Question: Today the Koch brothers offered millions of dollars to every congressman who votes against the new health bill. Why did the FBI not immediately arrest them for bribery?

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 Today the Koch brothers offered millions of dollars to every congressman who votes against the new health bill. Why did the FBI not immediately arrest them for bribery?

Everyone here is missing a lot of key points, and many are flat out wrong. It's not lobbying in a legal sense and it's not a campaign donation. The money being pooled is almost exclusively to be used by 501(c)(4), which are "social welfare organizations". These organizations cannot donate directly to candidates for federal office. What these organizations do is make "independent expenditures" which benefit candidates. Legally these have to be done without coordination with the candidate or the campaign. What that means from a practical standpoint is that they run an ad that says something like > Healthcare reform was a critical factor in making sure residents of Wisconsin. Paul Ryan was a champion of smart, sensible health care reform. Tell Paul Ryan 'thank you' for being a strong voice for Wisconsin. [note, I don't agree with that... just using it as an example] The advertisement would clearly be in support of Paul Ryan, but Citizen's United v. FEC made it legal for social welfare organizations to participate in certain types of speech without falling under normal campaign limits. Theoretically, these social welfare groups can spend unlimited money running those kinds of ads. So what the Koch brothers essentially did was say "hey, we're going to spend a ton of money supporting Republicans through our network of 501(c)(4)'s. If you vote no, we won't spend any of that money in your district".


Question: Why does an electronic device occasionally glitch?

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 Why does an electronic device occasionally glitch?

There are two main causes for electronics "glitches". * **Physical Conditions** - things like moisture and heat can and do often effect electronics. Heat especially can cause computers and other electronic devices to fail. Excess heat causes the resistance values of various circuit components to change. Often those components are used for logic processing so small changes in resistance can cause a processor to crash. * **Programmer Error** - much more common are simply mistakes made by programmers. These mistakes usually happen because programmers didn't carefully test their code for strange inputs from the user. For example, on an application might ask the user to enter their birthday. What happens if instead of a date, the user enters a color. Or the word "cat" or a bunch of characters that don't make any sense? Good programmers will detect junk input and handle it some how, some programmers aren't careful. In the real world the kinds of input that cause problems usually are much more complex and happen when one application talks to another.


Question: Why does a sticker slowly peel off, but if it is pulled quickly it tears?

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 Why does a sticker slowly peel off, but if it is pulled quickly it tears?

The strength of the sticker's a factor of how much force it can withstand at a given time, while the adhesive keeping it on is generally resistant to a certain amount of total energy. The faster you want to exert energy, the more force it takes, and the more likely you are to exceed the sticker's durability.


Question: How does the new version of Google Earth create 3D images of places?

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 How does the new version of Google Earth create 3D images of places?

It's done using photogrammetry. An aircraft flies over the area to be mapped and takes lots of photographs from different angles. Then software processes the images and to identify points that appear in more than one image. From this, the 3D position of those points can be reconstructed. The result is a large number of 3D points representing the geometry of the area being mapped (like those seen in [this video]( URL_0 )). Another piece of software can then take those points and connect them to produce a 3D mesh.


Question: What does it mean for the UK Government to ask the Queen to Suspend Parliament?

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 What does it mean for the UK Government to ask the Queen to Suspend Parliament?

In Commonwealth countries, the Queen or her representatives (Governors General) are technically the head of state. This gives them fairly broad powers including to open and close the legislative assembly. These powers are generally exercised only at the request of the currently governing party or less commonly at the request of the legislature as a whole (this is by unspoken convention as the position of head of state in these countries is largely symbolic today). What Boris is doing is trying to close down the parliament to help run down the clock to the end of October. The only mechanism available to topple a government in these legislatures is for them to lose a vote of confidence or on a matter of confidence like a budget. By suspending parliament until mid-October, he can avoid that situation until it would be too late for that move to stop hard Brexit. I guess a shorter ELI5 would be he's like a kid who thinks he might lose at a board game, so he wants Mom to pack it up until closer to bed time so that when he plays again, his opponents won't have the time to beat him before they need to go to bed.


Question: Once and for all, is The Pirate Bay legal, and if it isn't how does it remain online?

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 Once and for all, is The Pirate Bay legal, and if it isn't how does it remain online?

There is no global law covering The Pirate Bay and similar sites. Even if, for example, it's illegal in the USA, it might be legal in Sweden. If there is even a single country where it is legal, it can be hosted in and operated from said country, and then there is no mechanism to take it offline entirely. As for whether it's legal in any *given* country, legal opinions differ. Because it doesn't actually *host* any copyrighted content (.torrent files are effectively links to links (that is, indirect links) to content, not the content itself - and TPB doesn't even host *those* any more, just Magnet links, which are *links* to links to links to content), it's difficult to prove that its operators are breaking copyright law. On the other hand, it is clear that copyright law *is being broken by __someone__*, and torrent-search sites are facilitating this, so the question becomes one of finding a basis for applying legal culpability to the website's owners, operators, and/or Internet service providers.


Question: - if women have so little testosterone, how do female bodybuilders and athletes get so much muscle?

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 - if women have so little testosterone, how do female bodybuilders and athletes get so much muscle?

Muscle development isn't strictly based on hormones. Testosterone does make building muscle easier to do, but working the muscles continuously is going to cause them to bulk up. As others have pointed out, there are also PEDs that can be taken to artificially boost testosterone levels to build up quicker and to a greater degree than simply working out alone will do.


Question: Why does a balance sheet have to balance?

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 Why does a balance sheet have to balance?

Let's say you start fresh and open up a new company, that is a separate legal entity from you. You give it $100 to start out with. If you give it $100 as a loan, then the company has $100 in the bank as cash, ie an asset. But it has to pay you back $100, so its the liability. And the company has no equity, you're balanced. & #x200B; Now you take that $100 and use it to buy raw materials for $100. You would lose $100 in cash, and gain $100 in raw materials. So you're still balanced - you're just converting one asset to another. & #x200B; Now the company makes something with that $100 of raw materials and sells it for $125. You remove your $100 in raw materials, and you convert it to $125 in cash, so you've made $25. But now you are unbalanced. You have more assets than liabilities + equity (which is still at $100). If we were going to be picky about doing our accounting, there would be a series of entries through the income statement that ultimately come back to the balance sheet, but lets ignore that for simplicity. Just intuitively, you've made $25 in income, and that is now yours, ie it is retained earnings/equity. So we increase equity by $25. (ie both sides of the balance sheet are now at $125). To make this clearer, let's take this a step further. Let's say this was all the business your company did and now you want to close up shop. The company has to pay you back for your initial loan of $100. So you take $100 of your cash to pay back the loan, so now you're left with $25 in cash/assets and $25 in equity. IE this balancing represents that the cash on your balance sheet is from equity. (versus in the beginning of this example, all the cash in the company was from debt, the differentiation of which is important for financial analysts). And since we are closing up shop, we want to zero out the balance sheet. that $25 would be paid out as a dividend to whoever the investor is in this scenario, and dividends come out of equity by definition. So we again pay out a dividend to reduce our equity and reduce our assets of $25 in cash to represent that that cash was used to pay the dividend. So yes, equity is always the balancing item on a balance sheet. It does get confusing when you're dealing with a corporation which does GAAP accounting and there are lots of estimates for revenue recognization, fair value, intangibles, etc. But in the end, equity is a balancing item. Hopefully that makes sense.


Question: How does tolerance to capsaicin work?

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 How does tolerance to capsaicin work?

There is a specific protein called TRPV1 which is used by certain pain neurons to detect things like heat, acid and also certain chemicals like capsaicin. Some people are born with a genetic mutation causing less TRPV1 to be produced. This would make it harder to feel pain from these things. A similar effect can also happen if the TRPV1 receptors trigger too often.


Question: What actually is that crust stuff in your eye?

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 What actually is that crust stuff in your eye?

Eye discharge, or "sleep" in your eyes, is a combination of mucus, oil, skin cells and other debris that accumulates in the corner of your eye while you sleep. It can be wet and sticky or dry and crusty, depending on how much of the liquid in the discharge has evaporated.


Question: What happens to a cucumber or other food when it's pickled?

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 What happens to a cucumber or other food when it's pickled?

Pickling is a fermentation process involving lactobacillus bacteria that can tolerate a high salinity environment which kills almost all other micro-organisms. The lactobacilli break down the structure of the cucumber changing its structure and also produce different compounds which change the flavor and increase the acidity of the cucumbers. Additionally, osmosis infuses the pickle with flavors from spices added to the pickling liquid. You end up with a salty, acidic, spice infused pickle that is not only preserved against rot from the action of other micro-organisms but a much different flavor


Question: How does the moon appear bigger on some days and smaller on others if its orbit remains the same?

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 How does the moon appear bigger on some days and smaller on others if its orbit remains the same?

There actually are slight difference in the distance between the Earth and the moon depending over time but you can't see them with the naked eye. The reason the moon sometimes looks bigger is an illusion. When the moon is high in the sky you don't have any nearby objects to compare it to so you only judge it's size based on the angle it subtends. But when the moon is close to the horizon your brain compared it to objects that subtend a smaller angle than the moon does so it ends up looking bigger.


Question: How does a mobile phone "try" to find a signal?

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 How does a mobile phone "try" to find a signal?

A mobile phone generally does a couple of things when it is just kinda lounging around: 1. It has to tell the world where it is - this is so that the tower can route incoming calls to the phone. This is done with an amount of power based on its current "status" of connection. So...power consumption here is _variable_, based on signal strength. 2. When it doesn't have a connection, it will attempt to do so. This "find a connection" signal is sent out at _full power_. It does this after anytime it's lost its connection to a cell. So...no, it's not just listening passively - it's initiating and maintaining conversations with cells, so to speak.


Question: Why do infrastructure projects in the United States take longer and cost more in the United States than in Western Europe or Japan?

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 Why do infrastructure projects in the United States take longer and cost more in the United States than in Western Europe or Japan?

Politics and systemic inefficiency, in the long and short. So-called states rights represents one of the biggest stumbling blocks to large-scale infrastructure projects. Because of how our political system is structured, one state can effectively kneecap an infrastructure project. The grand scale infrastructure projects which were completed in the past were done in a time when there was a much broader view of what unenumerated rights and federal powers meant in the framework of a national context.


Question: why would a company ever go public and accept investor money, which they have to pay back indefinitely, over loaning money, which only has to be paid off with interest?

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 why would a company ever go public and accept investor money, which they have to pay back indefinitely, over loaning money, which only has to be paid off with interest?

Companies only see the money earned by the initial public offering. (IPO) The money exchanged during further trading does not go to the company, nor does money earned from selling stock come from the company. Stock represents a share of ownership of the company, and if you hold enough of it, you get some level of say in the company's operation. Only if the company chooses to buy back the stock does the company pay out to stock holders.


Question: What happens to the wax when you burn a candle, and why doesn’t the wick burn to ash?

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 What happens to the wax when you burn a candle, and why doesn’t the wick burn to ash?

The wax is the fuel. It melts and, well, "wicks" up the wick. The bright flame is the wax burning off of the wick like any liquid fuel would. So the wax is consumed in the burning process. The wick only burns away at the point beyond where the wax burns off, as the liquid wax flowing up it insulates it from the flame.


Question: How do hard drives save data?

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 How do hard drives save data?

the hard drive is composed of a metal disk that can rotate, and a "head" that can move over the surface of the metal disk. The hard drive "writes" data by using an electromagnet to magentize or de-magnetize spots on the surface of the metal disk. Later, to "read" the data, it can move the head over these same spots, and as it moves it'll either detect a magnetic pull or not. The presence or lack of a magnetic pull is interpereted as a 0 or 1.


Question: How are new viruses formed?

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</answer>
 How are new viruses formed?

They evolve from other viruses. Viruses accumulate tons of mutations at a fairly high rate. They can also assimilate genetic material from other viruses (e.g., when 2 viruses simultaneously infect the same individual). Eventually one (or a combination of) these genetic changes results in a large enough phenotypic change that it can be considered a new strain of virus. In the context of SARS-CoV-2, the genetic evidence suggests that it evolved from a coronavirus that infected bats, and then obtained some genetic material from a pangolin coronavirus. Being able to now infect humans is of course considered a very significant change, so we call it a new virus.


Question: When you buy stocks, who are you buying it from? When you sell, who are you selling it to, and can that person say “No thanks, I don’t want to buy it back”?

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 When you buy stocks, who are you buying it from? When you sell, who are you selling it to, and can that person say “No thanks, I don’t want to buy it back”?

When you buy a stocks you are buying it from the first person willing to sell it for the price you are offering. when you sell stocks you are selling it to the first person willing to pay what you was trying to sell it for. And when I say person here, I'm really talking about a person or a group or a company or a fund. It doesn't really matter it's the first deal that matches the offer in the sale price.


Question: Why is 1 not a prime number?

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 Why is 1 not a prime number?

It's mostly because it's a lot more convenient to define it that way, because it makes things shorter to write and clearer. We could have defined prime numbers as including 1, but then basically every theorem about prime numbers would have to exclude them. For example, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic says (in one formulation): > Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented in exactly one way as a product of one or more primes, up to the order of the factors. If you defined prime numbers such that 1 was also prime, you'd have to write: > Every positive integer greater than 1 can be represented in exactly one way as a product of one or more primes greater than 1, up to the order of the factors. There are lots and lots of theorems that would have to be rephrased in the same way, so as a practical matter, it's just more useful if the term "prime number" doesn't include 1.


Question: Black bars across ones eyes and censorship?

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 Black bars across ones eyes and censorship?

It doesn't, really, but it's just enough to satisfy the legal requirements of certain nations or publications to make identification difficult. For various reasons some legal systems require censorship for those who do not give their permission to be published. Therefore, there is a minimum effort required for a publisher to say "hey, we complied with the law, nobody knows who this person is."


Question: Why do horses owned by people need their hooves trimmed, and why didn't horses need their hooves trimmed before humans tamed them?

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 Why do horses owned by people need their hooves trimmed, and why didn't horses need their hooves trimmed before humans tamed them?

Horses owned by humans lead an easy life. Their wild brothers are constantly roaming on rocky ground, looking for a sprig of grass, and galloping over those rocks to get away from predators, or just for the joy of running. The constant activity of a wild horse wears down their hooves. Human-owned horses stand around all day, and when they do trot around a bit, they do it on manicured soft dirt that doesn't wear their hooves.


Question: how can the identity of icefrog, someone who makes dota 2, one of the biggest games in the world, be unknown?

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 how can the identity of icefrog, someone who makes dota 2, one of the biggest games in the world, be unknown?

Some people know who he is, it's just not publicly released. Valve employees know his real identity as does his family and close friends, but at Icefrog's request, they don't reveal who he is. Like how White House officials know who the secret service agents are, and their families probably know somewhat, but for obvious reasons, this isn't revealed to the public at large.


Question: How does A4 paper manufactures compete with each other?

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 How does A4 paper manufactures compete with each other?

That's a big part of it, yeah. If they can find a way to keep costs low without compromising on quality, that will tend to help them get more sales. So, how can they keep costs down? A lot of that comes down to efficiency in terms of equipment, process, supply chain, distribution, employees, and so on. Past that, are they producing high quality paper that customers want? Are there any other services they can provide, such as printed letterhead or watermarks? Are they able to reliably meet their commitments and stick to their contracts? Paper is in some ways a simple product, but all of those factors matter just like they would for any business.


Question: How do astronomers know that the universe is expanding?

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 How do astronomers know that the universe is expanding?

A guy called Edwin Hubble noticed that the further away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us. That means that on average everything we see is moving away from everything else. It follows that everything must have been closer together in the past. As far as we know there is no edge to the universe, the stars and galaxies just keep going forever. There is no edge so the universe isn't expanding into anything, it is just expanding.


Question: How does a person hit the right notes when whistling?

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 How does a person hit the right notes when whistling?

When you throw a ball to someone, you don't take a ruler and measure the distance each time. When you first started playing catch, you didn't usually get it exactly to the target. But after practicing you were able to get get a "feel" for how hard and at what angle you would need to throw it. This "feel" is how experienced whistlers can match pitch. Without going into detail, they way that different pitched sounds interact makes it easy to tell if you are matched or not.


Question: Why dont all planets rotate backwards?

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 Why dont all planets rotate backwards?

You're forgetting about why the objects are accreting in the first place: gravity. The young planetoid isnt simply sweeping through space and cleaning up a cross-section of itself, it's sucking dust and gas down into its gravitational toilet. The dust falling in from external orbits is speeding up towards the star's immense gravity. Dust being pulled in from interior orbits is slowing down as the planet lifts it up. This all forms a hurricane-like accretion disk around the young planet as the material spirals inwards.


Question: Can anyone explain to me the chain rule? I'm kinda doing some self study ryt now, and i'm having a hard time with it. I think i already have a good background with the basic rules, but i am confused when some problems contains mix rules: < <

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 Can anyone explain to me the chain rule? I'm kinda doing some self study ryt now, and i'm having a hard time with it. I think i already have a good background with the basic rules, but i am confused when some problems contains mix rules: < <

the chain rule is something you use when you want to differentiate "difficult" (nested) equations. you can use it to calculate (x+1)^3 without having to expand it into x^3 +3 x^2 + 3 x + 1 this is one of the easier examples, when you're faced with sqare roots, trigonometric (sin/cos) or exponential functions it is often very difficult to expand it into a simpler form to differentiate. sin (2x) for example is also a "nested" equation it is "sinus of (two times x). so what you do is substitute the "inner" part of the equation. (x+1)^3 becomes u^3 sin (2x) becomes sin (u) sqrt (x^3 - x^2 + 7) becomes sqrt (u) (you can also make substitutions like x^4 +x^2 +1 becomes u^2 +u+1) important: after the substitution you should not have an "x" left in your equation, only "u"s and different powers of "u" (obviously you can also choose a different letter), like u^2, sqrt (u), etc. now you take the much easier equation with the "u" parameter and differentiate it. taking the sin(2x) example (because it's easy but not trivial): this gives you sin'(u) = cos (u) now you gotta multiply that with the derivation of the "inner" part, because we want to know how what happens to our "u" when we derive it. here our "u" is just "2x" so u' = 2 and thus the result is sin' (2x) = 2 cos (2x)


Question: Why does sin^2 + cos^2 =1?

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 Why does sin^2 + cos^2 =1?

It's basically Pythagorean theorem (a^2 + b^2 = c^2 when talking about a triangle with a 90^o angle) hidden in plain sight. If you draw a circle with a radius of 1.00 with its centre at exactly the (0,0) centre of a graph's grid lines, then `cos(angle)` and `sin(angle)` are the `x` and `y` coordinates (respectively) of the spot on the circle at that angle. So if from the centre of the graph you go right `cos(angle)` and then up `sin(angle)` you'll be at a spot on the edge of the circle. But those movements make a 90 degree angle, with the hypotenuse of the triangle being the line from that spot on the circle back to the centre of the graph. That is exactly along the radius line of the circle, and it has a length of 1 because we said so at the beginning. So really it should be sin^2 + cos^2 = 1^2 but we all know 1^2 is 1.


Question: why does hot water feel so good on poison ivy?

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 why does hot water feel so good on poison ivy?

Heat overloads the nerve network so effectively that the urge to scratch is abolished for hours. Usually you stimulate the nerves through scratching, although that isn't as intense and is more localized than hot water all over your skin. The reason scratching is bad for you is because the friction tears your skin and can damage it more. Hot water has the same effect but no tear damage.


Question: Is there any animal in the wild that dies of old age like humans do?

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 Is there any animal in the wild that dies of old age like humans do?

It is less likely to happen, and "old age" in the wild is usually younger than in captivity, but there's absolutely no *rule* that says this can't happen. It is absolutely *possible* for an animal to die peacefully of old age in the wild. Note that I assumed you meant an *individual* animal, not an entire species. That said, there are apex predators (or creatures without natural enemies in their environment). And there are animals with *incredibly* strong social ties, where members of the herd will care for each other. Elephants are a prime example of this - their social structure is *incredible* and includes what appears to be altruism to levels you'd not normally associate wth animals. Elephants can often die of old age. Elephants are actually one species that lives *longer* in the wild than in captivity. Elephants didn't even have any natural predators until we showed up...


Question: What is the deal will all these drawings called “lo-fi?” It’s pictures of people sitting at desks in front of windows.

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 What is the deal will all these drawings called “lo-fi?” It’s pictures of people sitting at desks in front of windows.

There is a Youtube channel that streams live lo-fi music. It is intended as a background music for people studying or working. Because it is a live stream video they have added a short loop of an animated Japanese girl reading a book, listening to music while her cat sits in the window sill. This animation have recently turned into a meme where people draw their own versions of this animation. And if you do not know what lo-fi is then it is a genre of music closely related to jazz. The name comes from the initial when people were playing smooth jazz through broken tape machines. This would give a very low quality sound where lots of the notes were out of tune as the tape player could not keep a consistent speed. But this have turned into its own genera of music where people intentionally detune their instruments to form more exotic jazz sounds.


Question: Why does anything to the power zero always equal 1?

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 Why does anything to the power zero always equal 1?


Question: why do distant objects appear greyish blue?

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 why do distant objects appear greyish blue?

When objects are far enough away, the same light scattering effect that makes the sky a hazy blue starts making the air between you and the distant object look hazy blue too. This occurs because some of the air molecules in Earth's atmosphere are just the right size to preferentially deflect blue light but pass all the others. The effect is slight, so you typically don't notice it unless it's compounded over hundreds or thousands of meters.


Question: Why does the moon appear whiter in color as seen from the surface of the Earth than as seen from the surface of the Moon?

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 Why does the moon appear whiter in color as seen from the surface of the Earth than as seen from the surface of the Moon?

It is because the exposure of the astronaut's camera was properly set. If you see the moon in the daytime it looks grey because your eyes are adjusted for daylight. At night your irises open and it looks brighter. It still looks grey to me. BTW the fraction of light reflected from an astronomical body is called its albedo. The moon's is 0.13 while the earth's is 0.30-0.35 depending on cloud cover. [This photo]( URL_0 ) shows the earth and moon in one shot taken from a million miles away. You can see that the moon is darker than the earth.


Question: How does bailing out massive industries with millions or even trillions of dollars compared to the general population help improve the economy?

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 How does bailing out massive industries with millions or even trillions of dollars compared to the general population help improve the economy?

If some big industry goes bust it often has huge knock on effects. For example if airlines go bust this will make it harder for hotels, if they go bust it makes it harder for restaurants and shops that rely on tourism. If these all go bust it's a lot of people suddenly out of work with no obvious way to replace those jobs. That means that they're spending a lot less which causes further job losses. The idea is one big cash injection to stabilise an industry can prevent this and then later the individual weaker businesses in that industry can be allowed to collapse.


Question: Why is zero divided by zero not zero?

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 Why is zero divided by zero not zero?

As I understand it, when you divide a number by zero, there is no valid answer to the problem, and therefore it is undefined. When you divide 0 by 0, you run into the exact opposite problem: every answer is correct, as any number multiplied by zero is zero. I believe I saw this on quora once: 0/0= x, so 0x=0. Any value of x is valid, so it is undefined.


Question: Why does listening to high quality music/binaural audio with earphones/headphones on, some audio channels feels like they are coming from the back or top of your head?

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 Why does listening to high quality music/binaural audio with earphones/headphones on, some audio channels feels like they are coming from the back or top of your head?

Specifically with binaural audio, the technology can't accommodate everyone's biology. Binaural sound is predicated on using an HRTF, a Head Related Transfer Function, to approximate your pinna, eardrums, their orientation, sensitivity, etc. Basically, the HRTF the recording used as a reference doesn't always line up with your own internal HRTF, causing weird phenomena like the sound coming from inside your head or similar, as you described. Someone else whose ears are more closely related to the HRTF the recording used wouldn't have these problems.


Question: What actually is turbulence and how can you get pockets of it?

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 What actually is turbulence and how can you get pockets of it?

Turbulence would be anything that causes the air to be less calm than the air around it. This can be caused by two air masses meeting and mixing, wind blowing against a mountain and being redirected, another airplane's wake, storms, or really anything that causes the air to mix around. As for how some is worse, different things just move the air more violently. An airplane's wake is going to be fairly turbulent, but easily avoidable. Storms will cause bad turbulence, but again are at least easy to plan ahead for. The worst kind is clear air turbulence. This is any kind of turbulence that happens in perfect visibility conditions. This means you can't see it on weather radar, because there are no particles of water or dust to see. And so there's little to no warning. The airplane itself will be fine in nearly any turbulence you meet, but every once in a while a passenger or two will be injured if they don't have their seatbelt on. But it's not something to worry about. You'll see turbulence on a lot of flights, but incidents where passengers are hurt are very rare.


Question: What happens above the clouds during a tornado?

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 What happens above the clouds during a tornado?

Mostly turbulent winds that calm down the higher you are above it. Tornados are caused by thunderstorms often characterised with the forming of Cumulonimbus clouds (Referred to in their short code as "Cb" or nicknamed "Charlie Bangers" by pilots) which can rise extremely high in the atmosphere. They can get as high as 48'000ft! They are extremely dangerous to go anywhere near in an aircraft and we avoid them like the plague. Generally speaking it's quite hard to be above a cumulonimbus cloud as they rise so high, but if your above the clouds then generally your above the weather, so it's a lot calmer. I've not had the opportunity to fly over a cumulonimbus cloud as yet. I am not sure I want to either. But looking down it would likely be hard to tell there was a tornado happening at ground level.


Question: How do deep space telescopes work?

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 How do deep space telescopes work?

I assume by "deep space telescope" you mean a wide and stout telescope like [this]( URL_2 ) or even the Hubble telescope. These telescopes are called reflecting telescopes, and they work differently than the long, thin refracting telescopes (which look like [this]( URL_0 )). A *refracting* telescope works like a looking glass or binoculars; it is a long tube with lenses that focus light to create an image. The problem is that these telescopes have very small "objectives" (the piece that receives light) compared to *reflecting* telescopes. These are used for deeper space observation because (among other reasons) they collect more light. They are wider, so they collect more light, so they can see dimmer and farther things. So how does a reflecting telescope work? It's actually very simple. Curved mirrors focus the light into a small area. That's it, really. There are various designs, and the [Wikipedia article]( URL_1 ) has some good diagrams, but the principle is very simple. They work just like a satellite dish, where a large, curved surface focuses radio waves to a receiver. The only difference is that these telescopes use mirrors to reflect the light, and they may reflect it multiple times.


Question: What is variance and why in the world would I want to square the "distance" from my mean?

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 What is variance and why in the world would I want to square the "distance" from my mean?

Variance is how much your range of values vary from a formulaic approximation of all the data. You square the “distance” to remove the sign. If you take the mean minus the data, then data above are negative and data below are positive. This makes comparing how far they are from the mean problematic. So you square then, and that removes the negative signs. Now everything is positive. As a bonus, differences are even more pronounced.


Question: How did I get burned by superglue?

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 How did I get burned by superglue?

Normally as glue "dires" it actually under goes a chemical change. This change is usually exothermic, meaning releases heat. The reaction rate is a function of several things but the main one in this case is surface area, as it reacts with air to cure. When on your finger the surface is at it normal so the curing happens slowly and the heat is released over a long period of time so you don't notice it. When applied to the tissue paper or other porous material the surface area exposed to air increases dramatically and the reaction rate does so as well. The energy is released much quicker result in hot temperatures and burns in your case. Edit fun story. Once for a project we mixing a bunch of epoxy. But someone put in way to much at once which lead to the epoxy getting too above 100C (212F) and steaming/burning the tables it was on. Again the reaction was exothermic but this time the contributing factor was temperature. They hotter the substance typical the faster the reaction occurs leading to a feedback cycle of the epoxy getting hot, drying faster and releasing more heat. We had to put the cup into a sink full of ice and later freezer to stop the runaway reaction.


Question: Why do MMA fighters not look that muscular?

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 Why do MMA fighters not look that muscular?

MMA is based more on being agile and less on being able to do the heaviest thing like body building. You definitely have to be strong, but it is also about technique, skill, and overall athleticism. Also as someone else said, bodybuilders go for that specific look which comes from dehydrating the body. That’s not a healthy thing for a fighter to do to themselves if they want to be successful so that is not prioritized


Question: Why do people fidget? (like playing with a pencil, shaking their leg, etc)

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 Why do people fidget? (like playing with a pencil, shaking their leg, etc)

Some people explain fidget behavior as something that is self stimulating, and it's thought of as a behavior that helps to calm or regulate your system if there is a feeling of anxiety. It also can help you to focus. Some students with ADHD find having a fidget to keep their hands busy in class allows them to pay better attention in class, and adults find things to fidget with all the time as well.


Question: why is the Lucas number superior to the fibonacci sequence in terms of calculating the golden ratio?

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 why is the Lucas number superior to the fibonacci sequence in terms of calculating the golden ratio?

It cheats. Lucas cheats because it's opening ratio of 2:1 is closer to Phi than Fibonacci's opening ratio of 1:1. Not only that, but Lucas's first two sequence numbers are simply Fibonacci's second two sequence numbers backwards. Almost any starting pair of positive integers added in sequence like Fibonacci can reach Phi. A 9, 3... sequence reaches 4 digits of Phi (1.618) at the 11th step, same as Fibonacci.


Question: How can the color spectrum be wrapped into a continuous color wheel? How can the highest frequency colors blend into the lowest frequency colors without clashing?

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 How can the color spectrum be wrapped into a continuous color wheel? How can the highest frequency colors blend into the lowest frequency colors without clashing?

Because our eyes only detect three colours of light: red, green, and blue. When both red and blue light reaches our eyes but not green, we perceive it as magenta (a bright pinkish purple color). When both red and green light reaches out eyes but not blue, we perceive it as yellow - but what is interesting is that things that reflect *yellow light* will stimulate both our red and green receptors as well (just not *as much* for the red receptor as red light would) so yellow light also stimulates the red and green detectors, hence why it looks yellow. In short, there are two ways to see yellow - from actual yellow light (which is between the wavelengths most detected by the red and the green receptors) and also from a little bit of red light and a little bit of green light both being detected at the same time. But there is only one way to detect magenta, since there's no magenta wavelength! The wavelength between red and blue is just the green wavelength, but if you are detecting both red and blue but *not* green, it can't be a really bright green spilling into red and blue! So it must be something else. As such, our minds blend the colours smoothly as we add or remove various amounts of each colour, and this necessitates a ring-like structure.


Question: Why does America hold Senate elections every two years?

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 Why does America hold Senate elections every two years?

Senators in the US serve six year terms, and one-third of the seats come up for election every two years. So, not all of the Senate seats are up for reelection at the same time. The members of the House of Representatives serve two year terms, and all 435 of them are up for reelection at the same time, in November of even numbered years.


Question: Why does a hammer deform the material you strike with it, but a mallet does not?

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 Why does a hammer deform the material you strike with it, but a mallet does not?

Either can deform the material. Imagine hitting play doh with a mallet. However, in general, a hammer will be made of a hard material and a mallet a softer material. When a mallet strikes something, the energy of the impact is absorbed by the material of the mallet. In a hammer, the material is inflexible and does not do this.


Question: CNN: “Corporate Insiders are selling stock at a pace not seen since 2007.” How is this not insider trading?

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 CNN: “Corporate Insiders are selling stock at a pace not seen since 2007.” How is this not insider trading?

Insider trading means that someone buys/sells stock in their own company because of knowledge that isn't publicly available. For example, if a boardgames maker were about to acquire a software company, and neither company had announced this publicly, then for someone from boardgame co to invest in softwareco before they announced the merger would be insider trading. If these investors are making guesses about the economy is about to do, them That's fine. If they were operating on secret knowledge specific to the companies being bought/sold, that would be insider trading. Merely anticipating a crash and selling stocks first... Is working how the market intended