Question: How do photographs actually work?

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 How do photographs actually work?

Certain silver containing chemicals react to light by turning from clear to black (transitions lenses use the same reaction to darken in light). These chemicals are the basis of film photography. Black and white was earliest and more simplified so let's start with that. We take advantage of this reaction by putting them in a dark box and then exposing them to a little bit of light in the form of an image that turns them black (you can see the image with a [camera obscura]( URL_0 )), and then permanently stopping the ability for the rest to react. This makes a negative (the more light shined on a part of the film the more black in the image). To make the negative back into a picture we shine light through the negative (now the black blocks more light and the light lets it through) onto a sheet of paper coated with the same silver chemicals that turn black with light exposure. This restores a positive image. To make a color image, we use three pieces of black and white film each capturing a primary color, the[ earliest methods]( URL_1 ) used three separate layers, but later film stacked them with color filters in between and pigments that attach to the silver color changing chemicals. Digital photography is just millions of what are essentially very tiny solar panels each with a color filter over them (so they can only capture red or green or blue light). Based on the electricity they each generate, the camera's sensor knows how much light each received, and combines them to make pixels in a digital image.


Question: Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?

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 Can someone explain what a six figure income is please? I read it everywhere on the internet that people have a six figure job and that it's not enough to get around and stuff, but like holy sh... $100.000+ a year? Is that a normal income in the US?

A six-figure income could be anything from $100,000 a year to $999,999 a year, but of course most of them will be at the low end of that range. Here's some data I found on average income by state. $100,000 isn't normal - it's about 30% above average in DC, and it's more than twice the national average. It's almost triple the lowest state average, in Mississippi ($35,444). URL_2 Scroll down here, to the table on *Personal income by educational attainment* - according to that, average income doesn't crack six digits unless you have an advanced degree. URL_0 . I wanted to find distributions or standard deviations and didn't have much luck - there's gotta be a Department of Labor Statistics, or something, where those numbers have been well crunched. It's also important to look at these numbers side by side with cost of living. There are places (Virginia) where $40,000 a year can be enough, and there are places (Manhattan) where the average *apartment* is $45,480 a year. URL_1


Question: I keep getting spam calls within my same area code and first 3 digits of my cell. They don't say anything and have been doing this for weeks. Why do they do this?

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 I keep getting spam calls within my same area code and first 3 digits of my cell. They don't say anything and have been doing this for weeks. Why do they do this?

It's an auto-dialer spoofing their real number. It's recording whether a person picks up the phone when the number is called. The list of numbers with people who will answer the phone gets sold to people who want phone numbers to call for sales calls. Having it look like your phone number is a trick to get you to answer, whereas you'd probably skip a call from Bent Armpit, Nebraska.


Question: how does a transfer of energy work?

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 how does a transfer of energy work?

The guy is large and heavy, the ball is small and light. When he jumps in the water, he creates a large, man sized, air cavity for a split second. A large man sized mass of water then rushes into to fill the cavity. The guy lets go of the ball at the right moment, so that the ball is pushed up by the air being displaced by the water rushing back in. And so the ball flies up - the mass of sir being displaced is much bigger than the ball.


Question: How can large companies that have been highly profitable for several years, suddenly be declaring bankruptcy after no income for just a few months?

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 How can large companies that have been highly profitable for several years, suddenly be declaring bankruptcy after no income for just a few months?

> How can large companies that have been highly profitable for several years, suddenly be declaring bankruptcy after no income for just a few months? Because the companies aren't designed to be able to idle; they're reliant on an inflow and outflow of money that comes with doing business. Most companies aren't socking away money in case of rainy days because doing so makes them significantly less profitable, to the point of just not being worth it in the first place. Further; just because the company shuts it's doors temporarily doesn't mean they stop spending money. They'll still have people on payroll, and they'll still have bills and debts to pay.


Question: Why do people believe that the top 1 percent should be taxed more?

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 Why do people believe that the top 1 percent should be taxed more?

Because they have a tremendous amount of money. If I took 25% of a poor person's income they would be completely devastated and might become homeless. If I took 25% from a 1% person they still have millions upon millions of dollars left. So even though I'm taking equal percentages, the poor person is losing a lot more. Disclaimer: I'm not saying I support or am against this idea, I'm just explaining it.


Question: Why do people wake up just as they get home?

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 Why do people wake up just as they get home?

From what I understand, it is generally due to the change in motion. As you reach your home, you would generally slow down, turn your car in a few directions to park, and finally come to a stop. Your body would detect this change in motion and wake you up. It again will also depend on how deep you are in your sleep. You might also notice people waking up if you reach a traffic light and stop, or just stop in general.


Question: Why do we have to use so much sunscreen? Why can't we just make a more concentrated formula so I don't have to walk all sticky all day?

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 Why do we have to use so much sunscreen? Why can't we just make a more concentrated formula so I don't have to walk all sticky all day?

Disclaimer: I'm not a scientist, but everything I'm stating here, I learned through a blog called Lab Muffin Beauty Science, aka Michelle Wong. She has a PhD in chemistry, and her posts and videos are well explained, backed up by research papers and a "no BS/fearmongering" stance. Firstly, sunscreen wears off over time, i.e. "breaks down" due to chemistry doing its thing and you being a living person who moves around and does stuff. Depending on the UV index in your area and how much sun exposure you're getting (including sitting next to a window, but excluding blue lights from the screens because those aren't a concern despite some headlines), you should to reapply your SPF every couple of hours. In terms of how much - with SPF, more is more. Your skin is bumpy, you may miss a spot, etc. There is a recommendation to use a certain amount (using a measuring spoon lol) but honestly, you can apply however much you want and you'd still need to reapply throughout the day. Your skin will sweat, you'll inevitably touch your face in one way or another, and so on. And lastly, SPF testing is expensive, and hard to do. A lot of SPFs offer actual protection lower than the one indicated on the packaging, this includes both smaller/indie brands as well as the big ones (look up the Purito sunscreen scandal on Michelle's blog). The primary goal of SPF is to protect you from getting cancer, so feeling sticky is something I personally go along with for the benefit of my health. You can look into wearing UV-protective clothing and avoiding going out when the UV index is very high to protect yourself, but SPF is generally something you should be using daily. The benefits of SPF far outweigh the cons. If you're using additional skincare products that increase photosensitivity of your skin (retinoids, acids), please either cease to use them during all of summer, or make SPF your religion.


Question: Why is it so easy to distinguish a video from a photo even when the video is a still image of a still object?

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 Why is it so easy to distinguish a video from a photo even when the video is a still image of a still object?

Because a video is **not** a still image of a still object. Most videos have some blur, which is fine when they are running at full speed because it helps preserve the illusion of motion. Blur is essentially the mixture of images over a short period of time, so you really aren't looking at a still image.


Question: IF There Are Infinite Numbers Between 0 and 1 How does 1 even exist? Can we say 1 is the end of infinity between 0 and 1?

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 IF There Are Infinite Numbers Between 0 and 1 How does 1 even exist? Can we say 1 is the end of infinity between 0 and 1?

Your confusion might stem from the fact that you seem to be treating "infinity" as a single set of numbers when in reality there are different kinds of infinities. Take the set of positive integers, for example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5....... to "infinity." Mathematicians, (I'm not one) call this set of numbers "countably infinite" because you can begin to count them. You start at 1, add 1 to that to get 2, and so on. You can always keep adding 1 more, so therefore it is infinite. The set of numbers between 0 and 1, however, is uncountable infinite. Just try to count it. We start at 0. Then what? .01? .001? .0001? It's impossible to even get to the next number. So in a sense, you're not wrong that 1 is the end of an infinity, because it is the end of the infinite set of numbers bounded by 0 and 1. It's just not the end of the infinity that is the countably infinite set of positive integers.


Question: When running the shower, bath or otherwise, why does the sound of the water change as the temperature increases?

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 When running the shower, bath or otherwise, why does the sound of the water change as the temperature increases?

There are two common answers to this, but only one of them is right. 1) sound travels faster in hot water than cold, so sound waves bounce around in the pipes at different frequencies. 2) hot water has a lower viscosity (thickness vs runniness) than cold water, so the turbulence of the water flowing through the pipes and valves is damped out differently. \#2, viscosity, is the most important factor. One reason why is that the speed of sound only varies by about [10%]( URL_1 ) as water goes from freezing to boiling, but the pitch of water in pipes changes by much more than that. The viscosity of water, on the other hand, changes by [600%]( URL_0 ) over the same temperature range! Agree with /u/svangren : check out Steve Mould's video, which is linked in their comment below.


Question: What happens to a creature when they are swallowed alive?

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 What happens to a creature when they are swallowed alive?

It isn't fun, that's for sure. Stomachs tend to hold things tight, so the rat isn't gonna be moving all that much. Then it will suffocate rather quickly, and die within several minutes. Cold blooded animals can live significantly longer without air, in some cases even ripping their way(partially at least) out. Such as that alligator who got eaten by the python.


Question: if the stomach contains stomach acid then how come milk and water dont neutralize it?

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 if the stomach contains stomach acid then how come milk and water dont neutralize it?

They do! Though not as much as they dilute it. It gets thinner more than it gets closer to water. But your body produces this stomachacid all the time. The neutralised acids, salts and water are now treated the same way as other stuff and metabolised accordingly. They are further digested, their resulting loss from the volume of the stomach promts the influx of new stomach acid.


Question: How are corporations like Nike just able to get away with engaging in very much illegal labour?

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 How are corporations like Nike just able to get away with engaging in very much illegal labour?

If you're referring to pseudo slave labour in Asia, it's not illegal. Illegality is based on laws, laws are what a certain jurisdiction (countries) writes down and enforce. If the Chinese government says labour practice that would be illegal in say the EU are legal, they are legal so long as they are in China and not the EU. That's not to say anything of ethics or morality. Law isn't ethics, nor is ethics one simple code with a clear answer like law, it's subjective. Law is ideally in line with most people's ethics, but that is often far from the case. The Holocaust was "legal".


Question: What skills exactly does an exterminator possess? Every time I have called one, regardless of the pest, they pull out the same metal canister, squirt squirt - $150 please

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 What skills exactly does an exterminator possess? Every time I have called one, regardless of the pest, they pull out the same metal canister, squirt squirt - $150 please

1. Which active ingredient is most effective for which pest 2. Correct amount of ingredient required to handle the pest problem 3. Identification of the correct genus of pest 4. Laws and regulations regarding the usage of pesticides 5. Areas where pests are likely to be 6. Identification of pest ingress areas 7. Risk factors for ingredients. Pet safe, people safe, etc. Or does the area need to be empty for a period of time?


Question: What does it mean when odds are 10-1 or 30-1. How does someone know how and which way to get based on these numbers?

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 What does it mean when odds are 10-1 or 30-1. How does someone know how and which way to get based on these numbers?

That for every unit staked you make 10x that if the bet wins. Or 30. If something pays 10 to 1 odds and you bet £100 you make £1000, so £900 in profit. This doesn't mean you should bet on that outcome however, since bookmakers don't assign odds that favourable to probable events. In theory, bookmakers assign odds so that they can make money regardless of the outcome.


Question: Why do toddlers love to hand you things?

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 Why do toddlers love to hand you things?

In a recent post on here talking about kids and films/TV, the top answer mentioned that one thing that makes kids so prone to certain kinds of movies (and to watching them over and over again) is that the Toddler brain thrives on predictability. Facing a world that can be scary and unpredictable (and having a sort of inborn biological drive to learn about the world through positive and negative feedback) the toddler quickly fixes on anything that has a predictable positive result. This is especially true -- cribbing from that answer -- when the toddler has the power to do something they already understand (like get a toy) and still get the same result (positive interaction with you.) Eventually they'll tire of it or get distracted, but to them that kind of predictability and control is as valuable as hitting GM in overwatch or watching whatever the last episode was of GoT that you thought was good.


Question: why do some digital cameras struggle to 'pick up' on artificial light while others are great, and what kind of details can I look out for when shopping to predict its performance in low / artificial light conditions?

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 why do some digital cameras struggle to 'pick up' on artificial light while others are great, and what kind of details can I look out for when shopping to predict its performance in low / artificial light conditions?

Indoor lighting is thousands to millions of times weaker than outdoor lighting. *Any* camera is going to struggle with indoor or night shooting. Traditionally, increasing exposure on a camera will increase motion blur (shutter speed), depth of field blur (aperture/iris), and grain/noise (sensitivity). Smartphones have a tremendous advantage in processing power, being able to reduce noise and some blur, and adjusting color. Your action camera doesn't offer a similar range of exposure controls, as it is designed mainly for daytime video, and doesn't have flash for adding light. The screens from both will not be able to show you the full extent of noise or blur being captured. You'll get better video with any camera by using studio lamps to increase the amount of light in your scene. Typical room lighting will never be enough.


Question: What is, and what is wrong with AmazonS3?

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 What is, and what is wrong with AmazonS3?

Amazon S3 is short for Simple Storage Service. This is part of Amazon Web Services, or AWS. AWS, to simplify, is an **ENORMOUS** pile of computing power and storage. People are able to freely rent chunks of this power as they see fit, treating that chunk of muscle as their own private server. Even better, it can scale dynamically: need twice the power for just today? need twice the power for just the next *minute*? Need ten thousand times the power for the next four years to support your growing corporate enterprise? You got it. Amazon is able to offer this for a cheap price because they already spent a ton of money building such a powerful setup made of hundreds of thousands of physical computers, and they are guarenteed that if *you* don't want the power, someone else does, and it's available to that other person immediately. They have over 150,000 major customers, including some of the biggest people on the 'web. S3 is used primarily for data storage, so lots of sites (such as imgur) use it to store relatively large items like pictures. Some sites don't run completely on Amazon's setup but just use it to store big stuff, which is why some sites would do stuff like show text but the pictures wouldn't come. Exactly what is wrong with S3? Amazon hasn't said, and they don't have to. It appears that sometimes requests for data go into the building and don't always come back out, which.... really doesn't tell us much. We kinda have to sit on our hands and wait.


Question: why is female circumcisions from other countries considered mutilation but make circumcisions are the norm?

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 why is female circumcisions from other countries considered mutilation but make circumcisions are the norm?

Some people do consider male circumcision mutilation. The major difference is you aren’t removing a whole organ from males, nor is their ability to feel sexual pleasure disabled. In most countries where males are circumcised, it tends to happen when they are very young, whereas places that still preform female circumcision do it when they’re older. Finally it’s worth noting that it’s not the norm in western countries. A lot of American men are circumcised but not as many European men.


Question: Why are sunsets pink and orange when the sun is yellow midday?

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 Why are sunsets pink and orange when the sun is yellow midday?

The technical term is Rayleigh scattering. Light from the sun scatters off of molecules in the air and gets redirected into a new direction. If we had no atmosphere, the sky would be black, except for the sun which would look pretty damned bright still, because none of the light is getting bounced around in the atmosphere. So why does the sky look blue? Because blue light scatters more, meaning more blue light is sent bouncing around the sky (and eventually some of that makes it down to our eyes), whereas red light tends to stay on its path more. This also means that if the sun is at the edge of the sky, there is more air for the light to go through, so the blue light gets stuck bouncing around and doesn't all make it to your eyes, but the red light does, so the sun looks redder.


Question: Can someone explain the numbers on nvidia and AMD video cards? like why are some higher number cards worse than the lower number cards?

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 Can someone explain the numbers on nvidia and AMD video cards? like why are some higher number cards worse than the lower number cards?

The numbering scheme is arbitrary, set by the GPU manufacturer. For the past few generations, the first number number(s) have incidated the generation of the card while the latter digits ondictae where the model stands within that generations lineup. For example, Amd's 580 is a more powerful card then the 570. Both cards are part of AMD's mid-tier lineup of the 500 series of cards.


Question: If I have a 1/50 chance of winning and I try 50 times, why is a win not guaranteed? What would the actual odds be?

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 If I have a 1/50 chance of winning and I try 50 times, why is a win not guaranteed? What would the actual odds be?

> If I have a 1/50 chance of winning and I try 50 times, why is a win not guaranteed? For the same reason that if you flip a coin and it lands on heads, it's not guaranteed to land on tails the next time. Each event is what's termed an "independent event". The coin (or whatever device/situation you're dealing with) has no memory. It doesn't know what happened last time. Your 50th attempt to win something is identical to someone else's 1st attempt. > What would the actual odds be? The way to calculate the odds of winning at least once after 50 attempts is by calculated the odds of *never* winning after 50 attempts, and subtracting it from 100%. So the odds of not winning on the first attempt is 49/50. The odds of not winning on the second attempt is likewise 49/50. So the odds of not winning 50 times in a row is 49/50 times itself 50 times, or (49/50)^(50), which comes out to be approximately 0.364, or 36.4%. So the odds of winning at least once after 50 attempts is 100% - 36.4% = 63.6%


Question: what is end to end encryption and the whole bill surrounding it?

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 what is end to end encryption and the whole bill surrounding it?

So, in "traditional" encryption, whatever service you use to send a message to someone has the ability to decrypt and read your message. Or, the messages are stored "at rest" in *unencrypted* form. In *end-to-end* encryption, however, nobody but you and the person you send the message to has the ability to decrypt and read it -- not *even* the service. They store it encrypted and just send it along. The American government doesn't like that -- they don't want people to have the ability to send messages that they can't read if they want to, so they're trying to force services to put *backdoors* in: that is, a method by which the government can decrypt the messages. The problem with this is that a backdoor is, obviously, a weakness in the encryption, and if the backdoor exists, it *will* be found. There's also a very strong argument against government intrusion.


Question: why weighted blankets make people feel better?

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 why weighted blankets make people feel better?

I probably won't explain this well but it has to do with proprioception, or the "6th sense", one's awareness of body position in space. Things like pushing and pulling create propreoceptive input. When you see babies jumping in seats it's not only that they have too much energy or strengthening muscles, they're providing input to their brains- their feet hit the floor which puts pressure on their knees and hips. If you feel antsy and taking a walk helps you feel better, part of that is the propreoceptive input, same with crossing your arms tightly in front of you. Pressure is a good word to use. Straighten your arm, grab your wrist and push towards your elbow, or walk around on your toes and feel the increased pressure, that's proprioception. The blankets activate pressure points which increase serotonin and decrease cortisol which means decreasing stress and activating relaxation.


Question: Why is there sometimes like a black sheen/shadow across the road that goes away as you drive closer?

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 Why is there sometimes like a black sheen/shadow across the road that goes away as you drive closer?

It's a mirage. It's caused by the heat of the road heating up the air above it, which changes the air's refractive index and the layer of air above the road bounces the light from the sky at you. Sometimes it looks like water, which is why the common idea of a mirage is people seeing "water" in the desert. Same mechanism can create the same effect in a hot desert.


Question: How do stores like Costco and Sam's Club keep such huge quantities of produce and meat fresh?

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 How do stores like Costco and Sam's Club keep such huge quantities of produce and meat fresh?

They aren't doing anything too different than smaller supermarkets. Supermarkets are really sophisticated at predicting and buy "perfect" amounts of perishable items such as meat and produce. They have people back at their HQs whose entire jobs, and frankly careers are doing complex math and forecasting for exactly what and how much to buy, order, and ship to each store so that they have just the right amounts. Yes, its a job, lots of business people who are super into data do this job, and companies are pretty damn good at it. Now, this shouldn't go without saying though, plenty of produce is thrown out. However, this is expected. They often overstock produce for display purposes, and don't expect to sell it all, they expect some of it will not sell, but thats just part of how they want it to look. Yes, markets throwing out food that could have been eaten sucks. It sucks big time, but oddly enough, this isn't actually that big a factor in "wasted" food/produce, as there is tremendous waste long before it ever gets to the market, where the waste is comparatively small.


Question: Since animals do not brush their teeth how do they prevent cavities? How do they get fluoride for their teeth enamel?

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 Since animals do not brush their teeth how do they prevent cavities? How do they get fluoride for their teeth enamel?

-They don't prevent cavities. (more later) -Fluoride exists in nature, and most water sources to some degree or another, but isn't _necessary_ for enamel formation it's just helpful to improve its toughness. So the fluoride question is sort of "where do bears buy styling conditioner for their fur?" Human's use of fluoride is a luxury, not a necessity. It improves our health and so extends our lives, but it's not a necessity. Back to the cavities... Some animals like rats and beavers just have teeth and tusks that just keep growing. As the exposed part wears away the base of the tooth just gets longer and more tooth comes out. Some animals like sharks shed old teeth and replace them with new teeth. Some animals like birds and turtles don't have teeth, but have beaks, which, like finger nails and claws, just keep growing and have to be worn down like the rat teeth. Many animals simply don't live long enough for tooth decay to be a problem. Many more, like the big cats, lose their teeth to age and damage and decay and then starve. Humans development of technology, particularly the invention of fire and so cooking, has had a remarkable effect on our dental circumstances. Freed from the all-day chore of chewing hard and raw stuff and so our teeth and jaws got smaller and our food choices expanded immensely. We then invented agriculture and selective breeding of crops and medicine and whatnot. We now put a remarkable number of things in our mouths, many of which are full of sugars and starches and acids that would have sickened or killed our ancestors. This not only causes us to host particularly aggressive bacteria, but those bacteria get the chance to build protective coverings of plaque that let them stay in place and do extra harm. Lemonade is, for example, one of the most tooth-damaging things you can put in your mouth. But we also get to constantly replenish the supply of tooth harming stuff because we can snack all day, constantly adding just a little more acid and a little more bacteria food. That's not to say the past was "better". The ancient Egyptians showed us that they rarely had tooth decay. This sounds great, but it's only half the story. For every cavity they were spared, they wore away a similar amount of tooth because the sand and grit in their foods mechanically polished away their teeth. The sand also basically gave them all a kind of lung disease that we now reserve for coal miners as inhaling silica dust all day sucks. So in terms of the various dental issues, we kind of just traded ailments around. More cavities, but fewer abscesses and fewer food-borne illnesses, and more interesting an varied food choices and so improved nutrition overall. TL;DR? The reason you "never look a gift horse in the mouth" is because if you look in an old horse's mouth it's a disgusting mess of cavities and receding gums (so for eons it's been considered rude to look for the flaws in a gift so obviously). Animal mouths can get disgusting just like people's, the reasons simply vary by species and location.


Question: Could someone explain privately owned toll roads and the reason toll costs are so high?

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 Could someone explain privately owned toll roads and the reason toll costs are so high?

Civil Engineer, so I have a bit of knowledge on this. Where I am from, these type of toll roads are generally built on a DBFO contract from the government (Design, Build, Finance and Operate). Basically, the government issues an open tender for the scheme with a rough outline of what they want, companies will gather as 'Joint Ventures' or 'Consortium' and apply to build the road. The winner of the tender process will be chosen based on both the quality of their proposal and the price of the toll that they propose to charge. The group of companies who win the work initially have to finance the building of the road and the interest on a 40 year, 500 million pound loan is really expensive. Then they must design the road, which is expensive as hell and may take years. Then they have to build the damn thing, which again may take years. Once it is constructed and the road is operational the group can start to recoup come of their investment through the tolls ...... but the group of companies must also Operate the road for the contracted time period (could be 40 years). Operating a road is expensive; maintenance of the running surface, verge cutting, litter picking, maintaining the bridges, salting in winter, brushing leaves in Autumn .... it is expensive for a government to do works like this and they have plenty of tax dollars to help them but the consortium has to build all this maintenance cost into the Toll that you pay at the booth. So in short (as this has gone well beyond the comprehension of a 5-year-old): The toll you pay at the booth covers the financing, design, construction, operation and profit for numerous companies for a long period of time. The consortium that will have won the contract, will probably have done so because the toll that they promised to charge 1penny or cent less than their next nearest competitor for the duration of the contract.


Question: If a person recieves a huge sum of money, and never works another day or recieves any other income ever. Does that person have to comtinue to pay taxes?

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 If a person recieves a huge sum of money, and never works another day or recieves any other income ever. Does that person have to comtinue to pay taxes?

Let's say it is January 1st, 2018, and you woke up one day with ~~a gift of~~ $100 million dollars (I'm using 100 because it is easy to multiple and divide), that the IRS knows about. Then you decide to quit your job and never work another day. In a questionable decision, you decide to keep all that money in a large safe in your basement. At the end of 2018, you would need to file your taxes. Let's call it income. You would OWE the IRS $40million dollars. This means, you would $60million left over. Now, if you were wise you could stretch that $60 million dollars into more money by investing it. For the sake of being simple. Let's say you had a 5% average yearly return. That would mean, in the first year, you would have 3 million dollars extra added to your investment accounts. Once you decide to take that money out of your investment account and put it into your bank account so you can spend it, then you would have to pay taxes on the money you moved to your bank account. You would have to pay "capital gains tax". This is cheaper than "income tax". After you pay your capital gains taxes for that year, you'd be left with about 2.25 Million dollars to spend for the whole year. That's not bad for not having to do anything. In addition, your original 60000000 is still there.


Question: Why are prehistoric animals so much larger than their modern day counterparts?

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 Why are prehistoric animals so much larger than their modern day counterparts?

Well, the pleistocene megafauna of the last ice ages like the mammoths and giant ground sloths and wooly rhinoceroses and the glyptodonts, etcetera, were mostly all killed off by humans and climate change. Humans love to kill big game for social status. As soon as humans arrive on any continent you see a sudden collapse of big game populations in the fossil record. Megafauna evolve to be so large so that they can generally outsize their predators; but humans are just too damn good at killing things for megafauna to survive by being too large to kill. As for the dinosaurs, especially the sauropods, which were the largest dinosaurs that ever lived, they had a few traits that made it easier for them to get very large: 1. Dinosaurs had hollow bones that were much lighter for the same volume as mammalian bones. Less weight makes it easier to move around when you are large-bodied; 2. Dinosaurs laid eggs, instead of giving birth to live young. Large mammals have to be pregnant for longer the larger they are. Elephants are pregnant for two years before giving birth! Any larger than that and simply reproducing becomes untenable. Big dinosaurs like sauropods could lay clutches of hundreds of small eggs and then just abandon them, letting the little babies fend for themselves. This is a much less energy intensive way of reproducing that mammals cannot exploit; 3. Mammals, being warm blooded, have difficulty shedding excess internal heat if they get too large. After a certain size, a mammal's internal organs would be boiled by their own body heat. Sauropods were probably not warm-blooded, and instead their enormous mass allowed them to maintain body temperature through thermal inertia. 4. Sauropods' long necks allowed them to feed from a large area of land without having to move their bodies very far, and their mode of digesting plant matter, hind-gut fermentation, scales well with size. 5. The climate in the age of the dinosaurs was warmer, meaning there were more plants to eat, more oxygen to breathe, and warmer temperatures to support the growth of cold-blooded and meso-thermic animals.


Question: How does increasing the heat in the car help against fogged up windows?

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</answer>
 How does increasing the heat in the car help against fogged up windows?

When air gets hotter, it can contain more water droplets than colder air. Conversely, water droplets in cold air look for other placed to go than the air because the cold air can't hold that much water. If there is a window nearby, they will settle on the window rather than stay in cold air. By heating the air around a fogged window, you enable water that is currently fog on the window to 'jump back' to the air, since the air is now hot enough again to take up the excess water that was previously 'deposited' on the window. Hence you defog a window by putting the heater on. Edit: to your second question, water thus simply wants to go to the place that can hold the most water. Heating normally is sufficient to enable the air to contain more water, but it can also be a good idea to add some fresh air to the air currently in the room/car when this fresh air contains less water than that which is currently in the room. Or, to allow hot air which contains a relatively large amount of water to go out of the room, taking a relatively large amount of water with it. What you are doing then, again, is giving the air around the window 'more room' for water from the window to be taken up by the air.


Question: Why did so many American small fry car companies die in the late 40's-mid 50's?

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 Why did so many American small fry car companies die in the late 40's-mid 50's?

Oh, something I can answer. The process you observed ("consolidation") happens in many mature industries. When an industry is new and growing, many different firms are founded and develop to exploit a new market, and new product or a new technology. Inevitably, the number of firms decreases through mergers, acquisitions, while the size of the remaining firms increase. A hundred years ago, when cars were a new thing and being adopted by people around the country, there were literally hundreds of car and truck manufacturers. Most did not survive more than a few years. They were too small and underfunded to develop the most competitive products and market position. The largest firms, such as Ford and General Motors out-competed them and put them out of business, or bought them up and integrated them into their own corporate structure. The specific time period to which you refer, the 1950's simply saw a continuation of this market trend. There was continued consolidation as the market matured and growth was more difficult to achieve. By then, there were very few new car buyers. Most buyers were repeat business so competition was fierce. The Big Three were simply more efficient at developing and manufacturing new competitive models at lower cost than the "independent" manufacturers (the accepted term for the "small-fry" makers you mention. ) In particular, 1953 saw a fierce sales battle between GM (via Chevrolet) and Ford for market share. Both makers flooded the markets with low priced, very competitive cars that were being sold cheaper than the independent makers could ever hope to achieve. Furthermore, some independents made serious management and marketing errors which consumed capital and eroded their competitiveness. For example, Hudson spent almost all their money developing a new small car (the Hudson Jet) and ignored their larger cars. The Jet failed in the marketplace and Hudson did not have enough money left to improve their products. They merged with Nash to form AMC. That firm did well when they specialized in boring, sensible basic cars. 15 year later they decided to expand their line of cars. They spread themselves too thin and has a full range of products they could not afford to develop, and were bought by Renault in 1980. AMC survived with Renault until finally being absorbed by Chrysler. Other independents did not fail, they simply changed strategies. Kaiser - Frazer stopped making cars in the US. They moved their operations to South America and did very well making cars for many years there. Other makers' strategy was to diversify away from auto making altogether. Studebaker and Packard merged. They diversified their operations into many different industries. They stopped making cars in 1966, but prospered in other areas. Over the years various Studebaker divisions were bought, sold and merged with other firms. They were not absorbed by the Big Three. They were absorbed by a wide range of different companies. However, part of Studebaker was never diversified, sold or absorbed. Studebaker still exists today as a [financial firm]( URL_0 )


Question: What’s the importance of restarting your computer after updating an application/program on a computer?

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 What’s the importance of restarting your computer after updating an application/program on a computer?

Computers run on sets of instructions telling it how to run all the parts of the computer and build an interface so you can use those parts. Say you're following a recipe for a cake. Then you finish the cake and someone comes along with a better way to make a cake by adding another ingredient and changing how much salt is used. You can't unbake your cake at this point to try it out. You have to start over from scratch and remake the cake. So when an update happens, you have to restart the program or even the whole computer to before you were using those instructions that changed. So the computer can follow the newer, better instructions when it builds you your interface.


Question: How does building muscle work?

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 How does building muscle work?

Your muscles are made of 2 types of fibers: fast twitch and slow twitch. Working out pulls some of the fibers apart a little, which makes your body add more fibers to repair them. More fiber means more strength or endurance. Low weight high reps is slow twitch fiber. They don’t fatigue as fast, but aren’t as strong. It builds endurance. High weight low reps is fast twitch fiber. They fatigue much faster. It builds strength. If your workout is running, then long distance is slow twitch, and sprinting is fast twitch.


Question: why do flannelette sheets feel "warmer" than normal sheets?

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 why do flannelette sheets feel "warmer" than normal sheets?

you feel cold when heat generated by your body leaves it to warm up whatever surrounds you; when everything touching your skin is already warm, heat has nowhere to go and just stays. and you feel warm, or better say, you don't feel cold air that touches your skin and drains heat. some materials stop spreading of the heat, so you end up in a 'bag' with warm air.


Question: How do life insurance companies make money when they sell $750,000 policies for $22 a month?

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 How do life insurance companies make money when they sell $750,000 policies for $22 a month?

It's called "term life insurance" because it only covers a fixed period of time. It's not like signing up for a utility that you'll have until you stop paying the bill/cancel. If you buy a 20 year policy, it ends with no payout if you're still alive in 20 years, and then you have to get a new policy, which will cost older you a lot more money, if you want to continue coverage. Then you factor in the number of people who will keep it a few years but stop paying before they die or the end of the term, and it manages to keep them in business. It's kind of like gyms. A gym that can hold at best 200 members might have 5,000 paying members. They can do this because most people who sign-up quit using the service very shortly, but continue to pay because it's a hassle to cancel and doesn't cost much (also why they insist on making you pay with your bank account, so they don't lose you as a customer when the credit card expires).


Question: Say a grocery store sells coke. Bar codes capture that info in the store’s Point-of-Sale system, but does it get sent to Coca-Cola for their tracking? Or, would Coca-Cola measure their sales exclusively on inventory purchased by resellers/stores/gas stations vs individual bottle or 12pk level?

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 Say a grocery store sells coke. Bar codes capture that info in the store’s Point-of-Sale system, but does it get sent to Coca-Cola for their tracking? Or, would Coca-Cola measure their sales exclusively on inventory purchased by resellers/stores/gas stations vs individual bottle or 12pk level?

Companys, like coke, sell their product to the retailer and that's how they track sales. Say the retailer does not sell all of the product in that order, then it is up to them to destroy it or do whatever they want with it since they bought it outright. This is why stores can markup their prices however they'd like. Coke or other companies charge a wholesale price to these retailers so they're making the same amount for every case they sell to the retailer and track their sales data using these wholesale prices. The retailers income from these products is based on whatever price point they set.


Question: What is California's exit tax? Who does it apply to?

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 What is California's exit tax? Who does it apply to?

Every year someone in the California legislature proposes some variation on the following tax: If you're a rich resident of California who moves out of state then you're subject to either a one off charge of a certain percentage of your assets, or you have to continuing paying taxes on a certain percentage of your income for a certain number of years. This proposed tax never leaves whatever committee it was introduced into because its so blatantly unconstitutional on its face that the state would never be able to enforce it. A very old, very well settled area of constitutional law is that states cannot impose restrictions a person's ability to move into or out of a state. A tax on moving out of a state is as clear of one of those restrictions as it comes. The legislators that introduce these bills don't do so because they think that the bill has any chance of passing, being signed by the governor, or then being enforced. They introduce them because in the context of California politics "rich people" are a popular boogeyman/scapegoat and so introducing these bills both allows the legislator to say that they're fighting rich people, as well as to allow them to reinforce the boogeyman by saying that had it not been for those rich people and their *special interest groups* the tax would have passed. But the legislators that propose these exit taxes are well aware of their unconstitutionality as well as the potential ramifications for if such taxes were not unconstitutional. IE, if this tax wasn't unconstitutional then California could also stop poor people from moving in, or just generally hold anyone who lived in the state hostage by preventing them from moving out of state.


Question: Why are bicycles able to stay upright when moving, and not while stationary?

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 Why are bicycles able to stay upright when moving, and not while stationary?

Aha I know this one! The bike wheels are acting like gyroscopes, the spinning keeps the wheels moving forward and as long as they're spinning it'll stay upright because the energy required to knock it over is *more* than the energy needed to keep it upright. This is why when you push a bike, say down a hill, it'll like stay moving for a while unless it crashes or slows down. There's a lot more complicated applications of this concept but I feel this works for an Eli5 EDIT: You can test this concept yourself by putting a [bike wheel on a string]( URL_0 ) and spinning it really fast. It will right itself in the air. Its a common expirement in introductory physics courses. Source: am a physics student.


Question: Why are things more prone to breaking when changing temperature?

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 Why are things more prone to breaking when changing temperature?

In essence, all materials either expand or contract when they change temperature. Mostly they expand upon heating and contract upon cooling, but there are exceptions to this rule. If a material is rapidly heated or cooled, it will expand or contract rapidly, which reduces their integrity and causes them to break.


Question: Why do ears randomly "zoom in"?

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 Why do ears randomly "zoom in"?

Basically how ears work is there are little hairs that vibrate and help direct sound to your eardrum. When there’s really loud sounds, those hairs will flatten, helping to decrease the noise. This can be caused by bombs, loud music, machinery, etc. Afterwards, the hairs will slowly lift up again one by one and allow the sound to increase in volume and become clearer again (that is until you flatten them so much they get stuck and you get hearing loss) Does that describe what you’re wondering about?


Question: what is the money based on? What makes the dollar valuable?

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 what is the money based on? What makes the dollar valuable?

The US dollar used to be based on gold. Hence the term "gold-standard". Every dollar you had could be traded into a bank for a certain amount of gold. That's not really the case anymore and now it's really just based off of the faith of the consumer. I'm not an economics expert or anything, but this is my understanding.