Question: Can patients in comas cough or sneeze? I've read patients in comas can still breath on their own, but wouldn't cough. Since coughing always seems to be a reflex and not a conscious decision, would a patient in a coma be able to sneeze or cough? If not, then why not?

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 Can patients in comas cough or sneeze? I've read patients in comas can still breath on their own, but wouldn't cough. Since coughing always seems to be a reflex and not a conscious decision, would a patient in a coma be able to sneeze or cough? If not, then why not?

You’ve got a lot of non medical answers. Consciousness is a scale or spectrum, think like 0 - 10, rather than binary of “either conscious or unconcious.” Some people who are of slightly altered consciousness can still breathe but won’t wake up or respond. Many can still cough, and in fact this is sometimes considered “protecting the airway.” Often the use of suction to clear out phlegm from the airway in patients with breathing tubes triggers coughing. Some patients who are very unconscious will neither breathe nor cough. I’ve never seen a patient with a breathing tube or altered consciousness sneeze so I don’t think that happens but I could be wrong on that front.


Question: Why does foamy water appear to be white or cloudy?

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 Why does foamy water appear to be white or cloudy?

It doesnt change the colour of the water it just scatters the light. Take glass - it is transparent - light goes through without bending. Ground up the glass to make sand -it is now white. Whenever light gets to an interface (water-air, glass-air etc) it bends. Have enough small interfaces and the light bends all over the place, some will go this way and some that way. Same thing happens in clouds, frosted glass.


Question: Is there friction in space and does it affect big objects like Moon?

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 Is there friction in space and does it affect big objects like Moon?

The NASA answered this: URL_0 > Does friction exist in deep space? > Yes, when two surfaces rub together in outer space, there will be friction. Friction is a surface effect and doesn't depend upon there being air. There is also a force like air resistance from the very sparse gas in space, but it will be very, very small, since space is a very good vacuum. > Dr. Eric Christian


Question: Why do fully charged batteries not bounce when dropped vertically but discharged ones do?

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 Why do fully charged batteries not bounce when dropped vertically but discharged ones do?

I think the video is right that we don't entirely understand it. However, the best explanation seems to be that a new alkaline battery contains a gel which makes it act like a [dead blow hammer]( URL_0 ). As the battery discharges, the chemical reaction gradually turns that gel into a solid and the battery starts to bounce more like a solid block.


Question: In open world games like GTA 5, what happens to NPCs when no one is around? Do they still “move,” drive, etc?

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 In open world games like GTA 5, what happens to NPCs when no one is around? Do they still “move,” drive, etc?

Videogames typically use a technique called "Culling", which basically means, when an object or a part of the map is not in view, or not in the area of the player, it is typically removed from the scene, to save memory/processing power. Once the player/camera is in view of a new area or in view of some NPCs and Cars they quickly get put back into the scene. This is why you can sometimes see Objects and cars loading in if you look at them zoomed-in from far away. So to answer your question, when no one is around, the NPCs are simply removed from the scene.


Question: How does a large radiation source cause surrounding objects to become radioactive too?

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 How does a large radiation source cause surrounding objects to become radioactive too?

The clothes themselves aren't radioactive, per se, but they are contaminated with radioactive material. Particles, dust, even individual atoms of radioactive material can cling to the surface of things they come into contact with. As those contaminants decay they release radiation, but they can also be dislodged or transferred to people who come into contact with them, so they pose both a direct and indirect risk of harm from radiation.


Question: How big is a Lagrange Point? How far from the center of a Lagrange Point can an object get before it no longer qualifies as "at the Lagrange Point" and develop a separate orbit?

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 How big is a Lagrange Point? How far from the center of a Lagrange Point can an object get before it no longer qualifies as "at the Lagrange Point" and develop a separate orbit?

Objects near the stable (L4 and L5) Lagrange points will "orbit" the points, following a roughly elliptical path centered on the point. In general, objects in orbit near a 2-body system will approximately follow the contours in this diagram: URL_1 You can see that if you get too far from L4 or L5, you'll follow a path that swings round L4, goes around the "back side" of the central body, swings around L5, and back again. This is known as a [horseshoe orbit]( URL_0 ), and several solar system objects are in this sort of orbit. If you're asking for the actual distance at which a stable Lagrange orbit opens up into a horseshoe orbit, that depends on the mass and distance of the two main bodies.


Question: How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?

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 How do you encrypt something like a phonecall where there aren't physical characters you can change like in a text message?

In the end it's all just data, 1s and 0s. Most encryption methods don't particularly need to know or care about what the data is. As far as it's concerned it's just a stream of numbers. So how does audio become a stream of numbers? Sound is a wave travelling through the air. Microphones detect these waves and turns them into electrical waves. These can be turned into digital data by sampling the amplitude of the wave at regular intervals. So each sample is a number describing the amplitude or "height" of the wave at a given time. This is usually then compressed. Unlike encryption, the compression used for audio is typically specialised for audio. Rather than preserving the data exactly as it is, it knows what data it can throw away while still sounding about right. There are lossless audio compression methods, but I don't think a cellphone call uses them. At that point it's just data, and you can use various encryption techniques just like you can with text or any other types of data.


Question: What caused the housing market crash of 2008?

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 What caused the housing market crash of 2008?

Greed. That lead to banks issuing loans to people who really could not afford them. The government continued to loosen restrictions and the lending got more and more easy. Eventually banks were tanking on more loans that they didn't feel were going to be paid back and so they bundled them together to sell as investment opportunities. You need to read that as a gamble for people to place a bet on someone will/will not pay their house back on time. Builders were watching the homes get bought up in droves and did what any smart capitalist would do: Tried to supply the ever growing demand. Eventually enough people stopped paying their 1st or 2nd mortgage to where the banks had to start answering for their debt. So, what does one do when they need to buy something they can't afford? They took out loans or leveraged their good assets against the debt. In a simplistic format the banks were following their risky and very much realized awful lending practices. They were doing exactly what their customers were doing by borrowing to afford what they couldn't in reality. Eventually the defaults grew and when the bank had to start paying those debts they couldn't. Now, in reality this isn't actually a crisis for the most part. The reason it collapsed is that Paul owed John who owed Mark....who owed Paul. The issue was that we dropped a lot of sensible legislation due to "helping the economy grow" when in reality those rules generally exist because of a crisis. We do this every so often and it almost always ends with a big big problem for the average person. We did it in the 20's, the 70's, 90's, and early 2000's. Why do we keep this cycle going you may ask? Because when those rules get relaxed a lot of people get filthy fucking rich before the bubble collapses.


Question: how does hot water clean better than cold?

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 how does hot water clean better than cold?

Heat causes molecules to vibrate faster. Or rather, heat IS molecules vibrating faster. Just like when you scrub something with a a scouring pad, faster scrubbing means you pass over the same spot more times in the same time period, meaning whatever you're scrubbing will come off faster. If you want to be really specific, hot water cleans *faster* not *better*. Now if you have REALLY hot water it can start denaturing proteins but that's a whole different process.


Question: Why is everything so cheap in Thailand?

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 Why is everything so cheap in Thailand?

Some goods and services are easily tradeable between countries, like buying fuel, electronics or insurance. So you will find that they cost about the same wherever you go. Some are harder to trade, and this usually includes labour and land. So this means that prices can vary quite a bit in different countries and regions. In Thailand labour is pretty cheap, and land is fairly cheap. With restaurants, and to some extent hotels, a lot of the cost comes from the land and labour. It also helps that local Thai restaurants are set up in other ways to make them cheap. They churn out food fast as hell, people come, the order arrives in minutes they eat in ten, they are gone. So they serve tonnes of people in a sitting. They tend to have few options and they buy just the ingredients they need for a day. They don't waste much. Portions are small and the amount of the more expensive ingredients is particularly small. It's notable that if you go to one of the better steak restaurants in Bangkok you can pay $75, $100 or more for a single imported steak. Because you are eating imported food, with very skilled staff in a place with very high rent and none of the cost advantages that local restaurants have.


Question: Why humans can run marathons for hours but are exhausted after 1-3 minutes of fighting?

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 Why humans can run marathons for hours but are exhausted after 1-3 minutes of fighting?

Because endurance isn't like a battery in an electric car with a set capacity. Aerobic stamina is the ability to replenish the oxygen and energy your muscles use while you're burning it. A closer comparison is a regular car, that can run as long as it has gas, but will stall unless it gets enough air as well. Running a marathon, while extremely taxing, is not a problem for someone who trained because they are taking in more oxygen at the same rate they are burning through it. An elite distance runner could, with food and sleep of course, basically run until their joints wore out. Fighting is a little different. Since you're trying to win and not get hurt, many people's instinct is to fight as hard as possible. That means tensing up and putting max effort into attacks and blocks while trying to keep balance and distance. In addition, some people who haven't been trained may even forget to breathe. This leads to getting winded almost instantly. But as you may notice, boxers in particular can conserve their energy to fight many rounds. A "clinch" is for that in particular-- a few seconds to catch your breath and quit getting hit in the face. Sometimes it's all a fighter needs before being able to watch his pace and come back from getting pummeled.


Question: What is acid, and how can it "burn" things into almost nothing?

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 What is acid, and how can it "burn" things into almost nothing?

Acids are compounds that provide hydrogen ions when in solution. Since a hydrogen molecule is just a proton plus an electron, a hydrogen ion is really just a proton. These unattached protons are like groupies backstage at a rock concert, willing to make attachments with anything they encounter, whether they were previously attached or not. If you have enough of them, especially in high concentration, they will break down existing substances as they destroy the molecular bonds in those substances. They don't turn other substances into "nothing"; they just produce what are usually soluble salts, as opposed to the solids that were there before. So, like the Wicked Witch of the West, those solids turn into liquid and melt away.


Question: What does this Moody's downgrade of China mean?

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 What does this Moody's downgrade of China mean?

China has a major problem with debt, many of the companies run by the government like steel industries are making a loss on the steel that they make. However because China doesn't want to close the steel plants and put the people out of work it hides the debt. Moody's now thinks that this debt may have got to a critical level and will impact on the economy with the government having to make some tough decisions soon or the country could go bankrupt.


Question: What makes us feel cold when we have a fever?

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 What makes us feel cold when we have a fever?

You aren't necessarily cold by your body's normal standards, but a fever is a special situation. Your body has an internal thermostat. When it detects that you're too hot or too cold, it takes measures to bring you towards the desired temperature. In the case of being too hot, you'll start to sweat, and the blood vessels in your skin will open up so all that circulating blood has a chance to cool off away from your core, etc. In the case of being too cold, you'll shiver, and the blood vessels in you skin will constrict to limit how much time your blood stays away from your warm core, etc. When you have a fever, your body is intentionally trying to 'cook' the virus. Viruses are harder to break apart at colder temperatures because they're protective envelopes are more compact and thus rigid. At higher temperatures, they're easier to break apart, and the increased rate of your metabolism lets your immune system get more done in less time. This comes with risk though. Viruses aren't the only thing that are more unstable. It's more of an act of desperation. The idea is to use the time to kill off the virus and then repair the damage that comes with such a high temperature later. Your body sets it's internal thermostat to a higher setting during a fever to reach this new target temperature. This makes you go through all the symptoms of 'being cold' even though that temperature might feel ideal under normal circumstances.


Question: How can the purchasing power of a dollar in another country be so different from its value based on the exchange rate?

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 How can the purchasing power of a dollar in another country be so different from its value based on the exchange rate?

A large part of the cost of an item is tariffs and shipping. This is in addition to the fact that many multinational corporations are willing to sell items cheaper to poor countries to establish market dominance. However non-basic necessities are the things that you need foreign currency in order to obtain so that drives up the price of the local currency compared to foreign currencies, but is not determinative of the basic standard of living.


Question: How do scales measure body fat + hydration + bone + muscle? Is this just bullshit or is there some truth to it?

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 How do scales measure body fat + hydration + bone + muscle? Is this just bullshit or is there some truth to it?

The type of scale you're describing generally measures the electrical resistance or conductivity of your body, which combined with your weight and some preprogrammed models lets it make an educated guess at what your body consists of. If your body was made of only two tissue types and all human bodies had the exact same shape, this would give a perfectly accurate result. As it is, there's no way to tell the difference between a person with extremely fat legs and a skinny upper body versus someone with lean but average legs and an extremely muscled upper body. The scale assumes you're probably at neither extreme and so gives you the hydration etc. numbers that the electric conductivity would indicate for an average person. Oh and I should mention, the sweatiness of your feet has far more influence on the measurement than your actual body composition.


Question: If fusion doesn’t produce much radioactive waste, why does a nuclear bomb produce so much radioactive material?

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 If fusion doesn’t produce much radioactive waste, why does a nuclear bomb produce so much radioactive material?

The initial atomic bombs used fission reactions, which create much more radioactive fallout, rather than fusion reactions for the explosion. Later fusion bombs use an initial, smaller fission bomb to trigger the larger fusion detonation. These have much less fallout for their yield, but the fission primer still creates radioactive fallout.


Question: what causes men to have a completely different penis size - from very small to very large! and the same for women breast sizes?

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 what causes men to have a completely different penis size - from very small to very large! and the same for women breast sizes?

When it comes to "What causes" in terms of biology like that, its always useful to ask yourself "Why wouldn't it be?". When it comes to evolution, we should expect variance unless there is a reason for it to not exist, which is called evolutionary pressure. For penises and breasts, most sizes don't affect anything, reproduction isn't harder with a smaller penis and a bigger penis doesn't cause enough problems to be a demerit. It would be pretty big coincidence if all the people just happened to have a fixed penis length when it doesn't affect anything and could be any size, until it is too small to achieve any kind of penetration or is to big as to to the same. (or otherwise hinder its owner at survival) Same goes for breasts.


Question: Why do bright lights trigger a sneezing reflex?

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 Why do bright lights trigger a sneezing reflex?

It's unknown, in fact it the subject of many researches. But it's known that only a third of the people experience this, and that they share a gen . But not much. Maybe it's a mutation that because it's not harmful it wasn't ruled out by evolution, and because it's not beneficial wasn't expread neither.


Question: Why mixing red and blue creates violet with shorter wave length than both while mixing red and yellow creates orange, which is something in between?

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 Why mixing red and blue creates violet with shorter wave length than both while mixing red and yellow creates orange, which is something in between?

Mixing colours doesn't change the actual wavelength, it's all about how our eyes detect colour. We have 3 types of colour receptor that roughly correspond to red, green and blue. Each type actually detects a range of wavelengths, but their peak responses are at red, green and blue. When you see light with the wavelength for yellow, both your red and green receptors detect it by about the same amount, which your brain perceives as yellow. So if instead of seeing yellow light, you see an equal mix of red and green light, your eyes can't tell the difference. Your red and green receptors are responding by an equal amount so it still looks yellow. Violet is a bit of an odd case. Your red receptors actually have another peak in their response curve around the violet wavelength. It's only a small peak though, and the response from the blue cone is stronger. But it does mean Violet light can be simulated with blue mixed with a bit of red. Shades of purple and pink with more red than blue "don't exist". By which I mean they don't correspond to an actual wavelength of light. But we perceive them when seeing a mix of red and blue.


Question: Why is it that after an argument with your partner is settled, a lot of time, both partners feel emotionally closer and sexually more attracted to each other?

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 Why is it that after an argument with your partner is settled, a lot of time, both partners feel emotionally closer and sexually more attracted to each other?

Because she is sexy when she is mad. If the argument is of an intensely personal matter, the ability to openly communicate feelings you normally wouldn't is the definition of intimacy. Most people aren't ready to 'go there' until it has gotten so stressed that you end up in an argument and you absolutely have to 'get there'.


Question: How does a bank refusing my cash payments prevent money laundering?

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 How does a bank refusing my cash payments prevent money laundering?

Money laundering is when you take money from illegal sources and then put it in a bank/business/investment to make it look like it came from a legitimate source. For obvious reasons, most criminal activity is done using large sums of cash. Once you put that money in the bank, it looks like legit money to the rest of the world, regardless of where it came from. If you regularly walk in with thousands of dollars of cash, it starts to raise red flags unless you're actually running a retail establishment.


Question: What specifically about hard seltzers and hard ciders makes them not nearly as foamy/bubbly as beer?

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 What specifically about hard seltzers and hard ciders makes them not nearly as foamy/bubbly as beer?

Foam forms when the carbon dioxide (or other gas) escapes from a liquid, but gets "held in" by surface tension, forming static bubbles. All of the beverages you listed contain water, alcohol, and other stuff. In hard seltzers, the "other stuff" is flavoring chemicals. In cider, it is natural flavoring chemicals, sugar, a little apple protein, and yeast. In beer, it is yeast, wheat proteins, hops proteins, a wide variety of complex molecules from the above, natural flavoring chemicals, etc etc... All this "other stuff" creates high surface tension; in particular, all those proteins (and protein-like chemicals called "polypeptides") are very sticky, so they form a tough film. Carbon dioxide gets blown through this film and a foam forms. Cider gets a little brief foam, but it doesn't have nearly as much protein so it falls apart fast. Seltzer has almost nothing beside water and alcohol in it, so it doesn't really form a foam at all. Foam forms on beer because


Question: Can someone explain logarithms to me?

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 Can someone explain logarithms to me?

We have addition. If I say 3 + 4 = ? then you can use addition to find that the answer is 7. However, sometimes we have 3 + ? = 7 instead. For that we need un-addition, which is subtraction. We can solve 3 + ? = 7 by writing 7 - 3 = ? Similarly, we have multiplication. If I say 3 \* 4 = ? then you can use multiplication to find the answer is 12. As with addition, sometimes we have 3 \* ? = 12. For that we need un-multiplication which is called division. We write 12 / 3 = ? The next step in this sequence is exponentiation. If I say 3^4 = ? then you can use exponentiation to find that the answer is 81. However, what happens if I have 3^? = 81? We need un-exponentiation, which is a logarithm. We solve 3^? = 81 by writing Log*_3_*(81) = ? Note that while addition and subtraction are commutative (i.e. 3\*4 = 4\*3 and 3 + 4 = 4 + 3), exponentiation is not (3^4 ≠4^(3)). That means that while we only need subtraction to solve either 3 + ? = 7 or ? + 4 = 7 and we only need division to solve either 3 \* ? = 12 or ? \* 4 = 12, we need two different un-exponentiation operators to solve 3^? = 81 and ?^4 = 81. The former uses logarithms as shown above, while the latter uses nth roots (i.e. the 4th root of 81 is 3).


Question: Why are DC motors more energy efficient than AC motors?

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 Why are DC motors more energy efficient than AC motors?

DC motors are more efficient, if you already have DC, like in your car. If you have AC, like in your house, and the fan includes a low cost "wall wart" to make DC for the fan then the efficiency of the motor is wasted in the inefficiency of the conversion. As the motor gets bigger, the efficiency flips. Electric cars and cruise ships all use AC induction motors for higher efficiency at a variety of speeds.


Question: How do "sanctions" against countries really work?

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 How do "sanctions" against countries really work?

At a very basic level - let's say the US imposes sanctions against Iran. First, any assets Iran (or perhaps also Iranian nationals/entities) in the US would be frozen. So they could not access any money or other financial assets in US accounts. Transfers of money/assets from the US to Iran would also be blocked. If the relevant US financial institution didn't comply with the freeze they would face significant fines (perhaps in the billions of dollars). Second, US companies would be barred generally from doing business with Iran. This could potentially include non-US companies that make goods with significant US content. So, for example, since we have had sanctions against Iran for years, they have not been able to buy any large commercial aircraft since probably the 70s (ignoring the recent lifting of sanctions a few years ago). The result is their fleet generally is extremely old and perhaps out of service. So you cannot fly in Iran for business/pleasure or to transport goods, etc. Again, if the US/other companies do not comply they would face significant fines. The sanctioned country also could not get any aid from the US, etc. Sanctions programs are often implemented by several authorities at once (like the US, EU, etc., all do it) for maximum effect.


Question: What is the proposed "heat death" of the universe?

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 What is the proposed "heat death" of the universe?

Energy doesn't really like to be confined in one place. It much prefers to spread out as much as it can. In fact, this "spreading" of energy is what causes everything in our universe to happen. The heat death of the universe is essentially maximum "spread out-ness" of energy that the universe can possibly have. But once energy is spread out as much as it can be, it will not flow anymore and no more physical processes will happen after that. It's not that the universe ends, it's just that the universe would be a boring, static thing where everything is the same forever.


Question: What is a basic intuition for Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

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 What is a basic intuition for Gödel's incompleteness theorems?

Take the sentence, "This sentence is false." Is it true? Well, if it is, then it's false, so it's not true. So it must be false. If it's false, then it must be a true sentence (it says so itself!), so it's true. Wait a minute...something weird is happening, and you might intuitively recognize that it's because the sentence is referring to itself, from within itself. Godel basically showed that any set of math principles that's sufficiently complicated to do anything interesting with can create the math equivalent of "This sentence is false." And he did it in a general way that you can apply to \*any\* (sufficiently interesting) future set of math principles. So you can always create at least one "statement" that is neither true nor false, so any math theory is always going to have "gaps"...statements it can make that aren't true or false, they're something undecidable. The theory is incomplete. This was enormously demoralizing to a bunch of mathematicians who'd spent their entire careers trying to define the be-all-and-end-all of mathematics that would describe every single true statement of math that could ever be. Godel didn't just prove, "You're wrong this time", he proved, "You can never be right no matter how hard you try."


Question: What is going inside a fly's brain ? Why do they keep flying in the same spot for minutes ?

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 What is going inside a fly's brain ? Why do they keep flying in the same spot for minutes ?

Their brains are more like tiny machines with sensors. No rational thought, or new ideas. New patterns in behavior cannot be taught to their family, it has to be inherited through genes, where mostly only small changes occur. Over vast periods of time, the ones that were best at finding food, avoiding predators and making babies, well, made the most babies. The ones that couldn't find food, or were eaten, didn't make so many babies, so those mutations were lost. Glass and walls are things that they haven't had much time to adapt for yet. They're basically so stupid that they're blind to it. I wonder if they will ever evolve a strategy, but it doesn't look like it's that big a factor in their life. They are so light that the bump doesn't do much damage.


Question: How has the total US currency in circulation doubled in ten years without the value being affected that much?

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 How has the total US currency in circulation doubled in ten years without the value being affected that much?

There is more stuff. mv=pq is a basic equation used in economics. m= amount of money v = velocity basically how fast a given dollar changes hands in one year, dont worry about this one. p= price of stuff q= quantity of stuff. This means that when you up the money supply that means either prices will go up, or the amount of stuff will go up. A lot of very smart people try really hard to make sure that "amount of stuff" is what goes up, and that's exactly what happened. & #x200B; Edit: Consider this small example of there being more stuff: in 2010 20% of the US population had a smartphone, in 2020 that's around 70% that is a lot of new smartphones. Edit 2: The actual amount of physical money is also only about 50% of the actual money supply, the rest of it isn't cold hard cash but other things.


Question: Why when you breathe in and out really fast it makes you dizzy ?

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 Why when you breathe in and out really fast it makes you dizzy ?

Breathing is just as much about carbon dioxide as it is about oxygen. CO2 isn't just a waste product that you want to get rid of - your body actually uses it as a buffer to keep the acidity of your blood balanced. CO2 isn't an acid itself, but it does turn into one very easily (carbonic acid). So the more CO2 there is in your blood, the more carbonic acid there also is, and thus the more acidic your blood gets. Less CO2, less acidic. When you breathe in and out really fast, you're expelling CO2 with every breath. That means that your blood very rapidly loses acidity, becoming more alkaline. This is not good. It's called [respiratory alkalosis]( URL_1 ), and it causes dizziness, palpitations, seizures, etc. If you're prone to hyperventilating like this, the go-to remedy for alkalosis is to hyperventilate into a paper bag. The bag will trap the CO2 you're exhaling, so that you breathe it right back in. This keeps your blood's CO2 levels, and thus its acidity, from going out of whack. Bonus note: breathing too *slowly* causes the opposite problem: [respiratory acidosis]( URL_0 ), aka your blood becoming too acidic. Gotta keep everything in balance.


Question: If companies keep lowering wages for workers and pump their product prices, aren't they shooting them selves in the foot?

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 If companies keep lowering wages for workers and pump their product prices, aren't they shooting them selves in the foot?

1. are they? lots of companies that are famous for this like amazon, walmart etc are actually making things cheaper by reducing labour costs - look at the relative cost of food now to 50 years ago for example 2. Assuming you're right, it depends on what they sell. doesn't really matter if my chandelier engineers can't afford my chandeliers since they never could anyway. 3. Businesses are incentivised to what makes them money in the next 5 years, what happens after that is anyone's guess anyway so they aren't that bothered about the company existing then.


Question: Why does HSBC have almost half of its assets in US and Europe when Asia generates ~95% of their pre-tax profits?

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 Why does HSBC have almost half of its assets in US and Europe when Asia generates ~95% of their pre-tax profits?

Because moving those assets to Asia would not be advantageous. There's no reason their assets need to be geographically proximate to where their profits come from, and western countries tend to have highly developed and stable legal systems and regulatory frameworks which are what a bank like HSBC relies on. There may also be additional factors such as time-zone (Europe is the optimum location because it's near the economic centre of gravity of the world) and talent (HSBC may have found that Europe/America have the best talent pools from which to recruit their employees).


Question: When streams lag, why does the resulting images then look the way the way they do?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When streams lag, why does the resulting images then look the way the way they do?

To save data, streams usually work by sending *keyframes* (full images) periodically and communicating the *changes* to those keyframes rather than sending a full image for every frame. What you're seeing is the changes without a full keyframe. The outline of the player changes rapidly because one side of it is the player, and the other side is the background, so that section's going to appear in most of the updates, but without a proper keyframe it's going to just show up as a distortion on whatever was originally behind it.


Question: Why is chicken meat called chicken and lamb meat called lamb, but cow meat is called beef (not ‘cow’) and pig meat is called pork (not ‘pig’)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is chicken meat called chicken and lamb meat called lamb, but cow meat is called beef (not ‘cow’) and pig meat is called pork (not ‘pig’)?

When England was ruled by the Normans, their version of French was the language of nobles and (what would become) English was the language of the commoners. Thus, noble things (like eating a fine meal) have Norman French names, and peasant things (like farming) have English names. Mutton (sheep meat) comes from the Norman word for “sheep.” Beef comes from the Norman word for “cow.” And so on. This extends to lots more vocabulary, too, like the Norman word for “house” comes to mean “rich man’s house” (mansion).


Question: What stops telephone companies from being able to identify and block robocallers (including ones who use caller ID scrambling)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What stops telephone companies from being able to identify and block robocallers (including ones who use caller ID scrambling)?

I test a corporate phone system as my job. They can't stop robo-callers because: 1) Content and intent are not included in the routing information. 2) Legitimate businesses use Automated systems for valid purposes, let letting customers know special order or packages have arrived for pickup. 3) It's super easy to spoof the origin in routing information. 4) They'd risk a lawsuit for blocking legal communication service they are being paid to provide if they try to block a specific outgoing physical line.


Question: What do Negative Ion bracelets actually do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do Negative Ion bracelets actually do?

It's not just about where he's pushing but how he's pushing. Pushing outward pulls you off balance. The outward pull is hidden in that he's also pushing down, but he is really pulling on you and causing you to lose balance. When he puts the bracelet on, he pushes straight down as to not alter your center of balance and allowing you to remain steady. So yes, it is about leverage being used to alter your center of balance and is nothing more than a swindler's trick.


Question: why is a PhD usually structured to take about six years? Are there ever shortcuts to take less time?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is a PhD usually structured to take about six years? Are there ever shortcuts to take less time?

Because a PhD represents a level of education in a subject notably beyond a 2 or 4 year degree. You can only absorb information so fast. I mean yes, if you complete all of the degree requirements before six years and the college allows you to you could complete it faster, however again, there's only so many hours in the day and even a six year doctorate is going to eat up your life pretty well.


Question: What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is motor oil actually made of and why is it called a “fossil fuel”?

Motor oil, like gasoline, is made from crude oil and crude oil comes from the ground. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels because they were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon content.


Question: How do baseball sized hails stay supported in culumonimbus clouds long enough to form that mass before they fall in hailstorms?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do baseball sized hails stay supported in culumonimbus clouds long enough to form that mass before they fall in hailstorms?

The hailstones travel up and down inside the thunderhead, gaining mass and size on each leg, cycling up & down several times. They are trapped in the updrafts, and at some point get so heavy that they fall to the ground. The updrafts in those storms are very powerful, and provide a lot of lift.


Question: How does a DNS server works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a DNS server works?

An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name URL_0 translates to the addresses 93.184.216.34 (IPv4) and 2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946 (IPv6). Unlike a phone book, DNS can be quickly updated, allowing a service's location on the network to change without affecting the end users, who continue to use the same hostname. Users take advantage of this when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates the services. An important and ubiquitous function of DNS is its central role in distributed Internet services such as cloud services and content delivery networks.[4] When a user accesses a distributed Internet service using a URL, the domain name of the URL is translated to the IP address of a server that is proximal to the user. The key functionality of DNS exploited here is that different users can simultaneously receive different translations for the same domain name, a key point of divergence from a traditional phone-book view of the DNS. This process of using the DNS to assign proximal servers to users is key to providing faster and more reliable responses on the Internet and is widely used by most major Internet services.


Question: How does bailing out massive industries with millions or even trillions of dollars compared to the general population help improve the economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does bailing out massive industries with millions or even trillions of dollars compared to the general population help improve the economy?

If some big industry goes bust it often has huge knock on effects. For example if airlines go bust this will make it harder for hotels, if they go bust it makes it harder for restaurants and shops that rely on tourism. If these all go bust it's a lot of people suddenly out of work with no obvious way to replace those jobs. That means that they're spending a lot less which causes further job losses. The idea is one big cash injection to stabilise an industry can prevent this and then later the individual weaker businesses in that industry can be allowed to collapse.


Question: What does nondeterministic polynomial time mean; what is the entire idea of P vs NP problems?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does nondeterministic polynomial time mean; what is the entire idea of P vs NP problems?

This is a rather techical question that probably doesn't fit well an ELI5. I'll try. TL;DR at the end. So, there are many problems that you can address with a computer, such as the task of finding the best route to visit a bunch of places when touring in a city, or the task to find the best team of people to send to the moon (given the skillset of each candidate), or the task to fill a sudoku, and so on. Some problems feel harder than others. Easy problems can be solved *quickly* by a computer, harder problems take a lot more time. Wait, doesn't that depend on how powerful is your computer? And, on how good you are at programming it? And, on how smart is the strategy you devise for the computer to solve it? (called the 'algorithm'). Well here's the thing: after all, not really. I know it's hard to believe, but there are a bunch of problems for which we are almost certain that it's not a matter of any of these things. No computer, no matter how powerful, using no strategy, no matter how smart, can hope to solve any of these problems in any reasonable amount of time. And, by "reasonable" I mean "within the lifespan of the universe", so I mean it. We call them NP-hard problems. For these problems, only toy tasks can be fully solved (like, if you have only a few places to visit, only a few candidates to choose from, etc), and there's no practical way to go beyond that. Because it doesn't seem to really depend on *how* you are trying to solve a problem, but only on *what* you are trying to solve, this means tyat the "difficulty level" is pretty much a characteristic of the problem itself, which is cool. P is the class of problems that is feasable to solve by using any real computer (of any modern or future technology). Now it gets a bit technical (and often misunderstood). Thechnically, NP is the class of problems which would be practical to solve, *if* only we had some "magical" computer which is theorized but can't actually exist (barring *maybe* quantum computing). They include all P problems, but almost certainly more. NP-complete and NP-hard are problems which, we think, are not P. So, they would be feasable on "magical" computers, but they aren't feasable on real computers. When people say that a problem is NP-complete or NP-hard they mean "it is basically impossible to solve it" (sometimes they forget the "complete" or "hard" bit, but that's incorrect). And that's what "Nondeterministic Polynomial time" (NP) means: it means "not too long a time is required to solve this ... on a *magical* computer". It usually implies: "...but too long a time on any *real* computer". tl:dr; the idea of P vs NP is that we can measure how difficult a problem is by looking at how long it takes to solve it. *NP-hard* problems are the ones that take way too long, no matter what tool or strategy you use, unlike *P* problems.


Question: Betting odds! 4-1 odds. 7-4 odds. What does it mean?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Betting odds! 4-1 odds. 7-4 odds. What does it mean?

Those style of odds are called "Fractional odds." The first number is how much you win relative to how much you bet (the second number) So 7/4 odds mean that if you bet $4, and the outcome happens, you win $7 (plus your original $4.) 4/1 odds mean that if you bet $1 and it happens, you win $4 (plus your original $1)


Question: How does a chemical buffer work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a chemical buffer work?

A buffer solution is made of a weak acid/base and a solution of the “conjugate” base/acid You’d have to be a true mad lad to use HF as a buffer, but it is a simple weak acid that I’m going to use for demonstrating: Your buffer solution is a mixture of HF (hydrofluoric acid) and NaF (sodium fluoride) The NaF fully breaks down in water, pumping out Na+ and F- ions. The HF *doesn’t* break down very well in water, and remains mostly HF. So now what happens if you add a strong base? Pour in NaOH and it instantly splits into Na+ and OH- The Na+ wanders off to do nothing since the partners of strong acids and bases are pathetically weak in solution. The reactive OH- that we’re trying to buffer against yanks an H+ off the HF and converts to water. Let’s try a strong acid instead. Pour in HCl, it splits into H+ and Cl-. Like the Na+, the Cl- wanders off to do nothing interesting. The H+ finds a free F- in solution and binds up into HF, which as we’ve established doesn’t break apart easily. This way, the solution can absorb a strong acid *or* a strong base without a significant change in pH. Note that this doesn’t mean the solution is “safe” in any way, just that it’s not changing acidity when you add acid or base.


Question: How are we able to infinitely reproduce but we die of age because of DNA damage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to infinitely reproduce but we die of age because of DNA damage?

Sperm and egg cells are very different from normal cells. They only have half of the DNA required to a real cell, and they don't actually last that long once they are matured/produced. The single-cell human (called a zygote) they produce is undifferentiated, as it matures into a human the undifferentiated stem cells are used to make differentiated cells, like muscle cells or nerve cells. These are the cells that have limited replacement capabilities.