Question: Why can't you just Lipo a fat person thin?

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 Why can't you just Lipo a fat person thin?

First of all, liposuction is a surgery and it carries risks like all surgeries. It's for removing a few pounds in specific locations for body contouring, not dozens or even hundreds of pounds. That would be an absolutely ridiculously dangerous surgery. Second of all, removing fat via liposuction doesn't give any of the health benefits of losing weight normally. It doesn't remove visceral fat (fat around the organs, which is much worse than subcutaneous fat), it doesn't unclog arteries or improve cardiac health, and it doesn't reduce cholesterol or blood pressure. It doesn't improve health in any way, it's literally just cosmetic.


Question: Why are most circuitboards green? Does it make a difference if its any other color?

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 Why are most circuitboards green? Does it make a difference if its any other color?

The green is the colour of the solder mask, which is a layer on top of the yellowish fiberglass base and the copper traces. Green is a nice contrasting colour with the traditional white of the silkscreen, which makes text easy to read. Solder mask without many or any pigments added will look a little greenish because of the fiberglass beneath it, it's cheapest to not add any pigments. Other colours are used only for aesthetics.


Question: Why do we loop rockets around Earth instead of shooting them straight up?

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 Why do we loop rockets around Earth instead of shooting them straight up?

It's called a Hohmann transfer to get to the moon or other orbital bodies. This is the most fuel efficient way to reach escape velocity with a targeted trajectory leading to intercept. If you go straight up, it would take immensely more fuel to to create a seriously large elliptical orbit which won't even get you to the moon. Gravity is everything and the affect of it on orbits is real... If you are really interested in learning more.. think about playing Kerbal Space Program.. will teach you all about orbital mechanics, delta v and fuel management. It's amazing to learn with.


Question: Why do projectiles move along with the Earth's rotation?

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 Why do projectiles move along with the Earth's rotation?

Because as the cannon was on the planet's surface, it was already moving 1500 km/h in the same direction as the surface. This velocity is added to the velocity from the projectile firing. That said, if you shoot a cannon shell a long way north or south, you *do* see an effect from Earth's rotation, called the Coriolis Effect. You might want to stop watching flat-earther stuff, it just tries to make you dumber.


Question: How does Radio Astronomy work?

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 How does Radio Astronomy work?

The entire electromagnetic spectrum is very large. But the same principles applies to the entire range. From gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visual light, infrared, microwaves though to long radio waves. For example the microwave background radiation would have been in the visible range billions of years ago but are now red shifted into microwaves so we need a radio to pick it up. Radio astronomy is however limited as the further down the spectrum we get the less energy is in the waves so we need bigger telescopes to be able to detect them. However there is a lot of research into the distribution of hydrogen which is a very abundant gas that sends out radio waves that can be picked up by radio telescopes. However for finding planets and the like we have more luck looking in the infrared range for black body radiation at the low temperatures. This is what the James Webb Radio Telescope is set up to do.


Question: Why can't we control wild fires/forest fires before they get out of control, given all the firefighting means that we have?

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 Why can't we control wild fires/forest fires before they get out of control, given all the firefighting means that we have?

We did that for decades. It is a major part of what is causing our problems now. If you do not allow the natural fires to clear out the dead brush then it will eventually accumulate to a degree that fires spread and grow too quickly to get under control. They literally grow to the point of not being able to be contained before they are noticed by humans and before firefighters can respond.


Question: Can snapping someone's neck in real life like in the movies really kill someone fast? If so why?

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 Can snapping someone's neck in real life like in the movies really kill someone fast? If so why?

It severs the spinal cord, which prevents the brain from sending any signals to the rest of the body. Your lungs will be unable to take in air, your heart will immediately stop beating, and your brain will run out of oxygen very quickly. It's the same way that hanging works when done properly. Snaps the neck, doesn't suffocate them.


Question: How has the UK National Deficit been decreasing in recent years while the National Debt has been increasing so much?

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 How has the UK National Deficit been decreasing in recent years while the National Debt has been increasing so much?

> I would just like to find out how this can happen and where the debt is coming from I don't know the detailed specifics of where the UK debt is coming from, but I can ELI5 how it might happen. Suppose you have a good job earning £100k/yr. You live a comfortable life, and spend a lot of money including mortgage repayments and hefty private school fees. You spend £110k/yr, so you have a deficit of £10k Then after 13 years of good times, you lose your job because of the financial crisis. You get a new one, but it only pays £20k/year. You still spend £110k per year, so in the first year you have a massive deficit of £90k so you borrow a lot of money to keep the kids in school, pay the mortgage etc. Over the next four years, you cut out the expenses. No more expensive holidays, no expensive restaurants, no more nights out to the opera etc. You cut your spending massively. Now you're spending much less. Perhaps only £50k/year, but since you only earn £20k, you have a deficit of £30k. This has gone down massively from the £90k four years ago, but it is still bigger than the deficit during the good times, and your debt is now massive.


Question: If people who have been bitten or stung by some insects such as fire ants have a higher risk of developing an allergy to them, then how do long term treatments such as whole body extract immunotherapy (slowly exposing the body to the venom) work?

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 If people who have been bitten or stung by some insects such as fire ants have a higher risk of developing an allergy to them, then how do long term treatments such as whole body extract immunotherapy (slowly exposing the body to the venom) work?

Exposing the body to anything foreign in small harmless enough doses will allow the body to develop white blood cells responsible for removing foreign material from the body. Part of the reason that people can develop allergies to toxins is that their immune system reaponds “too well” to the attack. There are suppressors in place to regulate inflammation and damage, but if they are shut off then the body responds violently. The reason that people who are stung by some insects have a greater chance of becoming allergic is because oftentimes, the insects are not trying to administer the toxin in a damage free concentration. The body responds quickly and can forego suppressor function but you run the risk of developing to strong of a reaction.


Question: Why do we get sleepy on rainy days?

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 Why do we get sleepy on rainy days?

Your brain uses certain colors of ambient light to keep track of daytime/nighttime, and to maintain your normal 24 hour rhythm. Most significantly, intense blue light - similar to that of the sky - stimulates the brain to stay awake. When it's rainy and overcast, you're getting less of that normal daytime light, and your brain interprets this as a sign that it's time to go to bed.


Question: I see that a lot of coffees use Arabica beans, but tout different flavors/roasts. How can the same beans be used to produce different darkness and roasts?

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 I see that a lot of coffees use Arabica beans, but tout different flavors/roasts. How can the same beans be used to produce different darkness and roasts?

The roast level just depends on how long and how hot it's roasted. It's like the difference between a rare steak and a well done one. The same bean variety can also take on different flavors depending on its source. It picks up different taste signatures from the soil. How the bean is processed and dried makes a difference too. Finally how the coffee is brewed makes a difference. The water quality and composition makes a huge difference as well. Many people overlook this one. I own a coffee shop. Our water at shop goes through a pretty thorough filtration system. At home, our water is notoriously poorer quality. The same beans that make a wonderful pot of coffee at the shop can make lackluster coffee at home.


Question: In the movie Interstellar, 'they' are being referred as 5-dimentional beings. Do we hope to find such life somewhere in universe or we will one day become such intelligent life ?

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 In the movie Interstellar, 'they' are being referred as 5-dimentional beings. Do we hope to find such life somewhere in universe or we will one day become such intelligent life ?

It's very hard to answer this without making huge speculations. A lot of Interstellar was based on pretty fanciful ideas of how physics might work - they might be ideas we can't strictly rule out, but we certainly don't have any particular reason to believe the universe *does* work in a way which allows 5-dimensional beings, or that black holes have any of the magical-seeming properties we saw in the movie. The idea that we will continue to evolve and develop into some greater, smarter, wiser type of being? That doesn't seem far-fetched to me at all. But the specific form those beings take in the movie, does.


Question: Why are there people like me who feel angry and anxious when they hear chewing sounds but then some who find pleasure in those sounds, like in ASMR?

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 Why are there people like me who feel angry and anxious when they hear chewing sounds but then some who find pleasure in those sounds, like in ASMR?

Misophonia is a condition where certain sounds elicit strong negative reactions and/or emotions. I personally am affected by this to some extent. Of course your perception and response to chewing or lip smacking could also be habitual behavior based on how you were raised. I'm not aware of ANYONE who finds pleasure in hearing those sounds. I know a lot of people who don't seem to be affected by it, but I wouldn't say they actually enjoy it.


Question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of software forking, and the legalities of it with regard to licenses and other issues?

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 What are the advantages and disadvantages of software forking, and the legalities of it with regard to licenses and other issues?

In code management of software projects "forking" is used primarily for _divergent_ development paths with the same original codebase, whereas "branching" is used for _convergent_ development. The difference here is that at the time the decision is made to "fork" one believes they will never bring their work back to the "other fork" (the path left behind) and that both tongs of the fork will continue with their own lives, typically their own management and own roadmap. With convergent management you start developing down two paths, but your intention is to bring them back together. This would be for scenarios like a team that needs to continue to manage and bug fix a current release of software and a team that needs to start working on a next major release. You'd eventually merge back in all relevant bug fixes from the "maintenance branch" before you finalized the "new version branch". So...the disadvantages are typically tied to _the system_ that you're using to manage software as they do these things differently. for example, if I were to fork something in MOST source control system I could then have total independent ownership over source control, but a branch would still be "owned" (controlled) by whomever set it up originally. So...one advantage of "forking" would apply if you wanted to create a truly new version of software under different management. A disadvantage in most systems would be that it'd be more difficult to merge back changes to the original and keep track of versioning. This is because "forks" _typically_ are like starting an entire new source control universe for a project. The license issues are really not related here. I assume you're asking this about open source software branching/forking. Regardless of the _mechanism_ used, the licensing issues are usually the same. E.G. you can't change and distribute software using a fork that you wouldn't be allowed to using a branch. At best, if you were to create a fork it makes it _more clear_ that any future work is being done independent of the original project and you'd have a clear "their software vs. my software" line in the sand (where working on the original projects source tree would make it appear clearly that you were working within the context of their project). This ignores the practicality which is it's unlikely that you'd be able to effectuate a branch or fork other than a local-development version unless you were an administrator of source control for the original project!


Question: How do you decide the design and shape of a product especially if it's new? And who decides it?

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 How do you decide the design and shape of a product especially if it's new? And who decides it?

Most products go through a lot of design steps before they are put into public It usually start with concept artwork, schematics & CAD design then once that is refined a prototype is made Prototypes can be expensive to manufacture so you usually want to limit the quantity & once you have the prototype you can beta test it & tweak the design, aesthetics & materials for better functionality, appearance, ease & cost of manufacturing etc Then you would put it out to tender with manufacturers capable of mass production & get costs - they will usually provide a sample for an agreed cost & then you choose the mass producer you want to manufacture the product If you going to manufacture it yourself you need to factor in the cost of the setup & operation of that into your product & or amortize it over a number of products Essentially who decides what design & materials the product have is up to the individual or company who will be selling it & usually based on consumer feedback during beta testing & focus groups


Question: Why does the tea kettle go quiet before it starts to whistle?

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 Why does the tea kettle go quiet before it starts to whistle?

As pressure climbs, the boiling point of a liquid like water increases. While your kettle isn't airtight, it is capable of building up some pressure. That very brief span where the boiling rattle stops before the whistling starts is when the internal pressure of the kettle has risen just enough to suppress boiling, but isn't great enough yet to escape through the whistle.


Question: everyone knows there’s a hurricane coming when Jim Cantore shows up in your city. But how did people brace for hurricanes before the Weather Channel and modern day hurricane prediction methods?

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 everyone knows there’s a hurricane coming when Jim Cantore shows up in your city. But how did people brace for hurricanes before the Weather Channel and modern day hurricane prediction methods?

Hurricanes start forming pretty far out in the Atlantic Ocean. Ships would encounter the early storms and then report on them when they returned to port. This caused the news about the formation of a storm, as well as its progress, to spread pretty rapidly throughout the Caribbean. As you get closer to the year 1900, telegraph and radio stations were also setup to make this process faster. Hurricanes also follow a predictable path in which they pass over the islands of the South Eastern Caribbean, then head west to Cuba, then either head north to the US or further west to Mexico. When they first pass over the South Eastern Caribbean they aren't very strong and the gradually gain in strength as they progress. This means that the areas that are most likely to be hit by them when they're at full strength are also the areas that get the most warning. Conversely, they're usually not that powerful when they hit the areas that don't get much warning.


Question: How do music producers use samples from other songs without having to pay that artist?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do music producers use samples from other songs without having to pay that artist?

You can ask and get permission to use it from the owner. Either for free or for a fee, its up to the owner. They may even say no. It's their choice. Otherwise, you can just use them and hope you don't get your ass sued to the ground. But unless you're having a really big hit, the chance of getting sued and having to deal with it is pretty low. Its quite common for no-name artists to just use clips and samples and not give a shit. As an interesting example to no-name artists. A lot of 90s industrial bands would have entire songs that were full of movie clips, samples, and all sorts of that stuff. But they were so small bands and songs, that no one ever bothered to care they were using someone else's stuff.


Question: Why does shining a blue laser at an LED turn it on?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does shining a blue laser at an LED turn it on?

I'm assuming it was a white LED. They work by shining a blue LED at a phosphor which causes it to emit a mix of red and green light. Together with some of the blue, they mix to make white. Any blue light shining on the phosphor will make it glow to some extent. The blue laser is intense enough to make it apparent.


Question: How are creams obsorbed by the skin?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are creams obsorbed by the skin?

Something unwanted can be absorbed by the skin. That's why contact with mercury leads to heavy metal poisoning or why you need to wear gloves when changing motor oil, because it is carcinogenic to touch but relatively safe to be around otherwise. In regards to the main question, something like skin cream has several components that are absorbed in different ways. Small particles are able to be absorbed by cells whereas larger particles go between cells or are absorbed by glands. There are also some parts of the cream that can remain on the surface on the skin.


Question: Why are coins in the U.S. not sized according to their values?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are coins in the U.S. not sized according to their values?

Because their values used to be based on their metal content. Quarters and dimes were silver, nickels were nickel, and pennies were copper. That became too expensive, so all the silver-colored coins were switched to copper-nickel and the penny was changed to zinc, but they kept the old sizes so the new coins would look the same.


Question: how do computer monitors work? How does each individual pixel know to change colour?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do computer monitors work? How does each individual pixel know to change colour?

The pixels are each represented by a “bit map” - a block of memory where a 1 turns on or off the r g or b LED or LCD, and other bits control the voltage that flows through it to control brightness. The circuitry that converts the bit map in memory to line voltages for each pixel in the matrix is usually done by a controller board that is built alongside the display.


Question: if we have tons of face muscles that we use all the time, how come our face muscles don’t bulk up like biceps or quads?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 if we have tons of face muscles that we use all the time, how come our face muscles don’t bulk up like biceps or quads?

They sorta can, but granted, no where near the extent of the typical muscles such as the quads, chest, lats, etc. One such example of a person with big facial muscles is Matt Stonie. He’s a competitive eater so he has to utilize those muscles quite often. Thus his jaw is. Very developed compared to most people.


Question: How exactly are emails sent, like the actual process of the data getting sent to another device that’s for example on another continent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly are emails sent, like the actual process of the data getting sent to another device that’s for example on another continent?

There are a bunch of standard communications protocols that make up what we call "The internet," like **H**yper**t**ext **T**ransfer **P**rotocol (http) which transfers webpages from their server to your device. When you send an email, your computer converts the text and the relevant formatting information into a message, which it transmits to the recipient's mail server using a protocol called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP.) When a user "checks their email," they download messages from the mail server using one of two protocols - Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3.) Essentially the process is - you compose an email, SMTP sends it to the recipient's mail server. Recipient downloads the email from the server using IMAP or POP3.


Question: What’s preventing the different moons of planets like Jupiter from colliding?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s preventing the different moons of planets like Jupiter from colliding?

In the past they would be colliding with each other all the time. Just when they collided, either they got stuck together into one of the 79 moons. Or knocked out of the Jupiter system. Or knocked into Jupiter. And they stopped being moons of Jupiter. When we see 79, these are the 79 lucky ones that didn't collide.


Question: How does stomach medicine like peptobismol work? As in, what does it do to your stomach?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does stomach medicine like peptobismol work? As in, what does it do to your stomach?

After doing a bit of research, it's not entirely known to how peptobismol works due to documentation, but it's believed to be a combination of a few adverse effects including that of an antacid, which is composed of alkaline ions that serve to neutralize the acid, which in turn, relieves pain. Another component may be in its effect to stimulate absorption of fluids which, again, would help with the pain and whatnot. Hope that helps.


Question: Why do people blame government for failing economy?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people blame government for failing economy?

The government regulates the economy. The government is literally the only reason that money is able to exist and retain its value. The government dictates how much money exists, how it flows, how it is taxes, what it can be spent on, and so on. The economy is the response of people in aggregate to their world and productivity. The only factors that should influence it are the physical environment (in large part controlled by the government, as infrastructure), the law (duh, govt), and culture (also largely in control of the government).


Question: How do planets "capture" asteroids? Wouldn't any asteroid encounter be on a hyperbolic trajectory and need some kind of capture burn?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do planets "capture" asteroids? Wouldn't any asteroid encounter be on a hyperbolic trajectory and need some kind of capture burn?

In an euclidean reference frame this might be true, but the planets as the asteroid themselves orbit the sun. Thus any hyperbolic exit path from the planet will result in an altered elliptic path around the sun (unless the asteroid isn't this fucking fast to leave the solar system as well). Those elliptic paths will approximate in some point around the orbit again and alter the ellipse another time, and again and again. Everytime the bodies "meet" they exchange impulse. Some year, after many altered orbits around the sun, the asteroid and the planet have exchanged enough impulse that both orbits around the sun have approximated enough that the asteroid will stay long enough in the planets gravitational pull that it goes into orbit around the planet.


Question: how do bugs and insects keep coming back after the winter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do bugs and insects keep coming back after the winter?

There's a bunch of different ways. Some critters, like frogs, have high levels of glucose in their blood, which acts like a natural anti freeze. They also burrow to avoid the harsh elements. Insects can produce alcohols that essentially does the same thing. Bees will huddle together in the hive and buzz together to keep their body heat up. But many insects do actually die during winter, leaving behind eggs that can survive the elements and hatch in the spring.


Question: Why can pain get so intense to the point that we are unable to move or defend ourselves, while technically it should serve as a warning system for us to find help?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can pain get so intense to the point that we are unable to move or defend ourselves, while technically it should serve as a warning system for us to find help?

It’s not a perfect system. We evolved the pain response to escape from *imminent* danger, not chronic pain. When we are suddenly attacked, by an animal or being shot or whatever, we get an adrenaline rush. Adrenaline is a very, *very* powerful painkiller. If you ever see someone not notice they’ve been badly hurt, or seen a badly injured animal running at top speed, that’s adrenaline. Adrenaline wears out fast though, and pain makes you stop so you stop injuring yourself further. Your reactions to injuries that are so severe there’s no survival possible don’t have much of an evolutionary basis however, as it didn’t matter how our ancestors reacted to them, they died regardless.


Question: Why are tasks like whistling easy once you learn them, but hard to explain/teach others?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are tasks like whistling easy once you learn them, but hard to explain/teach others?

Because they're muscle memory that you inherently learn through trial and error. They're easy once you learn because your body remembers exactly what it needs to do in order to do the thing. However, all the things that are required in order to do something like whistle or even roll your "R"s are difficult to describe even if you know how to do them. Similar to how you can theoretically tell someone how to play a guitar and even show them but they have to develop the muscle memory on their own in order to do it. I once tried to teach my friend how to roll her "R"s since she was learning Spanish and she couldn't manage it for the life of her. I tried to tell her to "relax your tongue and try to push air both under and over your tongue" but it didn't work. She still can't do it.


Question: Why are Disneyworlds 3D "movies" so much better than movie theaters imax3D and RealD?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are Disneyworlds 3D "movies" so much better than movie theaters imax3D and RealD?

Normal movies are shot to be viewed in both 2D and 3D, this results in some compromises and relatively limited usage of 3D Disney knows that the movie will only be shown in 3D in that specific venue so they can specifically cater it to 3D and where the audience will be located which lets them achieve much more striking results Many modern 3D movies are also shot as 2D and then 3D'd later which results in rather disappointing 3D. Avatar was the first big 3D movie and it make fantastic use of 3D and was as striking as the Disney "movies" are, we really haven't seen another film that has made as good of use of 3D in the 9 years since Avatar released unfortunately.


Question: How are we able to hold our breath for so long? How do our vitals still receive oxygen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are we able to hold our breath for so long? How do our vitals still receive oxygen?

You do not consume all of the oxygen in the air you take in during one breath. Inhaled air contains about 21% oxygen, exhaled contains about 16%. So you can see how you would have enough oxygen in a single breath for a while (minutes). The actual urge to take fresh air comes from wanting to get rid of the CO2, which decreases blood pH if accumulated. It's all simple chemistry, gas exchange is governed by rules of diffusion (it's a little more complex when you consider hemoglobin and how tightly you're holding on to oxygen and CO2, but at the fundamental level it's diffusion). So if your blood contains 5X O2 and 10X CO2 (random units), and the breath has 20X O2 and 0X CO2, these two will go down their concentration gradients raising blood O2 and lowering CO2. As you continue exposing your blood to this air in the lungs, you continue to exchange, but as the CO2 is on the rise in the lungs and O2 is dropping, and you keep producing more CO2 and using more O2, you reach a limit and need to take fresh air to re-establish steep enough gradients.


Question: Why did the US experience a Winter Storm/ Cold Snap thing? What is it and why does it happen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did the US experience a Winter Storm/ Cold Snap thing? What is it and why does it happen?

The polar vortex is a circular upper-air weather around the North Pole. It's a natural pattern that tends to keep the coldest air bottled up near the North Pole. Sometimes the vortex can break off or move south, bringing extremely cold weather down into the U.S., Europe, and Asia. Climate change destabilize that polar vortex, which allows more chances for frigid Arctic air to spread south. So while the vortex is a natural phenomenon, and polar vortex breakdowns happen naturally, there is also an element of climate change at work. Like you can get a one on a natural die throw, but climate change is loading the dice in your disfavor.


Question: Why are d-block elements called transitional elements?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are d-block elements called transitional elements?

My chemistry knowledge is very lackluster, but here we go. They are called transitional metals because they have properties between the left and right side of the table. Essentially they show a transition in how elements behave from the left side to the right side of the table. The left being more unstable in general and the right being more stable. Transitional elements have attributes and properties of both sides; transitional elements closer to the left tend to have more "left" properties (soft in solid form, reacts with water, low melting/boiling points) and same for elements closer to the right (less reactive, more stable, forms "stronger" bonds").


Question: Why do brand name drugs all have such distinctly "druggy" sounding names? (Prozac, Vyvanse, Viagra, Daytrana, Centrix, Cialis, etc.)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do brand name drugs all have such distinctly "druggy" sounding names? (Prozac, Vyvanse, Viagra, Daytrana, Centrix, Cialis, etc.)

The drugs names are usually shortened versions of the drug’s scientific names, which all come from the specific “recipe” for whatever substance you are buying. This isn’t the rule though, some companies just make zippy brand names for their drugs that might have something to do with their effects, like “Claritin” resembling the word “clarity”.


Question: There were several search engines in use before Google came around (AskJeeves, etc). What made Google the ultimate game changer?

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 There were several search engines in use before Google came around (AskJeeves, etc). What made Google the ultimate game changer?

Google was a search engine unlike any other that had come before. Way back in the day, search engines like Yahoo were actually more like the yellow page listings. They had a series of categories and categories within categories. You picked what categories you wanted then got a list of websites. For example, you might select "News" then "Canadian News" than "Politics" and finally go to the website for CBC politics news. Eventually, that lead to you being able to do a more traditional search. How the search engines connected the keywords to the actual websites was key. The website needed to actually contain the search terms in question. So if I searched for "Canadian politics" the CBC website would need to contain those words. So the search engines would actually look at the websites and pull all the words off of them. This leads to websites using tags or attempting to game the system by adding extra words at the bottom of articles in order to qualify under searches for those words. You can still sometimes see this on some websites. Enter Google. Google wanted to do something new. Googles "big idea" was based out of academia. In academic writing articles often reference other articles. You can, to a degree, tell the quality of an article by looking at how often it's referenced by other articles. Google decided to do the same thing with websites. So Google took what other search engines were going, reading the websites for keywords and built-in something extra. They built a database showing all of the links between pages. So if I own a website and I link to CBC News I might use the text "Canadian news" for that link. Google took those links, the link text (the words that appeared in blue on the website) as well as information about the content of the linking site to improve search results. So now, it was not just looking at the content of the site itself but also at what other people were doing with the site. So while there might be LOTS of sites about Canadian News, none are as frequently linked to as CBC and therefore CBC would be the top Google hit. This meant that much more frequently Google would find a good result within the first few hits wheres other search engines were more of a crapshoot. EDIT TO ADD: 2 Other things that Google did that no one else was really doing. Google maintained a database of both previous search terms and also what links in those searches got clicked. So Google used it's own data to improve the order of results. So if 9 out of every 10 people who search "Canadian news" actually ended up clicking on the CBC news website, then that website would be first in the results. In addition, Google automated the process of searching websites for links and search terms. While some other search engines were doing a bit of that, they were also relying on the human entered categories system. Since Google did not have that legacy system they only used the automated one, and their automation was really good.


Question: why do companies own/sell stocks?

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 why do companies own/sell stocks?

Say you have a company a you need money You can split you company into 100 parts, and sell them for 1000 per piece If you sell 49, you still got your company decisional power (decisions are taken by the majority, which you own by owning 51% of the company) , and you also have 49.000$


Question: What causes the "helicopter noise" when you roll the backseat windows down in a vehicle, while the front are still up?

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 What causes the "helicopter noise" when you roll the backseat windows down in a vehicle, while the front are still up?

When the air tries to move around your car, it creates a lower pressure outside than inside. This makes air want to go out the window - so it does, but then the pressure inside gets lower so it wants to go back in. It does this rapidly so you hear (and feel) the vibration of the air going in and out of the window. Opening another window should stop it, or at least decrease it. Some cars come with ventilation (usually hidden in the trunk or wheel well) just to stop that from happening.


Question: What is a quick method for counting the tubes in this picture?

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 What is a quick method for counting the tubes in this picture?

Normally the area of a rectangle is base\*height/2. In this case 8 and 8 aren't the base and height - they're not perpendicular to each other. The first row has 8 tubes, the second has 7 tubes, and so on. So the triangle has 8+7+6+...+1 tubes. This is a simple [arithmetic series]( URL_0 ) with a simple formula: (first item + last item) \* (number of items) / 2 = (8+1)\*8/2.


Question: Why can animals drink dirty water but humans cant?

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 Why can animals drink dirty water but humans cant?

Because wild animals don't live in dense populations and if they do (like herds) they move around alot. Pathogens (microoranisms that can make you sick) that have evolved to transmit through water usually use feces as a way to get to the water. They specialise in one species, although some transmit from one species to another. So animals like birds and your dog don't get sick because the water is not infected with dog feces contaminated with dog pathogens. The environment (sun rays) also somewhat disinfect the water on the surface. Now if you go on a farm you will notice that because the animals are in a dense sedentary group, there is alot of effort to not let them drink feces contaminated water. They are also given antibiotics regularly or quarantined if sick. Lastly, wild animals do get sick from water sometimes, and they die and that's sad but that is how life works.


Question: What is a Gödel sentence?

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 What is a Gödel sentence?

There's some pretty deep logic that goes way beyond ELI5 and would be needed to really understand this, but I'll give the intuition a go. Please bear with me - this won't be short, but I think it will only contain concepts that are within reach. & nbsp; A *formal language* in this context has a couple main components: 1) A set of statements that are assumed to be true. For example, "adding zero to any number gives you the same number back". 2) A set of rules that let you take one or more true statements and create new true statements from them. For example, maybe we have a rule that says we can combine sentences like "A < B" with "B < C" to create the new sentence "A < C" which is also true. 3) By combining these things, the language "is expressive enough" to model basic arithmetic. This goes a bit beyond ELI5, but it pretty much means that we aren't interested in super simple languages where the universe of true sentences you can make is small or uninteresting. Formal languages are very useful. We use them to do basically all math. But they always have a limitation: & nbsp; *There are some sentences, which the formal language can arrive at, which are true or false, and you and I can prove that they are true or false, but we cannot ever prove that they are true or false by just using the formal language itself.* The way this happens involves some pretty deep reasoning, but at the surface the important thing is that these sentences say something *about the formal language itself*. It turns out that any in any formal language (that satisfies (3) above), we can end up writing sentences that reference themselves or other sentences, and the language itself. Sentences can say something like "The sentence S can be proven true using this formal language." & nbsp; So how do we mess with this? It's not unlike saying "this statement is false", but that isn't quite enough. Instead, Godel sentences say "if you use the formal language, and take the following steps by applying the inference rules, [steps go here], the result will be a sentence that cannot be proven true in the formal language". And the trick is that if you do all those steps, you get exactly that sentence out, steps and everything. The language doesn't know what to do here. The whole point was that if you keep applying inference rules, you get new true sentences. So the formal language thinks our sentence is true. But if it is true, then its content says that it cannot be proven true by the language. & nbsp; We can see from the outside that the sentence is true. If you do all those steps, you get a statement that the language can't prove to be true. But the language itself can't prove that!


Question: Why does grey fabric seem to change colour the most when it becomes wet?

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 Why does grey fabric seem to change colour the most when it becomes wet?

Our perception of color is based on how different frequencies of light are reflected off a material. All objects absorb some light and reflect some. White, grey, and black aren't technically colors because light is equally reflected in it. White reflects all colors equally but absorbs very little, greys reflect colors equally but absorb less overall. By adding water (which absorbs light) to grey, we can make it absorb more light which makes it closer to black - which absorbs all colors in equal proportions to each other but reflects very little.


Question: . What happens when a stock splits and how is this advantageous?

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 . What happens when a stock splits and how is this advantageous?

If the price of a stock increases by several orders of magnitude it can become hard for smaller investors to buy stock with low enough granularity. You can not buy parts of a single stock so if the stock price is $1000 you can not invest $100 or even $1500 in the company. So it is common for such stocks to be split. The value of each investment is still the same. For example if you have 10 stocks in a company where the share price is $1000 and they decide to divide the stocks in ten then you would end up with 100 stocks in the company at the price of $100 each. This makes it easier to sell off smaller parts of your investment.


Question: Why does the government and the central bank have to be different entities? What different agendas do they pursue?

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 Why does the government and the central bank have to be different entities? What different agendas do they pursue?

Central banks are concerned with long-term economic stability and growth. They're supposed to be entirely focused on that long-term objective. If a banker at the Federal Reserve can enact policies that improve the economy over 20 years, they've done a good job. Government is often run by people who may have long-term goals, but very often have huge incentives for short-term gains even at the expense of long-term stability. If a politician can manipulate the markets to make it look like they're producing huge amounts of growth within a 2-, 4-, or 6-year span, they look like they've done a good job and might get re-elected. However, that same plan may destabilize the economy long-term, leading to big losses. Who cares as long as they got re-elected last term, right? If government controlled the central bank more strictly, who knows what the agenda of either would be, who stands to gain from which policy, are the policies actually helpful to the economy or are they helpful to a certain politician's constituents, etc.? Having separate entities with separate goals makes it a bit easier to trust that each seeks to accomplish different things for different reasons, and the *argument* between them is what usually produces sound policy on both sides when they can reach an agreement on something.


Question: What are plus minus sign used for?

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 What are plus minus sign used for?

Nine of my friends and I decided to drive cross-country, from my house in LA to a friend's mom's place in NYC. We went in three separate cars, and took almost identical routes. Car 1 traveled 2800 miles. Car 2 traveled 2795 miles. Car 3 traveled 2805 miles. It's not wrong to say that the distance between LA and NYC is 2800 miles exactly, but it isn't right either, is it? This is when the ± sign comes in handy - it can be used to denote the margin of error. Since each car would have had some tiny deviations from the exact same paths followed by the other two cars, the most accurate way to describe the distance between LA and NYC (in this example) would be to write it as 2800 ± 5 miles, meaning the actual distance is expected to be anything between 2795 and 2805 miles. The range comes about because of an inadvertent error in measurement.


Question: how exactly does your body lose fat?

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 how exactly does your body lose fat?

You breathe it out. It's the carbon in your breath that gets expelled in the form of carbon dioxide. The cells in your body goes through complicated energy cycles but the end product is the carbon in fat molecules being converted into carbon dioxide which is then breathed out. Bonus fun fact: similarly, almost all of a tree's mass is captured from the air, from carbon dioxide! They take almost nothing from the ground and dirt.