Question: Why do not airline have parachutes for everyone when the plane is about to crash?

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 Why do not airline have parachutes for everyone when the plane is about to crash?

1.) The vast majority of accidents occur during/near takeoff/landing. Parachutes won't be of much use if you are seconds away from a crash. 2.) At the altitude commercial airlines fly at, chances are a lot of people jumping out will pass out from hypoxia if supplemental air masks aren't included, and might fail to open their parachute. The typical airline passenger probably has no experience putting on and using a parachute to jump from a plane. 3.) Parachutes and portable air masks are very heavy if you need dozens/hundreds for a passenger jet.


Question: Is being a heavy or light sleeper a psychological or physiological thing?

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 Is being a heavy or light sleeper a psychological or physiological thing?

All humans sleep both deeply and lightly; it's a part of the sleep cycle. If you seem to be in lighter sleep more often or all of the time, it's possible you have a medical condition of some kind (i.e. sleep apnea). Similarly, there are conditions that could lead to unusually deep sleep, but they are extraordinarily rare in comparison to the lighter ones. A physician or sleep doctor could tell you more. This is apparently one of those things that can feel amazing to get treated (in terms of quality of life), so I'd recommend checking it out if you suspect it's happening. I don't have any diagnosed conditions myself, but one runs in my family. Personally, I wake up if someone so much as breathes in my direction during my light sleep, but in the deeper sleep parts of my cycle you can apparently throw any object or insult at me without any effect. I actually thought I was a "light sleeper" as a child, but it turned out that I was just unaware of the times I was in deep sleep for obvious reasons.


Question: What is happening in your brain when there’s a word on the tip of your tongue?

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 What is happening in your brain when there’s a word on the tip of your tongue?

The technical name is lethologica. There are multiple explanations, but the brain is complex and none of them have ever been fully proven enough to become the theory. One is by remembering the features of the word stronger than the word itself your brain is unable to retrieve the actual word. Instead it recalls things like how long it is and what sounds are in the word. Another is that the memory isn't strong enough so your brain remembers the memory is there but can't get a hold of it, so to speak. And there are many many others.


Question: What is GDP and why is it a measure of a country's wealth? And if a country continuously has an export deficit, wouldn't it run out of money?

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 What is GDP and why is it a measure of a country's wealth? And if a country continuously has an export deficit, wouldn't it run out of money?

GDP (gross domestic product) is how much the whole country makes in a year. It's kinda like how much a person earns in a year, but spread across the whole country. Wealth is the value of the things you own (including savings). GDP measures income not wealth. But just like how people who make a lot of money, own a lot of expensive things, countries with high GDP tend to also own a lot. Not sure that was really ELI5, but I know for sure I can't ELI5 trade deficits.


Question: How do we predict solar and lunar eclipse?

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 How do we predict solar and lunar eclipse?

Orbital mechanics! While not entirely true, you can imagine the moon and Earth as if they move on rails. Orbits are more or less the same every time, so we'll treat them like rails (like railroad rails, if you're unfamiliar with the terminology). Big invisible rails in the sky. They move at speeds which change slightly but the speed always depends upon the height of the rail. We've been observing the movement of the Earth and moon for a long time, so even if we didn't have math to reconstruct these 'rails' we would have mapped them out pretty well by now. Since we know where the rails are and how fast the Earth and moon move along their respective rails, all we have to do is calculate when the two will align just right. For instance, the moon's rail has to line up with the position of the sun when viewed from the Earth's rail for either kind of eclipse. This will happen twice a year. I can't really think of an intuitive proof for this without a diagram, alas. However, not only do the rails have to line up, but the moon must also be at a specific point on its rail for a lunar eclipse and the opposite specific point for a solar eclipse.


Question: Why do some countries drive on the left and others on the right?

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 Why do some countries drive on the left and others on the right?

Left hand driving has its roots in the Roman empire, because Romans steered their chariots with the left hand and fought with the right. Right hand driving came about because Napoleon was left handed, so he often rode his horses on the right side of the road. The choice between left hand and right hand driving comes from these two cultural backgrounds most of the time, but in cases like the US, they decided to switch from left to right hand driving due to standardization by Henry Ford.


Question: Why does the moon cause waves in the ocean but not on smaller bodies of water like lakes?

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 Why does the moon cause waves in the ocean but not on smaller bodies of water like lakes?

Firstly, the other responses suggesting that tides are not waves are incorrect - tides *are* waves, they just have a very long wavelength (and are not related to the smaller, wind-driven waves that we colloquially call 'waves'). To actually answer the question, it's because lakes are generally too small for the tidal effect to be significant. Tides are caused by the gradient in the gravitational field of the moon (and to a lesser extent, the sun) across the earth. Oceans are very large, with length scales of thousands of kilometres, so the difference in gravitational potential across them is large enough to form waves of significant amplitude (i.e. tides). Lakes are much smaller, so the effect is also much smaller. They're still influenced by the lunar gravitational field so they technically will have tides, they will simply be a lot smaller than oceans. Another, minor factor is because oceans have a length scale that is large enough for the coriolis effect to be significant, you can get an amplification of tides in certain regions which isn't possible in smaller bodies of water where the coriolis effect is too small (see [amphidromic points]( URL_0 ) for more information).


Question: How do nuclear power plants work? Specifically, what exactly happened at Chernobyl?

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 How do nuclear power plants work? Specifically, what exactly happened at Chernobyl?

Some materials - most famously certain types of uranium - are *fissile materials*, which means that when hit by a specific kind of radiation (neutron radiation), their atoms split and release a lot of energy, and, very importantly, more of the same radiation. This means that enough of this material in one place will enter a *chain reaction*, where an atom splits and releases neutrons, which cause more atoms to split, which release even more neutrons and so it goes. While this is happening, huge amounts of heat are generated, which in a nuclear power plant is used to heat water into steam, which turns turbines that produce electricity. This chain reaction needs to be controlled, because otherwise it will just keep speeding up until everything is so hot that it melts down and there's no more reactor. Fortunately, something about it makes this easy: neutrons that come out of a splitting atom are actually too fast to split another one right away. They need to be slowed down by passing through some material. Materials used for that are called *moderators*, and the most commonly used one is water. Using water as the moderator has the benefit that if the reactor gets too hot, it will boil away, and there will be nothing left to slow down the neutrons, so the reaction will slow down on its own. It's very difficult to melt down a water-moderated reactor. The type of reactor used at Chernobyl, called RBMK, didn't use water as a moderator. It used graphite instead. Graphite is a very efficient moderator, which allows a reactor using it to run off very low grade uranium, which was very important, because high-grade uranium is scarce, and was even more so back in the 60s. Additionally, while theoretically it's possible to use any reactor to make plutonium, it's especially easy with an RBMK. Plutonium is used for making nuclear weapons, so you can imagine that this was a huge boon back then in the heat of the Cold War and the arms race. Those huge advantages of graphite are unfortunately overshadowed by a massive flaw: it can't boil away like water if it's overheated. If a graphite reactor goes out of control, the graphite will stay there keeping it operational while it gets hotter and hotter until it can't be stopped. This is what happened at Chernobyl. Through a mix of incompetence, cutting corners, technical flaws and the inherent lack of safety of the reactor design the operators allowed it to reach that state. It got so hot that it started splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen, an explosive mixture. It blew up and destroyed the concrete barriers that keep the reactor separated from the outside world, and the radioactive material from the reactor spilled out in a huge plume of steam and smoke. The area isn't actually nearly as deadly as you might think if you look at what video games and urban myths say. You can go on a trip there and have a look at the reactor building. Radiation levels are elevated, but not dangerous. The danger is in the soil and water contamination, which would make it unwise to eat anything that grows there, and in the large piles of heavily contaminated equipment that was abandoned there after being used in the rescue and containment operations immediately after the disaster. It could be cleaned up, but it's not exactly valuable land, and Ukraine is a troubled country with bigger priorities on its budget. It's a huge topic so I didn't go deep into any part of it. I'll try to answer questions if you have any though.


Question: Why do consumer buy from retailers instead of manufacturers/ wholesaler when it is cheaper?

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 Why do consumer buy from retailers instead of manufacturers/ wholesaler when it is cheaper?

Ease of access to the consumer and ease of sale for the manufacturer. So first of all a company manufactured a product. They could sell this product themselves but that means having possibly huge marketing and sales teams as well as premises etc. So instead they sell in bulk to distributors/retailers. This also has another effect of bringing in guaranteed money. You can sell 10,000 units to one company in one go or you can sell those 10,000 units 1 at a time, not knowing when a sale will happen. So the retailer takes on most of the financial risk and has to try and sell what they have bought. Then there is the consumer side. Would you rather buy everything individually for less money from the manufacturer. Or would you rather pay a slight premium for everything to be in one place? I know I would prefer to go down to my local hardware store and pick up a drill, some drill bits and some screws all in the same place. There are exceptions to these and they would be for large, expensive or bespoke items. Where it is always/often better to buy direct from the manufacturer.


Question: Why are guys and girls handwriting so distinctly and recognizably different?

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 Why are guys and girls handwriting so distinctly and recognizably different?

Some people have theories about differences in neurology and motor skills between boy brains and girl brains, but these are supported by very flimsy science. The simplest and most likely explanation is just that boys and girls are taught in different ways and held to different expectations. If boys get made fun of by their friends for having "girl writing", or vice versa, then these stereotypes easily turn into self-fulfilling prophecies.


Question: How do calculators solve complex problems like matrices graphing etc. do programers have to write out every solution or are there shortcuts?

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 How do calculators solve complex problems like matrices graphing etc. do programers have to write out every solution or are there shortcuts?

Ingredient 1: Computers are machines that perform simple operations VERY fast. Ingredient 2: Most complex math can be decomposed into (or approximated by) simpler math. For example, imagine that you know how to add 2 numbers. Well, with that tool, you can also multiply numbers (by performing several additions) and even calculate exponentiation (by performing several multiplications, which we already mentioned you can do with addition). By combining the two ingredients (a set of simple operations and knowledge on how to decompose complex math into simpler math), you get a machine that can perform complex math.


Question: What exactly happens when you pass out from pain?

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 What exactly happens when you pass out from pain?

What occurs when you pass out from extreme pain is a form of what is known as *vasovagal syncope.* Syncope means to lose consciousness and vasovagal refers to effects on the vasculature/vessels (vaso-) from the Vagus cranial nerve (-vagal). When you experience sudden and extreme pain, the information is sent to an area in the brainstem called the solitary nucleus, which is an input area for several cranial nerves, with the Vagus nerve being one of them. Of the twelve cranial nerves (which almost exclusively supply the head and neck), the Vagus nerve is special because it travels extensively around the body and innervates a wide variety of organs and blood vessels. It is involved in *parasympathetic* control of the nervous system, the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is commonly associated with "rest and digest" rather than the sympathetic "fight or flight." With activation of the parasympathetic Vagus nerve, the heart slows down and beats with less force per pump (*rest* and digest). This is combined with a decrease in what is known as *sympathetic tone.* Sympathetic tone helps to keep blood vessels constricted, and when that is withdrawn, blood vessels can dilate. So, a decrease in cardiac output (less blood pumped from the slowed heart rate and contractibility) combined with dilated vessels, significantly reduces blood pressure too quickly and the brain is temporarily less perfused by oxygenated blood, leading to loss of consciousness. **Edit below: More ELI5ish** Sorry to anyone confused by the description above. When you experience extreme pain, your body sends signals to the part of your brain that is the control board for a special nerve that "relaxes" a lot of your organs (slows heart, increases gut movement for digestion, etc). This nerve slows your heart down and causes it to pump less blood per unit time *at the same time* that nerves that keep your arteries constricted stop doing their job. So, you get less fluid pumping through wider pipes and, unsurprisingly, this can be measured as reduced blood pressure. Less blood is delivered to the brain, and the person loses consciousness. In the absence of any major bleeding, the body will correct the overshoot and the person will regain consciousness eventually. **Edit #2 - TRUE ELI5** Sudden and extreme pain flips a switch in your brain, which makes your blood vessels relax (by expanding) and your heart rate slow down *and* pump less blood with each beat. This brings less blood (and less oxygen) to your brain and you pass out. Your body fixes it quickly, but after you pass out.


Question: how is everyone's fingerprints unique?

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 how is everyone's fingerprints unique?

Well we don’t actually *know* that every fingerprint is unique. That entire way of thinking is purely statistical. It has been determined that the chance of two people having identical fingerprints is 1 in 64 billion. It’s called deductive reasoning, and there has never been a case of two people’s fingerprints matching. But there could be. There probably are. There’s no law of nature saying no one has matching fingerprints.


Question: statistics you see on tv like "every 15 seconds a accident happens." For claims that large how do they get that data?

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 statistics you see on tv like "every 15 seconds a accident happens." For claims that large how do they get that data?

They know the statistics for the total number of accidents over a certain time period. Then they use that to determine the average for a different time period. For example, if they know there are 2.5 million accidents in a year, they would divide that by 365 days per year, then divide by 24 hours per day, then divide by 60 minutes per hour, then divide by 4 (because 60 secs/15=4)... which would be 1.18 accidents every 15 seconds.


Question: Why do most plastics turn white when you bend them?

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 Why do most plastics turn white when you bend them?

First of, this phenomenon only occurs for a certain kind of plastics. When you deform those by bending or stretching them to the point where they won't revert to their original shape, you induce permanent deformations that change the microstructural organisation of the molecules that the plastic is made of. This causes the formation of voids or very small bubbles in the plastic. Those voids grow in number and size and there comes a point where light starts interacting with thise gaps in a complicated way that make the plastic opaque and seemingly more white.


Question: Why is it easy to ride a bike but impossible to stay on when it comes to a stop?

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</answer>
 Why is it easy to ride a bike but impossible to stay on when it comes to a stop?

A bike is interently unstable while standing still. You can try to balance a bike without a rider and notice that it will pretty much fall over each time you try. That is because the center of gravity and the contact point of the tires are not perfectly aligned. Any deviation from perfect alignment creates a torque which will cause the bike to fall over. When traveling fast there is the gyroscopic effect which helps you stay upright, however you notice that you can drive the bike at low velocities as well. Essentially you are correcting any missalignment by steering the front wheel (contact point) under the center of gravity again. So by wiggeling the front wheel intuitivly around you can stay upright. If you are an expericend rider you can keep the bike stable at lower and lower velocities, the extreme beeing at a stand-still. To keep the bike upright you need to shift your bodyweight which is very hard as you may have experienced. So going faster is easier because you have a better response. It might only take microseconds to get the front wheel to a stable position, while it may take milliseconds if you go slower.


Question: What causes those trippy visual patterns that happen sometimes when you close your eyes tightly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What causes those trippy visual patterns that happen sometimes when you close your eyes tightly?

Our brain doesn't do a good job of experiencing "nothing". If a sense isn't detecting much of anything but our brain is still active, it will take the tiny signals it *is* receiving and amplify them. These signals aren't "real", they're just little fluctuations in our nerves, but the brain *thinks* they're real and so we see little flashing lights, or hear strange noises, or feel tickles on our skin. Also, rubbing your eye actually deforms the shape a little bit which stimulates the optic nerve - again, it's not *actually* detecting lights, but random signals get sent along it anyway which the brain interprets as lights.


Question: Why does it get almost impossible to talk, if you are close to crying?

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 Why does it get almost impossible to talk, if you are close to crying?

I’m guessing you’re referring the “lump in your throat” or “getting choked up”. The lump you feel isn’t actually a lump, but the feeling of opposing muscles in your throat—specifically the glottis, or the opening between your vocal chords—working against each other. It’s known as the globus sensation, which relates to your nervous system. The part of the nervous system that deals with stress is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the fight or flight response. During a stressful situation, it calls for an increased flow of oxygen to the muscles that need it. In order to do that, we start to breathe faster and the glottis expands to let all the air in. But tense situations also make us swallow or hold our breath to force back our sobs. The problem is, those actions require closing the glottis and cause other muscles to constrict. Since different muscles are trying to open or close the glottis at the same time, the result is the sensation that you swallowed a golf ball. Source - [here]( URL_0 )


Question: What are EMPs (electromagnetic pulses)? and how does an EMP jammer work?

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 What are EMPs (electromagnetic pulses)? and how does an EMP jammer work?

So imagine that people can communicate in a pond by making little ripples that go across the surface. Some use big, long ripples to go far, others with little short ripples that only go a short distance. Then, someone throws a big rock into the middle of the pond. Suddenly, there are so many ripples that no one can tell what messages are, and some people even get wet and don't want to send ripples anymore! That's a simple explanation for how EM works: the pond is the air, ripples are EM waves, people are the devices that send and received, and an EM pulse is that big rock.


Question: Why do brownies get that lighter brown flake layer on top after you bake them?

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 Why do brownies get that lighter brown flake layer on top after you bake them?

Good question! What you're actually seeing on top of the brownie is a thin layer of meringue. Meringue is made by whipping up egg with sugar, but that flaky crust isn't quite the fluff you expect from a meringue. What's happening in the brownie is that some sugar is rising to the top and melting - forming a shiny surface - and the egg white is binding it all together into thin sheets.


Question: Why does working in front of computer or watching TV decrease the rate at which your eyes blink?

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 Why does working in front of computer or watching TV decrease the rate at which your eyes blink?

Eyes blink less when actively being used to concentrate on and process information. When using a computer, that's all you're doing. It's similar to blinking less while working on homework or writing an essay. When things become rote, like crocheting, you'll begin to blink more as you depend less on your eyes.


Question: Why does better quality music( 320 Kbps, and so on) occupy more digital memory?

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 Why does better quality music( 320 Kbps, and so on) occupy more digital memory?

Just like with an image, higher resolution = bigger file size. The bit rate of an audio file (ie 320 Kbps) is essentially the resolution of the song. Higher bit rates = more bits of data per second of music. It has absolutely nothing to do with musical notes like one of the previous answers suggests.


Question: How do bubble boy people with defective immune systems stay alive long enough to get into a bubble without getting sick?

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 How do bubble boy people with defective immune systems stay alive long enough to get into a bubble without getting sick?

Obviously the defective immune systems vary to a degree so the "bubble boy" is only the most direst of cases. They may have limited access to places but the short answer is that they rely on something called "herd immunity." In the worst diseases, they are either globally rare or we usually have a vaccine for the bug. Statistically, the lower you keep the total proportion of the population with the disease, the lower the risks of eventual flare ups or mutations, like the difference in danger of wildfire between lighting a match and a campfire in a forest. This is why anti-vaxxers are the worst. They're saying I'm willing to weaken the herd immunity for my own unscientific reasons at the cost of those who truly have no choice to refuse vaccination because they actual have defective immune systems. The average bubble boy gets protected from the disease because we've prevented some the worst afflictions through vaccines such that the literal bubble boy doesn't truly need to exist.


Question: What in the world is Escrow??

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 What in the world is Escrow??

I have to give you money, but I don't want to let go of the money until I have the goods. You have to give me the goods, but you don't want to let go of the goods until you've got the money. Who will take the risk? Well, we can just hand our stuff to a third party who is insured, so neither of us has to. The third party won't give the stuff to the other guy until both say "okay". That's escrow.


Question: Where do my antibodies get stored when I’m not using them?

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 Where do my antibodies get stored when I’m not using them?

Some are stored in the spleen (that's why after the spleen is removed because of accidents or so, vaccinations might have to be repeated), but yeah, your body also learns how to produce them. Making an antibody that fits is a trial-and-error thing, they body will produce some and test if they work. So if you are vaccinated your body had the chance to try them out with the harmless version and knows what will fit when the real thing comes- time is saved, reaction is faster.


Question: why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

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 why are countries sometimes referred to with female pronouns?

So, English as a language doesn't really differentiate between masculine and feminine words and conjugation. However, a lot of the languages that English borrowed pretty heavily from (particularly the Latin languages, and Latin itself) *do* have differences in conjugation that will use masculine or feminine forms (e.g. the generic term for cat in French is "la chat", which is the feminine form). Latin, in particular, had a tendency to gender countries and landmasses as feminine (e.g. Terra Firma), and English sort of inherited that from Latin, particularly in more formal linguistic settings.


Question: Why do strange bugs show up when you leave cardboard/variants put away for a long time?

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 Why do strange bugs show up when you leave cardboard/variants put away for a long time?

Cardboard and is mostly processed wood, an organic material. Which means it's food for some organisms. If you add a humid environment, like that associated with warm weather, and lack of light, bacteria and mold can now grow on your cardboard. Which means that there is now food for slightly larger organisms - > bugs - > spiders. Long story short: where there is food, life will eventually come along and eat it.


Question: Why were humans able to globally standardize units of time but still struggle to standardize other units of measure?

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 Why were humans able to globally standardize units of time but still struggle to standardize other units of measure?

There is no struggle, the world has standardized on the international system of units, commonly called the metric system. Even in the US, where feet and miles are still common, those units are defined, legally, in terms of their metric counterparts. The adoption of the metric system by US consumers has been slowed by the stupendous cost of such a change, and the limited value to most users. It's like moving to one language, or one electrical outlet, the sunk cost of the installed base is huge.


Question: Why does water stay stationary in a bowl?

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 Why does water stay stationary in a bowl?

It is Newton's First Law of Motion: "In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force." When you turn the water tends to remain at rest. The walls of the cup turn and friction drags some nearby water along too, but the center doesn't immediately follow suit because the fluid can flow.


Question: Why does water go gluglugglug when we pour it too fast? Will it take a shorter time to empty the container if we pour a bit slower?

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 Why does water go gluglugglug when we pour it too fast? Will it take a shorter time to empty the container if we pour a bit slower?

Because air has to fill the empty space the water leaves behind it. If you have a container with another hole large enough to suck air in behind the water (while the contain is pouring), it'll pour faster and not have the mentioned issue. Alternatively if you can spin the container for form a vortex as the water pours out, it'll also pour faster because air can go through the middle of the vortex instead of the water having to temporarily stop so air can flow through.


Question: What is a trust fund and how do they work?

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 What is a trust fund and how do they work?

A trust fund is usually a money account controlled by a third party (usually a bank of some sort) with rules around how and when money can be withdrawn. This can be ideal for kids who would otherwise have access to very large amounts of money: the Trust can be set up so they get monthly sums instead of a giant open bank account. They can also be used for several different purposes like preserving an end-of-life fund for a family member (especially if other family is trying to get access to it for their own purposes), operating a joint family business like a farm (so that there's always money available to plant/fertilize/harvest), or even setting large amounts of money aside for retirement.


Question: Why do objects with a higher thermal conductivity feel colder to the touch?

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 Why do objects with a higher thermal conductivity feel colder to the touch?

They only feel cold to the touch if they're colder than our skin. If they're hotter than our skin, they'll feel hotter than something with lower thermal conductivity at the same temperature. This is because our body can't detect temperature. All we can detect is rate of heat transfer. The faster the heat transfer (in either direction) the more extreme it feels to us.


Question: If earth is getting heavier, why is the moon slowly going away from earth and not towards earth?

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 If earth is getting heavier, why is the moon slowly going away from earth and not towards earth?

The tidal waves are caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon. But similarly the moon is attracted to the tidal waves. But the Earth is rotating faster then the moon and therefore also the tidal waves. So every time an island or continent overtakes a tidal wave it will push the tidal wave forward in the rotation. The tidal wave will then drag the moon forward with it slightly. So the moon is gaining orbital speed from the rotation of the Earth. And this orbital speed causes the moon to go further and further out in its orbit. The effect of the tidal waves on the moon is much greater then the slightly increasing mass of the Earth.


Question: How does Schönehage-Straussen multiplication work and why is it so much faster for computers to perform than traditional multiplication?

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 How does Schönehage-Straussen multiplication work and why is it so much faster for computers to perform than traditional multiplication?

So first you need to remember that multiplication really means adding multiple times. So normally to multiply 12x31 you'd need to go: 12+12=24 24+12=36 36+12=48 and so on.. 31 times in a row And that would be very long. So we all learned in school how to do it faster. That faster method is basically to multiply units and decades separately and sum the results. That's in fact an algorithm that allows faster multiplication based on how we break down numbers to write them down. Well, the Schonhage strassen is another algorithm, that uses another way to break numbers down to multiply them. And it happens that while the decomposition is a bit more complex, the multiplication is faster so for very large numbers, it's worth it.


Question: How do life insurance companies stay in business?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do life insurance companies stay in business?

Term Life Insurance is only valid for a particular time frame. Say I'm a healthy 30-year-old man. Chances are I can get a fairly inexpensive ten-year policy, since there's not a huge chance I'm going to die between 30 and 40. When I turn 40, that term life insurance policy expires. All of the money paid in during that term is the property of the insurance company. Say I want a new one - so I go back to the company and they look through my health history. I'm 40, and now I have high cholesterol and blood pressure, putting me at risk for cardiovascular disease. My premiums will be higher, because I'm at a higher risk of death. Finding the equilibrium between the amount of risk taken on and the amount charged in the premium is what the underwriters at the company do - they figure out how much they need to charge to never pay out more than they take in.


Question: How do we not kill off bees by harvesting their honey? Don’t they need the honey to survive the winter?

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 How do we not kill off bees by harvesting their honey? Don’t they need the honey to survive the winter?

Bees will just keep making honey forever, they don't need all of what's in their hive and in fact if they overstock enough, the hive gets too crowded and they swarm (leave to form a new hive somewhere else) and something like 75% of all swarms die. Collecting honey keeps the hive manageable for the bees. Also hives in human care are constantly monitored to make sure they have enough honey, don't get deadly mite infections, and don't get eaten by predators. A human-maintained hive is basically bee heaven. If you want to help save the bees, support your local beekeepers. Because we kinda need bees to survive; no bees means like 3/4 of our food crops can't be grown, cuz they require bees for pollination. source: my cousin's a beekeeper (he also brews mead from the honey from his hives).


Question: How exactly does the FED's money enter/effect the market?

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 How exactly does the FED's money enter/effect the market?

The usual way they inject money is by buying government bonds. Today a big part of what the Fed announced was that they were essentially going to inject money into the repurchase (repo) market. Basically the repo market is way for financial institutions to fund themselves on a short-term basis. Generally what happens is that bank A sells bunch of securities (usually US government bonds) to bank B in exchange for a promise to repurchase them in the near term at a slightly higher price - that higher repurchase price effectively acts as the interest rate. What the Fed is doing is basically offering to take the role of bank B in the example above.


Question: why flies always land on us?

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 why flies always land on us?

The salt from our sweat, the warmth of our body, the carbon dioxide trails from our breathing (this is more applicable for mosquitoes than flies as far as I know), and innumerable other chemicals that we constantly secrete make us attractive to flies. In the wild, thet settle on cattle to drink the secretions. They follow that same instinct to land on two legged animals like us too. To avoid this, you might consider spraying yourself with DEET or other bug sprays to confuse their sense of smell before you run.


Question: Why does vision in darkness have grain?

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 Why does vision in darkness have grain?

You have two types of receptors in your retina. Cones are good at picking out fine detail and color while rods are better with picking out contrast and movement. In low-light settings, differences in light coming to your eyes are much more subtle and the cones don't function well. So you don't get fine detail, and what you do see can have some variance, causing your brain to register a grain.


Question: What is the difference between milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and extra dark chocolate?

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 What is the difference between milk chocolate, dark chocolate, and extra dark chocolate?

Oh man the first ELI5 I can answer! I'm a pastry cook and I love chocolate! So technically the true chocolate classifications are white, milk, and dark. If there is a chocolate labeled "extra dark", it's just an extra marketing term. (Semi-sweet is a subclass of dark because it does not contain milk) The main ingredients in chocolate are chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, sugar, milk solids and dairy fat (for the sake of the ELI5 we'll just call these "milk"), flavoring, and lecithin. The flavor is usually vanilla and is in almost all chocolate, so we're going to ignore it. Lecithin is an emulsifier (which means it's the thing that helps keep the chocolate smooth) and is in almost all chocolate, so we'll ignore it. NOTE: in this context, chocolate liquor is *not* alcohol. It is the name for the paste that is made from ground cocoa beans. I know that's kind of confusing, but just roll with it. So the ingredients that vary widely between the classifications are: chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. White chocolate contains: cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. Milk chocolate contains: chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. Dark chocolate contains, chocolate liquor, cocoa butter, and sugar That is the simplest explanation for what the differences are, and if you're happy with that then stop reading and go eat chocolate. But I will expand on what the percentages you see on chocolate packages mean. If you eat two different brands of high quality chocolate, both labeled as 70%, you would probably notice that they taste very different. Why is that? The percentage on packages is the percentage of the actual cocoa bean that is in the product. So a dark chocolate at 70% is made with 70% cocoa bean and then 30% other ingredients (in this case sugar, vanilla, and lecithin). A 45% milk chocolate is made of 45% cocoa bean and 55% other ingredients (sugar, milk, vanilla, and lecithin). Okay so if they contain the same amount of bean why do they taste so different? Well, part of it can be the variety of bean and the roasting process, but that's more into the nuanced flavors(fruity, nutty, caramel, etc). The biggest factor in the actual intensity of the chocolate flavor is that processed cocoa beans have two components. Remember above? *Chocolate liquor* and *cocoa butter*. So a 70% chocolate might have 45% chocolate liquor and 25% cocoa butter. OR it might be 60% chocolate liquor and 10% cocoa butter. Either way it's labeled as 70% chocolate. A higher percentage of chocolate liquor will give you a more intense chocolate flavor. So basically, a cheaper chocolate can taste better than an expensive chocolate if it has a higher content of chocolate liquor. Lemme know if you want any more info or fun facts about chocolate! I'm off to go see Thor: Ragnarok, so I'll check back later. Edit: Holy crap you guys. When I left, OPs post literally had like 200 upvotes and I was like, "Cool, the few people that read this will know some new stuff!" I never expected to see so many responses! I'll have to get back on tomorrow and respond to more of you. It's almost 1am and I need to go to sleep for now. Also, thank you for the gold! I'm happy to share and discuss and learn new things from others. I'm glad someone thought what I shared was worth that much! Also also, everyone should go see Ragnarok. My god that was a good movie.


Question: What does it mean when a country's GDP goes down x%? Is it worrisome because it's a symptom of something bad, the cause of something bad down the line, or both?

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 What does it mean when a country's GDP goes down x%? Is it worrisome because it's a symptom of something bad, the cause of something bad down the line, or both?

It means that the amount of money that traded hands within the country went down x%. It is worrisome in some regards. If less money trades hands, it means that there is less demand for labor so unemployment will go up. The desired value of GDP growth per year is 3%. If that doesn't happen it means that the country (I just know about the US) is likely not keeping up with inflation and cannot keep up with the debt payments that it owes. I believe that there is a point that there is a point when the money owed becomes much greater than the GDP, countries will come for their debts.


Question: How do lenses create magnification?

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 How do lenses create magnification?

Think of it this way, flat glass lets light pass through it perpendicular to the glass. If a lens is fat in the middle, the light passing on one side tries to meet in the center, making things look bigger. It’s also why you can burn stuff with a magnifying glass because you’re fitting all the light that would normally occupy that area into one spot. If it is fatter on the edges, the light spreads out, and makes things look smaller. This is the best I can explain it without getting too complicated. The focal length would be where all narrows down (fat centered lens) and could burn something or is at maximum magnification. If it is closer or farther away, the light rays cannot all meet at an optimal point.


Question: Why do people tilt their head down to listen after they've knocked on a door? Does the ear capture sound better when the head is tilted down versus straight ahead or up?

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 Why do people tilt their head down to listen after they've knocked on a door? Does the ear capture sound better when the head is tilted down versus straight ahead or up?

Do mean: .... when someone knocks on your bedroom door to talk to you. Or knock on the front door. And I'm going to assume its awkward to keep eye contact when they want to talk you or helps them remember what they were going to say or they are listening through the front door.


Question: How does any number to the power of 0 equal to 1? (5^0 = 1)

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 How does any number to the power of 0 equal to 1? (5^0 = 1)

Start with some givens: x^1 = x x^2 = x * x x^3 = x * x * x Every time you increase the exponent, you're adding an X to the list to multiply. So x^2+1 = x^2 * x If adding 1 to the exponent is the same as multiplying by the base (x), then subtracting 1 from the exponent is the same as dividing by the base. x^1 = x x^1-1 = x/x x^0 = 1 (because any number over itself is 1)


Question: What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

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 What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

The earth is like a cracked shell. Each piece of the shell is a plate, and these plates are resting on top of a very thick and hot liquid called magma. There are convection currents in the magma, i.e. parts of the magma is swirling, convention currents make the plates move. Sometimes plates bump into each other, sometime one plate dips underneath another, sometimes the plates separate. This is constantly happening but very very slowly. An earthquake is caused when there is movement between two plates, this releases a lot of energy, and that's an earthquake.


Question: When banks print/make new currency, say they decide to make £1million, how is that broken down into the various denominations?

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 When banks print/make new currency, say they decide to make £1million, how is that broken down into the various denominations?

My understanding...(no expert) The denomination of printed / manufactured currency is decided based on what is needed to be in circulation for example when ATMs only issued denominations of £10 this led to a reduction in the number of £5 notes circulating. They were being banked but not recirculated. The banks were told to change the m/c to issue £5 notes and the mint printed new £5 notes to meet the increased demand. There is also the replacement of old notes that are in poor condition or no longer valid following a redesign. People putting small denomination coins in jars at home and not spending them means they are not circulating and a shortage occurs. This can lead to overproduction of the coin or the coins being removed completely because it's not used e.g if the price of goods was rounded up to the pound / dollar and not charged at £nn.99p there would be very little need for a 1p coin.


Question: . Why are fossil fuels bad for the environment?

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 . Why are fossil fuels bad for the environment?

1) We have to tear up the environment in order to get them. That's damaging on its own, but then if there's an incident at a plant that extracts these oils or with a ship that is transporting these oils, then it causes an even more harm to wildlife, water supplies and soil quality. 2) You have to produce a lot of pollution to process them. 3) You have to produce a lot of pollution to use them up (if burning them like in the case of gasoline for your car). 4) The fossil fuels that get made into plastics wind up as trash in either landfills where they don't degrade or in the oceans and seas. Here, they can straight up kill wildlife, or get consumed by wildlife and in turn consumed by us people when we eat that wildlife. Or it makes its way back into our own drinking water.