Question: Why is it so difficult to identify "real" honey from the "fake" ones?

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 Why is it so difficult to identify "real" honey from the "fake" ones?

High fructose corn syrup is 55% fructose and 45% glucose; honey is around half fructose and half glucose. They're almost the same thing. If you tried a teaspoon of HFCS and a teaspoon of really high quality honey then you'd definitely taste a difference between them, but 1) the majority of subtle flavor differences are blown away by massive sweetness, and 2) they're almost always used in things, not just eaten straight, which also clobbers the differences between them with other flavors.


Question: Why does having chalk increase your grip while on something like monkey bars?

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 Why does having chalk increase your grip while on something like monkey bars?

Chalk is typically made of magnesium carbonate which serves the purpose of keeping your hands dry. The reason it works isn't that it directly improves grip per se, it's that it prevents grip from degrading in the face of moisture. For most uses that moisture comes from your sweat, but in rock climbing you often encounter moisture from rocks as well.


Question: How can someone listen to a piece of music and know who composed it without knowing any other info about the song?

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 How can someone listen to a piece of music and know who composed it without knowing any other info about the song?

Artists often re-use stuff or compose around certain themes. It's not much different than being able to tell which of your friends wrote a message just by the combinations of words they used. Some good examples in the music I enjoy are Carlos Santana, David Gilmore, Frank Zappa. Their "style" is easily detected in their art.


Question: How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

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 How can the same size and type of rechargeable battery have different capacities?

You can pack more active chemicals in the battery, if you use more expensive, thinner films, more expensive pastes that contain more active ingredients, and wind it all much tighter to pack more in. Some really cheap cells contain only a little bit of stuff wound rather loosely, or even packed out with sand.


Question: Why do running shoes, almost as a rule, always use a stunningly ugly colour scheme?

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 Why do running shoes, almost as a rule, always use a stunningly ugly colour scheme?

1. Product differentiation - They look distinctive so that consumers can tell at a glance that these are *exercise shoes* and not *regular shoes*. 2. Marketing - The shoes are trying to grab your attention at the point of sale, and they *look like* they have "advanced exercise tech" integrated into them. A similar analogy would be electric/hybrid cars and why they're all arguably ugly. Part of it is for actual function reasons, but a lot of it is because consumers who buy them deliberately want to look futuristic, stand out, and appear *different* from regular cars. ----- Edit: Some people are replying about the hybrid vehicles part. I assure you this is a thing. There's been studies that (particularly when the hybrid/green trend began) "green" vehicle owners want to be acknowledged about being green. Here are some links: URL_1 URL_0 > In fact, more than half of the Prius buyers surveyed this spring by CNW Marketing Research of Bandon, Ore., said the main reason they purchased their car was that “it makes a statement about me.” > “I really want people to know that I care about the environment,” said Joy Feasley of Philadelphia, owner of a green 2006 Prius. “I like that people stop and ask me how I like my car.” > “I felt like the Camry Hybrid was too subtle for the message I wanted to put out there,” Ms. Gatch said. “I wanted to have the biggest impact that I could, and the Prius puts out a clearer message.” However, this is just a strategy used by some manufacturers. Other brands like Tesla are trying to do the exact opposite, which is to appeal to a crowd that want a luxury tier green vehicle that looks sleek and normal. As green vehicles are becoming more commonplace, there will be less of a consumer need to stand out from the crowd.


Question: How does liquid Helium, below 4 degrees Kelvin but above absolut Zero, become frictionless' is it not interacting with its surroundings?

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 How does liquid Helium, below 4 degrees Kelvin but above absolut Zero, become frictionless' is it not interacting with its surroundings?

The behaviour liquid Helium shows at these low temperatures is called superfluidity. Superfluid Helium atoms do interact, this is even vital to their properties. They form what is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. When you cool down a set of (possibly interacting) atoms, they tend to occupy states with lower and lower energy. If your particles are fermions (like electrons) you run into a problem where each state can only be occupied by one atom (for reasons that would makes us drift too far away from the topic). So the available energy states will be filled from the bottom up. If our atoms are bosons (like Helium-4), however, all of them can get into the same state. If you cool them down enough, a large amount of atoms will be in the ground state, behaving as if they were one single particle-wave that doesn't experience any friction with itself. So that explains why there is no internal friction in a superfluid. But what about friction between the atoms and the bucket/tube which holds them. Basically there exists only quantised amounts of energy that can be exchanged between the bucket and the fluid. This means that below a certain velocity not enough energy is available to create the quantised force-carrier particles that would dissipate the energy from the fluid. Edit: clarity.


Question: How do batteries 'store' electricity? I understand that if you put electricity into a battery, the electric stays there, but how does that work?

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 How do batteries 'store' electricity? I understand that if you put electricity into a battery, the electric stays there, but how does that work?

It's chemistry. There a many different kinds of battery but in general they have two metal plates, called "Cathode" and "anode" or "negative side" and "positive side", respectively. Between these plates is an unstable chemical that given the chance wants to react with the cathodes and anodes, releasing electricity as it does so. The reaction will only proceed if the battery is placed in a circuit where it can push it's electricity through the circuit. In other words electrons need to be able to leave the battery via the cathode plate and fresh electrons need to be pushed into the battery via the anode. If electrons can't leave and be replaced, the chemistry can't occur and the battery remains charged. Overtime, as the electricity is produced, the chemical reaction slows down and eventually stops, in other words, the battery is "dead". The chemicals in some batteries can be reset by applying an electric charge, backwards. They can then be reused and recharged again and again. Other chemistries don't allow this and once depleted are replaced.


Question: Why does travelling as a passenger make us so tired?

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 Why does travelling as a passenger make us so tired?

A couple of reasons. First, you're awake for a significant amount of time. For most people, a 3 hour flight is a full days worth of activities. Wake up, drive to the airport, check-in, security, boarding, *actual flight time*, deplaning, baggage claim, ground transport. It typically takes 5-12 hours, assuming your flight isn't delayed. Second, you're uncomfortable for most of that time, which places a strain on your body. Walking through terminals, standing in line, paying attention to traffic, etc. Additionally, most airline flight seats are crammed in so tightly that you can't exactly relax in them. When your mind can't relax (either because you're uncomfortable or you're forced to stay actively engaged for extended periods of time) you get fatigued. Even if it's not physical strain, it's still a considerable amount of sustained mental strain.


Question: was math created or discovered?

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 was math created or discovered?

> Arguably it's both. Very simplistically, you could boil mathematics down to inventing a set of axioms (the things you will assume to be true) and then discovering what you can prove to be true based on those assumptions. **** [^^Quote ^^taken ^^from ^^top ^^comment ^^in ^^this ^^thread ^^from ^^3 ^^years ^^ago ^^with ^^the ^^same ^^question]( URL_0 )


Question: what is a submerged economy?

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 what is a submerged economy?

Presumably they were discussing Spain's economic issues. In that context the "submerged economy" refers to the "black market" or unofficial economic transactions. Roughly 25% of Spain's GDP is composed of these illegal transactions which of course avoid taxes and other regulation. Having such rampant fraud imposes serious economic and social problems for the country.


Question: How do credit card companies benefit from offering rewards cards if I pay off my account balance every month?

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 How do credit card companies benefit from offering rewards cards if I pay off my account balance every month?

You forget that credit card companies get paid by the merchant for all transactions they process. Something like 2 percent plus a small base fee. The rewards you get are smaller than the fee they received by having you use their card. Most cards give back 1% in cash. Meaning you are getting back less than half of what they earned. No matter how much you've generated in rewards the credit card company has earned money. Probably more than you have on those same transactions. You can often get better than 1% value on rewards cards. Travel rewards for example are better value and are often worth 3%+, but that's because card companies have deals with the airlines and hotels so it's still a wash for them.


Question: Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out, how did they compensate, and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete?

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 Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out, how did they compensate, and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete?

> Since magnetic north is not the same direction as true north, when and how did navigators figure this out Quoting Wikipedia here: > The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947. Navigators use a number of different tools. A sextant can be used to determine latitude by looking at stars, specifically Polaris. When explorers found the magnetic North Pole they found that their compasses spun because they couldn't find north. But a sextant measurement would have shown they weren't at true north or ~~0 degrees~~ 90 degrees latitude. But navigators knew there was a deviation between compasses and true north for a while before that. > how did they compensate, Once Magnetic north was discovered they could adjust, maps will often have the declination adjustment written on them that tells you how to adjust your compass to point to true north. But navigating up north is still a challenge because of it. Markers like Polaris are unaffected by magnetic north. Which doesn't really help when you have constant daylight during parts of the year. > and does the advent of GPS navigation render the magnetic compass completely obsolete? No, compasses are still widely in use and navigators and soldiers for example are still widely instructed on their use. A compass is tiny and doesn't need batteries so it's still a very useful tool.


Question: Why are there many gpu manufacturers (zotac, Asus, msi...) but onlz 2 pc CPU manufacturers?

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 Why are there many gpu manufacturers (zotac, Asus, msi...) but onlz 2 pc CPU manufacturers?

They're graphics card manufacturers, not GPU manufacturers. For the GPU the two largest manufacturers are nVidia and AMD, it's pretty much like with CPU's. They develop and create the GPU. Third party graphics card manufacturers can then make a deal with Nvidia to use their GPU. The GPU design can't be changed, but everything else that's on a graphics card, such as ram or voltage controllers. Besides that, they can increase the MHz of the GPU. If you buy a CPU you already buy the chip itself. There's pretty much nothing, besides overclocking, that a 3rd party manufacturer could change. And Intel and AMD rather sell their own products. I must say though that this only applies for the Desktop/Laptop market. When it comes to other things, such as smartphones, the list of actual GPU and CPU manufacturers significantly increases.


Question: Can anyone explain Hume's law (is/ought distinction)?

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 Can anyone explain Hume's law (is/ought distinction)?

It is pretty simple in that you cannot say what should be simply by looking at what is. To say what is, is to describe the current state of events, to say what should be (or ought) is to prescribe based upon an ethical claim. As the basest example imagine we lived in a time period where slavery was still rampant in the United States. Someone might say that slavery is right because it is the current state of affairs; Hume would argue that you cannot state something to be ethically correct just because it is currently being exercised.


Question: Why is it that the vast majority of injections given to pacients target the veins, and very rarely the arteries?

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 Why is it that the vast majority of injections given to pacients target the veins, and very rarely the arteries?

You have a greater chance of bleeding. The arteries get a lot of pressure from the heart pumping blood. Just imagine a hose with a small hole in it. If you turn it up to the max (=arteries), lots of water will flow out of the hole. If you turn it down a bit (=less pressure = veins), water will still flow out, but much more slowly. This gives your cells enough time to attach to the hole and start to close it. If the cells are flowing out at a really high speed due to the higg pressure, they won't have time to attach to the blood vessel walls and therefore won't be able to close the hole (=bleeding).


Question: Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

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 Why do we use x, y and z as the standard variables in mathematics?

A lot of math symbolism, like this one, was popularized by the French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes (Fun fact: the term "Cartesian" is named after him). He wanted to make the convention of using letters like x,y and z to represent unknown variables, while a b and c are known constants. Why he chose those letters specifically is not really clear, but they're a convention that we still use today.


Question: What's the modern use of Thallium (TI) a chemical element not found widely in nature?

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 What's the modern use of Thallium (TI) a chemical element not found widely in nature?

It's used as a detector, in the form of Thallium(I) bromide in X-ray, Gamma-ray, and infrared cameras, and Thallium(I) iodide is used in mercury arc lights to adjust the color and also in radiation detectors. In general though, Thallium is really really toxic, so it's not popular and practically every application where a suitable replacement can be used it is, leaving just a handful a high end detectors still using it as just a coating (so a tiny, tiny amount is used in a device that's very expensive and few people buy). Due to its toxicity, I don't think it's really something that anyone is going to be mining much of soon, it has it's usage, but there is a big push to not put such a toxic thing in anything sold to consumers, the only place people would really be comfortable using it is closed industrial processes, but it doesn't seem like there are many that require it right now.


Question: How does Martial Law get retracted? What value does it have for citizens?

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 How does Martial Law get retracted? What value does it have for citizens?

When used appropriately, martial law means a certain portion of the country is under military control, but the country at large remains under civilian control. Those civilian authorities decide when it should end. As for value, it allows military resources to be better used it emergency situations, typically a war. If Canada invaded the US and had seized International Falls, a good part of northern Minnesota would likely fall under martial law. The US also declared martial law after the San Francisco fire of 1906, so soldiers could blow up buildings to make firebreaks. However, it is more often used abusively. For most of World War II, Hawaii was under martial law, mostly to suspend the rights of Japanese-Americans living there. One multiple occasionas, state governors used martial law as a pretense to break strikes, and the last time it was used, 1961, the Alabama Governor used it as a pretext to harass civil rights protestors.


Question: How is burning wood different from rotting wood in terms of their carbon footprints?

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 How is burning wood different from rotting wood in terms of their carbon footprints?

I think the main difference between these processes is where the carbon ends up. In a rotting process the carbon is recycled back into the environment without going into the atmosphere. Some CO2 is released by the microorganisms into the air, but a lot of the carbon is converted into carbs, proteins, etc. In combustion however, nearly all of the carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.


Question: How is it that we can sometimes zone out and seem to go on "autopilot" while driving without crashing?

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 How is it that we can sometimes zone out and seem to go on "autopilot" while driving without crashing?

We're actually on autopilot most of the time. Our brains filter out so much information on a moment-by-moment basis, it's actually kind of unbelievable. You're now breathing manually. It takes fairly little energy to respond to visual stimuli, and our bodies are so used to the act of driving that it becomes an effortless thing, almost an extension of our own bodies in a sense. You can now feel your toes. Once you get super familiar with something, you can zone out and let your body do most of the heavy lifting so to speak. Don't worry. If anything out of the norm happens, your brain will kick you right back into gear and you'll focus back up. It's just our way of conserving energy and brain power.


Question: Why have football (soccer) kickoffs featured only one player instead of two these last couple of seasons?

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 Why have football (soccer) kickoffs featured only one player instead of two these last couple of seasons?

Before the season 2016/2017, the laws (§9) used to be: > - all players must be in their own half of the field of play > - the opponents of the team taking the kick-off are at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the ball until it is in play (...) > - the ball is in play when it is kicked and **moves forward** > - the kicker must not touch the ball again until it has touched another player Since the team kicking off wants to retain possession of the ball, the optimal strategy is kicking the ball forwards by a couple of centimeters into the opposite half, and then passing back into their own half. Since this is quite artificial, the rules have been simplified. The [current version]( URL_0 ) is: > - all players, except the player taking the kick-off, must be in their own half of the field of play > - the opponents of the team taking the kick-off must be at least 9.15 m (10 yds) from the ball until it is in play > - the ball is in play when it is kicked and clearly moves Therefore, in current matches, you'll see the player kicking off standing in the *opponent's* half and passing back to one of their teammates. In principle, they could also kick to themselves, but then they'd have the whole opposing team in front of them and nobody to pass forwards to.


Question: How is glass always so stable for seemingly all various chemical reactions?

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 How is glass always so stable for seemingly all various chemical reactions?

1: URL_2 2: URL_1 3: URL_3 4: URL_0 You should search before posting. Anyways from 1: > Glass aka silica aka silicon dioxide is very stable. The reason why glass seems inert is because most common elements and molecules in nature don't have the attraction needed to take electrons from the silica and disrupt the electron bonds between the silicon and the oxygen Edits: added more links


Question: What's the difference between UBI and unemployment/welfare checks?

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 What's the difference between UBI and unemployment/welfare checks?

Unemployment checks require that the receiver actively is looking for a job. It is common to require a certain number of rejection letters each week to get a full payout. Welfare checks often require regular doctors visits and if possible regular treatments to get better. UBI on the other hand does not have any requirements at all. You can even be in full work with a million dollar yearly steady income and still receive UBI on top of that. Of course you do not have to work that much before your taxes is greater then the UBI.


Question: Why do humans get emotional (high-pitched ‘awws’, omg sad faces, pouty lips, etc.) over cute animals/fictional creatures/baby humans? Is this reaction instinctual? If so, what is this tapping into?

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 Why do humans get emotional (high-pitched ‘awws’, omg sad faces, pouty lips, etc.) over cute animals/fictional creatures/baby humans? Is this reaction instinctual? If so, what is this tapping into?

Humans think round things are cute... (babies, stitch from lilo and stitch, the dream works dragons, puppies and kittens...) due to wiring in our brains that make us love babies for their roundness. It’s a “parental” instinct. It’s also why chibi and fat stuffed animal versions of things considered to be so popular and cute.


Question: If I swallowed a long piece of string, kept one end out of my mouth and waited long enough to pass the other end, what would happen if I pulled both ends really hard?

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 If I swallowed a long piece of string, kept one end out of my mouth and waited long enough to pass the other end, what would happen if I pulled both ends really hard?

Assuming your stomach didn't simply digest the string, it would be pretty rough on you. Your digestive tract is extremely long, and it's all coiled up. Imagine taking a piece of coiled licorice candy except making it about nine meters in length (or about 26 feet) and coiling it up real nicely into the shape of a human torso. Now thread a piece of heavy-duty wire through it. And then pull it taut. It would just slice right through that soft candy as it straightens. Of course, human digestive tracts are tougher than licorice candy, and a string isn't as likely to tear through things as a heavy-duty wire would be, but it would be extremely abrasive at best.


Question: How does the fluid in you inner ear balance you? What happens if you go in space and there's no gravity for it?

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 How does the fluid in you inner ear balance you? What happens if you go in space and there's no gravity for it?

Picture a pond full of reedy plants: disturbing the water causes the reeds to move. It's the same with our ears: the inner ear contains thousands of tiny hair cells, and the motion of the surrounding fluid pushes them around. The brain then receives a signal that tells it 'okay, we're walking', 'we're laying down' or 'oops, we're falling over -- stick our your arms!' In a low-gravity environment, the fluid in our inner ear won't settle properly; the result is a mild case of motion-sickness, until the brain can adjust to the confusing messages it's receiving. To answer your second question: without the fluid in our ears, it would be nearly impossible to reliably walk or stand upright. The brain would have no way of telling us that we're off-balance, so we'd be incredibly clumsy.


Question: Why do we grind our teeth in response to pain or pressure ?

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 Why do we grind our teeth in response to pain or pressure ?

there could be numerous reasons, but one may be a coping mechanism to distract yourself. Think of it like when you're really stressed out and squeeze a stress ball as a result, the stressful stimulus exceeds the resources you have to cope and you subsequently feel the urge to "take it out" on something physically to momentarily distract yourself.


Question: What are the practical applications of calculus?

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 What are the practical applications of calculus?

There are effectively no real-world engineering problems that don't involve calculus. Everything involving structures (houses, bridges, car bodies, boats), moving fluids (plumbing, sewers, airplanes, boats, car shapes), or control systems (thermostats, cruise control, power steering, autopilot, your oven) are resting on calculus because the governing equations are differential equations (a type of calculus-based equation). Everything is subject to force = mass times acceleration, and acceleration is the second derivative (in the calculus sense) of position. So \*anything\* that involves solving for where or how fast or how hard something moves is calculus. Even the non-calculus-looking equations like "distance = 1/2 times acceleration times time squared", for distance under constant acceleration, is the solution to a specific differential equation. We just use it so often we often skip the calculus and go straight to the result.


Question: How does the sun ''burn'' ?

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 How does the sun ''burn'' ?

It's a giant ball of gas, about 300,000 times the mass of the Earth. All that mass produces gravity. Take the gravity on Earth, holding you onto the ground - it's rather gentle. Multiply it by 300,000 and you can imagine some interesting things can happen. The main thing in the Sun is that immense pressure forcing hydrogen atoms together into helium atoms, producing a lot of energy each time. That's the "burning".


Question: how did Afghanistan become a warzone for the last decades?

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 how did Afghanistan become a warzone for the last decades?

The Soviet Union did not want a westernized republic on its border so it invaded. The US backed insurgents to kick the Soviets out. The insurgents became radicalized after they kicked the Soviets out and the US didn't follow through to help rebuild the infrastructure that the fighting destroyed. The USSR trashed the nation's economy and culture. The rest of the world didn't help rebuild it. Afghanistan became a failed state and a safe haven for lots of bad people who used it as a base to attack other countries. The coalition is there now because Osama bin Laden launched the 2001 terror attacks from there.


Question: If energy cant be created nor destroyed, where does the kinetic energy from moving an object horizontally go?

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 If energy cant be created nor destroyed, where does the kinetic energy from moving an object horizontally go?

In both examples, you have energy wasted in the form of heat. In the first instance, you use energy to move the ball from point A to point B. It maintains the same potential energy at the same altitude. In the second example, it’s the same, you are now just expending more energy. Potential energy, as far as I can remember, is more of a conceptual placeholder to balance the conservation of energy. It’s not like raising an object suddenly gives it an electric charge or something (In most cases at least). Potential energy is mostly related to height, and the ability of a falling object to, well, fall. If you keep something at the same height, you aren’t affecting potential energy. When you move an object, you expend energy to add kinetic energy to the object, and some is lost from the system of you and the ball in the form of heat. I may not be entirely correct on the potential energy point, it’s been a little while.


Question: Why has the price of college tuition skyrocketed?

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 Why has the price of college tuition skyrocketed?

Schools have no incentive to keep costs low, because students keep paying the ridiculous costs. Students keep paying the ridiculous costs, because they're not using "real" money up front—they don't understand the real costs until after they graduate and start paying the bills. A nation full of 18-year-olds takes this risk, though, because they've been fed the lie you *need* a college degree or you'll never have a fulfilling career. Schools also have no reason to keep costs low, because loans are federally insured. This means they'll get their money one way or another. They can price as high as they want, and people will continue to pay for the reasons previously stated. Throw in a bunch of overpaid, do-nothing administrators to increase the overhead even more, and you have the next economic bubble. **Edit:** Formatting.


Question: Why are currencies worth different amounts and why do they fluctuate?

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 Why are currencies worth different amounts and why do they fluctuate?

Cost of living varies globally. The costs of doing business, and the availability of resources and people vary, too. The rest is because there are markets, where people make offers and agree to variant prices. We have enough jelly beans, so the price goes down. We need more pinatas, so the price goes up.


Question: Do astronauts have hearing loss from launching into orbit on giant rockets? Is hearing protection good enough to prevent any damage?

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 Do astronauts have hearing loss from launching into orbit on giant rockets? Is hearing protection good enough to prevent any damage?

Nope, astronauts don't suffer hearing loss. The crew capsules are designed to insulate the meatbags from the loud noises, so they're OK. Man, that'd suck though.... "Here, you get to go to SPAAAAAAAAAACE but you'll have to learn ASL 'cause it's gonna cost you your eardrums" Eh, I'd still do it.


Question: when scientists mention an object XX mil light-years away does it mean that we see state as of XX million years ago and presently object might not exist anymore or is in different state?

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 when scientists mention an object XX mil light-years away does it mean that we see state as of XX million years ago and presently object might not exist anymore or is in different state?

Yes, the light we are getting from it now is millions of years old. Depending on what it is those millions of years may not be enough to introduce dramatic changes though; a star or a nebula likely is still going to be around in basically the same state as that long ago.


Question: Why do some bigger folk have little to no stretch marks while other people of the same size have excessive amounts?

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</answer>
 Why do some bigger folk have little to no stretch marks while other people of the same size have excessive amounts?

Depends on your skin elasticity and how fast you gained the weight. I’m fat but have little to no stretch marks besides on my breasts. I got those from developing extremely early though (like a C in 5th grade). It also depends on how they heal, some are little white lines whereas some are large deep purple tracts. I know this happens to men a lot too when they bulk and become very large by working out. My hubby has many on his arms and legs but he’s incredibly in shape. I know coco butter/shea is what my friend used for her stretch marks when she was pregnant. If they’re really deep I know derma rolling can help regrow the collagen underneath and make them less noticeable.


Question: Why is 196 decibels the threshold for sound?

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 Why is 196 decibels the threshold for sound?

Sound is pressure waves, in this case traveling through air. A pressure wave is an area of high pressure, followed by an area of low pressure. The amplitude of a wave (the db measurement) describes the difference between the high and low pressure measurements. If you increase the amplitude of a wave enough, the low pressure area will be SO low pressure that it is a vacuum, with no air at all. It is impossible to have less than no air, so that's the limit. The various properties of air set this limit; the limit is different in different mediums. For example in water you need about 270 db before the low pressure side of the wave contains no water.


Question: Why do newer touch screens seem harder to smudge than older? Is this a thing?

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 Why do newer touch screens seem harder to smudge than older? Is this a thing?

No this is really a thing. It's called an oleophobic coating (meaning it repels oils like skin oils). Improves slidiness of fingers, and keeps oil from sticking. It's usually a fluropolymer (think teflon). Unfortunately this is a thing that is done to the screen during manufacture. It should last around 2 years but will eventually wear off depending on how often or little you use your phone. There are some spray coatings that will do the same thing but won't last as long. A few weeks seems really short though. Some cleaners can damage the coating, high percentage isopropyl is one of them. For restoration option A is to just get a screen protector with a similar coating. It's just a peel and stick film. The other option is of course to replace the screen, but I'd just go with the film.


Question: if you do use a single can of paint to coat a room, is it the equivalent of shrinking the volume of the room by the size of the inside of the can?

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 if you do use a single can of paint to coat a room, is it the equivalent of shrinking the volume of the room by the size of the inside of the can?

Yes, maybe depending on how the paint reacts. It may be more if it swells while drying or less if there is something that will evaporate out like water leaving it less than the original volume. Assuming that the act of drying doesn't make the paint thicker/thinner it would be as you say.


Question: Why does squinting help a nearsighted person see better?

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 Why does squinting help a nearsighted person see better?

If you've ever used a manual camera, you've probably noticed that decreasing the aperture size increases the range of different distances that can be kept in focus at once. This is really best explained visually: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Essentially, objects end up out of focus both is cameras and in our eyes because multiple light rays coming from the same point in the world end up hitting different parts of the film/sensor/retina, thus "spreading" the image. Lenses bend light and "bring together" the light rays coming from a specific point. Decreasing the aperture size blocks out extraneous light rays, thus "stretching" the range at which a given lens can focus. Human eyes have flexible lenses which are compressed by muscles to change the focal distance. A nearsighted person's lenses have become too stiff to adjust properly, so they can't focus on far away objects. By squinting, they extend their focal range outward.


Question: What happens inside our brain to cause us to forget things?

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 What happens inside our brain to cause us to forget things?

Thoughts are essentially electric signals moving around different pathways in the brain. Imagine walking tracks around a mountain. The paths that get used often get wider and easier/ faster to use. Making a habit or learning something new is like making a new path. It's hard to notice the first time someone walks through the grass off the main track but do it hundreds times and it will become distinct. When we forget things the paths simply hasnt been used in a while and grows over and becomes harder to use/disappears.


Question: What caused the great depression of 1929? How did it happen?

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 What caused the great depression of 1929? How did it happen?

Overvaluation of stocks combined with a lack of government controls on trading was a large part of the stock market crash. So a person could start a business, sell stock, then use unscrupulous methods to inflate the stock price and sell it. For instance, you could put out false information about how well the business was doing to make it appear more attractive. Or any number of other shady schemes. Remember that the Securities and Exchange Commission wasn't founded until 1934, 5 years after the crash. Also there was a steady increase of federal reserve rates prior to the crash, leading to a decreased ability of banks to borrow funds, and then in turn lend cash to their borrowers. But again, the major cause for the crash was this massive over-speculation. What starts off as a few stocks plummeting was like a snowball rolling downhill. Stocks were panic sold, and shares became near worthless. Anyhow, following the crash, banks started failing because people rushed to pull out their money. Why? No FDIC back then- if the bank failed, your deposits in said bank went poof. The FDIC wasn't founded until 1933. Banks crashing = no funding for businesses = decreased production since they can not borrow to make improvements/keep things running. People hoarded their cash instead of depositing it, so surviving banks had less to lend out. The US then made several missteps- The Hawley Smoot Tariff act being the largest. Congress set large tariffs on foreign goods trying to prop up domestic purchasing. Tariffs usually cause foreign backlash, which is what happened here- US exports severely decreased as other countries put large tariffs on US products in retaliation. But there were other factors that people forget like the Dust Bowl. Improper farming techniques owing to a lack of understanding of proper fertilization led to depleted soils that were thinned out to the point of being, well, dust. The soil was shit for farming, and would easily blow in the wind. Can't grow crops, soil is flying about in large dust storms... It was ugly.


Question: Why do bombs detonate right before they hit the ground rather than at impact?

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 Why do bombs detonate right before they hit the ground rather than at impact?

If a bomb hits the ground and explodes, half or more of it’s energy is wasted hitting the ground, made even worse by the crater it goes into and creates. If a bomb explodes at a set height above the ground, nearly all the energy is used to damage what you’re trying to hit. Depending on the type of target, some bombs are meant to detonate below ground, like in a bunker. They can go through ground and walls and explode, even as smart as counting floors before explosion. Nuclear weapons for example explode at a relatively high height.


Question: Why do the veins in your eyes appear when your eyes are bloodshot?

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 Why do the veins in your eyes appear when your eyes are bloodshot?

Those blood vessels are already in your eye. If your eye gets irritated for any reason, extra blood flows there, and the vessels swell to accommodate the increased blood flow. Some are small enough that you can't see them easily until they swell up. If you slam your hand in a door, blood also flows to your hand. It looks red, and feels sore. The red feeling is due to increased blood flow to the area. In both cases, it's your body triggering additional blood flow to help with whatever it thinks it needs to do.


Question: How do prosthetic arms work?

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 How do prosthetic arms work?

Hi there! I'm a prosthetics student, so I'm happy to answer this one! It's important to remember that there are various levels of amputation. If a person is missing fingers, there are devices that can be controlled by the remaining fingers. If someone is missing their arm past the elbow, there's still some forearm that can be used to control the prosthetic. With amputations above the elbow, you have an entirely new joint to worry about with loss of elbow movement. And finally, with someone missing an entire arm, it is very difficult to make a useful device for them, and many people with that level of amputation will not use a prosthetic. First, there is a socket, which is the laminated carbon fiber or plastic custom-shaped interface with the residual limb (a.k.a. stump). The fit is important for comfort and making sure that the prosthetic arm will stay attached to the body. It's attached to the hand components, which may be controlled in various ways. Currently, there are two main methods of controlling a prosthetic hand - myoelectric (fancy word for muscles controlling a prosthetic that has to be charged) and body-powered. You can find out more here: [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) Like aragorn18 described, the myoelectric prosthetics pick up signals from your skin to calculate how the hand should move. However, it isn't directly taking signals from your nerves. Go ahead and wiggle your fingers, looking at your forearm. Most of the muscles that open and close your fingers are located in the forearm, meaning that if there is some forearm muscle left, sensors can pick up the electricity of muscles moving and determine how the hand is meant to move. For body-powered, it's fairly common for an amputee to have several different types of prosthetic devices for different activities. Prosthetists (not doctors!) can make rock climbing arms, arms good for pushing a wheelchair, and more. Many of these look like several hooks and are not very cosmetically appealing although they are effective. These take less training to use. Bending the elbow might close the hand, or maybe flexing the wrist backward would open the hand. It totally depends on exact location of the amputation. 3D-printed hands (usually used for kids because they outgrow everything so gosh darn fast) are an example, although they can be myoelectric too. Keep in mind that 3D printing is not the standard in the field yet, and may not ever be because it is generally not as strong as metal and other materials. Here's an example of a body-powered 3D-printed hand! [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Hope this helps!


Question: Why do the fastest runners tend to be black?

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 Why do the fastest runners tend to be black?

A couple of speculative answers, in addition to /u/MrAloha808's point. "Black" and "White" aren't really groups, as there's as much variation between as there is within. Nonetheless people with black skin outnumber people with white skin, so their best runners are recruited from a larger population. Also, if you're using international athletics as a measure of running prowess, it's worth mentioning that many black athletes are from countries with higher extremes of poverty, meaning less access to other sports, such as sailing, polo and counter strike.


Question: How do we know irrational numbers don't repeat?

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 How do we know irrational numbers don't repeat?

A number is rational if it is the ratio of two integers. It is irrational if it can't be written as such. Let's say you have a number that does repeat. For example x=0.123123123... So 1000x = 123.123123123... Subtract x from both sides and you get 999x = 123, or x = 123/999, i.e. x is rational. Therefore if x is repeating then it is rational. There's another proof that shows that if x is rational then it is repeating (or finite).


Question: Why do phones and tablets power on and off with full 100 % brightness regardless of the scree brightness settings?

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 Why do phones and tablets power on and off with full 100 % brightness regardless of the scree brightness settings?

There needs to be a program running to control the screen brightness for it to be set to some amount. In those situations, there is no process running for that, as it requires an operating system to run, which isn't running completely at that time. There are ways around it but its not really a necessity for the few seconds it takes for the phone to turn on or off.