Question: The centralia mine Fire has been burning for almost 60 years, why are we unable to put it out?

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 The centralia mine Fire has been burning for almost 60 years, why are we unable to put it out?

> Can’t we just flood the mine to put it out? If it were that easy, then I'm sure they'd have done it a long time ago. The reasons it's not that easy (in general, not specific to this mine) are 1. Mines are rarely just a single dedicated hole in the ground. They have multiple branches, multiple entrances, multiple vents,etc. 2. Even if it were just a big hole with a single entrance, they are huge. The amount of water it would take to flood an entire coal mine would potentially push the local area into drought conditions. Coal mine fires are extremely difficult to put out because they are self fueling (because coal) and because the coal deposit veins almost always have multiple surface vents that allow oxygen in. They even create new ones as the burn and create sink holes.


Question: How humans consider who is beautiful, attractive and who is not?

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 How humans consider who is beautiful, attractive and who is not?

**If you are reading this, please take this reply with the best of intentions. The things said here are purely evolutionary traits and not to be taken as an insult in any way. If you have any illness or disfigurement and this upsets you, then I am truly sorry. Everybody is unique and wonderful and special** Ok, firstly, Clean and smooth skin is seen as a sign of good health. Same goes for hair. Your mind also looks for other features such as strength (in masculine people, typically males) and fertility (in feminine people, typically women). In ancient times, a male who was strong was more likely to be able to defend the women and the offspring in case of a threat. Likewise, in ancient times a woman who had good breast development and a decent amount of fat reserves (yes, that's you curvy women) was more likely to rear offspring to maturity. When it comes to proportions, the mind subconsciously looks for a mate who is in good health and uses proportions to figure this out. Somebody who was missing a limb or had a disfigurement such as a large tumour, swollen stomach or something else out of the ordinary, might not be seen as attractive because the mind is again looking for a mate in good health. Youth, after puberty has done what it needs to do, is also seen as attractive because younger people are typically both more fertile and more sexually active. Some people prefer older masculine people because they would have been more experienced, and likely to be more experienced at hunting, gathering and defending the tribe then younger males **There are a lot of typical gender roles in this post. If you don't fit into these gender roles that's perfectly fine. These are just generalisations, everybody is equal. You be you 🙂**


Question: Why does warm water feel warm when it is significantly colder than our body temperature? Wouldn’t it feel colder

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 Why does warm water feel warm when it is significantly colder than our body temperature? Wouldn’t it feel colder

Your premise is actually wrong. It's mostly true with air, 21°C air (with no wind, sunlight, and medium humidity) feels neutral. This is about 16°C colder than your body. Air is pretty crappy at pulling the heat we make by being alive away, so we need air a little bit colder than us to feel neutral. At room temperature, air is cold enough that it will pull away exactly as much heat as we produce. With water, this isn't the case. Water is much better at absorbing heat from us. It takes a far smaller temperature difference for water to absorb all the heat we make. It's not at all "significantly colder", it's a few degrees. Room temperature water feels cold to us, because it absorbs way more heat than our body makes. Water a few degrees colder than us feels neutral. 30°C would be warm air, but that's a nice swimming pool for us, which still might feel cool when you first get in. Although, because we can't sweat, an Olympic swimmer making a lot more heat is going to by feeling sick in 30°C water pretty fast Water slightly warmer than us feels warm, like a hot tub at 37-40°C. This side it's better at heating us up than air, plus we can't sweat. You can like in 45°C air. You'll die quickly in 45°C water as you have no way of getting rid of body heat. Water much above this starts to feel hot. With metals it's even more extreme, they are very good at absorbing heat from us. Although, they don't take much heat to warm up, so unless it's a large chunk of metal they change pretty quick. Room temperature metals feel quite cold, metals near our body temperature feel neutral, and metals above our body temperature start to feel hot and even burning pretty quickly. Temperature is really a poor measurement of how hot or cold something is to us. It's how high or low the heat exchange rate is compared to how much heat out body makes. This is compounded further by psychological differences with comparison, our body size and type, and how active we are altering how much heat we make.


Question: Why are galaxies and solar systems always disc shaped?

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 Why are galaxies and solar systems always disc shaped?

They form from a cloud of gas and dust. This all has an average direction of spin. This gas and dust collides together and slows down, but this average direction of spin is conserved. So, any remaining stuff that is outside of this plane will eventually collide with the plane or get launched away by gravity.


Question: how Unreal Engine 5 on PS5 can diplay "100s of billions of tris" while my $8,000 PC for 3D animation struggles with these numbers?

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 how Unreal Engine 5 on PS5 can diplay "100s of billions of tris" while my $8,000 PC for 3D animation struggles with these numbers?

We don't have the full technical details yet, so here's some speculation based on what was demoed and what they've said publicly: * Dynamic scaling of asset polygon resolution. It sounds as though that while the actual asset may have enormous amount of polygons, the engine generates an approximation of the polygons based on what the user actually sees. This is more than just what's visible on the screen - it will also have to factor in what level of detail will actually be significant based on how far away the viewer is from an object. * From what they've said it seems they're aiming for artists no longer having to manually generate high/medium/low resolution assets since the engine will scale the high resolution asset at runtime. * Virtual texturing. This technology has been seen before for games like RAGE and DOOM with increasing levels of success each year. The idea is that you can have very large, high resolution textures that can be applied to a landscape/objects. At runtime the engine is then responsible for scaling these textures and dynamically loading/unloading sections of them as needed. These are two big things that stand out to me right now, but there is definitely a lot more going on especially from a lighting standpoint. Plus we'll have to wait and see what actual performance looks like across different hardware configurations. We know from early experiments with virtual texturing that it is heavily dependent on how much data can be streamed to and from the hard drive per second, and then to and from GPU memory, so it can be tricky to get it right consistently. & #x200B; EDIT: Based on some comments made by Tim Sweeney, it looks like they're optimizing Unreal Engine 5's data streaming for the PlayStation 5's custom SSD (Solid State Drive) technology and for NVMe SSDs available for desktop PCs. It gives the impression that if you're trying to load game data from classical hard drives then you may see bad performance.


Question: Why are there some kids these days being born without wisdom teeth?

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 Why are there some kids these days being born without wisdom teeth?

Mutants... Some people have a genetic mutation which suppresses the third molars (wisdom teeth). Over time our mouth had been getting smaller, at one point we had 12 molars (6 on top, 6 on bottom) but as our brain got larger, the cranial space got more cramped. Fun fact, Inuit people frequently have no wisdom teeth at all. Here is an interesting write up on it: URL_0


Question: Where do countries borrow money from?

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 Where do countries borrow money from?

Using the word "debt" for both personal/consumer debt and government debt obscures some key distinctions. First, think of national debt as more like student loan debt than debt for a new TV. You take out loans to go to school so you can earn more money at a later job, not only paying back the loans but making more in the future than you would have without the degree, which is what makes it worthwhile to spend money not only for tuition but also to pay extra interest on the loan. By contrast, a new TV starts depreciating in value as soon as you get it - the interest is essentially money that you're throwing away. And loading yourself up with debt for goods like TVs, which are fun in the moment but have no long term payoff, often puts people in a situation where they get behind on payments and pay even more in penalties. Government debt is (at least in theory - obviously there are tons of political disagreements) like student debt: an investment in a better future. Spending on infrastructure like roads and bridges allows businesses to be more productive. Spending on healthcare for citizens allows workers to be more productive. Spending on public assistance means people have money to buy food, which means money goes to grocery stores and farmers and keeps circulating in the economy. It's debt taken on to help a country be more economically productive in the future. So as long as it looks like the country is doing well and will continue growing and hitting other economic metrics - ie, that it will have a productive future - a massive debt is not a problem, because it's in service to something better later on. Second, your question about enforcement is key. If you fall behind on your loan payments, the lender can sue you and get a court order that you have to pay. Depending on the legal regime of the country in which that happens, that could mean the judicial system requires you to pay everything you have to the lender, to file bankruptcy, or even to go to jail if you can't pay. There is not a comparable system for countries that don't pay off their national debts - you can't send a country to jail. Moreover, most countries could technically simply print the money to pay off their debts, which individual consumers obviously can't do. So why do countries try to pay their loans in a responsible way? First, simply "printing money" might pay back the loans, but if there's more money circulating than is backed up by actual economic activity, that leads to tremendous inflation. So responsible countries limit the money supply to what can actually be backed up by healthy growth (the "student loan" type of debt), because otherwise there's internal chaos - people can't count on stable values and prices for the goods they need, investment grinds to a halt, etc. It also messes up a country's international reputation - they won't get investments from abroad, they won't be taken seriously on the international stage, no one will borrow money in the future, etc. In addition, all debt includes interest. When countries have to pay back interest on their debt, that's money that's not going to roads and bridges and food assistance, it's just interest payments to moneylenders. The higher the debt, the higher the interest payments will eventually be, which means the lower percentage of government spending that goes to productive investment. So that's another reason not to let debt get out of line with a country's productive capacity. The need to avoid these consequences is the "enforcer," even though it's not an actual debt collector.


Question: Why do phone cameras record video in verticle format by default when held in their normal position when a horizontal image is the default when watching any video?

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 Why do phone cameras record video in verticle format by default when held in their normal position when a horizontal image is the default when watching any video?

The camera sensor is rectangular. It does not rotate. So by holding the camera vertically you are also holding the sensor vertically. The camera *could* crop the video down to a lanscape orientation, but it will be at the cost of vastly reduced resolution (you're literally ignoring more than half the pixels on the sensor). Just hold the phone the right way around


Question: Why is it good for the US economy that oil and other commodities be traded in dollars? Why do the US benefit from it?

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 Why is it good for the US economy that oil and other commodities be traded in dollars? Why do the US benefit from it?

It creates demand for US dollars, as companies need to buy US dollars in order to buy oil as oil is traded in US dollars. The law of supply and demand says that increased demand gives rise to higher prices, so oil being traded in US dollars tends to keep the value of the US dollar higher, propping up its value, allowing US dollars to buy more good and services than would otherwise be possible.


Question: Why is the 'QWERTY' keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?

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 Why is the 'QWERTY' keyboard not arranged in alphabetical order?

The QWERTY layout originated with typewriters. They had mechanical arms which would swing up to place ink on the page. If two adjacent arms were hit in quick succession, there was a chance they would catch on each other and jam. So the layout was made to reduce the frequency of two adjacent arms being required while typing.


Question: How do condoms break through sex sometimes but you can pour pounds of water into one and it doesn't break ?

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 How do condoms break through sex sometimes but you can pour pounds of water into one and it doesn't break ?

Stupid human error. Let's be real...do not store them in a car. Watch the expiration dates on them. Pick a brand that fits and is not too tight. Pinch the top when placing on. If you are a male...buy your own. Do not let your SO buy them, you never know who would poke holes in them. People need to read instructions...they are placed in the boxes for a reason :-(


Question: Why does water make bubbles when boiling?

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 Why does water make bubbles when boiling?

So when a liquid boils it's turning from a liquid to a gas, right? And when you boil water the heating element is at the bottom of the pot / kettle so the water at the bottom turns to gas while the rest of the water is still liquid. Gasses are less dense than liquids (most of the time) so the gas rises through the water and bubbles to the top.


Question: How does Navigation in Space work?

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 How does Navigation in Space work?

Using a triangle metod.. You send a signal to nearest station or satelite(but their position must be know), and you get resposnse after some time. Repeat that with three stations(satelites).. Using a simple formula v=s/t.. you get three diameters and a place they intersect is the place you are... Repeat that process and you are familiar with path and position.


Question: why do cops in US use field sobriety test to determine if you driving drunk instead of just using breathalyzer?

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 why do cops in US use field sobriety test to determine if you driving drunk instead of just using breathalyzer?

Basically: A breathalyzer is a medical test, which is legally considered a 'search' of a kind. You have to consent to that, particularly because it's technically a medical test. An officer needs probable cause to initiate a search, including a medical test. The field sobriety test can determine probable cause or not. They can not use a field sobriety test as proof, itself, of intoxication. You have a right to counsel (a lawyer), and can invoke that before any kind of test or evidence is gathered from you. As a result, they use the test to determine if there's strong enough reason to believe you're intoxicated. If there is, they'll bring you in, and allow you to either call a lawyer, or submit to a test. Forcing you to submit to the test immediately, however, would not allow you to invoke your right to a lawyer. Long story short: It's because they need a strong reason to believe that you're intoxicated to force you to take a medical test. Doing so without good reason to believe that you're intoxicated could violate your right to counsel, and damage their case against you. Even then, you can refuse to take the test and go down to the station while you wait for a lawyer.


Question: Why do WIfi devices have an easy time spotting the existence of weak network connections, yet have trouble connecting to them?

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 Why do WIfi devices have an easy time spotting the existence of weak network connections, yet have trouble connecting to them?

Well, because they're weak. It's like when someone is talking to you really softly. You can hear that they're trying to say something to you, but you can't make out what it is. The device can see that there's a network there, but it's too weak to move data back and forth.


Question: why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

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 why does it burn when rubbing alcohol/other treatments are put on a wound?

Rubbing alcohol is poisonous and doesn't have much water in it. It's also made of very different stuff than you are. So when you put rubbing alcohol on a cut, the flesh around the cut panics because it's: * getting poisoned * having all its water stolen * touching something that definitely shouldn't be inside your body all at once. When your flesh panics, it sends a pain message to your brain and you feel it. Your body uses the same system to feel pain and extreme heat, so anything painful can also feel like "burning." Further, part of the way rubbing alcohol poisons you is that it makes your pain/heat system easier to activate, so it burns more than you'd expect.


Question: What do anti maskers believe?

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 What do anti maskers believe?

I don't mean this to sound like a smart ass answer, but they believe whatever they need to believe (and conversely dismiss whatever facts and evidence are inconvenient for them) to conclude they shouldn't wear masks. Simple as that. They'll rely on (and twist to suit their purposes) medical and scientific data they think supports them, and utterly dismiss the overwhelming amount of medical and scientific information and data that undercuts their conclusory beliefs about masks. They'll assert (and twist/extend) political and constitutional arguments that support their beliefs and disregard the plain words in front of them and history in their textbooks. They aren't interested in learning if they are right, they KNOW they are right, so anything that contradicts that must be wrong. They are like flat-Earthers in this way, and you'd be wasting your breath trying to convince them they're wrong. Best we can do is control the damage they do.


Question: What happens to the umbilical cord as we age?

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 What happens to the umbilical cord as we age?

The internal parts of the blood vessels that run in the umbilical chord close off after birth and turn into strings of fibrous tissue that stay there as long as we live. The remnant of the umbilical vein is known as the [round ligament of the liver]( URL_0 ) while those of the two arteries are the [medial umbilical ligaments]( URL_1 ).


Question: How do some pirates get their hands on legit Netflix/Spotify/iTunes accounts and sell them for a cheaper price illegally? How does it benefit them?

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 How do some pirates get their hands on legit Netflix/Spotify/iTunes accounts and sell them for a cheaper price illegally? How does it benefit them?

One of two ways. Some of these accounts are stolen and then passed on. They invest $0 into the account, so whatever someone pays is profit. The other way that it can work is that pricing for online services are sometimes set regionally; so they'll make an account in a country where the subscription fee is the equivalent of $1/month and then sell it to someone in the US for $5/month when it's usually $10/month in the US.


Question: How exactly does schizophrenia start and develop?

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 How exactly does schizophrenia start and develop?

1. Firstly Schizophrenia probably refers to a number of neurologically distinct diseases which we group together under the term Schizophrenia. This is because diagnostic methods aren't that sophisticated and we have a narrow range of treatments. 2. How it starts and develops is highly varied. There used to be a misconception that the person's parents played a major role in causing it, which is not the case. People are at higher risk if they: (A) Have a family history of Schizophrenia Are a second generation immigrant up in a household with a lot of overt conflict Had a complicated delivery at birth If their mother suffered certain viral illnesses when pregnant (B) The most recent evidence suggests that smoking cannabis can cause (as opposed to merely correlating with) people with a predisposition to Schizophrenia to develop symptoms : URL_0 Some people thought that people were smoking cannabis *because* they were already hearing voices, in order to calm themselves down, but this appears to be an insufficient explanation. (C) For males, symptoms will almost always have started to manifest by their mid twenties. For females that threshold is in their early thirties. We don't really know if there is any "trigger event" which reliably pushes people over the edge, but any stressful event, medical illness or drug taking could potentially do so. 3. Sometimes the first indication is the person becoming more socially withdrawn and demotivated. This is referred to as 'negative symptoms'. For others, 'positive symptoms' such as hallucinations and/or delusions will be the first indication of Schizophrenia. In the textbook pattern of emergence, which doesn't always match real life, negative symptoms arise early (eg in late teens), and are followed after 1-3 years by the development of positive symptoms. 4. (A) Hallucinations are extremely common. This is where at least one of the five senses is being triggered, but with "No Apparent Stimulus." By far the most common in schizophrenia are auditory hallucinations (ie hearing voices). Other kinds of hallucinations (eg seeing pink elephants, feeling things crawling under your skin) usually suggest a different diagnosis. (B) Delusions (beliefs which are provably false, and which do not change despite contrary evidence) are also extremely common. The specific beliefs vary, but often have a paranoid flavour (eg "someone put a microchip in my brain"). (C) Other features can arise, less commonly than the above, such as: Disorganised behaviour/thought. Where the person behaves or speaks erratically, with no logical sequence from one act to another, or where they speak unintelligbly, jumping between unrelated subjects. It usually occurs at a later stage of illness, and tends to suggest more severe version of the disease. Catatonic behaviour. This is a rare feature. 5. None of the above is by itself diagnostic of Schizophrenia. It could be Bipolar Disorder, severe Depression, a different kind of psychotic disorder, or the results of drug intoxication. The person needs to be assesed by a Psychiatrist and it can take months of gathering information and observing the person to be sure that they have Schizophrenia. 6. The events in the brain vary (see point 1 re Schizophrenia as an umbrella term for different diseases). Important to say, there is no definitive explanation for what happens in the Schizophrenic brain. Fundamentally however, Dopamine pathways are thought to be altered. The drugs that treat Schizophrenia target these pathways. Dopamine is important in how our brain forms models of the external world. Many people have heard of its role in the feeling of "reward". But Dopamine doesn't just come in after a pleasurable event : it is also involved in anticipation. By extension, it plays a part in assigning importance to external stimuli. So sex or nice food is more important than info about the economy, etc. Hence alterations in Dopamine transmission can disrupt how we assign importance; over time, so the theory goes, this can lead to the consolidation of irrational thought patterns. - For more info I suggest Robert Sapolsky's YouTube lecture on schizophrenia. Contains some upsetting stories of patients, but is an extremely lucid and compassionate introduction.


Question: How do mutual funds work when you retire?

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 How do mutual funds work when you retire?

They work the same as when you're not retired. Are you referring to mutual funds as part of an IRA or 401K? If so, then the only difference is taxation. If you are older than 59.5 years old, withdrawals from a regular IRA or 401K are taxed as ordinary income. Just as if you had earned it by working. A Roth IRA is tax free on withdrawals if you are over 59.5. If you are younger than 59.5, it is still taxed as ordinary income but with an additional 10% penalty. If you have a personal mutual fund that is *not* part of an IRA or 401K, it is treated as a regular investment and subject to capital gains tax. Either long term or short term depending on how long you've held it and how much you take out. Doesn't matter what your age is or if you are retired or not.


Question: why do we laugh? And does it serve a purpose?

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 why do we laugh? And does it serve a purpose?

“Someone looks like they just got badly hurt! Oh wait, they’re actually ok.” “Someone just broke a social taboo! Oh, but nobody is seriously upset about it.” “Something just surprised me! Oh, but it’s nothing dangerous.” Laughter is the “all clear” signal to everyone around that releases tension when you discover that a situation that was surprising or potentially threatening in some way is not actually a serious problem. Like a lot of other behaviors, it has also been co-opted as a method of social bonding.


Question: why do we laugh, what is it and are we also the only creature that can?

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 why do we laugh, what is it and are we also the only creature that can?

Laughter is (often) an involuntary startle reflex that happens when humans are exposed to a novel experience that contradicts their existing beliefs. Research has noted the similarity in forms of laughter among humans and apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans) when tickled, suggesting that laughter derived from a common origin among primate species, and therefore evolved prior to the origin of humans.


Question: Why is no credit worse than bad credit?

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 Why is no credit worse than bad credit?

That particular aphorism isn't perfectly true - depending on the situation, having bad credit can very much be worse than having no credit history. That said, the general idea is that if you have bad credit, the banks/lenders/etc. can look at your history and understand _how_ bad your credit is. Depending on what types of negative reports you have, when you had them, how you've worked to repair them, etc. they may be willing to take a chance on you (though at a higher interest rate). They know what to expect from you and can calculate a deal that makes them willing to take the risk. If you have _no_ credit, then you are a mystery. Maybe you are a great option, or maybe you are the worst they will ever see - _there is simply no way to know_. If they can't assess your credit worthiness, then they can't figure out what kind of deal makes it worth their while to lend to you (loans care a lot about risk assessment) so they just stay clear of you all together. Think of it like stopping by the side of the road and having two options to eat - McDonalds or Bob's Burger Shack. McDonalds is _bad_, but you know how bad it is; Bob's is an unknown quantity and it could be fantastic or it could be terrible. Rather than take a _chance_ on having a truly terrible burger at Bob's, you decide to eat at McDonalds - it is bad, but it is _predictably_ bad, so it is "less risky" when compared to a true unknown.


Question: How does the US have Trillions in debt but is still considered wealthy?

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 How does the US have Trillions in debt but is still considered wealthy?

> Also, how is the US able to operate with such debt and how come other countries don't ask for their money? They do, of course. The US has debt structured with many entities. These structures include payment timeframes. The US pays on those time frames. It does not simply generate debt and sit on it. Nor does it make checks willy nilly. It pays a decided upon x amount at y time. > How does the US have Trillions in debt but is still considered wealthy? Because it has a massive economy that can, so far, support trillions of debt while still making payments regularly. > Is there any hope we are going to pay this anytime soon? It is constantly being paid. If you mean, pay it off so there is no more debt left, it is unlikely, because the government does not have a goal to become debt free. Debt allows for flexibility, and is not inherently a bad thing. Unsustainable debt is a bad thing. > How has our economy not collapsed? Because the debt is not, so far, unsustainable.


Question: Does consuming calories over a certain period of time change how they affect your body?

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 Does consuming calories over a certain period of time change how they affect your body?

Nope, there will be no real difference. Your body has plenty of time to work through normal calorie amounts and use up every bit of it. You're absolutely right about possible differences in feeling hungry. People often suggest having multiple smaller meals over the course of the day to help even out your blood sugar and hunger.


Question: How can certain sites and services block you from taking screenshots or sharing screens?

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 How can certain sites and services block you from taking screenshots or sharing screens?

I think other posters may have missed the question in 'How' do they do it, not why, I'm going to try and explain in terms of iPhones (this is my first ELI5 answer!) When you take a screenshot pressing the button tells the app you have open that the user has just hit the screenshot combo of buttons, most apps ignore this but others either record it or even further then throw up something else for the phone to capture. iOS uses something called views (I'm not an expert, only started learning last week!) which presents the information to you on the screen, when you hit the screenshot button something called **.UIApplicationUserDidTakeScreenshot** is passed to the app, the app can then use that notification to temporarily show the user a different (blank) view for the screenshot, before continuing on as normal. & #x200B; There is probably other calls like this on other platforms like Windows, Android etc


Question: Why does bread go stale when exposed to air but stays fresh when it’s in a plastic bag that’s filled with bread and air?

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 Why does bread go stale when exposed to air but stays fresh when it’s in a plastic bag that’s filled with bread and air?

Top replies in this thread have it exactly wrong. They're all saying that bread goes stale and hardens because it dries out, it's actually the opposite! Scentifically speaking, the matrix of crumb and crust that is bread is a gel of baked starch granules. These granules are soft and pliable when bread comes out of the oven. Over time, however, the starch granules *absorb* water, which allows them to crystallize. Staling is a complex process, but this is the bit that causes stale bread to harden. (Keep in mind that I'm talking about bread made at home, flour, water, salt, yeast. There's no accounting for the effect of anti-staling compounds added to bread by large manufacturers…there may be many mechanisms in play and I have no idea how they work.) You don't have to take my word for it, though. Leave a piece of bread out and let it harden, then the next day warm up your oven at the lowest temp until it comes up to \~180°F, then shut it off. Put the slice of bread in there for \~10 minutes. This will cause starch granules to *release* the water they've absorbed, and the bread will soften again. It's easy to see why so many people have this backwards because many sites will recommend running a piece of crusted bread (such as an uncut roll) under the faucet to wet its exterior before putting it in the oven. People that hear this often think the point of running water over it is to allow the bread to absorb water in the oven and soften. Actually, the point is just to prevent the crust from toasting while the interior heats up. Overall, the bread is still losing excess water. So, to directly answer your question: A bag or breadbox limits the amount of humidity the loaf has access to, and delays staling.


Question: how can smartphones manipulate every single pixel on the screen through a thin ribbon cable with a few electricaö connections?

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 how can smartphones manipulate every single pixel on the screen through a thin ribbon cable with a few electricaö connections?

There isn't a single wire for every pixel on the screen. The graphics system will send information about what is on screen in small batches and the display processor takes this and controls what's actually on screen. To greatly simplify the process, the graphics system may only send a single pixel at a time but it sends one million of these per frame that needs to be drawn. The information is sent left to right, top to bottom. If you have a really fast camera you can actually watch the screen change, pixel by pixel.


Question: Why does rust and aluminum burn so well together?

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 Why does rust and aluminum burn so well together?

If the rust (=oxidized iron) and aluminum are powdered and well mixed and you have something that can be used to ignite it, such as a strip of magnesium, a reaction will start that gets very, very hot. Aluminum has a higher affinity for oxygen than iron does and with the available energy it can grab the oxygen atoms from the rusted iron. The result is aluminum oxide and molten iron.


Question: How is living in a hurricane zone sustainable?

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 How is living in a hurricane zone sustainable?

I've lived along the Gulf Coast my entire life, so I'll try to answer some of these questions. > What happens to those areas after such a storm? Depends on the storm. Tropical storms or low grade hurricanes ( < cat 2) cause a little bit of damage, but it usually isn't too bad. We just pick up and rebuild the little bit that is damaged. For bad storms ( > cat 3) they do serious damage, but they don't happen all _that_ often in any given area. The gulf coast is a very large area (~1,700 miles for the US portion alone, about twice that if you count the Mexican portions), and hurricanes only really cause major damage in tight areas (tens of miles). > Do they completely rebuild? More or less. Not everything gets rebuilt, but most of it does. > But if it sits in a hurricane-prone area, what are the odds another one comes the year after and does the same thing? Fairly low. Historically, cities will only get hit with major storms once or twice a century. > Why do people (in the broad sense of humanity) continue to live in such hazardous areas? Same reason that people still live in the northeast despite the blizzards, still live in LA despite the earthquake, and still live in the midwest despite the tornadoes. Most of the country has some sort of natural disaster that hits it, but we still live there.


Question: How does radar blocking technology work and are there more advanced systems which can get around those hardware systems?

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 How does radar blocking technology work and are there more advanced systems which can get around those hardware systems?

Radar relies on a signal bouncing off the target and returning to the radar dish. If you can deflect or absorb the signal instead of reflecting it, you're effectively radar invisible. Modern stealth aircraft rely on a combination of the two - angular surfaces to deflect radar pings off at odd angles and radar absorbing paint to weaken any signal that does reflect. That's why the stealth aircraft are always a dark matte finish and always odd and angular shaped. There are also radar spoofing systems that detect the radar frequency and bombard the radar station with additional signals at random intervals to confuse it. These do not conceal the presence or general direction of your activity, but they can make the radar station extremely inaccurate.


Question: Why does the sound of filling up a water bottle change the higher up it gets?

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 Why does the sound of filling up a water bottle change the higher up it gets?

Because as the bottle fills the space the sound is bouncing around changes. When you're filling up an empty bottle the sound is coming from relatively far away, as opposed to the top where it's moving a small distance and thus has a different frequency (sound). It's similar to putting your finger on a closer to further hold on a wind instrument, but with water.


Question: what causes the "aura" part of a visual migraine?

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 what causes the "aura" part of a visual migraine?

I would love to explain you this, but it is in fact not known. I am currently doing my master's of science in Neurophysiology and earlier had some lectures by experts in the field of migraine. And it is just not known.. However, there are some things we do know: Familial migraine probably has something to do with the flow of ions, charged particles used to transfer electric signals in the brain. We only know this because sufferers from familial migraine have certain parts of their DNA that are different from other (normal/average) people. We call these differences mutations, mutate comes from Latin and means "altered". These mutations are in genes which we know have something to do with ion flows. Lots of different genes can be mutated, all with different functions, but most have to do with positive charged ions. As neurons use ions to transfers signals, altered ion flow can lead to altered signal change. A small signal in a health brain can become larger in the altered migraine brain. This makes the brain more sensitive to input. We do not know what causes the pain, as the brain itself has no pain nerves. The tissue and membrane's around the brain do have pain nerves. In some people, simple pain killers work, in others drugs that release pressure work. This suggests that maybe the membranes of the skull play a role in the pain. In some people, drugs that work on the blood vessels work in migraine. In others they don't. We have no idea why. It could also be that the altered sensitivity creates some sort of random signals that are sent to the pain centres of the brain, where all your pain nerves from the body come together. This can create a epileptic like activity here, causing the sensation of pain without pain nerves that are sensing pain. This epileptic-like activity could also be the cause of the aura's. If you stimulate the vision centres of the brain with electric signals, some people also see aura's, even is these signals do not come from light that gets in your eye. This is like the same principle when you "see stars" following a punch to your head. Your visual centres get input and normally they only know light, so they "create" light, in your vision. TL;DR: it is unknown what causes migraines and aura's, but is mostly has something to do with a disbalance in the brain


Question: What steak cuts are the leanest?

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 What steak cuts are the leanest?

Filet mignon is just a cut off a beef tenderloin. Which is going to be your leanest "choice" cut. Sirloin can be very lean and you can always do some trimming before you cook it. If you want really lean cuts just go to a local butcher and ask them to hook it up. Although, alot of the flavor of a steak comes from a good marble of fat so you may be diminishing your steak experience by trying to go with as little fat a possible.


Question: Why can't goverments regulate crypto?

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 Why can't goverments regulate crypto?

Not sure whether you mean cryptocurrencies or cryptography in general. **If you mean cryptography:** Cryptography is applied mathematics. Anybody who knows the maths can reimplement it from scratch (whether the implementation is any good is a different matter). You could (and indeed the US used to) regulate exports on cryptography, but once the cat's out of the bag, it's ineffectual. **Assuming you mean cryptocurrencies:** Governments can, and have, regulated cryptocurrencies, in at least a few ways (exchanges have to perform anti-money laundering/know your client checks on users trading large amounts, etc). However, if you're willing to play outside of the more mainstream businesses, it gets really tricky. Some of the design principles for Bitcoin are: * Censorship resistance: no central authority can suppress your transactions. * Decentralisation: anybody can participate in the network, from anywhere. There is no privileged authority, so no single point that you can eliminate to take out the network. * Anonymity: As long as you don't reuse addresses, it's comparatively hard to track your money flow. All of these things mean that, while governments could regulate cryptocurrencies, enforcing that regulation is another matter entirely. Still, regulation does have something of an effect, and you can see prices drop whenever a major government changes the rules.


Question: When we begin to mine asteroids for their resources, how will scientists know which ones to mine?

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 When we begin to mine asteroids for their resources, how will scientists know which ones to mine?

You’re looking for metallic asteroids - fragments of long-destroyed proto-planetary cores made almost entirely of metals. They’re the rarest type of asteroid because it takes a very specific series of events to create them. To spot them you have to combine spectral data (their surface has lots of iron and little silicon or carbon) and density measurements. Other asteroids are rock, carbon, and ice and are considerably less dense than a brick of solid metal. A metal-rich asteroid will have unusually high gravity for its size, indicating that it’s extremely dense.


Question: How did we actually figure out what dinosaurs/extinct animals look like?

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 How did we actually figure out what dinosaurs/extinct animals look like?

We don't actually know. Many species that are commonly depicted as how you would imagine a Dinosaur actually had feathers for example, going by their bones. Dinosaur appearances as depicted in museums etc. are essentially estimations based on what we know about current species with similar traits, or the effect of the atmosphere at the time would have had on their appearance, but we don't know for certain what they would have looked like. This isnt even to mention popular culture distorting certain facts for rule of cool. (such as not having adopted the feathery look as science figured out that was the case.)


Question: How does soap kill bacteria and viruses?

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 How does soap kill bacteria and viruses?

Regular soap doesn't kill bacteria, it just washes them off you. Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: If laundry soap isn't antibacterial, what happens to things like salmonella, if you got raw chicken on your clothes? ]( URL_2 ) 1. [ELI5: How does soap actually kill bacteria? ]( URL_3 ) 1. [ELI5: How does antibacterial soap kill bacteria? ]( URL_8 ) 1. [ELI5: How does soap actually kill bacteria? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [Does soap kill germs or remove them? ]( URL_7 ) 1. [ELI5: How does antibacterial soap actually kill bacteria? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [Does all soap kill germs? From farm-made bar soap to Axe bodywash? ]( URL_4 ) 1. [ELI5: How does soap kill bacteria? ]( URL_5 ) 1. [ELI5:if we have to use soap to kill the bacteria on our hands, then why is just using water to clean fruit/vegetables enough? ]( URL_6 ) 1. [ELI5: Why does using soap and water (well, hand-washing in general) such an effective method of preventing the spread of disease? ]( URL_9 )


Question: () Why are there so many "sexbots" on Instagram? What makes them profitable?

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 () Why are there so many "sexbots" on Instagram? What makes them profitable?

Low ongoing cost once the system for automatically creating them is set up. Difference in cost between running one and 1000 is minimal. So if you can make one, why not make 1000? Even if each one only generates the equivalent of 10 cents of profit a day, that's 100$ a day.


Question: Why are some foods referred to as “roasted” and others referred to as “baked” when both are cooked in an oven?

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 Why are some foods referred to as “roasted” and others referred to as “baked” when both are cooked in an oven?

I'm surprised no one has mentioned that roasting almost always includes coating the food in an added fat to aid in the cooking or browning process whereas baking is dry. E.g. potatoes: baked potato (no oil, could be in tin foil); roasted potatoes (tossed in cooking oil). ETA: The word *coated