Question: What are the differences between Interfaces and Type Classes and how do they relate to the use of adapters?

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 What are the differences between Interfaces and Type Classes and how do they relate to the use of adapters?

A crucial distinction between type classes and interfaces is that for class A to be a "member" of an interface it must declare so at the site of its own definition. By contrast, any type can be added to a type class at any time, provided you can provide the required definitions, and so the members of a type class at any given time are dependent on the current scope. Therefore we don't care if the creator of A anticipated the type class we want it to belong to; if not we can simply create our own definition showing that it does indeed belong, and then use it accordingly. So this not only provides a better solution than adapters, in some sense it obviates the whole problem adapters were meant to address.
Another interesting point is that the particular implementation of a type class instance depends on scope. So, for example, you could feasibly define, in different scopes, two or more different implementations of the same type class for the same type.
Very useful post on the applicability of type classes (as was Daniel's last post on the subject too). I've been bitten several times by the toXml, toHtml methods polluting my domain and I think this offers a good solution.
@Tom : regarding interfaces and type classes - interfaces do a subtype polymorphism while type classes do a parametric polymorphism. +1 on your thoughts and that's what I indicated in the post as well.
Also your observation regarding the scope of a type class instance is true for Scala, which also I have detailed out.
@Eric : +1 on your thoughts. I think I penned my observations on Twitter the day List Records was announced. I also wrote a follow up blog post http://debasishg.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-i-dont-like-activerecord-for-domain.html on the same topic. And here's a mail thread on my observations on the Lift ML .. http://scala-programming-language.1934581.n4.nabble.com/Lift-Record-td1960630.html ..
In short I don't like the concept of bloating a domain object with accessory functionalities. You have nailed it absolutely right .. It's weird to have a Record object with a toXhtml method. This is a problem begging to be fixed with a type class.
How would you capture something like JAXB (or Hibernate) using Type Classes? I'm not asking specifically for JAXB or Hibernate, but how you would "annotate" (perhaps "describe" is a better word here) a class as a type class instance.
I think I may have found my own answer. Have the Type Class Instance define a constant (method with no parameters) that returns a meta object describing the class.
So going that way would not improve type safety.
"@Tom : regarding interfaces and type classes - interfaces do a subtype polymorphism while type classes do a parametric polymorphism. +1 on your thoughts and that's what I indicated in the post as well."
This is incorrect, type-classes do not provide parametric polymorphism, type varibles do.
Type-classes provide ad-hoc polymorphism in a totally type inferred language such as Haskell and bounded quantification of parametric polymorphism.
You can write polymorphic functions in Haskell without type-classes constraints but without them you can not do much on values of a type variable.
The upside of Haskell's global "implicits" namespace is that there is a notion of uniqueness of a type class instance for a given type. This means that we can talk about "the" equality of Ints or "the" order of, I dunno, free abelian groups.
The important part of this is that we often do operate with certain properties like order as being fixed and depend upon that fixture in our programs. The classic example here is that in Scala you cannot be guaranteed that the sense of order you use to build a set is the same as the one you use to query it... and so you lose efficiency.
Stable implicits can be annoying, though, when unicity isn't needed. For instance, it's not meaningful to pick "the" monoid underlying a ring although Haskell would ask you to.
So I don't think either feature dominates the other.


Question: Describe the history of the Surrey constituency in the UK Parliament.

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 Describe the history of the Surrey constituency in the UK Parliament.

Surrey was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament until 1832.
The constituency was split into two two-member divisions, for Parliamentary purposes, in 1832. The county was then represented by the East Surrey and West Surrey constituencies.


Question: What is the team and location of West Calder United Football Club?

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 What is the team and location of West Calder United Football Club?

West Calder United Football Club are a Scottish Junior football club based in West Calder, West Lothian. Their home ground is Hermand Park, West Calder. Club colours are red and black.


Question: Respond in detail. What are the highest iOS developer salaries?

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 Respond in detail. What are the highest iOS developer salaries?

Swift Playgrounds is Apple's tool for learning to code iPhone and iPad software. It's the first step to earning one of the high iOS developer salaries.
Want to make mad bank? Learn to program iOS apps. The career website Dice compiled average iOS developer salaries, and the numbers are a touch breathtaking.
The results are broken out by geographical area, with cities that have the highest costs of living also offering the most generous salaries. But even the lowest paychecks are enough to get that Porsche you’ve been wanting. Or a home and family. Whichever.
San Francisco and New York are very expensive places to live. But if you’re an iOS developer, you can expect to pull in about $126,000, which should keep a roof over your head.
Los Angeles and Seattle salaries are almost as good, at roughly $124,000 and $123,000 respectively. Austen and Boston are clumped around $112,000, while Chicago is at $103,000. iPhone developer salaries in Atlanta and Dallas are down near a measly $98,000-$99,000.
Dice lists thousands of job openings for information technology and engineering positions.It searched through its database for iOS developers to compile this list. Just keep in mind, these are average salaries, not startling salaries. It takes years of experience to make this much.
For comparison, the national median salary for Android developers is approximately $95,000, according to PayScale. Rival Glassdoor puts the number at about $98,000.
Swift is a programming language for iOS software. That means a good place to start working toward one of those generous iOS developer salaries is Swift Playgrounds, a graphical tool designed to teach coding to kids. With it, students create “playgrounds” by piecing together lines of code. Each change they make is immediately reflected in the playground. It teaches all the basics of coding, like loops, variables, and parameters.
And there’s Apple’s coding academy in Italy, a nine-month program that covers how to develop and market apps.


Question: Describe Tang Yuanting's badminton career. Respond in 2 sentences.

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 Describe Tang Yuanting's badminton career. Respond in 2 sentences.

Tang Yuanting (; born 2 August 1994) is a Chinese badminton player. She competed at the 2016 Rio Olympics in the women's doubles event partnered with Yu Yang, but lost to the Korean pair in the bronze medal match.


Question: Explain the current situation regarding squad availability for the South Africa rugby team.

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 Explain the current situation regarding squad availability for the South Africa rugby team.

Erasmus, SA Rugby’s Director of Rugby, confirmed that the squad will be further bolstered on Saturday when a number of other players have concluded their provincial duty in the Currie Cup.
Furthermore, Willie le Roux (fullback) and Francois Louw (loose forward) have returned to their English clubs after the pair featured in the Springboks’ four tournament matches to date. They will not feature in the two home Tests.


Question: Describe white supremacy and the impact of Dylann Roof's actions.

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 Describe white supremacy and the impact of Dylann Roof's actions.

Two handwritten white supremacist manifestos were found in Dylann Roof’s car and jail cell.
Investigators discovered manifestos embracing white supremacy that belonged to Dylann Roof, who is accused of murdering nine Black church members in South Carolina last year. Investigators also unearthed an inventory of church buildings and handwritten letters owned by the accused killer, who faces trial on 33 federal crimes together with hate crimes, firearms expenses and obstruction of spiritual follow.
Roof proposed to plead guilty if prosecutors comply to drop the death penalty, his defense attorney stated. But prosecutors, up till now, have refused to make a plea deal over the June 15 massacre at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church.
The shooting came as a shock to the country and intensified the race relations debate in the U.S., after there were several high profile shootings of Black unarmed individuals.
The FBI said that Roof posted an on-line racist manifesto some weeks before he went into the church to kill nine bible study members. The writings would be used as the first physical documents to be used against the alleged killer.
Prosecutors revealed that Roof became radicalized after a decision he took on his own and not by the influence of white supremacist groups.
White supremacists believe they are better than every other non-white person. Better means in every aspect, but that doesn’t seem to be the case because all they do is cause violence everywhere they go. We really hope Dylann Roof would be given his due punishment.


Question: Provide information on Injustice 2's PC open beta delay and ultimate release. Respond in 23 sentences.

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 Provide information on Injustice 2's PC open beta delay and ultimate release. Respond in 23 sentences.

Update, November 6: Injustice 2’s PC multiplayer is live, and will run through November 10.
After an unceremonious delay on the day it was supposed to go live, Injustice 2’s PC beta is now up on Steam, ready to be downloaded and enjoyed at your leisure.
Check out our list for more upcoming PC games.
The beta will run today through November 10. You’ll only be able to dig into 1v1 multiplayer, but all stages and every character – including DLC fighters up through Raiden – are available. The full game will be available November 14.
Update, October 25:Injustice 2’s PC open beta isn’t out today after all.
NetherRealm announced yesterday that DC superhero fighter Injustice 2 would be coming to PC, with an open beta to begin a day later – that’s today, as you’re reading this. However, today is here and the beta is not, because it just got delayed in the most unceremonious of fashions.
The official Injustice account just tweeted out the delay yesterday, promising more details soon.
The PC beta will NOT begin tomorrow. Stay tuned for more information!
That’s a bizarrely sudden change of plans, and I’d venture to guess it’s the result of some sort of technical snafu on the back-end. Perhaps somebody forgot to push the big red button on Steam since the store still doesn’t have a listing for the game just yet. Either way, I doubt we’re waiting much longer to see that beta.
Original Story, October 24:Injustice 2 is coming to PC. The DC Universe fighting game was released for Xbox One and PS4 back in May of this year, butrecent retail listings had hinted the game was on its way to PC.
In a press release from Warner Bros, the company say that Injustice 2 is coming to PC via Steam and the Windows Store “this Autumn.” While no date has been announced for the game’s full release, “fans will be able to participate in an open beta” from tomorrow, October 25, via Steam. The game’s port is being handled by QLOC.
Much like its predecessor, Injustice: Gods Among Us, Injustice 2 features a roster full of DC super heroes and villains. Those range from the standards, like Batman and Superman, to the less well known, like Gorilla Grodd. Alongside the game’s multiplayer mode, there’s also an “epic” story mode to get to grips with. You can check out a reveal trailer above.


Question: Hey, what's up?

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 Hey, what's up?

I recently posted a table summarizing probabilistic properties of digits in various number representation systems, see here. The topic is already rather difficult for well-behaved systems (those listed in my table) but some systems are rogue, and do not have these nice statistical properties. Here we focus on one of these less known systems, though at this point it is not sure if it is well-behaved or not: It is part of this problem to figure this out.
1. Start with a(0) = 1 and w(0) = 1.
What are the conditions on b to guarantee that all x's smaller than the upper limit (depending on b) can be represented exactly?
For a given b, is the distribution of the digits always the same for almost all x's? Is it 50% of 0's and 50% of 1's? Is there a distribution at all, at least asymptotically as k becomes large? Exercise: Choose 10,000 numbers randomly (for instance using RAND in Excel) and check the distribution of 0's and 1's, for b = 2 and b = 1.5.
Are the digits auto-correlated, for instance a 0 more likely to be followed by a 0 rather than a 1, and conversely?
Note that the algorithm to generate the digits becomes very unstable after 30 iterations or so. You may need to use high precision computing or some other technique to analyze long-term behavior, see here.
Is it also the case here? I suspect that the answer is no. Are there bivariate functions g and h that would work, for instance something like x(k) = g(x(k-1), x(k-2)) ? This could lead to a stochastic integral equation, perhaps easily solvable, as for the well-behaved systems.
Finally, there are other number representation systems that are not well-behaved, for instance Egyptian fractions.
For related articles from the same author, click here or visit www.VincentGranville.com. Follow me on LinkedIn.


Question: What do you think of Apple Park? Respond in 16 sentences.

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 What do you think of Apple Park? Respond in 16 sentences.

There’s a long piece by Christina Passariello about Jonathan Ive and the new Apple Park Campus over at The Wall Street Journal. It’s not quite an Ive profile and not quite an Apple Park piece, but something in between.
The thousands of employees at Apple Park will need to bend slightly to Ive’s vision of the workplace. Many will be seated in open space, not the small offices they’re used to. Coders and programmers are concerned that their work surroundings will be too noisy and distracting. Whiteboards—synonymous with Silicon Valley brainstorming—are built into floor-to-ceiling sliding doors in the central area of each pod, but “some of the engineers are freaking out” that it isn’t enough, says Whisenhunt.
No battle plan survives contact with the enemy. Some of the initial resistance will be the natural human response to any change, of course. But beyond that, there will almost certainly be real issues with moving productive Apple employees out of their offices and into big white open-plan workspaces. It’s going to be a period of adaptation for everyone who works at Apple.
We moved to an aggressively open plan, with almost no offices, when I was at IDG. I think it worked for some people, but it definitely didn’t work for others. Sometimes I think people who work in fields where an open collaborative environment makes sense don’t understand that people in other fields (writers, editors, programmers) might not share the same priorities when it comes to workspaces.
Anyway, I’m looking forward to the day when we see a picture of an occupied Apple Park workspace, with people and desks and the assorted clutter of getting work done. The new, empty spaces sure look beautiful—now let’s see how people feel about using them. Design is how it works, after all.


Question: "Do you know of any resources to help me better understand poverty in my area?"

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 "Do you know of any resources to help me better understand poverty in my area?"

New 2016 Census data shows an increasing share of the population comprises racialized, immigrant, and Indigenous people in Canada but the income gap between them and the rest of Canadians remains stubbornly high.
There were 1.7 million Indigenous people in Canada in 2016, accounting for 4.9 per cent of the population, which is up from 3.8 per cent in 2006.
The average total income of Indigenous people was 75 per cent of non-Indigenous people in 2015—that’s a 25 per cent income gap. That is a slight improvement from the 27 per cent gap 10 years before in 2005.
However, that average masks larger differences. Indigenous women’s incomes were 55 per cent of non-indigenous men, meaning there is a 45 per cent income gap between Indigenous women and non-Indigenous men.
There are other gaps as well. First Nations individuals had an average total income of $31,519 in 2015, which is 66 per cent of the non-Indigenous average total income. In other words, the average income gap between First Nations and non-Indigenous people in Canada is 33 per cent.
This data shows Indigenous people continue to be more likely to live in poverty as measured by the after-tax low-income measure (LIM-AT). Indigenous people have a low-income rate of 23.6 per cent, which is much higher than the 13.8 per cent for non-Indigenous people. The poverty rate for Indigenous children is 30.4 per cent—that’s almost double the poverty rate for non-Indigenous children.
After 10 long years, we once again have Census data that can tell us about the economic lives of racialized Canadians.
Between 2006 and 2016, the racialized population in Canada increased from 5 million to 7.7 million. That population grew faster than the total population, increasing from 16.2 to 22.7 per cent of the total.
However, the income gap between the racialized and non-racialized Canadians isn’t budging. In fact, the gap slightly widened.
The average total income of racialized Canadians was 74 per cent of non-racialized Canadians in 2015—that’s a 26 per cent income gap. That is up from a 25 per cent gap in 2005.
However, the average masks larger differences by race and gender. Racialized women’s incomes were 53 per cent of non-racialized men, meaning there is a 47 per cent income gap between racialized women and non-racialized men.
This income gap is also reflected in low-income rates. Racialized Canadians had a low-income rate of 20.8 per cent in 2015, compared to a low-income rate of 12.2 per cent for non-racialized Canadians.
The income gap between recent immigrants and non-immigrants remains high.
In 2016, there were 1.2 million new immigrants who had arrived in Canada in the last five years, accounting for 3.5 per cent of the total population.
The average total income of recent immigrants was 63 per cent of non-immigrants in 2015—that’s a 37 per cent income gap. It’s a slight improvement from the 39 per cent gap in 2005. However, that average masks larger differences by gender. Women who are recent immigrants had a total average income that was 41 per cent of non-immigrant men in 2015, meaning there is a 59 per cent income gap between immigrant women and non-immigrant men in Canada.
Recent immigrants also have higher low-income rates. At 31.4 per cent, that’s more than double the 12.5 per cent poverty rate for non-immigrants.
These summary statistics provide us with evidence that income inequality in Canada is persistent for racialized people, recent immigrants, and Indigenous people.
We need to dive into these numbers more deeply to more fully understand the mechanisms and manifestations of persistent income inequality, but these findings should not be a surprise to any Canadian. There is ample evidence that includes the work of the CCPA. Six years ago Grace-Edward Galabuzi and I published a report, Canada’s Colour-Coded Labour Market, which documented employment and income inequality for racialized Canadians. The CCPA’s David McDonald has partnered with Dan Wilson to document Indigenous child poverty and the income gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people for many years.
Has anyone written a how-to guide or something like that for people, or for local anti-poverty groups, who want to better understand the nature of poverty in their census county, and find out what the census shows about trends in poverty from 2006 to 2016? It would be really helpful if there was an instruction guide on how to pull together the right data and tables to see what the census shows that can help us better understand poverty at a local level.


Question: Describe the current situation regarding immigration detainees being paid low wages for menial jobs in the U.K.

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 Describe the current situation regarding immigration detainees being paid low wages for menial jobs in the U.K.

Home Office ministers have overruled their own officials who recommended an increase to £1 per hour rates paid to immigration detainees to do menial jobs.
The information has emerged as part of a legal challenge against the Home Office brought by detainees protesting about being paid what they called a “slave labour” rate for jobs such as cleaning toilets or working in kitchens.
The work is voluntary and detainees do not have to pay for food or accommodation while they are held in detention centres which, like prisons, are exempt from minimum wage legislation.
The Home Office says the menial work is provided on a voluntary basis to meet “recreational and intellectual” needs and provide “relief from boredom”. However, without the detainees to do the work, the Home Office would have to pay more than seven times as muchto external workers.
Lawyers for the detainees lodged initial legal proceedings known as a pre-action protocol last year, but the Home Office promised to conduct an internal review of the extremely low pay rates, with the legal action being paused until this had been completed.
Although Home Office officials and detention centre contractors have expressed support for a pay rise, ministers decided the recommended increase from £1 to £1.15 was not necessary. The rate has remained the same since 2008. The legal action is now continuing and will be heard in the high court in December.
Previously, Home Office officials said £1 an hour “seems high”.
The official added that reducing the rate to the preferred level of 75p would be “too risky”. “We would be heavily criticised by the likes of NGOs, IMBs (independent monitoring boards) and HMIP [the prisons inspectorate],” they said.
The Home Office standardised work payments in 2008, which had previously varied between detention centres. In 2016-17, detainees carried out 887,073 hours of work, for which they were paid £887,565. A very small percentage of them – 0.27% – were paid an enhanced rate of £1.25 per hour for special projects.
The detainees’ lawyers say the home secretary is acting unlawfully under detention centre rules and the internal pay review conducted by the Home Office is irrational and is in breach of equality legislation.
Toufique Hossain from Duncan Lewis solicitors, who is bringing the legal action, said: “For several years, the Home Office has exploited immigrants that the government has detained. Cleaner, barber, kitchen assistant, interpreter, librarian … these are just a few of the jobs, essential to the day-to-day running of detention centres, which are carried out by detainees.
The Home Office said: “The longstanding practice of offering paid activities to people in immigration detention centres has been praised by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Prisons as it helps to keep them occupied whilst their removal is being arranged.


Question: List AFL/VFL umpires. Respond in 1 sentences.

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 List AFL/VFL umpires. Respond in 1 sentences.

This is a list of people who have umpired in the Australian Football League (AFL), formerly the VFL.


Question: Describe the bearded bellbird. Respond in 83 words.

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 Describe the bearded bellbird. Respond in 83 words.

The bearded bellbird ("Procnias averano") also known as the campanero or anvil-bird, is a passerine bird which occurs in northern South America. The male is about long with white plumage apart from a brown head and black wings. At his throat hang several black, unfeathered wattles. The female is a little smaller with olive-green head and upper parts, yellow underparts streaked with green and a yellow vent area. The male has a loud, repeated metallic hammering call, as well as various other vocalisations.


Question: Explain what happened to the game "Warhammer 40,000: Dark Millennium."

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 Explain what happened to the game "Warhammer 40,000: Dark Millennium."

Amid layoffs at the studios involved, the game will switch to a single-player RPG.
First rumored in 2007, and shown off at E3 2010, Dark Millenium Online will drop the "Online" moniker from its title to offer an "immersive" RPG with single- and multi-player elements. THQ CEO Brian Farrell said the decision was made looking at current market trends - read ToR battling to steal WoW's numbers - and realizing it would take a lot more money to pull off any kind of success. Farrell called other companies to see if they were interested in ponying up the cash needed, but no one returned his calls. He decided to cut THQ's losses and make a spectacular single-player game, after writing a pink slip for 120 diligent game designers.
"As previously announced, we have been actively looking for a business partner for the game as an MMO. However, based on changing market dynamics and the additional investment required to complete the game as an MMO, we believe the right direction for us is to shift the title from an MMO to a premium experience with single and multiplayer gameplay, robust digital content and community features," said Brian Farrell, President and CEO of THQ Inc.
Farrell said the amount of work gone in justifies the shift rather than cancelling the game outright. "Because we believe strongly in the high-quality and vast creative work that is in production, this is the right decision for both our portfolio and for gamers devoted to this powerful property."
Games Workshop, the company behind the Warhammer 40K miniatures game, is fine with the shift in focus. "We are genuinely excited about the new direction that THQ is taking with Warhammer 40,000: Dark Millennium," said Jon Gillard from Games Workshop.
I'm not sure how Gillard can be "genuinely excited" about laying off almost 120 people. The collapse of the staff at THQ's development houses continues with a total of 118 full-time employees dismissed from Relic Entertainment and Vigil Games. Vigil will complete Dark Millenium and Darksiders II, while Relic will concentrate its efforts on the Dawn of War branch of RTS 40K games.
As always, The Escapist sends its support to those affected by the layoffs at Relic and Vigil.


Question: Describe the Dixons Carphone data breach.

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 Describe the Dixons Carphone data breach.

Attackers also gained access to 1.2 million records containing personal details in one of the UK's biggest data breaches.
Dixons Carphone suffers one of the largest data breaches recorded in the UK Attackers also gained access to 1.2 million records containing personal details in one of the UK's biggest data breaches.
Electronics retailer Dixons Carphone has suffered a massive data breach, with attackers accessing 5.9 million customer payment-card details and a further 1.2 million records containing personal information.
In a statement released this morning, the company said during a review of systems and data, it discovered that there has been "unauthorised access to certain data held by the company".
An investigation into what happened is still ongoing, but Dixons Carphone said there is evidence that an attempt was made to compromise 5.9 million payment cards via one of the processing systems of its Currys PC World and Dixons Travel stores.
In addition, 1.2 million records containing personal data including names, addresses and email addresses have also been accessed.
These figures make it one of the largest data breaches involving a UK company, emerging just weeks after the GDPR data-protection legislation came into effect.
A Dixons Carphone spokesperson told ZDNet that the breach began in July last year -- there's been no information provided as to when it was discovered.
According to Dixons Carphone, there's currently "no evidence" that any fraudulent activity has taken place as a result of the breach.
However, the company is contacting those whose personal data has been accessed to provide advice on how to avoid falling victim to future fraud using the data.
The perpetrators could be playing a longer game, waiting for the right time to carry out further cyber activity.
While attackers attempted to access 5.9 million card details, the company states that chip-and-pin protection should prevent 5.8 million of the cards being used for fraud.
Pin codes, card verification values (CVV), and authentication data enabling holder identification or purchases were not stored in the data.
However, an additional 105,000 cards from outside the EU -- with no chip-and-pin protection -- have been compromised as part of the breach. The company says there's no evidence of fraudulent activity, but those affected have been notified.
"We are extremely disappointed and sorry for any upset this may cause. The protection of our data has to be at the heart of our business, and we've fallen short here," said Alex Baldock, chief executive of Dixons Carphone.
"We've taken action to close off this unauthorised access and though we have currently no evidence of fraud as a result of these incidents, we are taking this extremely seriously."
The company has launched an investigation into the incident and is said to be engaged with cyber security experts. Baldock added that Dixons Carphone has also "added extra security measures" to its systems.
The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the Financial Conduct Authority and law enforcement have all been informed about the attack.
"An incident involving Dixons Carphone has been reported to us and we are liaising with the National Cyber Security Centre, the Financial Conduct Authority and other relevant agencies to ascertain the details and impact on customers," an ICO spokesperson told ZDNet.
"Anyone concerned about lost data and how it may be used should follow the advice of Action Fraud," the ICO added.
The National Cyber Security Centre has warned people to be mindful of potential fraud and follow-up campaigns.
"The National Cyber Security Centre is working with Dixons Carphone plc and other agencies to understand how this data breach has affected people in the UK and advise on mitigation measures," an NCSC spokesperson told ZDNet.
"Anyone concerned about fraud or lost data should contact Action Fraud and we recommend that people are vigilant against any suspicious activity on their bank accounts.
"The NCSC website offers advice to organisations about ensuring their online security is as robust as possible, including guidance on protecting bulk personal data from cyber attack," they added.


Question: What do you know about Justus Carl Hasskarl? Respond in 2 sentences.

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 What do you know about Justus Carl Hasskarl? Respond in 2 sentences.

Justus Carl Hasskarl (6 December 1811 – 5 January 1894) was a German explorer and botanist specializing in Pteridophytes, Bryophytes and Spermatophytes. He was co-founder of the Society of Natural Curiosities of India, in Bavaria and spent his time researching flora of Indonesia for years.


Question: What is Bera Holding? Respond in 1 sentences.

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 What is Bera Holding? Respond in 1 sentences.

Bera Holding is a Turkish group of companies with subsidiaries in a range of sectors, based in the city of Konya.


Question: What do you know about the MBTA pilot service proposals?

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 What do you know about the MBTA pilot service proposals?

THE MBTA OUTLINED on Monday the cost and benefits of pilot projects that would provide overnight bus service in the Boston area and extend daily commuter rail service to Gillette Stadium in Foxborough via the Fairmount Line. The T said its analysis indicated the Foxborough pilot would not disrupt service on the Fairmount Line or lead to Fairmount passengers being forced to stand on the way into Boston.
The overnight bus service proposals received strong public support at a meeting of the MBTA’s Fiscal and Management Control Board, but reaction to the Foxborough pilot was mixed. Representatives of the Baker administration, Foxborough officials, and businesses, including the Kraft Group, voiced support for the Foxborough pilot, while Boston residents who use and live adjacent to the Fairmount Line urged that the proposal be put on hold. Both proposals would expand T service at a time when the agency is struggling to rein in costs and improve existing service.
The proposed Foxborough service would extend eight existing Fairmount Line trains and one Franklin Line train from South Station to Gillette and back. Jay Ash, the governor’s secretary of housing and economic development, said the service was needed because it would open up more of the area around Gillette Stadium to development. Officials said the train service would also ease a parking crunch at nearby commuter line stations and provide another way for local residents to get to and from Boston.
Transit advocacy groups and residents who live along the Fairmount Line, which serves communities in Dorchester, Hyde Park, and Mattapan, said they feared the pilot would divert the MBTA’s attention from improving service on the existing line. One resident described the Fairmount Line as “our line” and implied she was uninterested in sharing it with residents of Foxborough.
Pamela Bush Miles of the Greater Four Corners Action Coalition raised the prospect that inbound trains could load up at Foxborough and have no empty seats left by the time they reached Hyde Park. Rafael Mares, a vice president at the Conservation Law Foundation, said the result could be residents of communities of color in Boston being forced to stand while residents of predominantly white Foxborough sit on inbound trains.
“The optics of that are terrible,” Mares said.
T officials said their analysis of the pilot proposal indicates there would be plenty of seats available for everyone, in part because neither the existing Fairmount Line nor the proposed Foxborough service would attract many riders at least initially. The officials said the Foxborough pilot would attract only 160 new riders to the transit system, and only about 150 would board each day in Foxborough. Three inbound morning trains would be less than half full when they arrive at South Station, while a fourth would be 79 percent full, T officials said.
The T officials estimated the Foxborough pilot would cost the MBTA $1.2 million. With fare revenue and an infusion of up to $217,000 from the Kraft Group, the net cost to the T would be $524,000, the officials said.
“The operation of the pilot does not reduce existing Fairmount Line stops, service, or frequencies,” the T’s presentation said.
The board also reviewed a proposal for overnight bus service that would allow Boston-area workers to get to their jobs or homes at night when the T is currently shut down. One proposal would provide service from 1 a.m. to 3 a.m., when demand is the strongest, and then supplement the existing but largely unmarketed T service that runs from 4 a.m. to 5 a.m. The other proposal would provide continuous service from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m.
The overnight bus service is being pushed by Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville and the transit advocacy group TransitMatters. The overnight pilot proposals are vague on exactly which routes would be served and whether the T or some private entity would provide the service. A request for information on overnight service earlier this year attracted no interest from private bus operators and Uber and Lyft “were unable to meet the affordability, accessibility, and some of the fixed route requirements,” according to the T presentation.
Surveys and research conducted by the T found that roughly 96,000 people would benefit from an overnight transit service, most of whom are low-income workers in rapidly growing sectors such as health care, construction, hospitality, and transportation. As many as 46 percent of employers from 96 late-night businesses surveyed said their employees take ride-sharing services to get to and from work, while 39 percent reportedly drive by themselves.
The early morning pilot service plans to maximize the T’s existing early morning bus service, which translates to adding more early morning trips and focusing on promoting the service as the agency’s own expanded bus network. This is expected to not only increase accessibility for early commuters, but also combat overcrowding during peak morning hours.
Implementing the overnight pilots, however, will cost the agency. Depending on the final operating model, costs for the overnight bus service is estimated to be a little over $2 million annually, while the early morning pilot would cost less at roughly $1 million.
Natasha Ishak is the editorial intern at CommonWealth magazine. Her duties include reporting and writing on the latest policy issues happening on Beacon Hill.
Before arriving at CommonWealth Magazine, she worked as a digital intern under NOVA/PBS at WGBH. She was a reporter in her hometown of Jakarta for four years, writing up stories at The Jakarta Post - Indonesia's oldest leading English-language daily, and as a production assistant on the popular news program, the Indonesia Morning Show.
Now in her second year pursuing a master's degree in journalism at Emerson College, she hopes to shed light on marginalized communities through stories related to politics, immigration, social justice and the environment.
The overnight bus service was applauded by nearly everyone who testified before the Fiscal and Management Control Board, including transportation advocates and restaurant industry officials.


Question: "What are your thoughts on virtual reality?"

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 "What are your thoughts on virtual reality?"

Virtual reality, the opium of the people?
The debate has been going on for years, declined from time to time depending on the emerging technology: offer a mass market experiences that were hitherto the prerogative of a small number of rich is a good or a bad thing? Already Second Life has given millions of users the opportunity to immerse themselves in a virtual environment where owning villas and yachts, participate in “exclusive” parties and fashion shows, is extremely cheap, but there was always in the middle the screen of a computer. Now the technology seems poised to deliver devices that will make imperceptible the difference between “real” reality and virtual reality and many return to fear the risk of ending up creating a situation similar to the one described in The matrix.
Simulating a reality usually accessible to a few could become the new opium for the people? Opinions differ. Philosopher Robert Nozick, already in 1974 hypothesized an “experience machine” able to simulate a virtual reality and had then askedm: if it existed “will we stay connected to this machine a lifetime, pre–planning our experiences?” The answer for Nozick was negative,if only because “Plugging into an experience machine limits us to a man-made reality”, since “there is no actual contact with any deeper reality, though the experience of it can be simulated”. Perhaps, he conclued, “what we desire is to live (an active verb) ourselves, in contact with reality. (And this, machines cannot do for us)”.
42 years later, many of the largest and most powerful corporations in the world as Sony, Google, Facebook or Microsoft, are investing billions of dollars to try to create virtual reality devices for the mass market, clearly convinced that the public does not wait but to connect to them. In fact, at least in some areas of the world, such as Asia, millions of players spend many hours online everyday “immersed” in videogames and virtual worlds like Word of Warcraft, Eve Online or Second Life, while entrepreneurs from Philip Rosedale to Luckey Palmer they are trying to achieve the vision suggested by the novelist Neal Stephenson in the novel Snow Crash, of 1992, in which around an American now controlled by large corporations, there is a “metaverse”, a 3D virtual reality shared on a worldwide fiber optic network where each user is represented by his/her own avatar, a parallel to the real world but that is able to interact with it in ways and for very specific purposes.
However the idea of resorting to massive virtual reality devices still does not convince those who seek to build a better world in the realities of the of everyday life. Offer internet connections and virtual reality devices to the mass poor of the world is likely to be a new and more subtle form of colonialism, which is likely to generate reactions, once the initial excitement and illusions connected to it no longer exist. In an interview with Wagner James Au, John Carmack, author and programmer of video game graphics engine (as Doom, Quake and Rage),since August 2013 Chief technology officer of Oculus Rift, sustains, however, that those arguments are misleading.
“If someone wanted nothing more in life than to read books -explains Carmack – providing them with a massive library is not doing them a disservice, even if that means that they are less likely to be involved in other activities”. “If people are having a virtually happy life, they are having a happy life. Period”. Fears about virtual reality would in fact destined to fade, somewhat as it happened with cinema and television according to the expert, whom perhaps has a “biased” view. What do you think, the virtual reality fascinates you, scare you or leave you indifferent? If you want to stay informed, keep following Mondivirtuali.it, even through our account on Twitter and our fanpage on Facebook (but remember: Mondivirtuali is also on Flickr, on Pinterest, on Scoop.it e su Paper.li and also on Youtube).


Question: What is the latest news on child radicalization?

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 What is the latest news on child radicalization?

The report, from counter-extremism thinktank Quilliam, also says that an estimated 88,300 unaccompanied children – identified by the EU statistics agency Eurostat as having gone missing – were at risk of being radicalised.
This article was amended on 9 February 2017. Statistics mentioned in the second paragraph come from Eurostat, not, as we said originally, Europol.


Question: Describe how Nanome has revolutionized the field of molecular design and analysis. Respond in 17 sentences.

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 Describe how Nanome has revolutionized the field of molecular design and analysis. Respond in 17 sentences.

Immerse yourself in the nanoscale world.
Nanome allows you to interact, experiment and design in 3-dimensional virtual space — improving your understanding of the invisible world.
Visualize and directly manipulate atoms, molecules, proteins and more — it's like Minecraft for matter.
Analyze and design macromolecules in real time with your team. For serious scientists, researchers and pharmaceutical developers.
Discover the foundations of vector calculus with Nanome’s intuitive graphing calculator.
Using distributed blockchain technology, Matryx solves the age-old problems of scientific access, collaboration and attribution. Let's open-source innovation together.
Breakthroughs of the future will come at the nanoscale. Nanome brings intuitive, integrated workflows to leading universities and pharmaceutical companies to transform the way they work.
Finally, I wish I could have been doing research this way my whole career.
I LOVE the software you all developed! I use Nanome to design new molecules for research. I think VR is the future for chemistry and your team is in the forefront.
People have been waiting for this both in academia and industry.
Customer support was unparalleled, impressive and highly productive.
Nanome is providing a solution that the industry really needs yet no one has done.


Question: Respond in 36 sentences. Describe the state of news in Trump country.

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 Respond in 36 sentences. Describe the state of news in Trump country.

In Trump country, Russia just isn’t big news. Here’s why.
I don’t read many of the online comments following my op-eds because I’m an old-fashioned journalist who prefers signed letters to the editor, or even phone calls or emails. But friends and family told me that my last Post op-ed apparently inspired a lot of responses ridiculing me and, by extension, editors of small-town newspapers everywhere.
I won’t whine about being criticized. Have at it. But maybe I can explain a little more about small-town newspapers — which I have often said are the last newspapers practicing old-school, non-sensationalized journalism — and in so doing perhaps help the head-scratchers better understand Trump country.
I laughed, in part because the comment hit close to home. In fact, we have done stories on dollar-store openings. In some tiny communities in southern Ohio, the opening of a dollar store is real news because it means that local residents no longer have to drive 30 minutes or more to buy some important household and grocery items.
The reality of life in rural flyover country is lost on those who mock us. These are the places where Donald Trump won the presidency, where people know they are ridiculed by East and West Coast elitists who have little understanding of the meaningful issues — the real news — that affect their lives. Trump identified a common enemy when he took on the media elite, and rural America flocked to his side.
How could this be? One reason might be that they have more important things to do than sit glued to cable news. But in addition to the scarcity of grocery choices in some areas, broadband Internet has yet to reach many parts of southern Ohio. One government initiative with wide public support in Trump country is an effort to expand broadband access to more rural residents.
To this day, rural America continues to be portrayed in major media, both news and entertainment, as backward and uneducated. The media often reports that Trump won a majority of voters without college degrees, which is taken by Trump supporters as just a nicer way of being called stupid.
Many people in rural America ply their trades quite successfully without a framed degree in sight. Considered uneducated by the mainstream media, many make more money through farming and various trade skills than most college graduates, and the news that matters to them most is the weather forecast.
Small-town newspapers report hard news and local political controversies. They do investigative reporting and in-depth analysis. They win awards from the Associated Press and other media organizations for their efforts.
But, yes, small-town papers also do stories on dollar-store openings, because sometimes their presence as the only store in town is real news that will affect lives. They do stories on a new doctor coming to town because it often means that specialized treatment will be offered for the first time, which is real news for patients who no longer have to travel to faraway cities.
They feature stories on school bus route changes, real news to parents who might have to get up an hour earlier or make new child-care arrangements. They do features on World War II veterans to honor past generations, and they do features on the achievements of youngsters in 4-H to encourage future generations.
This is the America that Trump embraced. The media’s Russia fixation may not be fake news in the way that Trump uses the phrase. But for millions of Americans, Trump’s claim strikes a chord because the Russia hysteria is not real news, either, not compared with the issues that impact their daily lives.
And when someone tells them they should care more deeply about Donald Trump Jr.’s meeting with a Russian lawyer, yes, sometimes they will just shake their heads and stare back blankly.
Peter Galuszka: The Internet started in Virginia. So why is broadband access so spotty?
Gary Abernathy: Our town’s newspaper was mocked for endorsing Trump. Here’s what we think now.


Question: Hey, I'm interested in contributing articles to Living Cheaply.com.

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Question: Explain what COF technology is and how Honor is using it for their new 8X phone.

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 Explain what COF technology is and how Honor is using it for their new 8X phone.

On September 5th, Honor announced the Honor 8X in an event held in China. One of the highlighted features of the new mid-range phone was the 91% screen-to-body ratio. This gives the phone minimal bezels and an impressively small chin at the bottom of the phone. The Honor CEO talked a little bit about what technology they used to achieve this result.
We got to hear a little bit about COF and how that allows the phone to have a much smaller chin. COF stands for “Chip on Film” and replaces the traditional COG (Chip on Glass) method. Compared to COG technology, COF reduces the bottom border of the device by 1-2mm. This technology does make the manufacturing process more difficult, which is why you don’t see it on many phones.
This graphic shows how the COF can wrap the FPC chip around to the back of the display. This removes the chip from where it would normally sit, which is right at the chin of the phone. This is why Honor can have such a slim frame on the upcoming 8X.
Photo from the Honor 8X Launch Event.
COF technology is not new, rather it’s usually found only in flagship devices. Honor implements COF into the Honor 8X which is a budget phone. The phone will be sold for around $200 once it’s available in the US.
Honor has been dominating the budget category of the smartphone industry. The previous Honor 7X model was the most popular unlocked phone on Amazon throughout the holidays.
We look forward to getting our hands on the Honor 8X and seeing all the different ways this phone is bringing flagship features to a super affordable device.
COG Vs. COF displayed at Honor 8X Launch event.
We thank Honor for sponsoring this post. Our sponsors help us pay for the many costs associated with running XDA, including server costs, full time developers, news writers, and much more. While you might see sponsored content (which will always be labeled as such) alongside Portal content, the Portal team is in no way responsible for these posts. Sponsored content, advertising and XDA Depot are managed by a separate team entirely. XDA will never compromise its journalistic integrity by accepting money to write favorably about a company, or alter our opinions or views in any way. Our opinion cannot be bought.


Question: Hey, what's going on over at EmurgoHK?

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 Hey, what's going on over at EmurgoHK?

Today EmurgoHK is proud to announce the launch of a joint project with IronFX, the world famous foreign exchange trading provider — IronX.
IronX is a cryptocurrency exchange that will help bridge the worlds of FX and cryptocurrency trading, by facilitating traders of both types to move their positions between the various asset classes. This will allow crypto investors to diversify into the traditional investment world, as well as providing an easy and safe way for non-crypto investors to explore the world of tokens. This is expected to increase awareness and adoption of cryptocurrencies and has the potential to benefit the entire industry.
IronX will be able to leverage the resources of IronFX, including their regulatory and operational practices, back office, risk management, account management, and payment and banking solutions. This will allow IronX to provide a true customer-centric experience for users. IronFX currently holds full market-making licenses in the UK, Australia, South Africa, and Cyprus, making it one of the most regulated online trading brokers in the world.
EmurgoHK’s own Kenji Sasaki and Soichiro Hayashi will serve on the IronX advisory board, bringing their deep knowledge of blockchain and cryptocurrency into the project.
Blockchain consultancy service Smartologic, best known for being the driving force behind Stox, will also join the project, rounding out an incredible team!
IronX will have a token to serve as the main coin within the exchange, named IRX. Holders of IRX will receive a significant discount on exchange fees and transactions when using IronX, as well as other services and benefits.
IronX began a private sale for IRX on June 4, 2018, with a cap set at US$50m, and a token price of US$0.33. The sale is by invitation only with a minimum contribution of US$50,000, for a limited time only.
Emurgo's Blockchain Accelerator in Hong Kong - we are friends of entrepreneurs and teams to build world-changing DApps on the Cardano protocol.
Official Blog of EmurgoHK - Cardano accelerator in HK!


Question: What are V-Drums?

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 What are V-Drums?

V-Drums is a variety of electronic drums, drum brain modules, and related electronic percussion product manufactured and trademarked by Roland Corporation.


Question: What is Russia's propaganda strategy? Respond in detail.

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 What is Russia's propaganda strategy? Respond in detail.

The essence of domestic Russian propaganda campaigns is quite simple: when it comes to the West, everything is bad. There is chaos, poverty, immorality, and unrest. Meanwhile, the Kremlin’s propagandists cheerfully report that all is well in Russia. There is stability, prosperity, morality, and nearly universal support for the government.
However, when one of the Russian propaganda dominoes tumbles, it tends to set off a chain reaction.
Russian President Vladimir Putin recently announced the government’s plan to raise the retirement age by five years, sparking rallies and protests by thousands of participants in many cities across Russia’s 11 time zones. Demonstrators in occupied Crimea also rallied against the pension age hike. Elderly Russians fear they won’t live long enough to reach the retirement age, while the younger people worry about their own diminishing employment opportunities.
The government cited a shortage of funds as the reason for the controversial proposal, effectively admitting that massive revenues from Russia’s resilient oil industry are being wasted or misappropriated. The implications of the pension plan delivered a severe blow to Putin’s popularity, which has mainly hinged on the improved quality of life when compared to the turbulent 1990s. There is also an ideological component that contributes to Putin’s previously high approval ratings, which could be described as “Make Russia Great Again”: a sense of patriotic pride and a desire for increased influence on the world stage.
The majority of Russians did not oppose the annexation of Crimea and Russia’s bloody intervention in Ukraine, because it fulfilled the Kremlin’s promises of rediscovering the country’s “greatness.” The West’s weak response cemented the notion that Putin had reasserted Russia’s world power status. Russian propaganda networks encouraged the population to laugh at the sanctions imposed by the U.S. and the EU.
At first, the impact of sanctions on the lives of average Russians was negligible. However, in 2018, even pro-Kremlin pundits, experts and politicians begrudgingly started to admit that the punitive measures are indeed harming Russia’s fragile economy. Incomes are falling and the prices are rising. The hopes of Kremlin officials slowly faded as they soon realized the Trump administration would not promptly remove economic and financial sanctions.
In an effort to appease the population, Russian state media has comforted them with the claim that Americans are even worse off and will soon “have to drink poisoned water because of sanctions.” Instead of covering the declining living standards throughout Russia, Kremlin propagandists chose to divert the attention of their audience by broadcasting video reports about the horrors of American life, in Detroit and other regions of the United States.
The effectiveness of common distraction tactics is greatly diminished when the fallout hits too close to home. Angered by the pension proposal, the Russians delivered an unexpected boost to the Communists in a recent gubernatorial election in Russia’s far eastern region of Primorye. The Kremlin-backed incumbent from the pro-Putin United Russia party faced unexpectedly stiff opposition. Federal election officials annulled the vote, following irregularities had prompted complaints of vote-rigging in favor of the incumbent. Even though election fraud in Russia is widespread and systemic, this time it was too blatant – even by the Kremlin’s standards.
Ella Pamfilova, head of the Central Election Commission, directed local officials to annul the election results. Russian media had initially reported that Pamfilova “burst into tears” when answering questions about the controversy, but later retracted those reports. For voters not distracted by Pamfilova’s imaginary tears, there’s Steven Seagal – a newly-minted Russian citizen, who proposed his own candidacy for Primorye’s governor. Kremlin propaganda networks have a special affinity for Western celebrities and influencers, who help to promote Putin’s agenda and create an illusion of fawning international support for Putin. When all distractions fail to impress, the state media will revisit the tales of “rigged elections” in the West to dissuade the Russians from aspiring towards democratic values.
The Primorye runoff was one of three this month that defied the expectations of an assured win for United Russia, the pro-Putin ruling party, defeated by the candidates from the Communist Party and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. The United Russia candidate in a fourth region withdrew his candidacy at the last minute, citing “health concerns.” The Communists and LDPR, members of Russia’s “systemic” opposition, are often the only alternatives at the polls, while authorities often bar unapproved opposition candidates. Deprived of a real choice, the population nonetheless demonstrated its displeasure by delivering “Anyone but Putin” message in gubernatorial races.
Despite the perception of Putin entrenchment in a position of power, the illusion of the Russian unity propagated by the Kremlin’s bullhorns is superficial and fragile. Pension reform rallies, followed by the upset in the gubernatorial elections, provide a glimpse of the turbulence brewing just beneath the surface. The Russian propaganda machine is struggling to delay the twilight of the Putin era by stoking chaos, unrest and division abroad.
Putin’s best hope of maintaining an indefinite grip on power is rooted in his ability to nurture the idea of a global conspiracy against mother Russia – and not the actions of the Kremlin – as the root cause of all troubles.
The tools of Russian agitprop seek to weaken the world’s democratic values and the rule of law, which Putin’s regime views as an existential threat. Russia’s info-wars are designed to destroy the trust in democratic institutions and the media, subsequently replacing them with the Kremlin’s ideas, objectives and networks. Russia’s information offensive should be recognized and effectively counteracted. Tears and fears in established and fledgling democracies help to promote the Kremlin’s authoritarian, revanchist, nationalist agenda. As long as he remains in power, Putin’s nefarious aspirations and ever-evolving tools of “mass distraction” will continue to endanger Russia’s own population, its neighbors, the West and the world as a whole.
Julia Davis is an investigative journalist and DisinfoPortal expert, specializing in Kremlin television networks. Read more at Russian Media Monitor.


Question: Congratulations to Erick on his new role!

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 Congratulations to Erick on his new role!

Erick has been part of the Rust community for a long time, and has contributed to the design of hashing and serialization in Rust – most recently, through the Serde project. He has also been an energetic community organizer, keeping the SF Bay Area Rust Meetup going for quite some time, as well as helping organize RustCamp and other events. As community team lead, he plans in the near future to bring substantially more organization both internally (meetings, issue tracking, etc) and externally (public discussion forum, more central resources with slide decks and other materials), as well as increasing the total core team bandwidth to focus on community work.
We’ll be hearing much more about these efforts in the coming weeks.
Congratulations Erick. Is this a net increase in your workload, and will that affect ownership of Serde by possibly bringing on another maintainer to share the work? I see it has been very quiet for the past 3 weeks.
@dtolnay: Thanks! Part of my outage was being off on vacation But yes, I think to do this role properly, I need to focus a bit more of my Rust time towards community building, and less on actual coding (which breaks my heart). On the plus side, I’m on the core team now, and we are working on an RFC that’ll hopefully ease using Serde plugins on stable Rust. I hope we’ll get that out this week.
I’m definitely looking for help though! @Manishearth and @nox said they’d help out, but I could always do for some more people reviewing code, and helping to keep syntex compiling on stable and nightly rust.


Question: What kind of bee is the hugelia evening bee? Respond in 2 sentences.

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 What kind of bee is the hugelia evening bee? Respond in 2 sentences.

Hesperapis rufipes, the hugelia evening bee, is a species of hairy-footed bee in the family Melittidae. It is found in North America.


Question: Who is Alina Kovaleva?

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 Who is Alina Kovaleva?

Alina Romanovna Kovaleva (; born 18 February 1993) is a Russian curler. Her major achievement to date was winning the 2015 European Curling Championships as alternate. Kovaleva is Merited Master of Sports of Russia (2016).