Question: Why is it that on different phone's, some emojis do not show? Shouldn't it just register as text?

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 Why is it that on different phone's, some emojis do not show? Shouldn't it just register as text?

Emoji are part of the Unicode system. In the actual message your phone sends, they're represented by a number along with a prefix that says "this is Unicode." When the receiving phone gets a number that starts with this prefix, it knows to go to a library and look up a symbol using that number. Then it displays that symbol. If the phone's library is missing or incomplete (Unicode is biiig, and it would take a lot of space to store all those pictures), then it shows a blank character, or possibly just the Unicode number it got.


Question: Why is it warm on earth but freezing cold in between?

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 Why is it warm on earth but freezing cold in between?

The vacuum of space is actually quite hot, but not dense enough for you to feel that heat. Just as hot air doesn't feel as hot as hot metal, the hot gas in space is so incredibly thin that you wouldn't notice that heat. As such, the dominant factor in determining how hot an object left in space gets becomes radiation. Radiation, including light from nearby stars (of the sun if you're in the solar system), heats objects. Meanwhile, objects cool by radiating heat. The more of an object is in the sun and the blacker that part of it is the hotter it gets. The more is in the shade and the blacker it is, the colder it gets.


Question: Why is a weapon's fire rate expressed in terms of rounds per minute instead of rounds per second?

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 Why is a weapon's fire rate expressed in terms of rounds per minute instead of rounds per second?

You need to consider the origins of the term. These days almost all guns can fire at least 1 round per second but the term predates automatic weapons Even in WW1 guns with bolt actions had listed Rates of Fire in rounds per minute. The SMLE(British WW1 rifle) had a rate of fire of just 20-30 rounds per minute. Rated in rounds per second that's 0.3-0.5 which isn't helpful. Warship main armaments are often listed in rounds per minute as well. The fast firing Mark 12 5/38 guns on the Atlanta class cruiser had an RPM of 15 or 0.25 rounds per second. This is lighting fast compared to the 2 RPM(0.0333 repeating of course RPS) of a North Carolina class battleship. Rounds per second only helps in a few contexts with fast modern firing guns.


Question: how do masks work and are they any better than simply covering our faces with a piece of clothing?

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 how do masks work and are they any better than simply covering our faces with a piece of clothing?

Most bacteria isn’t technically airborne but is rather spread by small droplets of water that you exhale. That’s what your run of the mill surgical mask is designed to block, if you are dealing with a true airborne pathogen you need to wear a heavier duty mask like [this]( URL_1 ) or [this]( URL_0 ).


Question: Stain Removers (Carpet particularly) - Do they remove the staining material, or just change the colour?

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 Stain Removers (Carpet particularly) - Do they remove the staining material, or just change the colour?

Coffee stains are known as "oxidisable stains." What this means is that the part of the molecule that causes the stain to have color is also susceptible to being broken by an oxidizing agent (eg, hydrogen peroxide, bleach, etc.). The staining material is likely still there, but the chemical structure has been altered so that it doesn't have color. There are other kinds of stains that have other kinds of stain removers, but this is the general idea for coffee stains.


Question: if there are so many billionaires and millionaires donating such huge sums of money to charity every year,along with the general public making their small donations of course, how are there still so many in poverty without access to basic ammenities? Where is all this money going?

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 if there are so many billionaires and millionaires donating such huge sums of money to charity every year,along with the general public making their small donations of course, how are there still so many in poverty without access to basic ammenities? Where is all this money going?

There's a lot going on here. To start, think of the scale of the problem. There are 3 billion (with a big bloody B) people living in poverty (less than €2.30/$2.50 per day) with 1.3 billion living in extreme poverty. Here in Ireland we have our own problems but the "average person" spends €120/$131 per day. So, to increase 3 billion people to even $50 per day for just one day, that would cost over $150 billion for one single day. For a year that'd be $ 5.475e+13. No amount of donations is going to give people basic amenities indefinitely. Because of this, most effective donation models have moved towards laying down infrastructure and eliminating barriers to education and economic growth for people in poverty. Think of "teach a man to fish" yada yada. While this has been shown to be a good idea and has long lasting positive effects, it's a slow process that only started *relatively* recently. With the scale of the problem at hand we won't see huge, major strides for a long time to come, and we are also relying on the governments of many impoverished nations to cooperate. Many regions suffer at the hands of corrupt governments or are in a near constant state of war, which of course makes it hard to make any progress. However, on a positive note, major strides HAVE been made. Many many more people DO have access to basic amenities. Education is spreading further and wider than it ever has before, and despite disputes over wealth gaps in many first world countries, globally, the situation is improving for everyone. This is a multilayered issue and this only scratches the surface, but hopefully you found this useful.


Question: How does a suppressor work on a gun?

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 How does a suppressor work on a gun?

[Here's a video]( URL_0 ) of a transparent plastic suppressor in slow motion, so you can see the action (2:20). The noise of a gun is caused by the high-pressure gases escaping out of the barrel as soon as the bullet exits; it's kinda like the bullet uncorks the gun and the gases "pop" like champagne. A suppressor adds some chambers to the process so the gases "fizz" out instead of "popping" out.


Question: How come blowing on fire sometimes helps it burn (such as when kindling), but other times puts it out (such as candles)?

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 How come blowing on fire sometimes helps it burn (such as when kindling), but other times puts it out (such as candles)?

Any time a question about fire pops up, it’s useful to start with the fact that combustion needs three things to happen: fuel, oxygen, heat. If any of those is removed or lowered to a certain point, things won’t combust. Now, if combustion of a fuel releases enough heat to keep the reaction going, and that heat is being released upon more fuel and oxygen, things will keep combusting. To create a fire, you need vaporized (gaseous) fuel to combust, that’s how you get a coloured gas above your pool of solid or liquid fuel. This means the combustion needs to be hot enough to vaporize whatever fuel it’s burning and keep this vaporized fuel particles hot until they contact oxygen. This means that as long as a fire has a steady amount of fuel and oxygen coming in, it’ll be sustained. The moment you take away either the fuel, the oxygen, or the heat, you’ll quench the fire. Now, when you blow on a lit candle, you’re doing a couple things: 1. You increase the replenishment of oxygen; 2. You blow away the fuel (vaporized candle wax); 3. You cool down the reaction location (gas bubble around the wick). You can see that because a candle is not burning the wick as its main fuel, but burning the wax, you can quench a candle fire by blowing on it. Now, things like kindling are a different story. Kindling is the fuel in this case, and that makes the situation the following when You blow: 1. You add more oxygen; 2. You cool down the zone around the fire. Now, because the fuel itself is very, very close to the combustion (solid instead of a gas), the temperature of the fuel can stay high even if the gas bubble around it is colder due to your blowing. This allows the kindling to become hot enough to vaporize and turn into a fire. You’ll notice that usually the fire only appears after you stop blowing on the kindling, because it’s only then that the vaporized fuel keeps hot enough to combust once it’s released (the gas bubble around the fuel isn’t being cooled down by your blowing anymore)


Question: How does Japanese multiplication work? Why does this work?

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 How does Japanese multiplication work? Why does this work?

It's literally the standard, basic long-form multiplication algorithm, except you're drawing lines rather than just multiplying. Check out [this example]( URL_0 ) If we were do to this the old fashioned way, we'd do: 23 x12 --- 46 +23 ---- 276 And, notice, in the image that's exactly what we have: 2 intersections all the way on the left. 4 and 3 intersections in the middle (which we add) and 6 intersections all the way on the right. Intersections = multiplication because each line is crossing each other line. Each line creates that many intersections for each other line it crosses. This is simply repeated addition which is what multiplication is.


Question: Why is it against the law to make false statements to the FBI but not against the law to lie to other law enforcement agencies in the US?

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 Why is it against the law to make false statements to the FBI but not against the law to lie to other law enforcement agencies in the US?

Cop here: The FBI is federal law enforcement that operates under different rules than state or local law enforcement. In my state, lying to a police officer can be considered a crime under certain conditions, like giving a fake name. In my state it's the same as resisting arrest, which is a catch-all charge for obstructing in general.


Question: . How do those russian house keys work that look like a battery?

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 . How do those russian house keys work that look like a battery?

It's a RFID tag. The key has an identifying number in it that it broadcasts at a very short range every time a receiver (that is actually the transmitter of the radio signal, but let's not complicate this) gets near it. If the lock can find the identifying number in a list of allowed tags, it unlocks the door. Well. In reality, the lock sends the tag ID to a computer somewhere that verifies that the tag is allowed access. But that complicates the reasoning somewhat, so leave that bit out. Assume that the lock works standalone, even though very few of them actually are standalone.


Question: Why are precious metals (gold and silver) predicted to still be of value in the event of society's collapse? Why wouldn't something of more practical value be the de facto currency?

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 Why are precious metals (gold and silver) predicted to still be of value in the event of society's collapse? Why wouldn't something of more practical value be the de facto currency?

In the event that society was to collapse people would likely do exactly what the worlds first civilizations did for currency, find something rare but not too rare as to be impratical, durable so it won't breat down overtime. And preferably shiny ((no idea why on that last part) and gold and silver are some of the two best materials that fit that criteria and is why almost all civilizations used gold and silver as currency Something like bullets or food like you see in many apoc settings are honestly to easy to produce and acquire to be a proper currency, anyone with the tools to produce bullets in mass or a good harvest would cause chaos to the economy.


Question: what is the process used to make powdered eggs?

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 what is the process used to make powdered eggs?

Spray drying is the name of the [process]( URL_0 ) Basically, you splay the liquid (mixed egg in this case) into a fine mist. the mist enters a very hot chamber, causing the moisture to evaporate very quickly, but it doesn't stay long enough to actually cook the material you want to dry. this powder/gas mixture is pushed to a colder area where the powder is collected and the gas is reheated in a cycle.


Question: How can the spin of an electron be measured? Is this measurement 100% reliable?

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 How can the spin of an electron be measured? Is this measurement 100% reliable?

The [Stern-Gerlach experiment of 1922]( URL_0 ) - charged silver atoms sent through a magnetic field - is enough to measure the spin. The Stern–Gerlach experiment showed that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized. No scientific measurement is 100% reliable, that's not the expectation. The spin on an electron is very well understood, and used in the design of modern electronics. Don't bet against it.


Question: . Is there really a difference in gas at gas stations?

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 . Is there really a difference in gas at gas stations?

The gas as delivered to the gas stations, not so much. They all pretty much buy the bulk gasoline from the same distributors. Any truckload of 87 octane is pretty much the same as any other truckload of 87 octane. Same for 91 octane. There are some small differences in the type and quantity of detergent additives that each chain adds to the fuel before selling it, but the base fuel stock is largely generic. 93 octane *non-oxygenated* fuel is slightly different, as it is pure petroleum distillates, not having been blended with 10% or more ethanol before distribution. 93 octane is also not legal for use in modern, road going, passenger vehicles. Only for off-road vehicles like boats or lawnmowers. Any difference between what you buy from one gas station and another is likely contamination from the underground storage tanks at the gas station itself. If the tank starts to rust and that rust starts to flake off into the gasoline, it can get pumped into your car, especially if the pump doesn't have a properly operating filter. If dirt, water, road salt, or other foreign material gets into the tank at the station, they is no good way of getting it back out again, so trace amounts of said contamination are likely to make their way into the gasoline that the station sells. It may be immeasurably small amounts, but rust in your gasoline it's definitely a bad thing in any amount. Edit: Just because you *can* put 93 non-oxygenated gas in your car doesn't mean that you should. If the 93 octane gas at a particular station *does* have the required 10% ethanol, then it is obviously street-legal.


Question: Why do cherry tomatoes get nuclear hot inside when you cook them?

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 Why do cherry tomatoes get nuclear hot inside when you cook them?

Essentially. Water is very good at picking up heat and very good at transferring that heat elsewhere. This means that if you dump hot water in your mouth, it will do a lot of damage very quickly. Cherry tomatoes are mostly water on the inside, so you're essentially creating a little balloon of hot water, then bursting it when you bite into the tomato. It's tedious, but halving the tomatoes first can prevent this and give the delicious tomato water more ability to work its way into the dish.


Question: How are the calories in food determined? How do they know there is "X" amount of calories in "X" food?

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 How are the calories in food determined? How do they know there is "X" amount of calories in "X" food?

There are tables for calories per weight of the individual ingredients.. How those tables were created you ask? By burning those ingredients and measure the heat they produced. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree celcius. 100 calories can either raise one litter of water by 0.1c or boil 1 milliliter (1g) of water


Question: When snow is on the ground, why do only a few dots of snow reflect? Why isnt it a sheet of reflective light?

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Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When snow is on the ground, why do only a few dots of snow reflect? Why isnt it a sheet of reflective light?

Snow is crystalin in shape. Only those crystals that are in the correct position to reflect the light back to your eyes, shine. Imagine a 1000 randomly scattered mirrors and 1 bright light, you will only see the light in the mirrors that are angles correctly to reflect the light back to your eyes.


Question: Why are balloons so loud when they pop?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are balloons so loud when they pop?

Sound is just a wave of pressure through the air. Our ear machinery is amazing, and we can detect even a very very small pressure disturbance traveling through the air. Suffice to say that the pressure inside of a balloon is quite a bit greater than the ambient air pressure, and so when that pressure is released there is a huge gradient that is exposed and a very strong pressure wave is transmitted through the air that we perceive as a very loud bang.


Question: How do scientists know what body functions individual vitamins and minerals affect?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do scientists know what body functions individual vitamins and minerals affect?

A lot of times we figure out what a particular material does by looking at what happens to people who don't get have enough of them. We notice a lot of people who have a particular medical issue and we measure the stuff in their blood and notice that some of it is lower than what we typically see in healthy people. We can then infer that not having enough of that material causes whatever medical issue they are experiencing. That gives scientists a guide on where to look for how the body uses that particular material.


Question: Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is ice slippery but glass isn't?

Most things get smaller when they get colder- it's a principle called "thermal contraction." Most things get bigger when they get hotter- "thermal expansion." Solids are denser than liquids. Water is weird in that it doesn't work this way. When water becomes ice, it actually because slightly larger because of its molecular structure. Ice forms in a "lattice" of water molecules. When you step on ice, it physically breaks some of this lattice, compressing it down into water. The water that you just made sort of lubricates the surface of the ice.


Question: Why are American children not taught anything about finances, stocks, or money management in grade/middle/high school?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are American children not taught anything about finances, stocks, or money management in grade/middle/high school?

Some of these factors change, regularly. Spending a lot of time talking about the specific products used to finance a retirement, is going to go over the head of many of the students, and by the time they reach an age where they will actually start making plans the products available may have changed. Some concepts such as compound interest, which is the fundamental piece in talking about investment gains and the risk of debt is taught in most math classes. In addition depending on the options you take you may take business or accounting classes that go into depth on some of these topics. Bottom line is that most people remember very little of what they are taught in high school. That isn't the point of school, it is to learn how to learn. If you learn those skills at an appropriate level, learning personal finance concepts on your own at appropriate times is quite easy.


Question: How does the golden ratio follow the fibonacci sequence?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the golden ratio follow the fibonacci sequence?

Take two successive numbers of Fibonacci sequence, 13 and 21 for example. 21/13 will be close to golden ratio. Kepler proved that limit of ratio of two infinitely large successive Fibonacci numbers is golden ratio, or lim{n - > inf} F{n+1}/Fn = phi. EDIT: More general form, as wikipedia says, is lim{n - > inf} F{n+a}/Fn = phi^a, and it leads to phi^{n+1} = phi^n + phi^{n-1}.


Question: How do unions work? How did they get in power and give us rights?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do unions work? How did they get in power and give us rights?

The power comes from the power of the strike. If one employee gets fed up and threatens to walk out, so what? He will be replaced. But, if the entire crew walks out, it shuts down the operation. If all the employees in other operations within the company join in solidarity with their union brothers and also walk off the job, the entire corporation can be brought to a standstill. If the company wants to run its operations, it will have to make an equitable deal with the union and get them to go back to work. Strikes are not to be taken lightly, and there is always pain on both sides, but it is the only power a union has.


Question: Why is there "LINT" in our belly button by the end of the day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is there "LINT" in our belly button by the end of the day?

> [**Georg Steinhauser**]( URL_2 ) of the Vienna University of Technology is primarily an atomic chemist. However, in 2009, he published the results of four years of research on belly button lint (or as the Brits charmingly call it, "navel fluff") in the journal [***Medical Hypotheses***]( URL_0 ). > > By studying a total of 503 pieces of lint from his own belly button — and asking friends about their navel fluff production patterns — he came to a simple conclusion. Stomach hair is responsible for producing belly button lint. > > "The scaly structure of hair firstly enhances the abrasion of minuscule fibers from the shirt and secondly directs the lint into one direction — the navel — where it accumulates," he wrote. "The hairs’ scales act like a kind of 'barbed hooks.'" [Source]( URL_1 )


Question: What happens to an NGO once whatever they are helping with is "done"? What is their incentive to actually contribute to ending poverty/hunger/war etc. from a "capitalist" point of view?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to an NGO once whatever they are helping with is "done"? What is their incentive to actually contribute to ending poverty/hunger/war etc. from a "capitalist" point of view?

Anecdote: There is a lot of federal money available for anti-tobacco lobbying. I worked for a politician with a large amount of oversight in health related issues. My state was the first to raise the smoking age to 21. Great success for the Coalition for a Tobacco Free State! Once they had that though, they kept trying to drill taxes and other shit into legislation. Not well thought out either. The more you tax, the less people buy cigarettes. So all these cancer research programs and shit had their supposed influx of revenue drying up, halting research halfway through. My guess is they keep going. I mean, in order to accomplish your goal, it has to be so small that it is repeatable. Like providing toilets to a village. You keep providing toilets (which also fucks up the market, making less people get toilets because they're waiting to get a free one.) If it's too big, like Amnesty International, you just keep going, because you're never going to rid the world of human rights violations. Or, like the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which successfully lobbied for an international treaty banning landmines, you push for enforcement, lobby states to sign if theythey try haven't yet, try to fund demining projects, etc. But their time in the limelight is over, and actual demining projects are painstakingly slow. In part because it's extremely difficult work, and partly because they are chronically underfunded. NGOs are a scary business. Lots of overhead. Employees staying in 5-star hotels. Even the mindset is a little old-fashioned. It reeks of "little brown brother" rhetoric at best, and is a total scam at worst. Small projects can be good, but be careful about the bigger guys. Look into Invisible Children and the Kony 2012 mess. It's a good example.


Question: Regarding PEMDAS in math, why do we do the MD before the AS instead of just solving it left to right?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Regarding PEMDAS in math, why do we do the MD before the AS instead of just solving it left to right?

Math is like a language with specific words and grammar rules. If you are trying to say something in English but don't follow the rules right, then you get some gobbledygook that the person you're speaking to won't understand. That's why the order of operations exists - to make sure everyone can "communicate" clearly (in the form of doing things one specific way and getting one specific answer each time). If you do addition first, but I do multiplication first, then we're going to get two different answers - we won't be able to "communicate" properly.


Question: How can US arrest, have extradited and jail a non US national for breaching sanctions that the US has imposed against another nation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can US arrest, have extradited and jail a non US national for breaching sanctions that the US has imposed against another nation?

On paper, the initial arrest is for defrauding companies. That fraud being putting money into a shell company that in turn did illegal business with Iran. As some of the investors are US corporations that were lied to by Meng, the case for fraud against her by the US Justice Department is sound. They waited until she was in Canada to ask them to arrest and extradite as there is no extradition agreement with China, or like they would oblige anyway


Question: What Radiation does and why is it so dangerous?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What Radiation does and why is it so dangerous?

The radioactive material tends to hang around in the environment. In the air, in the soil, the water, which then gets ingested by plants and animals. These rarioactibe material emit ionising radiation when they decay. Specifically, the danger of radiation is that it ionises atoms (i.e. removes electrons from atoms). If this happens to a part of your DNA, it damages it, your body will attempt to repair the damaged DNA bit sometimes it does so incorrectly, leading to cancerous cells.


Question: How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do you tell if something is an actual ROCK and not something made by man?

There's no single answer to this because it really depends what specific example we're talking about. The most common material we see misidentified as rocks on /r/geology is slag, which is relatively straightforward to identify if you know what you're looking for and it looks fairly distinct from rocks you will naturally find in nature. It can, however, be much more difficult, since it's possible to grow minerals synthetically that mimic the natural processes that form them, to the extent that it's extremely difficult to distinguish the artificial product from a natural example, physically (and potentially even chemically). For instance, experimental petrologists will create artificial rocks in special furnaces which can be essentially impossible to distinguish from a natural rock.


Question: Why can't Medicare negotiate drug prices?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't Medicare negotiate drug prices?

That's easy. Medicare provides a lot of funding for drugs, meaning it has massive leverage to negotiate lower prices which it could pass on to make healthcare more affordable. However this would also eat into profits for pharmaceutical companies. These companies have lobbyists which buy your elected representatives nice meals and fund their election campaigns.


Question: How do defamation lawsuits work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do defamation lawsuits work?

It depends on the jurisdiction. In the US to prove defamation you must prove that someone knowingly and maliciously made false statements of fact about you, and that those statements caused you specific damages. If you can prove that the judge hearing your case will render a judgement in which the defendant (who did the defaming) must pay you to compensate you for the damages he caused.


Question: Why does oil/water soaked paper tend to be translucent?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does oil/water soaked paper tend to be translucent?

Without getting too chemical/physical, the light bounces off of the rough edges of the dry paper and reflects back to your eyes. When it’s soaked in a liquid, the light travels through more uniformly and doesn’t bounce back as much, so you can kinda see through the paper. It’s the same reason ice is more transparent in a cup if you put water in it


Question: If every element has a known melting point, why do compounds/collections of elements (e.g. wood) simply burn instead of going through the aforesaid process?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If every element has a known melting point, why do compounds/collections of elements (e.g. wood) simply burn instead of going through the aforesaid process?

Simply sticking something in a fire doesn’t mean that it will melt. Wood for instances is mostly carbon which has a very high melting point. Your average campfire doesn’t get anywhere hot enough to melt the carbon but it does burn the wood which separates the carbon from other elements that made up the tree


Question: How does the new version of Google Earth create 3D images of places?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the new version of Google Earth create 3D images of places?

It's done using photogrammetry. An aircraft flies over the area to be mapped and takes lots of photographs from different angles. Then software processes the images and to identify points that appear in more than one image. From this, the 3D position of those points can be reconstructed. The result is a large number of 3D points representing the geometry of the area being mapped (like those seen in [this video]( URL_0 )). Another piece of software can then take those points and connect them to produce a 3D mesh.


Question: Why do people trade options as opposed to just buying the stock (if they think it will go up)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do people trade options as opposed to just buying the stock (if they think it will go up)?

There are a whole bunch of strategies for buying and selling options, but in the case you're describing the main reason is leverage. Imagine Apple stock was trading at $400/share and you think it's worth $450. You could buy 100 shares for $40,000 and wait for it to go up, then sell and collect $5,000 profit. But if you don't have $40k burning a hole in your pocket you might buy an option that gives you the right to buy 100 shares at $400/share any time in the next 6 months. That might only cost you something like $800. If the stock goes up to $450 as you predicted you can sell the option for a lot more than you paid for it. You might sell for $5200 and walk away with $4400 profit. The catch is that the clock is always counting down to expiration. If the stock drops below $400 and stays there for the next 6 months the option would would become worth less than you paid for it and it would continue to lose value until it expires. You can lose your whole investment.


Question: What are integrals in math?

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 What are integrals in math?

When you're driving along yhe highway, coasting at 50 mph for two hours, you know you've driven 100 miles: 2\*50=100. And that's great, but what if you have to slow down or stop a bunch of times. Well, you could say "from that tume to that time, I went at that speed, and from then to then at another". Do the same, and figure it out. Except you then realize you fon't come to an immediate stop when stopping. You slow down a bit first. So you factor that in, but even then, it's still kind of ok, because evrn the slowing down doesn't happen instantaneously... So in the end, you take your instantaneous speed, and multiply it with an infinitely tiny amount of time, anf sum all of that together. And that is, in essence, what an integral is. The geometric meaning is that it's the area under a curve. And if your curve is complicated, you can approximate it by making a bunch of rectangles, and summing those areas. If you make more, thinner rectangles, you get a more accurate result. And if sum an infinite amount of infinitely thin rectangles, you get the exact result. And in calculus, it's the inverse of a derivative. That is, if you take the derivative of an integral of a function, you get the original function. And if you take the integral of the derivative of a function, you also get the original function (up to an additive constant). And this is also shown in my example above: if you consider the distance the car has driven as the original function, then the derivative is its speed. And the integral of its speed gives you its location.


Question: How do fuels give off more CO2 than they weigh themselves?

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 How do fuels give off more CO2 than they weigh themselves?

Because oxygen also weighs a lot. It actually weighs more than carbon. and when you burn fuels, you are taking the carbon in those fuels and combining them with oxygen. So you end up with a lot more carbon dioxide than you had in fuel to begin with. It is nowhere near as extreme as one gallon of gas producing tons of carbon dioxide. But it is very noticeable, with the mass of carbon dioxide being about twice the mass of the fuel being burned most of the time. It varies depending on the exact composition of the fuel, of course.


Question: What exactly is a “second wind”?

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 What exactly is a “second wind”?

Scientifically, we're not exactly sure why it happens but we have a general idea of how. The prevailing theory is it's the result of the brain recognizing peak physiological demand and dumping huge amounts of endorphins into the blood to enable us to continue exerting our muscles past the limit of endurance. Endorphins are our body's feel-good chemicals and this sudden surge in our blood gives us a feeling of intense euphoria that overrides the stress and pain our body is experiencing. A similar phenomenon is runner's high.


Question: why does music or a siren that is moving change pitch to somebody that is stationary?

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 why does music or a siren that is moving change pitch to somebody that is stationary?

Doppler effect Wikipedia: > When the source of the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave. Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. While they are travelling, the distance between successive wave fronts is reduced, so the waves "bunch together". Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, each wave is emitted from a position farther from the observer than the previous wave, so the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency. The distance between successive wave fronts is then increased, so the waves "spread out". EDIT Visualisation, hope it helps: URL_0


Question: Why does the Moon cause high tides on the side of the Earth opposite of it?

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 Why does the Moon cause high tides on the side of the Earth opposite of it?

Imagine you're participating in the hammer throw at the Olympics, you're swinging the ball around but the centre of rotation is somewhere between you and the ball, meaning you are also being flung outwards in the opposite direction. Replace yourself with earth and the hammer with the moon and you've got roughly the same situation, the sea is literally being flung outwards on the opposite side of the moon due to the earth and the moon orbiting eachother.


Question: Why is it that when you glide your hand perpendicularly on a sharp blade, you don't get cut?

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 Why is it that when you glide your hand perpendicularly on a sharp blade, you don't get cut?

Blades work by concentrating an applied force to a tiny surface area. When you cut with a knife, the concentrated force applies a significant pressure where the blade meets the thing you're cutting. This breaks the bonds holding that material together. A sharp blade is simply one that has a narrower edge, thus transferring the force to a more concentrated area. When you move your hand perpendicularly across a blade, you're not applying that force into your hand. You're moving your hand parallel to the blade. So the force multiplication effect doesn't come into play.


Question: How does a nuclear reactor work, and what makes it different than a bomb?

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 How does a nuclear reactor work, and what makes it different than a bomb?

Nuclear bombs split atoms in a self sustaining runaway chain reaction that creates an insane amount of heat instantaneously - thus a big boom. Nuclear reactors control the splitting of atoms very precisely which generates smaller amounts of heat energy that is captured via steam, thus turning a turbine and making electricity.


Question: What do researchers test for, or observe when they identify intelligence in other animals?

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 What do researchers test for, or observe when they identify intelligence in other animals?

As a general rule, they look for behaviour that cannot in and of itself be attributed to a mindless behaviour or instinct, or one that demonstrates a capacity to perform a complex task. A good example of this is the mirror test. In this task the animal is knocked out, and a visual marker, like for example a sticker or a marking in coloured marker/chalk is placed on a part of the animal it cannot normally see. In humans and apes this tends to take the form of a sticker placed on the forehead. They are then presented with the mirror. If they attempt to touch or interact with the mark on their own head this is taken as a potential sign that they recognise that the animal in the mirror is themself as opposed to another animal. Whilst not every animal of a species is of sufficient intellect to comprehend that it is observing itself will react, some will and generally only a few individuals of a species reacting, not every single one is sufficient. Of course this does not help if the species recognises itself, and does not care. In terms of observation, it can be a lot more complex, and really depends on the animal. Complex behaviour, in and of itself isn't necessarily a sign of "intellect" as you might understand it, but it does imply greater cognitive capacity on the behalf of the tested animal. Jumping spiders are a good example of this. As you might expect from small spiders (~1cm total size max), they do not have amazingly large brains. What they can do with their brains however is amazing. Given the time to observe a "maze" (in reality simply a series of possible routes, some incorrect that they can take to reach the end point, which tends to contain food), and given an inability to see the totality of the maze once they start, they are still capable of following this maze at a much greater rate than chance suggests. This is true even when the correct path requires unintuitive choices, like for example having to start by heading directly away from the food, or having to completely lose sight of the food in order to reach it. In addition, whilst they do make mistakes and head down the wrong paths, they seem to correct themselves at a much higher rate than chance would suggest. All in all, they demonstrate remarkable capacity to navigate these mazes, especially given their size. They are also capable of complex ambush predation behaviours, including mimicking a variety of prey types, timing web invasions (they eat other spiders) to match up with breezes etc. A wide range of very complex behaviours relating to planning and modifying plans. Ultimately, each animal is the product of its environment, and has skillsets based on what is required, along with a little bit of luck. Testing varies on an animal by animal basis - elephants and crows and octopi are quite handy with tools, but trying to test a jumping spider on tool use would be a waste of peoples time. Likewise testing even a very very smart animal (new caledonian crow or an ocoptus probably take the prize) on ravens progressive matrices would be a waste of everyones time, for all its a great test of intelligence in humans. What researchers test for and observe is dependent on the animal in question, the behaviour of it and others of its species, and certain universal traits that tend to focus on either interpreting or manipulating some aspect of its environment to its own advantage, or demonstrating some degree of understanding of either the past or the future. We're still at a very very early stage in this research however, and there are a lot of unanswered questions. In particular, many animals have no motivation to solve puzzles, or complete mazes etc, but this doesn't necessarily mean they lack the capacity. This is why ongoing research is vital, and researchers are trying a wide range of approaches and tools to try to tease out evidence of intelligent behaviour and other related concepts, especially in animals that would otherwise be resistant to testing. In particular, a lot of research these days if focusing on trying to find naturalistic or semi-naturalistic evidence for behaviours in animals in non-laboratory conditions, which seems to be giving us some fascinating evidence for potential sources of information and tests. For example URL_0 This isn't directly a "intelligence" question, its more of a personality one, but the two concepts are actually quite closely linked especially when dealing with animals.


Question: What is an "outgoing introvert" and how does it differ from a regular introvert?

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 What is an "outgoing introvert" and how does it differ from a regular introvert?

Basically, being an introvert describes how your energy level and ability to recharge changes when experiencing social interactions. Introverts are drained by social interaction and need alone time to recharge. But this is different than being shy. Shyness is how you confront the social interaction. Outgoing or shy has nothing to do with your energy levels. You can be outgoing but still get drained by the interaction. I am an introvert. My favorite activity on a Saturday night is to stay home and do something familiar...like read, scan the internet, watch a movie....alone. But, I am not shy. If an opportunity at work comes up that requires a speech or interacting with customers, everyone's head turns to me because they all know I will nail it! But afterwards, I hide in a hole for 36 hours to recharge. I am outgoing and I am definitely an introvert.


Question: Why is a “cup” of coffee 6 oz, but every other liquid is 8 oz?

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 Why is a “cup” of coffee 6 oz, but every other liquid is 8 oz?

Probably has to do with serving sizes. A “cup” of coffee is 6 fl oz Bc that’s about the volume a person normally drinks as a “cup” of coffee. It’s not really a standard measurement. I also bet that coffee and hot cocoa brands put “6 fl oz” as their serving sizes because then they can make it look like it has less sugar/caffeine than it really does. If you’ve ever noticed why Oreo cookies come in like 6 packs sometimes but the servings are like 2 cookies even though nobody would only eat two Oreos out of that pack and then leave it for the next time, that’s the same reason why.


Question: Why can't we feel our stomachs digesting food?

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 Why can't we feel our stomachs digesting food?

Because it would be both distracting and not useful in any way. The distraction would impede all other aspects of life. So people who didn't feel themselves digesting would have been more successful in general and therefore reproduced more effectively, and so evolutionary pressure would select for that. As for the physical reason, if that's what you meant to ask, it is because we don't have nerves on the inside of our stomachs. Mostly because the stomach acid would damage them and we would just feel the burning sensation of stomach acid there constantly...