Question: why can you stick different parts of your body(head, hand, finger) in small gaps really easily but you can't take them back out?

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 why can you stick different parts of your body(head, hand, finger) in small gaps really easily but you can't take them back out?

One of the reasons (besides the mentioned swelling) is that when you push, say, an arm through a gap, you are stretching skin and flesh (think pulling up a sock), which makes the limb thinner. When you are pulling it out, skin and flesh crumples in the gap and makes the limb thicker. To see it in an easier way: Wear a loose sock in your hand, and push it through a gap (for example between two couch pillows). Its stretches going it, but crumples when pulling out.


Question: The US senate has special powers the house lacks. What powers are unique to the House Of Representatives?

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 The US senate has special powers the house lacks. What powers are unique to the House Of Representatives?

The House can impeach the president. Bills of revenue and spending must originate in the house (there’s a technical workaround but by the constitution they have to start in the house). If there’s a tie for the presidency, the house gets to decide who is the president. The speaker is third in line of succession to the presidency. To name a few.


Question: Given that x-rays have more energy than visible light and radiowaves have less energy than visible light, how come visible light can't penetrate walls but x-rays and radiowaves can?

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 Given that x-rays have more energy than visible light and radiowaves have less energy than visible light, how come visible light can't penetrate walls but x-rays and radiowaves can?

This is my understanding (from my sibling who has a physics degree. So, fair warning, I may bring misunderstanding or misexplaining what I was told.) Transparency isn't about a wave being strong enough or fast enough to get through a material. It's more like having the right shape to fit through a space then it is like powering through a barrier. Imagine a hole that looks like a capital B. A capital P could fit in that hole, and go through to the other side. A lowercase b could do the same. But neither a capital S nor a lower case s would fit. Different materials are like different shaped holes, and different wavelengths are like the different letters trying to fit through them. It's not about the speed or the energy (even if shape is related to speed and energy) it's about whether a particular speed or energy fits the particular shape.


Question: Why does corn « pop », and not other vegetables? Why don’t we have pop-zucchini for instance?

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 Why does corn « pop », and not other vegetables? Why don’t we have pop-zucchini for instance?

Corn pops because it's basically pure starch in a hard shell. Other starchy grains puff (Rice Krispies are basically rice's popcorn) but they don't pop because rice is puffed after the shell is removed and even brown rice doesn't really pop because the rice outer coating isn't as stiff as corn's shell. Puffed wheat exists, too, Honey Smacks are sweetened puffed wheat.


Question: Why do matches smell sulfuric only after they go out?

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 Why do matches smell sulfuric only after they go out?

Sulfur plus flame plus oxygen = sulfur dioxide. Sulfur + heat + oxygen below the combustion temperature = various other sulfur compounds that aren't sulfur dioxide. Hence the smell. So2 is a pungent irritating gas, but not exactly rotten egg sulfur smelling in the way that hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur are.


Question: Cell phone tower radiation. Is it dangerous to live near a cell tower?

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 Cell phone tower radiation. Is it dangerous to live near a cell tower?

Cell phone towers emit non-ionizing radiation. This type of radiation is also emitted by televisions, cell phones, microwaves, fish, your mother, and dirt. If one receives a significant enough dosage, the health risk is "getting a burn" as this form of radiation, when absorbed, generates heat. Recommend to your mother that she not climb the tower in order to get close enough to be burned and she should be fine.


Question: Why do videos get higher pitched when sped up and lower pitched when slowed down?

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 Why do videos get higher pitched when sped up and lower pitched when slowed down?

Sound is vibration. When you visually map a sound wave, it looks like a sine wave. The pitch is mainly determined by how close together each peak of the wave is (that very top of the hill of the wave). If you have 500 peaks every second, it's a 500 Hertz wave. If you have only 100 peaks per second, it's a 100 Hertz wave. When you speed it up by 5x, you're getting 5x peaks per second, so that 100hz sound will sound like a 500 Hertz sound when speed up 5x. Think of just watching a sine wave on TV, and counting the peaks for ten seconds. If you fast forward, you'll count more peaks in the same time frame than playing it normally. That's why stuff spednup sounds higher pitch


Question: How can my phone contact emergency services, despite signal?

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 How can my phone contact emergency services, despite signal?

Carriers, by law, are forced to accept an emergency call from any device capable of communicating on their network (even if it's not a type of device whitelisted for their customers), regardless if the caller is a current subscriber or not For example, if only a Verizon-owned tower can be reached by someone who doesn't have any active service at all, the emergency call will connect through that Verizon tower.


Question: How come even though the US economy is doing as good as it's been since 2007 and we aren't at war our national debt continues to increase?

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 How come even though the US economy is doing as good as it's been since 2007 and we aren't at war our national debt continues to increase?

Why would anyone go to war with the united states over are debt? that would actually be the absolute worst thing they could do. Basically the united states is like a guy that borrows 10 dollars from people all the time. Sure it gets annoying at times, but he always pays people back 12 dollars. Someone punching him out after they lent him money would just result in them losing their 10 dollars, and not getting a return on investment.


Question: What Is Visual Snow, Why Does It Exist & Does Every Human Have It?

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 What Is Visual Snow, Why Does It Exist & Does Every Human Have It?

It’s considered as a disease, or at least as a symptom of a disease (Lyme disease, for example), so no, everyone does not have it. It happens when a part of you cerebral cortex goes into overdrive, causing your ocular nerves to misinterpret information. As for what it is, you can picture it as the visual noise on a broken TV.


Question: What is an Identity Crisis?

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 What is an Identity Crisis?

Usually a period of time in which you realize that you don't know yourself at all. Either you're realizing that you have forgotten who you are or that you've fashioned an artificial identity based on the wants and desires of others and not your own. Often triggered a significant that brought a lingering suspicion into a full perspective. Not sure how I'd explain it to a 5yo without a full blown conversation. They haven't exactly developed a concept of self identity yet.


Question: why does water form a bunch of little bubbles when left in a glass for a few hours, or overnight?

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 why does water form a bunch of little bubbles when left in a glass for a few hours, or overnight?

Air (or at least some gasses in air, like oxygen and nitrogen) can get dissolved into water, and eventually it'll be released by the water. Water can carry more gasses when it's cold (or under pressure), so as it warms to room temperature they're released. Think of it like the opposite of dissolving sugar or salt in hot water and letting it cool, at which point it'll leave deposits on the surfaces of whatever it's in.


Question: How do we know how many calories are in something?

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 How do we know how many calories are in something?

It can be put into a machine, set on fire, then the amount of energy released from the food can be calculated, then converted to calories. Fun fact, when we talk about calories we usually mean ‘kilocalories’, which is why labels usually write ‘kcal’. So that 150kcal bag of crisps actually means 150,000 calories. We just ignore the kilo part usually.


Question: Why is a warm weather front called a "pressure high", although warm air is less dense and therefore lighter?

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 Why is a warm weather front called a "pressure high", although warm air is less dense and therefore lighter?

Don't confuse density and pressure. Warm air at equal density to colder air will be at higher pressure. That said, the warm air mass behind a warm front will tend to rise over the colder air. This is why you see descending clouds as the front approaches. Fronts generally circle low pressure systems, not high pressure.


Question: Why does citrus taste so bad after you brush your teeth?

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 Why does citrus taste so bad after you brush your teeth?

What happens here is actually a lot of fun to look at. Orange Juice contains (naturally or added) sugars, which provide sweetness. It also contains a large amount of citric acid and has a pH of 3.2 to 3.5, so it's rather sour. Combining the sweet and sour notes yields the well known taste of oranges. Remove one, and the other just "punches" through - in this case it's the sour notes of the citric acid. And if that's not enough, SDS also does something else - it "implodes" phospholipids. Now bear with me, here :). Phospholipids play a very strong role in nervous signal management. They intervene on certain pathways, one of which is - you guessed it - the nerve endings on your tongue responsible for bitter taste. Remove phospholipids from the equation and those pathways fire much more violently when in contact with bitters - and all OJ has some measure of tannins and other bitter elements in it. So, now we have a three-horn orchestra with one guy knocked out and one dude playing into an amp the size of a Manhattan brownstone - quite the miserable sound that would make, no? :) The good news? SDS doesn't stick around for very long, about 15 minutes or so. You could also eat a stick of butter and gargle with a bicarbonate, but waiting might just be the better strategy, here.


Question: What are some 'legitimate' reasons for setting up a shell corporation?

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 What are some 'legitimate' reasons for setting up a shell corporation?

Say you just bought a controlling share in a company that makes the same things as your company. They had a lot of bad ideas and bad people, but lots of good ones too. So you transfer the good people to your company, and fire the bad ones. You take the good ideas and put them in your product and chuck the bad ones. But once you take all the ideas and people out, you're left with nothing but a shell... of a company. Nobody sets out to create a shell company for non-nefarious reasons, shell companies happen as a byproduct of legitimate action. (though some were for created specifically for nefarious reasons) Once you stripped out the good bits, it's too much of a hassle to do a final mercy killing on the company. Besides, you may want to use the name some time down the line.


Question: How is it that the distance between Earth and the moon can supposedly fit all of the planets, but pictures show the moon relatively close to Earth?

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 How is it that the distance between Earth and the moon can supposedly fit all of the planets, but pictures show the moon relatively close to Earth?

[Well here's a picture of the Moon and Earth drawn to scale.]( URL_1 ) Most of the picture is just black space, which is useful in situations like this where you want to gauge the distance between them, but for most illustrating purposes you usually just want to show the two bodies together with the moon slightly further away to represent orbit. Distances in space are *crazy.* [This is a map]( URL_0 ) showing the distance of planets and moons in our solar system, scaled down so that the moon is displayed at a size of 1 pixel. Since that's the smallest a computer monitor can show, this website is the smallest map of the solar system that can be drawn at scale while still showing the moon. That's why we usually have to get a bit abstract with the pictures, because any scaled map of celestial bodies is going to be almost exclusively empty space.


Question: Where in deep space do we look to see the early universe?

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 Where in deep space do we look to see the early universe?

Like u/HexedPedestrian said, The Universe has no center - and the Big Bang had no center either, really. From what we know right now, it looks like the Big Bang happened everywhere at once and everything is still expanding away from everything else in space. Since light takes time to travel (not a lot - light is the fastest thing we know of, but still), then the farther we look away, the further back in time we'd be seeing (Because it took the light from that spot a lot longer to reach us). It's like saying if an alien race looked at earth from 200 light years away, they'd be seeing the earth as it was 200 years ago for us. All that said, it doesn't quite matter *where* we look, just how far. If we can look at space 14b light years away, we'd be seeing light that's been hurtling at us since the beginning of the universe, hence the Big Bang. Exactly how one can control how far away a telescope is looking is beyond my knowledge - I would assume it just comes down to the sheer size/power of the telescope, but that's a layman's guess. TLDR: The universe and the big bang have no center, so no matter *where* you look, as long as you look somewhere 14b light years away, you'll see light from the beginning of the universe.


Question: Why do hotels put bibles in their drawers?

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</answer>
 Why do hotels put bibles in their drawers?

The hotels don't. An organization known as the Gideons places the bibles in hotel rooms, under the belief that it is important for everyone traveling to have access to the Bible, and that having access to the Bible when in a hotel room will guide non-believers to the word of God.


Question: What exactly is free Gibbs energy?

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 What exactly is free Gibbs energy?

Okay lets take a look at thermal energy. Everything contains thermal energy according to Temperature times Mass times Specific Heat Capacity (material property). So E=c*T*m That means the oceans at roughly 280 Kelvin and an insane mass contain a lot of energy. But we can't use it, because of thermodynamics. To make thermal energy usefull we need to move it from a warmer to a colder area, wich allows us to extract a fraction of that moving energy. (Because thermal energy always wants to spread evenly, wich is basically what entropy means) What we need is an entropy sink, that our ocean water with a given higher entropy wants to equalize with. Take a pot of boiling water. It also contains energy, a lot less though at 373 Kelvin times maybe 1kg. Still this pot contains more usefull energy because you can easily find colder water and let the hot water do work (for example by evaporating and escaping through a turbine). So your pot has a Gibbs energy while the ocean doesn't. Both of this has to be seen in relation to the enviroment though. Teleporting our ocean to a colder planet would suddenly make it very usefull, it's just that we have not big source of even colder water available here. So the Gibbs energy is the total energy of a system, minus the part that you can't use because of entropy.


Question: How do restaurants with trackers know where you sit with pinpoint precision?

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 How do restaurants with trackers know where you sit with pinpoint precision?

There is another device attached to the table that can tell it the table number through short range wireless (RFID). The system associates a tracker's ID with the order number. When the tracker is places on the table, it reads the table number from the RFID tags under the table and sends it to main device, along with the tracker's ID.


Question: How does our brain subconsciously pick a laugh to use and why does it change over time?

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 How does our brain subconsciously pick a laugh to use and why does it change over time?

I would say this is as much social as it is biological. There are always social factors determining how one ought to laugh in a given situation, and social sanctions ("his laugh is so weird") are in place to punish and discourage laughs that are outside what a culture says is okay at any moment. There's a biological response to laugh in certain situations as ways to defuse fear, or to express emotion to listeners, etc. but HOW someone laughs is social, even moment to moment ("God that was funny. Oh man am I really laughing this loud during Aunt Janet's fancy dinner party? That's so awkward, but i can't help it. Everyone is looking at me! Ah fuck it." =like 7 different laughs). Ultimately, our brain is very very good at picking up on and internalizing social cues because we're social animals. We learn what works and what doesn't in many different situations when we laugh and it becomes a part of how we express ourselves.


Question: Why is there a cancer warning on a box of Hello Kitty wafer cookies?

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 Why is there a cancer warning on a box of Hello Kitty wafer cookies?

In cali the there is proposition 65 which means you need to warn people about subtances that may cause cancer. Companies just label it to protect themselves from lawsuits since food has colour 456, preservative 78, stabiliser 209. All these chemicals they may or may not cause cancer but they just put that warning there so if you do get cancer and sue they can say you were warned.


Question: Why is the sea calm in the mornings?

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 Why is the sea calm in the mornings?

There are two types of waves which can turn a flat sea into a rougher one - swell waves and wind waves. Swell waves can arrive at any time of day, but because wind waves are generated by the wind, they only develop when the wind begins to blow steadily. Since wind speeds are often low at night, and increase during the daytime, wind waves often die out during the night, leading to a relatively flat sea (perhaps with swell waves) in the early morning. During the day, the wind waves increase in size as the wind speed increases, leading to a rougher, more choppy, sea surface during the afternoon and evening. URL_0


Question: How is it that exactly 1 litre of pure water weighs exactly 1 kilogram? Were the measures set up with reference to water or is it a coincidence?

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 How is it that exactly 1 litre of pure water weighs exactly 1 kilogram? Were the measures set up with reference to water or is it a coincidence?

It was originally defined as 1 kg = 1 lt water, but then they made a platinum block to be the standard. Now it's defined by the Planck constant, which relates the energy of light particles to their frequency (more energy = higher frequency = shorter wavelength). And it still equals the weight of 1 litre water.


Question: How does the purple in glue sticks disappear?

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 How does the purple in glue sticks disappear?

Standard Elmer's Glue is white and turns clear when it tries. That is because it is made out of polyvinyl acetate floating in water. PVA has a different index of refraction than water. That means that any light that enters into it ends up getting stuck and bouncing back like a guy trying to walk through a mosh pit at a crowded concert. Since the water doesn't absorb much light, eventually almost all the light bounces out, which makes the glue look white. Once the glue dries out, the water is gone. That means all that is left is the polyvinyl acetate clumped together. The light doesn't get stuck because the whole mass has one index of refraction. So it shines right through, which makes the glue look clear. Purple glue sticks work similarly except that when light enters into the stick, almost all the wavelengths of light are absorbed by stuff in the glue. The only wavelength of light that ends up bouncing out is purple, which makes the stick look purple. URL_0


Question: Why are humans always in heat?

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 Why are humans always in heat?

Many animals have a specific mating season to try and time their births with the seasons rather than trying to raise young in the winter. Humans come from a place that has little seasonal variety and are useless infants for over a year, so there’s no value in trying to time births with seasons - they can mate year round. This is common among species that don’t deal with seasonal shifts. For puberty and offspring volume, remember this all evolved when we lived in caves. There’s no benefit to “building a career first” when your career is “caveman”


Question: Why do men have more blood than women of a similar size?

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 Why do men have more blood than women of a similar size?

1 - blood is inversely proportional to body fat percentage. And on average females have more fat then males at the same weight and height 2 - menstruation causes women to lose some blood, that needs to be replaced 3 - it has been shown that higher levels of testosterone causes more blood production. (And faster clotting times)


Question: why do sometimes our body suddenly shivers when we pee?

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 why do sometimes our body suddenly shivers when we pee?

So we have these two systems controlling our body functions: one that makes us ready for action (sympathicus) and one that relaxes us (parasympathicus). The latter needs to get activated to allow us to pee and it sometimes 'overshoots' its effects a bit, thus leaving us with this sort of relaxing shiver. You can also have it while pooping!


Question: Why are movie directors often blamed for bad movies, when they usually have very little (if any) to do with the story and screenplay?

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 Why are movie directors often blamed for bad movies, when they usually have very little (if any) to do with the story and screenplay?

The majority of how a movie feels is the directors influence. Pacing and tone are essential to a movie, and directors handle that as much as a screenwriter does. There are lots of movies with good dialogue but bad pacing that feel like bad movies, and vice versa. ( I’m too tired to think of examples right now, sorry) The much simpler answer is that the director is the one who receives the most recognition ( outside of lead actors, but as far as the parties you mentioned goes), so they get the credit, but also the blame.


Question: Why is it impossible to imagine a new colour?

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 Why is it impossible to imagine a new colour?

A better way to word this would be, "Why *would* it be possible to imagine a hue that is completely outside one's experience, to the point where the neurological circuitry to process such a hue may not even exist?" Anything you can imagine or visualize is necessarily going to be informed by and at least in part based on things you've previously experienced. By the time a person is old enough to ask a question like "Why can't I imagine a new color" their brain has probably already been exposed to every possible color or combination of colors available to them (especially nowadays with such widespread and easy access to video games, television, and digital artistic tools like Photoshop and Paint Tool SAI) and has adjusted itself to recognize and process them. You can't imagine a new color because there's nothing to build it from; it would necessarily have to be derived from a color you already know, or a combination of those colors. Where would you even start? It's as if someone asked you to build a house out of a brand new, never before seen material, but without using any currently known or even hypothetically possible substances or combination of substances whatsoever to create it. You'd need to invent new physics and chemistry before you could even begin. Edit: I want to clarify that I don't necessarily think it is impossible for a person to *experience* a new color, either because they weren't exposed to it before, or because of drug use, injury, or some other phenomenon. What I don't think is possible is for a person to *purposefully imagine* a brand new color.


Question: What actually is the Barbra Streisand effect?

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 What actually is the Barbra Streisand effect?

The origin was, there was a project in California to map the coastline of California. Countless pictures were taken of the coast. One of those pictures contained Barbara Streisand's house. She didn't want pictures to be out in the public and sued over privacy... however the act of suing cause far more attention, and far more people were interested and/or viewed pictures of her house. Had she done nothing, the pictures would likely have been relatively unknown and viewed by few people. Simply, trying to remove attention, can sometimes cause far far more attention.


Question: Why can satellite television service easily play high quality movies/shows, while satellite internet service buffers videos constantly even in low quality?

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 Why can satellite television service easily play high quality movies/shows, while satellite internet service buffers videos constantly even in low quality?

Satellite TV is broadcast; the satellites "blindly" send TV just once, and everyone watches it at the same time. Easy peasy, but you have fewer choices of what to watch ("500 channels and nothing on"). Satellite internet is two-way. Unfortunately, the delay between transmission and reception for geostationary satellites is about an eighth of a second each way. So an eighth of a second from you to the satellite, plus an eighth of a second from the satellite to the ground station (where the satellite gets *it's* internet connection), plus however much time it takes for the normal wired internet connection to complete, plus an eighth second for that data to get uploaded to the satellite, plus another eighth of a second for that data to get back down to you. So you're at more than half a second for a full back-and-forth data exchange. This is a problem for internet traffic, because either side sending data needs a reply for confirmation that the data was properly received. The longer the transmission delay, the more difficult it is to send large amounts of data, because any lost or corrupted data will incur a large "penalty" delay as acknowledgements are delayed more than half a second, which means re-transmissions are delayed more than a full second. If everything was working perfectly, internet protocols allow a lot of packets "in-flight" with occasional receipt acknowledgements, but just a single lost or corrupted packet will make the whole thing just grind to a halt for at least a full second. Additionally, whenever a delay like this happens, internet protocols automatically slow themselves down (because there's no point in trying to stuff 100Mb/s through a 10Mb/s connection). Plus, you're sharing limited bandwidth with a bunch of other satellite users. Which, BTW, is why the new Starlink satellite internet is designed to solve this problem by using satellites in Low-Earth Orbit: so they are much closer and have much less delay. (It also uses a *lot* of satellites -- instead of just a handful of traditional satellite internet satellites -- to allow more bandwidth for more users.) Edit: fixed delays, thanks koolman2


Question: How does the motion of rocking soothe a baby or, say, an adult on a hammock? What is it about the motion that appeals to or calms us?

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 How does the motion of rocking soothe a baby or, say, an adult on a hammock? What is it about the motion that appeals to or calms us?

The rocking motion has the effect of helping to synchronize the brain for sleep — both to fall asleep more quickly and possibly to achieve longer periods of deep, uninterrupted sleep. Maybe also this is a subliminal memory of being in the womb and feeling comforted by a mellow rock as the mother walked about.


Question: Why do noodles have to be boiled to become soft, why can’t you soak them in cold water?

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 Why do noodles have to be boiled to become soft, why can’t you soak them in cold water?

So from the other comments we know that both cold and hot water works, but hot water works better. But why? It's because the noodles are solid that can absorb water. On a microscopic level, water molecules will hit the noodle and get absorbed with some chance. Hot water molecules move faster, and will collide more often with a higher chance of absorbing. Also some noodles will contain certain proteins (like gluten) that changes it's texture when cooked (most of them will harden, giving that firm texture) making the noodles taste better and easier to digest.


Question: How does drafting work? Is it possible for humans to run behind a large vehicle that’s traveling at speeds faster than they are capable of reaching?

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 How does drafting work? Is it possible for humans to run behind a large vehicle that’s traveling at speeds faster than they are capable of reaching?

Drafting reduces the air drag forces by moving within a pocket of low pressure air left behind a vehicle or object moving forward in front of you. As a big truck (for example) drives along a road it has to push the air out of its way and it takes some time for the air to collapse back in behind it as it moves. So there's a slipstream in its wake (kind of like the wake left in water as a boat moves through it) that has less air in it. Since drag opposes forward motion, then it allows for a car behind the truck to move forward faster with the same engine RPM and fuel consumption (or the same speed with less engine RPM and fuel consumption). In theory the idea of drafting would work with runners as well, but the effects are likely negligible (Not only do runners not run fast enough for drag to be a big factor is slowing them down, but also the object in front needs to either be moving very fast or be very large to create a big enough area behind it that you could fit inside and get the benefits from the slipstream). Race Cars take advantage of it from like-sized other cars because they're moving so quickly. Highway driving takes advantage of it because of not only speeds, but the large size of the big trucks behind which you can draft. Two runners on a track probably don't get MUCH benefit (but technically should get SOME).


Question: How do sunken manmade structures sometimes become reefs?

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 How do sunken manmade structures sometimes become reefs?

Reefs are the results of living organisms growing along rocks, or each other. Coral excretes calcium carbonate to form their skeletons. They prefer to grow on certain rock types or on the skeletons of other corals, but sometimes a sunken ship is sufficient for them to grow on, and is preferable to a sandy area.


Question: Why does ice melt in water faster then in e.g. sauna (yes i have tested) even if the water is cold?

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 Why does ice melt in water faster then in e.g. sauna (yes i have tested) even if the water is cold?

very simple, Air is a horrible transfer medium for energy, Water is a good tranfter medium for energy. It takes longer for the energy in the air to flow to the ice cube then the energy in the water to flow in the ice cube, When when there is steam in the air, its still maybe 50% humidity compared to 100% humidity in water. TL;DR energy flows better through water then air.


Question: why is it that when a certain song comes on while you’re working out, it gives you the motivation to push harder and finish the workout/set? Is it a placebo effect or is there actually a scientific connection to it?

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 why is it that when a certain song comes on while you’re working out, it gives you the motivation to push harder and finish the workout/set? Is it a placebo effect or is there actually a scientific connection to it?

This is my best attempt at an explanation based on what I remember about hormones and neurotransmitters from paramedic school (it's been a while, though): A connection to a song gets a person excited. Getting excited releases dopamine, a hormone that causes you to seek out more 'excitement' to release more dopamine so it works in a cycle. You release a little, you want more, so you do something that causes your body to release more. Physical activity is one of the things that causes the release of dopamine. In addition, physical activity stimulates the release of norepinephrine, another hormone. Norepinephrine is released during stimulation of the fight-or-flight mechanism... in this cause, flight. Your body is amped up with the release of norepinephrine in preparation to run the hell away. TLDR: Music acts like a trigger for a reward system/cycle in your brain, and part of that cycle is physical output to further the reward system. Science!


Question: how does 1s complement subtraction algorithm work?

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 how does 1s complement subtraction algorithm work?

Looking at the link you gave it's no surprise you're confused, it's like he's deliberately trying to make it bad. The idea is this: Say you want to figure out what 15 - 10 is. This is the same as figuring out what 15 + (-10). 15 in binary is: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 10 in binary is: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 to get negative numbers in 1's complement you just flip every digit Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10 Now just do the long addition Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | -10 1's place is 0, carry 1 2's place is 0, carry 1 4's place is 1, carry 1 8's place is 0, carry 1 signs place is 0, carry 1. Since there was a carry from the signs place, we move that carry to the 1's place. That's a quirk of one's complement. so we end up with: Sign | 8's | 4's | 2's | 1's | Decimal ---|---|----|----|----|---- 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 One thing to note though, I can't really name any modern computer system that uses's one's complement Most use two's complement. Which works roughly the same way, except to get a negative number, you flip all the digits and add 1. And you just discard the sign's carry digit.


Question: In Firefighting, why does the steam (212 degrees) created from hitting the fire with a hose seem so much hotter than the super-heated air and gasses which are actually much hotter?

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 In Firefighting, why does the steam (212 degrees) created from hitting the fire with a hose seem so much hotter than the super-heated air and gasses which are actually much hotter?

It's not at all true that steam can't get above 212 degrees (F) without being pressurized. LIQUID WATER can't get above 212 degrees without being pressurized. Steam can get just as hot as any other gas. Now, shooting water into the fire will absolutely reduce temperatures...but it will also probably burn anyone in that room much, much worse than other hot gases. Why? Let's consider what happens when 500 degree air touches someone vs. 500 degree steam. Now, people are basically great big bags of water so they can absorb a ton of heat. The critical difference between something like air and steam is that while air and steam hold about the same amount of heat per degree as GASES, steam will condense when it hits someone...and the amount of heat released when you condense a teaspoon of steam is more than FIVE TIMES the heat it takes to raise a teaspoon of water from freezing to boiling. So that's likely what you're feeling when you hit the fire with water -- the water is flashing into steam, but then condensing on your gear and dumping a tremendous amount of heat from the fire right onto you.


Question: How does scar tissue work? And why does some wounds leave scars and others don't?

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 How does scar tissue work? And why does some wounds leave scars and others don't?

Well, simply put it doesn't work. It's skin, but it has no elasticity in it, and cannot move the same way other skin (normal skin) Depth is the main deciding factor on how much/little a wound will scare, but it also has to do with genetics, how wide a wound is, how healthy you are, and other variables. Your body lacks the ability to produce healthy skin cells fast enough, and uses scar tissue to fill it in. Unfortunately, your body can't replace the scar tissue with regular skin, so it priorities healing the wound quickly, as opposed to comfortably Edit:sources- parents are nurses (pedeatric and E.R)


Question: Why do sugary drinks such as Kool Aid and Hawaiian Punch seem not to get cold despite how much ice one adds in it?

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 Why do sugary drinks such as Kool Aid and Hawaiian Punch seem not to get cold despite how much ice one adds in it?

It's the sugar. Adding sugar to a drink gives it more mass/volume than an equivalent volume of water. Koolaid is essentially sugar water. Sugar's heat capacity is less than that of water (it can store less heat per unit of mass), but not low enough to not have an effect. In this case, a 2:1 mixture of sugar/water will hold about ~125% more heat than an equivalent volume of water. In other words, a 12oz glass of sugar water will hold more heat energy than a 12oz glass of pure water. That means that you need to dissipate *more* heat from a koolaid mixture than you would plain water in order to cool both to the same temperature. There's also the issues of conduction (which is negligible in this case) and convection. In a still glass of koolaid, the dense sugar solution will sink to the bottom of the glass, and the cool, pure, melted ice water will rise to the top. There is virtually no convection happening here and therefore the temperature difference will only slowly travel across the small area where the two liquids meet. A stirred glass will better allow the cool ice water to mix with the koolaid solution. Edit for clarity.


Question: How does scientists calculate the surface area of planets and/or landmasses on Earth?

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 How does scientists calculate the surface area of planets and/or landmasses on Earth?

The surface area of a sphere has a known formula. This can be derived using calculus. More accurate surface area calculations can be used by applying that same calculus to a more accurate oblate ellipse of the Earth's cross section, like the [WGS 84]( URL_0 ) model. Planets, are just like Earth, but the data is not as precise. Calculating land vs sea is done with photogrammetry. Pictures are used, but it gets complex (in the case of Earth) because the land under Antarctica isn't externally visible.


Question: Why is the Sun deep red/orange in up close pictures but rarely looks that color from Earth?

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 Why is the Sun deep red/orange in up close pictures but rarely looks that color from Earth?

"Up close pictures" are heavily reduced in brightness so detail is visible. Otherwise your picture of the sun would just be a white circle which isn't particularly helpful. Many astronomy pictures are edited in such a way, as the human eye isn't as capable as the telescopes used to capture data. Certain wavelengths can detect different types of gas within nebula for example but it is up to artistic license what color each range of wavelengths are depicted because humans might not even be able to perceive the original. An image from a radio telescope being a blank page isn't very helpful either.


Question: When an object is above water, the shadow is distinct. When an object is below water, the shadow is also distinct. But if the object is on the surface of the water, the shadow is distorted. Why does this happen?

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 When an object is above water, the shadow is distinct. When an object is below water, the shadow is also distinct. But if the object is on the surface of the water, the shadow is distorted. Why does this happen?

Let's confirm that you're talking CALM water here, because your three conditions during choppy water, such as a ball on or over a windy lake, completely differs. In that case the shadow is distorted when the object is above the water too. There are two factors (possibly more that I'm not thinking of) that are affecting your object that's on the surface of the water. The first is the tendency for water molecules to stay glued to themselves, called cohesive force. This is the same property that keeps a drop round or causes an overly-full glass of water to form a mild dome shape instead of immediately running away. And because water molecules at the top of the water's surface have cohesive force that keeps them together under things (because there's no water molecules above them), what's created is a resistance - a surface tension - that small specialized insects like [water striders (pic showing shadow too as a bonus)]( URL_0 ) can take advantage of, enabling them to literally walk on water. The second is that light passing through transparent substances of different density gets shifted in direction. This is called refraction, and it's why when you stick a straw into a glass of water and look at it from an angle it appears to "bend" right at the surface. (You can also see it over a hot surface such as a lit candle or a car's hood in the sun, when the different density of the heated air causes the air there to look turbulent.) In hot air, the bend is gradual and so you get a warbly effect; in water, the density gradient is sharp and so you get a "broken" effect instead. So put something on the water, and the cohesive force and the surface tension cause the water very close to that object to either pile up or bend down, depending on the object's weight, buoyancy, shape, and so on. Then the water hitting that "bent" surface also bends at a slight angle to the rest of the water because it's changing to a different angle, and that bent surface is gradual as well. The result is a bent light pattern near that area... and a shadow that's blobby or distorted in appearance. Neither applies to an object that's below the water's surface entirely, or that is casting a shadow through the water's surface, because ALL of the light hitting that object, as well as the light coming back from the edges of the shadows that it casts, is reflected back to you at an identical angle because the surface is flat. It's only when the light going in either or both directions passes through "bent" water that has been curved by the surface tension near the object that you get the distorting effect. [edit: phrasing clean-up]


Question: How do snails get their shells?

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 How do snails get their shells?

They grow them, in the same way that we human grow fingernails and hair. The material of the shell is excreted over time; it just so happens that the way it's excreted in a snail causes the shell to grow in a spiral pattern. BTW, the tip of the snail's shell is actually the snail's baby-sized shell. It's just kept adding onto it over its lifespan.


Question: How did our eyes ever think 240p was crystal clear?

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 How did our eyes ever think 240p was crystal clear?

Keep in mind that you are viewing these videos on a much higher resolution device. If you view a 240p video on an 4k monitor, without zooming it, it'll be like 1/10th the size of the screen. If you view the same video on an SD TV it'll take up much more of the screen without having ot stretch. When you stretch it to say 720p "size"... It's going to look way way worse.