Question: Riot Games had a walkout today because of the company's stance on "forced arbitration". What is forced arbitration?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Riot Games had a walkout today because of the company's stance on "forced arbitration". What is forced arbitration?

In cases where it's an employer and workers, forced arbitration means that if the workers think the employer did something wrong, they have to let a paid decision maker say who's right and who's wrong. Then that's the end. They can't get a second opinion, they have to take it and keep working or go away for good. The problem is that people have seen that these decision makers most always say the employer is right. It doesn't look fair, or it really isn't fair. This could be that decision makers get most of their business from employers and if the word gets around that they will tell the employer they're wrong, other employers won't hire them. Employers know that they will likely win and tell workers that if they have a problem, they must handle it their way or they can't have a job.


Question: How many ants does it take to make a functioning ant colony?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How many ants does it take to make a functioning ant colony?

Two. A female queen, and a male. All the other ants are infertile worker minions produced by the queen to do her bidding. When thinking about highly organized colonial insects like ants and bees, you have treat the entire colony as part of a single organism. The individual workers are not independently functioning and reproducing creatures that just happen to live together, they're explicitly replaceable cogs in the queen's legion of slaves.


Question: What do the links that you get through those fraud texts, actually do to your phone if clicked?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do the links that you get through those fraud texts, actually do to your phone if clicked?

At the very least they tell the spammer that you click links in emails and texts and that they should continue to send you more as well as try to sell your details to someone else as a “live” target. At worst they can exploit your device, spy on you, steal your data and money, and much more.


Question: How can a cellphone mark the right time even without internet connection and after being turned off?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can a cellphone mark the right time even without internet connection and after being turned off?

Ever notice how phones never have an off *switch,* something to actually break the electrical connection, but always a button? A phone that is off is never actually off, not completely. Just like when you're asleep you're not dead, just in a low-energy rest state, waiting for some signal to tell you to turn back on, whether it's an alarm or a dog or just your brain going "okay wake up."


Question: why are clothes cheaper in outlet stores?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why are clothes cheaper in outlet stores?

Usually it's from old season or when they have a surplus of a product that they thought was going to be a big hit but didn't sell. There are also some outlets that are the same name but come from a completely different factory with crappier material. I'm Canadian, so for example the company Roots. The "normal" stores you see in malls are the better material and also more expensive store versus the Roots outlet have different products like their sweaters and sweat pants. Completely different fit, crappier material and cheaper price. It's to essentially accommodate people who want the wear the brand for fitting in purposes or whatever so that they're able to afford it at a cheaper price if they can't pay the "full price"


Question: Why are cones and pyramids exactly 1/3 of a cylinder or prism's volume?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are cones and pyramids exactly 1/3 of a cylinder or prism's volume?

Let's look a simple case first, the cube. A cube is incidentally the base of a pyramid and also a square prism of the same base face as the pyramid. I also happens to have identical side faces, which will help us later on. Imagine a pyramid with the base face of our cube. You can move the tip of the pyramid around without changing the height \(moving within a horizontal plane\) and you won't change the volume of the pyramid, right? So imagine moving the tip of the pyramid into the upper right hand, back corner of the cube. Now imagine a second pyramid, hanging upside down into the cube from the top surface, with its tip on the base face of the cube. This pyramid has the same volume as the first, right? Again, we can move the tip around in the plane of the base face without changing the volume. Now imagine moving the tip of this second pyramid into the the bottom left hand back corner of the cube. Some of the edges of the second pyramid will coincide with those of the first pyramid, but the two volumes will not overlap anywhere, correct? Now look at the remaining volume in the cube. The front face is completely free, and you have edges from the first two pyramids leading from each corner of the front face into that same lower back left hand corner, correct? Now because this is a cube, the front face has the same area as the base or top face, and the depth is the same as the height. So this means that the remaining space is a third pyramid, with the same volume as the first two. Three pyramids together have the same volume as the cube \(the square prism, remember?\), so a single pyramid has one third the volume of the prism. Now, imagine streching the cube's height, and try and see what happens with the pyramids. You'll be changing the overall volume, but the three pyramids will still all have equal volumes, right \(two will have their height changed, the third will have its base area changed by the same factor\)? Still one third of the prism, even if it's no longer a cube. The final step is a bit harder to imagine, but you can do the same thing we did with a cube in a pyramid with a tetrahedron in a triangular prism, or a five sided pyramid in a pentagram prism. You can alway fit three pyramids inside the prism \(it does get hard to imagine for higher numbers of sides\). In fact, you can do it for any number of sides. And once you have a hundred or ten thousand sides to your prism, the step to a cyclinder isn't hard to imagine.


Question: If a spaceship could keep going one direction, is there an "end" to the universe like a wall?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a spaceship could keep going one direction, is there an "end" to the universe like a wall?

I think spacetime expansion, difference between the observable universe vs. all universe, and the practicalities of such "trans-universe travel" are irrelevant here. OP's question is essentially about the topology ("shape") of the universe. The answer to that is: we have completely no idea. The universe may be finite or infinite. In case it is finite, it might either just "end abruptly", be surrounded by some sort of a "wall", or loop back on itself. There is no data to conclusively support either of those hypotheses.


Question: Why did it take so long for artists to find out about vanishing point and foreshortening? This sounds like a straightforward concept but maybe just because we already know it

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why did it take so long for artists to find out about vanishing point and foreshortening? This sounds like a straightforward concept but maybe just because we already know it

It’s not so much a case that it took a long time for people including artists to be aware of these effects, more a case that what artists were trying to achieve in their art has changed over time. A painting can be made to do a number of things. One of those is to be an optically accurate representation of the world. Another is to provide a representational depiction of people, places and events. If your objective is the second of these, then doing things like making the important people the focus of the painting, and depicting them in a way that indicates who and what they are is important. For example if you want to show a man is a king and guided by God, give him a huge crown and add a hand of God directing him. It’s not optically correct, but it tells you something about the person place and events. It took until the modern period for the idea to gain widespread acceptance that producing an optically accurate representation of the world was actually a worthwhile and valuable thing for an artist to attempt to do.


Question: What an 'Epipen' is and how it works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What an 'Epipen' is and how it works?

An epipen is an easy to use syringe filled with epinephrine, an artificial form of adrenaline, and a few other drugs. It is one of the most efficient ways to delay an acute allergic reaction until you can seek medical treatment. If someone gets an allergic reaction and have problems breathing so you are not able to communicate with them. Then call the emergency number and look if they have an epipen with them. The instructions on the epipen should be simple to follow. When you inject them with the epipen the symptoms change as they go from an acute allergic reaction into adrenaline shock. Just keep them breathing until medical services arrive and can help out.


Question: If a person is trapped in a burning house, why can't they just stand in a running shower to survive?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If a person is trapped in a burning house, why can't they just stand in a running shower to survive?

> Wouldn't the steam create its own oxygen No. Steam is just vaporized water. You can't breathe vaporized water > the stream of running water keep the flames and smoke at bay It may help keep some of the smoke out of the air, but it won't be enough to keep the temperature down and it won't replace the oxygen that the fire is sucking up. Both of those things are more than capable of killing you.


Question: If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If Hitler was austrian, why didn't he fight for austrian nationalism?

Hitler claimed to be ethnically German. One of the reasons stated for invading Poland was to return ethnic Germans to Germany. The Nazi of being German wasn't just a place of birth but of "blood lines" or ethnic history. Really though people like Hitler will use whatever method is effective to gain power, it happened that anti-Semitism and German nationalism is what worked at the time.


Question: I saw a demonstration of an RF detector being brought close to a mobile phone. As the detector was moved away, the number on it dropped to zero. How can that be? Shouldn't there be some RF signal from the phone all the way to the cell tower, so that the phone can communicate with the tower?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 I saw a demonstration of an RF detector being brought close to a mobile phone. As the detector was moved away, the number on it dropped to zero. How can that be? Shouldn't there be some RF signal from the phone all the way to the cell tower, so that the phone can communicate with the tower?

A mobile phone doesn't constantly transmit at the highest power available. It is mostly inert to save battery life and is only listening to transmission from the tower (which the detector would count as part of the "ambient" RF field and not show, like the tare function on a scale). It gets a lot livelier when it is trying to use its radio to transmit. In the receive-only state the RF detector probably only detects the small interference caused by the phone's internal power system and the processor/other digital stuff.


Question: Why does social isolation screw humans up so badly?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does social isolation screw humans up so badly?

Humans are a social species. Without the strength of social groups, we would not be alive today. Since we almost always live in social groups, our brain has not evolved in a manner suited to living alone. Just as we are not great at living in a pond or in Antarctic conditions or going a month without water, these are just situations that are outside our normal operating parameters.


Question: How do counties give money to each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do counties give money to each other?

They can wire money. Wire transfers of millions or even more are not unheard of. Also, a lot of countries have an account with the US federal reserve. That makes it even easier to transfer money, since they both have accounts at the same bank. And if you were to go back far enough, writing checks was more common. The Alaska purchase (about 100 million in today's money) was made by writing a check.


Question: What determines if a metal produces an oxide layer?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What determines if a metal produces an oxide layer?

Firstly how reactive it is to oxygen. A metal like gold is practically inert and so won’t readily oxidise in air. Where as something like sodium or aluminium will oxidise very quickly. Secondly the physical properties of the oxide. Aluminium oxide isn’t water soluble and is fairly hard so sticks to the metal very well, on the other hand rust on iron is very weak and will be quickly eroded, revealing more iron to oxidise and losing much of the material.


Question: What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What do spoilers (on cars) actually do, and how?

People often confuse spoilers and wings which both are aerodynamic devices on cars to improve performance. But they have very different ways of working. A spoiler is designed to direct air into the void that forms behind the car. By directing air into this void the pressure behind the car increases and the car is not getting sucked back as much. This makes sure the aerodynamic drag of the car is as small as possible. In general cars that is designed to be fuel efficient or be fast in a streight line would have a spoiler to reduce the air resistance. However cars designed to navigate corners at high speed will have a similar looking but very different wing instead. Unlike spoilers a wing will increase drag but will push the car down into the ground improving traction.


Question: If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If matter can't be created or destroy where did it come from?

OP is essentially asking "how can something come from nothing?" But the big bang is not something coming from nothing. The theory of the big bang says that near the beginning of time, everything (as in, all the things in the universe. In fact, the universe itself) was at a single point. There weren't less things. There was the exact same amount of things. There was just less space. More specifically, there was zero space. The big bang is just that space very rapidly expanding, giving more room for the stuff to spread around. Edit: I had assumed that OP was ultimately asking about the big bang theory, but I had no right to make such an assumption. So I will come out and say that I have not at all explained the origin of matter or energy or information, and have thus technically failed to answer the question.


Question: How does time in space work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does time in space work?

The relative rate at which time passes between two observers depends on (1) relative velocity, and (2) relative gravitational potential So let's start by looking at (1). You and a friend are standing in a field, and you're each carrying a stopwatch. At an agreed upon time, both you and your friend start your watches, and one of you starts running away from the other at a constant velocity. If either you or your friend look at your own stopwatch, it'll appear to be advancing normally. But, if you look at your friend's stopwatch, and they look at yours (assume you've just got really great vision), each of you will see that the other person's stopwatch is ticking more slowly. Now this isn't some optical trick. Time is *literally* (and that's 'literally' in the literal sense) moving more slowly for the other person. And the *truly* weird part of this, is that this will be true for *both* of you, simultaneously. In your frame of reference, your friend is slowed down in time, and in their frame of reference, you're slowed down in time. Both frames of reference are equally valid. And critically, it doesn't matter which of you started running. All motion is relative, and what matters is that you've moving relative to each other, not which of you happens to be moving their legs. Now on to (2). Time moves more slowly the further down a gravity well you are. So someone on the surface of the sun will have time pass more slowly than someone in deep space (assuming they're stationary relative to each other, at least, so that the effects of (1) don't also come into play). And this phenomenon will be agreed upon by everyone. So if you're standing on the ground, and you friend is up at the top of a redwood tree, you'll *both* agree that your clock, on the ground, is ticking more slowly. But there is still a complication. Acceleration. Special relativity tells us that there is no meaningful difference between being stationary in a gravitational field, and accelerating under power. So when you're in your car, and you accelerate, and feel yourself get 'pushed back' into your chair, as far as physics is concerned, *that's* a gravitational field. It's the same physical situation as being stationary in a car on a slightly larger planet, with the car tilted back a bit, so you're being pulled both into the seat of the seat, as well as the back. And that means that it's going to affect your experience of time. When you're accelerating in your car, people in *front* of you (in your direction of acceleration) will be moving through time more quickly than yourself, while people *behind* you will be moving through time more slowly than yourself. And further ahead of or behind you they are, the more pronounced this effect will be. OK, now we're ready to talk about the the scenario in the song. The space traveler starts heading away from Earth at high velocity. Here we're in the case governed by (1) - relative motion. The traveler will observe folks on Earth aging slowly, while folks on Earth will see the traveler aging slowly. *Both* are correct. Now at some point the traveler will start heading home, and on that homeward journey, it will again be the case that both traveler and earthlings will observe the other as aging slowly. So why is everyone dead and gone when the traveler finally gets home? Well between the outward journey, and the homeward journey, the traveler has to reverse direction. And that means acceleration. And acceleration can be treated the same as gravity with respect to case (2) - relative gravitational potential. If the traveler has been moving at high speed, then *a lot* of acceleration will be needed to reverse direction, and the Earth will be very far away at this point. So during the period of acceleration, the traveler will observe folks on Earth - which is *ahead* of them in their direction of acceleration - start aging at an incredibly rapid pace. *So* rapid a pace, in fact, that it'll *more* than cancel out the slowed aging that the traveler observes on both legs of the journey, and when they finally get back home, everyone involved will agree that a lot more time passed on Earth than for the traveler. And this last bit is kind of key to relativity. While you and your friend can have seemingly contradictory experiences of how time is passing for each of you in the field, that's perfectly fine, so long as you aren't in the same place. But once you meet back up again, in the same place, the various phases of acceleration and relative motion that you've both experienced will work out so that when you finally compare notes, you'll both agree on how much time each of you has experienced.


Question: Why are my hayfever tablets laid out like this?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are my hayfever tablets laid out like this?

The same company makes tablet boxes containing 7, 14, and 30 tablets (often more). It's more cost effective to use a different tablet strip than to use different sized boxes for every amount, so it just modifies the same strip depending on how many tablets are needed. The box is "universal" for all amounts, and just gets printed differently to reflect the right number on the outside.


Question: Why does sound seem so much clearer, carry farther, and/or so utterly silent in cold temperatures?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sound seem so much clearer, carry farther, and/or so utterly silent in cold temperatures?

"Because sound moves faster in warm air than colder air, the wave bends away from the warm air and back toward the ground. That's why sound is able to travel farther in chilly weather. ... Not many people like standing out in cold weather, either, so there are fewer cars, pedestrians, and animals to make a ruckus.” [Source.]( URL_0 )


Question: How does mоnеу just lоsе or gаin vаluе?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does mоnеу just lоsе or gаin vаluе?

If you have a five dollar bill, maybe today you can buy a good sandwich with it. That's your base price. Something for some amount. As time passes, costs change. People want more salary. Resources become less abundant or more difficult to get. Companies want more profit. Whatever the reason, it happens. In that sandwich example, maybe the cheese costs more. Maybe the company has to pay for new ovens for the bread. Fuel costs change, so moving ingredients cost more. Now you go to guy the same sandwich, maybe that five dollar bill isn't enough. Sometimes the opposite happens. Early today televisions cost much more than they do now. Through changes in manufacturing, availability of parts because of changes in demand, and recovering the costs of initial R & D, the same television money a few years ago gets more television today.


Question: How are the media and public figures able to publicly accuse someone of sexual (or any other) crimes without any due process of law?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are the media and public figures able to publicly accuse someone of sexual (or any other) crimes without any due process of law?

Due process, mostly, refers to procedural actions necessary before Govermental officials can act in certain ways. For example, before you can be placed in jail (i.e. Have you right to liberty removed) your due process rights require trials and the like. In those trials you are presumed innocent. That is where the idea of innocent until proven guilty comes from. It is a procedural posture that is required in criminal cases. Public figure, like celebrities, can say whatever they'd like. There are laws to prevent them from saying untrue things that could harm someone, these are called defamation laws. They make it so that you can't publically declare something that is untrue to specifically harm me. There is a tight balancing act between what is considered defamation and what is protected by the first amendment in the US. Generally the person defamed is the only person who can fight Suh statements, by suing. However truth is always a defense in those law suits. If the person being allegedly defamed knows he's not gonna win on the truth he's not gonna bother suing. And private (as in not governmental) can do whatever they'd like in terms of membership. There are no due process laws that govern that. They may have internal policies to deal with it but that's a corporate governance issue. And yes there is always a concern that this is just a witchhunt. However in instances like this that seems improbable.


Question: Why can't we just make water by smooshing hydrogen and oxygen atoms together?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why can't we just make water by smooshing hydrogen and oxygen atoms together?

We CAN. Now, it's not very often in nature you come across pure hydrogen and pure oxygen. But if you do have pure hydrogen and pure oxygen and you put them together in the right ratio, it's very easy to get them to form water. In fact, it's hard to PREVENT them from forming water. It's a common 9th grade science experiment, you run electricity through water in a certain way and one electrode has bubbles of pure oxygen forming on it and the other pure hydrogen. You catch each in their own test-tube. You combine the two. A very small spark will cause them to smoosh together and form water. Thing is, sometimes you don't even need a spark, sometimes just the right (or wrong) type of shaking will do the trick. Now, in the process of forming water a lot of heat is generated, which has the potential to be very damaging. Also, pure oxygen tends to burn super easy so there's not a lot of pure oxygen around. And pure hydrogen tends to react with stuff a lot too. So you don't bump into pure forms of them very often in nature. And making pure forms of them is relatively difficult and expensive. **DUE TO REQUESTS - VIDEOS** [ URL_3 ]( URL_3 ) \- an animation of what is going on [ URL_4 ]( URL_4 ) \- a guy using 2 thumbtacks and a 9 volt battery to do this - but he isn't catching the gas [ URL_5 ]( URL_5 ) \- a guy mixing O and H in front of a flame, it goes POP and they zoom in on the small droplets of water formed on the inside. [ URL_1 ]( URL_0 ) \- a guy builds a medium simple electrolysis set, then fills plastic bags with Oxygen and Hydrogen - then lets them float around. [ URL_2 ]( URL_2 ) \- a very classic '9th grade science' experiment version **Wow, this question has received a TON of awards - gold, silver, hugs, wholesome, heck some guy sent me some art. I am amazed, this is very unexpected, I was just trying to be helpful.**


Question: Why are big eyes considered "cute"? (Especially in anime/cartoons & animals)

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are big eyes considered "cute"? (Especially in anime/cartoons & animals)

It's an example of something called "paedomorphism," or the quality of an adult organism to retain features of its younger state. In humans, the eyes stay the same size, which means that in a child's face, the eyes take up a larger amount of the available space. Things with larger eyes therefore tend to appear younger, and since humans are hardwired to perceive young things as cute in order to induce a protective instinct, big eyes have come to signify cuteness.


Question: How did ROM files originally get extracted from cartridges like n64 games? How did emulator developers even begin to understand how to make sense of the raw data from those cartridges?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did ROM files originally get extracted from cartridges like n64 games? How did emulator developers even begin to understand how to make sense of the raw data from those cartridges?

This is going to be a lot so hang on. Computers work by reading a set of instructions and doing exactly that. This is true of anything, from your PC to your phone to your game consoles. Game cartridges are usually just small chips that contains this list of instructions, like an SD card. Especially on older ones, the connector directly or nearly directly exposes that chip. In many cases these chips aren't super unique so public data sheets exist that say how to read and write to them so companies and engineers can use these parts in their own stuff. Nintendo uses the part, likely for cost and performance reasons, and then when hobbyists disassemble the cartridge they find out what is in there and how to talk to it. Sometimes though, like for the game boy, the cartridge is more than just a few chips with the stored data, and the method of communication is logged while the game boy is running and then the cart dumped once they figure out how to read it. Most of the time the actual reading is done with a microcontroller, Arduinos have proven particularly popular due to low cost and ease of coding. The person dumping it simulates a request for the data across the whole contents of the cartridge, and what's on there is read and then written to a file. Emulators are a bit more difficult. Typically, emulators start by investigating as much as they can about the system they're emulating. What cpu is used, what instruction set it runs on, what is connected where to the CPU and how it's accessed. A lot of this is borderline trial and error using some of the games dumped from game carts to figure out what commands do what based off of what they might expect them to be doing. Think of it as reading a cake cooking instructions in a foreign language. You have an idea of how to cook a cake, so you can guess what ach instruction is actually telling you to do. Compare your guess with guesses from a dozen more instructions and you can start to figure out what each word means. Use that knowledge and you can write a program that will read the instructions and do what they say to do on your own computer.


Question: Why is it 'by' accident but not 'by' purpose?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it 'by' accident but not 'by' purpose?

"On purpose" is an idiom. *It* is a peculiar way of saying "intentionally" that came about some many hundreds of years ago. Doing something "by" accident is using "by" to mean "via", "by way of [an]" accident. There's a concept in grammar called parallelism: a phrase like "whether or not it was done by accident or on purpose" flows better than "by accident or purposefully", or "by accident or intentionally".


Question: Why does Wikipedia's donation-based business model work in an Internet where the other top 10 most popular websites have advertising-based business models?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does Wikipedia's donation-based business model work in an Internet where the other top 10 most popular websites have advertising-based business models?

Because Wikipedia got big enough fast enough to become a cultural icon and survive. It relies on massive amounts of *free labor* and small donations. That's not something that, say, Google can rely on to make search results more accurate. And the key to getting *free labor* is to be very, very popular, to be a cultural icon, that everyone wants to be a part of. Similar to the way PBS came into existence, and relies mostly on donated television shows and viewer donations, and can never be replicated. Because the very, very fragile conditions that allowed it to come into existence and survive no longer exist. Anyone trying to create a PBS2 or a Wikipedia2 would be laughed out of the house. But because they already exist they can keep existing out of sheer inertial.


Question: Why is it easier to pick up an 100 pound person compared to an 100 pound bag?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it easier to pick up an 100 pound person compared to an 100 pound bag?

2 reasons. First reason a 100lb humancs height is probably going to be a bit taller than a 100lb bag of whatever. So you won't have to go as low to grab and lift a person verse the bag. Second reason. Thick of a person at a cylinder taller than it is wider when you grab a person you are pulling them close to your body, bring your center of gravities close to you and allowing the center of mass to remain above your foot print, plus the other persons is also balancing theirself so they are trying to maintain their center of gravity inline with yours while a bag isn't as coropative . If it's center of gravity goes outside of yours it tends to continue it's path away causing you to have to exert more energy to control the bag.


Question: How are 2D movies converted to 3D?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are 2D movies converted to 3D?

& #x200B; A 3D movie is essentially two 2D movies shot from slightly different camera angles, whith each of your eyes seeing one of those movies. To convert a movie, open a frame of the original movie in a photoshop-like program, cut out the foreground objects, and move them a little to the right (the closer they are to the camera, the further you have to move them). Then you probably need to fill out the whitespace you just created by moving these objects. You now hace created one frame of the "second" movie. You need to do this for evey one of the \~150.000 frames that make up a movie. Its a lot of manual work, even with the assistance of proffessional editing software, so this is often outsourced to countires like India.


Question: LED. Fog lights, flood lights, spot lights, car lights. What’s the difference if they all produced the same lumens?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 LED. Fog lights, flood lights, spot lights, car lights. What’s the difference if they all produced the same lumens?

Mainly distance and beam pattern. Your fog lights can be just as bright but generally are angled lower and meant to for short range, but have a very uniform pattern. Mostly your low beams (though high beams as well) are to reach longer distances with a distinct hot spot/higher concentration of light in the middle, to illuminate down the road while they generally taper on the sides to prevent glare and sensory over load, but they're to illuminate enough so you can see around curves and the sides of the road for things like pedestrians and deer. You can have the same amount of lumens or even more, but if you aren't getting illumination where you need, then brightness really doesn't help you.


Question: Why does "Stage 1" pancreatic cancer have such a low five-year survival rate?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does "Stage 1" pancreatic cancer have such a low five-year survival rate?

Oncology nurse here! We actually just had an in service about this. The simple answer is because of its location in the body. For one thing, it’s very close to major veins and arteries, such as the aorta, portal vein and mesenteric artery, making it very easy for the cancer to spread far and quickly. It’s also deep within the body, behind and between various vital organs such as the liver and kidneys and intestines. That makes it difficult for surgeons to get to it and surgically removed the cancer, especially if the cancer is close to the major blood vessel mentioned earlier. The percentage of cases found that early is very small as well, because it is usually asymptomatic until the late stages, so when it is discovered early it’s usually a coincidental finding for something unrelated. Treatments such as chemo and radiation also weaken the immune system, which makes cancer patients much more vulnerable to illness and infection. This can lead to sepsis which is can be fatal, but also forces treatments to stop, allowing the cancer to grow further while the patient is being treated for the sepsis/infection. Another interesting thing about pancreatic cancer is that it can grow for 10-17 years before it’s even possible for it to be detected at all, so by the time it is detectable, it is strong and heavily mutated and ready to spread.


Question: how do stock investors go bankrupt?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do stock investors go bankrupt?

1. There's a stock you think is overpriced. It's currently worth $100. You think it should be worth less. 2. So you borrow one of the stock certificates from somebody who owns the stock and you promise to return it to the person in a few months. 3. Then you sell that stock for $100. 4. The market dips, 5. you buy the stock again for $75 6. . and return the stock to the owner, 7. and you keep the $25 profit. This was a successful short. So you do steps 1-3 4. The market rises. The stock is now worth $125. 5. You buy the stock back for $125 6. You return the stock to the owner 7. You paid $25 of your own. So you lost money.


Question: What makes our taste buds enjoy some tastes, but not others? How come everyone usually likes the same tastes, and usually dislike the same tastes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes our taste buds enjoy some tastes, but not others? How come everyone usually likes the same tastes, and usually dislike the same tastes?

Taste buds are just sensors. It is your brain that interprets those inputs and makes judgements on whether it is a good or bad sensation. The reason humans (broadly) like the same things is due to evolution. In the distant past sweet things are energy rich (sugars are the basis of energy for the body). Salt is necessary for life but not easily found in natural food sources (which is why animals are drawn to salt licks). Evolution naturally selected for animals that would "like" these things as they would be more likely to survive.


Question: How does square rooting actually work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does square rooting actually work?

Here's a simple algorithm you can use: Say you have an upper bound and a lower bound on the square root. For simplicity, you can start by setting the lower bound to 1 and the upper bound to the number itself, i.e. 69. - Take the number `X = (L + U) / 2` exactly in between the lower and upper bound. - Compare its square against your target number `N`. - If it's too low (`X² < N`), then make `X` be the new lower bound. (`L := X`) - If it's too high (`X² > N`), then make `X` be the new upper bound. (`U := X`) - Repeat until your desired precision is reached. Incidentally, this algorithm can find the inverse of *any* monotone function, as long as you have some lower and upper bound


Question: What role do companies like Visa and MasterCard play in credit cards and why can’t banks issue their own cards?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What role do companies like Visa and MasterCard play in credit cards and why can’t banks issue their own cards?

Visa and MasterCard are facilitators of financial transactions, but they don't actually loan money or extend credit themselves. But they do process all transactions. The reason why banks use visa and MasterCard is because of their massive infrastructure and processing services. Visa is an accepted payment among merchants across the globe. They process the transactions on behalf of the issuer between the purchaser and the seller, and they have high security facilities to do so. For a bank to start their own credit card, they'd have to built those own transaction facilities themselves, and then find merchants to accept them as an authorized payment method. Getting a debit card issued that can only be used at certain locations would be a huge drawback. It's also problematic because you'd need a critical mass of users in order to be an accepted payment method for different stores. Building that userbase is hard, and any bank that wants to start their own payment method would have an uphill battle of convincing other banks to issue their cards There are store credit cards that the store itself owns and operates. I believe Kohl's is one example, but their cards can only be used at their locations.


Question: When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 When you make an entire bucket of water boil, why doesnt the water vaporize at the same time ?

So for water to turn from liquid to gas it needs to be at a certain temperature (usually 100C) and then it needs to absorb enough energy to transition from liquid to gas, this is called Latent Engergy of Vaporization. This is why water "boils", because the pot of water may be at 100C but as some of the water absorbs enough energy to turn to gas it bubbles up through the rest of the water. The amount of energy for water at 100C to turn from liquid to gas is about 100 time more energy than to heat the water from room temperature to 100C. This is why only small parts of the water turn into gas at a time. You can "flash boil" water, where it would all vaporize at once. To do this you would have to heat the water under enough pressure to raise the boiling point high enough that you could get enough energy into the water that once the pressure is released and the boiling point drops it all instantly boils. Though this would be extremely dangerous, because that would essentially be a bomb. A better example is "flash freezing". Where water is super-cooled then with a single tap it all turns to ice in a second. Look up videos of that.


Question: How are aliens expected to decode the golden record on Voyager 1 and 2?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How are aliens expected to decode the golden record on Voyager 1 and 2?

The golden record tries to take that into account. It has a number of aspects of math that are assumed to be universal along side how we notate that in our language. It then tries to define our units of measure using things we assume to be constant across the universe - eg. the gram is defined based on the atomic weight of hydrogen. The hope is that an intelligent species would realize the record is from another intelligent species and would be able to decode it; it is accepted that this process will take some effort, but assuming that their laws of physics and chemistry are the same as ours, it would be possible.


Question: How did old guitar effect pedals actually produce effects such as reverb & delay?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did old guitar effect pedals actually produce effects such as reverb & delay?

I'm not too sure about delay, though there were some 'tape delay' units that worked like cassette tapes, except the tape was in a small loop. It had both a record head and read head running on one tape, so it would record the input from the guitar and play it back after a short delay. You could adjust the delay by adjusting the tape speed. In theory you could adjust the delay by changing the distance between the heads also, but I'm not sure if this was done as it would be more complicated. For reverb the old school way (might have been others) was called spring reverb. They stretch a string between two moving coils, which work similar to how a speaker and microphone work (electrodynamic speaker and mic, anyway). One end of the spring is vibrated by applying the input signal to the coil, making it move like a speaker. The waves would run down the spring and go back and forth, and interact, kind of like how sound waves would bounce around a room and interact, and reverberate! At the other end of the spring, that coil would be used as a microphone to pick up the sound and add it back to the signal that's being fed to the amplifier.


Question: "Why do people say you're screwed if you win the lottery? ^()

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 "Why do people say you're screwed if you win the lottery? ^()

Many people who have been poor their entire lives don't really have the training or skill to handle getting a ton of money all at once. They don't know how to invest money, or how to handle paying taxes on a large amount of income, or how to deal with relatives who ask for help now that you're rich. A lot of people who were poor then won the lottery end up losing all of the money very quickly, spending it too fast, or making bad financial decisions due to a lack of experience.


Question: What does cancer acutely do?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does cancer acutely do?

Basically our bodies depend on cells specializing to a give function: muscle, fat, skin, glands, brain, lung, etc. Cancer cells are not normal. In general, they grow in strange ways, hog resources from other cells and develop new characteristics which are often detrimental to the host (ie. ability to detach from the surrounding tissue, or secrete growth factors which contribute to increased growth, or ability to ignore normal signals which would cause the cell to stop growing). For example, a lung cancer may end up detaching from the lung tissue and traveling to the liver (this would be metastasis).


Question: What is “heat death” and why will the universe end because of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is “heat death” and why will the universe end because of it?

While heat death is not a certainty, it is currently the best and most plausible outcome for the universe. Basically, heat death is a state where there is no thermodynamic free energy, or rather potential energy. As such, no reactions between particles can occur which fight back entropy. This, combined with atomic decay and the continued expansion of space time, would mean that essentially nothing could happen: all the stars will burn out, particles will decay, and there will be "nothing". Everything will be so evenly spread out, equilibrium, that nothing can actually occur. The universe right now is like a lighter. Give it a click and you get some fire. The universe after heat death will be clicking that lighter and never again getting fire.


Question: If someone is homeless and doesn't have a picture ID or other forms of ID (social security card, birth certificate, etc) how would they go about getting the documentation needed to get a job, rent an apartment, or do anything to improve their status?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If someone is homeless and doesn't have a picture ID or other forms of ID (social security card, birth certificate, etc) how would they go about getting the documentation needed to get a job, rent an apartment, or do anything to improve their status?

You have stated the paradox that many homeless and poor folks run into. I've seen it solved one way, and this was specific to the United States. You need at least one friend who has it all together (ID, mailing address, easy to locate). Find someone who is a Notary Public. Have your friend write an official letter on paper with a real signature saying basically "I know this person is who they say they are." Have it Notarized. Then you get your friend to send you a letter in the US mail to your actual mailing address. Take those two items and go register to vote or get a library card. Then you take all 3 of these things and apply for your birth certificate (If you were born outside the US, this is where it breaks down for you.) With birth certificate in hand, you can get your ID. Then you can start applying for jobs.


Question: Why would a company want to go Public? Why would you want to answer to shareholders instead of customers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why would a company want to go Public? Why would you want to answer to shareholders instead of customers?

There's an old joke that helps explain it. Old enough that the numbers are probably completely wrong, but this is the way I learned it: * Up to $1,000,000 a year in sales, a company is run by its founder(s). * From there up to $5,000,000 a year in sales, a company is run by its banker. * After that, a company is run by its lawyers. And the reason behind the joke is that the larger a business gets, the bigger the loans they want to take out, and the bigger the loan, the harder it is to borrow. A small business borrows money the way you would to buy a car or a house: the founder takes out one or more personal loans. He maxes out his credit cards, he takes out another mortgage on his house, he borrows money from every friend and family member. But there's a limit to how big you can get off of that kind of informal lending. Sooner or later, you need to issue commercial bonds. Which you, as a non-banker, can't do. So you partner up with a commercial bank, and they underwrite your bonds. But first, they tell you what you have to do to your business to make it eligible to issue bonds, to make ratings firms willing to give you a decent rating. If your business keeps getting more and more successful, there will come a time where no bank is big enough to underwrite the kind of commercial bonds you'd want to issue. You need to borrow more money than that. And there's only one way to do that: sell off part ownership in your company. But the legal requirements that are put on publicly owned companies are complex enough that, at that size, you have your own in-house legal department, or a are paying a huge retainer to a law firm. And from then on, you run every serious decision past them, so that they can tell you whether or not it would get you in trouble with stock market regulators.


Question: What are the economics/business structure that make the airline industry so fragile (bankruptcies, bail outs, etc)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What are the economics/business structure that make the airline industry so fragile (bankruptcies, bail outs, etc)?

There’s a couple of things. First, the airline industry requires a lot of debt to operate. An airline purchases an airplane (or fleet of airplanes) and then sells tickets over 10 or 20 years to make money. But the manufacturer won’t wait 10-20 years to get paid. So from day 1, the airliner is starting in the hole and working on climbing out. Secondly, they are not very nimble. Airplanes are big and expensive to make. You can’t just flip a switch to turn the factory lines on and off. They need to make these purchasing decisions with decades long horizons. Likewise, they can’t just take off and land whenever they want; the sky’s are full of planes and they operate under strict flight patterns. This is all to say that airlines cant just make quick decisions or turn on a dime. If economic conditions deteriorate (like they currently on) there’s only so much airlines can do. They’re stuck in the position they are in with little ability to pivot. Finally, airlines operate as a commodity. There isn’t a big difference between Delta, American, United, etc. They compete heavily on price. This means that even though it seems like airlines nickel and dime their customers, the reality is they operate on very thin profit margins. So when you put these three together - a capital/debt intensive business, a lack of flexibility in operation, and small profit margins, it doesn’t take much to upend their business.