Question: Why does taking a photo of a screen cause lines to appear? Why do these lines change as I zoom in on the picture?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does taking a photo of a screen cause lines to appear? Why do these lines change as I zoom in on the picture?

They're called Moiré patterns URL_0 It's caued by the interferance pattern between the pixel grid in your camera's sensor, the pixel grid on the screen your photographing and the pixel grid on your phone's screen (which is why they change when you zoom) If you take a picture of window screen or other regular square pattern you can see the same thing. You can even see them in the real world by looking through two layers of wire screens (an apropriate distance appart) (The reason they're curved is because different parts of the monitor are different distances from the camera sensor so the interferance frequency changes .)


Question: When Ghengis Khan famously salted the earth of conquered peoples, are there still areas affected by that today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When Ghengis Khan famously salted the earth of conquered peoples, are there still areas affected by that today?

Salting the earth was more of a symbolic/ritual thing, rather than something to make a place literally unable to grow stuff. To do that would take more salt than the people back then could get. Even now it's going to be really expensive, plus it would wash away quickly anyway. Rather they were saying that they were laying down a curse, and that the salt symbolized how much they really hated that place. Genghis Khan also didn't really do that. He just burned the place down, killed everyone in it, and would send some guys back a few days later to kill anyone he might have missed. He didn't care about salting the earth.


Question: On an atomic level, what is physically happening when an object/ substance 'absorbs' light or certain colors of light?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 On an atomic level, what is physically happening when an object/ substance 'absorbs' light or certain colors of light?

Atoms and molecules vibrate (or resonate) at certain frequencies. When photons interact with matter, their energy transfers to the matter by causing the atoms and molecules to vibrate. Matter re-emits some of this energy at its resonant frequency (or frequencies). Most matter resonates at infrared frequencies (heat), in addition to certain frequencies within the visible EM spectrum. Thus, the photons which matter emits often fall within a narrow frequency band, which is why objects appear to have color (a certain frequency of EM radiation within the visible spectrum). White objects resonate at many frequencies, so they re-emit nearly all photons without changing the photons' frequency. Very little photon energy is absorbed and transformed into infrared (heat) energy, and so the object remains cool. Black objects resonate at nearly no frequencies within the visible spectrum. Nearly all photons are absorbed and transformed into infrared energy (heat). Thus, the object warms up.


Question: What’s the difference between Clairified butter, regular butter, and brown butter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What’s the difference between Clairified butter, regular butter, and brown butter?

If you take a pound of butter— just normal butter from the store— and melt it over very low heat, it'll split into two major parts: the fat part and the water part. The fat part, which is about eighty percent of the butter, it pretty clear while it's liquid, just a little yellowish. The water part is cloudy, with some sort of flaky inclusions that sink the the bottom of the pan. If you carefully separate off the fat part, that's clarified butter. It's nice for using as a cooking oil, because it's harder to burn when you're using high heat. All of the stuff that makes the water part cloudy, and those flaky bits? That's the milk solids. They're mostly protein. If you *don't* separate the two parts, but instead turn up the heat and let it cook, the milk solids in the water part will start to turn brown, because that's what happens when you cook things. If you cook it to the right doneness (not the industry term) and mix it all back up, that's brown (or browned) butter. You can use it as an ingredient or a sauce. If, after cooking it, you *do* separate off the fat part, that's *ghee,* which is a special kind of clarified butter.


Question: why there is no antigravitation as there seems to be an opposite of every other force?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why there is no antigravitation as there seems to be an opposite of every other force?

> To rephrase, I read that there are two opposing forces for every physically phenomenon, such as acceleration, magnetism and so on, but gravity is always attractive. I think you are confusing Newtons Third Law. The law states: > When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body. [Source]( URL_0 ) The law isn't about any physical phenomenon. Rather it is specifically about forces in a certain situation: The law says that if Body A applies a force on Body B, then Body B will apply an opposite and equal force on Body A. Acceleration is *not* a force. It is how quicly you are speeding up or slowing down or changing direction. For example if you push against a wall (apply a force on wall), you will feel the wall pushing back against you (the wall applies an opposite but equal force on you). An important thing to note is that the forces the third law is talking about are always applied to *different* bodies. In the previous example, the forces are on you and the wall (which are two different bodies). In the case of gravity, the equal and opposite force is also gravity. In this case the two different bodies are you and the Earth. The Earth's gravity is a force on you that points downwards. However, you also have mass, and so you also have gravity. The Earth is attracted to you by an equal but opposite force - a force that points upwards.


Question: Why does it take so much speed to go into outer space? Could we just build a elevator out of steel cables and pull ourselves to space?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does it take so much speed to go into outer space? Could we just build a elevator out of steel cables and pull ourselves to space?

Yes. The notion of building a space elevator has been around since the pulp science fiction of the 40s. Problem is the material science hasn't been there. So lets suppose you want to want to build a space elevator. You need a space station at the other end to anchor the cable. No problem, we know how to do that, even get it to orbit at the same angular rate as the surface of the earth (geosynchronous) so the cable stays vertical. Problem is the weight of the cable would pull the station out of orbit real quick. So now we have to counter weight the cable between earth and station with an equal mass out beyond the cable. Ok, no problem, just make the cable twice as long and let it play out with the station halfway. So, geosynchronous orbit is 35k kms out there. So our cable needs to be 70k kms long. The stresses on a cable that length would be _tremendous_... and so far we don't have a material strong enough to make the cable out of.


Question: What happens in the shower that makes us have "shower thoughts"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens in the shower that makes us have "shower thoughts"?

you have been showering for you whole life daily. So all the routine actions have become muscle memory. This leaves a significant amount of brain power in idle, making you bored. Think this of like going to home from school or walking from one room in your home to another. You would have done it so many times that your body instinctively knows how to navigate itself without the need for your brain telling it what to do. That is why you would remember thinking about wanting to walk from, say your living room to your bedroom and start walking and the next thing you know you are in your bedroom. Now the time you shower is more than the time taken by you to walk, so your brain instinctively thinks about stuff, it can be remembering a long lost memory, or humming some song, or thinking of a particularly embarassing moment in your life. This automated showering can sometimes relax you so much that you get inspired by ideas. Like the famous Archimedes who started shouting Eureka after thinking up of a solution while having a bath.


Question: Does the cliche "Don't talk, save your strength" have any actual merit to it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does the cliche "Don't talk, save your strength" have any actual merit to it?

Talking demands particular breathing patterns. Physical exertion requires different ones. If you talk while trying to engage in physical activity you won't take in enough oxygen and you won't be able to do the activity as well. Furthermore, humans are terrible at multitasking. Talking distracts you from whatever else you're doing so you won't do it as well.


Question: Why does the placebo effect work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the placebo effect work?

It's not fully understood. Do you want your mind blown? The placebo effect still works even if you know it's a placebo. It's not going to work in all cases. Like no placebo is going to fix your broken arm, so it's not this magic thing. We probably can't discount the mental state with this. Example: There are a lot of weight loss supplements that work simply because if you're taking a weight loss supplement, you're probably also taking the whole process more seriously and will work harder towards weight loss. Someone taking medication for something is probably trying to do their best to be more healthy. That's just editorial though, I can't source that.


Question: what causes people to pass out from “gross” things?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what causes people to pass out from “gross” things?

Cerebral hypoxia - low oxygen in the brain. Passing out is your brain's sure-fire way of restoring blood/oxygen flow to the body's most important organ (the brain). By passing out, you're now lying flat, making the heart's job of pumping blood to the brain a whole lot easier. Gross things have a cardiac impact as well as neurological, resulting in passing out which is usually resolved pretty quickly.


Question: how does half sodium salt work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does half sodium salt work?

It's something that is trying to approximate the taste of salt, but has less sodium chloride in it. The LoSalt product uses potassium chloride. Potassium is right below sodium on the periodic table of elements, so it will bond to chlorine in the same way. It has a salt like taste, but no sodium.


Question: Why does phone signal vary while in the same spot without an apparent change in weather?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does phone signal vary while in the same spot without an apparent change in weather?

Carriers use multiple frequencies called bands. For example Verizon uses Bands 2, 4, and 13, and 66 on some devices. 13: basic bitch, slow, but covers great distance 2: high speed, but not so good indoors 4: a lamer version of 2 Cell tower load changes constantly, so you may get switched to a different band or a different tower to ease load on the saturated tower, and this is why signal strength varies, including speeds.


Question: What is bounded rationality as it relates to behavioral economics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is bounded rationality as it relates to behavioral economics?

Let's say that I'm trying to get to a bar downtown to meet my friends. I can get in my car and drive down there, call a cab, ping an uber, or just hop on my bike. I'm a rational person, so I weigh my options. I know that parking isn't great, so I rule out driving my own car. Cabs aren't common in my neighborhood, so I rule that out. I think about getting an uber, but it's rush hour so I have a feeling that traffic will be slow. I decide to ride my bike. If we pause here, we can say that I made a decision rationally. But let's say that I get on my bike and an unexpected rainstorm gets me wet. To make matters worse, the roads are clear so my expectations of traffic weren't in keeping with the reality of the situation. I finally arrive at the bar, cold, wet, and late, only to see that there were spots open in the parking lot. Clearly my decision wasn't the optimal decision, but it was a rational decision. Bounded rationality is the idea that human beings make a lot of economic decisions rationally, but they are constrained (or bounded) by incomplete information, time limitations, or other realities that may not allow them to make the ideal decision.


Question: Why can the POTUS repeatedly call media outlets, such as CNN and MSNBC, 'fake' without getting sued for slander?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can the POTUS repeatedly call media outlets, such as CNN and MSNBC, 'fake' without getting sued for slander?

It is really hard to sue the president for anything. The sense behind this law is so his political enemies can't just tie him down with lawsuits. For serious things the president can be impeached but that is a major political event. The system assumed presidents would be sensible adults. This may have been misguided.


Question: why does/did Island giganticism occur?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why does/did Island giganticism occur?

It’s one factor of “island effect” which is basically where small species grow larger (like the examples you mentioned) and large species grow smaller (Key deer, Homo florensiensis, etc). Island gigantism can happen because despite there being less resources, there’s also less predators. Species are often small because there’s being too big gets you noticed by predators, so without predators there’s no pressure to stay small.


Question: why do all your joints ache when you have an infection?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do all your joints ache when you have an infection?

When you have an infection, your body fires up an immune response. Think of your body's immune response as the SWAT team. When you first get infected, a minor response is made by the body.. cops are called essentially. 8/10 times Cops get the job done. Sometimes, the cops are not equipped well enough, so SWAT is called. SWAT basically goes everywhere and causes inflammation while fighting away the infection wherever it may reside. The inflammation causes your joints to hurt :) Tl; dr - Infection causes immune response and inflammation. Systemic inflammation causes joints to ache. Source: Med student Edit: Grammar


Question: How is Earth's electromagnetic field created?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is Earth's electromagnetic field created?

To check for a magnetic field buy a compass. Or you can do the stroke a needle and float it trick. The Earth has a lot of iron in it. Iron is a ferromagnetic substance. That means iron is magnetic. The Earth is molten inside. We check that by observing volcanos, measuring increasing temperatures deep in wells and mines, and extrapolating. We can also notice that deep rocks which come to the surface were molten. Being molten, a fancy word for hot rock which has melted, the interior of the Earth has currents. They are slow but are there. That means molten iron is moving inducing a magnetic field. This magnetic field shields us from a lot of harmful radiation, as well as creating the Northern lights, and Southern lights if you go that way.


Question: Why does the infinite monkey theorem guarantee every possibility?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the infinite monkey theorem guarantee every possibility?

The issue you're having here is in understanding the concept of infinity. Infinity is not just a really big number. It is endless, without borders, never stopping. Given an infinite amount of time in your monkey scenario not just Shakespeare would get written, but literally every possible combination of letters, spaces, and punctuation. At some point the monkeys would then run out of things to type, having typed all possible things, and they'd still have exactly the same amount of time left. Infinite means infinite.


Question: How long can a country go with a budget deficit?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How long can a country go with a budget deficit?

In theory, as long as their economy is still growing and the deficit isn't too large, it could continue forever. The size of governmental debt is generally considered relative to GDP in order to evaluate its magnitude, and some countries have maintained debts in the 60-100% of GDP level for decades without problems. If a country's GDP grows by 3% a year and the country is comfortable maintaining a debt of 100% of GDP, then they could run a budget deficit of up to 3% of GDP without an issue. They could keep that up for as long as their country continued to grow, and it most likely wouldn't cause them any problems.


Question: Why do rainbows appear in the same color order?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do rainbows appear in the same color order?

Rainbows happen when light gets split from pure white light (sunlight), into the colours that make up white (exactly like using a prism). The longer light, bends more than the shorter light. So you see the colours in the order of wavelength. Rainbows always happen when the sun is above, and behind you. (At 72 degrees). The light splits into infrared, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, ultraviolet. But we don’t see the infrared or ultraviolet because our eyes aren’t that good. Hope that helps :).


Question: Where does the eletricity stored in cables goes when we turn everything off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where does the eletricity stored in cables goes when we turn everything off?

Electricity shouldn't be thought of as a bucket of water which we feed through a hose to a pool. In that analogy, then yeah when you pull the hose out of the pool, there's a bunch of water still in the hose that spills out onto the grass. But that's not how electricity works. It's better to think of it like a treadmill, or a pulley, or a bike chain. Putting energy into one end of the chain/rope/conveyor moves the whole system in a circle and on the other end it's used to do work (ignite a filament in a light bulb, charge a power supply to a computer, turn an electric motor in a fan). When you turn it off, you're simply opening the circuit, effectively breaking the chain/rope/pulley, meaning nothing is drawing the pulley any longer and it stops moving. With the circuit open, there's no longer an electrical potential on one end of the circuit to draw current out of the power source into the load. So it doesn't really "go" anywhere, as it's never drawn out in the first place.


Question: What is the order of shutting down a computer/laptop? Which hardware pieces are shut down first, and last?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the order of shutting down a computer/laptop? Which hardware pieces are shut down first, and last?

The purpose of a proper shutdown is to save data in applications and services to disk to prevent data corruption and data loss. As well as to cleanup logs and temporary data. This way digital garbage data (left-overs from a running application) isn't left lying about on your computer taking up space or potentially causing issues during a bootup or application start. 1. Applications are shutdown, logged in users are warned to save data in applications that are still running. Programs are then forcefully closed after a timeout. 2. Users are logged out, sessions are terminated, disables the GUI interface to prevent any application launches 3. Services (applications that run in the background) are stopped. Drivers are unmounted. Hard drives and other devices with moving parts are stopped. Data in caches is written to disk to prevent data loss. 4. Computer sends termination signal to the hardware, turning the power into standby mode (off)


Question: How does drinking beer make us fat?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does drinking beer make us fat?

The liquid you're drinking has calories in it, a lot more than you realize. According to Google, a can of beer has 154 calories. 6 of those would be 924 calories, which is over a third of the daily recommended caloric intake. Of course, taking in more calories than you burn will cause you to get fat. Edit: noticed that you wrote pints instead of cans. A pint would be anywhere between 180-210 calories according to Google, so thats an extra 1080-1260 calories a day.


Question: How is pi calculated? Does someone just measure the diameter and circumference of a circle as exactly as possible, and then do the math? Also, how do we know for certain that pi goes on forever, instead of just not ending somewhere we haven't figured out yet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is pi calculated? Does someone just measure the diameter and circumference of a circle as exactly as possible, and then do the math? Also, how do we know for certain that pi goes on forever, instead of just not ending somewhere we haven't figured out yet?

You can approximate pi by drawing a circle (with a compass) and measuring its circumference (say, with a piece of string). This gives a rough estimate. For more precision, you can use some math. There are several (infinite) series that give pi exactly, or if you compute them for a finite number of steps you can get whatever precision you want. For example: pi/2 = 1 + (1/3)\*(1 + (2/5)\*(1 + (3/7)\*(1 + (4/9)\* ...) If you keep going forever, you get pi/2 exactly. But you can just keep going for as long as you want and then stop to get an approximation to whatever precision you want. & nbsp; As for the second question, it takes some more advanced math to prove that pi is "irrational", meaning it cannot be written as p/q where p and q are integers. The proofs of this are too complicated for ELI5, but they are available if you don't want to take my word for it. We do know that if a number is irrational, its decimal expansion never ends. If it ended, you could write it as p/q by multiplying pi by 10 until the decimal is gone, then taking p as that number and q as the product of all the 10s you used. Then you would have p = pi*10^(n) (for some big n), and q = 10^(n). This would give pi = p/q, with p and q both integers, which cannot happen since it is irrational. Again, you may just have to trust me that it has been proven to be irrational.


Question: When driving up a mountain pressure builds up in your ears, explain why swallowing relieves this pressure?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When driving up a mountain pressure builds up in your ears, explain why swallowing relieves this pressure?

It’s not actually swallowing that does it, but rather the use of some select muscles that allow for the relief of pressure behind the ears. There is a small tube called the Eustachian tube that helps to regulate air pressure behind the eardrum. When you experience rapid elevation gains into lower air pressure (or vice-versa into higher air pressure) these tubes may not be able to compensate on their own, so the flexing of these muscles helps the tubes open wider and balance the pressure. Swallowing is one of the ways to activate these muscles, but for this, yawning is found to be the most effective. Pilots and deep sea divers learn how to activate these muscles independently from any sort of associated action, and if you practice a bit, you’ll find it’s really easy to do.


Question: how does uv light clean stuff?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how does uv light clean stuff?

It doesn't clean stuff, but it kills. Specifically it kills microorganism. The microorganism ar actually what we worry the most about when we worry about stuff being dirty. Dirt doesn't make you sick. Bacteria do and UV-light can kill bacteria. This technology is used to for example make water safer to drink. It works well enough and is widely used around the world. I would like caution though that a cheap USB-charger likely isn't going to be all that good at killing germs with UV light. I would not rely on the claims made by the manufacturer to keep you healthy.


Question: What is a moment generating function, and why do they matter in statistics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a moment generating function, and why do they matter in statistics?

Great question, and a really fun one at that. This is hard to ELI5, and I'm gonna assume a baseline knowledge of calculus, since it's really really hard to explain without it. However, I'll include a tl;dr at the end for anyone who wants to skip the details. **First I will explain the idea of a moment** Let's start with the idea of a moment, using a variable W. The mean of W, E(W), and the variance of W, Var(W), are different "moments" of a random variable. To be specific, we call E(W) the *first moment about the origin* and we call Var(W) the *second moment about the mean*. But what about higher moments, like the third or the fourth moment? What do they tell us? Well, E(W) tells us information about the variable's location, and Var(W) tells us information about the variable's dispersion. Higher moments tell us related things about our variable. For example, the *third moment* measures the skewness of our variable, and the *fourth moment* tells us the flatness of the distribution. B definition, E(W^r ) gives us the *rth moment of W about the origin*. So, for example, the first moment of W about the origin, E(W^1 ), is just E(W), which I mentioned previously. *tl;dr for people who don't do stats: The moment of a function lets you know useful and cool things about them. You do a thing to calculate them* **OK, so what is a moment generating function?** If you are familiar with the concept of the expectation, then you can see how complex and difficult it can be to calculated E(W^r ) as W gets really big. We need a better way to find the moments of functions. Luckily for us, we have the idea of a moment generating function. *tl;dr for people who don't do stats: moments of functions are useful, but by the definition of the moment I gave above, its really hard to calculate them. It would be useful if we could come up with a function to GENERATE moments for us* **How do we calculate a moment generating function?** Let's go back to our random variable W. The *moment-generating function for W (mgf)* is Mw(t)= E(e^tW ), at all values of t where this exists. *tl;dr for non stats people: this is a easier way to calculate the moment* **How do we use the moment generating function to find moments? Why is there a wonky e in the formula?** It turns out that the rth derivative of the mgf of W evaluated at 0 gives you to expected value of W^r. In other words the rth derivative of W is equal to E(W^ r). How is this possible? I'll show how the first and second derivatives work, to demonstrate my point. Here comes calculus, using a random variable Y. I took the first and second derivatives of the moment generating function to get E(W) and E(W^2 ), but you can see how taking further derivatives will give you further expected values. URL_0 *tl;dr uhh... use the moment generating function to find moments easily?* So to answer your questions > Why do we care about E(X^n )? Because it tells us stuff about the distributuion > Why is e in the formula? I did a proof in the linked image. > why we need a moment generating function when we already have formulas for expectation and variance,? Because you can calculate higher moments much more easily using moment generating functions than trying to do it through expected values > whether there are moments > 2 and if so what they mean There are moments greater than 2, and they do quantify useful things about the distribution **If anyone has any questions, I'm happy to answer, regardless of math background.**


Question: why is it essential for people in critical state to stay awake and conscious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why is it essential for people in critical state to stay awake and conscious?

The main reason is that unconscious people cannot convey changes in their mental state. Head impacts are the classic example where a brain bleed can be very quickly fatal but can also be diagnosed by changes in how they respond to questioning or stimulus. If they are unconscious they can’t provide that feedback. Beyond that I suspect much of the impression of its importance comes from movies or television where when someone goes limp they are immediately and irreversibly dead, as that is what serves the storytelling of video rather than actually being accurate medically.


Question: Where did the term "horsepower" come from if a horse is capable of a maximum of about 14.9 horsepower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Where did the term "horsepower" come from if a horse is capable of a maximum of about 14.9 horsepower?

One horsepower is how much a horse can average over a day. Before steam power became a thing if you wanted to run a piece of equipment for a long time (like say if you wanted to run a pump to remove water from a mine) you might hook a horse up to a device known as a "Whim", which was basically a big wheel that the horse would make turn (also sometimes called a "horse capstan"). Then some guy comes along and invents the steam engine. Now you don't need a horse to run your pump, so the mine owner will decide to replace their horses. The mine owner might go "I own 8 horses that I use to run my pump, how big of a steam engine do I need to replace them?", to which the answer would be "An 8 horsepower engine".


Question: Everyday we breathe CO2, and it's everywhere on our lives, but if you take away an Oxygen molecule and get CO, it becomes poisonous (Carbon Monoxide). Why is this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Everyday we breathe CO2, and it's everywhere on our lives, but if you take away an Oxygen molecule and get CO, it becomes poisonous (Carbon Monoxide). Why is this?

The reason why Carbon monoxide is dangerous is because it has a strong binding affinity to hemoglobine - the molecule that binds and transports oxygen through our blood. In fact, the affinity with Carbon monoxide is higher than oxygen. So what will happen is that your bloodcells will take up carbon monoxide in the lungs, instead of oxygen, and your blood will not contain enough oxygen for all your cells. CO2 has a far lower binding affinity to hemoglobin and is in fact used to regulate breathing. (High co2 in the blood causes us to breath more instead of low oxygen)


Question: Why can’t video games make walking/running look realistic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can’t video games make walking/running look realistic?

A lot of movement animation is captured live with peoples' actual body movements ([Example]( URL_0 )) and then these are applied to the character's animation when moving in-game. The problem comes because many states/actions can make the player run faster/slower (such as sprinting vs. walking, as well as changing directions in many different angles) and the studio can only capture so many animations to account for that. After that it comes down to using mathematics to calculate where body parts should be, or trying to find the "most appropriate" animation for whatever action a player is doing and a lot of the time this isn't perfect, and thus things like running animations are not perfect with the speed that the feet move in, etc.


Question: What is the Pareto distribution?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the Pareto distribution?

Very basically, most of the work in a group is done by a small amount of people in that group. You'll hear the 80/20 principle which means that 80% of of the work comes from 20% of the people. If you think about your workplace or school projects, there are a few individuals 20% that perform and complete most of the tasks, and the other 80% add marginally, and in some cases not at all. Your example in the other thread is saying 90% of the work is done by 10% of the workers. And then they needlessly complicated it by throwing in square roots and other terminology.


Question: What is chapter 11 bankruptcy and how and why would it help Toy "R" Us?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is chapter 11 bankruptcy and how and why would it help Toy "R" Us?

Bankruptcy: You owe so much money that you can't possibly pay it all. Imagine you own a company that's not doing well. It now owes a total of $1 million to various people: rent, electricity, suppliers, employees, clients you've not delivered product to. Chapter 7 bankruptcy: Everything the company has gets sold, and the people you owe to (creditors) get a piece depending on their priority. They likely only get a part of what you owe them, or nothing. After that your company ceases to exist. Chaper 11 bankruptcy: You promise that if you're allowed to keep operating, you can get back on your feet and it will do more good that way. Perhaps some event really screwed you over, but if given a chance you could still recover. So you enter a process where you pay who you can, keep operating under supervision, and try to get the company back on track. If it works, congratulations, your company survives. If not, you go to Chapter 7.


Question: How do toddlers eat so much and where does it go?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do toddlers eat so much and where does it go?

They use the materials in food to make them grow, and as fuel for their fast metabolisms. Food is essentially comprised out of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen (with some more things, of course): exactly the same stuff we're made out of, so it can be used to make more cells of ours. Also, the smaller a mammal is, the faster its metabolism, and this applies to toddlers too.


Question: We often see animals "adopting" and feeding babies from other species. How come the babies don't die from "malnutrition"? Is the milk of any mammal suitable for any other mammal?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 We often see animals "adopting" and feeding babies from other species. How come the babies don't die from "malnutrition"? Is the milk of any mammal suitable for any other mammal?

Technically milk from any mammal is not the same for any mammal, as cow and goat milk is not enough to sustain a newborn baby. I believe it varies between humans and animals. Human breastmilk is designed for humans and humans alone. Maybe animal milk is more universal and made up of the same basic proteins so that animal species can adapt fairly well without a nutritional loss. I imagine the amount of time dependent on milk is also a factor, as animals are eating solids within a few weeks to months, whereas humans need breastmilk for the first year and do not rely on solids until after that.


Question: Does using prescription acne cream as a teen cause wrinkles later in life?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Does using prescription acne cream as a teen cause wrinkles later in life?

Prescription acne cream not only has no links to causing wrinkles later in life (when used as a teen), but is actually used as an anti-aging prescription. That said, acne medication (prescription and non-prescription) tends to leave your face more vulnerable to UV rays, which in turn can lead to the development of wrinkles later in life. So if you do use acne medication, be even more vigilant with your use of sunscreen.


Question: why do lips get chapped in cold weather compared to hot? Doesn’t the hot air absorb the moisture more?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do lips get chapped in cold weather compared to hot? Doesn’t the hot air absorb the moisture more?

Hot air does make moisture move more, but that also includes nearby water sources, making the air more humid. The higher water content of the warm air doesn't suck from your lips as much as the very dry cold air. Plus, when it's warmer, you're sweating more, applying moisture more directly.


Question: Why do so many businesses keep their lights on all night?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many businesses keep their lights on all night?

That is a very interesting question, I have often wondered this myself when seeing the computer screens and lights being left on at school and at work. A quick google searched led me to this: [ELI5]( URL_0 ) [Quora]( URL_1 ) Seems that it has to do with: * laziness * burglary prevention ("discourage intruders") * there are still people working * high energy efficiency that costs less than powering everything on and off manually * IT working graveyard to install updates


Question: How do antidotes stop poisons from working?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do antidotes stop poisons from working?

It depends on the poison and antidote, but some work by directly disabling the poison itself. The toxin might be a chemical that binds to specific receptors within the body and the antidote binds to the toxin instead, filling up all the available binding locations rendering it inert. Or the antidote might work the other way around, binding to the body's receptors and preventing the toxin from doing so until it can be dealt with. Finally, something like methanol might be rendered less dangerous by consuming ethanol simply because it delays the metabolization of the methanol and so reduces the peak levels of toxic compounds the body is exposed to.


Question: What's actually happening in a freshly poured Guinness that makes it look like the bubbles flow downwards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What's actually happening in a freshly poured Guinness that makes it look like the bubbles flow downwards?

It's because the bubbles on the outside of the glass stick to the glass and rise slowly due to friction. Bubbles in the middle can go up unimpeded. That happens with all beer. Why is Guinness (and Boddington's) special? Instead of CO2, if you charge a beer with nitrogen the bubbles are so small and plentiful that this effect is more pronounced. In fact, it is so far pronounced that the bubbles in the center of the glass are moving so much faster than the bubbles on the outside that the upward flow in the center *reverses* the flow of the outer bubbles. Or: So much up in the middle that it causes down on the outside.


Question: what was the vietnam american war about and who won?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what was the vietnam american war about and who won?

The Cold War was between the Soviet Bloc/Warsaw Pact countries and the US/NATO countries. But because these two alliances were so powerful and had such large nuclear arsenals, they couldn't have an open, big, World War-style war because it would have probably meant the destruction of the planet. However, they still wanted to spread their influence, gain support, gain economic and political allies, wherever they could. Sometimes that resulted in wars where one of the major powers fought against a smaller group that supported the other side and that the other side supported, but which didn't have a super serious defense alliance with the other side that would trigger an all-out war. The Vietnam War was one such conflict. The US was trying to support a pro-Western democratic regime while the Soviet Union and China were trying to support a pro-Communist regime. Ultimately the North Vietnamese (the Communist regime) won over the United States. This was not necessarily because the North Vietnamese army was better equipped or better trained than the US military, but heavily because the war was very unpopular in the US to begin with and then documents were published that basically showed the president and his department of defense were conducting other military operations in neighboring countries and lying about it to the media and Congress.


Question: Why do CG movies like Coco only get 2K upscaled releases on 4K Blu Ray?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do CG movies like Coco only get 2K upscaled releases on 4K Blu Ray?

You can't "just export it". It's a massive undertaking. I found a quote that for Monsters University, the rendering time was 29 hours per frame. This is of course massively parallelized, so rather than working a frame at a time, they're going to do say, 5000 frames at once by dedicating a lot of hardware to it, and finish it in a month. Setting up such an operation takes real work and effort, you don't just randomly decide "Oh, it would be nice to increase the resolution" and do it. Also, raytracing scales linearly with the number of pixels, so 4K takes 4 times longer than full HD to render. So if their hardware rendered HD in a month, releasing 4K is going to take about 4.


Question: Why do foods so often use artificial flavoring to replicate the taste of something, rather than just using the original thing to flavor it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do foods so often use artificial flavoring to replicate the taste of something, rather than just using the original thing to flavor it?

there are two key reasons why this is done. First is simple cost because the flavour comes from something that is expensive so to cut down on the cost they make an artificial alternative. The second is spoilage if they were to use the actual ingredient then the product would have a much shorter shelf life. Using the artificial alternative makes the product last much longer.


Question: How is nitrogen able to suffocate people in large amounts?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is nitrogen able to suffocate people in large amounts?

It displaces oxygen and doesn't trigger any signs of suffocation that people normally associate with it. Pure nitrogen will still allow co2 to leave the blood but there will be no oxygen available. Eventually you would pass out and die from lack of oxygen and no idea that it was happening.


Question: Why do so many old songs have instruments/vocals that sound only through one ear?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do so many old songs have instruments/vocals that sound only through one ear?

Stereo was invented (or came into common usage) in the 60s and, whenever something new is invented, we like to experiment with it. This, plus all the psychadelic vibe in the 60s, resulted in some very bizarre combos. Over the years, we've perfected the art to something more balanced (or dull, depends on your opinion). Now we put vocals, bass and most of a drumkit down the centre (equal volumes on both sides), though some things still take up the left and right channels. Some things will be similar and panned apart - eg two backing vocal tracks, drum kit overheads or two guitars playing exactly or almost exactly the same thing. The idea now is that there should be an evenly balanced mix of bassiness, trebliness, rhythm etc across the spectrum. Although I love crazy panning, I don'tl miss listening to just a tambourine and a piano part when one earphone broke, though it was interesting. Edit: typo


Question: Why is it bad to workout when you're sick? What does your body do in reaction to make it so detrimental?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it bad to workout when you're sick? What does your body do in reaction to make it so detrimental?

When you are sick your body is in an inflammatory state and is working hard to heal your body. Exercise also creates inflammation which is a good thing, that's how your body adapts to make you faster, stronger and fitter but it can also add to the already inflammatory state you are in. Also a hard work-out can redirect energy and nutrients away from healing to help recover from the exercise. Some gentle exercise is ok if you are sick but I would say go easy on the harder workouts


Question: Why does an excess of grease make you feel sick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does an excess of grease make you feel sick?

Your stomach contains acids and enzymes. Acids aren't very good at dissolving greases, bases are much better at it, but your stomach is acidic, not basic. Eating a lot of grease fills up your stomach with something that it can't easily digest, and as a defense mechanism you'll feel nauseated so you eject it from your stomach by vomiting.


Question: When falling from height - even in a computer game, or going over a steep hill fast in a car, what is that feeling in the stomach and brain?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When falling from height - even in a computer game, or going over a steep hill fast in a car, what is that feeling in the stomach and brain?

The brain perceives the body is falling either due to seeing the fall (as in a video game), or the sudden change in position of the body sensed by the inner ear (as in the case of going over a steep hill in a fast car). Due to this sudden apparent change, the brain tenses up the body in order to prepare you to catch yourself, or maybe to protect the internal organs by stiffening the muscles and drawing the organs close together. Essentially it is stress and anxiety, and the brains fast response to that is to command the body to tense up. I think the butterflies part is due to hormones released by the brain to help overcome the sense of fear, stress, nervousness of your impending perceived doom. However, I think we do not fully understand all of this, the brain is a finicky thing, and some of this might be our best guess as to what is actually happening.