Question: How does mouth numbing gel work?

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 How does mouth numbing gel work?

In order to conduct signals, including pain and other sensations, nerve cells need charged ions to be able to move in and out of them using special channels, which creates the electrical currents that transmit the signals. Benzocaine, which is the main ingredient in Orajel, blocks one type of these channels, keeping the nerve cells from working properly and thus blocking sensation.


Question: What’s the difference in skills/training for barbers who work in barbershops vs stylists who work in salons?

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 What’s the difference in skills/training for barbers who work in barbershops vs stylists who work in salons?

Interestingly, just yesterday I asked a friend who is attending barber college how it's different than beauty school. I honestly expected that the barber curriculum would not include so much about chemical processing like color and permanents, but no. She said "nails". Apparently mani/pedicures are not a "thing" and as a Barber shop won't generally have s nail tech it makes sense.


Question: Why are our brains so good at remembering each and every word to a countless number of songs, yet we can't remember the simplest, smallest things like telephone numbers or passwords?

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 Why are our brains so good at remembering each and every word to a countless number of songs, yet we can't remember the simplest, smallest things like telephone numbers or passwords?

Memory works by forming connections between things. Song lyrics get extra connections because there is a basic underlying structure to the song. Thus if you can remember the basic pattern of the song, it acts as a memory jog for the specific lyrics. Instead of the hands of a clock, I tell time by the crow of my _____ You’ve never heard that before, because I just made it up, but based on assumptions about rhythm and rhyme scheme, it’s very easy to fill in the blank with the correct word. Technically, there’d be nothing wrong with “rooster” as an answer, but that’s not the word you filled it in with. Songs work the same way. If you forget a word, the surrounding structure of the song creates a specifically shaped hole that limits the possibilities of what could fit in it, and that makes it easy to remember the right word. A phone number is a semi-arbitrary string of numbers. If you forget the last digit, nothing in the preceding digits is going to give you any clue as to what that last number could possibly be.


Question: How does the Mandela effect work?

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 How does the Mandela effect work?

As far as the likelihood of certain things being affected, I’m not quite sure. As far as to why it happens though, it’s because memory is a fickle thing, frequently prone to failure. Additionally, there are cultural misconceptions that can help spread it to a wide group of people. The origin of the name is of course referring to the South African leader Nelson Mandela, who many believed to have died in prison sometime in the 1980s. This was simply not true and someone started catalogue instances of things like that. A common pop culture instance would be “Luke, I am your father.” from Star Wars. Lots of people think that’s the line, when in reality, it is “No, I AM your father.” in response to Luke saying Vader killed his father. This is similar to why eye witness testimony is often not really reliable. We are really bad at remembering things perfectly accurately, and even worse, are really prone to outside suggestion, leading us to trick ourselves into “remembering” things that are untrue or inaccurate. There are tons of really small things you can likely attribute it to, that I am actually fairly certain I know why it happened though. A lot of this stuff would be what you’d describe as “Old Wives’ Tales” sort of things. Stuff that has been told through generations to help keep people safe or in line that has been like that for SO long, people don’t realize it is inaccurate. Taking band-aids off cuts so they can “Breathe” is a personal one in my family. I’m not really sure why my mom thinks that, but as far as I am aware, it gets all the oxygen it needs from blood flow. However there could be arguments on either side. Keeping it on traps moisture for things to grow, but also keeps debris out for instance.


Question: How does GAP insurance work for a vehicle on finance?

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 How does GAP insurance work for a vehicle on finance?

Let's say you buy a car for $20,000. Since you bought the car, it has depreciated. It's now worth only $15,000, but you still owe $18,000 on the loan. If you total your car, the insurance company will only pay you the $15,000 that the car is worth, and you still owe the lender $3,000. GAP insurance will pay for the "gap" between what you owe, and what the car is worth. It pays for that $3,000 you still owe.


Question: Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?

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 Would scientists be able to predict if an asteroid is going to hit Earth?

It's in a range. We are fairly confident that we know of most world-ending sized asteroids in the solar system, but there's still a lot of damage that can be done from asteroids smaller than that, and we don't know all of those are. It could happen "at any minute" but is still incredibly unlikely. There's plenty of other threats that we should worry about way more.


Question: Why isn't water at the bottom of the Mariana trench extremely hot/boiling?

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 Why isn't water at the bottom of the Mariana trench extremely hot/boiling?

So as you may know, water is a very finicky substance. It already sort of bends the rules by expanding when it freezes. So at the bottom of the ocean an interesting process is happening that can basically be thought of as the opposite of boiling. Water is being compressed by the pressure which makes it heat up, expand and rise. However it quickly reduces its temperature and sinks again. Thus like boiling where the energy is quickly released to maintain a constant temperature, water does the same thing at the bottom of the ocean. This process keeps the water from freezing solid at the bottom. OH, forgot to mention, water is one of the least compressible substances meaning that it doesn't react the way you'd typically expect it to. The pressure at the bottom of the ocean isn't enough to overcome the other unique properties of water that make it so special. Hence why the bottom of the ocean is very cold. Really excellent question! Good thinking.


Question: Why does price of agricultural (like fruits) changes all the time?

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 Why does price of agricultural (like fruits) changes all the time?

Let's say you have twenty apples, and ten people want one apple each. You can only sell ten apples. So you make it cheaper, so people might be tempted to buy two apples each. Lets say there was a lot of cold and rain this year, and your apple trees only produced 5 apples. You only have five apples to sell, so you can put the price up until five people decide not to buy apples. Stuff like like bad weather, pests, fertiliser etc, changes each season, affecting how much grows. When you have extra food, costs go down, when you grow too little, costs go up. If there is an increase in say, fertiliser cost, then costs go up as it costs you more to grow.


Question: What is "Starvation Mode", in terms of dieting?

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 What is "Starvation Mode", in terms of dieting?

It's a largely debunked idea based on a few poorly designed studies decades ago. The idea is that if your body is deprived of calories for too long, it will start hoarding what calories it does have, thus increasing stored fat. The main reason most people advocate not eating too little has more to do with sustainability of a dietary change rather than any sort of rebound effect. The other thing that goes into eating too little is the tendency many people have to "eat back" what they missed. For example, if you don't eat for a day and your TDEE (total daily energy expenditure, or how many calories you burn in a day) is 2000 calories, you're 2000 calories ahead. However, if over the next week you "reward" yourself every day with an extra doughnut, then you can easily offset the calorie deficit. This is what often leads people to say "I ate less and gained weight, it must be starvation mode." At the end of the day, I highly reccomend both /r/loseit for good advice, and even cautiously recommend /r/fatlogic as a way to see what really works for people, as well as to hear all of the bunk science that repeatedly gets tossed around. If a point is made in /r/fatlogic it's inevitably backed up with science, and I actually tend to find most of the people there willing to actually discuss things. A lot of the other "dietary" advice I see on the internet seems to revolve around self-referential blogs, or people trying to sell you something, and rarely actual studies and reputable sources. /Edit to add the one true part of the starvation mode idea: the more weight you lose, the less you burn every day. For instance, if you weigh 300 lbs, your TDEE might be ~3000 calories. If you drop a hundred pounds, it may be closer to 2000. So the less you eat, the less you CAN eat and maintain the same weight. That is true, but it's because of the lost weight and your body not needing to fuel the extra fat, burn as much energy to get around etc. not because of starvation mode. /edit again to mention one of the things I like the most about /r/fatlogic. Most of the people there (myself included, though on a different account) have struggled with being fat, and many of the regulars include their heaviest weight as well as current weight in their flair. It's not a bunch of theory and echo chambering. It's people who used to believe a lot of the bunk science, but learned better and are now supporting themselves and the community by pointing out all of the logical/scientific flaws we tend to believe. It's NOT Fatpeoplehate, and I do see people get banned for inappropriate/hateful comments.


Question: Can someone explain to me the sentence structural logic of "Have you done the dishes?" and "Did you do the dishes?" and why we need to say it this way?

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 Can someone explain to me the sentence structural logic of "Have you done the dishes?" and "Did you do the dishes?" and why we need to say it this way?

"have" is a present state. Like "I have two hands" means I am currently in a state of having two hands, and "I have done the dishes" means I am currently in a state of having done the dishes. Similarly, "done" is a description of the state of the dishes, rather than an action. i.e. The dishes are done. They are done because I did them. "did" is a past tense action. Like "I did walk outside". The reason you don't say the past tense of the verb (i.e. "I did walked outside") is because the word "did" is already creating the past tense. If you didn't use the word "did", you'd have to use the past tense of the verb instead, for example "I walked outside". Basically "did walk" = "walked". "did you done the dishes" basically uses two past tense words (did and done) which is why it sounds strange. Think like a double negative. Also remember that "did" basically applies a past tense to a present tense verb. e.g. "done" = "did do", "ran" = "did run" etc. Not sure if I'm correct or if I explain this very well. English language is stupid.


Question: Why is Carbon, the building block of life, safe when eating or drinking (carbonated water), but not when breathing (carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide)?

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 Why is Carbon, the building block of life, safe when eating or drinking (carbonated water), but not when breathing (carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide)?

The *element* carbon is a versatile atom that can build an endless number of *chemical* structures. Those structures may be the massive and complex molecules we rely on, or they may be simple structures like carbon dioxide. The wide variety of carbon-containing molecules may be helpful like sugars and fats, indifferent like diamonds and carbon dioxide, or dangerous like carbon monoxide and cyanide. When you change the bonding structure, you change the properties. H2O is critical for life. H2O2 will dissolve your bones.


Question: Why does water poured onto already moist potting soil soak in faster than water poured onto completely dry potting soil?

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 Why does water poured onto already moist potting soil soak in faster than water poured onto completely dry potting soil?

When the soil dries completely there are hydrophobic residues on the surface that prevent the water from being absorbed until the surface tension is broken. ELI5-er: When the soil dries completely, waxes and oils in the soil protect the surface. Kind of like the way it is hard to wet a new towel. Source: asked this exact question in hydrology class once.


Question: What does the phrase 'cease to exist' actually mean?

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 What does the phrase 'cease to exist' actually mean?

It ... means, unfortunately, that your teacher isn't quite clear on how ultra-low temperatures work. Nothing about being at 0K would destroy, collapse, or disintegrate atoms; it wouldn't cause electrons to "stop orbiting and fall into the nucleus", in particular. The electrons would be guaranteed to be in their lowest possible orbitals or energy states, sure. But if you have say, an iron atom, with its 26 electrons, that'd still be two electrons in the lowest, 1s, orbital, 2 in the 2s and 6 in the 2p, 2 in the 3s and 6 in the 3p, 2 in the 4s, and the last 6 in the 3d (which is higher-energy than the 4s orbital). The electrons aren't allowed - Pauli Exclusion Principle - to all collapse into the lowest orbitals. The iron would be thermally vibrating as little as possible, but would still have an irreducible bit of what's called "zero-point energy". (Which happens to be enough to keep helium liquid there, though every other element and compound is a solid.) But 0K is, yes, theoretically unachievable. We can get VERY close... but by the time you get there, each halving of the remaining temperature takes as much effort as the halving before it did, so you'll never quite reach true zero. But we can get close enough for, as far as we can tell, all practical purposes. --Dave, my fingers are cold just typing this


Question: if diarrhea serves to flush toxins or bad stuff from your body, does taking an anti-diarrheal lock those toxins in, causing harm?

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 if diarrhea serves to flush toxins or bad stuff from your body, does taking an anti-diarrheal lock those toxins in, causing harm?

Technically yes, I guess? Your body removes a lot of trash through your gi tract, but generally after the first bout of diarrhea, if you haven't removed the problem, you aren't making it better. Cholera comes to mind in this example. From a resource perspective, diarrhea is expensive, and can kill you. It takes a ton of salt, and water; cholera kills you by the diarrhea dehydrating you. It's more productive to try to stop the diarrhea, and replace the salt water you've lost, than just let it keep going. Other toxins like LPS/food poisoning is just irritating your gi tract, so the tract tries to remove it. It's a balancing act of risk.


Question: how exactly does copyright work?

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 how exactly does copyright work?

A trademark can expire if it’s not used. But the original owner can assert their rights through a lawsuit and you might not want to get embroiled in it. If your trademark is not used for the same type of product, in the same market, and clearly does not imply connection with the existing one you might have a better chance of asserting the right to use it. But if you say suddenly start selling cars named Tesla in the US....you will be sued for damages before you hit enter...


Question: What are arrays in programming?

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</answer>
 What are arrays in programming?

You know what a variable is, yes? x = "fred". Simple. Now, imagine you have a set of 500 words, and you want to store each of them in a separate variable. Sure, you could do: x1 = "once" x2 = "upon" y = "a" z = "time" and so on, but it would be a problem. First, it would take ages to write the code. Secondly, if you wanted to step through each of those 500 variables, to process each one in turn, it would be really difficult. So an array is a variable which can be split into compartments. You might have an array called x, and then do: x\[1\] = "once" x\[2\] = "upon" x\[3\] = "a" x\[4\] = "time" and so on. Now, if you want to print out the contents of the array, you don't need to know which 500 variable names you chose, because it's all x. You just set up a loop like: for (count = 1 to 4) { echo x\[count\] } Here, x is a one-dimensional array. Like a row of cells on a spreadsheet. You can have 2-dimensional arrays too, like a grid: x\[1,0\] = "once" x\[1,1\] = "upon" x\[1,2\] = "a" x\[1,3\] = "time" x\[2,0\] = "lived" x\[2,1\] = "happily" x\[2,2\] = "ever" x\[2,3\] = "after Then you'd use 2 loops, to step through each value of each dimension in turn.


Question: Why is Microsoft Word a multi-GB install, yet Word Online loads in ~5 seconds with 99% of the features?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is Microsoft Word a multi-GB install, yet Word Online loads in ~5 seconds with 99% of the features?

Because the online version is mostly running on Microsoft's server, not your computer. You're just interacting with another computer (a much more robust server than what you likely have) through mouse, keyboard, and video signals going back and forth over the network. It's the same concept as not having to have Google's whole database in your PC, you just send Google's server the words you want to search for and it sends you back the results.


Question: What makes humans so curious, and why do we need to know everything?

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 What makes humans so curious, and why do we need to know everything?

I'm not a expert in this so it's possible I could be wrong but I believe it's basically a survival strategy of you know how to make traps is cook food that will give you an advantage. Add a result we basically need constant stimulation. In fact, boredom and disgust are the same emotion (kinda). I mean that they are the same in the way that rage and mad are the same emotion. Boredom is a more mild version of disgust. There was an experiment where they had people touch a button that would shock them and when asked they said they would not touch it again. But when asked to wait in a room alone almost all of them touched the button again with 20-30 minutes


Question: How does Amazon manage sourcing?

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 How does Amazon manage sourcing?

It depends on the seller. For some sellers, they do buy directly into their own warehouses so that they can guarantee 2-day delivery on those items. That’s for Prime items. For other sellers like the company I work for, Amazon just handles the orders and it’s up to the company themselves to fulfill them and provide tracking. There’s a lot of rules for that though.


Question: Why is some fat yellow and some fat white?

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 Why is some fat yellow and some fat white?

Chlorophyll is the molecule that makes leaves green. It is important in photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from the sun. Carotene is the molecule that makes plants yellowish-orange. It helps transfer the energy from chlorophyll. The green chlorophyll usually overpowers the orange color carotene, but you can see the carotene in the fall when the leaves change color. You can also see it in carrots, squash, pumpkins and other vegetables. Beta-carotene is a type of carotene that is very important for humans and animals. It's converted to the colorless vitamin A. Some animals store the yellow/orange carotene in fat cells, which makes the fat look yellow. Some animals tend to store the colorless vitamin A in fat cells instead, which keeps the fat cells looking white. Chickens tend to have yellow fat. Cows tend to have white fat. Cows that eat a lot of grass tend to have more yellow fat. Cows that eat mostly grains tend to have white fat. Ironically, many people think yellow fat in meat is disgusting, even though it is a hallmark of grass fed beef, which is considered a higher end product. As a final fun fact, beta-carotene is the reason why butter is yellow.


Question: What actually happens when you put a fork in the toaster?

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 What actually happens when you put a fork in the toaster?

It's possible for you to touch the fork to the nichrome heating coils inside, which are not insulated and have mains current running through them. This is generally the case for slot-load toasters; most toaster ovens and some slot-loaders have alumina or other coated heaters, and do not pose as much of an electrocution hazard.


Question: How is comfort tied in with sleep?

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 How is comfort tied in with sleep?

For your brain to enter the sleep state, it needs as little unpleasant outside stimuli as possible. Our skin has certain preferences for what it would like to be on for a long period of time and our muscles and joints also have favored positions. And when our bodies are in an unfavorable position, they do what they can to no longer be in that position, such as tell the brain "stop being here, move somewhere else". And with the brain constantly getting signals to move, it can't rest.


Question: Why is it so difficult to desalinate water?

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</answer>
 Why is it so difficult to desalinate water?

It's hard to do because the molecules that make up salt are extremely tiny and can slip through all but the most extreme filters. That leaves you with two options: 1) boil the water into vapor to leave the salt behind. 2) force the water through an extremely fine membrane to filter the salt out. Option #1 requires a massive heat input, option #2 requires a massive pressure input. Both are very energy intensive and therefore expensive. Both also have issues with the salt residue fouling equipment. As technology improves and freshwater sources dry up it will become more economically feasible to desalinate on a large scale. Some nations have already built plants.


Question: How does charcoal absorb impurities for example how does it deodorise it's surroundings?

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 How does charcoal absorb impurities for example how does it deodorise it's surroundings?

When you burn the living shit out of charcoal, the fire and heat clears away all the bullcrap impurities, leaving a chunk of carbon that is almost purely the carbon Lattice that makes up the structure, and almost nothing else. Now, carbon super likes to bond with things, it's a bit of a chemical slut in that way. Total freak. Anyway, when the air brings impurities into the structure, those impurities get trapped in the carbon lattice while the air is small enough to pass right through. It also works with water. That's how old activated carbon gas mask filters worked, and that's how most cheap consumer water filters work.


Question: How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How can multiple gas stations right next to each other, with wildly different gas prices, all stay in business?

When approaching a cluster of fuel stations, as described, can you lawfully enter all of them from your position? Likely not. Maybe there’s two you can turn into safely and legally, but one has no exit going in your desired direction. So there’s four stations but only one option. That’s how it works here.


Question: What causes water and other liquids to stick to you and make you wet? Is it possible to swim in a liquid and be completely dry when you get out?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 What causes water and other liquids to stick to you and make you wet? Is it possible to swim in a liquid and be completely dry when you get out?

Surface tension causes the water to stick to you. I've been told that mercury is the only liquid that wont make something wet. But you'd never be able to swim in it because its so dense. Plus its generally poisonous, though not as dangerous as youd imagine in its elemental form, still dangerous, but not as dangerous as organic mercury compounds.


Question: How is it that we remember some things from years ago vividly, yet we struggle to remember something mundane such as what we had for lunch two days ago? How does the brain priotize what's important?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How is it that we remember some things from years ago vividly, yet we struggle to remember something mundane such as what we had for lunch two days ago? How does the brain priotize what's important?

Everything with our bodies comes down to evolution so we have to think about why would this have helped us to survive and reproduce? We remember things which our brains determine as significant. This could be remembering something which made us feel happy (so we can do it again), or remembering something which made us feel sad (so we don't do it again). Our brains are especially perceptive to patterns too (lookup: confirmation bias). Often things we remember don't appear to fit into these categories but stem from something which does (or did).


Question: What do scientists mean by saying we might be living in a holographic universe?

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 What do scientists mean by saying we might be living in a holographic universe?

A few things led up to this. First, it's been considered that one way to resolve the issue of information loss in black holes is that the information isn't encoded in the volume of the hole, but the area. That is to say, small fluctuations in the event horizon- the surface- of the black hole carry all of the information for the entire hole. The rationale for this is somewhat involved, and hard to explain "ELI5", but... a black hole is as much information as you can cram into a given space. That concept "as much information as you can cram into a particular space" has a name, "Bekenstein bound". That bound is defined by the *square* of the radius of any region, not the *cube*... that means the area, and not the volume of a region defines it's total entropic capacity. So... if that's the case it's argued by some, since that's true of any region (not just black holes), maybe the universe itself is composed of information encoded on a 2D boundary, not within a 3D volume. In essence, we'd be like a soap bubble, rather than a softball. It doesn't *really* matter to you and I and our daily lives though; it doesn't imply some kind of unreality or ephemeral nature to things. All it says is that our perception of three dimensions is only valid on the macroscopic scales and very low energy levels we live our lives at.


Question: Why does saying "I'm not racist I have black friends" make people think you're racist?

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 Why does saying "I'm not racist I have black friends" make people think you're racist?

Generally there is a "caveat" or a "but" in what they say and so they feel they have to give you a specific example on why they aren't prejudiced. Just because someone may have black friends doesn't excluded them from being racist against Asian, Latin, or native ethnicities. If someone has to give me a very narrow circumstance to defend themselves... well I have a pinch of salt on hand.


Question: Why pineal gland is called third eye?

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 Why pineal gland is called third eye?

The pineal gland has a number of visual receptors in it, and is believed to be an atrophied eye. In modern humans, and most other vertebrates, it serves as a producer of melatonin, a hormone that partially regulates the circadian rhythm of the body. In some animals, similar structures serve as a photoreceptor.


Question: what is a strong and weak type of language in programming?

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 what is a strong and weak type of language in programming?

It simply has to do with strictness. A strong typed language requires precise declarations where as a weak typed language does not. In PHP for example $ represents a variable and it can be any type. We can assign $myname = "me" or $myage = 20 and PHP automatically recognizes that one is a string and the other is an integer. But in Visual Basic we need to define the variable type before we can assign a value so, dim myname as String and dim myage as Integer, then we can assign the values myname = "me" and myage = 20. Thus, PHP is weak typed and Visual Basic is strong typed. This strong and weak paradigm extends to all assignments including how values are passed to and returned from functions and objects. Some languages incorporate levels of strength and can be useful to require explicit declarations to intentionally produce more or fewer errors.


Question: When a processor says it can perform 1 million operations per second, where is it getting so many instructions from and how is it able to handle them so quick?

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 When a processor says it can perform 1 million operations per second, where is it getting so many instructions from and how is it able to handle them so quick?

"Instructions" at the processor level, are basic operations on basic bits of data stored in memory. The most basic would be literally something like `Take the number stored $HERE and add $X to it.` $HERE represents an address in memory, and $X is maybe something the user typed. At the end of the day, computers just move numbers around, or compare them and make decisions. Nearly every complex thing your computer does comes down to a LOT of very, very simple instructions that basically look like `If $X is less than $Y then set $Z to "true"` (and on many CPUs, even that "instruction" would be broken up into lots of even simpler instructions.) It takes literally millions of these VERY basic instructions to do even the most simple (from a human perspective) stuff. Clicking a button on a website has millions and millions of instructions just to create the image of the button your screen, and millions more to animate the push of that button. It seems impossible at times, but when broken down to the absolute basics, everything a computer does could be done using nothing but LOTS (millions) of the simplest calculators... and a lot of scratch paper (that would be the RAM or memory) as well as other paper for long term storage (hard drives.) As for how it does them so fast, there ARE literally millions of "calculators" on a CPU, just shrunk down really, really, really small. Many of these literally do the job only of feeding instructions to the others. And when every one of these calculators operates (executes one instruction) at the "clock speed" of the CPU... Well, when you hear about a "3ghz CPU" that means 3 BILLION times per second every calculator on the chip could (potentially) being doing something. In reality, it usually takes a few clock cycles to execute most instructions, but it adds up quickly anyway.


Question: how is it that bilingual people hear something in their non-first language and automatically understand it without needing to mentally translate word by word and sometimes when they can’t translate a word to their native tongue they will still know what it means?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how is it that bilingual people hear something in their non-first language and automatically understand it without needing to mentally translate word by word and sometimes when they can’t translate a word to their native tongue they will still know what it means?

This is an imperfect metaphor, but here goes anyway: When you are driving and see a STOP sign, you know that means you need to press the brakes until your car stops moving. When you are driving and see a red traffic light, you know that means you need to press the brakes until your car stops moving. The stop sign is a "word" in one language, and the red light is a "word" in a different language. The stop sign happens to contain a literal word, and the red light doesn't, but they are both symbols that are attached to the same meaning. When you see the red light, you don't think, "oh, that means the same thing as a stop sign, so I better press the brakes." Words are also symbols that are attached to meanings. Once you understand a set of symbols (like a spoken language) well enough, you can communicate even complex meanings entirely within that set, without having to use a different set to help out.


Question: If you have super filthy hands and you disinfect them, don't you then have a bunch of bacteria corpses on your hands? Is there anything wrong with being covered in microscopic dead bodies?

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 If you have super filthy hands and you disinfect them, don't you then have a bunch of bacteria corpses on your hands? Is there anything wrong with being covered in microscopic dead bodies?

This is correct. When you wash things, you're removing any stuff stuck to the surface, but adding hand sanitizer or spraying on disinfectant doesn't actually remove anything. That said, there isn't anything wrong with being covered in dead (or even living) microbes. There's microbes everywhere, on every surface, at all times. The overwhelming majority of them are completely harmless and normal. It's only certain types that are bad, although there are some normal microbes that can be bad if they get into the wrong part of the body (like if you get some of your own poo into an injury, the bacteria that were harmless in your intestines can cause a nasty infection).


Question: How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are “name brand” gas stations any different?

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 How much does it really matter where I buy my gas? Are “name brand” gas stations any different?

Some "name brand" gas companies include fuel system cleaning additives, but you can buy an occasional bottle of fuel system cleaner at an auto parts store for pretty cheap, and it will do the same thing. Assuming that you use the correct octane level for your engine, fuel from just about any station should work similarly.


Question: Why does manure from herbavores make good compost as opposed to omnivores and carnivores?

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 Why does manure from herbavores make good compost as opposed to omnivores and carnivores?

Manure from meat eaters typically has bacteria in it that are not consistent with growing things that are safe to eat. The volume of fecal matter from meat eaters is also far less than plant eaters, and there are generally not herds of them, so large quantities of fertilizer from meat eaters is not easily available.


Question: What is Home equity? How is it different from a home equity loan?

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 What is Home equity? How is it different from a home equity loan?

When most people buy a house they can’t buy it outright - they need a loan. So they will go to a lender and that lender buys the house for them, and then the person pays the lender back over a period of time - decades, usually. Effectively that gives the lender and the person stakes in the house. Home equity is what your stake in the house is. If you’ve just taken the mortgage out with a 10% down payment you have 10% equity, if you’ve then paid half the price of the house off you have 50%, so on. A home equity loan is a loan secured by your stake in the house - if you take the money out then don’t pay back, whoever you borrowed from gets your stake as recompense. You’ll be allowed to borrow theoretically up to how much of your house you own - if you have 50% in a $250k house they’ll let you borrow $125k because that’s all you own - but usually there’ll be a limit. My bank limits it to 80% of your equity, which in that case would be $100k. In that case effectively your mortgage lender owns half your home, the equity loan lender owns 80% of your half - so 40% - while you’re clear on 10%.


Question: What is Fibromyalgia and how is it caused? What are the leading theories derived from studies?

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 What is Fibromyalgia and how is it caused? What are the leading theories derived from studies?

No definitive answers yet but lots of evidence points to genetics right now; how exactly is still elusive as there are many things to look at to discern key causal agents (nerve ending formations, muscle repair mechanisms, degree of sensitivity to stimuli, etc.). What is theorized is that it may be due to people having altered cellular machinery in repairing small muscle damage and this causes small "micro-tears" in muscles to persist and cause discomfort. I am not entirely sold on this idea, as an immunologist, mostly because some of the "related" disorders (like IBS/Crohn's) are autoimmune in nature, so maybe some degree of autoimmunity is at play? At any rate, nothing is certain yet but hopefully will be sometime in the near future as this is a growing topic of discussion in the proper spheres.


Question: Why is the sea see through blue in some areas of the world whereas in others a lot more dull?

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 Why is the sea see through blue in some areas of the world whereas in others a lot more dull?

There is a longer technical answer, but basically it depends what's in the water. And that has to do with the currents, the temperatures and the wildlife. Even time of year can have an impact. Clearer waters of often calmer with less pollutants in the area, while rougher seas will more opaque, some just from the sand being stirred up. Islands and land masses with a barrier system that breaks swells will be calmer closer to the inland and further out, the depth of the water will also take an effect. And finally if you're close to an inlet river that feeds into the ocean, the mix of waters will couse cloudiness


Question: What is a Mandelbrot Set?

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 What is a Mandelbrot Set?

Imagine you have a sheet of graph paper. You can name each square on the paper using two numbers, one saying how far from the centre to the right it is, and the other from the centre to the top. So the top right might be (8, 6) and the centre of the paper is (0, 0) and the bottom left could be (-8, -6). Now you have a stack of colouring pencils for all the colours of the rainbow and you also have a big black marker pen. Now go over every single square in your graph paper and for each square, take the two numbers that describe its position on the page, and multiply them and add them in a clever way which I will explain below. Depending on what happens to the numbers when you multiply and add them, you will colour the square red, blue, yellow, or any other colour, or black. How do you multiply the numbers to decide which colour to use for a square? * For the square you're on take its two numbers, so let's imagine we're on (5, 4). * Take the square of the first number, and subtract the square of the second number, and add 0.1. So 5×5 - 4×4 + 0.1 = 25 - 16 + 0.1 = 9.1. This is our first result. * Multiply the two numbers. So 5×4 = 20. This is our second result. * Now we have a new pair of numbers (9.1, 20) * Do the same thing again with this. Do it 100 times! * You saw that (5, 4) quickly got much bigger to (9.1, 20). After doing this 100 times you will get to a huge number. If this happens, you can take the size of these numbers and use it to pick a colour from the rainbow to colour that square. For example you might say if the result is bigger than (10, 10), choose red. * For some numbers, they never get bigger. For example if you start with the middle of your sheet of paper which is (0, 0), you get to (0.1, 0) and then (0.11, 0) but neither of the two numbers will get bigger than 1. In this case take your black marker and colour the square black! What happens is that the middle of your paper will be a mess of black ink because the numbers there never got very big even after multiplying and adding them 100 times! If you squint you will see that this mass of ink looks a little like an insect! Of course you would normally save on pens and pencils and do it with a computer. It looks just as pretty! # More and more detail The thing that makes this little bug really special is that if you used graph paper with smaller and smaller squares, you would keep discovering more details and features. Even if an edge appears smooth, when you zoom in you will see that it's in fact very wiggly and you will discover tiny mini-bugs that looked like the big main bug, and they will have more mini-bugs inside them, and so on ad infinitum! # Bonus explanation * The trick of multiplying and adding them took me 3 bullet points to describe. There is a shorthand that mathematicians use to describe exactly the same thing which is to say that the pair of numbers (5, 4) is really something called a *complex number* and I am squaring it and adding 0.1. This is basically saying the same thing with fewer words but if you are interested you can look up *complex numbers* or *imaginary numbers*, or request an ELI5 on these topics! But you don't need to understand complex and imaginary numbers in order to understand what I described above.


Question: How do eels shock people? Where does the electricity come from?

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 How do eels shock people? Where does the electricity come from?

Bodies are pretty much always producing small electric signals. Smartphone touchscreens actually detect that electricity in us to know where we touched the screen. There’s basically cells that produce a tiny bit of electricity. What electric eels evolved to do is have them work in unison. So, whereas we can just make a constant, low-level electric signal, they can do that or synchronize it all so there’s a real zap.


Question: Why does opening your eyes underwater dry them out?

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 Why does opening your eyes underwater dry them out?

The liquid in your eyes is called "Lacrimal fluid". when you open your eyes under water it is washed away. Although you may have water in your eyes the natural fluid that is normally present is no longer there. This is why your eyes feel discomfort. Much like washing natural oils out of your hair can dry your scalp.


Question: why do people with sleep paralysis experience similar events?

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 why do people with sleep paralysis experience similar events?

Every night when you sleep you enter sleep paralysis, it's what keeps your body from moving so you don't hurt yourself while you're unconscious ([or conscious if you're a lucid dreamer]( URL_0 )) The mind and the body mostly don't communicate with each other. Yes, your brain is controlling your bodily functions (growing hair, digesting foods, repairing cells, etc.) but the body has little communication with the higher cognitive regions of the brains (your consciousness) and vice versa. This is why your body can become paralyzed with your mind being awake. The reason you see these scary things are simple, really. Your mind has no idea what is going on. You're paralyzed, it's dark, and so naturally, your heart rate increases and you become "scared." Your mind then begins to conjure up all these images to possibly explain why you are paralyzed. It's common to feel like something is sitting on your chest making it hard to breathe. Demons, witches, etc are common in popular culture throughout the world, so this is probably the reason people see relatively similar hallucinations. I actually had sleep paralysis last night, I understood what was happening, and it wasn't all that scary for me.


Question: what is it about the structure of vegetables that makes them so nutritious yet contain relatively few calories?

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 what is it about the structure of vegetables that makes them so nutritious yet contain relatively few calories?

We cannot digest cellulose. That is the physical structural component of plants. Because we cannot digest it we cannot get nutritional value from it. We call it dietary fiber and it passes through our bodies mostly intact. We are able to digest other components of plants and so get many vitamins and such from them, but the sugars that make up their cellulose are locked away from us. This is perhaps the greatest proof that we are omnivores and not herbivores.


Question: if the digits of Pi are not random, why are all the digits distributed so evenly?

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 if the digits of Pi are not random, why are all the digits distributed so evenly?

The digits of pi aren't random because they're derived from a formula (such as an infinite series, in the case of pi). However, because the digits of pi never repeat, over a large enough sample size, the number of occurrences of each digit will approach 10%. This is true of any non-repeating irrational number - e, the square root of 2, etc. EDIT: thanks for the corrections below - turns out it’s only true if *most* real numbers! This is what I get for trying to remember college math trivia!


Question: There can be a lot of different things in the stuff we eat, so how does the body seperate all of them and bring them do the body parts that need them?

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 There can be a lot of different things in the stuff we eat, so how does the body seperate all of them and bring them do the body parts that need them?

This is a very complex one, but i'll try to simplify it, so it may be grossly inaccurate. So you eat a nice wholesome meal including both fruit and meat, which includes carbohydrates, proteines, fat and more. They are crushed and broken up by your teeth, and softened with your saliva, which also contains enzymes (proteines which break up molecular structures), which break up a few things already. (This is the reason why bread tastes sweet if you keep it in your mouth for a while, because the starch is broken down into glucose by the enzymes in your saliva) It then goes down into your stomach, where it's soaked into pretty strong acid, which breaks it up even more. Meanwhile enzymes in your stomach break up the proteines into peptides (which are basically smaller parts of proteines) It then becomes a "paste" mixed with liquid, which goes into your intestines, where the acid is neutralized. Your small intestine contains even more enzymes, which break up the peptides (they become aminoacids), carbohydrates (which become glucose) and fats. It then wanders down to the large intestine, which contains your gut flora, which is a large collection of bacteria, which further digest the stuff you don't have enzymes for. All the stuff that was broken down passes through the wall of your intestines, right into your blood, where it is transported to the cells, which use it for many different activities, of which the most important is cell respiration, for which you need glucose. The aminoacids made out of peptides are mainly used for protein synthesis, which produces pretty much everything in your body. Fat can be used in many ways, as it is broken down into parts which can be reused. So to sum it up, your body breaks down all the stuff with its enzymes and bacteria, lets it pass through the intestinal wall into the blood, by which it is automatically transported to where it's needed.