Question: How and why are some infinities bigger than others?

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 How and why are some infinities bigger than others?

You can interpret this in a couple of ways actually, but the result most people mean by this is that some infinite cardinals are bigger than others. Other main contender here is ordinals. To understand what those words mean, let's for a bit discuss them in finite terms. Let's say I have a bag with a banana, an apple and an orange in it. Cardinality tells you "how many things" there are, so when I say, "there are 3 things in my bag", then I'm using 3 as a cardinal number. It's answering the question. When I listed the items in my bag, I listed an orange 3rd. Ordinal numbers tell you position in a list. So in this case, I'm using 3 as an ordinal number. So 3 is both a cardinal and an ordinal. So are all positive integers. But once we pass into infinitely large cardinals and ordinals, these diverge. Getting into infinite cardinals could happen if you wanted to ask, "how many positive integers there are?". This is the same type of question we asked earlier about my bag, and an answer to "how many" type question is a cardinal number. The answer to this question is called simply Aleph null. It's just a name we gave to the answer of "how many positive integers there are". And now, finally, your question is, how do we know not all infinite sets have the size of Aleph null. And to see how this works, we gotta understand what it means to have two sets be the same size. To get the intuition here, lets say you have people in a bus. If everyone is seated, and there are no empty seats, then you know, without counting, that there are exactly as many people in the bus as there are seats. The idea of finding a way to pair elements in one set(like seats) to another set(like people in a bus) is called a bijection. If you can pair things, they are the same size. So lets pair all integers with all positive integers. To do this, let's just list all integers: 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ... It's easy to see this list eventually would reach all integers, positive or negative. But would you look at that, this list has the first item, the second item, the third item, etc, so we have paired positive integers with all integers. To see this side by side... 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ... So the above list has all integers, and the list below has the positive integer we've paired it up with. So all integers are also the size of Aleph null. And with a bit of smartness, we can prove that rational numbers have that same size as well. But Georg Cantor figured out that actually real numbers between 0 and 1 form a larger infinity. His proof is fairly simple, basically he just assumed the opposite, and derived a contradiction from that assumption. Say you could have real numbers between 0 and 1 listed in the style we did before, with first real number, second, etc. Say our list started like this: 0.1111... 0.1231... 0.5000... 0.6999... ... And the claim is, that list contains all real numbers. Cantor notice he could create a new number so that he took first after-zero decimal digit of the first number, and changed it, then took second after-zero digit of the second number, changed it, etc, until he finally got a new number that's different from nth number on that list by at least nth decimal. 0.*1*111... 0.1*2*31... 0.50*0*0... 0.699*9*... ... So 0.2622... could be how Cantor started his number. Because it's different from every number on the list, it's not on our list. We claimed at the beginning it had all the real numbers between 0 and 1, but here we have an odd one out. So the idea you could list all real numbers must be faulty. And to drop a bit of a knowledge bomb, there is no answer to "how many different sizes of infinities there are". There are too many, we have way over infinitely many ever larger different sizes of infinities, but none of them are large enough to describe how many infinities there are.


Question: how is the human body able to produce so much snot? I have a sinus infection and am constantly amazed at how much comes out of there throughout the day. Staggering.

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 how is the human body able to produce so much snot? I have a sinus infection and am constantly amazed at how much comes out of there throughout the day. Staggering.

The vast majority of what makes up mucus is water. It only takes a little bit of other proteins to turn that water into thick mucus. Imagine taking paperclips and very carefully stacking them on top of each other, neatly arranged and not taking up very much space. They're packed very efficiently. This is how the proteins to make mucus are most of the time. And really, they're not even fully constructed into the proteins - it's mostly smaller building blocks and partially built proteins. Now imagine taking that big stack of paperclips and rapidly looping them through each other in long, *long* chains of paperclips. Don't even pay attention to making a nice, neat chain. Just slap them together haphazardly so they start to get tangled up. Then, take those long chains and put them in a big box and just shake the crap out of that box, *really* tangling the chains up into a big ball. That's what mucus is like. There are long proteins chained together and tangled up, surrounded by water. The tangled mess of proteins trap the water like fibers in a sponge and holds onto it. The water gives the protein tangles a little bit of flexibility so they can flow together and you get that drippy, gelatinous mess. There's a lot of empty space between those chains for water to fill up. It doesn't take much protein to create those tangles to get a comparatively large volume of mucus. And you have a *lot* of water to throw around. And of course you're swallowing a ton of the mucus down the back of your throat so you can reclaim most of that water.


Question: What is the difference between irony and poetic justice?

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 What is the difference between irony and poetic justice?

Irony has been mangled so badly you can't really get it wrong as the definitions these days include what would be considered wrong use (much like literally officially meaning figuratively now) In a nutshell though irony is something that has the opposite effect as intended. Example I'm in a car accident and my airbag deploys and breaks my neck killing me. A thing designed to save me from injury or death kills me. Poetic justice would be say someone who likes to pick on stray cats (poisons them or hurts them) then goes on safari and is eaten by a lion. EDIT to expand, poetic justice has an element of being a "fitting" or coincidentally appropriate circumstance but doesn't necessarily contain any opposite effect. If said cat torturer had purchased lion repellent lotion that actually attracted lions it would be both ironic and poetic. also don't confuse literary irony which is basically the reader knowing things the characters don't


Question: How are space phenomena named?

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 How are space phenomena named?

URL_0 Computers scan images taken by telescopes and note possible objects. These are then given a name which describes how it was discovered, followed by the coordinates of the object. Naming them this way makes it easier for computers to encode the important information in a human-readable way, and it's useful for scientists. According to the wikipedia link above, that naming convention is used by the Guide Star Catalogue II. SDSS means it was detected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The numbers are the location of the object in the sky. The J means it's visible at those coordinates in January (I may be wrong about this one).


Question: Why can't we recycle styrofoam? Seems like it's just a bunch of tiny balls molded together that could easily be reshaped over and over.

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 Why can't we recycle styrofoam? Seems like it's just a bunch of tiny balls molded together that could easily be reshaped over and over.

We can recycle styrofoam. There are many producers of styrofoam and other polystyrene products that do accept recycled styrofoam. But there are issues both of transportation and sorting. Firstly sorting different plastics from each other is a very difficult job. Most consumers will just mix different plastics together and even producers will use different plastics in their product making it impossible for consumers to sort on their own. And because different plastics can look so similar it is not something that humans can be able to sort either. This requires dedicated robotic sorting machines that can use various different sensors to differentiate between different plastics and sort it. And although they are coming onto the market now they are very expensive. You might imagine that styrofoam is an exception but there are various different plastics that can be expanded into foam to make something similar to styrofoam but which is made of different plastics then polystyrene. As a twist of fate the recycling efforts of styrofoam have a lot of issues with companies using starch based foams in their packing and promoting it as biodegradable as this will mess up styrofoam recycling when these two very different products gets mixed up. The other problem is that styrofoam have very low density. So in order to transport it from the sorting plants to the factories that use them you need to use a lot of big trucks which would end up carrying almost no weight. This in itself costs more money then making polystyrene from scratch and releases more green house gasses as well. So by recycling styrofoam you might end up increasing your carbon footprint compared to just burning it for energy. There are some cases where big compacting machines can get the density high enough that transporting it to the factories does make sense but that too is very situational and depends on the distance and the cost of transporting the materials for new polystyrene.


Question: "The core of the planet earth is made of iron and nickel": how scientists can determine that if no one has been in the core of the earth?

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 "The core of the planet earth is made of iron and nickel": how scientists can determine that if no one has been in the core of the earth?

We have a pretty good idea about what's on the inside of the Earth, based on the geologist's equivalent of a CAT scan or an MRI -- earthquake data. When an earthquake happens, it sends waves bouncing around the inside of the planet. These waves change direction and speed based on the kinds of materials they pass through. Geologists can detect the movement of these waves by taking measurements at different locations all across the planet, and in so doing, build a picture of how the inside of the planet is constructed. That's how we know that the interior of the Earth is separated into four layers, that the innermost is made of something solid, and that at least one of them is an actual liquid. From here, scientists can use other information to get an idea of what elements the interior is actually composed of. Based on the estimated density of the solid inner core, we can guess that it's probably made of iron. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that iron appears to be exceedingly plentiful in the solar system. Given how plentiful it is, and given that we know it's a very dense element, and given what we know about how a dense metal like iron would behave in a still-molten Earth when it was forming, it makes sense that Iron is probably what our core is made of. We can guess a few more things about how the inner and outer cores behave, based on the fact that the Earth has a magnetic field. We know that the inner core must be rotating, and that the outer core must be convecting, because without those two things, the Earth would not have a magnetic field. So the existence of some external factors can tell us a lot about the internal factors of our planet.


Question: How were we able to determine the proton/electron numbers of each element on the periodic table?

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 How were we able to determine the proton/electron numbers of each element on the periodic table?

Scientists actually worked backwards to discover this. The periodic table was created before we knew of the existence of protons and electrons. Initially elements were ordered and numbered by how much they weighed which roughly corresponds to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, and various other factors. We later discovered the number of protons in each element by shooting alpha particles, which contain two protons, at the element causing a chemical reaction where the next element on the periodic table and a proton could be detected.


Question: How do Radio Waves work? They have always been around?

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 How do Radio Waves work? They have always been around?

Radio waves are electromagnetic waves, just like light is and X-Rays are. Radio waves have a larger wavelength than visible light, and they have always existed as a form of radiation just as every other electromagnetic wave has. They weren't used as a method of communication until the early 20th century though. We generate them using antennas that have high currents oscillating in them.


Question: How web apps like Akinator works?

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 How web apps like Akinator works?

Well, it can gather a lot of data from the players. It's also not always right. If you consider 3 options for each of 20 questions (yes, no, other) There are already billions of different conclusions you could reach. Assuming you pick your questions well enough to always eliminate half the remaining options, you'd reliably be able to guess about a million different possibilities.


Question: How can companies write 75% off of someones debt? I see a lot of commercials on YouTube about these type of companies

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 How can companies write 75% off of someones debt? I see a lot of commercials on YouTube about these type of companies

You mean like a debt trustee? People don't get to walk away scott-free. Usually their credit is still pretty damaged... but not as bad as if they filed for bankruptcy. (remember, you don't walk away from all debts in bankruptcy either). Usually what they'll do is try to arrange some type of debt consolidation - but you're typically only going to these places when your bank has said no to that already. What they do is they go to your debtors and negotiate. They say look, /u/MadBartRo can't make their monthly payments on all this debt. They'll have to declare bankruptcy if this keeps up. THEN, you'll only get 21% and it will be wage garnished and thats a pain in the ass. How about /u/MadBartRo will promise to pay you back 40% over 4 years and you forgive/forget the rest? The debtors go for it because 40% is better than 21%. But your credit still is trash uuntil you pay back what you negotiate.


Question: Why is the Air Force buying $1200 cups?

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 Why is the Air Force buying $1200 cups?

Oh man, welcome to military/aviation contracting! So these were on KC-135 tankers. The KC-135 was produced from 1955 to 1965. That means the *newest* one in the air is over 50 years old. When they were produced, Boeing also produced enough spare parts, including coffee mugs, for the expected service life of the airframe. That expected life was about half as long as the USAF has actually been flying them. So spare parts, especially low-volume spares like coffee mugs, are going to have run out a long time ago. So, now when you break a mug, you need to get a new one, from Boeing, special order, small batch. All of those words mean $$$. So why not just buy something off Amazon? Because it hasn't been certified six ways from Sunday to work absolutely flawlessly with the electrical system of a 55 year old airplane in all possible combat conditions including depressurization, EMP, and hard radiation. Certifying equipment for use on military aircraft is a seriously tough and expensive process. So why not just say fuck it, and do it without certification? Because a 0.001% chance of failure resulting in loss of airframe or serious injury is too high a risk for a vital asset that you have a very limited and non-replaceable supply of. Of course the smart answer is to have Boeing knock off a large batch of new cups at a lower price per unit, or certify a cheaper process for replacing cup handles. Which is what happened when someone noticed how expensive the damn things were.


Question: How is kindle’s screen different from other screens?

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 How is kindle’s screen different from other screens?

Kindles use an e-ink display as opposed to the more common LCD or OLED displays found on cell phones. An e-ink pixel doesn't require power to stay in its current state (light or dark). Power is only used to change state from one to the other. So it only uses power to change the display. In comparison, an OLED screen uses power to directly product light and uses the most power to display white. A traditional LCD display uses power to block light. It has a backlight that is always on and uses the most power to block the backlight, so uses the most power to display dark images.


Question: Why is Dec. 21 considered the beginning of winter when it's the day that gets the least direct sunlight? Wouldn't it make more sense for it to be the middle of winter?

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 Why is Dec. 21 considered the beginning of winter when it's the day that gets the least direct sunlight? Wouldn't it make more sense for it to be the middle of winter?

I can think of two reasons why the current system makes more sense. First, the start and end of the seasons have specific astronomical landmarks. On the first day of North American winter, the sun is at its most southerly declination, it is at its extreme southerly position. Three months later on the first day of spring, the sun is lined perfectly with the equator; it is dead even. These moments are much easier to observe, especially back in the day when you only had primitive observation tools. So, since terminals of the season at are landmark moments, they are easier to recognize. Second, it also makes more sense due to the temperature lag on Earth. 21 Dec is not the coldest day in the North Hemisphere even though it is the day when the sun shines the least. Because water takes a long time to change temperature, it doesn't really get cold until late January. If 21 Dec was the midpoint of winter, then it would technically be spring in late February, during a time when many parts are still covered with snow, and will be for another month. In places, the snow would not be gone until summer. So, the stay consistent with the theme of the season, it makes more sense to have the season start on the solstices and equinoxes.


Question: What makes haemoglobin toxic to the human body? Isn't it essential for carrying oxygen in our blood?

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 What makes haemoglobin toxic to the human body? Isn't it essential for carrying oxygen in our blood?

Haemoglobin is, as you say, essential for carrying oxygen. But technically, we do not have haemoglobin in our blood. Haemoglobin is a protein that is bound in erythrocytes, red blood cells, and that is very important. Another protein is haptoglobin, that forms a complex with free haemoglobin. This happens when a RBC is destroyed, and haemoglobin is released in the bloodstream. This happens all the time, and is mostly no biggie, the haptoglobin-haemoglobin complex will just go to the liver, to be broken down. However, if enough RBCs are destroyed, there won't be enough haptoglibin to bind haemoglobin, and you end up with free haemoglobin in you bloodstream. Free haemoglobin binds very easy to oxygen, that's the intention, but this oxidative property can lead to inflammation and tissue damage if it is not contained in the RBC. All in all haematology is a very complex subject, but to sum it up: haemoglobin in RBCs is not the same as haemoglobin in blood


Question: Why is it that when metals are heated up to a molten state they lose most or all of their magnetic characteristics, but the earths core is molten metal and it is what gives the Earth its magnetic field?

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 Why is it that when metals are heated up to a molten state they lose most or all of their magnetic characteristics, but the earths core is molten metal and it is what gives the Earth its magnetic field?

The magnetic field of the Earth is caused by an extremely complex and not fully understood phenomenon called the earth's [geodynamo]( URL_0 ). The short answer is that the magnetic field is not held in completely the same way as a standard permanent magnet, as the core is far above the Curie Temperature, the temperature at which a metal loses the ability to be a permanent magnet, rather it is actively generated by the rotation of the Earth spinning a electrically conductive fluid. Heat from the inner iron solid core of the earth drives convection currents in the liquid iron outer core which, combined with the rotation of the earth bending these flows into cylindrical patterns, induce electric currents in the molten iron which in turn produce the magnetic field of the earth. The dynamo phenomenon is extremely complex beyond ELI5 levels, but it the leading theory for where the magnetic fields of stars and planets comes from. TLDR: The Earth's core is a heat and rotation powered electromagnet


Question: How haven’t the constellations changed in thousands of years?

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 How haven’t the constellations changed in thousands of years?

They *have* changed. Just not very much. Stars are *extremely* far away. The reason they don't seem to change much is the same reason mountains don't seem to change much when you look at them while you walk around. But over time these little differences add up to differences that can be seen. Same as when you eventually hike up to the foot of the mountain and get to see it up close. It is called [stellar drift]( URL_0 ) in the case of stars.


Question: How can we shape C4 to explode in a certain direction but we can’t with nuclear explosions?

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 How can we shape C4 to explode in a certain direction but we can’t with nuclear explosions?

Shaped nuclear charges are theoretically possible, but they haven't been designed or built because there's no obvious need. If you're trying to penetrate something and one nuke didn't do it, why not just nuke it again? (if you're willing to nuke it at all) One practical application of shaped nuclear charges is nuclear pulse engines, a hypothetical spacecraft thruster. The idea never got off the ground (literally) because people thought nuking a box full of nukes was probably asking for trouble. This explains **why** shaped nukes don't exist, but it would take a different explaination as to **how** shaped charges work at all.


Question: Where does the money go when you lose money on a stock?

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 Where does the money go when you lose money on a stock?

Your money was gone the second you bought a stock. It doesn't go anywhere. You spend $100 for a stock, and your money goes to the previous owner of that stock. Over time the value of that stock changes based on a bunch of variables. Think of it kind of like buying an action figure in mint condition and keeping it in the box in hopes that it'll be worth more some day-- you might be right and end up owning a toy that will be worth lots when you sell it in the future, or you might be wrong and end up having a toy that's worth less than you paid for it originally. Your market portfolio value and the day to day value of a stock isn't "your money" in the sense that it's not that same $100 you put in. It's just a to the second estimate of the value of your toy at that moment if you decided to sell it. So when you pay $100 for a stock and the market for that stock drops to $75, you basically have bought a toy you hoped would be worth more than you paid when you bought it, but you ended up being wrong.


Question: Why does sped up audio sound higher pitched and slowed ones sound deeper?

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 Why does sped up audio sound higher pitched and slowed ones sound deeper?

Copy/pasting my answer from elsewhere: > Every wave has a characteristic called its frequency, which represents how many peaks pass an arbitrary point in one second. If you play a sound faster, you're increasing the frequency. This increased frequency is the reason we hear it as higher-pitched. The same is true for a slowed-down sound. > Incidentally, this is the same reason your voice sounds squeaky if you inhale helium -- sound travels faster in helium than in regular atmosphere. Faster sound means higher frequency means higher perceived pitch.


Question: Why is the surface a frozen river or lake flat most of the time?

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 Why is the surface a frozen river or lake flat most of the time?

When a body of water freezes, it doesn't just all freeze at once. It starts with small pieces of ice that gradually grow larger. As those pieces grow, they not only limit the effect of the wind (the source of almost all waves,) they also dampen out the waves that already exist by friction between the pieces of ice. So by the time the surface solidifies, the higher frequency waves have been damped out, and only large scale movement of the water (large in mass, not necessarily amplitude, think ocean swell, or even tides,) remains, which is often imperceptible, and not normally an issue on inland waters anyways. Think of a water glass... it splashes quite readily with no ice cubes, a bit less with a few ice cubes, and hardly at all with crushed ice, and of course, not at all with a frozen layer at the top.


Question: Why is grass wet in the morning? What is dew?

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 Why is grass wet in the morning? What is dew?

At any given time, there is some amount of moisture (water) in the air. At a certain temperature (depending on how MUCH water is in the air) that water will condense (go from vapor to liquid). Think of when you pull a can of soda or beer out of a cooler when outside in the summer. The temperature of the can is low enough that the water in the air around it condenses on to the can. Now most nights, the temperature gets lower than it was during the daytime. If the temperature hits a certain point (called the Dew Point... Which depends on how much moisture is in the air), then the water in the air will be able to condense on just about anything. Like grass or your car or just about anything. Edit: edits.


Question: A couple hosting Nintendo ROMs was just sued by Nintendo. How does google avoid lawsuits for the same content being uploaded to Google Drive?

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 A couple hosting Nintendo ROMs was just sued by Nintendo. How does google avoid lawsuits for the same content being uploaded to Google Drive?

Liability for hosting copyrighted items is covered by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This act makes internet hosting providers immune to liability for hosting copyrighted content so long as they don't know that the content is infringing and follow the provisions of the DMCA when notified of infringing content. Google doesn't have actual knowledge of the content of what is hosted on google drive. Even if they are parsing it for advertising or antivirus purposes, that parse isn't good enough for them to have knowledge of the contents of the files. Google also follows the provisions of the DMCA when notified of infringing content. In the Nintendo case - the owners of the website were either uploading the ROMs themselves, or had actual knowledge of what the ROMs were as well as their infringing nature. Because of that, they were not protected as a hosting provider under the DMCA.


Question: How are Search Engines like Google and Bing made? How would you make one yourself?

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 How are Search Engines like Google and Bing made? How would you make one yourself?

In the simplest sense they work similar to card catalogs did in the libraries back in the days of old. You send out a small program commonly called a web crawler or a spider. That program will visit websites, figure out what they are about, find tags to describe them, follow all the links it finds, and repeat. As the crawler goes across the internet your database of tags and what websites the tags apply to them grows more and more complete. Now you can open the actual search engine. When someone goes to your website and looks for "funny cat videos" you go to your database and find all the websites your crawler tagged with "funny", "cat", and "videos". The website will try to rank the results based on how relevant it think they are, and returns that to the user.


Question: How come in remote regions my phone will say I have good service (2-3 bars of LTE) but nothing will load?

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 How come in remote regions my phone will say I have good service (2-3 bars of LTE) but nothing will load?

Because it's actually saying that you have 3 bars of phone call reception, which is a different type of signal than internet data. The tiny trickle of data you have is of type LTE. So it says what type of data signal you have, right next to the phone call signal strength. It never directly tells you your LTE strength.


Question: What are the exact differences between baking soda and baking powder? And why is it often required in a baking recipe to use both? AND is it alright to not use baking powder when it calls for it?

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 What are the exact differences between baking soda and baking powder? And why is it often required in a baking recipe to use both? AND is it alright to not use baking powder when it calls for it?

Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate which is alkaline and reacts with acid to produce carbon dioxide. Baking powder is sodium bicarbonate plus cream of tartar (tartaric acid). When this gets wet the two ingredients react to produce carbon dioxide. A recipe might call for both if another ingredient is acidic, so the final product is Ph neutral. If you only have baking soda, you might try adding a little lemon juice.


Question: Why does economy have to grow continually?

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 Why does economy have to grow continually?

Well for one, the number of people increases every year, thus the amount of work performed by a population as a whole increases. If your economy isn't increasing at the very least with the amount of people entering the workforce then you are doing something wrong. Overall though we at the very least expect things to get better and not worse.


Question: What are the benefits of air-drying clothes other than the obvious electricity costs?

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 What are the benefits of air-drying clothes other than the obvious electricity costs?

Besides being easier on the clothes, and the electricity costs, drying your clothes in direct sunlight works as a natural killer of bacteria due to the exposure to UV light, and will actually produce cleaner clothes, with of course the downside being the fading of colours, becoming "sun washed" for darker colours.


Question: Why do we measure the screen sizes in inches instead of ISO standard units?

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 Why do we measure the screen sizes in inches instead of ISO standard units?

Measurements are made in normal metric units, even in the US. Advertising is made up by ad agencies. They use actual measurements as little as possible, to try and get descriptions that sound more appealing. In they think inches are better, or rediculous diagonal measurements that don't even tell you the shape of the phone, that's what they go with.


Question: Does exercising a specific area of the body burn more fat there compared to other parts of your body? E.g. a leg workout burning more leg fat than arm fat. Why or why not?

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 Does exercising a specific area of the body burn more fat there compared to other parts of your body? E.g. a leg workout burning more leg fat than arm fat. Why or why not?

It doesn't. The body burns fat in roughly a "Last gained, first lost" order. Working out your legs muscles may burn calories, but your body then goes "I guess we're low on calories, time to start burning some of that fat we have, starting with the most recent place I stored some." Where the exercise happened isn't taken into consideration.


Question: how can someone get fired from a company they started/own?

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 how can someone get fired from a company they started/own?

If they don't own at least 50% +1 share of the company, then others can vote them out. Most companies have more than one founder, so they may never have that 50% stake... and then their ownership stakes get diluted as they take on investment funding. So it's very realistic that a co-founder only has like 10-25% of a company. EDIT: presumably, this question was the result of Harvey Weinstein being forced out of his company... he controlled a [20% stake in the company]( URL_0 ), so the others who owned pieces had 80%, clearly enough to get a majority in favor of firing him.


Question: Why does getting hit with a slap hurt differently than getting hit with a closed fist?

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 Why does getting hit with a slap hurt differently than getting hit with a closed fist?

A slap with an open hand covers more surface area of your skin, and makes the skin think it’s been damaged or traumatized. Conversely a punch covers LESS surface area but often affects more than just the skin, which is why you can get a persistent pain from a punch (in the muscle beneath, even!). With a slap, it reddens the skin and might sting, but often doesn’t go beyond that. Hope that helps!


Question: what is the purpose of "folx"?

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 what is the purpose of "folx"?

Mainly by drawing attention to itself. You write it differently to let people know you absolutely do have trans and non-binary people in mind. But I think that's sort of a faux inclusivity. Because you also imply, that they are not part of "folks". It's like "womxn". Supposed to be more trans friendly, but really it's just not including trans women in "women" again.


Question: Why is having money in tax havens like Swiss Bank accounts considered bad if it is not actually illegal? If it is illegal why is there a Swiss Bank?

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</answer>
 Why is having money in tax havens like Swiss Bank accounts considered bad if it is not actually illegal? If it is illegal why is there a Swiss Bank?

Depositing income into Swiss Bank accounts for the purpose of avoiding taxes is illegal, but there may be other reasons for wanting to keep money overseas and secret/secure. Also, Swiss banks are governed by laws of Switzerland, so U.S. laws have no bearing on whether and why they exist... their laws could be completely different than ours.


Question: Why if I drink out of the same glass more times having flu i do not risk to reinfect myself?

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 Why if I drink out of the same glass more times having flu i do not risk to reinfect myself?

Each flu has it's own "strain". A type. A shape and identity. Once it gets into your body and starts reproducing, it doesn't matter much if you get a few additional cells of influenza in your body, it's a drop in the ocean. And once your immune system identifies and develops a resistance to it (based on it's shape an identiy, antibodies that are literally shaped to stick to it's surface) then your body can fight off those cells pretty easily. We get infected with a BUNCH of bad bugs all the time and don't even notice because our immune system does it's job. Likewise, you can french-kiss the wife you gave your cold to. You've been there, done that, got the T-shirt and the immunities. (although the bugs CAN mutate enough in a few jumps to thwart that immunity)


Question: Why do so many Native American reservations have a big problem with poverty, and crime that has afflicted these places for so long?

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 Why do so many Native American reservations have a big problem with poverty, and crime that has afflicted these places for so long?

Turns out if you isolate people into an area without a lot of resources, take away all their initial resources, and then just leave them they don’t get rich. They dont have an economy that can sustain growth the way a lot of other places do, that money has to come from somewhere, and it isnt.


Question: How are student loans in the USA different to elsewhere?

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 How are student loans in the USA different to elsewhere?

Interest rates are competitive, but the loan and the interest never go away. The interest never stops adding up. The payments can be based on your earnings, but the less you pay each month the more impossible it is to pay down the loan -- ever. You just end up paying the interest each month. It's like digging a hole where the dirt falls back into the hole each time you throw it out. So you never get anywhere. Plus, school here, depending on where you go, can be VERY expensive. So if you go to an expensive private university, you better be majoring in something good, and get into a job as soon as you graduate... or earlier, even.


Question: Why do megaphones have such poor audio quality when we have microphones and speakers of a much higher quality?

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 Why do megaphones have such poor audio quality when we have microphones and speakers of a much higher quality?

The amps in a megaphone have a much better frequency response to higher frequencies. In fact, typically anything below 90Hz gets cut off completely. Why? Most of the "information" in human speech (100-120 hz) is in higher frequencies. i.e. if you cut out anything over 105 it will be impossible to make out anything but a muffled wah wah wah sound (Charlie Brown adult voice). But cutting out 90Hz or below and you still hear distinct words. So the amplifier is designed just to boost 90Hz+ very loudly and clearly. Since megaphones are designed to amplify human speech, not "all sounds", you lose the low frequency stuff. If you want to amplify a complete frequency spectrum, use proper performance amps and speakers.


Question: How can someone wealthy have mass amounts of debt but not pay it off?

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 How can someone wealthy have mass amounts of debt but not pay it off?

You can't pay a creditor with a house. Someone can have lots of wealth but have it in the form of things that are not easily transferable. Someone with a net worth of $150 million almost certainly has far less than $50 million they have access to on even moderately short notice.


Question: What is the difference between an MRI, a CT, and a PET scan?

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 What is the difference between an MRI, a CT, and a PET scan?

All three are ways of diagnosing diseases within the body. We've covered them like this in training, but I'm just a therapist and obviously don't work with these things.. The MRI is based on powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses. Imagine if you will your body which is mostly made up of water molecules, as we all know. These molecules consist of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In the middle of each hydrogen atom you've got the proton. They work like tiny magnets and are sensitive to magnetic fields. You lie down under the magnet scanners and all of your protons just naturally line up the same way, just like small magnetic particles do when they are under influence of a stronger magnetic pull. What the radio waves do then is that they knock those protons out of their just achieved alignment by causing a temporary magnetic disturbance. As soon as the radio waves are turned off, your protons realign. That in turn sends out radio signals which will be picked dup by the scanner. Thus, MRIs can provide you with extremely detailed pictures of basically every structure in your body. Differences between normal tissue and abnormal, like cancer, is often clearer on MRI. It is bloody loud, though.. From the images I've seen I think MRIs are better for soft tissue and CTs better for bones, even though they both portray each of these. The CT scan uses x-rays, but on a higher level than your normal xray. Your body or just parts of it go into this sort of doughnut shaped machine. It's relatively silent while you get scanned. Unlike the normal xray, the CT scans different layers all at once. The rays basically cut your body into very thin layers and take lots of pictures while scanning, so they can spot densities and tissues inside a solid organ. The images compared to the MRI, especially when it comes to tissue, are not always as clear though The PET scan uses a certain so called tracer that is swallowed, inhaled, or injected to your bloodstream. These tracers move through your body or just parts of it, depending on what is getting checked. Some organs or tissues absorb the tracer. Like for example cancer cells which thrive on sugar, which is why some tracers are liquids with glucose in them. These organs basically light up on the screen. Every organ and tissue usually absorbs a bit of the tracer in any case, but where the intensity is the highest, doctors can see if there actually is a problem or. Disease or not judging by the amount absorbed.


Question: How are some things (like bananas) shipped from long distances (like Ecuador) and still be cheaper than sending something like a letter or post card?

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 How are some things (like bananas) shipped from long distances (like Ecuador) and still be cheaper than sending something like a letter or post card?

They’re sent in vast quantities and benefit from bulk shipping. Ultimately it costs you about the same amount of time and money to drive/fly/sail to Ecuador regardless of what you’re carrying, so it’s much cheaper *per unit* to send 100,000 bananas instead of just 1. If you wanted to send a crate of post cards to someone it would be considerably cheaper than sending them each card individually - but also kinda pointless.


Question: How do trick candles work?

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 How do trick candles work?

So, in a regular candle, the heat melts the wax, the wick absorbs the wax and pulls it up to the flame, the flame vaporizes it, and the vapor burns. The smoke you see when you blow a candle out is the last bit of vapor. So the trick to getting a candle to relight on its own is to add something highly flammable to the wick that will reignite that vapor. In most cases, they achieve this by adding powdered magnesium to the inside of the wick. ETA: next time you light a candle, when you blow it out, hold a lighter to the smoke coming off of it (close to wick, but not not directly to it), and the candle will reignite, because the wax vapor is flammable. That’s basically what is happening in a trick candle, except they are using magnesium to make it hot enough to reignite rather than another flame.


Question: When you are sick and have a cough how does the body stop coughing and allow you to fall asleep?

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 When you are sick and have a cough how does the body stop coughing and allow you to fall asleep?

You do not stop caughing, you continue to caugh in your sleep. Your body is able to do a lot of things in its sleep including all the reflexes associated with caughing. It is only if it is not able to clear your throat itself that it will wake you up so you can do more drastic measures. So even if you are sick and caughing you will fall asleep and continue to caugh but may wake up in the middle of the night if your cauching becomes too bad.


Question: how do humans know what noise dinosaurs made? For all we know they could have quacked like ducks

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 how do humans know what noise dinosaurs made? For all we know they could have quacked like ducks

We have no idea. The sounds you hear in movies are either entirely synthetic, or in the case of the Jurassic Park T-rex (for example) a pitch shifted mix of several different (non-extinct) animals. That said, we can be fairly sure the big ones didn't quack like ducks as, generally speaking, large chest cavities imply large lungs and large lungs do better with deep tones. Perfectly possible they hissed like swans, though.


Question: When and why did the Greek economy start to tank?

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 When and why did the Greek economy start to tank?

Imagine I tell you I'm about to get a great new job, and if you loan me some money, I'll totally be able to pay you back, and then some. It's looks like a pretty sweet job, so you say why not. I start living large, nice house, fancy cars, so that job must be working out. I am making my payments, with interest, but I am also asking for more loans. I show you spreadsheets that prove how the money is flowing in, and since I am offering to pay interest, you keep up with the loans. Fast forward several years. I've kept on living large, but I owe you a *lot* of money, more than you think I can pay back. On paper, it is a good investment because of the interest, but you are starting to get suspicious. You snoop around, and find out I completely lied to get the job, wasn't doing very well at it, and those spreadsheets I showed you were completely made up. I am a total fraud, living a lie so you would loan me the money that supported my opulent lifestyle. So what do you do? You could cut me off. I'd lose my house and car, probably my job, and you would be out a lot of money. Or you could keep loaning me some money, on the condition I cut back, get my act together and get into a position where I can pay you back. You might even forgive part of the debt in the hope of seeing at least some of it. The problem is, I really like my house and car, and don't want to move into an apartment and ride the bus. Every time you try to get me to cut back, I drag my feet, throw tantrums, call you a bully, come up with wild, unworkable alternatives, and take no real responsibility for my actions. Each month, when the bills come due, I threaten to just not pay anyone and become homeless if you don't do things my way. You are pretty fed up with me, and figure things will end badly no matter what, so why throw good money after bad? That is pretty what happened with Greece. They lied their way into the eurozone and lied about their economy, all the while using their eurozone clout to borrow money like crazy and spend it on useless public sector jobs and tax evasion. When they were found out, they blamed the lenders and instead of trying to change their ways elected leaders who promised they could solve the problem with fairy dust and unicorn farts.


Question: Why do USB cables have a max length?

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 Why do USB cables have a max length?

When designing a protocol like USB, there are some parameters that need to be set. Depending on how you want to handle collisions, acknowledgements, retransmissions, ... you have to choose different parameters, including cable length. The USB engineers figured their protocol was going to be used to connect PC devices in an office setting. Therefore they found it appropriate to limit cable length to 5m, in order to allow a cable delay (= time a signal needs to travel through the cable) of 26ns. [Source]( URL_0 )