Question: the temperature tends to stay the same for most of the night. Yet just before sunrise the temperature drops the most significant in the night. Why does it drop the most before sunrise?

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 the temperature tends to stay the same for most of the night. Yet just before sunrise the temperature drops the most significant in the night. Why does it drop the most before sunrise?

This may not be a consistent effect everywhere - it may have to do with your locality. Of course, the temperature is going to drop through the night without any additional heat input, but it will, as you observe, reach an equilibrium rate of change within a few hours. If you really are seeing this as a consistent effect where you live, then I suspect you'll also see the wind kick up a little before the temperature dips, bringing in newer, cooler air, and/or cooling the air due to evaporative cooling against all the damp plants and surfaces.


Question: How can we discern the difference between 144Hz and 60hz monitors if we can’t discern the 60Hz oscillation of lights in our homes?

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 How can we discern the difference between 144Hz and 60hz monitors if we can’t discern the 60Hz oscillation of lights in our homes?

Lights don't oscillate at 60 - the light goes through a full cycle at 60, which includes two pulses - one positive, and one negative. And if you do find a light source that reacts strongly to the mains, like old style fluorescent lights, the 100/120 Hz flicker can be seen by many people. It shows as a distinct flicker in your peripheral vision, and some people find it really disturbing.


Question: What exactly is "data science"/"data analytics" and what are the people who are in those positions doing on a day-to-day basis?

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 What exactly is "data science"/"data analytics" and what are the people who are in those positions doing on a day-to-day basis?

Take some level of information and derive meaning from it. My day to day is spending a ton of time organizing, cleaning and thinking through data problems, then visualing it to come up with insights. I get asked questions all day and do my best to answer them with the available information.


Question: How come some pictures from the 1920/30s have what looks like higher resolution than pictures from the 1950/60s?

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 How come some pictures from the 1920/30s have what looks like higher resolution than pictures from the 1950/60s?

The Kodak Instamatic. Released in 1963, the Kodak Instamatic was a series of cheap, easy to use cameras. They generally had a fixed focus, minimal controls for aperture and shutter speed, and used very small negatives that were generally very "fast" (i.e. ISO 200 or 400). It was possible to take good pictures with an Instamatic, but just like older cameras you had to take the time to do it right: you had to have the right light, be exactly the right distance from the subject, stand still, etc. If any of those elements were off (especially the distance one) your photo would be blurry. Prior to the Instamatic (and other easy to use cameras, like the Polaroid Land camera) taking a photo was a complicated process, and expensive. If you were going to take a picture, you took the time to set it up and do it right.


Question: How does ADHD contribute to low self-esteem?

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 How does ADHD contribute to low self-esteem?

URL_0 There are various reasons. With ADHD having a profound effect on multiple domains, and this question is going to affect you differently at different stages of development. But if we look at youngin's, we see that their education is affected and so they aren't seen as (or perceive themselves) to be as smart. They may have fewer friends. And they are also often known as 'the naughty child'. The impact on self-esteem that has is obvious. (As an average and generalization, there will always be outliers and exceptions) That's before getting into other effects like having a diagnosis, having something 'wrong' about your brain and the way you think and behave, the core of who you are.


Question: How do LED thermometers work?

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 How do LED thermometers work?

Op are you talking about Laser Temperature Guns/thermometers?? (That tell the temp after pointing the device and laser at an object) If you are: the laser doesn't have anything to do with the temp, it just aligns the sensor that is located right next to the laser on the front of the device.


Question: Are godfathers/godmothers really bound by law to take care of the kids when their parents perish?

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 Are godfathers/godmothers really bound by law to take care of the kids when their parents perish?

Typically not. You don't sign some sort of contract when you become a godparent. It is more of a social contract than a legal one. By designating a godparent the parents publicly indicate their wishes and the godparents publicly accept the responsibility. Either party could back out at any time and not experience anything more than social shame.


Question: How do astronauts on the ISS get their oxygen and not use it all up?

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 How do astronauts on the ISS get their oxygen and not use it all up?

They get a lot of their oxygen from supply craft. Similar to how they get food, water, new crew members, tools, etc., the supply crafts will also bring them air. In addition to supplies, they can also make their own oxygen by using electrolysis. Water is made from oxygen and hydrogen, so they use electricity to split the atoms apart from the molecule, leaving them with separate parts of oxygen and hydrogen. The combine the hydrogen with the carbon dioxide they exhale to produce more water. All of their supplies are carefully monitored, and by calculating how much oxygen they need per day, they can figure out how many days of oxygen they have. I suspect that they keep a minimum reserve, and always acquire or make new oxygen before they reach their safety margin.


Question: Why does the bank's interest rate effect the economy so much? Generally I only hear a small amount of percentage change, yet it's spoken of that it would have tremendous effect on the economy.

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 Why does the bank's interest rate effect the economy so much? Generally I only hear a small amount of percentage change, yet it's spoken of that it would have tremendous effect on the economy.

The major effect is on how expensive it is to borrow money. Getting a loan when interest is high costs more, so less people borrow, so less economic activity powered by loans. Interest rates are typically small, so small changes are big \*relative\* changes. Going from 1% to 2% interest more than doubles the cost of the loan.


Question: 911 is the emergency line for the whole US, how is it that when you call you’re not calling one centralized place?

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 911 is the emergency line for the whole US, how is it that when you call you’re not calling one centralized place?

What actually happens is that when you call your local phone provider (land line or cell phone) routes you to the closest emergency call center. Think of it like a shortcut. In the cell phone network this is more complex but happens by figuring out which cell towers you are closest to and routing you based on that information.


Question: How do we know the light shift from other galaxies is due to expansion and not something like light losing energy as it travels over large distances and through material?

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 How do we know the light shift from other galaxies is due to expansion and not something like light losing energy as it travels over large distances and through material?

When light passes through a material, the absorption rate is different for each wavelength of light. For example, light from a star behind a gas cloud tends to only allow low frequency light to pass, while absorbing the high frequency. With cosmic redshift, the effect is independent of frequency. All light waves are shifted by the same amount, so you known something other than absorption is causing this. Also, as a note, light doesn't lose energy after passing through a medium. In space, the light that is absorbed is simply re-emitted as thermal radiation and is completely distinct from the original source. So the amount of light that passes through changes, but the energy of the individual photons is unchanged


Question: Why do some people feel an overwhelming urge to hit something when they are overcome with anger?

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 Why do some people feel an overwhelming urge to hit something when they are overcome with anger?

It's due to our "fight or flight" mechanism. Our subconscious has detected a threat from something so it starts to flood our bodies with hormones. These hormones do lots of things but one of them is to make us very physically aggressive. Many years ago this was to help us either runaway from or fight off a dangerous animal or another human who might be trying to harm us. The human subconscious hasn't caught up with modern society so often it mistakes things for dangerous threats.


Question: Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

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 Why do we pay property taxes if we own the house?

Because the city needs to pay for things that all home owners benefit from such as road maintenance, maintenance of public parks/recreation areas, fixing and maintaining the sewer and water treatment system, paying the police to come to your house if it gets broken into, paying the fire department to come help you out if it's on fire, snow removal if you live somewhere that it snows a lot, street cleaning, part of the cost of running the schools you send your kids to if you have any, etc. Property taxes are a way for home owners in a city to share the cost of these types of public services that they all expect.


Question: How do politicians get rich off of privatization?

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 How do politicians get rich off of privatization?

They typically don't directly, but the companies that buy the government assets typically get a very good deal and "repay" the politicians by favourable campaign contributions, board positions after they leave politics, etc. In more corrupt regimes there's also the straight up illegal stuff like bribes, kickbacks, etc. but that you can at least go to jail for if caught and convicted.


Question: How do alcohol companies, mainly whiskey producers, keep up with demand?

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 How do alcohol companies, mainly whiskey producers, keep up with demand?

In short: they guess well Longer answer: they look at past demand, forecasted demand (from a variety of statistical data sets), and adjust production to *hopefully* have ”just enough” (or slightly ”too much”) product when it eventually becomes saleable Yes - it's a multi-year investment Yes - it's risky But *also* yes - as long as they guess right *enough*, it's highly profitable And, of course, they can decide to sell something as a ”special edition” if market conditions change


Question: How do Fitbits count the steps?

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 How do Fitbits count the steps?

Fitbits have a small accelerometer inside. This is a piece of hardware that can detect changes in velocity, in both intesity and direction. Your smartphone has one inside too, albeit maybe not as sensitive. Software tells the accelerometer what a step "feels" like compared to other random motions. You can even teach the fitbit what your paticular step or gait is so that it can be more precise.


Question: What makes an object reflect light and what makes an object absorb it?

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 What makes an object reflect light and what makes an object absorb it?

Every material absorbs some colours and can't absorb others. Why exactly this is the case is way beyond the scope of ELI5, it's basically the property of every material, just like it's density, durability etc. Those colours which aren't absorbed are reflected and that is what your eyes receive and your brain interprets as the material's colour. Objects which absorb almost all visible light appear black to us (they basically look like darkness), white objects do the opposite - they reflect all the colours. Quick remark, the absorbed light turns into heat, that's why black objects tend to warm pretty quickly under the sun.


Question: How does a comic strip artist or a newspaper publisher know which comic strips are successful/interesting? People are buying the whole paper regardless, so how do they decide which ones to continue?

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 How does a comic strip artist or a newspaper publisher know which comic strips are successful/interesting? People are buying the whole paper regardless, so how do they decide which ones to continue?

I think you have figured out the reason why even when newspapers were popular the comic section was unchanging to an extreme degree. It was hard to gauge if some new comic was or wasn't doing well, so most newspapers just run the same comics they always ran and you have a lot of comics with 40-100 year runs instead of it being something that changes up much at all.


Question: What is the connection between downs syndrome and strength?

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 What is the connection between downs syndrome and strength?

Downs Syndrome effects the muscular control of those affected. Normally the human body has subconscious limiters on how much we can exert ourselves in order to prevent damage to the muscles. This is why in emergencies people have been shown to have "inhuman" strength. Their brains removed the limits to give them the strength needed to survive. Now for Down Syndome. Those controls aren't there. So they can easily summon up all the potential strength in their muscles, however they can very easily push too hard and tear muscles if not taught some control.


Question: What does the writing on Dr. Bronner's Castile Soap mean? Is it part of a larger collection of literature?

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 What does the writing on Dr. Bronner's Castile Soap mean? Is it part of a larger collection of literature?

The label was written by Dr. Bronner, who's first language was likely German. He was also committed to a mental hospital in the 1940s while on tour spreading his philosophical/religious beliefs of "All-One-God-Faith" and the "Moral ABC". You can even buy the more detailed "The Moral ABC of Astonomy’s Eternal All-One-God-Faith” online.


Question: Why is .3^.3 larger than .4^.4?

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 Why is .3^.3 larger than .4^.4?

The answer is **0.367879441171442321595523770161460867445811131031767834507** Disclaimer: IANAM Why is an interesting question to answer! I'm assuming you want an intuitive answer as the mathematics is self-evident. I'll try to do this without using [logarithms]( URL_1 ), though that's probably a mathematicians preferred way of reasoning around exponents. We're talking about x^x between 0 and 1, we can think of the exponent x as a fraction 1/z. So x^(1/z) where x=0 to 1, z starts very large (1/large-number≅0) and ends at 1 (1/1=1). Why do we want to do this? because remember that x^1/z is the same as taking the z-th root: ^z √x Let's start with x=0.5, which means z=1/2. So ^2 √0.5, Square root! There's something we're familiar with, **we need the number multiplied 2 times** to create 0.5: which is ~0.707. As x goes down from 0.5 to 0, we are taking **higher** roots. So the cube root (^3 √) **we need the number multiplied 3 times** to get 0.333333 (or 1/3) : which is ~0.693 We can intuit that we need smaller inputs (0.707 to 0.693) to get smaller outputs from 0.5 to 0.3, but *why does this number go back up as x gets to 0?* The way I think about this, as we approach 0, we're taking a very high root, **so we the number multiplied many times**. So even if we only need an output of 0.1, **we need the number multiplied 10 times with itself**, which is ~0.794 Why the bottom of this function ends up at the ~0.3678? I don't know if there is a **why** answer, that's why it's a constant! [Euler's number/constant]( URL_2 )! Let's look at a [fun graph from Wolfram|Alpha]( URL_0 ) (great tool if you don't want to pull up excel all the time). As we can see the minimum is at 1/e


Question: How are scenes where one actor does two or more different roles (In the same scene) filmed?

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 How are scenes where one actor does two or more different roles (In the same scene) filmed?

You can use a body double and angle the camera so you only see the face of one actor. Or you can use green screens, have the actor play both roles for the scene separately then stitch them together into a single scene via CGI. Or you use a combination of both. Have an actor and a body double act in one scene, then CGI the actor's face onto the body double.


Question: condensation polymerisation (specific question below)...?

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 condensation polymerisation (specific question below)...?

The most common forms of [condensation polymerization]( URL_0 ) are polyesters and polyamides. This happens two ways. The first is as an alternating copolymer (ABABAB...) where one monomer has two acids and the other monomer has two alcohols (or in the case of a polyamide, two amines). The second way is a single monomer with an acid on one end and an alcohol (or amine) on the other. Amino acid chains are an example of a polyamide which is made this way. There needs to be two reacting points on each monomer so that the reaction will keep going and form a long chain.


Question: Why do saltwater creatures seem to be so much more exotic and vibrant looking that freshwater creatures?

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 Why do saltwater creatures seem to be so much more exotic and vibrant looking that freshwater creatures?

This has less so do with saltwater vs freshwater and more to do with bio-diversity. The aquarium hobby has brought a lot of folks to this assumption because pretty fish are more marketable. Meaning we typically see reef fish as opposed to the other less dazzling marine critters. Reefs are some of the most biologically dense(meaning they have a large number of species per a given space.) For example in every square mile of reef there are magnitudes more species of animals than there are in every square mile of open ocean. As a result such diversity in species also creates a diversity in appearance. More competition means you either want to stand out more, or blend in more. When we examine freshwater environments that have a high bio-diversity you also see dazzling shapes and colors. Such as the [Green Terror,]( URL_2 ) [Tanganyican Cichlids]( URL_1 ) and many [kilifish]( URL_0 ) Reefs have a nearly unparalleled biodiversity, and as such will create an unmatched level of display. If you want to see we dazzling freshwater fish you can look into the fish of the Tanganyican rift lakes, central and South American Cichlids, and many Australian river fish.


Question: How come material properties such as durability, color, electrical conductivity etc; look almost randomly chosen and change drastically when you change the number of protons and electrons in an atom?

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 How come material properties such as durability, color, electrical conductivity etc; look almost randomly chosen and change drastically when you change the number of protons and electrons in an atom?

If you take the number of milliseconds that have passed since some date, apply an entirely predictable mathematical function, then take the modulus or remainder, you end up with a number that seems random despite actually being completely predictable. Material properties work much the same way. Adding one electron or proton gives random seeming results, but if you add 8 protons and electrons to carbon, and enough neutrons to keep it stable, you get an element with much the same chemical and physical properties except for being heavier and having it's outer electrons less tightly bound due to their being further away. In absolute terms the colours only change slightly, but because we only see a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum that small absolute change can appear much larger and more random. As far as conductivity, both carbon and it's 8 units(+neutrons) heavier cousin can vary both their electric and thermal conductivity depending on how you put an allotrope of it together. The most extreme example being the carefully arranged crystal that you're using to read this.


Question: - Why do dishes get washed so much better with really hot water?

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 - Why do dishes get washed so much better with really hot water?

hot water helps loosen grease or sticky substances by melting them, making them easier to brush or rinse away. It is not so much a factor in sanitization, you'll "clean" just as well with cool or warm water, but removing grease, oils, and fats is aided significantly by melting them and breaking them down with hot water.


Question: Why do singers, actors and athletes make more money and are worshipped more than those who actually contribute to society such as scientists, engineers, doctors and researchers?

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 Why do singers, actors and athletes make more money and are worshipped more than those who actually contribute to society such as scientists, engineers, doctors and researchers?

It's just a matter of what people value and what they spend money on. Our economy is a capitalist one so basically if it brings in money the person or people get paid big to do it. Teachers dont get paid a ton because people see education as an entitlement. One outlier to your argument is doctor. They do good and get paid very well, the flip side, however, is inner city doctors where they're needed the most and are under the most stress, get paid less than suburban doctors and they get paid less than rural doctors. That's just a matter of supply and demand.


Question: What makes an electric current positive or negative?

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 What makes an electric current positive or negative?

A battery has two terminals, one positive and one negative. The negative terminal has more electrons than the positive terminal. When the battery is connected to the circuit, the electrons in the negative terminal flow to the positive terminal, where there is space for the electrons to occupy. As electrons are negative, current flowing from the negative to positive terminal is *negative current*. But, we like things that go from positive to negative, so, *positive current* flows the opposite direction to that of electrons.


Question: Why do we think things are “cute”? I mean, in what way do humans benefit from thinking a bumble bee is cute?

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 Why do we think things are “cute”? I mean, in what way do humans benefit from thinking a bumble bee is cute?

I don't know how great the quality of the evidence is, but one theory is that it relates to features of human babies: small, roundish, big eyes, clumsy, etc. Finding babies cute = wanting to protect them. This trait is just generalized instead of specific to human babies: we find all small things cute. (or generally most people do, anyway).


Question: How does LTE work and what makes it faster than my WiFi?

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 How does LTE work and what makes it faster than my WiFi?

Its not faster then wifi. Then again... Wifi and LTE are different terms, they are labels. Wifi is wireless fidelity, the name used for the IEEE protocol 802.11 aka Wireless ethernet. Theres 802.11 Rev A, B, G, N, AC and AX. most of them operating at 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz.. The latest evolution is AX which is also known as Wifi 6 which can use 20mhz, 40mhz, 80mhz and 160mhz channels to provide up to 1Gbit/sec in short distances (or was it 3Gb, not sure), it also improves distribution of bandwidth between several devices connected to the same access point. LTE aka 4G aka Long Term evolution was the winner of the 4G selection process, Wimax and WiBro were also candidates, it can operate from from 450Mhz to 3.7Ghz depending on the frequencies allowed in the country and assigned to the Telco in question, Now what you have to understand is mash mode and stand alone mode. Now most Wifi AP´s work in stand alone mode, meaning they regulate bandwidth and connections to devices individually and have their own network ID, While most commercial networks, both Wifi and Cellular work in Mash mode, which means that the AP´s or the Cellular antenas work in a network in which they manage bandwidth and connected devices collectively through Access controllers which manage the clients and bandwidth users and also allows you to move between cells and AP´s without losing the connection (seamless handovers) so basically, really depends on what wifi and what cellular technology you´re using, sometimes wifi is faster and sometimes LTE is faster.


Question: How does the Shodan search engine work and how would one use it?

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 How does the Shodan search engine work and how would one use it?

The world now has a vast array of gadgets that are connected to the internet. To allow users to connect to the device, the device has to listen for incoming traffic. Ports like 80 and 443 are just designated entry points for internet traffic to flow with some restrictions to prevent bad people from gaining access to the device. Of course, most people don’t bother securing their systems or updating their password, so their devices are still insecure. Shodan just sniffs around for these access points and, when it sends a request to the device and gets back a response, it can use the response to determine what it has found. If it’s a router, it might return a message containing “Linksys router login”, for example. This information is catalogued and analyzed so it can be sold to interested companies.


Question: How can old games be put into resolutions like 4K and 1080p or maxed at 60fps?

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 How can old games be put into resolutions like 4K and 1080p or maxed at 60fps?

Imagine I describe to you how to paint the flag of France: * Paint a blue band that covers the left third of the canvas. * Paint a white band that covers the middle third of the canvas. * Paint a red band that covers the right third of the canvas. I don't need to know how large your canvas is when I give these instructions to you. In fact, these instructions are valid regardless of whether you have a small canvas or a very big one! When an emulator renders an old video game at a high resolution, it is essentially just following the old instructions, but painting on a larger canvas.


Question: How does it work when someone wins a new home from a television show?

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 How does it work when someone wins a new home from a television show?

They will probably end up having to sell the home. Since they didn't pay for the home, and instead received it as a gift, the home is considered income. If the home is worth 250k dollars(average price of a home in the US), then they owe taxes on all of that which is about 57k dollars for a married couple, before deductions and other income is taken into account. If they pay the taxes, they will be on the hook for all bills associated with home going forward(property tax, insurance, maintenance, utilities etc)


Question: I am sitting in a room with two identical speakers that are producing the same single note at the same volume. One is moving. This should change the way their waves add up, so the combined sound will vary between being doubled and canceled out, yet this doesn't happen in practice. Why?

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 I am sitting in a room with two identical speakers that are producing the same single note at the same volume. One is moving. This should change the way their waves add up, so the combined sound will vary between being doubled and canceled out, yet this doesn't happen in practice. Why?

> the combined sound will vary between being doubled and canceled out, yet this doesn't happen in practice This *does* happen in practice: I do a demo exactly like this in my intro physics class. However, it doesn't always work as well I'd hope, and the reason why answers your question. Sound waves tend to reflect around the room a lot. So as you move your speaker around, you're hearing the sound from each speaker, plus sound that reflected off the walls, the floor, furniture, etc. These add together in complicated ways, so you almost never get perfect cancellation or superposition of all the sound waves.


Question: How is pirating content so common and illegal yet nobody faces consequences for doing it?

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 How is pirating content so common and illegal yet nobody faces consequences for doing it?

People do face consequences for it. The problem is that piracy is so wide spread that there aren't enough resources to fine and arrest everyone that does it. The agencies try to focus on content distributors to try to slow piracy down, but also target random downloaders with large fines to try to get media attention to scare people into stopping. The other problem is jurisdiction. Pirate websites are deliberately hosted in countries where US agencies have no jurisdiction so it takes a lot of effort to get the sites taken down. Agencies also have come to realize that spending all these resources to shut down sites like the Pirate Bay is ultimately futile, because if the site goes offline 3 new sites prop up to take it's place within a week. Big companies like Disney have also changed tactics deciding to start streaming services instead. After decades of online piracy companies have finally started to realize that a lot of people don't pirate to save money, they do it because it's a more convenient way to consume media. The idea being that if you provide people with the same or better level of quality and convenience as BitTorrent for a reasonable fee then people will stop pirating.


Question: Why does a balloon feel like it loses helium while I hold it tightly, then regains that "lost" helium as let the balloon fly freely?

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 Why does a balloon feel like it loses helium while I hold it tightly, then regains that "lost" helium as let the balloon fly freely?

The pressure, and therefore volume, of gases varies based on a few factors, especially temperature. Most of the time it is colder in the morning and warmer later in the day, so the balloon shrinks as the gas has less pressure when it is cold and then grows as it get warmer. It has the same amount of gas, but the gas is taking up less space. Think of taking cotton candy and squishing it down. You are reducing the size, but not the actual amount, of the candy. And yes, you can squish it with your hands to, but when your hands aren't there to squish it down, it returns to its normal volume.


Question: Economics/Politics I understand the US Federal Gov. budget cuts, but not the determined distributions. Are there objective reasons and facts to why certain departments should have greater or lesser budget cuts?

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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Economics/Politics I understand the US Federal Gov. budget cuts, but not the determined distributions. Are there objective reasons and facts to why certain departments should have greater or lesser budget cuts?

No, there's no objective way to say that one department or another should have its budget higher or lower, it's entirely a subjective evaluation of what the department provides and how much it costs to provide that. What's more valuable, food stamps for some number of people or some other number of additional soldiers in the military? You can't objectively say it's one or the other. This is the core of politics: people don't agree on what the government should be doing.


Question: how do spoilers to unreleased movies, games, and books get released?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do spoilers to unreleased movies, games, and books get released?

Next time you watch a movie, watch the credits. Count the names and imagine how hard it is to have a project with that many people, keep the spoiler-y information away from all or most of them, and then hope that nobody who knows spills the beans. Same with games. Somewhat easier with books, but I do remember the (since debunked) stories that factory workers manning the machines of Harry Potter 7 were forced to work in the dark so they wouldn't have access to the story before the release.


Question: Why does humidity make it feel so much hotter than it actually is?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does humidity make it feel so much hotter than it actually is?

Someone had explained it to me once, I think the basic theory behind it is that humid air is already saturated with moisture, and cannot aid in evaporating the sweat you produce. In dry hot climates your sweat is evaporated before you even know you're sweating, thus why you should always be hydrated in drier climates.


Question: How would abolishing net neutrality influence people outside the US?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How would abolishing net neutrality influence people outside the US?

Indirectly. There wouldn't be a difference up front because your ISPs are regulated by your own country's laws. But let's say Comcast decides to extort Netflix to pay millions of dollars or have their data throttled. Netflix has to recoup those losses from their customers, and so they might decide to hike the price on subscribers even outside the US. But that would require businesses to be selfish dicks, which we all know businesses never are. Right?


Question: Are people with DID “conscious” throughout their different personalities?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are people with DID “conscious” throughout their different personalities?

Most people with DID have a normal personality as their baseline state that they return to in between switching between alters. (Maybe you know this already, but switching doesn’t mean the transition from not having DID to having DID, it means switching between alters). And the answer is sort of, but the amount of memory recollection across alters after switching depends on the person and context. It is common for alters to know the other alters and even be friends with the other alters or not get along well with other alters, but it is also common for alters to have memory loss about the others when switching. This form of memory loss is called dissociative amnesia. And one way to think about memory changes in DID/complex PTSD is that each alter has some pieces of the traumatic memory. It seems like as a coping mechanism for extreme trauma, the brain can make new personalities and divide the trauma over all of them so that one person doesn’t have to suffer from all of it all at once. Each alter only has access to some of the memories of the trauma.


Question: Why do European cities not have massive population sizes compared to US, Asia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do European cities not have massive population sizes compared to US, Asia?

The most populated city in the USA is New York City, at 8.5 million. The most populated in Europe is Istanbul at 15 million. The second most populated in the USA is Los Angeles, at 3.8 million. In Europe, it's London at 8.9. The third is Chicago at 2.7, and Berlin at 3.7. The 10th is Jacksonville at under a million, and Budapest at 1.7 million. It seems the premise of your question is wrong.


Question: Why wouldn't they just put the new Amazon headquarters in a city like Detroit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why wouldn't they just put the new Amazon headquarters in a city like Detroit?

Because you need an existing talent base to hire people. At the headquarters is going to be a majority of people with business, legal, and engineering degrees. They can’t pay everyone to move there and find them decent housing. Better talent costs more money, especially if you’re trying to get them to come to you. It would also not look good to foreign and high profile people that visit the headquarters to conduct business if the surrounding area was a shithole. You want a nice prestigious area with good places to take people to.


Question: When you mix the same quantity of cold and hot water in a bucket, is the result the average of the two temperatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you mix the same quantity of cold and hot water in a bucket, is the result the average of the two temperatures?

In a perfectly closed system with no loss of temperature to the air or buckets, yes. A 50 degree bucket and a 100 degree bucket will make a 75 degree double bucket. In reality it will be slightly less than 75 as some heat is lost to the bucket and the air.


Question: How are the variables in math chosen?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the variables in math chosen?

Some of them seem more obvious than others depending on your native language, and in some cases (such as energy) very many languages use a word derived from the same Greek or Latin root. I teach physics in Sweden, where E for energy ("energi") makes sense, but P for power ("effekt") or v for velocity ("hastighet") don't. A few are from other languages; U for voltage is from German and I for electric current is from French. c for speed of light makes perfect sense if you know that c is for Latin celeritas, "speed". Nowadays, it's used for the speed of e.g. light and sound (waves!) x, y, z are common variables in math just as a, b, c are common constants simply because at some point we started using the beginning of the alphabet for constants and the end for variables. Sample size n or N is either for "number" (from Latin, so starts with n in many languages) or because it's always an positive integer (natural number) and the set of all natural numbers is denoted N. ... and so on.


Question: Why more equal societies are also more economically stable and secure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why more equal societies are also more economically stable and secure?

They aren't, intrinsically. Just look at various Communist regimes which impose "equality" upon everyone, but invariably suffer from economic collapse in the end. Not to mention the fact that "stable and secure" can also be interpreted as "stagnant and unchanging". Of course, the other extreme of massive disparity isn't any better either. As with most things in life, the middle path tends to be best. Don't believe everything you read and just because a claim is made in "an article", doesn't mean it's accurate.


Question: How does exercise lower your resting heart rate when exercise itself increases your heart rate dramatically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does exercise lower your resting heart rate when exercise itself increases your heart rate dramatically?

Your heart is a muscle the pumps blood. As you exercise your heatrate increases. This strengthens your heart over time. As your heart grows stronger, it can pump more blood per pump. Your body only needs a certain amount of blood moved at a time, so stronger pumps means less pumps needed per minute.


Question: Why hasn't a "new Facebook" broken through after all these years?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why hasn't a "new Facebook" broken through after all these years?

Well, for one thing there HAS been a large number of successful social networks that have risen up since Facebook became popular, like Twitter, and Instagram. If you look at more specific services that exist to fill a certain niche, there's tons like Snapchat, LinkedIn, etc. that have plenty big enough userbases. Each one is a bit different, however, because any company that has the budget needed to actually compete with Facebook isn't going to risk competing directly. Instead, they try to provide a different sort of service, so that people not only are more likely to have a reason to use both, removing the need to actually sway Facebook's users to their side exclusively. The reason no successful service that attempts to do pretty much the same thing as Facebook has come to be can be boiled down to 3 reasons. 1. Everybody already uses Facebook. For the single user, it's already going to be difficult to convince them to jump ship since they already have so much they've put on FB that they wouldn't want to abandon, as well as the simple familiarity of the site they know. However, when you consider that FB is a community-driven service, it becomes even harder to get people to switch to a competitor, since all of their friends have to as well, not to mention all the new friends they won't be getting by using an obscure site. 2. Facebook is pretty decent, and is aimed at a mass audience. MySpace was replaced by Facebook because it had some major flaws to its system, as well as certain design choices like giving users more customization of their page made the site less likely to appeal to a wide audience. Facebook is not perfect, but it's good enough that few people are going to complain enough that they go looking for an alternative. 3. Advertising. Facebook has ludicrous amounts of money to spend on advertising, as well as the sheer amount of free publicity it gets every time someone or something tells you to add them on Facebook. This ensures that for every new potential user, Facebook is almost always the first place they look, cutting out millions of people from finding a competing service.


Question: What's actually happening within a standard computer as it's booting up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's actually happening within a standard computer as it's booting up?

### First Stage Boot Loader (Your Motherboard's Firmware) 1. Power comes on. Motherboard chip is physically programmed to go to a known location where it expects to find a boot loader. 2. The motherboard chip executes the boot loader, which tells it put some instructions into memory for the CPU. The instructions say look at the very beginning of Drive 1, Drive 2, DVD-drive, and USB port in that exact order. 2. Motherboard chip tells CPU to go execute those instructions that it just loaded into memory. 3. CPU reads instructions (which say go look at the beginning of Drive 1) and so it goes and looks at the beginning of Drive 1 4. If it finds a program at the beginning of drive 1 (ie. a Master Boot Record), it reads the MBR and does whatever the MBR says 5. If it doesn't find an MBR, it goes to the next instruction from step 2, which was look at the beginning of drive 2. This repeats until an MBR is found or there's no more instructions and the computer craps out 6. Once an MBR is found, it (the MBR) tells the CPU to load some more stuff into memory and then tells the CPU to execute that stuff. This stuff is the second-stage boot loader. ### Second-Stage Bootloader (GRUB, BOOTMGR, etc.) 1. The second-stage boot loader starts loading the kernel, where the device drivers live 2. It then figures out what operating system to load or may even hand off to another boot loader (like a dual-boot linux/windows machine) 3. It checks to see if the operating system told it to install some stuff before you shut it down last time, and if it did, will do those installs 4. It then loads the preliminary instructions for the operating system into memory. 5. It hands off to the OS by telling the CPU to go execute the operating system instructions it just loaded ### The Operating System (Ubuntu, Windows, OSX) 1. The operating system makes sure all the drivers loaded up 2. The OS checks itself to make sure everything is okay and that all the updates went through fine. It may end up needing to do more updates and will just restart your computer again, in which case start over from the top 3. Your OS loads things that it needs to work. This is usually the process manager, permissions stuff, watchdogs, and base services (like display service, time service, disk services, etc) 3. The OS starts to load services, that you, the user have set for your startup. This includes establishing your wireless connection, your anti virus, RealPlayer, chat service, Steam, etc. 4. The OS presents you with the loaded system (usually a login screen)