Question: What affects the price of gold?

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 What affects the price of gold?

What people are willing to pay for it. It is a commodity with reliable value that people generally use to park their money during economic downturns. If the market is not doing well, Gold tends to rise a bit, if the market is doing well it tends to fall a bit. That being said the price doesn't really yo-yo like other things in the market. It's very stable.


Question: If rose plant can only be propagated through a stem, how did the first rose plant develop, since you wouldn't have a rose stem for the first rose ?

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 If rose plant can only be propagated through a stem, how did the first rose plant develop, since you wouldn't have a rose stem for the first rose ?

Wild roses propagate through seed. But lots of cultivated plant species would only keep their characteristics if you make clones through vegetative propagation. So if you take a rose, put pollen (from the male part) on its stigma (the female part) you'll get another rose, but it will be a *different* rose. It's the same with grapevine - all commercial cultivars are clones of the mother plant. Outside my town there's the mother block for all cultivars grown in my region.


Question: How were ancient astronomers able to accurately predict cosmological events using a geocentric model of solar system?

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 How were ancient astronomers able to accurately predict cosmological events using a geocentric model of solar system?

You don't have to know how something works to recognize patterns in it. Jupiter takes 12 years to travel the constellations of the Zodiac. Venus takes 584 days to go from being the morning star to the evening star and back to the morning star again. If you see an eclipse, you will see a nearly identical eclipse 54 years and 34 days later. Those numbers check out whether you think the earth goes around the sun, the sun goes around the earth, or the earth is on the back of a giant tortoise and the sun carried by a golden chariot chased by a dragon.


Question: Why hasn't the wealth inequality led to a revolution, despite the fact that it has gotten so much attention over the last couple of years?

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 Why hasn't the wealth inequality led to a revolution, despite the fact that it has gotten so much attention over the last couple of years?

Unless it is severe enough that people are starving or being made homeless there is not enough pressure to get to revolution. Revolution is extremely damaging to people and society and the risks of death via revolution have to be lower than the risk of death from the status quo for revolution to be worth it.


Question: If Rainbows are caused by light refracting through water droplets, why isn't the whole sky a rainbow when it's misty? Also, why does it "bow" and not stay straight?

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 If Rainbows are caused by light refracting through water droplets, why isn't the whole sky a rainbow when it's misty? Also, why does it "bow" and not stay straight?

Refraction means bending at a specific angle, not scattering in all directions. Sunlight only comes from one direction (the Sun). Imagine you take a beam of light and you have to bend it 5 degrees - no more, no less. You can bend it left, right, up, down, etc. Doing all at once, and you trace out a circle - the beam becomes a hollow cone. That's why rainbows are circles. And they're *rainbows* instead of just rings of sunlight since each wavelength (color) is bent at a slightly different angle.


Question: Why does facebook need two apps, one for messenger and one for general use?

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 Why does facebook need two apps, one for messenger and one for general use?

Because messaging used to be a secondary product. The primary Facebook usage used to be the status updates, commenting and the stuff. People were active Facebook users who went to a website, entered their passwords and logged in, played games - and then, used the messaging function at the bottom right. The rise of IM services like WhatsApp made people realize that it was far easier to just message without jumping through all those hoops. Not to mention, Facebook isn't as exciting or popular as it was 5 years ago. It isn't an organic network of friends like it said on the cover. It is mostly an RSS feed of your favorite bands and shows and people. People don't post anymore. Nobody is going to all that trouble of logging into the entire Facebook (both the website and the app) just for messaging which is just text. The competition started including additional features like stickers, calls which was not possible to include inside the Facebook app. So they made the smart choice of making it a seperate app that allows them to use it as a distinct developement platform for making bots, turning into a money transfer service, and a formidable communications app in itself. One tap and you cut directly to the chats. No noise like status updates and comments here.


Question: How does identity theft work? Is it common, how can i avoid it and protect myself?

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 How does identity theft work? Is it common, how can i avoid it and protect myself?

It’s basically someone getting hold of enough info to open lines of credit in your name. Social security number, birthday, mother’s maiden name, etc etc, all that info can be used to open a credit card in your name, which they then can use, leaving the debt collectors looking for you instead of them. To avoid it, don’t enter sensitive info on public WiFi, shred documents with sensitive info (or burn them, even better), never give out info to anyone who calls you. If they claim to be an official, ask for their department and name and call them back to prove they are telling the truth


Question: Why do pigeons and doves look the same all around the world? Also, why ARE they all around the world?

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 Why do pigeons and doves look the same all around the world? Also, why ARE they all around the world?

There are actually many types of pigeon around the world. However, the ones you commonly see in cities are the domestic pigeon, which is a specific variety of rock pigeon. The rock pigeon is the world's oldest domesticated bird. As the name implies, these are birds that have been domesticated by humans. The rock pigeon was selected for its ability to return "home" to a specific location. As such, prior to modern telecommunications, these pigeons were used world-wide to send messages over large distances. As a result, domesticated pigeons can be found in most parts of the world because they were bred as the precursor to the Internet (see RFC 1149 for a humorous nod to this relationship). What you normally see in cities today are feral pigeons -- domestic pigeons that have been left to fly wild, that no longer have a stoop to fly home to. If you leave the cities, you'll find other types of pigeons abound, adapted to their local environment. Domestic Pigeons, however, were bred to survive one environment very well: the city.


Question: Why is it commonly understood that "uh hu" means yes and "uh uh" means no?

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 Why is it commonly understood that "uh hu" means yes and "uh uh" means no?

We had a guy from Chima as a foreign exchange student when I was in High School and he found it fascinating all the sounds we used to communicate in the states as well as slang. "Mhm" was his favorite because even though he had never heard it he immediately understood its meaning. You havent lived until this super nice chinese kid tells you "Mhm bro" when you ask if he wants to go to a burger joint after school.


Question: In an atom what is keeping the proton and electron apart?

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 In an atom what is keeping the proton and electron apart?

Electrons in the atom do enter the nucleus. It's not intuitive, but when we get into the realm of quantum physics, things are not like what we experience on a macro scale. Particles aren't physical objects with defined shapes or sizes or locations. Electrons aren't little balls with a shape or volume that can fall into the nucleus under electrostatic attraction like a golf ball falling into the hole. Electrons are kind of fuzzy wave-like areas called wavefunctions that spread out in space and can sometimes act like particles in limited ways. An electron also doesn't have a definitely location, but exists in a probability cloud of where it might be found, and these clouds are determined by the electron's energy. All of these clouds overlap with the nucleus, so the concept of an electron "falling into" or "entering" the nucleus does not really make sense. Electrons are always partially in the nucleus because they exist in this probability cloud that overlaps with the nucleus. If the question was supposed to ask, "Why don't electrons in the atom get localized in the nucleus?" then the answer is still "they do". Electrons can get localized in the nucleus, but it takes an interaction to make it happen. The process is known as "electron capture" and it is an important mode of radioactive decay. In electron capture, an electron is absorbed by a proton in the nucleus, turning the proton into a neutron. The electron starts as a regular electron, with its wavefunction spreading through the atom and overlapping with the nucleus. In time, the electron reacts with the proton via its overlapping portion, collapses to a point in the nucleus, and disappears as it becomes part of the new neutron. Because the atom now has one less proton, electron capture is a type of radioactive decay that turns one element into another element. If the question was supposed to ask, "Why is it rare for electrons to get localized in the nucleus?" then the answer is: it takes an interaction in the nucleus to completely localize an electron there, and there is often nothing for the electron to interact with. An electron will only react with a proton in the nucleus via electron capture if there are too many protons in the nucleus. When there are too many protons, some of the outer protons are loosely bound and more free to react with the electron. But most atoms do not have too many protons, so there is nothing for the electron to interact with. As a result, each electron in a stable atom remains in its spread-out wavefunction. Each electron continues to flow in, out, and around the nucleus without finding anything in the nucleus to interact with that would collapse it down inside the nucleus. It's a good thing too, because if electron capture was more common, matter would not be stable but would collapse down to a handful of nuclei.


Question: what are the contents of a "hot hands" pouch and how do they generate so much heat almost instantly?

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 what are the contents of a "hot hands" pouch and how do they generate so much heat almost instantly?

They oxidize iron when exposed to air to produce the heat; basically they speed up the rusting of iron which is an exothermic reaction. Powdered iron and salt seem to be the main components along with water to allow the reaction to take place, charcoal to distribute the heat, cellulose as a spacer, etc.


Question: On bicycles, is there an advantage to hand breaks over pedaling backwards for stopping? Is there a particular reason we give children's bikes the backwards pedal to stop and not adults?

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 On bicycles, is there an advantage to hand breaks over pedaling backwards for stopping? Is there a particular reason we give children's bikes the backwards pedal to stop and not adults?

The coaster brakes on children's bikes have less stopping power compared to hand brakes. URL_0 ) Since adults are able to reach higher speeds than children on their bikes, they need more stopping power, therefore we give adult bikes hand brakes. The other reason is that (supposedly) coaster brakes need less coordination to use, compared to hand brakes, although I'm not really sure that this is true. ( URL_1 )


Question: . Why is it that, when you are sick and your nose is stuffed up, does the pressure swap from one nostril to the other at random times?

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 . Why is it that, when you are sick and your nose is stuffed up, does the pressure swap from one nostril to the other at random times?

We're not really sure, but I do remember reading a fairly-recent article postulating that this is actually a natural reflex to "rest" each nostril by cycling through times of being open and dry, and being moistened, but stuffed. Apparently it happens when you're not sick, too: you just don't have enough snot up there to stuff things up and notice.


Question: what determines whether a substance is solid liquid or gas at room temperature?

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 what determines whether a substance is solid liquid or gas at room temperature?

Intermolecular forces. Some molecules like to stick together, others don't. If they really like each other, they form a solid. If it's more like a friendship they form liquids. If they rather stay away from each other they form a gas. You can force molecules together by cooling them down, which decreases their ability to move around. Or you can increase the pressure. What determines wether molecules like each other or not? It depends on their chemical structure. Some molecules, like water, are polar. They are like tiny magnets that attract each other. Water molecules bond together at room temperature, but they still have enough energy to move around a bit, so that's why water is a liquid and not a solid.


Question: What is at the bottom of the crack in an earthquake?

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 What is at the bottom of the crack in an earthquake?

if you drop a layer cake, one or more layers may break, but not always in the same place. what is happening is the soft layer of filling keeps the breaks seperate. so where the topping or icing breaks, you may get a deep chasm, you may not, but unless the cake is completely unrecognisable, there's not a single place where you see all the way to the plate. the earth's crust is made of many more layers of all different softnesses. wherever they get squished or stretched, an earthquake is the vibration of the layers moving around and rubbing. so there is not always a break, and just like the dropped cake, you might get lucky and the change in shape might not be noticable! when there is a break you will likely see the crack go down through rocks of similar softness, until a layer of softer or loose rocks, perhaps covered by loose rocks fallen in from the sides of the crack. if you were expecting a volcano to burst out, you would have to be next to a geological fault line, where the process is different. that's more like two cakes being smooshed into each other, and the cracks and earthquakes are usually minimal compared to the slow movement of layers sliding and folding over each other, leaving filling all over the place and very occasionally letting some of the super hot filling of the earth to leak out. please clean up after yourselves and don't waste cake.


Question: How do governments manage massive amounts of debt without going bankrupt or running out of money?

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 How do governments manage massive amounts of debt without going bankrupt or running out of money?

So people often think of government debt as being a sort of "I borrowed $500 from my friend to make rent this month" kind of situation, but it's very different. Most government debt is in the form of bonds (or similar notes). These are notes that say "Buy me for $100 today, and cash me in for $130 in 10 years." When someone buys one, the government is now $30 deeper in debt: they added $100 to their wallet while putting a $130 IOU on their books. But they have 10 years in which they can use that money. So say they raise $2 billion from selling bonds, creating $600 million of debt. They spend part of that $2B on a program to eradicate pests nationwide, part on treating and preventing disabling illnesses, and part on building public schools. As a result, after 10 years, crop yields have gone up, workers have remained productive and healthy longer, and better-educated citizens have driven up wages and productivity. All of that means higher tax income for the government, long-term -- maybe it'll raise an extra $600M over what it would've been by the 10-year point, but it's okay if it takes longer. In the long run, it pays off. It would be analogous to an individual taking out student loans. Imagine going to university/college only for people to tell you "You put yourself in $60,000 of debt and you don't even have a job while you're doing it, that's irresponsible." But you know it'll pay off eventually. But with the government, it's not just going to school to get one or two degrees. Opportunities arise every day of every year, endlessly. For a government, anything that significantly raises the productivity of the country overall is an investment that eventually pays off, and there are so many opportunities for that sort of investment, including many that are only really available to a government. To a government, an investment that takes 75 years to pay off can still be totally worthwhile, and paying to teach some random toddler to read can be worthwhile. If you see lots of opportunities you're highly confident about about, and you can borrow money in large amounts with relatively little interest, why *wouldn't* you borrow money to invest? And so the debt keeps growing for as long as people are willing to lend more and more money (buy more and more bonds). People are willing to buy more and more bonds because you consistently pay them back. If you frequently ask me "lend me $10 and I'll give you $11 tomorrow", and you keep your word every single time, day after day for 140 years, well then yeah, of course I'm gonna agree every time you ask. And you don't eventually run out of money because, when it comes time to pay me back, you've always found a way to turn $10 into $12.


Question: How come smoking is still so popular in Europe, despite its huge decline in the U.S.?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come smoking is still so popular in Europe, despite its huge decline in the U.S.?

I found a synopsis by David M. Cutler and Edward L. Glaeser from the National Bureau of Economic Research that indicates 1/5 of the difference has to do with wealth - wealthier countries have an inverses relationship to smoking. Half the remaining difference comes from Europeans believing less that smoking has adverse health effects. That was my first Google search, so I'm sure if you looked, you could find a number of analysis on the subject. This is just one. What I can say that won't likely come up in your search is that we have been seeing some of the highest deaths due to first, second, and third hand smoking in the last decade despite having record low smoking in this country. Maybe it has something to do with the fact that ALL commercially grown tobacco in the US is *radioactive*. Apatite is a phosphorous rich mineral, which is great as a fertilizer, except this mineral has a habit of capturing radioactive elements and isotopes during its formation and over time from its environment - it isn't inherently radioactive itself, but it becomes radioactive. Apatite isn't allowed to be used as a fertilizer for food crops, not for humans, not for livestock. But tobacco isn't food. So it's legal. And the tobacco industry specifically and successfully lobbied for this I believe in 1954. And that's when we start seeing an increasing rate of smoking related mortality despite the popularity of smoking prior. How radioactive is American tobacco? I've done back-of-a-napkin calculations on this before, I don't recall the breakdown, but I recall the conclusion. A pack-a-day smoker receives the equivalent of 2,000 chest x-rays a year. The recommended safe exposure limit for a non-nuclear working civilian is 4. You can try to avoid this problem if your tobacco is imported, which no major cigarette brand in the US is, but there are risks associated with imported tobacco, namely that despite this pitfall in US regulation, tobacco here is regulated at all. Kreteks from Indonesia (Cloves are an American knock-off) use things like animal glue as a filler and are notoriously and outright dangerous to smoke (and you can't get them in the US). Not all foreign tobacco is of such poor quality, of course. It doesn't matter what you smoke - cigarettes (American Spirit is not an exception), cigars, pipes, or hooka. The only way to avoid apatite fertilizer is to know with 100% certainty where your tobacco comes from, typically from growing it yourself. Oh, and the second and third hand smoke is equally radioactive. It's enough to measure with a hand-held Dosimeter, or Geiger or Scintillation counter. That means designated smoking areas, your porch, your back door, your car, or anywhere you or a bunch of people smoke, is getting covered in what is literally radioactive nuclear fallout. You're literally getting dosed by radiation *just by being there*. No, the wind doesn't just take that smoke away into the aether no-harm-no-foul. And radiation and cancer risk is cumulative over a lifetime - the more exposure you have, the greater the risk of getting cancer. This is why smoking around a baby or wearing clothes with smoke on it (third hand) is so dangerous to them. If none of that scares you, you're not reading it correctly. If the risk of cancer from radiation is enough to give you pause, then the word "carcinogens" should make you uncontrollably shit your pants, right now. Let's talk about that briefly... There isn't tar in tobacco, tar is, by definition, the byproduct of combustion. And some of these byproducts can be very stable, very reactive chemicals. Carcinogens have the ability to break electron bonds and pull off atoms from molecules. Specifically, the problem is a carcinogen will enter your cells, and these things are molecules a few atoms big, so they slip right in, then they unwind your DNA molecule like it's a zipper, because the carcinogen is chemically reactive, right? And this bitch doesn't just go away, no, it can exist in your system for months or years, floating around, unwinding your molecules. DNA is self-repairing. When it gets it wrong, there is often cell death. This is why you tan and get sunburn - it's your skin's self defense against melanoma, to commit self-destruction. But what if the cell doesn't die? What if that particular reassembly of your DNA contains errors that don't trigger cell death, and instead drive the cell haywire? That's cancer. You develop cancer cells in your body all the time, and your body typically identifies them and destroys them, but it's that one oddball cell that goes under the radar, and your body never identifies it as a problem. Carcinogens cannot be understated how aggressive and long lasting they can be, and you're huffing on them. They're not kidding when they say smokers are basically trying to kill themselves as slowly and cruelly as possible. One final word is about additives they put in tobacco. They fall into 3 categories - increase nicotine absorption (they don't add nicotine, that's an organic molecule produced by the tobacco plant, they simply make smoking more efficient), fire retardants (for safety), and chemicals to keep you from getting sick from the other two categories. It's not a conspiracy that they try to increase nicotine absorption, it's not to get you hooked, nicotine is the active ingredient, it's the stimulant - it's the whole reason you smoke.


Question: Why do ceiling fans that are used more often collect dust quicker than ceiling fans that aren’t used much?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why do ceiling fans that are used more often collect dust quicker than ceiling fans that aren’t used much?

Air flowing over a surface builds up static charge. The static buildup attracts dust to stick to the moving fan blade. Also, a spinning blade will pick up any oil or grease residue launched into the air from cooking. The dust will stick to the sticky residue and can build up over time. Same thing for tar residue from smoking.


Question: What's the difference between 4WD and AWD?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What's the difference between 4WD and AWD?

All 4WD vehicles are "temporary" in that the 4WD modes must be engaged and disengaged manually. Moreover, they should not be used all the time, only when necessary. A 4WD vehicle is otherwise identical to a 2WD vehicle save for the addition of an auxiliary gearbox and differential on the secondary drive axle. The auxiliary gearbox, also known as the power transfer case, allows the secondary drive axle to be mechanically coupled and decoupled from the power train. When it is coupled, both drive axles receive the exact same torque and as a result all four wheels rotate at the same angular velocity. When this is not possible (such as when making a tight turn, or going over dry pavement) the slower moving wheel will end up spinning; in worst case scenarios, the powertrain may be damaged. The power transfer case may also contain an additional reducing gear which can be engaged to increase the engine:wheel gear ratio higher than that provided by the first gear. This provides very high torque to the wheels and can only be used at low speeds, such as for climbing out of a ditch or towing a trailer up a slipper slope. AWD on the other hand provides power to all of the wheels, all of the time. The key difference between AWD and 4WD is that AWD vehicles have a mid-differential rather than a power transfer case. The mid differential allows both drive axles to spin at different rates, and is often electronically controlled to shift torque around as needed in order to maintain traction.


Question: If every action has an equal and opposite reaction, why can a bullet do tremendous damage to someone, while the recoil from the gun cannot?

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 If every action has an equal and opposite reaction, why can a bullet do tremendous damage to someone, while the recoil from the gun cannot?

A bullet exerts a ton of pressure, much more than the gun does when it recoils. Pressure = momentum / surface area / impact time. Momentum is the same for the bullet and the gun, but the surface area and impact time vary drastically. The surface area of a gun is the area of the grip, while in the bullet's case it is less than a square centimeter. But much more importantly, is the impact time. As the bullet accelerates along the length of the barrel, a continuous force is applied to the gun. Additionally, because the gun is much more massive, this force goes into accelerating the gun, which acts as a buffer when translating momentum from the gun to the hand. When a bullet hits someone, travelling at hundreds of meters per second, the time of impact is tiny, resulting in a huge pressure. Even if the bullet was the size of your head, the time of impact is still so small that the pressure felt would be massive. This is why getting shot in a helmet can cause concussion or death.


Question: Why were Milkmen once a thing in America, and why did they stop being a thing?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why were Milkmen once a thing in America, and why did they stop being a thing?

Milkmen have been a thing since long before refrigeration existed. You can even see it in things like "Fiddler on the Roof" which is set in the early 1900s and it was a well established job for a long time before that point. The local dairy would deliver milk every day to people who could not raise their own cows (such as city folk) and they would also sell things like butter to them. After refrigeration was developed the job still remained a fixture for a few decades because stores were not built to have large refrigerated and freezer sections. But after enough time passed new Stores were designed to have a lot of refrigerated stuff and people started to buy their milk from stores and the home delivery model became too expensive for the dairy to use as it used too many workers.


Question: How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the UNIX tool grep work so quickly?

It implements the Boyer-Moore algorithm. You begin by preprocessing the pattern to generate a rule table, which I'll mention again in just a moment. You match the pattern by it's last character and work in reverse. If the pattern doesn't match, then the principle key to the speed of this algorithm is that you skip ahead a number of characters based on the rule table, the size of the skip per rule is dependent on the pattern. Grep uses some clever programming to get the number of instructions per character down. It unrolls loops and relies on table lookups as much as possible. It also skips the C standard library and goes straight to kernel calls, and it operates over the whole input buffer and does not first break the input into lines. It also doesn't copy data in memory. Finally, the larger the pattern, the more efficient Grep becomes, by virtue of being able to skip over more and more of the file at a time.


Question: How did the every part of the world come to only use the Calendar we are currently using today?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How did the every part of the world come to only use the Calendar we are currently using today?

It has to do with British colonialism. The British Empire owned a very large part of the world for sometime and enforced the British way of doing things...and it worked so why change it? It makes it simple for international business and travel because everyone is using the same system...sort of the same thing happened with the English language and Christianity.


Question: Why is Herpes viewed as worse than HPV when 87% of people with herpes are asymptomatic?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is Herpes viewed as worse than HPV when 87% of people with herpes are asymptomatic?

No one knows the distinction you're pointing out. Perception is what matters. Herpes has been joked about & discussed for a looooong time & is used as a stand in for STD's in general. Public awareness of HPV is mostly medical & very limited. * Never assume any connection between perception and reality when it comes to anything popular with the public. The public is reeeaaallly stupid.


Question: Why do most news websites currently have a "Click to expand article"/"Read More" button on mobile?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do most news websites currently have a "Click to expand article"/"Read More" button on mobile?

Lots of reasons: * It allows the page to load faster in order to get all those ads in. * It validates the interest in the article that justifies the rates charged to advertisers. * Enables the page to fit the horizontal screen of a lap top. * It enables them to switch ads in order to get more advertiser exposure. * Enables the memory required to fit the limited capability of a smart phone. * Enables them to offer an online subscription.


Question: Photons behave like waves and particles. What does this mean?

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 Photons behave like waves and particles. What does this mean?

Really the problem is that the classical idea of waves and particles doesn’t work at the quantum level. A classical particle is like a tiny solid ball of matter, a classical wave is like a continuous transfer of energy. In reality these are both simplifications. In some cases you can approximate light as acting like a classical wave, and in others you can approximate it as a particle. The reality is that light is neither as they are both incomplete ideas.


Question: Why do computers, phones, laptops etc. get slower as they get older?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do computers, phones, laptops etc. get slower as they get older?

Mostly it has to do with how much software you have installed on your device. The more stuff you have running the more computing power each application takes. When you first open your phone it has very few things running in the background. But, after you install Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WhatsApp, etc. those programs are all running in the background making your phone a little slower. If you want to get some of the speed back you can do a factory reset. This will make the phone much closer to the speed it was when new. But then it will slow down again as you reinstall apps.


Question: what is keeping us from transitioning completely to biodegradable plastic tomorrow?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what is keeping us from transitioning completely to biodegradable plastic tomorrow?

Two (three) reasons. First, you can't just take a product-making facility and just suddenly start making those products out of a different material overnight. It requires many changes, from along the supply chain (have to get in the new material) and from the actual process (potentially different machines to do the assembly and so on). Secondly, bio-degradable plastic isn't structurally similar to most other kinds of plastic. Notably, it doesn't hold up its form well when exposed to heat, so any plastic object that needs to be able to get a little warm (such as a plastic coffee cup) can't be made of the stuff, since it would just melt away, introducing many problems. It also may not have the same structural strengths, so plastics used to reinforce an object wouldn't function properly. And it might not be as impermeable and thus wouldn't be able to replace packaging used for food preservation. Lastly, cost. Not only would the changes required in my first point take time, they also would cost a lot of money. And even then, the biodegradable plastic is often going to be more expensive regardless, which means even when the second point doesn't apply and the object in question *could* be replaced with biodegradable plastics, it may not be profitable to do so.


Question: What are Molarity, Molality, Osmolarity, and Osmolality and how are they different?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 What are Molarity, Molality, Osmolarity, and Osmolality and how are they different?

Molarity: how many particles of a substance per unit volume of solute (stereotypically water) Molality: how many particles of a substance per unit mass of solute Osmol- ones are a little more complicated. Essentially they’re similar to the other two, but instead of just counting certain particles you are instead counting *osmotically active* particles. I don’t have a good ELI5 for what makes some particles osmotically active and some not, but what it refers to is osmosis, where water can passively diffuse across a membrane. If you put a bag of solution that’s very highly concentrated with osmotically active solutes into a tub of very watered down solution, assuming this bag has a water-permeable membrane, water will go from the watered down solution to the concentrated solution, until the concentrations are equal (technically they might not get to equal because of the pressure that the increased volume of water would exert on the bag but that’s probably enough complications lol).


Question: What is hyperinflation, and why does it effect nations to such an extent where people are known as "poor billionaires"?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is hyperinflation, and why does it effect nations to such an extent where people are known as "poor billionaires"?

You are Fearless Leader, Generalissimo and President for Life of Pottsylvania. While you are great at being a ruthless dicator, your math skills aren't so sharp. So when your treasury starts to run dry, you summon your Finance Minister and tell her to print some more drachmas. She tries to explain how economics doesn't work that way, printing more money makes all the money worth less, but you don't have time for such insolence. You tell her to get more money or she'll wind up a head shorter. She complies, and after spending that money on statues of yourself, you are broke again, and everything is a little bit more expensive. Your presidential palace still needs expanding, so you have her print up more money, and she reluctantly complies. That money didn't go as far as last time, so you angrily order your minister to print money even harder. Every time, you get less bang for your literal buck, and just as imported Italian marble is getting more expensive, so is imported food and fuel. So you print even more money. Now people are spending their money as fast as they can, before it loses its value, and are turning to barter and the hated US dollar. You order them to stop and set a fixed exchange rate for the dollar. Shops can no longer keep goods on the shelves, and government officials are getting rich exchanging drachmas for dollars at the official rate, then selling those dollars on the black market. Your economy is in shambles, your people are near revolt, all because your stupid finance minister can't print money right. Oh well, nothing that a public execution won't fix. And printing more money. *That* is what hyperinflation looks like. The government is broke, tries to print money to get out of it, and can't or won't stop. An exchange rate that started at 100:1 can very quickly jump to 1,000,000:1 or 1,000,000,000:1, technically making people million- and billionaires. I happen to be a *trillionaire*, because I bought a 100 trillion dollar bill from Zimbabwe. It cost me about $40 on eBay, and the actual exchange rate is far, far less.


Question: Why it takes the body three months of healthy behavior to produce optimal sperm, yet only a day to replenish enough for reproduction?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why it takes the body three months of healthy behavior to produce optimal sperm, yet only a day to replenish enough for reproduction?

I think you're confusing sperm and semen. Sperm are the little swimmers that carry your DNA. Semen is the fluid that carries sperm. Semen is kind of like snot with just a tiny percentage of sperm in it. It might take months to grow sperm cells but anyone that has ever had allergies can testify that the body is really good at making snot.


Question: Why do most of the cargo trains in the US still run on diesel instead of electricity?

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 Why do most of the cargo trains in the US still run on diesel instead of electricity?

Most US rail outside of large cities isn't electrified. Electrifying the huge stretches of rail in the rural US simply isn't economical. Electrified rail is more expensive to install and more expensive to maintain than traditional tracks. It makes sense in dense urban areas for stop-and-go commuter trains, but for long distance freight diesel is simply much cheaper to operate.


Question: How is Snapchat valued at over $30 billion but they have a loss of $500 million last year?

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 How is Snapchat valued at over $30 billion but they have a loss of $500 million last year?

A valuation is the total value of all the shares of stock issued, based on the current trading price. The valuation is not based on anything else. The trading price reflects what investors are willing to pay to own that stock, presumably because they believe their investment will be worth more in the future. Many companies that are not profitable have high valuations. This reflects that the investors have faith in the company _in the long-term_. In other words, investors are not buying stock in Snap because of what it did last year; they're buying stock in Snap because of how they believe the company will perform over the coming years.


Question: How do we determine incubation period if the infection can be transmitted asymptomatically?

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 How do we determine incubation period if the infection can be transmitted asymptomatically?

Sheer numbers and statistics. If someone comes to a hospital with symptoms of a novel virus, and then 7-10 days later 7 hospital workers report similar symptoms, then it's a safe bet that the patient was the point of infection for all of them. **Statistics** is a field of study which helps us draw concrete conclusions from unreliable data. If only 1 hospital worker were to report symptoms, we wouldn't have very strong confidence in that 7-10 day incubation period, but as the numbers go up, so does our confidence. When there is an outbreak somewhere, epidemiologists (scientists who study epidemics) will trace back to the estimated first date of exposure, then watch the numbers of those reporting symptoms. First date of exposure is not very reliable data - it often relies on assumptions (like the hospital example above) or self-reporting ("Well, I was in the airport on Sunday so that was probably it"). However, it takes far fewer patients than you might imagine to get a strong estimate. For instance, during the 2013 bird flu epidemic, it only took around 250 patients for epidemiologists to get a very strong sense of the incubation period - they were 95% confident that the average was between 3 and 4 days. There are a lot of specialized techniques used, too many to go into detail here - but we know, from experience, that people tend to underestimate exposure; that we should discount anybody who reports a very long or very short exposure time; that exposure times generally fit a bell curve; etc. When possible, epidemiologists will look for volunteers to help them get better numbers. Known-healthy individuals living in an area with an outbreak can report for daily testing, which allows doctors to know the exact date of infection and the exact date that symptoms appear. This can give exact numbers, but the issue is that generally the number of volunteers / test kits available will be limited, and incubation periods can vary wildly, so often having a huge amount of unreliable data can actually be better than a small amount of very reliable data. Further reading: URL_0 URL_2 URL_1


Question: why is it that things like ribbons curl up when dragged up against a sharp object like a scissors?

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 why is it that things like ribbons curl up when dragged up against a sharp object like a scissors?

Imagine folding a piece of piece of paper in half, then opening it up. The crease down the middle remains, and the paper no longer lies flat. Imagine creasing the paper once every inch across, now it will curl up a bit. When you drag a ribbon across a pair of scissors, you are creating one continuous crease. This makes it curl up!


Question: Why can't we dispose of non recyclables in a volcano?

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 Why can't we dispose of non recyclables in a volcano?

They would burn up and the fumes would be released into the atmosphere. If we are going to burn the rubbish anwyay, we might as well save the expense of shipping it to the nearest volcano (which might be on a different continent) and the danger to the people doing the dumping, and just burn it in an incinerator. Burning it in an incinerator allows us to use the energy produced by the fire to power the electrical grid, and have filtration systems to remove the more harmful/toxic fumes produced.


Question: Why do flu become big in cold developed countries?

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 Why do flu become big in cold developed countries?

Actually, flu is *by far* more common in South Asia (including India), sub-Saharan Africa, and Central America. These places simply tend to get less coverage in the news, particularly when it comes to issues of public health (except in the case of something extraordinary, like an ebola outbreak). It may be seen in more-developed areas like cities because people live closer together and spend more time indoors, both of which help the virus spread faster.


Question: How do irrevocable trusts protect people against future financial claims?

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 How do irrevocable trusts protect people against future financial claims?

If you give money to somebody in a way where it cannot be taken back, if somebody tries to take money from *you*, they won’t be able to do it because the money effectively isn’t *yours* anymore, at least that’s the idea. I assume there are some limitations and drawbacks. Either ones inherent to this setup, or added to stop it from being abused. For example if you give money to somebody and *they* get sued, you might give up some ability you might have had to take the money back to protect it.


Question: Where do electrons go after "completing a circuit"?

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 Where do electrons go after "completing a circuit"?

electricity comes from electrons moving from higher negative charge positions into lower ones. imagine it like high altitude electricity plants(the ones pumping water up to later make it fall down to extract the electricity again). same goes for electrons in a battery. one side of the battery has a high density of electrons, the other a low one. the difference between those two equal the voltage (the force with which the electrons are being "pushed" to the other side, since they want to nullify the difference and with it lowering their energy). so the answer to your question is "they move to a position with a lower negative charge than before" edit.: afaik its called potential energy what the electrons have before discharging. its comparable with falling objects which turn potential energy into kinetic energy.


Question: How would defining coordinates in space work when interstellar travel becomes a thing?

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 How would defining coordinates in space work when interstellar travel becomes a thing?

Because the sun isn’t a good reference point once you move out of the solar system the thinking is the best way to give coordinates is to use pulsars. Pulsars are the remains of dead stars that have a property that they spin very fast and shoot out beams of radiation from their magnetic poles. Every pulsar has unique and reliable frequency at which it pulses so the thought is that we can use them as light houses. Just like we use satellites here on earth, by measuring the distance you are from any three known pulsars you can get an exact position in 3D space that you can use to navigate or share with others so they can find you.


Question: Why was King Charles I overthrown and executed?

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 Why was King Charles I overthrown and executed?

he basically was an "old style" absolute monarch in the dawning age of parliamentary democracy. he didn't believe that power should be expressed through the fledgling parliamentary system in Westminster and instead ruled Britain directly introducing series of tax systems and other church laws that were deeply unpopular. he also married a Catholic and was less than great at supporting protestant parliamentary forces in the [30 years war]( URL_1 ) which cemented suspicions that he was a catholic tyrant who sought to undermine English traditions for his own power and infamy. frustrated at the constraints put on him by parliament, Charles dissolved it and [ruled personally for 10 years]( URL_3 ). seeing his unpopularity as an affront to "God's will" he pushed ahead with church reforms making English churches more formal and "catholic like" in contrast to the puritan and protestant traditions that had sprung up over the previous 100 years. when he attempted the same in Scotland there was [a revolt]( URL_2 ). he suppressed this and ultimately had to turn to parliament again because he'd run out of money (parliament had proved to be the only effective force at raising tax money in England). but upon reconvening parliament, relations deteriorated with parliament attempting to pass laws that greatly limited the King in favour of granting new powers to parliament (specifically, the legal requirements that it be formed every 3 years, and not be dissolved even if the King demand it, and other powers that established parliamentary authority over the crown). this disagreement grew deeper and deeper til Charles attempted to arrest some of the MPs. that failing he fled London with his retinue. Various factions in the country declared their support for the King or for parliament and the [English Civil War]( URL_0 ) began. Charles lost and was imprisioned. but as a condition of release both he (and many supporters) were bound to oath not to start a conflict again. he ignored this and started the Second English Civil War (basically a continuation of the same conflict). he lost this too. despite all this parliament still wanted to negotiate his return to the throne with much reduced powers but the army insisted he be tried for treason, blockading parliament until a small set of MPs permitted to sit had Charles tried. he was found guilty of treason (as were many of his co-conspirators) and he was executed.


Question: Why do actors using a MacBook in movies hide the Apple logo with a tape?

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 Why do actors using a MacBook in movies hide the Apple logo with a tape?

Unless the law has changed in the past few years, there's generally no legally mandated reason to cover or blur logos in films, especially if the product shown is being used in a customary manner (e.g., doing computer stuff on a MacBook versus using a MacBook to hit a puppy with). As a matter of practice though, most filmmakers will obscure logos unless they are being paid to include the logo in the film. The production company may also have an exclusive deal with one brand and showing another brand would violate that deal (or at least risk damaging the relationship). But there's seldom a legal reason apart from a contract between the brand and the film company that requires obscuring a logo.


Question: Why do people struggle to keep weight off after losing it?

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 Why do people struggle to keep weight off after losing it?

Keeping weight off is a change in life style. And people dont maintain that lifestyle change. 1. If you're overweight and steady at some weight, that means your body is in equilibrium. 2. You make an effort to lose weight. This means you exercise more, eat better stuff, eat less of bad stuff, sleep more, drink more water, whatever. This is a change in your lifestyle. 3. You get to your target weight. So you think, maybe I dont need to eat as healthy or workout as much. So you dont, and eventually your body goes back to equilibrium which might mean you gaining weight again.