Question: Why do damp things appear darker?

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 Why do damp things appear darker?

This has been asked before, but the simple answer is that when you see a thing, what you're seeing is the light reflected off of that thing. When something is wet, the water contained within the fibers of that thing absorbs some of the light that would normally be reflected back to your eye, so you see less of the reflected light off the object, and it appears darker than normal.


Question: How De We Know What Dinosaurs REALLY Looked Like? Why has/is what Dinosaurs Looked like been changed/disputed ?

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 How De We Know What Dinosaurs REALLY Looked Like? Why has/is what Dinosaurs Looked like been changed/disputed ?

We don't "know". we are making our best models based on the information we have. In the past, we had less information, so our models were likely worse. Now, we have more information, so they *should be* better. That's not to say we are certain. If new information presents itself that leads to other interpretations, then those interpretations will become the dominant theory. It's not a flaw that the scientists changed their minds, it's a feature. And we are fairly confident that some dinosaurs had feathers because there have been feather imprints on fossils.


Question: How do viruses and colds form and where do they come from?

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 How do viruses and colds form and where do they come from?

First, the condition known as the "common cold" is a viral infection by any of several hundred different species of virus. The rhinoviruses (literally "nose viruses") are the most common culprit, but there are other viruses which can produce the same symptoms. Second, if you're asking where the actual viruses that infect us come from, the answer is "The surrounding environment, primarily surface contact." Someone infected with a cold virus will shed live viruses from their nose and eyes. If they wipe their hands, they'll get viruses on their hands, which they can then transfer to other surfaces (including people) by touching them. Cold viruses can survive for the better part of a day on an exposed surface, making them pretty robust as far as these things go. This is why you're supposed to wash/sanitize your hands if you have a cold! Third, if you're asking where viruses as a category come from. . . you may as well ask where life itself comes from. Viruses are thought of as "pseudo-living", in that they are far too. . . *rambunctious* to be considered inanimate. If nothing else, they contain genetic material and are capable of a form of reproduction. Yet they lack some pretty important characteristics of truly living things (e.g., cellular structure, a metabolism, etc.). There are certainly theories, but at root, nobody has claim to genuine knowledge there. As far as anybody can tell, viruses have existed as long as life itself. Figure out the origin of one, and you'll basically figure out the origin of the other.


Question: After years and years of pirating, why haven't they figured out a way to duplicate console game CDs in such a way the console can play them?

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 After years and years of pirating, why haven't they figured out a way to duplicate console game CDs in such a way the console can play them?

Several reasons First the basics, Each console has a developer signing key, that key is used to encrypt and mark the software you master to CD to make sure that even if you managed to copy it, it will not run becuase the copy is not signed with a valid key from the authorizing authority being the console manufacturer. That encryption is VERY hard to crack and in the last 3 console generations people have resorted to actually modifying the console to execute unsigned software by changing the OS or in some cases even flashing the CD/DVD drive so it reports all discs as valid. Another issue is the duplication equipment, home CD, DVD and BR burners only burn the normal data tracks on a disc, while when you manufacture the disc on a factory from a master its stamped from a mold. This allows you to add extra tracks and features which can not be duplicated by a home burner, and the cost of setting up a Blueray duplication system based on mastering an original and stamping it would be prohibitive for pirates.


Question: Why are main disks in our computer called C: by default and not A:?

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 Why are main disks in our computer called C: by default and not A:?

The a: and c: nomenclature come from IBM PC and MSDOS. In those early PC, there was one or two drives: floppy drives. They were the primary persistent memory. The first floppy drive was a:. The second one was b: Later on hard drives became an option and were thought of as an accessory after the main floppy drives, thus they were c:. Eventually the hard drive became the main drive in a PC, thus you’re most familiar with the c drive. Cd rom drives came later and are often d:. Dvd drives replaced them later and were still usually d:


Question: Why are libraries allowed to basically rent out books for free, and are generally well-supported by the industry, while other forms of entertainment are not (movies, music, etc.)?

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 Why are libraries allowed to basically rent out books for free, and are generally well-supported by the industry, while other forms of entertainment are not (movies, music, etc.)?

Some public libraries do loan out DVDs and CDs as well as many other types of copyrighted materials like magazines and comic books in addition to just books, some even offer ebooks and audiobooks online. And don't for a minute think that public libraries are well supported by publishers, they are almost entirely taxpayer funded and they are at best tolerated and grudgingly accepted by publishers who would rather not have public libraries exist at all.


Question: . How does stock buy back benefit a large Corporation?

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 . How does stock buy back benefit a large Corporation?

Companies are owned by their shareholders. In theory and mostly in practice, everything companies do is to benefit their shareholders whether it benefits the company or not. Stock buybacks and dividends are both methods for companies to transfer money to their owners. These actions don't benefit the company, they benefit the shareholders - > company has less money, shareholders have more money. Companies are fine with this because their reason for existence is to make money for their shareholders. Dividends are nice, but shareholders need to pay immediate taxes on those. Stock buybacks tend to keep stock prices up and results in higher valuations for everyone, but only the ones that actually sell their stock pay taxes (and they wanted to sell their stock anyway - they don't know who they sell it to in general). So there is strategy to when to pay dividends and when to buy back stock. Both have their place. What isn't useful is to think of stock buybacks as some sneaky thing companies do. It's not sneaky or anything, it's just a strategy. Stockholders (the owners of the company) generally love it. Edit: I should have mentioned that stockholders REALLY hate it when a company lowers their dividend. When a company has extra money to hand out to stockholders, they only raise dividends when they are very sure they will be able to maintain that level of dividend. If there is any doubt, stock buybacks allow them to give their shareholders money without increasing future expectations of payouts.


Question: What is illegal about banking offshore such as professional footballers banking in tax havens?

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 What is illegal about banking offshore such as professional footballers banking in tax havens?

Wealthy people stash money in foreign accounts or fake companies to avoid paying taxes on it. The idea is to route the money out of the country before the government finds out about it, keep in in a country that doesn't require banks to share account information with authorities, then lie about how much money was earned. There are also legitimate reasons to have bank accounts in other countries and it is not illegal to do so. The crime is using them for tax evasion.


Question: Why does bringing your knees to your chest (curling up in a ball) help you not feel sick when dealing with nausea?

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 Why does bringing your knees to your chest (curling up in a ball) help you not feel sick when dealing with nausea?

Curling into a ball as an action dosent really change much but just lying down in a comfortable position reduces the natural sway of your body and makes you stationary which will help all of the fluids in your body to move less thus decrease Nausea Edit: if you try to stand straight with out moving you can tell the natural sway of the body. You are constantly activating small muscles to keep your self balanced kinda like balancing a pole on your hand but less extreme movements


Question: why do you feel nauseous or sick after staying up too long?

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 why do you feel nauseous or sick after staying up too long?

During sleep, our bodies replenish a lot of key substances which are necessary for the normal function. This is regulated by the 'circadian clock' which is just a fancy word for our bodies' sleep/wake clock. When there's sleep deprivation, we have an absence of these key substances being replenished, and that in itself can cause some of these symptoms like nausea/headaches. Alongside this, it creates stress on the body, and that activates our 'fight vs. flight' response. One of the effects of this response being activated is also having feelings of sickness/nausea. It's a lot more complicated than that because there are so many things that work together, but this is the very basic gist of it.


Question: Why is gas sold in tenths of a cent?

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 Why is gas sold in tenths of a cent?

Actually it's not. 1/10 of a cent is actually called a mill and is used in accounting all the time. Your property taxes are likely calculated down to the mill and rounded off. Certain financial transactions like mutual funds are technically completed at the mill level and then rounded off. The extra decimal becomes very meaningful when dealing with a large sum. It's also handy to have more decimals when trying to divide a continuous object like gas.


Question: What is a ring in the context of abstract algebra?

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 What is a ring in the context of abstract algebra?

A ring is a set of things that you can add and multiply together, according to the following laws: for any `a`, `b`, and `c` in the ring, * `a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c = a+b+c` (associative addition) * `a + b = b + a` (commutative addition) * `a * (b + c) = a * b + a*c` (left-distributivity, right-distributivity is similar) * `a + 0 = 0 + a = a` (additive identity) * `a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c = a*b*c` (associative multiplication) * `a*1 = 1*a = a` (multiplicative identity) Note that multiplication is not assumed to be commutative. Some authors don't require that rings contain a multiplicative identity. Notable examples of rings are Z (the integers) and quotients of Z, namely Z/nZ, where the result of every operation is taken modulo n i.e. take the remainder after dividing by n.


Question: Why is it acceptable in the US that Jeff Bezos increases his wealth by tens of billions of dollars while 40+million people go unemployed?

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 Why is it acceptable in the US that Jeff Bezos increases his wealth by tens of billions of dollars while 40+million people go unemployed?

Because when Jeff Bezos increases his wealth he isn’t adding stacks of bills to a bank account or some giant vault he has built underground. He owns a percentage of Amazon, when Amazon’s perceived wealth goes up, then people are willing to pay more money to buy a percentage of that company (shares). No money has transferred hands when Jeff Bezos “increases his wealth” it’s just that what people think his company is worth has risen. Here’s an example: you discover a painting in your basement by a somewhat unknown artist. You like it and decide to keep it. Suddenly the artist becomes incredibly famous. Your painting is now valued at 50 million dollars. How much more money do you now have? The answer is none, you won’t have any money until you sell it. But how much should you have to pay the government for owning this 50 million dollar piece of art? The answer is none(my opinion), until you sell it. Because what if the government demands 5 million dollars from you before you sell it and then someone discovers a vault with thousands of this artists paintings and the value of your painting suddenly drops to 1 million? Well, you have 1 million dollars to your name and owe the government 5 million. Without ever spending any money or receiving any money you’ve lost 4 million dollars. The government shouldn’t collect taxes until actual money changes hands. They shouldn’t collect it when someone’s perceived wealth grows.


Question: Why aren't we all good at math? Those who are geniuses, see the numbers differently?

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 Why aren't we all good at math? Those who are geniuses, see the numbers differently?

Mental mathematics is a skill. Like all skills, it can be learned over time. Like all things that can be learned, some people pick up the skill more quickly. One of the biggest differentiating factors in mathematics knowledge is simply... being interested in math. There's nothing special about numbers. If you're eager to learn more about a specific subject, you will do so.


Question: Why Do Women Typically Take Hotter Showers, While Men Take Cooler Ones?

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 Why Do Women Typically Take Hotter Showers, While Men Take Cooler Ones?

for me it depends on the weather. but as a woman I am constantly in some sort of pain and, well the heat makes it go away for a while. ohh the joys of womanhood and all that crappie that people like to say. Having a uterus is a curse not a joy 🙃


Question: How does computer hardware control software?

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 How does computer hardware control software?

Everything happens through the memory chips. Memory chips are banks of transistors and capacitors that can hold a voltage (+5 volts for example) that is interpreted as "1", or 0 voltage interpreted as "0". The CPU processor works on memory; it grabs, basically, one number at a time, changes it, then puts it back in memory. The video works on memory too, the image on your screen is actually fully built inside the video card's memory, with rows of voltages representing the colors of each pixel. The DVD drive also has access to a very small amount of internal memory, and it's connected to the circuits that give power to the motors inside the drive. The job of an operating system like Windows is to interpret the commands (voltages) that come from the mouse and keyboard, and to display (send voltages to the video card) the results for you in a visual way that you can understand. Also, if your commands are for a subcomponent of the computer, Windows will call up the driver software for that subcomponent, so it can do more interpretation of your commands. The driver software basically interprets your commands in terms of stopping the spin motor, parking the laser head, and then activating the eject motor inside the drive. Then the smaller memory chips inside the drive itself are given 1's and 0's (voltages) for the required durations for each motor, and the motor circuitry is activated by these voltages.


Question: What determines if two liquids are "mixable?"

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</answer>
 What determines if two liquids are "mixable?"

It all comes down to "like dissolves like". Liquids that have molecules that look similar to each other tend to mix well. This is due to two factors: Polarity and molecular shape. & #x200B; I'm going to talk just about molecular substances right now, not salts, because they have a different way they bond. & #x200B; In a molecular substance (oil, table sugar, water, alcohol, soap), the atoms in the molecule are held together in bonds that share electrons. Electrons are tiny negatively charged particles inside the atom, and this type of bond shares pairs of electrons like jugglers tossing balls back and forth to each other. & #x200B; Some atoms hog the electrons, so they don't get shared evenly. When this happens, the bond has a more positive end and a more negative end, a little like a magnet. The atom that hogs the electrons is the negative end, and the other is positive. Also like magnets, a negative end of a polar bond is attracted to the positive end of another bond. This happens really strongly in water, which is why its properties are so strange! Molecules with polar bonds are attracted to other molecules with polar bonds, which promotes mixing because the molecules want to interact with each other. You'll find bonds like these in water, alcohol, sugar, ammonia, and other polar substances. & #x200B; However, if the atoms share the electrons equally, this makes non-polar bonds. These bonds don't have positive and negative ends that polar molecules are attracted to, so they don't mix with polar substances. A bond between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom is a really common example of this in life and food chemistry, and this is the kind of molecule the term "hydrocarbon" applies to. These non-polar substances mix okay with each other, so oil mixes well with other oils. & #x200B; Soaps are really interesting, because they can mix with both polar and non-polar substances. This is because their molecules have one end that has a polar-type structure that can interact well with polar substances, and another end that is non-polar that interacts well with non-polar substances. Soap works because it can cover drops or particles of a greasy, non-polar substance with its non-polar part, then also interact with very polar water with the other half of the molecule. This is why soap works for washing away greasy gunk.


Question: Why is H20 (water) + H20 (water) an Acid on Paper?

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 Why is H20 (water) + H20 (water) an Acid on Paper?

H2O + H2O is never an acid. What constitutes an acid? In simple words, acid is a substance that can give a H+ ion when dissolved in water. For example, Hydrochloric Acid, HCl when dissolved in water gives H+ and Cl-. Similarly, a base is something that gives an OH- ion when dissolved in water. For example, Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, when dissolved in water gives Na+ and OH-. There are more advanced definitions, but this will be enough for us. Pure H2O would give H+ and OH- in equal amounts, thus making water *truly neutral*. And anyway, not all acids are dangerous enough to dissolve your throat. Things with more H+ concentration than OH- concentration are acidic. In that sense, lemon juice is acidic, but it generally doesn't melt your throat.


Question: Why can't the realistic and bright graphics of films such as "Avatar" be replicated into video games?

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 Why can't the realistic and bright graphics of films such as "Avatar" be replicated into video games?

Different needs, different means. When playing a video game, you have hardware ranging from a $300 console to a $2000+ computer rendering (usually) either 30 or 60 frames per second in real time. Games are designed around those limitations, so that the graphics don't overwhelm the hardware and that framerate can be maintained. When rendering movie CGI, you have no hardware constraints and no time constraints. You need 24 frames per second, but you don't need them in real time. You can spend hours rendering a single frame, because once you've done it once, you can just save it and turn all the frames into a video file later. On top of that, you can have much more expensive hardware working on it. We're talking machine costing upwards of $10,000, and several of them working on a single movie.


Question: In video games, why do the feet of characters appear to "hover" over the ground slightly?

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 In video games, why do the feet of characters appear to "hover" over the ground slightly?

collision boxes, which are basically invisible 3d shapes that tell the game whether an object has a physical presence in the world (vs say a smoke effect which you should be able to walk through) hopefully line up exactly with the actual “skin” of characters or objects, are separate entities from the characters that you see. never designed a game before but i’d imagine it’s a case of wanting to be safe and not have the character model clip (go) through objects at the cost of things not always appearing to “touch”. not necessarily the most eli5 answer but i’m not sure how to word it more simply.


Question: What determines the exchange rate between currencies of different countries?

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 What determines the exchange rate between currencies of different countries?

It’s all supply and demand. A country issues more currency, supply increases and value drops. A country has a really in-demand export and other countries need currency to buy that good, then value of the currency goes up due to increased demand. Currencies trade in exchanges similar to a stock exchange. Retail currency exchanges like what you’d use to get money on a foreign vacation take the price at a set time each day to set their rates.


Question: How did cherry get almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry with lemonade?

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 How did cherry get almost exclusively paired with limeade and strawberry with lemonade?

Is this actually a thing? It might only be regional because I've never heard of it before. There was a point in history where lemon and lime flavoured products were the best selling; however, times and tastes are constantly changing, and the demand for those flavours isn't as prevalent as it used to be. A lot of manufacturers are completely phasing out those flavours. For example: green Skittles are now green apple, green Swedish Fish are now pineapple. So the combination of cherry-lime and strawberry-lemon could be a marketing strategy to make the product appeal to a larger audience of people. Why those combinations specifically? I don't know. It could be that the flavours are complementary, they tested well during market research, or that those flavours are a highly grossing product. It would make sense for everyone else to capitalize on the best selling flavours in order to compete in the marketplace. This is why I assume you've seen those combinations where you live and I've never seen them where I live, because they just didn't sell well where I am. Another explanation may be because it's cheaper and easier to manufacture that way. Blue raspberry became popular because manufacturers had loads of blue dye sitting around, and the cheap red dye of the time was outlawed by the FDA because kids were having bad reactions to it.


Question: Why is 16:9 the most common aspect ratio?

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 Why is 16:9 the most common aspect ratio?

When they were developing the HDTV standards, they wanted something wider than the 4:3 of the older standard. 16:9 was chosen because it was a reasonable compromise that would allow most films (which came in a wide variety of aspect ratios) to fit on the screen without too much letterboxing (the black bars on top). Once the resolutions for HDTV became standardized, PC displays started using them as well because there was a huge supply of inexpensive LCD displays being made in those resolutions and running at 16:10 wasn't worth the additional cost.


Question: Can a magnet create light?

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 Can a magnet create light?

Yes, a rotating magnet will create light -- but not visible light. You could create radio waves this way, but to create visible light you'd need to spin the magnet 600 trillion times a second. The centrifugal forces would rip the magnet apart unless it was literally a single atom or molecule in size. And in that case, we're really talking about atomic and molecular energy levels, which are indeed influenced by the magnetic properties of the atoms involved. But now things are all quantum mechanicsey and we're pretty far from the simple idea of sticking a bar magnet in a cordless drill.


Question: A common model for gravity’s effect on space is a sheet of elastic material with some stuff put on it to make wells and such. But how does that apply in 3D?

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 A common model for gravity’s effect on space is a sheet of elastic material with some stuff put on it to make wells and such. But how does that apply in 3D?

The whole "rubber sheet" model is effective for the limited number of dimensions that we can visually represent. If you wanted an accurate representation of the effect of some mass (e.g. a planet) on spacetime, you would need to make in at least four dimensions (three for space, one for time). The problem is that we cannot draw a truly four-dimensional (or *n*-dimensional) picture - we exist in and directly perceive three spatial dimensions, while time is perceived as sequential differences. The solution? We exclude something. In the case of a drawing like "the Schwarzchild radius of a black hole," this looks like a "bottomless" funnel around an infinite mass. In the rubber-sheet depiction, it appears as a depression in an otherwise flat surface. Trying to add dimensions simply does not work - even if the underlying physics is true for the additional dimensions - and so to represent a system completely we need multiple such reduced depictions.


Question: How do TV shows track how many people have pirated it? Couldn’t they stop them if they were able to see that?

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 How do TV shows track how many people have pirated it? Couldn’t they stop them if they were able to see that?

BitTorrent trackers publish those kinds of statistics, it's matter of pride for them. As for stopping it, it's a distributed network across multiple countries so there isn't any one thing you can kill to make it go away. If you stop one torrent site 3 more will pop up to take it's place within 24 hours. The Industry learned its lesson with the Pirate Bay. After years of investigations and millions spent, 2 people ended up in jail and the website had already changed hands so it stayed online regardless. You don't fight piracy with the police, you fight it by providing quality content at a reasonable price and in a convenient and accessible format. Right now that's streaming.


Question: Why is it easier to get out of the bed when you wake up in the middle of the night instead when alarm wakes you?

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 Why is it easier to get out of the bed when you wake up in the middle of the night instead when alarm wakes you?

When you spontaneously wake up you've already passed from deep sleep into light sleep and then into an aware state. You go from "almost awake" to "awake" and it's no big deal. When an external force blasts you awake there's no guarantee that you were in light sleep. You may have been in deep sleep or mid-REM cycle that was suddenly rudely interrupted and the brain isn't quite ready for this bullshit yet.


Question: What is it about flashing lights that potentially triggers seizures for people who have Epilepsy?

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 What is it about flashing lights that potentially triggers seizures for people who have Epilepsy?

tl,dr: If you push a kid on a swing, gravity and air-resistance slow them down and they swing less further each time, eventually stopping at the bottom. If you push them at random times, you might speed them up one time then slow them down the next. But if you time it right, adding new energy in at just the right time, you can make them swing higher and higher. A seizure, in this analogy, would be like repeatedly adding so much energy that the kid goes around and around in a full circle, the chain wraps around the top pole, and everything comes to a tragic halt when the length of free chain becomes less than the thickness of the kid. --- Every time a signal comes in from our senses, a wave of activity sweeps through parts of our brains. Each neuron is connected to many other neurons, via connections that either excite or inhibit. *Those* neurons do the same to others, which do the same to the others, etc etc, and eventually the system converges on a pattern: the smell of an orange, or the color blue, or vice-versa. Then the neurons 'reset', with neurotransmitters and electric charges ready to do it all over again. When we are awake and alert, these waves of activity occur whenever and wherever they are needed - i.e. asynchronously - at 13-30 cycles per second. The reset thing is necessary, because each neuron is part of many patterns and it takes some finite amount of time for the previous state to wear off, for neurotransmitters to be cleared out of receptors in the synapses. The inhibition thing is crucially important, providing negative feedback (which is a *good* thing, in electrical systems that we'd like to behave in reasonable ways), because without it every neuron would continue to excite every other neuron, in an out-of-control positive feedback loop. The asynchronous thing is important, because new waves can be started at any time. You can probably see where this is going. If a large number of strong signals arrive in rapid succession, in most brains the reset time and the inhibition thing do their jobs and there is no out-of-control feedback loop. In the brains of people who have epilepsy, a rapidly repeating signal like a blinking light starts wave after wave of excitation, faster than previous waves die out, faster than the neurotransmitters for the inhibition signals get cleared out of the synapses. Instead of brain waves looking like a sine wave, rising and falling, they just keep rising. Since every neuron is involved in a huge number of patterns, things that are seemingly unrelated to vision get messed up too. Seen through an MRI or EEG, brain 'waves' that usually look something like sine waves look more like fireworks. Muscular control and the ability to remain conscious and aware are equally impossible, until we 'reboot' and return to usual brain behavior. (Source: I have seizures. A few of the things I have said about the way brains work might be imprecise and will likely irk someone, because there are a lot of things we don't really understand yet about brains, like... how they work. But we do know a lot about what happens when they don't work.) Edit: thank you, kind strangers. And everyone who decided not tear strips off me for inaccuracies in my analogies. And everyone pointing out that my descriptions of why flashing lights affect people with epilepsy only describe one aspect of epilepsy that affects a small percentage of people with epilepsy, who have a dismayingly large diversity of experiences and have come up with equally diverse ways of dealing with those experiences. And special thanks to everyone who shared their own experiences... I know all too well what a pain in the butt it can be to hash it all out again and again, but it *always* helps someone. For all the times that someone was me: thanks.


Question: Why does the geiger counter makes that sound? And why it's always the same sound?

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 Why does the geiger counter makes that sound? And why it's always the same sound?

The way a Geiger counter works is pretty complicated to explain. But basically, a Geiger counter uses a Geiger-Muller tube to detect radiation. That tube is actually a gas filled tube that produces an electric pulse when ionized by radiation. That means that the sound heard is like mini lightning strikes and are typical with all Geiger counters because the detection actually makes the noise rather than the radiation measured being converted into a noise by a computer or other electronic


Question: Why do broadcasting video cameras in sports (e.g., football, soccer) show no rain from some angles, but from others you can see it's pouring down rain?

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 Why do broadcasting video cameras in sports (e.g., football, soccer) show no rain from some angles, but from others you can see it's pouring down rain?

it's a result of using telephoto lenses and narrow aperture settings. they are zoomed way in most of the time which compresses the scene, and anything which is out of the plane of focus (which may be rather narrow) will basically just not be very visible. it's sort of like when you look outside through a screen window, if you're looking at an object outside you won't notice the wire mesh much.


Question: How is color actually reflected back from a surface?

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 How is color actually reflected back from a surface?

To answer your first question, yes. Although "bounce" isn't really what's going on on the atomic level, it's a close enough approximation. I do not believe there is a limit to how many times a photon can bounce, but I'm not absolutely certain of that honestly. You are not far off on your second question. The wavelength of the light determines the color you see. The longer the wavelength, the closer to red the light will look, the opposite for blue. More energy equals a shorter wavelength generally. Your brain and eyes have evolved to turn those wavelengths into the colors you perceive. The photos themselves really have no color. All of the colors of light we can see are just a small fraction of the wavelengths of light though, and much of it is imperceptible to us, such as infrared light or ultraviolet.


Question: What are nanotubes, and what are Their purposes?

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 What are nanotubes, and what are Their purposes?

They are incredibly small structures in the shape of tubes or pipes, made of various nano-scale components. They're used for pipes to transport other nano particles, or in electrical insulation and conduction. Some are very strong due to their shape and composition, far stronger than the same materials in a less organized state. Structures made of them would be vastly stronger than current materials, to the piont where we could build things in a way that are impossible at the moment. They are currently extremely expensive to synthesize in large amounts, and its not economical to really use them for any practical purposes. Some can form naturally, but never in a way that is especially helpful.


Question: When someone dies suddenly, what happens to their assets and money? How do they determine who to transfer to?

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 When someone dies suddenly, what happens to their assets and money? How do they determine who to transfer to?

If the person has a will, that will is typically followed. Usually their spouse or a close family member will already know where a copy of the will is kept, and which law office the deceased worked with to draft the will. If the person has no will, they're what's referred to as "[intestate]( URL_0 )", and their jurisdiction's intestacy laws are followed.


Question: How can Instagram target ads based on what I am SEEING?!

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 How can Instagram target ads based on what I am SEEING?!

Here is my absolute guess of a theory: The woman's phone has location on and knows she was in that store. You were near her on the train and your phone's location is now near her location, with a recent location of her phone in that store. Being in the vicinity of someone who was recently shopping in that store maybe recognizes it that way? Again, absolute guess that I made up at work. But if it's crazy enough you get ads based on being near someone who shopped somewhere, I don't want to throw my idea out yet.


Question: How do pilots of the Blue Angels and other groups fly so close without crashing due to air pockets or turbulence? How do the planes stay so still?

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 How do pilots of the Blue Angels and other groups fly so close without crashing due to air pockets or turbulence? How do the planes stay so still?

A lot of practice. The Blue Angels do nothing but fly aerobatics. The lead pilot is flying somewhere, every other pilot is spending all of their time making tiny adjustments to keep their distances. They say if the lead pilot flew into a mountain the rest of them would crash into it as well. It kinda helps though that if all the planes are that close, all of them will be feeling roughly the same effects. It also helps that a lot of weather effects are being drowned out by the effects of a dozen wings and multiple jet engines fudging with the air. So there's only that piloting nightmare to deal with.


Question: How come some batteries are rechargable while others are not?

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 How come some batteries are rechargable while others are not?

Chemistry is the answer. Electricity from a battery is produced by a chemical reaction. The voltage of a single cell is determined by that chemistry. For instance, standard alkaline batteries produce 1.5v per cell. Nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride batteries (which are rechargeable) produce 1.2v power cell. Lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries (also rechargeable) produce 3.7v per cell. Lead acid batteries (again, rechargeable) produce 2v per cell. When the battery is depleted (all used up) the chemical reaction can no longer happen. Theoretically every battery can be recharged, but the recharging process will destroy some batteries in one or two charging cycles, which is why they are sold as non-rechargeable. The other types are able to withstand the charging process and are able to be charged many times, which is why they are considered rechargeable. Heat is the enemy of most types of rechargeable batteries. If the charging can be done without them getting too hot, they'll often be s good as new.


Question: What is happening when one taste bud has a freak-out, swells and is hypersensitive?

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 What is happening when one taste bud has a freak-out, swells and is hypersensitive?

From the sounds of it, you're getting 'lie bumps'. They can be caused by a lot of things, including stress, hormone changes, and certain foods. I get them when I'm dehydrated. The thing that's getting inflamed is not quite a taste bud - it's the little perch that your taste buds sit on (called a papilla). If its just one or two every now and then, it's quite normal. If it's more frequent, you may be having a reaction to something you're eating, or a tongue condition that makes them flare up. A doctor will be able to clarify things for you


Question: Why do magnets have little to no effect on common technology anymore?

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 Why do magnets have little to no effect on common technology anymore?

Oh shit, I've literally got a degree that lets me explain this! (Electrical and Electronic Engineering btw). So, old school TVs were known as "Cathode Ray TVs". A Cathode and the corresponding Anode are terms used to describe where Electrons come from and go to. We have electrons? Yes. A Cathode Ray Tube is a device that spits out massive numbers of electrons from the Cathode at the back, to hit the Anode at the front of the tube. However, the Anode has a hole in it, so some electrons are spat out and keep going. Electrons are charged particles, and charged particles moving through a magnetic field experience a force, like a fat kid walking through a Pizza field. They're drawn to the corresponding magnetic pole. This electron beam we have in the TV can be steered across the screen with magnets. Electromagnets. The beam was steered across the screen really rapidly, and covered the screen at 60hz (because that's the power grid frequency in the US). This electron beam then hit phosphorescent coating on the inside of the screen, and depending on how it was steered, it would hit different coloured coating areas, making a picture. Which is cool and all, but this is ELI5: Why do magnets fuck with TVs, not how TVs used to work. Well, your magnet draws the carefully steered electron beams towards it in ways the TV didn't intend. My best analogy is someone is steering a car, and you have a second steering wheel: It's going to go a bit crazy. So why doesn't your iPhone freak? The phone uses a grid of individually controlled lights to display a picture. There is no electron beam inside your iPhone, and thus, no ability for the magnet to deflect the beam.


Question: What happens if you pour boiling water on a fire?

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 What happens if you pour boiling water on a fire?

It should help put the fire out. Will it help less than cold water? Yeah, a bit less. It won't cool the burning material quite as much, and it'll vaporize a bit more readily. But I don't think you'd notice the difference, 99% of the time, as long as you don't get any boiling water on yourself.


Question: Why are there so many different medications on the market right now for "moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis"?

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 Why are there so many different medications on the market right now for "moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis"?

Because that’s not all that it treats. A LOT of these drugs treat basically what are side effects of an overactive immune system. Rheumatoid arthritis, plaque psoriasis, Crohn’s disease ulcerative Colitis, Ankylosing Spondylitis Etc. most are injections, so the few that are coming out are tablets or capsules because some of these people are unable to administer their own injections. A big problem is that they usually require further review and most insurance companies will not cover some of these meds


Question: How are University tuition fees so cheap or free in Europe compared to America or Britain?

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 How are University tuition fees so cheap or free in Europe compared to America or Britain?

I see many answers in this thread were some are blatantly trying to state only the negative side of one or the other. What it really boils down to is a matter of what the countries are striving for and how they hope to achieve that. Europe in general, and very much as an example Sweden(where I live), stand by the belief that education should be available to all no matter where you were born or in what situation. This has it's obvious downsides and upsides. There are small fees in some schools but those are around the 800$ range for an entire 4 year program. For this to be possible, taxes are alot higher than in the U.S, especially income taxation. Schools are also completely without sports programs and a lot of other things because it's there to educate and nothing more. As someone said, why most swedes are basically united on this political topic(it's rarely, or dare i say never brought up in parties campaigns). Is because this is how it's always been and most believe that the equal possibility for education will in turn make the countries economy stronger through an educated population. (I also saw someone say that uni-professors are paid poorly in Europe. This could be compared to the U.S., ofcourse true, but the fact is that in Sweden it's one of the most well paid professions under the governments control. I know this because my girlfriends dad is a professor in engineering at a very large public school in Stockholm.) I can't say I know a ton of how the loaning system works but from spending a fair amount of time in the U.S. I can tell you that it mostly boils down to that the capitalistic train of thought that is that if can't promise that you will, or have already, worked for it, you dont deserve it. Some believe that the perks heavily outweigh the consequences. For example the sports programs and the (debateably) higher quality of education. Some may instead argue that the capitalistic system along with higher level schooling splits society by wealth and lets school charge a lot more than many can afford because the demand of schooling is enormous in a world where a degree is almost required to land a job with deceny pay.


Question: Why are some clouds darker than others? Is this water saturation and if so, how does this work with light and fluffy(very technical term) clouds?

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 Why are some clouds darker than others? Is this water saturation and if so, how does this work with light and fluffy(very technical term) clouds?

The perceived darkness of a cloud depends on which part of the cloud you're looking at, how dense the cloud is, the sun's orientation to the cloud, and your orientation to the cloud. Let's say there's a dense cumulus cloud overhead. Cumulus clouds are relatively low in the atmosphere. If you can see the top of the cloud, it's white and fluffy because light from the sun bounces off the millions of tiny water droplets. If you're under the cloud it looks dark because you're not seeing the sun directly bounce off the bottom of the cloud. The millions of water droplets block the sun from reaching the bottom of the cloud. The wider and taller the cloud, the less light will reach the bottom of the cloud. If there's a high, wispy, cirrus cloud in the sky, it's not a very dense or tall like the cumulus. Its low density allows most of the light to pass through, so it's a little grey, but not as dark as the bottom of the cumulus cloud.


Question: Why are we worried about cost when talking about transitioning to green energy sources? Wouldn’t it just pay itself off in the long run?

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 Why are we worried about cost when talking about transitioning to green energy sources? Wouldn’t it just pay itself off in the long run?

All sources of energy would pay themselves off. What increased percentage of your paycheck do you want to give to pay for it and what are you prepared to give up in order to go green. It’s more expensive, that’s the reality. Government could help things along by taxing traditional energy sources to the point where green energy is an equivalent cost in which case more people would go green Europeans don’t drive small cars because anyone likes driving small cars. The Government s taxes gasoline so much it costs $9 / gallon (in some places) . If gas was that price in the US, everyone would be driving small cars. The same would be true of electricity


Question: How are animals born with “instincts”? That is, how is it possible that newborn animals are born with the knowledge to do things like go to the water (sea turtles) or swim to a certain location to mate/eat (orcas)?

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 How are animals born with “instincts”? That is, how is it possible that newborn animals are born with the knowledge to do things like go to the water (sea turtles) or swim to a certain location to mate/eat (orcas)?

Evolution works because only the variations that work get a chance to reproduce and pass on their genes while the variations that are detrimental tend to die. Baby sea turtles make a great snack for a lot of animals. Hatching sea turtles can go in any direction they want really. But the safest direction for them to go is the water. Imagine thousands or hundreds of thousands of generations of sea turtle babies hatching year after year. Which ones have the best chance of survival? The ones attracted to the sea. They are the ones most likely to pass on the genes that gave them a preference for the sea. The sea turtle babies that preferred to warm up in the sun a little likely all get eaten and don't pass on their genes. A selective pressure like that will change animals over successive generations until the urge to make a run for the sea is very strong in all sea turtles. After all, the ones missing that urge never reproduced. And not everything is simple instinct. Whales like orca's, often reproduce in very specific places because of their requirements. The reproduction of most animals is closely tied to the availability of food because reproducing is very resource-intensive for the parent and the young also need food. So, in the case of whales, they're not instinctively driven to certain areas. They're instinctively driven to reproduce when they get the chance to glut on food. For orca's, that's when other whales, seals, penguins, fish etc. start to reproduce. Which in turn is often when the food for those animals start to reproduce. Orcas tend to be very habitual. Different pods specialise in hunting different food sources. A pod can be traditional whale hunters, seal hunters or fish eaters despite all orca's being the same species. As such, they all share the instinct to reproduce when food is plentiful but where that is varies and is learned behaviour that young orcas pick up from their parents.