Question: How do domain servers (like at a company) and subdomains in Active Directory overlap with website domains/subdomains and DNS servers?

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 How do domain servers (like at a company) and subdomains in Active Directory overlap with website domains/subdomains and DNS servers?

Ok, so basically, it works like this: When you register a domain, they enter a record for that domain that points towards your DNS server. That DNS server lists the IP addresses for the various services and subdomains you hold. AD is more than DNS, but it is a necessary component. Just like the public domains, your AD domain uses DNS to direct computers to the correct resources. You can use a public domain in your private network (or a subdomain of that domain). Think of domains as a human readable format for IP addresses. In that sense, it functions the same way for private and public domain names. To answer the actual question. The DNS server that is responsible for the domain will respond to DNS requests regarding your domain. How your computers on your network handlenit depends on of that domain is listed in your local DNS server. If it is, it will just use the info from the local server, if it is not, it should make the requests of the authoritative DNS server. I could make a DNS entry for Reddit on my local DNS server that points to 127.0.0.1. That would make reddit unreachable from my network (as long as they are using my DNS servers).


Question: - How does URL_0 work? How do you get money back, by buying through their site?

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 - How does URL_0 work? How do you get money back, by buying through their site?

Yes, it works. What it is is basically an affiliate program. Ebates has an agreement with a vendor, like Amazon, that if someone clicks on a special link they've created to go to Amazon (there are cookies that track this), and they buy something on Amazon, then Amazon will give them a commission of some percentage of the sale, let's say 10% to give a round number. So then Ebates has an agreement with people who become members of their site that Ebates will give them 50% of that 10%, or in other words, 5% of the sale. So the buyer gets basically a 5% discount on an item ordered, while Ebates still gets to keep 5% of the sale. So Ebates, the buyer, and Amazon all win in this deal.


Question: How do people create viruses without constantly fucking up their own computer?

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 How do people create viruses without constantly fucking up their own computer?

In the early days of hacking, viruses were created on test computers. A machine that has all the basic components of a computer, but doesn't have anything but an OS installed. It's just a dummy. Later, we created virtual machines for that. Basically, a whole computer that is separated from the rest of your computer by an invisible wall. This is how most viruses are created nowadays. However, certain particularly nasty viruses can get through even virtual machines. We're back to using dummy computers that aren't connected to anything else.


Question: Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

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 Is it coincidence that some measures are "perfect"? Like, 1 mL of water is equal to 1 cm³ and so on. How did they match this up?

No coincidence -- that is how they defined the units, on purpose! The definition of a centimeter is based on the size of the Earth, but the definition of a liter is based on the definition of a centimeter. A liter is defined as the volume of a cube 10cm on each side. And a kg was originally set as the weight of a liter of water.


Question: I was born in the UK in the early 90s, why aren't I allowed to donate blood?

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 I was born in the UK in the early 90s, why aren't I allowed to donate blood?

They’re worried that you might be carrying Mad Cow disease. The UK had an outbreak during the period you were born and because the disease can have little to no side effects for years it’s still a slight risk. Edit: Also, generally speaking blood banks are very conservative about the blood they except. If they have even a slight suspicion that you might have a particular disease, then they’ll reject your blood.


Question: how did scientists know they had found new elements?

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 how did scientists know they had found new elements?

This is what the field of analytical chemistry is about. Scientists would take a substance and expose it to a variety of different chemical tests, designed to prove or disprove whether it was a compound, a known element, or something new. For example, imagine you have a mineral crystal, and you want to know what the metal in the crystal is. You might dissolve the crystal in acid, or heat it to isolate the metal (much like extracting iron from ore). You might expose the known/unknown metal to oxygen, to chlorine, or fluorine, and observe the properties of the resulting compound (density, color, melting point, etc). Based on the results of all of these tests, you now know whether you have something that was previously known, or something new. If you want to read in more detail, [this]( URL_0 ) is a detailed summary of how scientists in the 1800s differentiated Niobium from Tantalum.


Question: What type of adhesive is on screen protector? It is crystal clear

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 What type of adhesive is on screen protector? It is crystal clear

It's called a Pressure Sensitive Adhesive or PSA. In essence, it stays wet so that it adheres to a multitude of surfaces, not only just by the bonding forces between atoms (intermolecular forces), but by physically entangling in the little mountains and ridges that are on all surfaces. What you may be used to is glue that dries: water or solvent (like alcohol or acetone) evaporates, leaving behind something (a polymer) that crystalizes into the gaps, and sticks to the substrate by intermolecular forces and partially by physical entanglement. But the issue with crystals is that they crack, so if it fails, it's not going back together. With a PSA, if it fails, you just stick it again, they're flexible polymers that don't crystalize. What another poster mentioned, LOCAs, or liquid opticaly clear adhesives, are used when you need to see through the adhesive, like on a phone screen. They can be PSAs or set adhesives.


Question: Why does a plastic straw rise out of diet, no ice, but stays put with ice in the drink?

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 Why does a plastic straw rise out of diet, no ice, but stays put with ice in the drink?

The straws act as nucleation points for the formation of bubbles. These growing bubbles sticking to the sides of the straw from surface tension add their buoyancy to the straw which can lift it some out of the drink. The presence of ice can press on the straw enough to keep the minor change in buoyancy from moving the straw though.


Question: How does a computer determine when a syntax error has been made?

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 How does a computer determine when a syntax error has been made?

Syntax errors are found at compile time while it's trying to understand your code and make assembly. They're easier to see in a language like C that requires semicolons. Let's take the following example Int x=2; Int y; If(x==2) { y=4 Else { y=7; } There are two issues in there so the compiler will read though it and come across the line y=4 but due to the missing } and ; it reads as y=4Else{y=7 You can't store the value 4Else{y=7 in an integer variable so clearly something went wrong. The missing ; also messes with the interpretation of every line that follows so sometimes you'll miss one semicolon and get a thousand syntax errors because now nothing makes sense


Question: Why do classical musicians read sheet music during sets when bands and other artists don’t?

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 Why do classical musicians read sheet music during sets when bands and other artists don’t?

My husband plays for a city orchestra. He usually gets his sheet music in the mail a week before performances start. He’ll start working on them, then the orchestra will have 2-4 rehearsals before performances start. Everyone needs to take copious notes, because the conductor will put his own spin on things: “Violins, play louder at 85. Trombones, slow down at 157.” Then they perform twice, he gets a week off, and another 4 pieces of new sheet music arrive in the mail.


Question: What is it about low budget film footage that allows me to immediately recognize that it’s low budget?

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 What is it about low budget film footage that allows me to immediately recognize that it’s low budget?

Its almost always the lighting. With decent enough equipment and a moderately skilled camera man you can get good shots in most environments. Lighting is difficult and is both an art and a science and its not only about the equipment and technician. Very small changes can have massive effects and getting the lighting just perfect is something integral to a film that doesn't just look natural, but better than real.


Question: Why do companies put their eggs in cardboard boxes if they don't want them to get crushed? You'd expect they just get better packaging?

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 Why do companies put their eggs in cardboard boxes if they don't want them to get crushed? You'd expect they just get better packaging?

You actually don't want a super hard material, you want something with some flexibility, since it will help absorb shock from things like loading boxes on top of each other, and hitting bumps while transporting, cardboard is really one of the most effective solutions. The next best would probably be silicone or some kind of lined/cushioned hard container with foam, but then the packaging is worth more than the product. A very hard packaging like a hard plastic shell you're mentioning a lot, would just transfer energy to the egg and crack the shell, like banging it on a hard surface to crack open, if you tried to open your eggs against a pillow you'd have a much harder time even with more force.


Question: Why do some clothes only shrink the first time we wash them and not all the subsequent times?

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 Why do some clothes only shrink the first time we wash them and not all the subsequent times?

Heat from drying causes the fibers to tighten up, if I’m not mistaken. It doesn’t actually get less material, it’s just bunched up closer together. So at some point, after shrinking once, maybe a bit twice, it will only want to shrink so much. Edit: Fixed one thousand spelling missed steaks.


Question: Why in a parallel circuit when you add a resistor the total resistance decreases ?

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 Why in a parallel circuit when you add a resistor the total resistance decreases ?

You have a bunch of people in a house who want to leave. There's only one door open so it takes a while because one person can leave at a time. Now you open another door. It goes faster because now two people can leave at a time. By adding a resistor in parallel, you're creating more paths for electrons to take allowing then to flow more easily, which is shown by a lower equivalent resistance.


Question: What is the procedure for dismantling a chemical weapon and how is it disposed of?

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 What is the procedure for dismantling a chemical weapon and how is it disposed of?

Chem engineer here. I'm not sure, they don't teach us that in College. However I was pretty good at fucking solutions up and that's what they do in the dismantling process, so I can imagine a way to do this. The way I imagine is this: They dissolve the Gas in any liquid they can mixture it and then they make it react with Acids, Alcohols, Ozone and/or Chlorine / Halogens. Some UV lights also helps. I can't say what liquid they use because it changes for every gas, most likely they will use Water or Benzene. Imagine a Chemical weapon molecule as some Lego Structure. Each lego is a atom. The point of "dismantling" is to "dismount" the molecule, Like you can do with Legos. The mixture with Acids and alcohols and etc will force the toxic molecules to react with them and change them into something different. By changing I mean removing some groups of atoms, breaking into 2 or 3 parts, or adding new things to it. The points is to change the initial molecule. UV lights can also helps to "dismount" the molecule, forcing reactions in some atoms and also providing energy for the reaction. OPTION 2 - Burn the molecule up. It will break it in CO2 and H2O molecules.


Question: How is Proxima Centauri’s density 33 times that of our sun?

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 How is Proxima Centauri’s density 33 times that of our sun?

Lets say that Proxima Centauri weighs 1 pg(ProximaGram) and has a diameter of 1 pm(ProximaMeter). That would put the sun at 8 pg weight and 7pm diameter. Density is weight per volume, so we first have to calculate the volume of both. Volume: v = 4/3\*pi\*r\^3 v(proxima) = 4/3\*pi\*1pm\^3 = 4/3\*pi\*1 v(sun) = 4/3\*pi\*7pm\^3 = 4/3\*pi\*343 we can just shorten the (4/3\*pi) term to see that the sun has 343 times the volume, because volume goes into three dimensions and therefore grows exponentially, if it grows in all directions. The density is now weight divided though volume: density: p = m/v p(proxima) = 1/1 = 1 p(sun) = 8/343 \~ 1/43 This is not the searched for 33, but that is probably due to rounding, since these are all just approximations, we are after all just 30% off. & #x200B; NOTE: This is not proper math, it is just to show the relationship between weight and volume of spheres. In proper calculations you need to keep the 4/3\*pi, we can leave this out, since we only want to see the specific relationship between the two bodies, not a representative weight in units.


Question: Why can't we find the volume of a sphere by integrating cone elements?

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 Why can't we find the volume of a sphere by integrating cone elements?

This question is more suited to /r/science, really. But I'll give it a go. The teacher is PARTIALLY correct because there is still space in between your cone bases that is unaccounted for... *until you approach the limit*. And that's why you got the right answer. Since calculus is about reaching limits more than anything else, take your sphere's surface and super-expand it. If you use square pyramids to paint its surface, you'll get pieces that do precisely fit together so there are no gaps. When you use limits to squeeze them together, they mesh perfectly. There's no crack or open space between them. But when you use circles and crush them together, you get a little star shaped gap between each one. So the square pyramid model is more accurate than the cone model when you're only using, say, 100 shapes to fill your sphere. But where your teacher missed out a little is that as your circles become uniformly smaller, more circles will fill those gaps... and as you approach INFINITY circles, the gaps themselves will shrink to INFINITELY small - and that's why you got the right answer. They were thinking of the process of moving toward infinity, not the LIMIT as you approach infinity. So their answer would be way more accurate with a sub-infinite number of pyramids than with circular-bottom cones... but that wasn't the question. This is the heart of calculus: numbers change when you approach infinity, and estimates become precise in the process.


Question: If cameras can take videos with fps equaling single shutter speeds, why do photographers take dedicated still shots instead of video recording everything and later just isolating single frames for “photographs?”

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 If cameras can take videos with fps equaling single shutter speeds, why do photographers take dedicated still shots instead of video recording everything and later just isolating single frames for “photographs?”

In some cases you can, but when you take a single frame you have more control over the light. When you take a photo you can balance the depth of field, aperture size and iso- getting the right ratio of the three can give you much needed control in certain scenarios. When you record video- most of those settings become automatic so a lot of work might be needed in post production to get the shot you need. I’m sure with more expensive technology you can do it easier, but basically the needs for photos and video are not the same to produce an image.


Question: How do telescope long exposures work, considering earth rotation and movement?

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 How do telescope long exposures work, considering earth rotation and movement?

Equatorial mounts are used, which are devices that once aligned with the north or south celestial pole (depending on location), will move with the rotation of the Earth so things don’t appear to move. When people say they did a 24 hour exposure, it is often not a single 24 hour exposure, but rather a bunch of smaller exposures, often done on different nights. These smaller exposures are aligned and stacked, to reduce noise. For example, 1440 1 minute exposures would be equivalent to a 24 hour exposure. The reason why this is done is for mainly two reasons. The first one being that like you said, the sun would interfere with the capturing of the image and the object would also likely be no longer visible as it goes below the horizon. Planes and satellites also cause trails in the pictures, so if we expose for too long then you might only see satellite or plane trails (especially with Star Link). The second reason is that as you open a camera shutter and let the sensor absorb light, the sensor will generate heat. Too much heat and the image will be super noisy, and the sensor could also be damaged. A lot of people use specialised cooled cameras with fans, but they’re expensive and you still won’t be able to take a single 24 hr exposure. If you’re interested in astrophotography, I suggest checking out r/askastrophotography and r/telescopes, both subs of which have friendly people who are willing to answer all your questions. Be warned though that you’ll need a big wallet; a setup can cost thousands of dollars. :)


Question: Does inflation just keeping going forever/what causes it?

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 Does inflation just keeping going forever/what causes it?

Some things to note about inflation. If there is $100 dollars in the caveman world split between all the cavemen. They have no tools. However, you can buy a rock for $X, a stick for $Y and make a hatchet. Now you've created a hatchet which is more value than $X+$Y so we've created worth without creating money. This doesn't drive the price of rocks and sticks down because they become worth less. This just makes a better thing. Inflation can benefit us in this instance because as the overall wealth increases, as we make better tools, e.g. modernly we develop better computers that are worth much more than the raw materials they come from, we need more money to pay for them. So one goal of inflation is to increase as the quality / worth of products increases. A second goal is set by the government. If they want to increase spending, they can raise inflation, making money you have today worth less next year. Doing so would make it not worth it to save your money so people will spend and stimulate an economy. However, if the government wants people to save, they might keep inflation lower so a problem in the economy doesn't destroy the lives of tons of people. Balancing the desire for inflation, deflation, and increasing worth of goods are all accounted for in inflation.


Question: What is the difference between information and data?

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 What is the difference between information and data?

> What is the difference between information and data? Context Incidentally that's what we're missing to give you a relevant answer to this question. A table of results from a study is data, but without the context of how the study was performed its just data not information. Once you have the context then you can tell what the table means, and now it is information For a computer you also need context to use turn the data into useful information. 01000011 01000001 01010100 can be 67 65 84 or CAT or a kind of purplish gray depending on the context those bytes are used for.


Question: How are you not able to read things from the corner of your eye?

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 How are you not able to read things from the corner of your eye?

It's because there's an area of your eye designed for seeing details in... well, in detail. It's called the fovea. This is the place on your retina where light falls from a thing that you're "looking at." It has a higher density of light receptors than other places in your eye, so it can see more details and make out the differences between different letters that you cannot distinguish from other parts of your eye. "Looking at" something is a learned behavior that we pick up in the first few months of life. Basically, it's like swinging a huge ship gun around to fire in a particular direction: we rotate our heads, or we look sideways with our eyes, until the thing we're trying to "see" is projecting its image onto the fovea. Did you know that, in addition to having this "super spot" for eyesight, each of us has two blind spots, too? The place on your retina where the optic nerve exits the eye has no light sensors (rods or cones), so you cannot actually see anything at that spot. The blind spots are symmetrically off center in the two eyes, so the things not "seen" (remember, this is not the fovea so "seeing" is not highly detailed here) due to the optic nerve on one eye are "seen" by the other eye. Since your brain is filling in details anyway, and you can't concentrate on looking at the blind spot, you never notice it. There are some "optical illusion" type tests that can let you detect that you have blind spots. I'm sure you can find these on the internet.


Question: When the government saves money by cutting public sector funding where does this money go instead?

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 When the government saves money by cutting public sector funding where does this money go instead?

What you're asking is the allocation of public resources at the disposal of government either by properietory of geographical jurisdiction or fiscal policy(statehood and taxes). In a democratic framework, government proposes a "budget" which is a kind of treaty between public and the state. The government allocates these resources through budgets, plan/non-plan investments through long 4/5/6 year plans depending on the Constitutional frame of countries. There is a consolidated fund which stores the excess of the government, the money they save. This money could go to many number of things, primilarily to pay salaries to judiciary, legislature and the executive. Where does it go to? Go ask the government. (Check the budget i mean, especially the military budget)


Question: Is skin attached to anything or is it effectively a glued down giant sock?

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 Is skin attached to anything or is it effectively a glued down giant sock?

The epithelium of skin is made up of 5 layers(google if u want details). The outermost layer is made up of dead keratinized cells. This cells forms a barrier between you and the external environment. They are shed and replaced, just like how you have calluses on your sole. The inner layer of the skin is held by connective tissues, which, if I may, ‘glue’ your skin to the insides. There are many types of connective tissues, for example elastin which gives your skin, as the name implies, elasticity.


Question: What are the white moons on your finger nails?

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 What are the white moons on your finger nails?

They’re called lunula. Basically they’re where your nail begins to grow distally(meaning away from the lunula). It’s practically your nail plate (part of your nail that is visible) except it’s white because it’s much thicker than the rest of your nail plate. This thickness hides all the blood vessels that are underneath it making it appear white.


Question: how is Pi actually calculated?

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 how is Pi actually calculated?

There are different computational methods for calculating digits of pi. The key insight is that pi occurs in many different math relations, not just circles. This allows a person to sum together [a series of calculated terms]( URL_0 ) based on integers and a few math operations -- as many terms as you want for the desired number of accurate digits of pi. Otherwise there'd be literally no way to calculate trillions of digits of pi quickly and accurately.


Question: Why is water so essential for Life?

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 Why is water so essential for Life?

For many chemical reactions, your reactants need to mix. They need to be mixed so well that every molecule reacts with every other molecule. Sure, you could grind it into a powder and mix it for a long time, or melt it and mix it, but if you add just a bit of water then they can dissolve and mix without *any* other work on your part. Thus, water facilitates almost all bodily chemistry.


Question: when the baby is in the womb. Its drowned in liquid. But the moment the baby comes out, it needs air to breath. How does the sudden transition work? And how did the lung didn't just fill up with liquid all that time.

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 when the baby is in the womb. Its drowned in liquid. But the moment the baby comes out, it needs air to breath. How does the sudden transition work? And how did the lung didn't just fill up with liquid all that time.

The lungs are filled with fluid. Before birth though a lot of the fluid is absorbed, and some can be squished out during birth. (Newborns are kinda squishy like that) So the first breath after birth inflates the lungs. Some fluid is left over but that gets absorbed in the first few hours. Though it is possible too much fluid is left in there and leads to difficult breathing for a while till it gets absorbed. Also what happens is that when the lungs first fill with air a lot of pressure gets released from the blood vessels to the lungs allowing more blood flow through them and that sets of a series of changes that reconfigure the circulatory system to transition from being supported by the mother, to being self supporting.


Question: why do we find the sound of the rain soothing but can't sleep if there's a tap dripping?

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 why do we find the sound of the rain soothing but can't sleep if there's a tap dripping?

rainfall is randomized, and produces what’s called a broadband sound: a sound which has lots of different frequencies, or pitches, in it. a dripping faucet is generally pretty regular, like a ticking clock, and each drop creates a sound that is more narrowband: it has fewer frequencies, sometimes even to the point of being a discernible musical note. it also has a single discernible moment when the sound happens. put all that together and what you get is that the dripping faucet grabs your attention several different ways, and when your attention is focused on something, you can’t sleep because your brain is like “i’m working on something here! can’t sleep until we’re done with it!” the rain has no features to latch onto, and in fact its broadband nature means it masks other intermittent sounds which might otherwise catch your attention. by giving you nothing to pay attention to, the rain allows your brain to relax and drift off.


Question: how (and why) does depression affect one’s memory?

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 how (and why) does depression affect one’s memory?

Depression causes a huge variety of symptoms and can be broken down to a chemical imbalance in your brain. Literally the brain is not working as it is supposed to be functioning. There are a variety of symptoms such as loss of interest, feeling of guilt, loss/gain in appetite, sleep disturbances (too little or too much), decreased energy, lower concentration, physically unable to do things (even simple tasks like showering or getting out of bed), and/or suicidal thoughts. Why each of these occur is still being studied and it's hard to pinpoint exact cause because all these factors affect one another. You can see how a person who doesn't have any energy because they haven't eaten or slept and has no interest in anything may not be able to hold memories well. I like to think of depression as a black cloud over ones head that causes them to see the world in gray. They lose interest and can only experience their world through this filter. They literally have no energy to make memories. It's can be very cyclical and difficult to get our without help.


Question: Why is the majority of the human population right hand and right eye dominant?

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 Why is the majority of the human population right hand and right eye dominant?

So there is definitely a tendency towards right handedness in people, but I would also point out that right now, there is social pressure on that as well: many left-handed children born in the 90s were forced to acclimate to right-handedness. When I was in preschool, I had to wear a sock on my left hand all day every day to force me to use my right hand. Right-handedness has been found in our early human ancestors (about 2 million years ago) but not in our chimp relatives, which means that there is probably an effect of evolution on hand preference. A gene variant was discovered in 2014 that appears to increase your odds of being left-handed. So while the science isn't settled, I would say that right-handed is the default and somewhere along human evolution, a series of small gene mutations, makes people favor their other hand.


Question: How is there a higher chance of being killed by a meteor than winning the lottery if one happens frequently and the other has never happened in recorded history?

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 How is there a higher chance of being killed by a meteor than winning the lottery if one happens frequently and the other has never happened in recorded history?

A little googling seems to show the 1 in 700,000 number comes from this article: URL_0 I couldn't find an actual paper. You might be able to find it in the book. The tldr: Most of the odds aren't just 1 person being hit by a meteor. It's that a giant meteor strike (think dinosaurs) would be an exinction level event. > There are over 7 billion people on the Earth and nobody has ever died from being hit by a meteor as far as we know. So how did we even come up with this numbe Take the surface area of the earth divided by how much you cover. If meteors hit randomly, that will give you the odds you will get hit per meteor. Multiply by the number of meteor strikes per year If you want to be more accurate, start tallying up how often a large extinction level meteor hits (which kills everybody). Add those together, those are your odds to die. Just because it hasn't happened, doesn't mean we can't calculate probabilities. as long as you know the odds of the event happening, and how often , you can calculate it. You can calculate the odds of getting a heads on a coin without flipping, it for example. In this case, instead of knowing beforehand a coin is 50/50, you need to know how often meteors hit.


Question: Where do the blood vessels go after a chicken is cooked?

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 Where do the blood vessels go after a chicken is cooked?

Blood vessels are held open by the blood pressure inside them. When the chicken is drained of blood, the blood vessels will collapse, like a small stretched rubber band springing back. The blood vessels are still in the chicken meat, but far too small for you to notice. Only large vessels like major arteries are visible.


Question: Why isn’t flint Michigan fixed yet?

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 Why isn’t flint Michigan fixed yet?

Politics, and logistics. And before anyone says it, parties are irrelevant. The crisis started under a city council comprised entirely of Democrats. And when it first got really bad (like, 100% undrinkable), they continued to do nothing, and actually rejected offers and proposals to fix the problem. At this point, the problems have all been caused by the river water being contaminated. Then, in March of 2015, the governor (a Republican) appointed an emergency manager. And he rejected other proposals to fix things, because he's a moron. Under him, things stayed terrible. The city stopped using river water in October 2015, and has since been using Detroit water. The problem is river water isn't the issue now. The issue is that the city never switched over from lead pipes. So now, all the pipes in the entire city have to be replaced. That's in progress, but likely won't be done before 2020, because it's a massive undertaking that should have been done bit by bit over the last few decades. As of January 2017, lead levels are technically below the federal limit. However, since it isn't *far* below the limit, it still probably isn't all that safe, and I sure as hell wouldn't want to drink it. TL;DR decades of political incompetence caught up, further incompetence let the problem explode, and now fixing it is taking forever because the logistics are a nightmare. __IMPORTANT FACT__: cities moved away from using lead pipes (because of the dangers involved) as far back as the 1920s. And they were nationally banned (for installation) nearly 40 years ago. ###EDIT: Several people have said that the pipes would have been fine if not for the messed up pH (which should have been neutralized). This is the conventional wisdom on lead pipes, yes, but according to scientists in [a study published last year in August]( URL_0 ), that may not be completely true.


Question: What is the purpose of a place like the Wall-Street? Why is it needed that much and what do people there do and can make so much money out of it?

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 What is the purpose of a place like the Wall-Street? Why is it needed that much and what do people there do and can make so much money out of it?

The purpose of wall street is a capital allocation market. It allows people to put capital into different ventures that could generate additional wealth. It is needed because you may have more money than you are using in any given moment, instead of letting that money sit idle under your mattress where it slowly loses value to inflation you can give it to someone who needs money to do something. They take that money and generate products and services with it that they then sell for a profit and then give you a portion of the profits for giving them the capital they needed. There are a couple ways to make money: First is investment. You buy into a company/bond/mutual fund, and they pay you a cash flow for using your money. Dividends, coupons, etc. The second is speculation, you think that a series of cash flows (investment) is under priced so you buy it and hold it until someone offers you more money for it. You sell it to them and take the difference home as profit. (capital gains) The third is transaction costs. If there is limited access to the capital market and someone who does not have access wants access they can buy that access from a company that does have it. These are commissions, transaction fees, management fees, etc. If you take fractions of a penny off of every transaction and then process trillions of transactions you can make a whole boat load of money.


Question: How do firefighters fight huge forest fires?

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 How do firefighters fight huge forest fires?

From what I know they contain the fire from spreading by digging trenches. Sometimes they go as far as setting small contained fires to combat the large ones (hence the term “Fighting fire with fire”). This works along some way of starving or barricading the blaze. They also use tricks like wetting brush and soaking wood and dropping retardant from helicopters. From my understanding, they’re main goal is not to *fight* the large fire, but to prevent it from spreading. And letting it burn out naturally, as forest fires do.


Question: What happens to an enemy state's embassy in case of war?

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 What happens to an enemy state's embassy in case of war?

Generally, they are allowed a few hours/days to leave the country in peace, under diplomatic immunity. The thing is, most countries who host an embassy also maintain one of their own in the other country, so whatever they do to the diplomats of the enemy could also be done to their own in retaliation. Furthermore, there has been very few events in modern history where it was not obvious at least a few days beforehand that war was about to be declared and this is generally the time where diplomats make their exit. In the off-chance this does not happen, the embassy and its staff are pretty much considered hostages (or spies) and held prisoner. [This is one of the few examples I can think of]( URL_0 )


Question: Why does the news always seem to say that new ways to kill cancer have been found yet no one seems to be benefiting from these discoveries?

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 Why does the news always seem to say that new ways to kill cancer have been found yet no one seems to be benefiting from these discoveries?

News over-reports and mistranslates research regularly. And there are a lot of different things which cancer can do, and types of cancer. When research shows one treatment to be slightly more effective than another treatment in a select population under very controlled circumstances with a specific early stage of a relatively benign cancer, that doesn’t make much of a headline. But, if you pass that same statement through a few layers of hype and simplification to go from research group to University PR team, to local press reporting, to national news conglomeration , to word of mouth among people chatting at a bar: the message can change quite considerably.


Question: How Do rechargeable batteries work?

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 How Do rechargeable batteries work?

Batteries work by producing electricity from a chemical reaction (which is why they have names like lithium-ion, and nickel-cadmium, mentioning some of the ingredients of their battery). In a rechargeable battery, it simply is able to reverse the chemical reaction by being charged. Imagine you had a Kool-Aid packet and a pitcher of water, and that somehow by adding the Kool-Aid to the water it produces electricity, but by adding electricity it makes the Kool-Aid separate from the water, then you can blend it all over again to get more electricity.


Question: What difference in the sky causes hail instead of snow ?

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 What difference in the sky causes hail instead of snow ?

When enough force of hot air rising meets the cold air, it's strong enough to keep rain particles from falling. This causes them to collect moisture and than freeze. Than come back down to collect more moisture than go up and freeze. They keep yo-yoing like that until they become too heavy for that hot air that's rising, than they fall.


Question: How do bees survive the winter?

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 How do bees survive the winter?

They all go in the hive and make a large ball out of themselves, then they beat their wings and wiggle to keep warm. Hives can be pretty balmy in the winter, but you have to reduce the height down to about 3 feet so the bee ball fills most of the hive. For wild bees the idea is the same except their hive is already the right size so they all pile in and keep warm


Question: Why does cookie dough cut with a cookie cutter keep their shape when baked but not when it is cut by hand, such as with a knife?

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 Why does cookie dough cut with a cookie cutter keep their shape when baked but not when it is cut by hand, such as with a knife?

Pastry Chef here! As I understand it, when you cut straight down, whether with a cookie cutter or a knife, you create a clean break in the dough and basically seal the fat (butter, which creates steam, which causes spread) in the shape you cut it. If you use a knife in a dragging motion, you're creating a less defined barrier, and in many cases smearing the tiny layers of dough/butter/dough. The butter melts and the liquid fat seeps out into the surrounding dough, causing it to spread. Either way, if you cut the dough and then chill it completely before baking, you'll have much better results!


Question: How does car insurance work and why it is mandatory to have it?

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 How does car insurance work and why it is mandatory to have it?

Insurance in general works like this: Everyone involved pays the insurance company regularly. Let's say monthly. When one of them suffers a disaster, the insurance company pays them to help cover the expenses of the disaster. In this way, the financial risk of the disaster is spread across all of the participants and over the duration of their contract instead of just turbo-fucking one person. Everyone can breathe easy knowing that, in a disaster, they won't be fucked financially. Car insurance serves an additional purpose. Some other types do this as well. If my house burns down, I won't end up owing other people money. *However*, if I'm a doctor and I fuck up bigtime, or if I'm driving and I fuck up bigtime, then I may owe someone *else* money. By forcing *me* to have insurance, we protect whoever I might owe money to. Example: I get into a car crash. It was my fault, and I just wrecked some dude's jeep. I'm broke, and I sure as shit can't afford to buy him a new jeep. Do I owe him one? Yes. But, no matter what the law does to me, I simply do not have any money to give him, and he's fucked. If the law requires me to have insurance, then regardless of if I have money, my insurance plan will cover his jeep (or at least, some of it).


Question: How does this vinegar/baking soda hot ice reaction work?

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 How does this vinegar/baking soda hot ice reaction work?

The clear liquid is known as a supersaturated solution. In this case, of sodium acetate. By using only a little water, the maximum amount of solid is dissolved when it's hot. When it cools down, it ought to crystalize out but it can't because there's nothing to start the them off. When some crystals are added they act as centres for more molecules to form round. But there's something else too. Sodium acetate, like many substances, incorporates molecules of water in its crystals - in this case three per molecule, a trihydrate. So when it crystalizes it uses up all the water in the mix so the whole thing goes solid instead of forming a slush. That's why the second demo forms a solid pillar as you pour the solution onto the stuff that's crystalized already. ETA If you try it yourself make sure that the equipment is clean, particularly the jar you pour the hot solution into to cool. Dust, or even scratches on the glass, can be places where crystalization can start before you're ready to put the "seed" in.


Question: Why is space cold when sun light must be able to travel uninterrupted to a location in space? Should thst make it really hot?

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 Why is space cold when sun light must be able to travel uninterrupted to a location in space? Should thst make it really hot?

Space is neither cold nor hot. It is empty. The tiny amount of gas floating around up there *is* quite hot, but doesn't transfer heat. If an object is left in space, it absorbs heat from the sun and radiates heat. What temperature it reaches depends upon its geometry, distance from the sun, and coloration. Deep space will make things quite cold, since sunlight is very spread out at such a distance and thus not a whole lot hits things.


Question: Would connecting a large amount of Bluetooth speakers to a device exponentially increase the sound?

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 Would connecting a large amount of Bluetooth speakers to a device exponentially increase the sound?

Not exponentially, rather, they would *logarithmically* increase the sound. 100 speakers would increase the decibels by log(100)=20 decibels. It works like this: each speaker puts out some amplitude of sound waves. If they are all *constructively* interfering (sound waves building on top of one another, rather than cancelling each other out) then doubling the amplitude of a sound wave adds ~3 decibels to the volume. So, if one speaker is 100dB, two combine for 103dB, four give 106dB, eight 109dB, and so on... Mathematically there is no limit. Adding more speakers will always increase the volume. (*if* we could put an infinite number of speakers in one location, that is) More realistically, you'd be looking at destructive interference, a limit to speakers you can put in a volume, the speakers themselves blocking sound waves, and plenty of other things that would prevent you from making infinitely powerful sound waves.


Question: Why isn't the foliage cut off the top of a pineapple?

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 Why isn't the foliage cut off the top of a pineapple?

Floridian here. I have about 30 pineapples growing in my garden. The stem at the top of the pineapple serves several purposes: * First, it keeps the fruit from drying out. If you were to cut it off, juice would leak out, the fruit would become dry and taste worse. * Second, it serves as an indicator of health. If the stem is green and stiff, that means the pineapple is in good shape. If it's brown, crusty, decayed, pulls off easily, etc that means that the pineapple is ripe/rotting. * Lastly, you can plant it and grow a new pineapple plant! That's how I made my garden. Cut the pineapple about a quarter inch below the stem, so that the stem has a disc-shaped bulge at the bottom. Plant it about 3-4 inches deep. As long as it's warm and wet, pineapples will tolerate just about any kind of soil. EDIT: Fun fact: While most plants produce fruit every year, pineapple plants only produce fruit every third year. Not so fun fact: I found out the hard way that you can be allergic to pineapple plants without being allergic to the fruit. Apparently [they are immunologically distinct]( URL_1 ). Five minutes of working in my garden is enough to make me start itching; fifteen minutes will make me break out in hives. EDIT 2: [Here]( URL_0 ) are some pictures of about half of my garden. (The less weedy half)