Question: How does carbon dating work, (e.g. “... between 13.2 to 14.8 million years old”)?

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 How does carbon dating work, (e.g. “... between 13.2 to 14.8 million years old”)?

[Carbon dating]( URL_0 ) doesn't go nearly that far back; more like 50k years. But the way it works is radioactive carbon-14 is being created in the atmosphere constantly, and some of it is incorporated into plant and animal tissue, along with the much-more common carbon-12. After the plant or animal dies, it stops taking in carbon. The C-14 decays, with a half-life of 5730 years -- half of it's gone after that much time, half of the rest is gone after the next half-life, and so on. So, if you take a sample of the tissue and measure the ratio of C-14 to C-12, you can work out how long it's been since it died.


Question: Why does dragging a scissor along a length of ribbon cause it to curl?

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 Why does dragging a scissor along a length of ribbon cause it to curl?

This is actually a well studied phenomena and the reason is pretty cool. Basically you are stretching one side of the material more than the other side and that deformation persists after you run the blade down the ribbon. Since one side contracts more than the other side it tends to curl naturally.


Question: How do math equations work? Why do they work they way they do, and how did people come up with it?

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 How do math equations work? Why do they work they way they do, and how did people come up with it?

Imagine you are a caveman, a long, long time ago. You have to hunt for your food and seek shelter to protect yourself from wind and rain (and probably other predators that want to eat you). During the day you gather wood so that you can light a fire at night and keep yourself warm. Chopping and carrying wood is a difficult task, so eventually you start wondering "How much wood do I need to keep myself warm for one night?". You chop 10 equally-sized logs and you burn them one by one until the sun comes up again. After repeating this for a week, your primitive head observes that you need 6 logs per night. Implicitly, you discovered the relationship between how long it takes for a log to burn, and the duration of the night. The ability to make these types of observations, plus thousands of years of experience and study, has allowed humankind to develop math. But how do you communicate math to other people? How can you make them understand what your discoveries mean? As a solution to that, we have developed standard notation for concepts. You know that this sign "=" means that the expression on its left should evaluate to the expression on its right. Skip a few millennia, we are not cavemen anymore. We concern ourselves with different problems, because we have already solved the burning rate of wood. And with every problem we solve, we have a set of equations that document its solution. And these are the equations you too are learning about.


Question: Why can we sometimes not inhale all the way, and why does that 'extra bit' feel better when we do?

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 Why can we sometimes not inhale all the way, and why does that 'extra bit' feel better when we do?

You normally breathe in and out a 'tidal volume' of 500ml, however your lungs will allow you to inhale an extra 2500ml or so ('inspiratory reserve volume'). The work you have to do to do this goes up exponentially as you fill up - more pressure difference results in less and less air entry - until you can't do any more. As for why it feels better, I don't know. ELI5: Your lungs are like balloons, once they're blown up a bit, its easy to blow them up more, but then it gets harder and harder until you can't anymore. You can only pop your lungs (normal lungs) if someone blows then up for you though.


Question: How does an empty product equal 1?

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 How does an empty product equal 1?

'1' is the "identity" number for multiplication. That means that when you multiply by 1 it does nothing to the original number. So if there were no multiplication done the number that's left behind would be the identity number for multiplication. So... when you have an existing multiplication list and you add one more item to the list you multiply the previous list results by this new number joining the list. Well when the list is empty and you add your first thing you would multiply by 1 to make sure that first item is the result of the multiplication of the list. So, empty list has a product of 1. Similarly for addition/sums the result is 0 because 0 is the identity number for addition. Adding 0 to a number does nothing to the original number.


Question: What is the doppler effect ?

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 What is the doppler effect ?

Imagine a really still pond. If you poke your finger in it it makes a ripple going outwards in a circle. If I keep poking the same spot I get more circles coming out of that one spot. Now imagine instead you move your hand slowly but steadily in one direction while poking the water. The circles will be offset from each other but each will still grow outwards from their own point of origin. They'll appear to be bunched up ahead of the direction your hand is moving and spaced further out behind your hand. In the doppler effect, the ripples are sound waves and the water is instead the air they're traveling through. The effect is that sounds appear higher pitched when something making noise is moving towards you and lower pitched when it's moving away.


Question: How come smoking weed for me intensifies my pain rather than masks it like it does for other people?

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 How come smoking weed for me intensifies my pain rather than masks it like it does for other people?

First off : you might simply be using the wrong strain. Different strains have (somewhat) different effects. It doesn't seem to be terribly clear cut - the genetics of sativa and indica strains have huge levels of crossovers, and are rarely exactly what they're claimed to be. But as a general rule look for an Indica (higher CBD) as opposed to a Sativa (higher THC). The other possible reason, is that you naturally don't get as much benefit from it as other people. For some people weed helps mask pain, especially if it distracts them. On the other hand, if weed tends to make you slightly more alert, and slightly more aware of what's hurting, it may make the pain more noticeable, albeit not "intensified". It's like the opposite of using distraction for pain relief.


Question: If two photons approach each other, what is their relative velocity?

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 If two photons approach each other, what is their relative velocity?

You'd initially think that they'd perceive each other as double the speed of light, but that's actually not true. The speed of light, in a vacuum is the same for all observers no matter what their speed is. So, two photons approaching each other at c (speed of light) will perceive each other approaching at c and their relative velocity will be c because the frame of reference does not matter.


Question: Why does getting my blood drawn hurt terribly sometimes, but at other times I don’t feel a thing?

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 Why does getting my blood drawn hurt terribly sometimes, but at other times I don’t feel a thing?

I do think it's the skill most of the time. My veins are very difficult to find so some nurses have to poke around with the needle, others can hit the vein without any problems. If you're already tensed or nervous about something else (and it's short term), it might get your adrenaline up so you'll feel less anyway, but that would be rare.


Question: How does flossing keep your gums healthy?

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 How does flossing keep your gums healthy?

Gums and teeth are harmed by a build up of bacteria in the mouth. Brushing your teeth removes a lot of it, but some hides between the teeth. These spots serve as "seeds" for the bacteria to spread out from; assuming adequate food, bacteria will increase faster the more you start with. Flossing cleans places that brushing won't reach. You'll never be able to get rid of all of them, but it takes longer to rebuild their numbers, keeping the overall amount of bacteria causing damage to a minimum.


Question: Why do some countries use such high denomination currencies (e.g. Vietnam, India, etc) whilst others use lower denominations (e.g. UK, US, etc)?

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 Why do some countries use such high denomination currencies (e.g. Vietnam, India, etc) whilst others use lower denominations (e.g. UK, US, etc)?

The answer is inflation. When prices in a country rise you can buy less with the same amount of money. We see this in countries like the UK, where things that were 50p ten years ago now cost a pound. The UK often has an annual inflation of less than 5% Sometimes annual inflation is extremely high, and can even be in the thousands (where products will be tens of times more expensive at the end of the year than they were at the beginning). This is called hyperinflation and devalues the currency a lot, like what you are describing. The country can then either carry on using their currency as is, with its value massively depreciated or use a new currency, which is unlikely to be the chosen option because creating a new currency from scratch and circulating it is expensive and time consuming and a country facing hyper inflation usually has more important things to do. Some European countries such as Austria had experiences of hyperinflation and basically got a currency do-over by switching to the euro. There are countries such as China that experienced hyper inflation in the 30s and 40s and their currency devalued, but haven't done anything to rectify it. In fact, they've taken measures to ensure that their currency remains weak, which makes Chinese goods relatively cheap to goods in other countries and has massively increased their exports over the latter half of the 20th century and beyond.


Question: Where does wind come from? I thought it came from clouds but I've just had two really windy days with no clouds in sight

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 Where does wind come from? I thought it came from clouds but I've just had two really windy days with no clouds in sight

Hot air goes up, usually heated by the sun. Some cold air comes rushing in to get the place of the previous air, and wind is created. Earth's rotation and different heating on different spots also contributes to winds, but is basically hot air going up and could air coming to take its place.


Question: How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

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 How did the first weight get weight to know how much it weights?

It more-or-less went, "We need to define a weight, so we take this object and say that it defines the unit and calibrate our scales to match." In the case of the kilogram, it was defined as "the mass of one liter of water," and so no matter how massive one kilogram of water actually was, that mass set the definition.


Question: How do buffets not get put out of business?

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 How do buffets not get put out of business?

You'd be surprised. At most restaurants, the cost of the actual ingredients is not the biggest part of the overhead, by a long shot. Most of the money that goes into your meal cost is going into overhead, wages, etc. That's why restaurants are perfectly happy cooking you another meal for free if you don't like the first one, or if there was a problem with your order. The cost of the extra food is a drop in the bucket, and they're just hoping to make sure you have a good meal and you're willing to come back. Buffets capitalize on this. Self-service means that fewer servers are needed. Large servings being made mean that cooking is streamlined and fewer cooks are needed. And because the customer is going to be trying lots of things, buffets can focus on simple, cheap ingredients without the need to get fancy - maybe offering a handful of specialty items and nice desserts, but serving large tureens of easy, cheap, filling foods: mashed potatoes, rice pilaf, soups and stews, etc. On top of that, keep in mind that restaurants buy in bulk, so that food is much, much cheaper than what you and I are buying. If I can buy a pound of beans for a dollar at the grocery store, a restaurant can probably buy 5 pounds wholesale (or more) at that price. Some cooking time, a little salt and some spices, and they've got a nice, filling side, and they can refill a tureen for the whole day for just a few bucks. And of course, if you buy a drink or two to go with your meal, that's a few dollars of almost total profit in their pocket, because the cost of soft drinks on a large scale are a couple of cents per gallon, and the cost of alcohol is only a bit more - and of course, the customer is paying much more for booze!


Question: How do photochromic (The ones that turn into sunglasses, when there's too much light) glasses work?

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 How do photochromic (The ones that turn into sunglasses, when there's too much light) glasses work?

Photochromic dyes are pigments that only show up when exposed to ultraviolet light. If there is a small amount of UV in the light, then only the other layer of the glass will tint, blocking less of the light, but if there is more UV light, like on a bright sunny day outside, then the Ray's penetrate that outer layer and activate pigments deeper in the glass. In that manner, the lenses adjust from mostly clear to mostly dark depending on how much protection is needed. Because of this fact, the lenses probably won't transition in a bright artificial light situation, like if someone shines a spotlight on you at night. But they would darken considerably if they shine a blacklight on you


Question: Most people who die from hypothermia are found naked due to a burning sensation in the body, how does this work?

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 Most people who die from hypothermia are found naked due to a burning sensation in the body, how does this work?

In hypothermia, your body vasoconstricts (constriction of blood vessels) which shunts blood from the extremities to keep the warm blood to your core, where your most vital organs are. In the last stages of severe hypothermia, those mechanisms begin to fail. This causes the warm blood that was being shunted to your core to spread throughout the rest of your body, and you experience a rush of “warmth” sensation which causes you to feel hot. Thus the stripping of clothes.


Question: How do significant figures in math work?

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 How do significant figures in math work?

Let's imagine that you are planning to run errands. You know that you have to go to the grocery store, and that will be about $50. You need to get gas, and that will be about $25. You also want to grab a sandwich, and that will be about $8. If someone were to ask you how much money you were planning to spend today, you would not say "about $83". You'd say, "about eighty bucks". The three dollars part is uncertain, as it arose from estimations that are probably inaccurate enough to change that 3 into something else, but the eighty part is more certain because the variation of all the things you buy is less likely to change the 80 into a 90. All measurements that you make have some inherent uncertainty to them that is similar to the above example. When you use a normal ruler that has cm and mm marks, you can know that you have something that is, say, 5.5-something cm long. But you don't exactly know what that "something" part is, the little bit that is in between the lines of your ruler. Those can add up over time. The rules governing significant figures are there to ensure that these little bits of uncertainty do not get forgotten about and "promoted" to being considered certain based on inattention. As an example, if I gave you a piece of cheese that has been measured to be 5.0 cm long and ask you to cut it into 2 equal pieces, it would be incorrect to say that each piece was 2.50000000000...cm long, even if it's what your calculator said. Because that 5.0 cm measurement could be anywhere between 4.96 cm and 5.04 cm to begin with.


Question: Internal combustion engine was invented a couple centuries ago. Why haven't we come up with something better by now?

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 Internal combustion engine was invented a couple centuries ago. Why haven't we come up with something better by now?

It's primarily due to the fact that internal combustion engines have a relatively high power to weight ratio. You COULD use a nuclear reactor to power your car, but the weight of the required plant to get you anywhere in a timely fashion would be horribly large. And, when you add up all of the losses due to efficiency, internal combustion engines are actually fair to good when it comes to converting stored energy to motion when compared against other propositions. I'm specifically thinking of hydrogen cars with that last line.


Question: Why is the average work week so much higher in the United States at 34.40 hours per week in comparison to other countries such as Germany where the average person works 26.37 hours per week?

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 Why is the average work week so much higher in the United States at 34.40 hours per week in comparison to other countries such as Germany where the average person works 26.37 hours per week?

The way Fortune took the numbers from oecd and converted it to hours per week is not taking holidays out of the calculation. They simply divided the number by 52. According to a slightly older article from the FAZ, Germans were working 41.1 hours per week on average: URL_0 There might have been a rise of very short part-time work which skews the statistic,between then and 2015, but I doubt that it is that much. I personally work 8 hours per day at 5 days a week, so 40 hours, which is a very common working schedule for Germany.


Question: What's that rough, vibrating sound when you cough too hard?

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 What's that rough, vibrating sound when you cough too hard?

Hey, I am a doctor, but you can’t verify that so still take this as advice from a random redditor, but yes it’s probably in part your phlegm turbulently blowing up your airway. A big enough cough might cause a little rattle of your thorax too. Just like if you slap your belly and there’s a little jiggle, if you cough hard enough there’s probably some vibration in your chest. It’s highly unlikely you’ll damage your lungs, if anything you’d break a rib first, but that’s rare without something like whooping cough going on. Here’s a fun story about a guy who “coughed up a lung” though (really a blood clot). URL_0 If you have no other symptoms and this is a common occurrence for you I’d get some over the counter cough medicine and not bother with the doctor. If you’ve got fevers/chills/vomiting/blood in your cough/no appetite it might be worth going. Edit: forgot to include referenced link


Question: How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

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 How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

They often didn't. Foodborne illness was and is a major cause of death in areas without modern sanitation. But it wasn't as bad as you'd think for a few reasons. You weren't eating the beef of a cow slaughtered halfway around the world after being raised in a dirty industrial farm, you were eating the beef of a cow slaughtered that day, in your town, after living in an open field. Moreover, you were eating food that hadn't been in contact with much other food, reducing the risk of cross-contamination. And, of course, you cooked your food thoroughly. Also keep in mind that those regulations are trying to push the risk down to near zero. But while the difference between 0.001% of the population getting food poisoning and 1% getting it is very large in relative terms (a factor of 1000x!), 1% is still a small number in absolute terms. So ancient peoples just sort of accepted it as a thing that happens sometimes in a way we don't in the modern world, in the same way that they accepted that plagues just happened sometimes and we don't (the death rate from COVID, for example, is roughly equal to the *normal* death rate from infectious disease only a few generations ago, and much *lower* than the rate a generation before that).


Question: How do trains work? Especially, how does the electricity flow between the power lines and the train, for example, while changing tracks?

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 How do trains work? Especially, how does the electricity flow between the power lines and the train, for example, while changing tracks?

Trains run on DC, meaning that the one electrical terminal will always be positive and the other will always be ground. For trains, the positive terminal is the overhead cabling. The rails it drives on is the ground terminal. So when a train extends its boom and contacts the overhead cables, the electric circuit is closed. The rails are literally electrified. However, it’s safe as the are kept at the same potential as the ground you walk on.


Question: What is DLSS and how does it benefit gamers?

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 What is DLSS and how does it benefit gamers?

It's an AI assisted image upscaling technology developed by nvidia. To give you an example, you're given a low quality image which you want to make it better. If you're a good artist then you may use your imagination to make the image look clearer, hence making it look better. Or if you're good at computers you could make your machine to learn imagery imagination by teaching it tons of images by which your machine can learn. Once it learned how to 'imagine', you let it do the job. This is basically what Deep Learning Super Sampling (DLSS) does. For gaming, you could make your GPU to quickly render shitty graphics and let the tensor cores to upscale the shitty images by DLSS.


Question: Why are astronauts allowed to do water droplet tricks on the ISS?

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 Why are astronauts allowed to do water droplet tricks on the ISS?

Pure water isn't conductive - it needs dissolved salts to become conductive. In addition, the air has a certain amount of water content already. These escaped water droplets will eventually evaporate into the air. Furthermore, if the water droplets were able to come into contact with an electric circuit, they would attach themselves to one connector and not bridge the gap between two, because water is a polar molecule and tends to coat whatever surface it touches. Graphite, on the other hand, will never evaporate and disappear, is highly conductive, and is a solid, so eventually a caking of graphite dust could indeed bridge two connectors and cause a short.


Question: Why do your muscles randomly twitch sometimes and what causes it?

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 Why do your muscles randomly twitch sometimes and what causes it?

I heard this, and I don't know how true it is. Your brain send twitches to your muscles to make sure that part is still all right. Your brain thinks body parts are dead or not working when they don't move for so long, so it sends a twitch to make sure it still moves.


Question: How are animals able to drink water from puddles from the road, dirty ponds, etc. etc. But if we were to do it, we'd fall terribly sick?

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 How are animals able to drink water from puddles from the road, dirty ponds, etc. etc. But if we were to do it, we'd fall terribly sick?

In part it's immunity gained by getting ill once, or a few times and surviving it. The immune system remembers what foreign organisms it encountered before and fights them a lot faster and efficiently when an infection happens again (with exceptions from the rule, not all pathogens produce a lasting immunity). In part it's evolution at work. The wolf that couldn't handle half-rotten meat simply didn't live long enough to reproduce. Disadvantages like that get culled very quickly in nature. Most people living today have a genetic immunity to illnesses that were devastating a few generations earlier. The Spanish Flu wouldn't be as bad today as it was 1918 because we're the descendants of the survivors. If there are few water sources, then those have an advantage who can use even the dirtiest puddle without major consequences. But, you also only see the animals drinking, not hiding in the undergrowth puking their souls out, or dying prematurely from infections and poison. Just because they drink something doesn't mean it's automatically ok for them to do so. If there's nothing better to be had, they'll go for it and hope for the best, not like they can go to the next convenience store and buy a bottle of water instead.


Question: Why do you need a ";" at the end of each line of code?

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 Why do you need a ";" at the end of each line of code?

It's sort of like a period at the end of the sentence. Not strictly necessary in most cases, necessary in a small number, but in general really helpful to the compiler (and to other programmers, who have to read your code). In some languages like JavaScript, the semicolon is optional and a newline can be used to indicate that the statement is completed. But, remember, code is really written for other programmers. If your code compiles and runs, but it's really hard to read, it's bad code.


Question: if the moon is out in the middle of the day, what does the opposite side of the world see?

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 if the moon is out in the middle of the day, what does the opposite side of the world see?

The Moon takes about 28 days to orbit around the Earth. The Earth takes 24 hours to spin around on its axis. What you see on your side is pretty much exactly what they would see, just 12 hours later. And yes, for half of the moon's phases you see it during the day and the other half you see at night.


Question: how we know what inside of the center of the earth if we never been there ?

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 how we know what inside of the center of the earth if we never been there ?

We use the known to deduce the unknown: i.e We can deduce the mass of the earth by observing its orbit around the sun ( 5.9 sextillion tonnes.) Then, we can observe that things on the surface of earth don't have enough mass to fit that weight so we can deduce that the core must be more massive than the surface. An element that would fit the bill would be iron. so on and so forth. logical deduction is the key and it can be tested.


Question: How is it that tattoos last a lifetime, when the body replaces most of its cells roughly every 10 years? Wouldn't the dying and creation of new cells remove the solidified ink over time?

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 How is it that tattoos last a lifetime, when the body replaces most of its cells roughly every 10 years? Wouldn't the dying and creation of new cells remove the solidified ink over time?

The way an artist explained it to me is that the ink sits between the epidermis (outer layer of skin) and the dermis (the base layer). The molecules of ink are just the right size to so that they aren't absorbed by the dermis or ejected by the epidermis, so they just stay there, between the 2 layers forever.


Question: How do US federal reserves and economists in general actually figure out the rate of inflation, and the measures they need to take to prevent it?

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 How do US federal reserves and economists in general actually figure out the rate of inflation, and the measures they need to take to prevent it?

As far as finding inflation data, they use actual survey data. See [here]( URL_0 ) for the BLS's "Consumer Price Index" which determines inflation experienced by consumers (~70% of the final economy). There's also the "Producer Price Index", which measures producer side inflation. Commodity (oil, food, etc) can be measured directly. As to methodology, heres a quick blurb from the CPI page, but if you click around, you can find a ton more about the methodology: > Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 87 urban areas throughout the country and from about 23,000 retail and service establishments. Data on rents are collected from about 50,000 landlords or tenants. The weight for an item is derived from reported expenditures on that item as estimated by the Consumer Expenditure Survey. How the Fed fights inflation is by using economic tools to manipulate 'monetary velocity'. Velocity is basically how much economic activity a $1 bill creates in a year. If a single dollar bill gets spent 5 times in a year, its velocity is 5 b/c that one bill generated $5 of economic activity (very roughly measured as $5 of GDP). Too little velocity, and you have deflation (this was a *massive* fed focus in the wake of the financial crises and Bernanke/Yellen spoke on this ad nauseam between 2007-2014). Too much velocity and you get inflation. All the levers that the Fed has at its disposal (setting interest rates, setting reserve rates, buying/selling securities, etc) all have an impact on velocity, which ultimately impacts inflation.


Question: Why do humans need pillows and what would happen if we slept without them on a regular basis? Would this cause long term spinal problems?

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 Why do humans need pillows and what would happen if we slept without them on a regular basis? Would this cause long term spinal problems?

Edit 4: All the way at the top so you can read it first. Disclaimer: I am not a ~~doctor nor chiropractor~~ medical professional. While I do have some medical experience, I am in no way qualified to provide medical advice. I am simply sharing what training I've received and my personal experiences either with customers or what I've felt myself. I am doing this of my own free will at the low low price of... wait for it.. free. Yes that was a salesman joke. Now all comments I've expressed are opinionated. Please research this topic yourself before purchasing a mattress. Trust but verify. I currently work at a Colorado based Mattress Store. While you don't need a mattress or a pillow, it does wonders for hip, neck, back, and shoulder pains. A properly fitted mattress provides about 2/3rds of your support. The mattress in conjunction with the pillow provides the remaining 1/3rd. I feel that this support is necessary IF you want the best nights rest possible. You can still sleep without it but not optimally. The way it was explained in my training is as follows. A mattress that is actually fitted to your sleeping habits and body, reduces how much your muscles have to work throughout the night to maintain the natural S curve of your spine. If your muscles work hard throughout the night maintaining this position you tend to wake up with a tense back and/or back pain. The part the pillow plays is also quite important. An improperly fitted pillow typically causes neck pain due to similar reasons. The neck muscles work and are stretched throughout the night from the lack of support. Please note that this a very general statement and that every person is different as well as the mattress they sleep on. Many people will say that they sleep absolutely amazing on their current mattress that is 40 years old (no exaggeration, true story). However, I used to think that Motorola Razr was the best phone ever. Then I tried something new, the Samsung Note. To be clear, my point is that just because you feel something is the best you've ever experienced doesn't mean you can't experience something better. Bonus (A few general mattress rules) : If you are a side sleeper try to avoid firm mattresses. They place a lot of pressure on your shoulders and hips with very little give. This leads to more tossing and turning throughout the night (even if you aren't completely awake/aware). Adjustable bases, sometimes called hospital beds, are used in hospitals for a reason. They reduce pressure on your body by forming a S curve to help match your spine's curve. Also, they raise your feet above your heart causing increased blood flow to facilitate healing. Why do you think doctors tell you to keep certain injuries elevated? In regards to pillows, most stomach sleepers need a thin pillow. Side sleepers often need the thickest. The reason for that relates to your shoulders. The pillow needs to be about as thick as the distance from your neck to the edge of your shoulder so that the neck is in line with spine. Back sleepers are often needing something in the middle. Although almost every customer claims to need the fluffiest fluffernugget of a pillow we have. Very few of them will listen otherwise. So we sell it to them. The customer is always right. No matter how ridiculously wrong they are. Edit 1: A lot of people have asked about the best pillow for someone who switches between their stomach and side throughout the night. There isn't a specific pillow or really even a best one. What works for me may not work for you. However this is what I personally do: What worked for me, and **might** work for you is this. I purchased a thin pillow that I was comfortable with on my stomach. Now, most side sleepers end up having an arm underneath the pillow essentially "increasing" the thickness of the pillow to match a so called side sleeper pillow. This worked for me. My arm made up for the missing padding. Again, this is what is good for me. Edit 2: There has been a fair amount of skepticism regarding the increased blood flow portion of this comment. The medical field is slightly outside my area of knowledge. However, while I am not currently retracting this statement, I am going to research a little more in depth. Hopefully I come back with a more satisfactory explanation. Edit 3: Wow. Um. Gold. Huh. I really appreciate that! Truly! *obligatory first gold comment followed by lame pun* Edit 5: There's been a lot more interest on this subject than I expected. I've answered most of the questions at least once, some more. If I haven't addressed yours, the answer may be in another comment. Tonight however, I'm turning in. I may be able to answer some tomorrow morning. Past that, I feel like the subject was been pretty well exhausted. I do wish I every a excellent night's rest! Good night! Edit 6: Editing the edit. I get it, a lot of people don't like chiropractors.


Question: If an exoplanet like Kepler 442b, the most likely to be habitable exoplanet, has a mass 2.34x that of earth, would the gravity of the planet be 2.34x that of earth as well? Also, how would this affect humans if they were to travel there?

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</answer>
 If an exoplanet like Kepler 442b, the most likely to be habitable exoplanet, has a mass 2.34x that of earth, would the gravity of the planet be 2.34x that of earth as well? Also, how would this affect humans if they were to travel there?

Depends on the size of the planet. Gravity increases proportionately with mass but inversely proportionately with the square of the distance. Consider the Moon. The mass is 0.0123x Earth, but its (equatorial) radius is 0.2725x Earth. Combining these gives us: (0.0123/0.2725^(2)) = 0.1656... which is around 1/6th the gravity of Earth, which is what we observe. So, if Kepler 442b was simply 2.34 the mass of Earth but also the same size then, yes, it would be 2.34x the gravity of Earth. But it's radius is 1.34x Earth which gives us: (2.34/1.34^(2)) = 1.3032... so it is about 30% more gravity than Earth.


Question: Why do Common Core Math algorithms change and gain more steps and what is the motive behind it?

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 Why do Common Core Math algorithms change and gain more steps and what is the motive behind it?

Ok so I’m a tired school professional whose area of focus is not math, laying in bed on pain meds for dental surgery so.. take it easy on me here.. What’s often missed is that common core doesn’t require a specific way of teaching math, only that children are taught MULTIPLE WAYS to solve a problem. This is why they can’t “borrow and carry” for every problem, because as it gets more complex, it’s not a one size fits all application. Students who learn just one way are not good flexible problem solvers. If the problem doesn’t fit the algorithm they know, they give up. We’re now equipping them with the tools to fail and then try again in a new way. This requirement prompted teachers to delve more into research and what was found overall was that students just learned math facts, not necessarily math concepts. Years ago, students learned math through simple algorithms and rote memorization. Higher level math, such as calculus and trig backs failure points since students couldn’t manipulate the equations in the ways needed to comprehend more complex equations. Research was done of professional mathematicians and it was found that they didn’t use these same algorithms. No “carry the two” or “cross multiplying,” at least not blindly. Rather, they had an understanding of how numbers relate and interact. They had strong “number sense”. Both common core and this push towards more number sense happened so close to the same time, and complemented each other so well, that many adults who didn’t place the same level of importance on number sense met common core with backlash. Their insistence that it doesn’t make sense is just a testament to its very need. They don’t understand the number sense and theory behind it, so they don’t understand the multiple means to an end.


Question: How do commercial fishers know what they are going to catch?

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 How do commercial fishers know what they are going to catch?

Location, depth, bait, tools. Certain fish are only in certain locations, so to fish a specific fish you must be in a specific location, this isn't necessarily the difference of Alaska vs Florida, but can be location where a certain environment or phenomenon is observed IE: where currents come together, or where certain food can be found said fish like. Certain fish swim at certain depths, you fish as deep where the fish will be. Certain fish are attracted by certain kinds of bait. To catch specific fish you might use different methods or tools, something that is most effective for that kind of fish, it's not always just massive nets.


Question: Why is it far easier to keep our eyes closed when we're tired?

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 Why is it far easier to keep our eyes closed when we're tired?

If you have been awake for a long time, your eyes dry out. Closing your eyes lubricates your eyes, which feels good. Muscle fatigue is another factor, especially if you've been staring at a screen all day. Another perspective: when you're tired, you want to sleep. Closing your eyes starts to satisfy the desire for sleep. In extreme cases, you might actually start drifting off, in which case your eyes close because you are entering the first stage of sleep.


Question: Who owns the US national debt? Can it be repaid?

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 Who owns the US national debt? Can it be repaid?

Most of the national debt is owned by US citizens, and some to foreign investors. If you've heard of T-Bills or Treasury Bills, that's a big part of the US debt. Imagine you can give the government $98 and in a few years, you cash it in for $100 (it doesn't earn a lot of money, but it's not risky). In this regard, the debt is repaid every year. One part of the US budget that is considered "required" is the interest on the debt. Interest on the debt effectively means paying that $100 out and then asking for $98 of it back (these aren't actual numbers, just examples). To ultimately pay it down, we need to take more money in than we spend. This is difficult to do because raising taxes (to increase revenue) and lowering government spending can slow down an economy. The last time the US had a surplus (we took in more money than we spent in that year) was at the end of Bill Clinton's time in office (it was either 1999 or 2000). But we didn't put the surplus toward the debt. George W. Bush gave out the surplus to people on their taxes.


Question: How does dubbed anime sync up with the camera angles so nicely?

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 How does dubbed anime sync up with the camera angles so nicely?

Because you only speak your language you wouldn't notice how different the sentences are, what the subtitles read is not word for word from the original dubs, they do change quite a bit to fit them, but the end result of conversation or context ends up being similar enough most of the time. Biggest difference I know is Goku in Japanese is a proper country bumpkin who is quite selfish in his actions, training and fighting at whatever cost, but in Engligh he is more like superman.


Question: Why do things change color when they burn or get cooked?

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 Why do things change color when they burn or get cooked?

Heat breaks down certain chemical compounds such as the compound that gives red meat the red color. It's a similar thing for what turns a lobster's shell bright red when it is cooked. It's a similar reason for if you burn something, it can be dark grey or black. The heat causes chemical changes in the object, which results in burned carbon (also carbon dioxide gas, and other things depending on what you burn) and burned carbon is black.


Question: How does dna being data work?

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 How does dna being data work?

In order to determine this, we first need to determine how we're defining data. DNA comes in four chemicals (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), and they always pair up in a particular way: adenine and thymine pair up, and cytosine and guanine pair up. This means there are four cases to consider: A-T, T-A, C-G, and G-C. No other combinations are possible. This means that, to represent four base pair combinations, we need to use (at minimum) two bits each. `00` could represent A-T; `01` could represent T-A, and so on. There are eight bits to a byte, so we can encode four DNA base pairs into a single byte. The human genome contains about 6x10^9 base pairs. Given that, we can calculate the total size of the human genome to be > 6×10^9 base pairs/diploid genome x 1 byte/4 base pairs = 1.5×10^9 bytes, or roughly 1.5 GB. Since sex cells contain half the genome each, a sperm cell holds 750MB. Similar calculations reveal that an average ejaculation contains something on the order of 135,000 TB.


Question: How do we know, wether a sound is made in front or behind us, even though we only have ears on the sides?

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 How do we know, wether a sound is made in front or behind us, even though we only have ears on the sides?

For starters: [here is a really amazing video]( URL_0 ) that goes into tons of details and demonstrates how we determine the direction of a noise. We use two main ways to determine the direction of a noise. First we determine left and right based on the time delay from one ear to the other. If a sound comes from your right side it reaches your right ear a fraction of a second sooner and is a little louder. Sensing if a sound is above, below, or behind you is a bit harder. Your ear lobes reflect sound into your ear drum differently depending on the way the sound bounces off them. In the video I linked he messes with this ability by packing some play dough into his subject’s ear lobes. While they can still determine if a sound is from the left or right, it totally ruins the ability to determine other directions. The play dough changes the way sound is reflected and the brain doesn’t know how to compensate. The video is really worth a watch, smarter everyday is one of the best channels on YouTube.


Question: How do internet searches work with non-Roman characters?

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 How do internet searches work with non-Roman characters?

> How does a search engine interpret these characters and find relevant results? A search engine doesn't care what the string of characters are that it is matching. It could be matching real words or nonsense strings, and as long as it recognizes the kanji as characters then it will work just fine. More complicated would be for the engine to draw connections between the English version of the kanji sequence and return similar results for either one.


Question: What does the quote "He who fights with monsters should be careful lest he thereby become a monster. And if thou gaze long into an abyss, the abyss will also gaze into thee" mean?

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 What does the quote "He who fights with monsters should be careful lest he thereby become a monster. And if thou gaze long into an abyss, the abyss will also gaze into thee" mean?

Essentially what it warns against is that in fighting something bad, you should be careful not to take actions that make you as bad as the thing you are fighting. It can be really easy to justify extreme measures to yourself if you are fighting something you believe is evil, but sometimes you need to step back and look at what you are doing.


Question: NASA has a telescope that can see the creation of stars and planets billions of years ago, how? Link is in description

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 NASA has a telescope that can see the creation of stars and planets billions of years ago, how? Link is in description

Light takes a very long time to reach us from very far away in deep space. The events that this telescope will show us will have happened billions of years ago but the light to let us see them is only just getting here because they happened billions of light years away.


Question: Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

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 Why people who can speak more than one language sometimes forget words or expressions in their mother tongue?

I got told that when people speaking multiple languages want to say something, all words in every the languages spoken want to come out at the same time. The brain “chooses” which language is appropriate (which language they’re speaking with at the moment) but I think that there’s also a “short cut” thing that can happen. For example, my mother tongue is French, but I’ve been speaking English for a long time as I learned it in school. There are words that I find easier to say in English (a short cut) and so I use that word within a french sentence. That is why sometimes I forget about some words. I have trouble translating the word “awkward” in my own language now. I got used to speak “franglish” (français+english) so sometimes I forget how to say single words, I need my brain to work out to find it, aaand look stupid sometimes. All because I know well enough two languages. Weird. And it’s quite sad in my case as French is slowly dying in my country, but that’s for another topic.


Question: Why are birth control methods only 99% effective at most?

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 Why are birth control methods only 99% effective at most?

Operator error, manufacturing defect, and plain ol' smarter-than-your-average-sperm make sure that no non-permanent surgical method is truly 100% ironclad effective. Even if it was that good during internal tests, the manufacturer wouldn't make the claim for legal reasons. The only proven 100% effective form of birth control is to reference Reddit memes on your first date.