Question: How does a wax cylinder phonograph produce sound?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a wax cylinder phonograph produce sound?

It super cool. What's neat is that it works the same way a vinyl record does (and to some degree the way older CDs used to). But it's more impressive because it's bigger and more obvious how crazy it is that these work at all. When a wax cylinder phonograph is recorded, what they do is use sound waves to make impressions on the soft wax. Sound is caused by high frequency vibrations of air molecules. A rapid increase and decrease air pressure sends a wave of pressure through the air. What can air pressure do? Ever open a Snapple and hear that "pop" of the lid? That metal button was held shut by air pressure and when it equalized, it made a noise and was forceful enough to snap that lid. Press it with your hands to see just how much force that is. Our eardrums do this too. They vibrate back and forth like a more sensitive Snapple lid and all the information we get from sound comes from that vibrating. Recording a phonograph reverses this. A large cone concentrates sound pressure waves down to a point. At the tip of this cone is a membrane (like the Snapple lid) that vibrates as the pressure waves increase and decrease the pressure. Attached to that vibrating membrane is a needle point. Picture a can of cranberry sauce. Pour out the cylinder of cranberry inside. A wax phonograph look like this. It's a cylinder of wax. Warm up that wax to make it soft but still solid. Now press the phonograph needle to the wax and start the wax cylinder rotating like it is on a pottery wheel. The needle will leave a neat little groove in the cylinder and the depth of that groove will depend on the sound pressure behind the needle membrane at the time of the recording. As the recording continues, all the variations in sound pressure are captured. Now stop the recording and play it back. Cool the wax to room temperature and it will harden. Hard like a candle. It’s now hard enough that dragging the needle over it will vibrate the membrane. Amplify this little vibration and you’ll get a speaker making sounds that were recorded. Microphones are speakers in reverse. And modern ones do exactly the same thing but use magnetic fields produced by magnets moving through coils instead of a needle making marks on wax.


Question: Why is some rain little droplets and some rain are big old fat drops?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is some rain little droplets and some rain are big old fat drops?

Rain forms when little particles of dust start getting water stuck to them in the cloud. When they get heavy enough, they fall. Sometimes, the wind is blowing upwards and the drops have to be heavier before they fall; this is how hailstones are made, too. Sometimes there's no wind blowing upwards, but the raindrops form way high up in a really thick cloud and keep collecting water as they fall. They don't fall very fast, so they have time to pick up a lot sometimes. When they form close to the ground they don't have enough time to pick up much extra water. Edit: huh, needed a semicolon for once.


Question: Why should i go to a nice, prestigious college?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why should i go to a nice, prestigious college?

Part of the benefit of going to a prestigious college is the network, and the name recognition. If your graduate from Harvard, you could probably get any job you want because your perceived to be so smart. That being said if you have the opportunity to transfer from cc to a more prestigious college, it’s probably worth it.


Question: What does Tupper’s Self-Referential Formula prove or realistically achieve?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does Tupper’s Self-Referential Formula prove or realistically achieve?

What does it prove? That Jeff Tupper is awesome. What does it achieve? Nothing, by itself. Tupper's formula is strongly related to the concept of a [Quine]( URL_1 (a program that produces its own source code as output), which is itself strongly related to the concept of [fixed point]( URL_0 (roughly, a fixed point of function f is a value of x such that f(x) = x. As a consequence, f(f(x)) = f(x) = x, and f(f(f(x))) = f(f(x)) = f(x) = x, and so on and so forth), which are very very important concept in computer science (specifically in the context of lambda calculus, which deals a lot with recursion). Building quines is not particularly useful, but it takes a fair bit of skill, so you tend to learn a lot of potentially useful tricks in the process of building one yourself. You can think of building this formula as an advanced learning exercise.


Question: If you wash and dry clothes repeatedly, is there a point at which you would no longer get lint as a dryer byproduct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If you wash and dry clothes repeatedly, is there a point at which you would no longer get lint as a dryer byproduct?

It's actually the other way around, the older a fabric becomes, the more likely it is small fibers will break off and become lint. Of course new textiles will also have lint but for different reasons.. For example, surgical huck towels are used for something in operating rooms. To be FDA certified they have to be low-lint or lint free for a certain number of wash cycles. Once those cycles are reached, the towels are either disposed of, or washed/sterilized and resold. Often janitorial companies will buy used & sterilized surgical towels as their inexpensive cleaning towels, particularly for dusting and cleaning windows.


Question: Why does HIV turn into AIDS?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does HIV turn into AIDS?

HIV infects specific white blood cells called CD4+ T-lymphocytes. These are responsible for controlling your body's immune system and regulating it. Without enough of them, your become immunodeficient. They act like commanders and tell other white blood cells what to do when the body is under attack When you first get infected, there's a mild symptomatic (like a mild flu) period, then it stops for a long time. During this, your white cell count decreases slowly over time. Once it decreases under a certain threshold (400/ml), your body can't handle infections anymore and you become overwhelmed by rare diseases that typically hit immunodeficient people. Hence: Acquired (from HIV), Immunodeficiency (deficient immune system; white blood cells in this), syndrome


Question: What exactly does incognito browser do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly does incognito browser do?

It means that the browser will start a new browsing session and will not record anything during it. This means two things: it will not use identifying information (such as cookies) from your normal browsing session, and any information collected while browsing incognito (cookies, browsing history) will be discarded and not stored on your computer. This means that anyone using your computer later won't know what sites you went to.


Question: Why is it impossible to completely ignore pain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it impossible to completely ignore pain?

it's absolutely possible to ignore great pain, you just need to be in a situation that demands it. You feel the burn in the first place because your muscles can't go at that pace forever and your body has to send a negative signal to your brain to get you to stop. that signal serves a purpose, it's meant to be listened to, but with enough adrenaline you can and will ignore it until your body gives out.


Question: How do we translate old texts from dead languages?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we translate old texts from dead languages?

Well, normally you try to figure out what one word means. Then use that word (and context clues) to figure out what another word means. Then use both of those words (and context clues) to figure out more words, and so on. But the real key was the Rosetta Stone. It was discovered and had the same passages written in ancient Egyptian (a dead language) as well as Greek (an alive language). This was the key to translating all Egyptian hieroglyphics.


Question: What does 'Legitimate Interest' mean/include on cookie banners?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does 'Legitimate Interest' mean/include on cookie banners?

To give an over-simplified explanation that its appropriate for this subreddit: "Legitimate interests" are defined as part of the GDPR (the General Data Protection Regulation that governs data privacy throughout Europe), and they are one of the reasons why a business or website might collect personal data. Sometimes "consent" is requested, but it can sometimes be difficult (or really annoying for everyone) to try to get consent for every single thing. So, "legitimate interests" are those reasons why a business might collect personal data where you might reasonably expect a business to need that information. For example, a business that sells physical goods through their online store will need your name and delivery address (and possibly phone number and email) so that they can send your purchase to you - the business might just decide to collect these details as part of their "legitimate interests" rather than asking for your consent to let them use these details, because what if you don't consent to providing your delivery address, or withdraw your consent to them storing your name (which legally they must for six years, as part of their accounting obligations)? Therefore, a business or website doesn't need to ask for your consent to collect personal data for these "legitimate interests", but they do still need to ask for your consent to use your personal data for other things such as adding your email address to a mailing list for marketing. Of course, it's a bit more complicated than that, but hopefully this will help to simplify and explain things for you.


Question: - How are we able to decipher text from letters so quickly? for example I saw a insta post with . and was able to figure it out first try

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - How are we able to decipher text from letters so quickly? for example I saw a insta post with . and was able to figure it out first try

It has to do with how your brain processes words and sentences at all; a similar phenomenon occurs by removing or jumbling the middle letters of every word in a sentence - all your brain needs is the first and last letters in the right spots to decipher the word extremely easily, in most cases. TL;DR, your brain is very, VERY good at puzzle solving and pattern recognition.


Question: How is mains AC turned into usable DC power, particularly in the context of a desktop computer PSU?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is mains AC turned into usable DC power, particularly in the context of a desktop computer PSU?

AC is converted to DC using a rectifier. Diodes (which restrict current flow in one direction) are used in a bridge circuit so that each half of the AC waveform is output at the same polarity, and then capacitors are used to eliminate the ripple and smooth the DC output. To drop voltage, a transformer may be used on the input AC, or a DC-DC converter (inverter / rectifier) may be used on the output side.


Question: Why is warm/melted butter so much more satisfying (tastes better?) than cold butter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is warm/melted butter so much more satisfying (tastes better?) than cold butter?

The same reason most hot food tastes better, the heat makes the flavor stand out more. When you taste food you're usually picking up on the fats and oils, these compounds are then volatilized by the heat and adding a distinct smell to the mix as odor plays a part in how we taste.


Question: What did Jordan Peterson do and why did he get so much backlash?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What did Jordan Peterson do and why did he get so much backlash?

When Canada was proposing their recent law regarding the required use of preferred pronouns he objected. This was for several reasons. 1) He believed that people and institutions would use the law erroneously to punish people who even tried to discuss the topic or who otherwise did not hold the exact opinions of the far left. This was proven true with Lindsey Shepherd a TA at Wilfrid Laurier University who was labeled as Transphobic for attempting to have a discussion about pronoun usage, which in part touched on this debate and used a part of one of Peterson's speeches as a video prompt in a language class studying a unit on pronouns. 2) He has studied Authoritarianism fairly thoroughly and is firmly against the government policing language. That is something he considers to be absolutely totalitarian, and something that borders on the kind of totalitarianism seen in Communist or Fascist regimes. So he spoke out against the bill before it was made.


Question: Why is two minutes recommended for the appropriate amount of time to brush your teeth? And what happens overnight to your teeth if you don't brush before sleeping?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is two minutes recommended for the appropriate amount of time to brush your teeth? And what happens overnight to your teeth if you don't brush before sleeping?

First question answered by /u/AptCasaNova in another [thread]( URL_1 ). > Brushing for 2 minutes means you are likely to not brush as hard, since you have more time and will concentrate on where you're brushing. You're more likely to get behind the teeth, around tricky spots, massage the gumline a bit and brush the tongue. Aside from possibly missing certain areas, brushing too hard can damage gums and tooth enamel... and wear your toothbrush out a lot faster. Answer to the second question by [Greatist]( URL_0 ): > Here's what's happening in your mouth: A film of plaque is constantly building up thanks to the bacteria that live there, and it takes about 24 hours to mature. The bacteria produce acid throughout the day, and even more when you're eating, which is why you want to get rid of the film at least twice per day—any less and the acid byproducts may eat into your enamel and cause cavities. The longer the film sits on your teeth and the more food the bacteria feed on, the more time you'll spend cringing in the dentist's chair later on. This is why it's recommended to brush before bed, otherwise the bacteria will spend a lot of time in your mouth.


Question: How do software updates like iOS11 speed up the phone?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do software updates like iOS11 speed up the phone?

The hardware will determine the maximum performance. How fast a app or the operation system depends on hot the program code is written. There are multiple ways to write code that do the same thing and it is usually the case. The simplest and fastest way write code often will result in a slow program. If you spend more time on the code you will likely find a faster way to do it that might be more complicate but the program will be faster. Here is a [BBC video]( URL_0 ) that in a simple way explain that that different algoritm can take different time to do the same thin. It it not exactly the same as how speedup of a OS works in most case but is illustrates in a nice way that the the speed of a programs will depend of how it is written. It is often the case that the program that translate the code to what runs on the hardware (compiler/interpreter) get faster. It takes time to optimize it for a new CPU etc and the engineer that writs it have now had time to make it faster. There might also be another reason is that for different reason the phone gets slower and slower over time because of how data is stored etc. It might be the case that a


Question: does a train with two wagons need exactly double the energy of a single Train wagoned or less?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 does a train with two wagons need exactly double the energy of a single Train wagoned or less?

This is actually a really interesting question, according to basic physics (ie back of the napkin type calculations) the answer is yes, you need double the energy, but when you look at it with more advanced physics thinks get more interesting. Sure you end up having double the weight but as /u/incruente pointed out you only need to account for the first wagons air resistance if their paired (and maybe a slight bit from the gap in between the cars), also a two wagon pair only needs one driver saving cost and energy. Trains also have very little ground resistance (meaning they don’t have a lot of friction) so once they get moving they don’t need a lot of energy to keep moving, so in theory that reduced air resistance might add up the more cars you add.


Question: How do doctors make predictions of how long someone will live or if they'll ever walk normally again?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do doctors make predictions of how long someone will live or if they'll ever walk normally again?

There will always be outliers who defy expectation. However, statistically speaking, most aren't so lucky. The doctor wants to give people an understanding of their likely future so that the patient may start to make informed choices about what they want to do. To make these predictions, doctors would look at the person's injuries and compare them to other similar cases. They know that most people who sustain certain types of injures tend not to be able to walk again. While occasionally someone might be truly lucky and get mobility back, the doctor's responsibility is to inform the patient of their likely future so that they can adjust and cope accordingly. As for predicting death, it is similar. Doctors would compare the stage of the patient's terminal illness against other cases to get an early estimate. Due to all the studies that have been done on such illnesses, doctors know how long it typically takes a given terminal illness to kill someone after it reaches a certain stage. Following that, they would watch the patient to see how quickly the disease progresses for them, and possibly adjust that estimate.


Question: where do I get my REAL news if everything is algorithmically attached to what I like?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 where do I get my REAL news if everything is algorithmically attached to what I like?

Use a search engine that doesn't track your habits of customizes your results, like duck duck go Use that to search for a news item you recently read about Out of the results, pick some news sites you haven't heard of before, or that you at least don't follow Do research on how truthful they are Start reading the top 3 that you find in terms of truthfulness


Question: Is most money based on anything today that is physically tangible? Or is it just abstract imaginary numbers being subtracted and added on computers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Is most money based on anything today that is physically tangible? Or is it just abstract imaginary numbers being subtracted and added on computers?

You're asking about assets like gold, but even without a gold standard, there's more to it than just an agreement to use fiat currency (your "imaginary numbers"). For example, U.S. dollars are backed by the faith and credit of the government. And this government is funded by the taxes paid by 350+ million people living in an enormous country with a wealth of natural resources. Part of that "credit" calculation is the knowledge that these physically tangible assets -- the people, the land, the guns, Disneyland, Yosemite, giant car factories, acres of corn -- all roll up to create an economy upon which you can base a fiat currency. Is there a gold standard? No. But saying it's all based on "imaginary numbers" is a colossal oversimplification.


Question: why certain noises “go through you”?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why certain noises “go through you”?

Supposedly this is thought to be down to the beneficial trait that if you hear a high pitched babie cries it induces stress within you and you go the baby thereby aiding its survival. ..but we humans are not finally tuned creatures and there are quite a few similar frequencies between 2-5 kHz that illicit the same response, fingernails on chalkboard, chalk on slate, Styrofoam being rubbed together...


Question: Why is it that hitting a body of water at terminal velocity is fatal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that hitting a body of water at terminal velocity is fatal?

It's not only terminal velocity where it's fatal. Hitting water from height is like hitting the ground. In most positions your body cannot displace the water quickly enough for it to go around your body so it's essentially a rapid deceleration event. Massive internal injuries can result, even coronary artery dissection.


Question: When a group says "aye" or "nay" when voting, how can they be absolutely sure more people said one over the other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When a group says "aye" or "nay" when voting, how can they be absolutely sure more people said one over the other?

The "voice votes" you describe are only done on relatively uncontroversial/unimportant questions, usually matters of procedure. If it is close or the vote is important, there is always the option to do a roll-call vote where every delegate is called on in turn and answers "aye" or "nay" for themselves alone. This is an arduous procedure, so voice votes are usually used whenever possible.


Question: How is the 'expiration date' calculated on products?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the 'expiration date' calculated on products?

Mostly, the companies simply decide how long they think the food will taste its best for. Expired food is rarely dangerous unless it's fresh meat or seafood, so most dates are just the producer saying "yeah these Pringles will probably be a little stale after two months, and if people eat them while they're stale they will think they suck and not buy them again, so tell them to throw them out instead"


Question: What are vacuum tubes on amps? Do they actually do anything?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are vacuum tubes on amps? Do they actually do anything?

Vacuum tubes predate transistors, and act as amplifiers. Both work on the basic idea that a small current, your audio signal, can proportionately regulate a large current, from the wall outlet, for example. How they both achieve that are very different. Transistors, which everyone knows is how they make computers, were originally invented to be an amplifier. Vacuum tube amps and transistor amps are both analog devices. The analog vs. digital comes up in your recording and playback equipment. A record is analog, in that the signal is only as precise as the carving in the vinyl and the player's manufacture. Magnetic tape is also analog. Digital audio is produced by taking a measurement of the current generated by a microphone regularly over time. That's sampling and your sample rate. This analog signal off the mic is passed through an Analog to Digital converter, which is going to turn an analog sine waves into a number, the more bits an ADC has, the more accurate the representation of the original signal. These numeric values are fed into a Digital to Analog Converter, which reverses the process, and then that is piped through your amplifier. Unlike your record or tape, which the sound can change because the media physically wears out, or expands and contracts with temperature, a digital sample will be reproduced effectively exactly every single time, forever. Audiophiles like to think vacuum amplifiers have a "warmer" sound, which might be true, but what if you don't always want that? I think there are too many variables to make a comparison meaningful. Every piece of equipment, how they're wired, and the shape, material, and contents of your room are going to change how your audio sounds. If you compare a $1k vacuum amplifier to a $1k opamp in a double blind test, I wouldn't expect you to be able to discern a difference.


Question: What exactly is a Tropical Depression?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly is a Tropical Depression?

The air pressure in the atmosphere varies from location to location, forming areas that are high pressure and areas that are low pressure. Low pressure areas cycle air inward at the surface and outward up high, high pressure systems do the opposite. The inward and upward airflow in low pressure systems aids in the formation of clouds and thus rain, snow, etc. When you have one of these low pressure systems, along with a thunderstorm, and winds blowing in a circular path (like a huge and comparativly slower tornado) but the wind isn't blowing super strong it gets called a tropical depression. If the winds are a stronger and form a more ordered circular path it's called a tropical storm. A tropical storm is called a Hurricane if it forms over the North Atlantic or Northeast Pacific Ocean, a Typhoon if it's over the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and a Cyclone if it forms over the South Pacific or Indian Oceans.


Question: What is an API call?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is an API call?

ELI-a-non-programmer: An API is like ordering from a takeout restaurant. You know the number you need to call, you know what you need to say, and you know they'll give you something in return. What you *don't* know is the inner workings of their kitchen, on how they prepared that food for you. An API is similar: you have somewhere to make the calls to (usually a URL, like a web address, but not necessarily), you have a specific statement you make in order to get something back ("I'll take a large beef and brocolli", "send me a list of all customers who have ordered in the last month", etc), and without you knowing *how* it's doing that, it sends you the requested information back. Why are these important? Because they allow you to use a service without being hooked into the details. For example, making calls to a weather API can tell you what the weather's like in a particular zip code, without you actually ever having access to any of the weather sensors they use to determine that.


Question: How is a root canal actually done?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is a root canal actually done?

The ring they wear on their finger usually has a sponge to hold the different files, as well as a ruler to measure the file length. An apex locator can be used to measure the actual length of the root canal, and the files have a little rubber stopper that can be set to the desired length on that ruler. Progressively larger files are used to scrape the inside walls of the root, cleaning and shaping them. EDTA may be used to help remove organic tissues, then the canals are chemically cleaned, usually with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, or both. The canal is then dried and sealed with a cement and rubber points called gutta percha. Edit: sorry, didn't see what sub this was. They scrape the inside of the tooth roots with a file, bleach it clean, then stuff golf ball filler into it


Question: How can you drink water in countries with temperature less than 0°C ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can you drink water in countries with temperature less than 0°C ?

The water pipes are buried below the frost line for the area. The frost line is the depth to which the ground is expected to freeze during winter. Water pipes go below that, so they don't freeze. The frost line can be more than 4 feet deep in some areas. [Here is a map]( URL_0 ).


Question: How do cable companies produce/provide internet service for customers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do cable companies produce/provide internet service for customers?

You’ve been into an office, possibly a computer room. Maybe you’ve seen a network switch. It’s the device that all the cables from the office’s computers attach. Each computer has its own address, like a street address. When one computer wants to talk to another, say to send a file, it packages up the info and puts the other computers address on the label. Sends it to the switch which reads the label and sends it on its way over to the correct computer. The internet works the same way. All cables go to network switches which route the traffic so packages find their intended address. All traffic has that address label to tell switches where they want to go. And, yes it’s all wired. Ah, wireless devices.... this is something like air mail, the plane takes off and lands somewhere. The package leaves your phone flys through the air and lands at the Access Point where it is routed to the next switch, over wires, which then directs it onto the next until the package reaches its address. Enter the cable companies. They are paid to manage the cables and switches. They do not create, provide, or produce the internet. The internet is all the traffic, the packages. Of course there is more equipment than switches and access points but then I’ll have to write that response in ELi10.


Question: Most (but not all) male mammals are larger than females, but most (but not all) female insects, arachnids and fish are larger than males. Why does female-male sexual dimorphism vary by biological class?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Most (but not all) male mammals are larger than females, but most (but not all) female insects, arachnids and fish are larger than males. Why does female-male sexual dimorphism vary by biological class?

Arthropods and fish lay masses of eggs which are large in comparison to the size of their bodies; that is their reproductive strategy. Mammals in comparison do not lay eggs but just produce tiny ova which, if fertilized, will then gradually grow into a baby. The biological requirements for these different reproductive strategies necessitate different body sizes. In mammals, the primary evolutionary pressure has been for larger, stronger males who can successfully compete with other males for access to females. In fish, the primary evolutionary pressure has been for large females who can produce large quantities of eggs.


Question: What would happen if all the frogs went extinct?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What would happen if all the frogs went extinct?

Much the same as would happen if any broad-ranging group of animals went extinct - a bunch of other species would, in turn, go extinct. It's worth noting that "frog" is a hugely broad order of vertebrates. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of species that come under that description, and they exist in every country on earth. Multiple other species rely on frogs (and their spawn) as a food source. If that food source were to disappear, it would have catastrophic knock-on effects, potentially changing the global ecosystem on a permanent basis.


Question: How does the human body generate electricity?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the human body generate electricity?

Basically with salts. Sodium, potassium, etc. (hence the word "electrolyte"). The human body isn't electronic in the way that a computer is. Our nerves are not wires, and electrons don't move freely through them. The way it works is that electrically charged atoms move in and out of a nerve, and create a "wave" of electrical charge within the nerve the way that people do the wave at a ball game, triggering the ones next to them to move in or out. But this is a crucial difference: The charged particles themselves are not moving down the nerve, so once again they're not like wires.


Question: Why can't we notice the huge amounts of salt in processed foods, but if we put the same amount of salt in home-cooked food, it would be too salty?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we notice the huge amounts of salt in processed foods, but if we put the same amount of salt in home-cooked food, it would be too salty?

Food science student here. Not all sodium is salty. In prepared foods the bulk of the sodium will be from preservatives; the rest for flavoring. When you're cooking at home you're only adding one type of sodium (NaCl) and only for flavoring. The average american does not get the bulk of their sodium from table salt. A person could go on a heart-healthy diet and eat the recommended daily foods but still be consuming 2x or 3x the DRI for sodium just by eating prepared foods rather than home cooking. Although commercial style sodium ingredients don't taste like table salt they do have their own flavor. If you grew up eating packaged food you may not taste it. For the sake of argument if you exclusively cooked every single thing you ate then after a while you'd probably be able to taste it. Edit: Holy schnikes thanks for all the gold, this was an efficient way of procrastinating on my thesis. \-Somebody mentioned the "bliss point" of balancing lots of sugar with salt. Though I think that does play a role, mostly in R & D, it's important to remember that food companies want to save money. They will be using the least amount of resources possible to reach quality and safety standards. The consumption of sugar the US is actually going down! \-Sodium nitrate was also brought up. It is the key ingredient in cured meats (bacon, prosciutto, etc). It keeps the botulism out of your food which is an odorless tasteless killer. Prior to sodium nitrate we used potassium nitrate (saltpeter) which produced inconsistent results (aka death). Nitrates have been used since antiquity! They have a bad rap because when eaten in excess they're correlated with cancer. There are many products on the market now that market themselves as "uncured" but this is misleading. They are still cured via nitrates thru different ingredients (celery) \-Sodium is an important part of a healthy diet. There really are no evil foods! The best advice for a healthy diet is a rather boring one: eat balanced. Despite how un-sexy it is really the best dietary advice for the average Joe is from the [USDA]( URL_0 ). When in doubt, read the labels!


Question: How did " 's " come to mean possession when used at the end of a noun?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did " 's " come to mean possession when used at the end of a noun?

In Old English, a suffix of 'es' was the most common way of forming the genitive case of masculine and neuter nouns. As Old English transformed into Middle English and then Modern English, the language simplified, and most of the case endings were dropped and replaced with phrases using prepositions (eg to, by, on etc), However this one remained and was extended to cover all nouns both singular and plural. The pronunciation of this ending also gradually changed so the e was silent, and the habit arose of writing the word with an apostrophe instead of an 'e'.


Question: Why are there no more big bangs happening?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are there no more big bangs happening?

The big bang refers to the point when the universe started to rapidly expand in all directions. We are currently inside this continuous expansion. If there was another big bang somewhere it would have to be outside of the universe. If there ever was another big bang we would never be able to see it.


Question: why does the earth still have such a big molten core after so long?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does the earth still have such a big molten core after so long?

The inner core is solid because of extreme pressures. The outer core is molten because of the extremely high temperatures. It's not a star although radioactive elements have kept the interior hot. Initially it was hot because of the energy coming from rocks coalescing together. You have those two sources of heat (radioactivity and formation). To a certain extent you also have a third source of heat: friction. Edit: this link is really good URL_0


Question: Why use a savings account when you have a checking account?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why use a savings account when you have a checking account?

Back in the 90s and earlier, interest rates were WAY higher. We're talking 10% on your savings accounts. Having even $1000 in your account means you made $100+ in interest per year for doing nothing. Nowadays, interests rates are insanely low, often in the 0.5-1.5%. It's not really worth it to keep money you might need in savings.


Question: What is TISA agreement, why is it so confidential? Is it good or bad?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is TISA agreement, why is it so confidential? Is it good or bad?

The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) is a treaty in negotiations between the US and the EU. Drafts are confidential because they are not yet agreed to and subject to change as negotiations unfold. In general, trade agreements are good because they reduce uncertainty. Without them, some trading partners can respond to news of the day with alarmist tariffs. This makes their other trading partners sad, because it's hard to know to invest in trade if the prices can change overnight due to some arbitrary tariff.


Question: How do calculators calculate trigonometric functions for every reel number?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do calculators calculate trigonometric functions for every reel number?

What many have said is incorrect. Calculators do NOT use Taylor series, it would take a lot more time and computational power to use Taylor series for these computations. Taylor series are super important and have their uses, but calculator trig functions are not one of those things. Calculators use the [CORDIC Algorithm]( URL_1 ). The idea of this is that there are some really easy trig values to compute, and if you already have, say, the trig value for an angle X, then you can easily get trig values for things like the angle X/2 using half angle formulas. You then use these things to bounce around the angle that you want, getting extremely close to it, but only using the values that are easy to compute. For example. If want to find a trig value for, say, 37.992 degrees, then you can start at 45 degrees (whose trig values we already know), note that 37.992 < 45, so we go from 45 to 45-45/2=22.5, which is an easy value to compute. We next note that 22.5 < 37.992, and so go from 22.5 to 22.5+22.5/4 = 28.125, which is also easy to compute. From there, again, 28.125 < 37.992 and so we go from 28.125 to 28.125+28.125/8 = 31.64. Etc, etc, etc, until you get to an angle close enough in order to get the degree of accuracy you require. There are choices and adjustments to this that make it better, and there is a bit more going on under the hood, but this is a good way of illustrating how it works. See [Here]( URL_0 ) for more details.


Question: Why is it essential that we close our eyes to fall asleep?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it essential that we close our eyes to fall asleep?

I am not an expert, but I believe there are at least two reasons. The first is simply to block out distractions. The second is to rest and protect your eyeballs. Judging by how crusty your eyes can be in the morning, can you imagine what they'd feel like after 7 or 8 hours without blinking?


Question: what is happening when doing nothing out of the ordinary and a ringing just starts in one ear and eventually fades?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is happening when doing nothing out of the ordinary and a ringing just starts in one ear and eventually fades?

This specifically is called "sudden-onset ringing tinnitus" and is caused by a temporary misadjustment in the way our inner ear amplifies quiet sounds. A high frequency is briefly set to over-amplify, but it takes a little while for the setting to be turned back down. This "turn it down" response accounts for the "cotton in my ears" feeling one sometimes gets when the ringing ends. This is a common occurrence, unrelated to age or injury.


Question: Why and how does the brain memorize much more easily topics it finds interesting?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why and how does the brain memorize much more easily topics it finds interesting?

One of the explanation is schemas- your brain works by association, I say fire truck you think fireman, ladder, red etc. So if you study an interesting for you topic you will have more already existing associations, thus you have more room to add new information to and find it easier to access since it's in bits that have strong neural links due to heavy use. Same principle f9r remembering in the first place - because it's a highly used area of your brain that is active when learning about things you like it's easier for the brain to create the memories and access them. . Another element is that our brain is generally lazy, watch the video "The science of thinking" from veritasium on YouTube. In the context of your question the answer is that interesting topics get the conscious (You) part of the brain working harder because it is motivated. . Mind you, this is a very simplified A-level psychology explanation. You can find more cool stuff to expand on this on sites like ted, simply psychology or some popular science websites (though please check their sources when you read sth, don't take things for granted just because)


Question: Why the faster the wind the colder it feels if the faster the molecules/atom, the hottest it gets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why the faster the wind the colder it feels if the faster the molecules/atom, the hottest it gets?

Each and every living being emits some of it's heat into the air. We take advantage of this in winter by wearing thick filled with air jackets in which the air gets warmed by our heat. That's how a winterjacket keeps you warm, it keeps YOUR heat around YOUR body. Because what happens without a jacket, is that the warm air gets carried away by wind and because warm air naturally goes up. When the wind is blowing faster, the warm air gets taken away much faster and therefore you feel colder.


Question: How do all oceans have different "sea levels", and haven't all equalized yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do all oceans have different "sea levels", and haven't all equalized yet?

Sea level can be almost 100 metres more or less than the average value, depending on where you are in the world. [This "geoid" map]( URL_0 ) shows the variations. They happen because the earth has denser rocks in some places that create stronger gravity and so have a lower sea level. These geoid levels are relative to the perfect ellipsoidal (squashed sphere) shape used to model the earth. Since you're talking about only centimetre differences, maybe these are being measured relative to the geoid; we'd need to know to be sure. Differences of that size can be explained by weather patterns like prevailing winds and barometric pressure, and also by ocean currents.


Question: Why are do many US employers withhold salary information on open job listings? Wouldn't it cause more of a hassle/expense for the company to spend time interviewing people who might not be interested once they learn the pay rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are do many US employers withhold salary information on open job listings? Wouldn't it cause more of a hassle/expense for the company to spend time interviewing people who might not be interested once they learn the pay rate?

The pay is often negotiable depending on your experience level. If I have an open Engineering position on the staff, I may prefer an experienced hire and offer that candidate $80,000. However, if necessary I may bring in a recent graduate instead and train them, but the salary drops to $50,000 because they're much less valuable to the company initially. It's also possible the company doesn't want the rest of the staff to know the pay scale for that position, or the pay is fairly high and they don't want hundreds of clearly unqualified applicants hoping to hit a home run. People with the right qualifications already know what the market rate is.


Question: Why do water droplets seem to stay on plastic tupperware more than other materials after you wash them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do water droplets seem to stay on plastic tupperware more than other materials after you wash them?

My assumption here is that you are referring to a dishwasher appliance. The dishwasher uses a heat dry cycle, but the plastic that the tuperware is made out of does not retain that heat as long (less mass) as ceramic dishes or metal pots and pans so the water that is on it does not evaporate as quickly. There may also be more factors involved, such as there is more water that sticks to the plastic after rinsing compared to metal or ceramic.


Question: how does the shape of an airplane's wings generate lift? And how does the retractable wing flaps affect that?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does the shape of an airplane's wings generate lift? And how does the retractable wing flaps affect that?

The shape of the wing when viewed from the side is called an aerofoil. As the aerofoil moves, the wind / air splits into 2 streams. The air passing above the aerofoil generates higher velocity (speed in simpler terms). Whereas the air velocity below the wing is low. Without going into the intricate details of fluid dynamics, higher velocity creates a low pressure and vice versa. Since the pressure below the wing is higher (due to the lower air velocity) it generates lift, hence enabling the aircraft to be airborne. A similar concept is applied to the rear spoiler of a car (the opposite) to create downforce.