYouth@Redmond marched in the 2018 Redmond Derby Days parade! We hope that our theme, “Escaping the Echo Chamber”, reaches out to all in the Redmond area and encourages them to reach their full potential. In case you missed it, here are some pictures of our committee at Derby Days and in the parade – it was such a fun experience! We look forward to seeing all of you at our 8th annual conference on September 29th, 2018.


Question: Could you tell me something about Pavel Zhuravlyov? Respond in 1 sentences.

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 Could you tell me something about Pavel Zhuravlyov? Respond in 1 sentences.

Pavel Nikolayevich Zhuravlyov (; 22 July 1887, Alexandrovsky Zavod – 23 February 1920, Alexandrovsky Zavod) was a leader of the partisan movement in Transbaikalia from 1919 to 1920 during the Ataman Semyonov's regime.


Question: Respond in 11 sentences. What happened to the two young men in Zagora who were caught drinking water in public during Ramadan?

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 Respond in 11 sentences. What happened to the two young men in Zagora who were caught drinking water in public during Ramadan?

Rabat - The court of Zagora in southeastern Morocco sentenced on Thursday June 16 two young men for drinking water in broad daylight in Ramadan.
Rabat – The court of Zagora in southeastern Morocco sentenced on Thursday June 16 two young men for drinking water in broad daylight in Ramadan.
The two men, who work as porters for merchandise, were arrested on Monday, after they were caught drinking water in a local market. Following their arrest, they stated that they were forced to drink, because of the extreme heat and the tiredness they felt after a long day of work.
The sentence could have been harsher if the court did not accept the mitigating circumstances that somehow played in their favor.
According to Telquel, the judge accepted as “mitigating circumstances” the prevailing heat in Zagora and the fact that the men’s act had no ideological or political dimension.
Punishing people for eating or drinking in public during in Ramadan is controversial topic in Morocco. In recent years, a number of human rights organizations have been calling on the government to amend the penal code.
The draft of the new penal code maintains the same prison sentences and increase the fine to MAD 10,000.
According to the teachings of the Quran, a person who is fasting can break the fast in case of necessity, especially if continuing the fast may adversely affect the person’s health. A person who is forced to break the fast, is supposed to make up for that day after the end of the Ramadan.


Question: What is the location of Witki?

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 What is the location of Witki?

Witki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It lies approximately east of Bartoszyce and north-east of the regional capital Olsztyn.


Question: Respond in 40 sentences. What has Quentin Tarantino said regarding police killings?

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 Respond in 40 sentences. What has Quentin Tarantino said regarding police killings?

Famed film director Quentin Tarantino did not walk back any of his comments regarding police killings despite persistent rumors he would apologize publicly in the face of boycott threats by police unions. “What I said was the truth,” he said.
Ten days after making brief remarks at an anti-police brutality march, Tarantino gave The Los Angeles Times his first public statement.
"All cops are not murderers. I never said that. I never even implied that,” said the director of Django Unchained.
Taking part in the Rise Up October protest against police brutality, in New York City’s Washington Square Park on October 24, Tarantino told the crowd: "I wanna give my time to the families, however, I do just wanna say, what am I doin' here? I'm doin' here, because I am a human being with a conscience. And when I see murder, I cannot stand by, and I have to call the murdered the murdered, and I have to call the murderers the murderers. Now I wanna give my time to the families. Thank you very much."
The National Association of Police Officers, a lobbying organization representing 241,000 law enforcement officers and over 2,000 police units, as well as 11,000 retired cops and some 100,000 others indirectly associated individuals, took offense to the “murderers” characterization.
Police unions in New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Orange County, and San Jose have joined in the call to boycott Tarantino’s upcoming film The Hateful Eight, and are encouraging members to turn down security service positions offered for Tarantino’s projects. The National Border Patrol Council has answered the call as well.
"What they’re doing is pretty obvious," Tarantino told the LA Times. "Instead of dealing with the incidents of police brutality that those people were bringing up, instead of examining the problem of police brutality in this country, better they single me out. And their message is very clear. It’s to shut me down. It’s to discredit me. It is to intimidate me. It is to shut my mouth, and even more important than that, it is to send a message out to any other prominent person that might feel the need to join that side of the argument."
Tarantino referred to Rice, Brown and Boyd as “the murdered,” a remark deemed insensitive by Los Angeles Police Dept. Lt. Craig Lally, who is also head of the Police Protective League.
"There's an underground of people who are very pro-police, and you don't hear about them until they get pissed off," Lally told the LA Times. "And it's going to be this underground that shuts down [The Hateful Eight], not the cops."
Lally noted that four days prior to the rally, Randolph Holder, a 33-year-old Guyanese immigrant and NYPD officer, was shot while on duty.
"I'm not being intimidated. Frankly, it feels lousy to have a bunch of police mouthpieces call me a cop hater. I'm not a cop hater. That is a misrepresentation. That is slanderous. That is not how I feel. But you know, that's their choice to do that to me. What can I do? I'm not taking back what I said,” Tarantino told the newspaper.
Tarantino is scheduled to appear on HBO’s "Real Time with Bill Maher" on Tuesday evening, with other guests Keith Olbermann, David Frum, Anthony Weiner, and Jillian Melchior. He is also being touted by MSNBC’s Chris Hayes as his guest for Wednesday’s show.
A police boycott may not be Tarantino’s biggest problem. The Hateful Eight opens on Christmas, up against The Revenant with Leonardo DiCaprio and Joy, starring Jennifer Lawrence. Star Wars: Episode VII opens the week before, but will undoubtedly remain tough competition for Tarantino’s less-promoted movie.


Question: "Hey, I just finished writing an article on all the tools you need to change props on a racing drone motor with a power drill. I hope it helps others out there like it has helped me, and I've added affiliate links so if you purchase anything I'll get a commission for it. Could you check out the article and let me know if the links are correct and if the description matches with the tools you're using?"

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 "Hey, I just finished writing an article on all the tools you need to change props on a racing drone motor with a power drill. I hope it helps others out there like it has helped me, and I've added affiliate links so if you purchase anything I'll get a commission for it. Could you check out the article and let me know if the links are correct and if the description matches with the tools you're using?"

I’m not sure why it was so tricky for me to figure out all of the tools that would be required to change props on my racing drone motors with a power drill. I wanted to be able to use a small, lightweight drill in the field to make the process of changing props a little bit faster, but for whatever reason, I couldn’t figure out the right things to Google to get it done. THUS, I have listed all of the things that you need to change props in the field like a champ. Prop changes with power drills was something that I’ve always wanted to be able to do, because I was always envious of the DRL pit crew and their lightning quick prop changes. Since I started using these, I’ve probably saved 30 cumulative minutes of prop change time.
Warning! These are affiliate links, so if you purchase you will be supporting NURK and this website. FOR WHICH I’d be extremely grateful; however, I didn’t want to post this without explaining that. These are the exact tools I use, so don’t worry — I’m not shilling out something I don’t actually use.
First off, is the motor grip pliers. These things are life savers — when you can’t loosen the nut, or when you’re using the power drill, these things come in handy. When you can’t quite loosen your prop nuts, being able to get the extra bit of grip on the bell will allow you to twist harder on the nut without having to chew your fingers up on sharp props. For me, these things always live in my bag.
Second, the drill bits. I have yet to find a decent, easy to purchase/ship link for an 8mm hex driver that has adequate depth to get over the long shafts that we have on our prop nuts, so you unfortunately have to buy a set. However, included in this set are both 8mm (prop shaft) 9mm (larger prop shaft), and 5.5 mm (the flight controller nylon screws. So, while there are extra things, (1) the price is still like. $7.. and (2) there are still useful tools that you will get.
Third, the power drill itself. I wanted something small, lightweight, and coincidentally, I have fallen in love with a power drill that charges over USB. I have a USB multi-port charger that lives on my desk, and I plug this drill right into that whenever it runs low. However, to be used with prop nuts, it almost never runs low.. I charge this basically once a month, and that includes changing hundreds of props in that time span. This drill isn’t the best (it’s not variable speed, and you don’t have torque settings), but for $25, who’s really complaining? There’s a certain technique that I use with my hand to get it to not chew up the nuts or my hand, and I have yet to have any issues with it.
Finally, I just wanted to mention some upgraded steel prop nuts. The prop nuts that come with motors either (1) wear out, or (2) are very high profile, and the nylock never catches. These steel nuts hardly ever wear out, and you can buy them in a set of 100, so that you won’t run out for a very long time.
Be sure to check out the support page to see how you can help me make more articles like this one.
Are you sure that the link to the lock nuts is correct? They are black and say zinc plated.
As a newbie to the scene I bought the pliers and nuts. The nuts are a lot smaller than my existing ones that came with the max motors. Is this normal? Im not using an electric drill, so the nuts seem to go on and stop and leave a slight gap.
That is a smart idea to categorize the different types of drills. I also compared the reviews of different drills. I listed the things I need to accomplish and it uses different kinds of tools. The reviews helped me achieve what I need to purchase.


Question: Describe the song "Rats" by the Swedish hard rock band GHOST

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 Describe the song "Rats" by the Swedish hard rock band GHOST

"Rats", the latest single from the Grammy Award-winning Swedish hard rock band GHOST, today enters its seventh consecutive week as the No. 1 song on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart, becoming the longest-running track to top that chart this year. Released this past spring, "Rats" has already accumulated more than 25 million streams worldwide, and the companion music video has logged more than 11 million views.
It is the Swedish band's second No. 1, following "Square Hammer", which topped the chart for two weeks in January-February 2017.
Two other GHOST songs previously made it to the Mainstream Rock Songs chart: "Cirice" (No. 4, 2015) and "From The Pinnacle To The Pit" (No. 5, 2016).
GHOST lead singer Tobias Forge, who performs under the name Cardinal Copia, told The Pulse Of Radio what inspired him to write "Rats", the first single from the band's new album, "Prequelle". "A few years ago, I decided, like, 'I really want to have a big opening track that just blows people's minds immediately,'" he said. "So I wrote 'Square Hammer' and that went well. But I didn't want 'Square Hammer' to turn into a 'Start Me Up', where that always feels best to play first. I want to be able to mix it up. So we needed another song that works as an opening track. That was basically my intention with 'Rats'."
The official video for "Rats" can be seen below. The clip was directed by Roboshobo (a.k.a. Robert Schober), who has previously worked with METALLICA, ALICE IN CHAINS, MASTODON and GREEN DAY, among others.
"Prequelle" was recorded last year at Artery studios in Stockholm with producer Tom Dalgety (OPETH, ROYAL BLOOD) and was mixed in January at Westlake Studios in West Hollywood, California with Andy Wallace (NIRVANA, SLAYER).


Question: Respond in 6 sentences. What does painting mean to you?

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 Respond in 6 sentences. What does painting mean to you?

As an architect, I have found painting to be a way to affirm the beauty of this world - a way to see it and to experience it. While traveling, painting has always been a way to slow the world down and focus, seeing the detail and then allowing my hand to record it in order to commit it to memory. While working, painting allows me to explore the interaction between my own buildings and the landscapes in which they sit.
In my design work, it has become an essential empirical tool to help me understand the landscapes in which I build. To sit and paint a place is to truly feel a place - to smell the soil; to feel the sun on my back; to hear a river, the song of a bird, the sound of surf, or the rustling aspen leaves; to see the grass bend to the wind and the colors blend as they flicker in front of me. Only after a painting is done - only after I have understood the place - can I then build a building that truly belongs to the landscape.


Question: What can you tell me about Wonder Woman?

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 What can you tell me about Wonder Woman?

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Postal Service, in partnership with Warner Bros. Consumer Products and DC Entertainment, previewed four Forever stamps today that commemorate the 75th anniversary of one of the most iconic Super Heroes of all time — Wonder Woman. The stamp pane will be among other Wonder Woman related items revealed at 3 p.m., Sat., July 23 at Comic-Con International: San Diego. The first-day-of-issue dedication ceremony will take place Oct. 7 at New York Comic-Con.


Question: Please explain how the court-appointed Examiner's ruling in the CR case would affect creditors and what options are available to ensure equitable treatment for all creditors. Respond in 19 sentences.

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 Please explain how the court-appointed Examiner's ruling in the CR case would affect creditors and what options are available to ensure equitable treatment for all creditors. Respond in 19 sentences.

The court-appointed Examiner will rule on recommending CR to the court at the end of Feb.
CR requires all creditors (fiat and BTC) to be treated equally, so the surplus must be shared out in a way that treats all creditors the same. But doing so would mean fiat creditors like BTC creditors, only get ~23% of their assets back, instead of 100% they would get from bankruptcy. This is unfair and in contradiction with another CR requirement that all creditors (fiat and BTC) benefit, or at least are not disadvantaged by CR. Clearly fiat creditors would be disadvantaged by this.
It’s an impasse that our lawyers are now preparing a case to find a way around. So that distribution is equal, and no one is disadvantaged.
To do this they will need to set legal precedents, and our lawyer believes it’s necessary to hire a number of legal scholars to provide opinions to sway the Examiner and allow them to feel comfortable setting those precendents. This is expensive. And has to be done quickly.
That’s why were are opening another funding round. The more money we can raise the more scholars opinions we can afford, and the more chance we have of swaying the scholars.
There is hope, my sense is we’ll be pushing at an unlocked door, but it won’t open if we don’t push.
We need to raise another ~$100,000 in legal fees. I’m asking members who have already paid, to make a voluntary donation with a guide of $2 (~£1.50) per Bitcoin of your claim, or whatever you can afford it. We need to average about $120 per person in the group, and some won’t be in a position to contribute, so if you can contribute more, then please do so.
I’m also asking people who are not members of the group to consider joining at this point by contributing $100. CR could potentially benefit those who have not had an approved claim. It could potentially benefit those with fiat claims. While I can’t guarantee that outcome, just as I can’t guarantee the success of CR, I’d ask those people to contribute too and join the group.


Question: What is the proposed timeline for the transition?

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 What is the proposed timeline for the transition?

we'd like to make the transition happen over the next one to two months.
the thoughts of people in this group on the best way to manage the project.
next 1 or 2 months.


Question: What are Alexander and Daystar talking about today?

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 What are Alexander and Daystar talking about today?

Daystar and Alexander discuss exposition: the good, the bad, and the common pitfalls.
Quote about narrative flow through sentence structure.
Alexander recommends Ghost Talkers in today’s post-outro Audible advertisement.


Question: Describe the impact of the Adrian Peterson incident on the Minnesota Vikings organization.

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 Describe the impact of the Adrian Peterson incident on the Minnesota Vikings organization.

Published: Sept. 15, 2014 at 04:05 p.m.
Updated: Sept. 17, 2014 at 03:21 a.m.
The Minnesota Vikings announced Monday morning that running back Adrian Peterson will fully practice and is expected to play this week against the New Orleans Saints.
Peterson was deactivated for Sunday's loss after being indicted Friday on charges of reckless or negligent injury to a child.
The Vikings cited due process as the reason for reinstating the face of the franchise.
"This is a very important issue," general manager Rick Spielman said Monday afternoon. "And I want to take time to emphasize that the issue of child welfare is extremely serious and should be taken serious not only by us, but by everybody. We are trying to do the right thing, this is a difficult path to navigate regarding the judgment of how a parent disciplines his child.
"Based on the extensive information that we have right now and what we know about Adrian, not only as a person, but what he has also done for this community, we believe he deserves to play while the legal process plays out. At the same time, we must defer to the legal system to determine whether he went too far. But we cannot make that judgment."
Spielman said the reason behind Peterson's deactivation on Sunday was that the team did not initially have all the information and felt it was in the best interest of the organization. Spielman added that after seeing the court files a decision was made to play Peterson this week.
"We feel strongly as an organization this is disciplining a child," the GM said. "When you look at the photos, they're disturbing. ... It is right for him to go though the process legally."
Peterson's case will also be reviewed by the league under the NFL's Personal Conduct Policy. Spielman said the decision to play Peterson against the Saints was the solely Vikings'.
The Associated Press reported Monday that Peterson's attorney will seek to delay the initial court appearance because he is currently out of the country.
When asked about the team's inconsistency in dealing with other players who have had off-field issues (A.J. Jefferson and Caleb King are examples of players the Vikings have cut in the past) Spielman was adamant each situation is judged separately.
"It has nothing on him as a football player," Spielman said. "Purely on the facts that have been presented to us."
"Today's decision was made after significant thought, discussion and consideration. As evidenced by our decision to deactivate Adrian from yesterday's game, this is clearly a very important issue. On Friday, we felt it was in the best interests of the organization to step back, evaluate the situation, and not rush to judgment given the seriousness of this matter. At that time, we made the decision that we felt was best for the Vikings and all parties involved.
"To be clear, we take very seriously any matter that involves the welfare of a child. At this time, however, we believe this is a matter of due process and we should allow the legal system to proceed so we can come to the most effective conclusions and then determine the appropriate course of action. This is a difficult path to navigate, and our focus is on doing the right thing. Currently we believe we are at a juncture where the most appropriate next step is to allow the judicial process to move forward.
"We will continue to monitor the situation closely and support Adrian's fulfillment of his legal responsibilities throughout this process."


Question: Respond in 10 sentences. Have you heard about the rematch between Claudia Gadelha and Carla Esparza?

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 Respond in 10 sentences. Have you heard about the rematch between Claudia Gadelha and Carla Esparza?

Claudia Gadelha is hoping for a rematch against Carla Esparza this September in Brazil, despite already beating her via split decision at the UFC 225 event last month.
Gadelha wants Carla Esparza rematch this September in Brazil.
Gadelha (16-3) clearly feels as though she still has unfinished business with Esparza and wants a more decisive victory.
“We’re talking September, maybe a rematch with Carla in Brazil,” Gadelha told MMAjunkie. “I’m still in shape. I feel good, I just need to take care of my knee. If I can get healthy then I can fight her in September again.
The Brazilian is adamant she was the rightful victor last month, however she is willing to rematch due to the fact she wasn’t 100% during the last fight.
Fight fans, would you like to see Claudia Gadelha and Carla Esparza rematch? Let us know in the comments section below.


Question: Respond in 16 sentences. What can you tell me about the HomePod?

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 Respond in 16 sentences. What can you tell me about the HomePod?

Apple’s long-rumored Amazon Echo competitor is real. It’s called the HomePod (yes, I know). “We want to reinvent home music,” Apple CEO Tim Cook said at the company’s WWDC keynote. The Apple Speaker is focused on music first, not Siri.
You also can ask other Siri queries, such as news headlines, the weather, sports scores and more. And if you have HomeKit-enabled devices, you can control your lights, garage door, air conditioning and more using this speaker.
Interestingly, Apple also announced AirPlay 2 earlier today, which lets you pair multiple speakers and play music in multiple rooms. I’m sure many customers will buy multiple speakers for their home.
It’s going to cost $349. It comes in white and space grey. It starts shipping in the U.S., the U.K. and Australia. Other countries will get HomePods next year.
And that’s about it for now. I’m sure we’ll learn more about the device in the coming months, but it seems like Apple is downplaying this announcement. The company knows it’s late to this market. So it has to prove that it can make a good speaker before calling it the best speaker ever.


Question: What is Steven Lawrie's background? Respond in 1 sentences.

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 What is Steven Lawrie's background? Respond in 1 sentences.

Steven Lawrie (born 22 February 1984) is a former Scottish rugby union player who played for Edinburgh Rugby in the Pro12.


Question: Explain how plate tectonics started on Earth.

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 Explain how plate tectonics started on Earth.

Home plate tectonics How did plate tectonics start on Earth?
Our planet Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that possesses Plate Tectonics. The Earth’s surface is in a constant state of change; the tectonic plates together with the oceans and continents continuously slide along one another, collide or sink into the Earth’s mantle. However, it still remains unclear how Plate Tectonics started on Earth.
An international research team combining modeling experts from the ETH Zürich, the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, and geologists from the University of Texas and Korea University in Seoul have proposed an answer to this question in a recent publication in the journal Nature. Based on advanced high-resolution numerical modeling and geological observations they demonstrate that a hot mantle plume rising to the lithosphere from the deep mantle might have broken the intact outer shell of the early Earth and induced the first large-scale sinking of lithospheric plates, a key process of Plate Tectonics called subduction.
The rigid outer shell of present-day Earth that includes crust and uppermost mantle, i.e. the lithosphere is divided into several plates. Lithospheric plates slide along their boundaries or colliding with each other and some of them, which are cold and heavy enough, sink into the deep mantle. This process, called subduction is the key process of Plate Tectonics responsible for the recycling of the materials of Earth’s crust into the deep mantle and for an efficient cooling of the Earth interior. However, subduction and Plate Tectonics was not always taking place on Earth. During the first 1 or 2 billion years of the 4.5 billion years Earth’s history, the tectonic process was very different, probably similar to present-day Venus, where the lithosphere is not broken into plates and no subduction occurs. So how did the first subduction and Plate Tectonics develop on Earth?
“Three conditions must have been met for the mantle plume to start first long-lived subduction and Plate Tectonics on Earth”, says Stephan Sobolev, Head of Geodynamic Modeling Section at GFZ and Professor of Geodynamics at University of Potsdam. “First, the mantle plume had to be large and hot enough to produce a lot of melt. These melts intruded into the lithosphere above the plume making it mechanically weak and allowing the plume to penetrate into the crust. Second, the lithosphere had to be thick and heavy enough to sink into the mantle”. In the beginning the broken lithosphere around the plume was probably pushed down by the load of the plume material spreading above it and then the sinking parts of the heavy lithosphere pulled down the adjacent lithosphere. “Finally there had to be liquid water in the ocean to lubricate, in a way, the surface of the sinking lithospheric plate” adds Sobolev. “This allowed it to sink deep into the Earth”.
All these conditions were fulfilled sometime in early Earth history, but were never met for other planets of the Solar System. For instance on Venus, which is most similar to the Earth, hot mantle plumes are probably quite common, but the lithosphere is too hot and light and there is no liquid water at the hot surface of Venus.
It was most likely not just an interaction of a single mantle plume with the early Earth lithosphere, but rather a number of such interactions that were responsible for the triggering of Plate Tectonics on Earth. The vigorous inner life of our unique planet created a number of “plate tectonic windows” as shown in the Figure, which joined after some time and induced global Plate Tectonics.
Note: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by GFZ GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Helmholtz Centre.


Question: Explain why people should stop using Google and what alternatives can be used.

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 Explain why people should stop using Google and what alternatives can be used.

Just as I was hitting ‘schedule campaign’ on the RWD Weekly newsletter the Google AMP team published an article about a new announcement.
It seemed that after a long list of blog posts questioning the ethical existence of AMP and Google’s technical application of the AMP results in their search the team were addressing our concerns and trying to put all great performing web pages on a level playing field.
As I read the article I opened the links to Feature Policy, Web Packaging, iframe promotion, Performance Timeline, and Paint Timing and began to read through the documentation.
Aside from not really understanding how I would be able to make my sites adhere to these things, a lot of them are not even things at the moment or implemented in any browser. That is also ignoring the fact that these are ‘some of the proposed standards’ required to get the glory spot. What else do I need to do, and who decides what that will be and when?
Until such a point as those standards get finalized, and then they’re adopted by a significant number of browsers, AMP’s going to work exactly the way it has. To put a finer point on it, nothing about AMP is changing today, in the short-term, nor in the medium-term. In fact, it’s entirely possible that nothing will change at all. For the time being, web pages written in AMP—and hosted on Google-owned or -approved servers— are going to be the only thing allowed in the carousel.
Reading Ethan’s article got me to thinking.
It isn’t AMP that are making these rules and deciding what needs to occur. The AMP team themselves are making a fork of the web as we know it and creating AMP HTML that is designed to work incredibly fast when used in conjunction with Google.
The team that is making the rules about who will appear where is Google themselves, the corporate powerhouse and one of the two most influential companies the world has ever seen (the other I see as Facebook).
When Microsoft was dominating the market all it took was one amazing man and a couple of brilliantly executed ideas for Apple to win back marketshare.
Apple is now facing the same issue as Microsoft are claiming back former users with the Surface Book and endangering Apple’s grip on the creative industry.
Companies live and die by the decisions of the consumers. It is often the early adopters, people like you and I, who make the first move towards something new. Then it’s our family who go next on our recommendation, then our friends, our work colleagues, and then pretty soon it reaches a critical mass adoption.
So while we, you and I, are in outrage about the stance that Google is taking when it comes to AMP there is one simple solution. Stop. Using. Google.
I remember a time when there was a tonne of web search engines out there. Web Crawler, Ask Jeeves, Alta Vista… I used to use these different search engines depending on the type of result I wanted. Then I started using Google and convinced my family, friends and colleagues to do the same. We did this because Google had the best results, and they were PRO the web… they were one of the catalysts for how far and quickly it came along.
Do you still use Google for search?
What about Duck Duck Go?
The team from AMP project take their lunch time out to set the record straight with a non-believer.


Question: Respond in detail. Briefly describe what CD Projekt Red CEO Marcin Iwinski has to say about Cyberpunk 2077.

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 Respond in detail. Briefly describe what CD Projekt Red CEO Marcin Iwinski has to say about Cyberpunk 2077.

CD Projekt Red CEO: Cyberpunk 2077 will be "More Ambitious on Every Single Front"
Details on CD Projekt Red's upcoming RPG Cyberpunk 2077 have been scarce. But in a recent interview with GI.biz, CEO Marcin Iwinski says that the success of The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt has given the developer the resources to go bigger with the new game.
"We're paranoid about disappointing people," Iwinski said. "Even with a press release, we chew on it: What should it say? How should we say it? Is it fair? We have a test internally, which we use for the toughest cases: the 'explain it to a crowd of gamers test.' Let's say we need to make a decision on this or that piece of content in the package, and then we explain why we did that. If we convince ourselves...it's because it led to a better margin, it's probably not the right choice. It has to be about bringing value to the gamer."
Iwinski says that Cyberpunk 2077 will be "more ambitious on every single front," and that the priority is reaching "the next quality bar," not only for CD Projekt Red but for the market. Iwinski says that the company is going to take the time to make Cyberpunk 2077 "something really meaningful for the whole industry."
"The Witcher finished with 80 people, The Witcher 3 finished with 250, so Cyberpunk will probably be even more. Don't think about scale in terms of us doing 20 projects; no, we'll focus, we'll focus on certain things... We don't want to be a 10 project studio. The Rockstar model is nice."
Back in October, CD Projekt Red visual effects artist Jose Teixeira said the game will be "far bigger than anything else that CD Projekt Red has done before. Far, far bigger."
"We're really stepping into the unknown in terms of complexity and size and problems we encounter," Teixeira said. "If anything, working on The Witcher 3 was a really good and often brutal learning experience. Cyberpunk is going to benefit greatly from it. I can almost guarantee it."
Cyberpunk 2077 was revealed in 2012 and promises a "multi-thread, non-linear story" with a significant amount of player choice along with multiplayer features. The game does not yet have a firm release date.


Question: Explain your opinion on BMW's decision to make CarPlay subscription-based.

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 Explain your opinion on BMW's decision to make CarPlay subscription-based.

BMW plans to offer CarPlay as a subscription-based service beginning next year, rather than charge a one-time fee, reports The Verge.
The automaker will charge $80 per year for access to CarPlay starting next year, with no fee during the first year of ownership of a new BMW, according to Don Smith, technology product manager for BMW North America.
BMW currently charges a $300 upgrade fee to drivers who want CarPlay, available in its 2017 model year and newer vehicles.
Smith believes switching to a subscription-based pricing system will provide BMW owners with more flexibility. "This allows the customer to switch devices," he said, while mentioning Android as a specific example.
BMW doesn't currently support Android Auto, although Smith said Google Assistant is coming to new BMW models later in 2018.
Smith also argued that the annual fee could actually work out to be cheaper for somebody with an average length lease, as the total cost after four years after the free first year of access would be $240, cheaper than the one-time $300 charge.
Of course, those who don't trade in their BMW once every four years can expect the CarPlay subscription fees to add up significantly over the long term. All the while, many other automakers now offer CarPlay as a standard feature.
BMW may ultimately decide against this idea if it receives enough negative feedback from customers, but we'll have to wait and see.
What a joke. Apple should explicitly forbid this in its licensing terms.
All I can say is WTF?
Do you want ABS, pay $10 month.
Want access to your trunk, unlimited for $10 a month or $1 every time you open it.
The whole subscription base thing is getting out of hand!!!
Next it will costs 29.99 for each bag you want to put in your trunk for a trip more than 25 miles.
Wow talk about scamming customers.
I won't pay for a CarPlay subscription same way as I don't pay for a Satellite radio subscription. While I don't need Satellite Radio, I don't care if it is offered as subscription or not ... however, CarPlay is something I *want* but I am not willing to pay monthly for it - so as long a there are other options, I will choose those.
Not sure if they is also true for BMW, but I think it is a joke that with many car manufactures you can get CarPlay only if you also take the Navigation System ... For me, AppleMaps works great, so I won't need the Navigation System and don't want to pay extra for that either.
Man, why didn't they think of this sooner? Why can't I pay BMW for my FM radio subscription already? I can't believe they give us that for free!
Well the big difference of course is that with satellite radio you actually are paying for a service that has value (to some). CarPlay is just an iOS feature that has a marginal cost to the auto manufacturer to support (since most of them have robust infotainment systems that can easily handle the burden of running CarPlay). It’s really nickel-and-diming and BMW should be ashamed of themselves for charging for it at all as a luxury manufacturer. My new Audi has it standard.
And satellite service costs the supplier money when they give it to you. They have to keep the satellites in the sky, power the uplinks, pay for content and talent, etc. They have annual costs which they cover by charging you a subscription. BMW has no annual cost associated with supplying you with a screen.
What BMW is suggesting is no different than a television manufacturer charging you an annual subscription if you want to plug a Roku into the HDMI port.


Question: What can you tell me about the Seattle kidnapping case? Respond in 42 sentences.

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 What can you tell me about the Seattle kidnapping case? Respond in 42 sentences.

Sean Reilly, 21, is accused of attacking five women during four separate episodes near the University District's Greek Row in July and August.
When a 19-year-old woman found herself in Ravenna Park in late July, ordered at gunpoint to walk there by a young man who took her cell phone and led her to a mattress in the woods, she told him she would rather be shot than raped, police reports say.
The man told her, "You'll get over it," and "It won't break you," court records indicate. She dared him to shoot her.
He grabbed the woman by the throat with one hand and clocked her on the side of her head with the gun until she punched him, knocking his baseball cap and glasses off his head. She took that opening to run for her life.
Prosecutors say the kidnapper is 21-year-old Sean Reilly, who matches the physical description given by five women who were at minimum robbed or assaulted in the University District near Reilly's home and, in two instances, forced to walk to nearby Ravenna Park threatened with what turned out to be a pellet gun.
Reilly is charged with first-degree kidnapping, first-degree robbery and second-degree assault in connection with the spree that allegedly occurred between July 27 and Aug. 26. He was arrested Aug. 28 while he was on a Tinder date.
The first incident happened to the woman who punched her attacker in Ravenna Park. She was walking home, headed north on 18th Avenue Northeast about 12:10 a.m. when a man approached her from behind, displaying what appeared to be a small black handgun and demanding her cell phone.
She gave him the cell phone, but he ordered her to walk until they reached a mattress located in a secluded patch of brush at Ravenna Park, about 10 to 12 blocks away. After she punched him, she discarded her backpack while running away and flagged a passing vehicle to summon police, according to the incident report.
In turned out Reilly lived across an alley from the woman in the U-District, police wrote.
The second reported incident occurred about 11:49 p.m. Aug. 7. A 21-year-old woman was walking east on Northeast 47th Street. After passing 21st Avenue Northeast, a man wrapped his arm around her neck and she heard a "clicking sound" and an object pressing into her back. The man demanded her wallet and cell phone, Seattle police reported.
The woman said, "No" and spun around to face the man, at which point she saw his gun. She screamed and the man pistol whipped her three times before she escaped to a nearby fraternity house.
The next episode happened about 1:53 p.m. Aug. 11. Two women were standing on 17th Avenue Northeast just south of Northeast 52nd Street. A man identified as Reilly walked by them, then turned around and punched one woman in the left ear and the other in the mouth. The woman hit in the mouth fell to the ground and hit her head, causing a concussion and bruised ribs.
Reilly headed north, but the other alleged victim ran after him. In the 5000 block of 18th Avenue Northeast, Reilly stopped and punched the pursuing woman in the mouth, prompting her to fall to the ground. She also suffered a concussion and injuries to her head and face.
The final known incident occurred about 10:50 p.m. Aug. 26. A 19-year-old woman was walking from one fraternity house to her brother's fraternity house on Northeast 47th Street. As she approached 21st Avenue Northeast, a man approached her from behind with what looked to be a black handgun and demanded the woman's cell phone, which she gave to him.
He also ordered her to take him to a nearby ATM to withdraw cash from her bank account, but she claimed she didn't have an ATM card, according to Seattle police.
He then forced her to walk to Ravenna Park about 10 blocks away and threatened to break her jaw if she didn't obey. After they reached the park, the woman's cell phone received a text message from her brother asking why she hadn't arrived and indicated he had a tracking app to see that she was at the park, reports indicate. The man saw the message, gave the phone back to the woman and walked away.
Each of the victims gave a similar suspect description. While investigating a report of gunshots fired early the morning of Aug. 18, University of Washington police officers found Reilly, who appeared to match the suspect sketches related to the series of attacks, court documents say.
The woman from the final assault later pointed to a photo of Reilly from a montage to identify her attacker.
A Seattle police SWAT unit stopped Reilly early the morning of Aug. 28 at Northeast 50th Street and University Way Northeast and arrested him while he was driving his Tinder date.
A search of Reilly's bedroom yielded a backpack matching the victims' description containing a black semi-automatic pellet handgun, duct tape, a disposable camera, zip ties and scissors. They also recovered several items of clothing matching the women's accounts.
Prosecutors charged Reilly with with two counts of first-degree kidnapping, two counts of first-degree robbery and one count of second-degree assault among two separate cases. He remains jailed on $750,000 bail.


Question: What is The Killer?

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 What is The Killer?

The Killer () is a 1989 Hong Kong action thriller film written and directed by John Woo, and starring Chow Yun-fat, Danny Lee and Sally Yeh. Chow plays the assassin Ah Jong, who accidentally damages the eyes of the singer Jennie (Sally Yeh) during a shootout. He later discovers that if Jennie does not undergo an expensive operation she will go blind. To get the money for Jennie, Ah Jong decides to perform one last hit.
After the financial backing from Tsui Hark became problematic following the release of Woo's film "A Better Tomorrow 2", Woo had to find backing through Chow Yun Fat's and Danny Lee's financing companies. Woo went into filming "The Killer" with a rough draft whose plot was influenced by the films "Le Samouraï", "Mean Streets", and "Narazumono". Woo desired to make a film about honour, friendship and the relationship of two seemingly opposite people. After finishing filming, Woo referred to "The Killer" as a tribute to directors Jean-Pierre Melville and Martin Scorsese.


Question: How do I setup a Masternode in GUI Wallet?

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 How do I setup a Masternode in GUI Wallet?

GUI masternode setup is very easy. Open the wallet, click on the "Masternodes" at the left panel, then click on navigation bar "My Masternodes".
Input your desired masternode name at "Alias", then input your IP address and port wanted to use at "Address". In this guide we use default port = 48744. Then click OK.
Select your newly created masternode from the list, then click on "Copy Address". Transfer exactly 2500 to this SAGA address. If you transfer from another or same GUI wallet, just send 2500 will do. But if you are sending by command, you have to use command to exclude fee. And then you have to change configuration settings by clicking on "Get Config"
You have to replace your port assigned to this masternode at REPLACEMEWITHYOURPORT. The configuration file contains first 3 lines by default (rpcallowip, rpcuser, rpcpassword), so you just require to copy 4th lines onwards and paste to sagacoin.conf file.
Finally you have to restart your wallet, then goto "Masternodes" => "My Masternodes", select your masternode and click on "Start" button. And it is done, you can see your masternode listed at "Masternodes Network" after a few minutes.


Question: Describe the controversy surrounding the video clips of Rajasthan cabinet minister Jaswant Yadav.

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 Describe the controversy surrounding the video clips of Rajasthan cabinet minister Jaswant Yadav.

Yadav, however, denied the allegations and said the video clips were a Congress conspiracy.
Rajasthan cabinet minister Jaswant Yadav.
ALWAR: A video clip of Rajasthan cabinet minister Jaswant Yadav, the BJP candidate for the Alwar Lok Sabha bypoll, purportedly asking Hindus to vote for BJP and Muslims for Congress has gone viral on social media.
The remarks are seen as an attempt to polarise the upcoming bypoll.
In the video, the minister is purportedly heard narrating how during his election campaign Muslims in Mewat had told him they would vote for him because of his development work, but not for the BJP as it was a party of Hindus.
“So, if you are a Hindu, vote for me, and if you are a Muslim, vote for the Congress,” Yadav is heard summing up his election speech at Dugheda village in Alwar district.
In another video clip, the minister and his supporters are heard exhorting people to come with as many vehicles as possible on nomination filing day and that Yadav would foot the bill for all those vehicles.
Yadav, however, denied the allegations and said the video clips were a Congress conspiracy. Yadav said Congressmen were distorting his videos. “Earlier, when I said that our Prime minister Narendra Modi is the ‘best PM’, Congress people distorted it and claimed that I was saying Modi was the ‘bhrasht (corrupt) PM’,” Yadav said.
The labour and employment minister said Congress was playing dirty politics because it was worried by the reception being accorded to him in Mewat region.
The Congress, on the other hand, filed a complaint with the district returning officer alleging that the BJP candidate was seeking votes in the name of religion and caste. Congress handed over a copy of the video clips to the returning officer.


Question: Describe Russian airstrikes in Syria.

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 Describe Russian airstrikes in Syria.

“During the day, Sukhoi-34, Sukhoi-24M and Sukhoi-25 warplanes flew a total of 15 sorties from the Khmeimim airbase. Air strikes were delivered at ten targets of the Islamic State [IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL] group in Syria,” Igor Konashenkov, Russia’s Defense Ministry spokesman said in a statement on Monday.
A pair of Su-25Ms (NATO reporting name: Frogfoot) together with an Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) carried out strikes on two IS targets in the eastern part of Homs province near the city of Tadmur, he said.
“About 20 units of medium T-55 tanks, which were earlier seized by the militants from the Syrian army, have been destroyed [in the strikes],” as well as three multiple rocket launchers, he noted.
The city Tadmur is located in an oasis in the middle of the Syrian Desert and stands about half a kilometer northeast of the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra. The UNESCO protected cultural site was captured by IS in May. They have been gradually destroying archeological artifacts and structures since seizing the ancient city. On Sunday they blew up the Arch of Triumph, a centerpiece of the ancient ruins.
Russian Su-34 bombers destroyed IS headquarters and a command post in the Aleppo province, Konashenkov said on Monday, adding that there had been “direct hits” on structures housing field commanders in Dayr Hafir and al-Bab.
Some 30 IS military vehicles including tanks were destroyed in the forested area near the city of Idlib in northwest Syria, according to the ministry.
“We have irrefutable intelligence, including [intercepted] communications between the militants in the area, [proving] the destruction and damage of the terrorists’ armored vehicles,” Konashenkov said.
Russia launched its anti-IS operation in Syria on September 30 after a request from President Bashar Assad. Russian President Vladimir Putin has also expressed concern about the number of Russian extremists in the country.
On Saturday, three days into the operation, Russia’s Defense Ministry said that, based on Russian intelligence, the militants were fleeing the area which had been under their control. It also stated that the strikes have significantly reduced the terrorists’ combat capabilities.


Question: Provide examples of Norwegian words and phrases related to the body and health.

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 Provide examples of Norwegian words and phrases related to the body and health.

A few posts back we have learnt vocabulary and phrases for body parts in Norwegian. It’s time to learn more about the body.
Below are a few more words that you can add to your Norwegian vocabulary.
Here are a few Norwegian phrases for you to practice.
Jeg har vondt i magen. I have a stomachache.
Jeg har hjerteinfarkt. I have a heart attack.
Jeg får smerter i ryggen. I have a pain in the back.
Ta vare på helsen din. Take care of your health.
Du må ha grønnsaker i kostholdet ditt. You must have vegetables in your diet.
Lungene inhalerer luft. The lungs inhale air.
Blodet strømmer gjennom blodårene. The blood flows through the blood vessels.
Puss tennene dine. Brush your teeth.


Question: Wow, these ice cube trays are so cool! Do you know where I can get them?

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 Wow, these ice cube trays are so cool! Do you know where I can get them?

Collection of unusual and creative ice cube trays from all over the world.
These are so cool…uh, no pun intended.
yeah… perpetualkid.com has the most creative ice cube trays. luv ’em!
This is so cool! I have an “ice cube of the month club” on my blog– I give out tasty ice cube recipes… how cool to use these trays to make them tasty and fun looking!!
Wow, these are cool! Er, pun intended.
The bullets and the bone chillers rock!
I found the alphabet, Bullets, and Princess to be the most interesting and exciting.
Pop a cap in you glass?
i have the shot glass ones…they’re amazing!!!
The AK-47 Bullets are Sweet – where can i get it ?
This is so cool. I like the guitar and the bullets.
Did anyone notice that all the ice cubes are fake. They are either plastic or a Photoshop item.
Nice. I think Pi and the Princess are my favorites (geek + girl).
Very cool! I think I may need to order Pi and Titanic. Thanks for posting these.
while these are all wicked creative. most of them lack purpose.thermophysics?(sic) A normal ice”CUBE”gives the best chilling properties as in the lego cubes have those little nibs on top that would melt first.making your drink watered down.imagine what the snowflake would do to your eighteen year old scotch.cool ideas though. anything to think outside the cubicle. ha! that’s ironic. cheers! drink up!!!
ok! ok! cheesey pun as apposed to ironic. ya got me.
love the guitar ice. Lets drink to that!
haha. I like your pun too, icetender. Think outside the CUBE-icle.
Hahahaa … Great ideas !
These are great… I just wish you had links to find some of them. I have so many party ideas in my head right now because of these. On 2nd thought maybe it was good that you didn’t link otherwise I would be buying a lot of them!
very good, has really inspired me.
very nice ! I try to make it at home !
these are all so great! thanks for rounding them up.
this is so weird and useless.
yet AMAZING AT THE VERY SAME TIME.
nice puns… fun products… I love my scotch though… Back to the box.
how i can get this ice cube tray??
Super amazing, i must have them all!!!
While some of the them are slightly impractical (how could I get the snowflakes out without breaking the edges? :/ ), most of them are ingenious. I want the bullet ones, please!
where can you find this?!
this became a nice little niche market just about overnight, huh? the guitar with the stirstick built in has gotta be the wittiest.
i think a better idea is to make ice shot glasses..
ne 1 in for it?
how do the ‘shooters’ work? does the thing inside float or does it flow w/ the water…? or is it photoshopped???
Seconding the frozen shooters idea…all of these are pretty clever. My favorite is an ice tray my girlfriend gave me of penguins. Some of these might be pretty unrecognizable (due to melting) by the time you get your drink served.
How can I get frozen smile ice trays?
I like “Fishbone” and “Guitar” best!
But there is nobody sell it in China!
I love these! How do you order?
I have those Ice Shooter Glasses and they are horrible. It hurts to drink from them and they will slip away from you. They are also clunky.
Might be more useful if you want to mix a drink with a shot and simply drop the entire thing in a glass.
The invaders ones bring back some 80’s memories!!
this is really cool i love the bullet one!!
frozen smile is soo awesome..
2 damn Awusum!!!! i really lyk the tipsy toes, they r topS!!!
Hi, do you have any in the shape of Vespa’s and Lambretta’s please.
you can buy most of these at a store near my house. i own the jewels ice cube tray, and they’re really hard to get out. i do not recommend anyone to buy them.
Lobster shaped ice cubes ?
I LOVE THE ONE THAT LOOKS LIKE JEWELS AND THE SHIP!!
very creative, I would like a few of them. They would make great gifts!
All of them are awesome to me. I wish they had one for baby shower punch.
I have the Frozen Smiles :’) They are so much fun!
I must say these are amazing. Anyone can tell that these are just so freakin cool.
i love the guitar one! AND PRETTY MUCH ALL OF THEM!
ok. gotta get the gangster style bullets. what stores would carry them in u.s.?
I am very impressed with your Ice cube trays Titonic and Snow flakes.. Love the frozzen shot glass wow just wow.
I want to know how do you make a mold of the Ice cube tray?
I’ve used the cool shooters but instead of water, I filled them with melting chocolate and made edible shot glasses and filled them with dessert liqueurs. Delicious.
Do you have shamrock ice cubes for St. Patricks day???


Question: Please tell me about recent Medal of Honor recipients. Respond in 6 sentences.

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 Please tell me about recent Medal of Honor recipients. Respond in 6 sentences.

Charles S. Kettles, Major in the U.S. Army, passed away on Monday, January 21st. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for selfless acts of repeated valor and determination, in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and the U.S. Army.
Howard V. Lee, Captain in the U.S. Marine Corps, passed away on Saturday, March 23rd. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his indomitable fighting spirit, superb leadership, and great personal valor in the face of tremendous odds, in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and the U.S. Marine Corps.
Joe M. Jackson, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Air Force, passed away on Saturday, January 12th. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and the U.S. Air Force.


Question: Explain the results of the Healthy Chinese Take-Out Initiative in Philadelphia.

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 Explain the results of the Healthy Chinese Take-Out Initiative in Philadelphia.

As anyone who’s made a habit of ordering late-night delivery well knows, these meals typically aren’t too healthy. And when it comes to heaping amounts of salt in these foods, there’s perhaps no greater culprit than Chinese takeout. But a new study published Wednesday in Public Health Reports details a strategy that helped Chinese restaurant owners and chefs in Philadelphia cut back on sodium without sacrificing taste.
In 2012, researchers at Temple University’s Center for Asian Health in Philadelphia teamed with local community health organizers, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, and the Greater Philadelphia Chinese Restaurant Association to create the Healthy Chinese Take-Out Initiative (HCTI).
They reached out to 250 Chinese takeout restaurants across low-income areas in Philadelphia and heard back from 206 that wanted to participate. The owners and chefs of these restaurants were given “professionally led, culturally tailored training on healthy low-sodium cooking,” new cooking materials, such as utensils, that would make low-sodium cooking easier, and low-sodium recipes for their meals.
Aside from the cooking itself, the chefs and owners were reminded about the importance of controlling sodium in people’s diets (too much sodium can lead to high blood pressure, which then harms cardiovascular health). The researchers also periodically checked in with the restaurants afterwards, providing booster sessions and making sure chefs were sticking to the training.
As part of the experiment, they tested the sodium content of three popular meals from 40 restaurants: General Tso’s Chicken, Shrimp and Broccoli, and Chicken Lo Mein. The Shrimp and Broccoli and Chicken Lo Mein were tested at the experiment’s start, then at six months, two years, and three years after training. The General Tso’s Chicken was only tested at six months, two years, and three years (according to the authors, the move to test General Tso’s was requested by the study funders, which included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, after the study had already begun). The meals were picked up by volunteers and then sent to a lab for testing.
The sodium levels of all three meals took a dip over the study period. At the beginning, the Shrimp and Broccoli had an average sodium content of 5.5 milligrams per gram, compared to 3.5 milligrams per gram three years later. The average starting sodium content of the Chicken Lo Mein was 5.7 milligrams per gram, compared to 4.1 milligrams of sodium per gram at the end of the three years. The General Tso’s sodium content shrank from to 5.9 milligrams to 4.8 milligrams per gram.
“Our results suggest that the training, low sodium recipes, healthier cooking methods, and booster sessions provided to the chefs and owners were effective and, more important, sustainable,” the authors wrote.
Not everything was positive, though. The owners and chefs were asked whether they felt it was important to prepare lower-sodium meals for their customers, based on the training and education they got, throughout the study. While they were more likely to endorse the need for lower-sodium meals soon after the study than they were at the beginning, their enthusiasm dropped back to baseline levels three years later. Secondly, though the drops in sodium content were noticeable, the individual meals still contained more than the daily recommended sodium per a single meal promoted by health agencies; some, like the Chicken Lo Mein, had more sodium than we should eat in an entire day.
Still, given the lasting success of the HCTI, the researchers think similar programs should target other fast-food joints, especially those that serve low-income neighborhoods. Like the HCTI, these programs should be a joint effort between public health agencies, academic institutions, and community businesses and organizations, the study authors said.