Question: - What do protein shakes / bars do to your body and how do they help?

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 - What do protein shakes / bars do to your body and how do they help?

Protein is required for muscle synthesis, so if you're lifting and breaking down tissue you need more of it to rebuild the muscle stronger and bigger than you would if you were just maintaining mass. However, supplement companies are notorious for overstating protein requirements. Generally people recommend 2g per kg of bodyweight but you can get away with about three quarters of that. Also, there's little point in bolting down 50g shakes in one as the rate you can use protein is limited. 25-30g every few hours is fine.


Question: How do immigrants move to a new country without knowing the language, culture or how to navigate the bureaucracy and open a business straight away?

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 How do immigrants move to a new country without knowing the language, culture or how to navigate the bureaucracy and open a business straight away?

1. They're willing to go to night class / home study to learn the language 2. Most western nations offer government services in most world languages 3. A lot of immigrants will settle in a neighborhood where there is family or others of the same language/culture; in fact these diasporas actively run "help you get integrated in < country > easily" type outreach programs if they're not the ones actively sponsoring the new arrivals to being with 4. they're willing to work their fucking ass off** Its amazing what motivation being able to go home after work and not worry about being rounded up or shot because of your cultural or religious beleifs, that you children can be educated, noone will bomb you and you have access to fundamentals such as security, sanitation and healthcare. ** I am friends with numerous 1st generation immigrants. They came here with squat and worked their ass off. Yeah, there's always gonna be some that ride the coattails of the system, but as far as I'm concerned I'll take any immigrant over an entitled lazy schlep from my generation or my kids.


Question: How can we call or video-chat with someone across the world and sound like we're talking to them instantly?

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 How can we call or video-chat with someone across the world and sound like we're talking to them instantly?

There is a small (sometimes noticable) delay which we precieve as basically normal conversation. A huge contributor to minimizing this delay is fiber optic technology. It allows information to travel the speed of light while in transit across thousands of miles. Modern processing power and elegant refined networking technology helps ensure the routing bottlenecks are at a minimum. Also data compression algorithms (like Pied Pipers ;) become more efficient which means less information needs to move for every second of video chatting.


Question: why do game prices stay the same when the tech use for making them (computers) gets cheaper every year, Human Resources are more abundant than ever and a lot more people are buying them (economy of scale)?

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 why do game prices stay the same when the tech use for making them (computers) gets cheaper every year, Human Resources are more abundant than ever and a lot more people are buying them (economy of scale)?

Games are getting more expensive to make, not less. The hardware and software used to make them doesn't really get cheaper, it gets better. And if it gets better, then it becomes possible to do more with it. Bigger worlds, more detail. Consumers expect this gradual increase in detail and scope. But despite the fact the advances in tech makes these things possible, it still requires more work to do these things. You might have a game engine that allows you to make highly detailed environments, but you still need people to create those environments and add all that detail. Team sizes for a typical AAA game are far larger than they used to be. So in some ways it's surprising that games have stayed the same price. And it's also part of the reason DLC and microtransactions are more common now. The publishers have to invest a lot more money into making a game, and they want to get more from that investment than just the profits of selling the game itself.


Question: how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

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 how does Microsoft profit from the Microsoft rewards program? It’s basically just free money.

It’s there to encourage you to buy more Microsoft stuff. They lose a little bit of money giving you back some stuff, but they make more money than if you just bought some other company’s version or used a free/open source version. Also Microsoft is trying to encourage you to use their search engine, so they can collect data about how you’re searching, so they can sell it to other people to target ads better.


Question: why do materials like wood, paper, cardboard, shrivel up/warp when they dry out after being wet?

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 why do materials like wood, paper, cardboard, shrivel up/warp when they dry out after being wet?

On a very small level, paper is essentially made out of tiny wood fibers that have been mechanically pressed flat. When water comes in, the fibers absorb it and puff up, which makes them more likely to catch on one another. Then, those fibers, which are now slightly caught on one another, shrink as they dry. Drying the fibers makes them pull on one another as they go, creating a tension across the whole surface that pulls the paper into a curved shape.


Question: how do the servers know a game is pirated, like if you had a pirated copy of C.O.D what happen s to stop you playing online?

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 how do the servers know a game is pirated, like if you had a pirated copy of C.O.D what happen s to stop you playing online?

Old games used to just want to connect so servers would let them play. Now a days with faster connection, the first message your game sends to the server is the exact version of the game and the serial number of the copy and a signature of all the parts of the computer(processor, Ram, graphics card, sound card ect) and the IP address exact version of the Operating server ect. The server then looks up the serial number of the key with its database to realise that it has already been given to an other completely different computer with a different IP and not the same patch of the OS. It now safe to say it is a copy. Eli5: you call from a number. It is linked to your voice, speech pattern, the noise in the back and the caller ID. Same day, somebody with a different voice on a different caller ID, and a thick different accent call the same number pretending to be you. The person at the other end now knows it is not you.


Question: How can restaurants have so many different dishes available and ready in such a small time, while not wasting much food?

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 How can restaurants have so many different dishes available and ready in such a small time, while not wasting much food?

The biggest thing is knowing your averages for a night and doing The prep accordingly. So Friday and Saturday nights are generally your biggest. On average you sell this many chicken snitz, this many steaks, this many stews, this many lamb cutlets, we go through this much mash and this much salad etc. The cooks will come in earlier than opening hours (or do it the night before) to get a lot of those salads cut up and ready to go, the snitz crumbed, the meat prepared, potatoes peeled etc. Not everything is made from scratch the second it is ordered Source: pretty much everyone in my family, except me, is a chef


Question: how does the first kernel of popcorn to pop not burn by the time the last kernel pops?

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 how does the first kernel of popcorn to pop not burn by the time the last kernel pops?

Several factors play into this. * Generally popped kernels will burn - but not instantly. There's a bit of time/wiggle room. * If you make it in a pan, the heavier, unpopped kernels will be at the bottom, while the lighter, popped ones will be on top, where less heat is. * A microwave heats the water contained in foods. The more water something contains, the faster it will heat up. Unpopped kernels contain all their water concentrated in a small spot, where it can't escape. Popped kernels have far less water concentration, and the water can get out. * When a kernel pops, it expands. Expansion cools (this is the principle that makes fridges work) - and therefore a freshly popped kernel just lost a lot of it's previously stored up heat. * Once a kernel is popped, the water inside can turn into steam. That evaporation again provides a cooling effect. In summary, popped kernels receive less heat and more cooling. They will still burn eventually - once most of the water is gone and they have heat up again. On top of that, manufactures of store bought pop corn make sure, that the water content is extremely similar in all kernels. This significantly reduces the time between first and last pop.


Question: How can Uranus be turning on its side if there's no up, down, left, or right in Outer Space?

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 How can Uranus be turning on its side if there's no up, down, left, or right in Outer Space?

By "turned sideways" we mean that Uranus' rotational axis is almost 90 degrees off the orbital plane. That means that during the northern summer the planets north pole points directly at the sun, and in the winter it points away. This produces some very bizarre and extreme seasons. It's not clear exactly how this happened, but it's likely due to a major collision during planet formation.


Question: - If a balloon is rubber, and rubber is an insulator then how come rubbing a balloon on your head creates electricity?

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 - If a balloon is rubber, and rubber is an insulator then how come rubbing a balloon on your head creates electricity?

Because rubber is an insulator. If you rub a piece of metal on your head (gently of course) any charge it contacts flows through the metal and into your hand. No electricity remains in your hair. Rubbing your hairs against each other produces static electricity, this is also how clouds make lightning. Since the rubber is an insulator, the charge can't stay there, and it has to go back into your hair.


Question: why animals can drink water from anywhere, but humans will get sick and die in many horrible ways?

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 why animals can drink water from anywhere, but humans will get sick and die in many horrible ways?

For starters, animals don't just drink any water from anywhere and are 'fine.' They get parasites and diseases too. For the most part they can get by despite all of this, but it isn't like they're immune to it. Secondly, humans can build up a resistance to the bad stuff in the water over time. My bio professor told us how he had to sip a little untreated water at a time while working in Mexico due to their lax water treatment methods at the time, but eventually built up a resistance to the nasties in the water. But you're right in that animals typically are less affected than humans by all the pathogens in water. Why is that? Well being able to withstand all the things that can make you sick in water takes resources from any animal. Like an extra strong immune system or more rigorous digestion methods. That isn't free. Devoting resources to that leaves less energy for everything else. An animal that didn't need to devote those resources to purifying water would be strictly better off. Since humans have figured out how to drink from safe sources, we have evolved to devote some of those resources elsewhere, like growing a bigger brain. As a more ELI13 version. It's a lot like you're playing a strategy game like starcraft or civilization and for whatever reason you know you don't have to deal with flying units. This allows you to forgo devoting resources to anti air measures and instead use those resources to climbing the brain tech tree faster.


Question: What's the difference between a monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antibody?

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 What's the difference between a monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antibody?

A single immune cell that makes antibodies only has instructions for one kind of antibody. If you take this cell and grow it in a lab from a single cell (single colony), it produces monoclonal antibodies to a single part of a target. On the other hand, you could take a bunch of immune cells that each recognize different parts of the same large target, and grow them up in a lab. They would produce a variety of different antibodies, all targeting the same overall thing, but in different ways. These are polyclonal antibodies.


Question: How do we know ‘original’ artefacts/paintings in famous museums are in fact the originals?

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 How do we know ‘original’ artefacts/paintings in famous museums are in fact the originals?

Sometimes they'll take a sample of the paint to have it analyzed. If a certain dye used hadn't been invented yet then you know it's likely a forgery. After the first atomic bomb was dropped cesium 137 and strontium 90 were found in much higher concentrations in nature and are absorbed by all living things including the plants paints and dyes are derived from from. If those high concentrations are found in the painting then you know it was made after the first atomic bomb test.


Question: Why can't we convert greenhouse gases into another gas that doesn't trap heat?

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 Why can't we convert greenhouse gases into another gas that doesn't trap heat?

CO2 is a very low-energy molecule. In order to break it apart, you need to add energy to it. Plants do this using sunlight as an energy source for photosynthesis, turning CO2 and water into sugar. Whenever we eat the products of those plants, we eventually reverse that process, turning the sugar into CO2, water, and energy. The real problem with our greenhouse gases is that normally that cycle of plants taking in CO2, plants being eaten, and then animals exhaling CO2 is a closed cycle. The amount of Carbon between the atmosphere, plants, and mammals remains pretty constant. However, millions of years ago, there were some trees that didn't get eaten by bacteria when they died (there just wasn't a bacteria that could eat them yet back then). This resulted in a lot of dead trees capturing carbon outside of the natural cycle. Those trees eventually got buried underground as the Earth shifted around, and over millions of years have broken down, and are now what we call fossil fuels. Whenever we burn fossil fuels, we reintroduce that carbon into the cycle. Without more plants or animals for the carbon to live in, all that extra carbon in the cycle ends up in the atmosphere.


Question: What are lagging and leading indicators?

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 What are lagging and leading indicators?

A leading indicator is a piece of data that points towards future events. A lagging indicator is a piece of data that changes in response to trends. For example... daily temperatures are a leading indicator for flu diagnoses. The flu spreads when it's cold out and people spend more time indoors, so when you notice daily average temperatures starting to drop, it's a leading indicator that there will be an uptick in flu cases. Lagging indicators are things like the Coronavirus death rate. It follows the infection rate by a few weeks - which is how you see the daily death rate go up even when daily infections are going down, because the people dying of Coronavirus today are ones who contracted it a few weeks ago.


Question: Why does a charged particle moving through space create a magnetic field?

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 Why does a charged particle moving through space create a magnetic field?

Two ways to look at it. 1 - The electric and magnetic forces are unified. James Maxwell wrote down some equations stating exactly this. From this point of view, the fact that moving electric fields create magnetic fields is a fundamental feature of the universe, rather than something to be explained by using other laws. 2 - Special relativity can also be used as an explanation. An easier way to explain this is with [this 5 minute video]( URL_0 ).


Question: How do film companies increase the quality of a movie 50+ years after filming?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do film companies increase the quality of a movie 50+ years after filming?

Physical film has a very high resolution - from around 4K to 8k+ depending on the size of the film used when shooting the movie. They need it to as they’re looking for a clear image when projecting onto a 40 foot wide screen! But for a long time the distribution media for home consumption didn’t have the storage capacity and playback media didn’t have the resolution - so the quality was downgraded for home use for more economical distribution without really impacting what people could see on their TVs. When they remaster these films they go back and use the original footage and transfer it to current media at the full resolution.


Question: Why does a word look unfamiliar if we stare at it for a long time?

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 Why does a word look unfamiliar if we stare at it for a long time?

A word written down is on its own just meaningless symbols to represent an idea, emotion, place etc. The longer you just stare at the word itself the meaning is peeled away leaving you with the symbols alone. The same can be experienced by repeating a word over and over again. After just a short time it will sound not only different but foreign and even hard to correctly pronounce. I hope this has helped. Edit: spelling and grammar (mobile app)


Question: How does Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle work?

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 How does Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle work?

This is a really complex concept. I'll first give a short text explanation that probably will be insufficient to explain it, afterwards I'll refer you to a video that in my opinion explains the concept very well. Every particle can be represented as a quantum wave. One way to represent this wave is to use the wave's amplitude for the particle's position and the wave's rotation for the particle's momentum. Another way to represent the wave is to use the amplitude for the momentum and the rotation for the position. If you have one of these representations, you can get the other by applying a mathematical transformation called a Fourier transform. The uncertainty is a fundamental property of the Fourier transform. This means that if both representations are valid, then you can't exactly know both position and momentum at the same time. As far as we can tell, both representations are in fact valid, which lets us conclude that Heisenberg uncertainty is real. This probably hasn't been sufficient to explain the concept. After all, it's a really complex idea to understand. I strongly recommend you to watch [this video]( URL_0 ), which does a relatively good job of explaining the basics of quantum waves. Around the 10 minute mark, it explains how you cannot know both position and momentum exactly. The video doesn't explicitely refer to Heisenberg uncertainty, but that's essentially what it's explaining there. There's another explanation that argues that in order to measure either position or momentum, you have to somehow interact with the particle, which inevitably changes it. While this does effectively mean that you can't exactly know both position and momentum, I don't think it properly captures the fundamentality of Heisenberg uncertainty.


Question: Why are the majority of elements in the periodic table metals?

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 Why are the majority of elements in the periodic table metals?

Cos god likes shiny things. Metals have things called delocalised electrons, which cause them to perform metallic bonding, in which those delocalised electrons kinda flow around the entire metal pretty loosely. This is contrasted with ionic and covalent bonding, where electrons are donated to create complete electron orbitals or shared to give both the benefit of full orbitals. Electrons are organised loosely into orbitals btw - each atom has a number of electrons equal to its number of protons, and these electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances. Each distance can only contain a specific number of electrons (for example, the first orbital can only contain two) and once it's filled up, the next electrons must start filling a new orbital further from the nucleus. Delocalised electrons occur when the attractive force between electron and nucleus is quite low, which can be a mixture of an orbital that's incomplete in the wrong way and an orbital that's too far from the nucleus. This weak attractive force makes it easy for electrons to become dislodged and swap to the orbital of a neighbouring atom. The fact this can happen is what makes metals conduct electricity - delocalised electrons are free to move through the metal. If you look at a periodic table, you'll notice the atomic number, which indicates the number of protons in the nucleus and therefore also the number of electrons it comes with. This number starts at 1 for Hydrogen and increases one by one going left to right and top to bottom. The heavier atoms get, the more of them are metallic, because of this delocalised electron thing. The non-metallic elements at the right of the table are non-metallic despite being heavier than their neighbours because their orbitals are sufficiently complete that they prefer to bond ionically and covalently, instead of making a delocalised electron soup.


Question: If countries switch to electric vehicles only, is crude oil still distilled for the other products (plastics, oils, tar, etc) ?

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 If countries switch to electric vehicles only, is crude oil still distilled for the other products (plastics, oils, tar, etc) ?

I suspect that we will still need lubricants,and heavy fuels such as kerosene, and JP4. But the requirement will be greatly reduced as gasoline will become a byproduct rather than the primary product. With luck, once we move away from our dependence on internal combustion for transportation, more focus can be placed on development of efficient engines for things such a generators. Also. Oils and plastics can be recycled, it’s not a 100% recovery process, but it can significantly reduce the need for new crude oil.


Question: How is it possible that every snowflake is different?

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 How is it possible that every snowflake is different?

They all follow a basic hexagonal shape when the water droplet is freezing due to the order of the inner structure *Basically, any water droplet is going to be hexagonal due to the chemical makeup*. Past this basic shape depending on varying conditions it is possible to get an unlimited number of possible "designs". Such conditions are - humidity, wind, temperature. Obviously there is no way to examine every single flake so it is possible (and likely) that there are repeating or very similar "designs"


Question: How do games run out of memory? I know that Pac Man reaches the kill screen when one half of the board runs out of memory,but how does it happen??

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do games run out of memory? I know that Pac Man reaches the kill screen when one half of the board runs out of memory,but how does it happen??

The kill screen in pacman doesn't occur because it runs out of memory, it happens because of an integer overflow. The game keeps the current level stored as a single byte integer. A byte can hold a number between 0 and 255. When it passes level 255 is increments this counter, but instead of reaching 256 it rolls back to 0 - that's what the "overflow" means. The game code however doesn't know how to handle "level 0" (the code assumes the level number is 1 or larger) which causes it to malfunction. A more in-depth explanation can be found here: URL_0


Question: Why before USB-C technologies like HDMI, USB-A/C, etc. weren't all manufactured to work with the same port? If not at least by one company who had the patents to do so?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why before USB-C technologies like HDMI, USB-A/C, etc. weren't all manufactured to work with the same port? If not at least by one company who had the patents to do so?

That situation is historically grown: We started with non-digital technology where different usecases required different connectors. Usually you only needed one type of connector per use, as you e.g. had only one printer. If you needed more of a type, you could use extension cards which gave you more ports of that type. There were ports for the keyboard, for printers and scanners (parallel ports), there were serial ports to use for mice and all kinds of other devices, including directly hooking up two computers, extra connectors for sound, for the screen and... and... and... Then people started to think that was silly and started to unify. The first step was a connecter for both mice and keyboard (PS/2), and shortly after we saw the first iteration of USB: A digital, unified bus you could hook up to 127 devices (with hubs) that did whatever you wanted to do. It even brought an own power source. USB was a pretty good idea, but the bandwidth wasn't good enough for all possible cases, especially fast (external) memory as HDs and very especially for graphics. USB was a good idea, but simply not fast enough. But the unification had started. Parallel to USB getting more adopted and faster digital connectors developed, most important was DVI, which had superiour image quality over the previous VGA connectors. But DVI had one. big. glaring. issue. At least from the point of the content providers. It did not have built-in DRM measures. But the new BluRay and whatever technology required an encryption through the entire chain, from the disk to the reader to the graphics card, to the cable and monitor to keep it protected from copying all the way through. Thus, HDMI was born. A high-bandwidth, DRM-proof cable to transfer images (and the sound in one, which is pretty convenient). Meanwhile, USB developed on and besides network (still RJ45 ethernet), soundcards and high-end monitors it has taken over all connections of your PC. The next version of USB - all this applies to Apple as well and their Lightning, even though their adaption is a bit faster as they do not take legacy compatability into much account - is even faster, we can start to usefully use external memories and all the other fancy things, while many of us still hook up speakers via the small round connectors (and not USB) and we hook up high-resolution screens with HDMI and (the faster) Display Port (simply because USB still does not do the DRM-thing and is still too slow for 4k resolutions at 60 Hz). **Or, to tl;dr answer your question:** USB has not replaced all ports because we are still in the very process of just that happening after coming from a very diverse connector-past. Ask again in 10 years and we'll all be using USB-E (or any alternative) for... everything.


Question: How are hackers able to gain access to people’s personal accounts? I’m assuming that they don’t individually type in thousands of different passwords, right?

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 How are hackers able to gain access to people’s personal accounts? I’m assuming that they don’t individually type in thousands of different passwords, right?

Hollywood has taught people that hackers use super complex tricks and tools to hack into computers. But in reality, it's usually just some dude posing as local IT or some sort of trustworthy person and asking for passwords. Why spend hundreds of hours looking for a weak spot in their security when you can just trick Karen from HR to give you her credentials? Hackers will also cycle through lists of emails and known passwords. Unfortunately, many people still use horrible passwords such as "qwerty" and "123456". So they will just program a bot to go a site like Facebook or Twitter and try a bunch of those passwords with known email addresses. The bot will make a list of all email and password combos that work. Most of the time, these hackers will sell them to other people who use them for spam. Lastly, Keyloggers are a less common, but very effective way to get your credentials stolen. Installing suspicious programs can sometimes include hidden payloads that contain keyloggers, a malware which records everything you type and send it to a hacker.


Question: How do ZIP files work? How can you compress a certain amount of information in a smaller amount of memory, and then be able to retrieve it all back in its original form?

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 How do ZIP files work? How can you compress a certain amount of information in a smaller amount of memory, and then be able to retrieve it all back in its original form?

Imagine a tool box or a sewing kit, any of those neat little storage devices with cubbies and drawers and little fold-out shelves. How much space do they take up? When the are stored away, they take up very little space. You open them up, and take all the little bibs and bobs out to use, and they take up a more space. And once your really get into your project, and have things spread out all over your workbench, they take up a lot of space. There is really no one right answer to how much space it takes up, because it is really a tradeoff between space and accessibility. Information in a file, like a story, a song, a picture, or a movie, works the same way. It can be very accessible, and take up a lot of space, or take a lot of work to get at, and be packed away tightly. There is really no magic to making it smaller, you are just making the same tradeoff between size and accessibility. When you transform a file into the small but less accessible format, we call that data compression. It works by removing redundancy (sometimes called entropy) from a file, and encoding it in a more efficient form. Text files are normally encoded using something ASCII, where each letter is assigned an 8 digit binary code: A = 01000001 B = 01000010 C = 01000011 etc. With this scheme "A", a common letter, takes up the exact same amount of space as "Z", a less common letter. Even worse, the word "the", takes up three times as much space as Z, even though it is more common as well. Lossless data compression figures out which sequences are most common, and assigns them shorter codes, and leaves longer codes for uncommon ones. It might encode "A" as 1101, "the" as 01101, and "Z" as 1001100111. For every "A" it encounters, it saves 4 bits and for every "the", 19. The cost is that for every "Z", it uses 2 more bits, but overall this is a big win, because there are going to be more A's than Z's. One frequent question is why can't you just compress a file over and over until it is as small as you like? When you stow your tools and fold up your tool box, it becomes optimized for space, there just isn't any more space to remove. Similarly, lossless compression removes redundancy and optimizes how data is encoded so it takes up less space. Once you remove it once, there is nothing left to remove.


Question: How do supermarkets produce so many store brand products to keep up with the brand names?

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 How do supermarkets produce so many store brand products to keep up with the brand names?

A lot of the time the generic (store brand) products are made in the same factories as the brand name products. Often the products are even identical or close to identical. But then for others they can have specialised factories. If you look at the number of supermarkets there are all across the country it's easy to justify building a factory to stock them with a particular line of product, or line of products (factories will often make a number of different things that share either ingredients or processes)


Question: How does Google have the memory capacity to not only store every Google Doc ever, but also many versions of version history for each doc?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does Google have the memory capacity to not only store every Google Doc ever, but also many versions of version history for each doc?

Well, for one thing, storage is cheap. $10 for a terabyte. That's $10 for 1 trillion bytes of storage. Second of all, text takes up very little space. A novel in text format might be 200 kilobytes. Which means 5 novels fit in a megabyte. Which means 5,000 novels fit in a gigabyte. Which means 5 million novels fit in a terabyte. Which means you could store 5 million novels for about $10. Third of all, Google doesn't keep multiple versions of your document, instead they keep track of the changes you make. If you have a 5kb document and change one word in the middle, they don't store two 5kb documents, instead they store 1 5kb document and keep track of which word you removed.


Question: How does banking works interest-free islamic economy? How does a bank earn if there is no interest?

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 How does banking works interest-free islamic economy? How does a bank earn if there is no interest?

If everyone is being honest about it, it's just a set of technicalities. - You don't buy the car for $20,000, we buy the car and you buy it from us for $24,000 in equal $500 monthly payments over the next 4 years. - We're not giving you a loan, we're buy a piece of your business that you will buy back from us over time. - We don't give you interest on your savings account, we use your deposits to buy asset and give you a profit share. In reality, these countries all deal in interest anyway. Islamic countries issue sovereign debt all the time, and those bonds pay interest.


Question: The leaning tower of pisa is leaning because of the soft ground under it. If that is the case shouldn't the tower be sinking straight?

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 The leaning tower of pisa is leaning because of the soft ground under it. If that is the case shouldn't the tower be sinking straight?

Since it was first built and started leaning, engineers have worked hard to keep it stable. You can read about it at URL_0 - but because of the historical significance of the fact that the tower leans, engineers have deliberately stabilised it, but kept it leaning. In 1989, the tower was straightened up slightly because it was becoming dangerous to leave it leaning, and in 2008 engineered announced that it had been stabilised, and was no longer moving, for the first time in its history. It is expected to not move again for around 200 years. Edit: just re-read your question, and I think I've answered a different question to what you asked. But I'm going to leave my answer here anyway because I think it's interesting.


Question: Is there any particular reason almost every adult mouthwash burns?

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 Is there any particular reason almost every adult mouthwash burns?

Mouthwash "burn" is typically caused by alcohol. Some dentists recommend against alcohol-based mouthwash since there's some evidence that alcohol might do more damage than help, when it comes to oral health. If you're using alcohol-free mouthwash and it still burns, then speak to your dentist about it. It may be a sign of an issue that needs to be addressed. As always: Do not take medical advice from the internet. Do not take medical advice from Reddit. Speak to your doctor (or dentist, in this case) for medical questions.


Question: I've heard pirates drank rum because the water would go rancid. How does water go bad?

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 I've heard pirates drank rum because the water would go rancid. How does water go bad?

Water unless it has been distilled and is stored in a sterile container that is sealed air tight it is contaminated with various kinds of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These will grow in a stagnant water supply (such as in the water barrels of a ship) and it will eventually get to toxic levels.


Question: What does fabric softener actually do?

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 What does fabric softener actually do?

It coats the fibers in an insulator, preventing transfer of electrons due to friction of two different materials rubbing against each other. [edit] is it just me, or is iOS autocorrect getting progressively worse? It’s swapping out one legitimate word for another now, capitalizing and apostrophizing random words, putting spaces before end quotes and more....


Question: How do they develop synthetic flavors for snack foods and not have it tasting chemical-y?

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 How do they develop synthetic flavors for snack foods and not have it tasting chemical-y?

I know of this company that does R & D for synthetic flavors and the process is pretty much a lot of trial and error. They start off by isolating the main molecules that give the flavor that they want and they try to synthesize that molecule or one with a similar structure via other means (fermentation etc) and then do lots of tasting. It’s pretty much hit and miss and takes a long time.


Question: How do we do things without consciously being aware we are doing it?

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 How do we do things without consciously being aware we are doing it?

A neuroscience answer: your cerebral cortex and thalamus simply work together to filter these things out. Your thalamus is a relay center for inputs, i.e. it decides what is important enough to be sent to the cerebral cortex for higher processing. When you initiate an action, obviously these inputs are important, but your neurons adapt, and eventually your thalamus "decides" to simply not let the cerebral cortex know, and other connections in the brain do the processing without conscious awareness.


Question: Why do we have to eat multiple times a day? Why can't we just eat a lot at once then not eat for several days?

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 Why do we have to eat multiple times a day? Why can't we just eat a lot at once then not eat for several days?

A lot of it has to do with humans being mammals, since most mammals use energy from digestion and other processes to maintain a stable body temperature (the [naked mole rat]( URL_0 ) largely doesn't do this). Think of it like a fire: if you want the fire to burn, you have to keep adding fuel and make sure the fire can breathe. No fuel means no fire, and that doesn't work as well for mammals than for reptiles, for instance.


Question: why can't the CDC figure out the source of the E coli problem with the romaine lettuce?

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 why can't the CDC figure out the source of the E coli problem with the romaine lettuce?

Lettuce, like many products, is grown at lots of different farms. At some point lettuce from various different farms all gets mixed together and then sold in bulk. These bulk centers sell produce to large areas. So once the bad lettuce gets tracked back to one of these bulk centers, each farm that contributes lettuce has to be inspected to find out where the problem is. This can take a very long time. & #x200B; There are big players in the food industry working on this problem. Walmart being one if not the biggest. They are partnering with IBM to use blockchain technology to track produce from farm all the way to the grocery store and one of the big aims is to reduce the amount of time it takes to localize a contamination problem. & #x200B; Source: I recently worked as a video tech for two industry related conferences where both IBM and Walmart gave presentations on this topic.


Question: If we exhale carbon dioxide, how does giving mouth-to-mouth help a person?

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 If we exhale carbon dioxide, how does giving mouth-to-mouth help a person?

You don't metabolize all of the oxygen that you breathe in. 20.9% of air is oxygen, which is what you inhale, but your exhaled breath still contains about 16%, which coincidentally is about the minimum oxygen concentration that will still support life. Artificial respiration, in conjunction with CPR, will oxygenate and circulate a person's blood sufficiently to extend their survival window significantly. Of course, 100% oxygen is far better if you have it available.


Question: Why do different temperatures change how food taste?

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 Why do different temperatures change how food taste?

Not an expert but have some understanding from just one angle. Chemicals in food bind to receptors in your tongue and activate those receptors. These chemicals bind differently based on temperature as their properties might change ever so slightly. And all these slight changes of properties add up in the food you eat, which contains many different chemicals.


Question: Why is it that when men ejaculate they do so in "pumps", but when they urinate, its in a constant stream?

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 Why is it that when men ejaculate they do so in "pumps", but when they urinate, its in a constant stream?

Generally different mechanisms and muscles. Urine is stored in the bladder, which is basically a big muscular bag, and more or less just needs to be released. Ejaculation is a more complex process that includes using the muscles of the pelvic floor to drive the semen out. Basically, the semen is stored in tubes that connect to the urinary duct, and then these muscles propel it out (see a textbook for details). Interestingly, you can also use these same muscles to propel out remaining urine in the urinary duct. As for *why* this is the case, it simply makes reproduction easier by "firing" semen toward the womb. This is done most efficiently in waves of muscle contraction. This is not really a requirement for urination.


Question: How does gentrification work? If we make an area better why isn’t that always a good thing? Wouldn’t it increase the supply of good housing, lowering the cost of housing for everyone?

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 How does gentrification work? If we make an area better why isn’t that always a good thing? Wouldn’t it increase the supply of good housing, lowering the cost of housing for everyone?

If it's good or bad depends on who you're asking. If you're asking the people who can no longer afford to live there due to increased housing costs, they would probably say it's bad. No, it doesn't lower the cost of housing. More desirable area means more demand, which drives up prices. Edit: clarification.


Question: How can cause and effect exist in the nonlinear time theory?

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 How can cause and effect exist in the nonlinear time theory?

Based on what you've said about the ability to manipulate which area of time you are placed, either in past, present or future. I believe that whilst in motion of tense (past or future) you wouldn't be able to visualize what was going to happen or what had happened. But once you remain in the present, and are in a non shifting state of time, you could see the versions of the past and future from you current state of presence. Yes, the cause and effect scenarios will still hold place. But they will alter depending on how far along a non linear timeline you are. Let's make a timeline as an example. There are 3 points, it's linear. Just like time is. But you as an entity on this timeline visualise the timeline at all 3 points simultaneously. You are on point 2 on this timeline. That is your state of presence. What you do in this presence will alter what happens on point 3 on this timeline. But will also alter what entity's on state 1 see in state 2 and 3. The affect of what you do in any state along the timeline will affect all those outwards either side of your state. As a kind of ripple effect from your current position. While you move between any points of the timeline, you will be unable to see any alterations that have been made in the timeline until you reach a state of non movement. Let's take this to a non linear timeline. Whilst you are able to see all the possible pasts and futures. You will be able to see which causes create which possible futures. Kind of like stringing together which causes create which effects. You can see them all and can shift between them all, but every one again, is dependant on your current state.


Question: What does the SPF of a sunblock measure? Is a higher number SPF lead to better protection?

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 What does the SPF of a sunblock measure? Is a higher number SPF lead to better protection?

SPF is supposed to work like this: You take the time your skin usually takes to burn, multiply it by the SPF, and that is the new amount of time it will take you to burn. So if you usually take 15 minutes to burn and you wear SPF 10, then it should protect you for 150 minutes (2.5 hours.). Whereas if you usually take 5 minutes to burn, and you wear SPF 30, then you would also get about 150 minutes of protection. Most lotions need to be reapplied every 2-3 hours, especially if you're swimming. So if you burn after 10 minutes and are reapplying every 3 hours then you should be wearing SPF 18 or higher. In your case, jumping from 30 to 45 probably won't give you nearly as much benefit as jumping from 15 to 30. The higher SPF won't hurt you, but at some point the extra benefit is going to be minimized by the length the lotion itself lasts. Also, you want to make sure you're getting both UVA and UVB protection (or Broad Spectrum.)


Question: Why does the moon change places every night?

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 Why does the moon change places every night?

To put some numbers on it, the Moon orbits once around the Earth in about 30 days, so it goes all the way around the sky (west-to-east, against the fixed stars) in that 30 days. So in one day, it moves about (360/30) 12 degrees on the sky. The diameter of a full Moon is about 1/2 deg, so the Moon moves a truly noticeable 24x its own diameter on the sky every day. Now, the whole sky moves east-to-west at 15 deg per hour (because the Earth rotates 360 deg in 24 hours). So if your aunt saw the Moon in the same spot in the sky on two consecutive evenings, I would hazard that her observation on the second night was about 12/15ths of an hour (48 minutes) later than on the first night. So if you're casual about what the "same place" and "same time" are, then the Moon can appear to spend a couple of days in the same vicinity, but it won't take long before the difference is un-missable. On your aunt's 4th day, for instance, the Moon hadn't even risen yet --- it was still below the horizon. It sounds like your aunt also noticed that the Moon doesn't rise at the same spot on the horizon every night. This is a little more complicated. I can get into that if you like, but I'm being called to lunch now, so it'll be later.


Question: What is a simple analogy for major depression?

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 What is a simple analogy for major depression?

(the one that has worked best for me so far) Depression is like swimming in very heavy clothing. It takes all of my energy to resist sinking so that I can keep breathing (i.e., take care of my most basic needs). There isn't enough energy left to move in any direction. Sometimes I can summon the energy to call for help; most of the time not. Medication strips off some of the clothes but not enough.