Question: Why is USA still stockpiling cheese instead of cutting support to the dairy subsidy?

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 Why is USA still stockpiling cheese instead of cutting support to the dairy subsidy?

This is a basic problem of subsidies. Once they are given, it is very hard to take away. Not the mechanism of the subsidy but the political impact. Subsidies benefit few and penalize everyone a little. This means the beneficiaries are VERY motivated politically to maintain them whereas the majority who feel only a little issue, aren't too motivated to retaliate. Depending on the subsidy mechanism, the impacts may vary but for ELI5, subsidies reduce the cost of production and therefore increase supply. This increase of supply makes subsidies more expensive (generally) and prices lower. But there is a limit of consumption, and at some point, there is a "natural limit" to how much cheese people will consume regardless of how cheap it becomes. If the subsidies are limited, then it should never come to this point. But this is easier said than done in a political environment. Ultimately, the taxpayer has the double whammy of subsidizing cost and paying for excess supply to be stockpiled (or price support). The cheese industry supports the dairy industry and so on and so forth. Once subsidies start, more people are employed in it than would be in a non-subsidy market. This makes the subsidies even more politically difficult to remove.


Question: How come when we cry our throats feel like they are on fire and clench up?

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 How come when we cry our throats feel like they are on fire and clench up?

Basically it’s the expansion of the glottis in and of itself does not create a lumpy feeling, until we try to swallow. Since swallowing involves closing the glottis, this works against the muscles that open the glottis in response to crying. We experience the resulting muscle tension as a lump in the throat.


Question: How do bullets fired into the air come down fast enough to do damage?

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 How do bullets fired into the air come down fast enough to do damage?

Bullets are propelled by gases from a gunpowder charge. Once it leaves the barrel traveling up, eventually the round reaches an apex, and heads back toward gravity. It will reach terminal velocity falling back down, which is much less than muzzle velocity firing up, but still enough to do damage. Case in point, a stray round coming back down in this manner took out the back window of my friends car a few 4th of Julys ago, it was found in the trunk after passing through the seat back.


Question: How is world population calculated? And how accurate is the number? Is it possible that the number can be entirely wrong?

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 How is world population calculated? And how accurate is the number? Is it possible that the number can be entirely wrong?

In general, information about the world population is aggregated from information about each country's population. From there, each country usually either conducts regular censuses or has some form of national registration to track people (or both) as it's a very important part of running a government. These estimates are only updated so often though (IE, the US conduct it's census only every 10 years), so there is a little math done to the number to get the current estimate. There are three big factors that matter when creating that current estimate: Mortality rate, Birth rate, and Migration. The first obviously creates downward pressure on the number, the second upward, and the third can be either depending on if the new flow is out of or into the nation. How accurate is it? Well, the UN is one of the better sources, and they estimate their margin of error to within 1% or so for the entire world. It varies HIGHLY depending on the country though, with less developed nations and especially wartorn nations being incredibly difficult to estimate due to difficulties in conducting censuses, and highly developed nations being very accurate. Broadly speaking, you can trust the numbers though and there is very little to no chance that the number can be entirely wrong, unless you are getting a number from a shady source.


Question: Why can blank CD's hold the same length of music at different bitrates?

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 Why can blank CD's hold the same length of music at different bitrates?

If you record a CD as an audio CD, it *always* writes the music as 44.1kHz, 16-bit **uncompressed** audio. If the source was a low-quality MP3, you just end up with low-quality audio recorded at 44.1kHz, 16-bit. If you write it as a *data* CD, you can fit different amounts of audio on there. Many modern CD players can handle MP3s.


Question: Can anyone tell me how would your brain perceive a situation where you took both of your eyes balls out of their sockets and pointed them at each other? Also the same with pointing them the opposition direction?

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 Can anyone tell me how would your brain perceive a situation where you took both of your eyes balls out of their sockets and pointed them at each other? Also the same with pointing them the opposition direction?

Both setups are easy enough to achieve with mirrors. There was a display at a zoo, that looked like one of those old-school coin-operated telescopes. It had mirrors for your eyes to "see sideways", to kind of simulate the wide visual field in some grazing animals. It's not normal for our brain to process such inputs, though, so it didn't really allow the "perception" of a wide visual field. More like flipping your attention back and forth between two views.


Question: Why do tectonic plates shift?

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 Why do tectonic plates shift?

Boats float in the ocean whose currents move the boats around. It's essentially the same idea, except that magma is way more viscous than water and the plates are also much larger than most boats so the speed and timeline of things is slower. However, their size is also what makes the consequences of their movement larger.


Question: How did old school shooter gun games like duck hunt or arcade shooters accurately track your shots with only the gun and without a sensor bar or camera?

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 How did old school shooter gun games like duck hunt or arcade shooters accurately track your shots with only the gun and without a sensor bar or camera?

When you point at a duck and pull the trigger, the computer in the NES blacks out the screen and the Zapper diode begins reception. Then, the computer flashes a solid white block around the targets you’re supposed to be shooting at. The photodiode in the Zapper detects the change in light intensity and tells the computer that it’s pointed at a lit target block — in others words, you should get a point because you hit a target. In the event of multiple targets, a white block is drawn around each potential target one at a time. The diode’s reception of light combined with the sequence of the drawing of the targets lets the computer know that you hit a target and which one it was. Of course, when you’re playing the game, you don’t notice the blackout and the targets flashing because it all happens in a fraction of a second.


Question: Why can’t we see air?

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 Why can’t we see air?

The gas molecules in air don't have an electron configuration (chromophore) capable of absorbing light at visible wavelengths, thus they are transparent. Our visual system has evolved to work in the transparent wavelength region for obvious reasons. If somehow we only saw in the far ultraviolet below about 200nm, the air molecules would absorb thay and it would be like walking about in inky blackness.


Question: why does sound travel further when its cold?

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 why does sound travel further when its cold?

Sound travels faster when it's cold because being cold is a result of the atoms moving less than when it's hot. Therefore cold air is denser, and sound travels faster in denser objects. This is because sound is just a chain reaction of molecules bumping into each other, and the speed in which that "wave" travels is the speed of sound. This will also makes sound travel faster in water and even faster in solid objects than in a gas. If you get multiple small balls and place them about 2 inches apart and roll the first one, the last ball will start to move after a certain amount of time. If you place them 1 inch apart, it will get there in half the time.


Question: If the US purchased the land to then build the Panama Canal, why did Jimmy Carter give it away?

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 If the US purchased the land to then build the Panama Canal, why did Jimmy Carter give it away?

It's not that simple. The US wanted to control an area of Colombia that would make an excellent place for a canal. Colombia wouldn't allow it, so the US backed a war to make a portion of Colombia break away and become a new nation that the US could control. The US-backed forces won and the nation of Panama was created. The US-backed government then of course immediately (like, within days) made a treaty with the US to make a big chunk of territory within the country into a US territory, to be called The Panama Canal Zone, and which also gave a certain amount of control within Panama to the US. The zone was in the middle of the country, from coast to coast, so Panama was divided into two different sections. The US controlled it and had US military there. So basically the creation of the country was a coup led by a foreign power so that that foreign power could control a valuable resource. This is the kind of imperialist endeavor that is often frowned upon as being an abuse of power. The US paid the Panamanian government a small amount of money every year for it, but that doesn't take away the fact that the US only controlled it due to using coercive and violent methods, and that any nation has the right to decide how to use land within its territory and to negotiate its treaties. As time went on, the citizens of Panama were not happy with this arrangement and there were repeated protests and clashes. President Jimmy Carter was concerned about the unfairness of the situation historically and was willing to renegotiate the treaty and grant control of the canal to Panama.


Question: The rainbow hat riddle, please explain how the solution makes 100% sure that at least one of the prisoners are right about their hat color?

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 The rainbow hat riddle, please explain how the solution makes 100% sure that at least one of the prisoners are right about their hat color?

When you take the sum of all hats according to your assignment of ROYGBIV to 0 to 6, when dividing that sum by 7, the remainder has to be one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. That are 7 possibilities. You now assign each person one of those possibilities. Let's assume that one of them covers the correct possibility. That means that he knows the remainder of the sum of all hats, and he also knows the remainder of all hats except his own. There can only be one color for his hat so that both of these remainders are correct. This only produces the prisoner's own color if he assumes the correct remainder for all 7 hats. But remember that there were only 7 possible remainders, and that we assigned each of them to one person. This means that at least one person works with the correct remainder, and as I've described above, this allows that person to correctly guess their own color. (In fact, there will only ever be exactly one person that guesses correctly, as everyone else uses a wrong assumption for the remainder of all hats) As you've correctly stated, this works for any number of colors and prisoners. The mathematics behind it is called modular arithmetic.


Question: why are the displayed prices in some countries not including taxes ?

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 why are the displayed prices in some countries not including taxes ?

In the US, taxes are different in each state, and we've got 50 of 'em. This makes it unreasonable or at least more difficult for a product manufacturer to make sure that the correct price (with tax) is reported consistently across the country. Even if a company took it upon themselves to make sure the price was reported with tax added, their product would now look more expensive than competitors who don't do the same. There are no laws mandating all prices be reported this way.


Question: How do we know that red shift means the universe is expanding vs. things just being red?

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 How do we know that red shift means the universe is expanding vs. things just being red?

We're not just looking at the actual color. We take a prism, which is something that "refracts" light into all its different wavelengths (like a rainbow), and filter incoming light through it. But the light an object emits will have gaps in its rainbow, because its atoms are absorbing light at those particular wavelengths. That's how we can tell what something like a star is made out of just by studying its light. Each atom in the periodic table creates a specific pattern of these gaps, so we'll see the same pattern for hydrogen in everything that has hydrogen in it. When we study the light from faraway galaxies, we see the familiar patterns that nearby stars have, but the patterns are shifted toward the red part of the rainbow. That's how we know the Doppler effect is in play and the galaxy is receding from us.


Question: How does a gravity boost work?

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 How does a gravity boost work?

When you get a gravity assist, you leave the planet/moon you're getting the gravity assist from at the same speed you approached it, but not in the same direction(your trajectory would be hyperbolic or parabolic). Think of Jupiter like a truck moving down the highway, flying your spacecraft behind it as it orbits around the sun is like bouncing a ball off the front of the truck as it approaches, flying your spacecraft in front of Jupiter is like bouncing your ball off the back of the truck as its moving away from you. Basically, if you leave Jupiter going more in the direction Jupiter is moving than when you approached it, it will transfer some of it's energy to you. If you leave Jupiter going in the opposite direction jupiter is moving, it will take some energy away from you. Edit: Here are a couple of examples from KSP. The first is an example of a gravity assist that sends the ship out into solar orbit, the second is an example of a free return trajectory, where the gravity assist sends you back home. URL_0


Question: How does our brain merge the two “images” we see from our eyes?

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 How does our brain merge the two “images” we see from our eyes?

I have something to contribute! I have strabismus- so it doesn’t work on me, actually. I can only look out one eye at a time! The other eye works fine, but I use my right eye for focus and to talk to people with. My left eye tends to act as peripheral, but I can switch eyes. It’s basically cuz I have a lazy eye. Or had, I got surgery that made it look fixed- but the brain still believes one eye is lazy. So because the idea of a lazy eye requires that the eyes are looking down two different paths at the same time, and the brain can only focus on one task at a time, it mutes the focus of one of my eyes. So while my brain combines both images of my eyes, I can only focus with one of them, while the other acts as peripheral vision. I know this doesn’t answer your question exactly and I know others have answered it better, but I just wanted to give you some neat information. I didn’t know my eyes were weird until a couple years ago- I thought everyone had a dominant eye they looked out of.


Question: Why do video game companies such as Codemasters with their F1 series have such a difficult time with licenses?

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 Why do video game companies such as Codemasters with their F1 series have such a difficult time with licenses?

I believe the limitation is only due to FIA wanting to maintain a certain level of, I dunno, public image? Safety is a major concern for FIA, both for the sake of saving pilots and not traumatising viewers (guess which more). There're no technical reasons for such limitations, just reputational. Think about it like this: GRR Martin comes to you and says, 'Man, I want to include you personally in my new chapter of GoT, but I need an official permission'. You think that prolly the last thing you wanna see is getting yourself killed on TV, so you say 'Okay, sure, let's sign a contract where you can add me to your book as long as you don't kill or maim the character'. And some time later viewers are all 'Why is this dude still alive? This is so uncharacteristic', but you've got legal reassurance it won't happen.


Question: In mathematics, what is moment matching?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 In mathematics, what is moment matching?

In statistics, a distribution’s moments provide measures of the distribution’s shape. They come in two flavors: a raw moment and a central moment. The difference is that the central moments are centered on the distribution’s mean while the raw moments are not. You probably know some of the moments by other names. For example, the first raw moment is usually called the distribution’s mean, the second central moment is called its variance, the third central moment is called its skewness, etc. Moments are a way for us to think of these different measures as being part of a connected family of functions, rather than a series of weird formulas that your stats teacher came up with. To match moments means you’re coming up with a distribution that has the same, say, first 3 moments as some other distribution. So a distribution whose shape is similar to another distribution’s, in a statistics sense, but may show differences in the higher moments.


Question: what makes the wind ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what makes the wind ?

Warm air rises, cold air sinks and nature hates vacuums. The sun warms the Earth and makes air hot in places. When a big patch of air gets hot it rises and leaves a big space near the ground where there's less air. Colder air near the ground will get sucked into those places. That's the wind. If you look at the weather maps, you see high and low pressure zones. Low pressure zones are the hot air rising away. The high pressure zones are the cold air trying to fill in the gaps.


Question: Why is a fast food burger that is 100% Beef less healthy for me than a 100% Beef burger I make at home?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a fast food burger that is 100% Beef less healthy for me than a 100% Beef burger I make at home?

Eating burgers at home every day **also** would be bad for you. There's nothing inherently unhealthy about a burger, even if it's a little high in fat & salt. The fast food experience, OTOH, where you pair that burger with a big cup of sugary soda & a big basket of deep-fried potatoes, is getting you into a place where you're getting way too many calories in a meal. If you do this on a regular basis, you're going to get fat.


Question: When listening to music from far away, why are the drums so prevalent whereas that's not the case when the source is near?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 When listening to music from far away, why are the drums so prevalent whereas that's not the case when the source is near?

Basically you're mostly just hearing the bass or kick drum. The bass is a very slow moving and large sound wave, compared to vocals or a guitar which are faster and smaller sound waves. The bass noises can travel further than the others. However when you're nearby you're hearing the music as it was designed to be heard. Essentially guitar and vocals are the prominent or loudest components so they over power the bass drum when there's nothing blocking it. You can think of high pitched notes as rabbits and low pitched notes as elephants. Put them both in your living room and then run to the other side of the house. Make them both run to you in a straight line, the rabbit will get stuck at the first wall it runs into, but the elephant even though it's slower will just plow right through.


Question: Why do commercials cut off randomly sometimes? Like a commercial will be playing, then about 2 seconds in, another one starts.

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 Why do commercials cut off randomly sometimes? Like a commercial will be playing, then about 2 seconds in, another one starts.

Some commercials are generated at the local point of distribution (local commercials). Others are generated upstream at the point of origination (national commercials). Each commercial has embedded electronic cues to signal to distribution hardware. These commercials are compiled into a single stream at the point of distribution. Sometimes, these cues conflict, and one source of commercial is overridden by the other. Typically, it'll be the local commercial that gets preempted (overridden) by the national one.


Question: How do trains work? Especially, how does the electricity flow between the power lines and the train, for example, while changing tracks?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 How do trains work? Especially, how does the electricity flow between the power lines and the train, for example, while changing tracks?

Trains run on DC, meaning that the one electrical terminal will always be positive and the other will always be ground. For trains, the positive terminal is the overhead cabling. The rails it drives on is the ground terminal. So when a train extends its boom and contacts the overhead cables, the electric circuit is closed. The rails are literally electrified. However, it’s safe as the are kept at the same potential as the ground you walk on.


Question: How do transplanted organs, connect back to the new body? Do doctors reenginner tens of millions (?) of connections back?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do transplanted organs, connect back to the new body? Do doctors reenginner tens of millions (?) of connections back?

There really aren’t that many connections. Take the kidneys for instance. There is the renal artery going in, the renal vein going out, and the tube for urine going to the bladder. For the most part, that’s really it. Sure there might be a bit of connective tissue that holds the organ in place, the body can easily grow that back though on its own, it’s pretty good at repairing itself. Arteries and veins will eventually grow into each other to make a better seal. Similar case for the liver. One artery in, one artery out, bile duct is also connected connected, stitch those together and it should work. Fun fact: Many organs have nerves, these are not connected during a transplant. Nerves in organs are only really needed to feel pain to tell the host that something is wrong. This includes the heart, so people with heart transplants can actually have heart attacks that they do not feel simply because the nerves are not connected.


Question: What is the role of an “engine” in videogame production?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the role of an “engine” in videogame production?

So, imagine you're a developer. You want to make a game, but you've never made one before. Where do you start? Game engines provide a pre-built scaffolding full of functionality that work out-of-the-box. Do you want Fog in your game? Unreal Engine has Atmospheric fog built in! ( URL_0 ) Rather than take the time to develop fog, which might take a developer weeks, you just use the functionality native in the engine. The same goes for various other concepts you might want to implement. Just the same, training developers is simpler if you use an engine. Has a developer previously worked on an Unreal Engine game? Great, they have a head start on your code-base and should only have to learn the things that you've done from scratch rather than your entire codebase.


Question: How do B shares of equity work? What is the “waterfall”?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do B shares of equity work? What is the “waterfall”?

A concept of a corporation is sort of like a book, in that it's a type of object with many similarities (a cover, pages, text, etc) there's also lots of freedom to style your book in a massive variety of ways. For corporations, one level of freedom is multiple classes of shares. Most companies have a single class of common equity, which means all the shares are exactly the same (they represent an equal portion of ownership, have the same voting rights, etc) but companies can also create multiple classes of shares, that might vary in their voting power (one class might have 50 votes, while the other has 1), their share of ownership (one might be 30 times more than another, allowing lower priced shares for a company that doesn't split), or their position in a liquidation (so one class may get their value before another). The order of rights to claim value in a liquidation is often called a waterfall, think of the type of waterfall where it splits into multiple pools above and below each other, one pool fills, then water spills into the next, etc). There can basically be as many reasons for different share classes as owners who want their equity to do something different then the standard, all shares represent an equal interest in the ownership of the corporation.


Question: Why is adobe flash player ending?

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 Why is adobe flash player ending?

Flash, from the get-go, has been riddled with security holes and flaws, and is generally resource-hungry and unwieldy. Ultimately it makes more sense to build some of the more useful features that Flash brought to the web in the late 90s and early 2000s into the native languages of the web, such as HTML, that have universal support across all browsers (because browsers' entire job description is to take HTML and turn it into a web page, therefore all browsers should handle HTML in roughly the same way). Because these standards are open-source, anyone with the knowledge can look at the code behind the scenes and make changes, and similarly can spot potential vulnerabilities and fix them before they become a huge vector for malicious actors. The basic gist is that we used flash despite all of its flaws because there was nothing better at making things like Youtube or Newgrounds work, but now you can do pretty much everything you would have done in Flash with HTML, WebGL, and/or WebAssembly, so switching to that is preferable.


Question: When sea level rises, why wouldn't it rise the same amount everywhere?

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 When sea level rises, why wouldn't it rise the same amount everywhere?

While what you said is generally true in small scale, large scale is a bit different. You have serious gravitational pull from primarily the moon but the sun as well which makes the oceans look more oval than round. This is the same phenomenon that causes the tide cycle. When you add water to a system like that, you don't see uniform change in water levels. Everything rises some, but the high tide area would tend to see a more dramatic rise.


Question: how can the government track GPS devices?

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 how can the government track GPS devices?

You're correct about GPS. A pure GPS device is just a radio receiver, it can't be tracked; and GPS satellites are just broadcasters, they have no idea what devices are listening. Your phone, though, uses a map of WiFi network identifiers and triangulates by cell phone signal as well, and that's trackable - heck, the phone company has to know what tower your cell phone is closest to for the technology to even work. Both kinds of devices may save a record of your movements, which could be viewed later.


Question: How do we know that the universe is infinite?

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 How do we know that the universe is infinite?

We don't actually know for certain, but we have reason to believe it is likely infinite. This comes from our observations of the universe on the large scale that it is homogeneous, isotropic, and has zero spatial curvature. That is to say it is the same everywhere, has no preferred direction, and the geometry of space is Euclidean (squares have 360 degree internal angles, triangles have 180 degree internal angles, etc). Of course we cannot actually observe beyond the edges of the observable universe, by definition, but we have every reason to believe that the universe behaves the same both when we aren't looking and when we *can't* look. So likely the universe is infinite in extent and basically the same everywhere.


Question: If you are overweight, why can’t you live off of your fat preservatives and function normally?

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</answer>
 If you are overweight, why can’t you live off of your fat preservatives and function normally?

You can live off it. That doesn't mean it'll be pleasant in the meantime. Your body generally wants to keep you alive - if you're not doing important things like eating, it's going to make you feel bad until you do. Over a longer period of time, you'll start running into issues with some vitamin/mineral deficiencies and such as well.


Question: How does a bubble 'burst' in economics?

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 How does a bubble 'burst' in economics?

I make a company that's on the cutting edge of a new technology. Let's called my company Awesome Incorporated, because it's so awesome. Everyone seems to think my company is going to do awesome things. People invest lots of money in my company, hoping that it will grow in value. The news talks about how awesome I am, and because people keep investing in my company, it's stock value shoots up. Now my company's stock value far exceeds what my company can actually produce (this is what is meant by a bubble). Eventually, reality sets in and people start to realize that I can't deliver on the hype. People stop trading my stocks as frequently, my share prices plummet, and everyone who invested in me loses a lot of money (this is what is meany by the bubble "popping"). The principles of "bubbles" can also apply to whole products, entire industries, or different investment types. Bubbles happen anywhere where the hype exceeds reality.


Question: Why do voices sound like a higher octave at faster speeds and a lower octave at slower speeds?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do voices sound like a higher octave at faster speeds and a lower octave at slower speeds?

Voice is a sound, and sound travels in waves. The faster the sound travels, the shorter the wavelength (the space between each bump in a wave), and the higher the frequency, which we perceive as the pitch of a sound; alternatively, you could say that because sound travels in waves, it vibrates the air, and the faster it travels the more the air vibrates, raising the pitch. On the more, technical side, frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), and a jump from one octave to the one directly above or below it has about 2x more or less Hz; if a note is at 300Hz, then the same note an octave lower is 150Hz, and the same note an octave higher is 600Hz. You can also think about it similarly to how light travels, because it's the same concept: the shorter the wavelength of the photon (light wave), the brighter the light is because it has a higher frequency. Tl;dr it's all about the frequency of the sound you're hearing and how that relates to the pitch (faster = more vibration = higher pitch and vice versa)


Question: what determines whether a surface becomes slippery or sticky when wet?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 what determines whether a surface becomes slippery or sticky when wet?

Barring actual binding like in this case, whether a surface is slippery or sticky depends on relative surface energies. In this case, since you're talking about wetting a surface, the difference in surface energy between water and the surface is low, so the water will adhere and spread out on the surface. Now you have something else that touches the surface. Whether the water likes to be in contact with that something else (which is dictated by whether the energy decreases or not), it will either want to stick together instead of being in contact with air (as it would be if it wasn't touching), or it will like the air more and won't want to stick to the other thing. If it doesn't want to stick to the other thing, then water instead reduces friction by essentially smoothing out all the micropits in the surface, which causes it to be slippery. Remember that friction is just caused by the fact that surfaces are rough, and have all sorts of jagged edges and pits. When things rub on each other, these edges can get caught on the pits, which is the cause of friction. You can read more at URL_0 and URL_1


Question: - If all countries are in debt with one another why do they not just cancel it out and one country pays a smaller amount?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 - If all countries are in debt with one another why do they not just cancel it out and one country pays a smaller amount?

Because people working for the creditors still need to be paid. It's the same reason we can't just forgive student debt for instance. A lot of people working for banks would lose their jobs. it's a bit more complicated when you look at debt on a national scale and who owes who money and why, but the concept is the same.


Question: Why can people balance better on a bike while in motion than while sitting still?

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 Why can people balance better on a bike while in motion than while sitting still?

When a wheel is turning, its rotational momentum (angular momentum) makes it difficult to deflect. It takes some force to make it revolve around a different axis, and that means it takes some force to tip or steer a bike whose wheels are spinning. The faster they're spinning, the more force it takes, and so the more stable you are. If you ever get a chance, hold a detached bike wheel by the ends of the axle and have somebody else give it a spin. While it's turning, try to give it some roll or some yaw; you'll feel how it pushes back against you. That phenomenon is called gyroscopic effect, or 'rigidity in space', and last time I tried to understand the vector math behind it, I failed. I should try again.


Question: Why are American police officers allowed to "bait" people into committing crimes (ex: bait cars, sting operations)?

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 Why are American police officers allowed to "bait" people into committing crimes (ex: bait cars, sting operations)?

The police are not allowed to "bait" people into committing crimes they would not otherwise perform, such as through coercion. They *can* set traps for people who are trying to commit crimes of their own accord. For example a plainclothes police officer standing on the corner apparently selling drugs isn't going to make anyone purchase drugs if they weren't going to buy them from a legitimate criminal. A bait car sitting on the side of the road isn't any more likely to be stolen by someone who doesn't normally steal cars. The key point here is that the police are not making people commit those crimes when otherwise they wouldn't have, they are just influencing them to commit the crime where the police can catch them.


Question: How do non-stimulant ADHD medications help with focus?

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 How do non-stimulant ADHD medications help with focus?

Because they all accomplish the same goal. Sorry for the paragraph but I feel the need to properly explain this to avoid misconceptions The focus part of ADHD mostly comes down to a lack of Dopamine. Dopamine is great at motivating you to do things, which is why you feel good after you eat when you are very hungry. It is difficult to understand unless you have ADHD, but if you really aren't motivated you can't concentrate very well, if at all. Your brain can control dopamine flow using "Inhibitors" to stop dopamine binding and therefore being used. Those with ADHD seem to have far too many of these inhibitors (up to 80%), so when the brain attempts to slightly reduce dopamine, it ends up significantly reducing it. Stimulants such as Methylphenidate(Ritalin) work by disabling these inhibitors but also directly release neurotransmitters into the brain, which is a large reason they are more effective and usually more intense. Non stimulants such as atomoxetine(Strattera) are norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors that simply allow norepinephrine longer to bind to neurons before being taken back in by the brain, aswell as releasing dopamine. Essentially, the answer is because they basically do the same thing, just in different ways.


Question: Why Is Thirst A Sign Of A Heart Attack?

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 Why Is Thirst A Sign Of A Heart Attack?

So I’m going to place the caveat that I’ve never seen severe thirst in any reviewed papers linked biochemically to heart attack. But, I’m willing to take a stab at a possible mechanism. So the heart the brain the lungs the liver the arteries and your kidneys all play a role in blood pressure regulation through a hormone chain called the renin angiotensin system. If the kidneys notice a decrease in blood flow they release the first signal renin which triggers a cascade of events causing us to hold on to salt (which ultimately pulls back water) in the kidneys, constrict our blood vessels, and increases our thirst. All these things are designed to increase the volume and pressure of the blood so that our organs can get the oxygen/nutrients that they need. So heart attacks occur because of a blocked / narrowed artery in the heart. When that happens the heart muscle may be unable to contract with the same force it normally can. It then doesn’t generate the same blood pressure (especially if the heart muscle being affected is the left ventricle - a common location for heart attacks to affect), which means the kidneys go oh shit we aren’t getting enough blood trigger the renin angiotensin system. That hormone chain gets triggered causing your body to do everything it can to hold on to water, leading to thirst.


Question: If light sets the cosmic speed limit, how did the universe expand trillions of kilometers in every direction in only fractions of a second during the big bang?

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 If light sets the cosmic speed limit, how did the universe expand trillions of kilometers in every direction in only fractions of a second during the big bang?

Simply put, massive amounts of matter didn't move faster than light in every direction. The matter stayed put in the space it was in, but space itself expanded and there is no speed limit on the expansion of space (as far as we know), only on the things that move through space. Think of it like a lemon poppy seed loaf sprinkled through with little poppy seeds. When it goes in the oven, it's a small lump of dough. Let the poppy seeds be matter sprinkled through the universe. The dough is space. During baking, the dough expands but the seeds stay the same. As the dough rises (space expands), the seeds (matter) get farther apart, but each seed is still surrounded by the exact same dough as before, it's just that there's much more dough. In the case of the universe, the dough is able to rise at a ridiculous rate of speed.


Question: Why is it that when we talk to an adult with a high voice we can still tell it's an adult?

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 Why is it that when we talk to an adult with a high voice we can still tell it's an adult?

There are two major forces at work regarding tone and pitch of voice. The first is fundamental frequency of phonation, or the pitch your vocal folds produce. Adult men produce the lowest fundamental frequency, with adult women producing a higher frequency and children an even higher one. The second factor is resonance. This is the effect of reverberation throughout your vocal tract: pharynx (throat), oral cavity, nasal cavity, and, to some degree, the rest of your skull. When we hear a child's voice and perceive it to be a child, we are hearing a high fundamental frequency, but we are also hearing resonance in smaller cavities (throat, mouth, nose): these two factors combine to create the perception of youth in vocal quality. When an adult talks with an affected high pitch on purpose, they are increasing the fundamental frequency of their vocal folds. However, it is physically impossible to change the aspects of resonance in any significant way, as you are unable to change the size and shape of your resonating cavities (throat, mouth, and nose). Therefore, although the pitch may be childlike, the resonance is unmistakably adult.


Question: How does Activated Carbon have a such a huge surface area per 1g, how does it work?

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 How does Activated Carbon have a such a huge surface area per 1g, how does it work?

It stems from how it's set up. Take a Kg chunk of any material in a cube. As a single piece it has a set surface area. Cut that in half, and suddenly your gain in total surface area is equal to adding two new square faces to the total. Repeat thousands of times, and you've taken all of the interior matter and made it into surface matter. This is relevant to activated charcoal because it's an adsorbent (bonds stuff to its surface but doesn't pull it inside (absorbent)). So activated charcoal has a huge surface area per Kg because its ground up into minuscule particles which allows more surface to be exposed versus as a solid chunk.


Question: How does your body know you've got food poisoning and make you feel unwell to the point of vomiting?

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 How does your body know you've got food poisoning and make you feel unwell to the point of vomiting?

Food poisoning/food-born illness is based entirely on the toxin that you ingested. Some toxins your body recognizes immediately and automatically turn your stomach and tell you to stop eating. It would be the same as your reflex to drink some water if you were thirsty. The most common ones are *Salmonella, E. Coli, norovirus, listeria, clostridium perforenjum*s, and *campylobacter.* Your body reacts differently to each one. The most notable differences in the onset of symptoms, duration of symptoms, and overall severity. The toxin begins to cause havoc in different stages of digestion. The stages of digestion these toxins effect are linked to how the bacteria is composed (encapsulated vs. unencapsulated, and so on) and some other factors. The biggest myth about food poisoning is that "it is not immediate" or "it only occurs the next day or 12-16 hours after ingestion" which is frankly not true. My experience is an example: I had some lukewarm duck at a fancy restaurant. Other than its temperature, the dish tasted fine. However, it turned my stomach immediately, and I lost my appetite. 4 hours later, almost to the minute, I was nauseated, vomiting, and experiencing horrific diarrhea. The speed of the onset, plus the time of the year (winter), and how quickly I recovered (symptoms stopped after 10-12 hours) made me conclude it was norovirus.


Question: How does money get printed and why isn't the technology used to do it commercialized?

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 How does money get printed and why isn't the technology used to do it commercialized?

If you want to be blunt, money printing technology IS commercialised. There are only a handful of companies around the world who manufacture the machinery for the production process, but they ARE companies. Selling to all the government customers who need their products. But, you know. One of the reasons that they are still in business is that they flat out refuse to sell their products if you can't provide proof that you indeed are a government entity who is actually authorised to produce money for a country's central bank. If you boil it down, every time there is new, fancy production abilities that roll out to government customers, counterfeiters start to look at and analyse the new bills in an attempt to copy the manufacturing process close enough that it's difficult to tell the bills apart. Which means that every few years, the official manufacturers have to come up with a new, fancy anti-counterfeit measure. And every few years, the circulated money has to start being replaced with bills that are a hint more difficult to copy than last years money. Occasionally, it comes to the point where you just can't keep the old ones in circulation any longer because they are too easy to copy; Every 10-15 years or so, central banks tend to issue bulletins where they declare that a certain bill design is going to have it's value nulled and voided.


Question: how do calculators do trigonometry?

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 how do calculators do trigonometry?

One very common method is to use Maclaurin Series approximations for trigonometric functions. (These are a special kind of [Taylor series ]( URL_1 ) ) What this means is that sin, cos, tan, etc. Can be represented as a polynomial expression. This is easily calculated by a computer, as it simply becomes a matter of performing repeated multiplication and addition operations. These expressions follow a regular pattern, so as much precision as is desired is very simple to implement. Another method is using a [CORDIC algorithm]( URL_0 ). These are another set of very computationally efficient algorithms for evaluating trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. As someone else has said, lookup tables have also been used. Depending on the calculator you use, this may be implemented. But in general, a lot of computing systems will use some of the more accurate algorithms depending on the application. Of course, there are tricks that can be done in the software to get additional efficiency.


Question: Is there a technical (non-monetary) explanation for why a game console like the PS5 wouldn't be backwards compatible with all PS4 games?

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 Is there a technical (non-monetary) explanation for why a game console like the PS5 wouldn't be backwards compatible with all PS4 games?

Unlike PC games, console games can be really tightly integrated and optimized with the console hardware because the game authors know \*exactly\* what hardware they're going to run on. This is part of why a console can pull off more intensive games than a computer with equivalently powerful hardware. But...this means that the game is written assuming all that hardware is available. The whole point of a new console is to give the developers new, more powerful, more capable hardware to write their games on. To make a PS4 game run on a PS5 you have to include an extra "layer" in the PS5 to translate for the PS4 game. The PS4 game doesn't know it's on a PS5 and it expects PS4 hardware; the PS5 needs to handle those requests and make the fact that it's a PS5 invisible to the PS4 game. This means, at bare minimum, a bunch of extra software to write & test. If there was a format change or specific hardware functionality that isn't used at all on the PS5, you might also have to install the extra hardware (and related software to run it) just to support the PS4 game. That's all doable but you have to do it as an explicit and intentional effort to run backwards compatible games, it can't just happen by accident.