Question: How are 0 calorie drinks sweet? Why can't the chemicals used to make 0 calorie drinks sweet be used to make low calorie foods?

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 How are 0 calorie drinks sweet? Why can't the chemicals used to make 0 calorie drinks sweet be used to make low calorie foods?

My understanding is that if a food has fewer than 5 calories, then they are allowed to put zero calories. It's why some pickles and mustard are "zero" calories. So The chemicals that make zero calorie drinks have calories, just very few (because the chemicals are much sweeter than sugar). The chemicals that make "zero" calorie drinks are used to make lower calorie foods, but foods do have other calories from other ingredients, so you can't really make an actual zero calorie piece of cake unless you made it from things our body can't use, like wood.


Question: Does “burning in” brand new audio gears such as headphones and speakers actually work?

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 Does “burning in” brand new audio gears such as headphones and speakers actually work?

First: The word 'gear' in this context is already plural. It's a group noun, like 'news' and 'furniture'. Second: No. That idea comes from decades ago, when magnets were weaker and materials were worse. Even then, it had almost no impact on the sound. Only hard core audiophiles purported to hear a difference in sound quality. Modern sound equipment uses materials that do not change physical characteristics over time. The diaphragm, if there is one, will not stretch.


Question: How does a hash work (SHA256, MD5, etc)?

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 How does a hash work (SHA256, MD5, etc)?

Heres the very dumbed down example: You have a password. Like "ABC". Turn the letters into numbers: "123". Now apply a formula to it, for example: "first number times 3rd number, plus second number times itself, plus third number times the first number plus the second." Thats the hash. So you get 1x3 + 2x2 + 3x1+2 = 3+4+5 = 12. Now, if someone steals the hashed password, all they get is "12". But how did they get to 12? Theres no way to know. Theres no way to work it backwards. Even if you know the hash, the best you can do is try EVERY password until you end up with 12. This is why simple passwords are easier to guess than complex ones.


Question: What would happen if a gamma ray burst were to hit the earth?

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 What would happen if a gamma ray burst were to hit the earth?

Short answer is; it depending on how strong it was and how far it traveled before it hit us. On the one hand; if its weak enough, nothing. Our magnetic field and atmosphere already protect the planet from lots of dangerous stuff. Some gamma rays can be absorbed by the atmosphere with out any danger. On the other hand; if it is strong enough, we get basically sterilization of the half of the planet facing it and massive deaths on the other half. On the gripping hand, there are no known stars that are close enough to hit us hard that are rotating in the right direction to zap us with one, so its not really something that needs to be worried about.


Question: What does 64/32bit architecture means?

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 What does 64/32bit architecture means?

A bit is a binary digit. A decimal number like 8376 has four digits. A 32-bit number is comprised of 32 1's and 0's. A 64 bit number has 64 1's and 0's. A 32 bit computer will read and operate on, at most, 32 bits at a time. If your calculation fits within a 32 bit number (about 4 billion in decimal) then that's fine. But, if you're dealing with bigger numbers it has to do two or more calculations to give you the final answer. 64 bit computers can process more data in each cycle. Also, 64 bit computers can work with much more memory because it has more memory addresses that it can work with.


Question: How do email and video conferencing work?

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 How do email and video conferencing work?

Your question is quite a broad one. Email and video conferencing are completely different technologies. There are also many variations within each technology. Email for example can use many different protocols such as SMTP, IMAP, and POP3. If you're looking for a succinct ELI5 answer, you're going to need to narrow the scope.


Question: How are people so influenced by music, what influences people’s tastes, and what separates good from bad music?

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 How are people so influenced by music, what influences people’s tastes, and what separates good from bad music?

So we know that music has a psychological effect on humans, especially mood. The "why" is pretty complicated and psychologists don't have great answers because music is conflated with identity, social groups, expectations and other stuff that's difficult to isolate. We do know that certain sounds and lyrics tend to induce certain moods. This is why background music is important to film and games. Music is not inherently good or bad. There is no objective measure of good or bad, only concensus. Most music has a goal. Did you feel good listening to that song? Did that song make you feel better after a breakup? Did that song make the murder scene scarier? If yes, it's good to you. If not, it's bad to you. I might totally disagree. The definition of good and bad music is really people trying to argue, "My opinions are more valid than yours." Musical taste is one aspect of the social pecking order and identity. Taste in music is a combination of personal preference and social signalling. There is perception that redneck hicks love country music. There is a perception that angsty teenagers love emo punk. We utilize those perceptions to sell ourselves or impose an image on other people. This can effect how you genuinely perceive music, because for whatever reason, we use musical taste to define identity. In this way, musical taste is no different than fashion, preference in cars, skin color or political party. Yes, it's there to keep us warm, get us to point A, keep out microbes, or run the country, but they also define us, whether we like it or not.


Question: How does the U.S. national debt affect regular citizens?

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 How does the U.S. national debt affect regular citizens?

A chunk of the federal budget goes to servicing the debt. This has been in the ballpark of $300B a year paying interest. 30some percent of that goes to foreign governments and investors, the rest goes to US investors or, somewhat confusingly, the Federal Reserve - which holds 11% of the debt. Government debt isn't really analogous to personal debt since the government sets the interest rates and has the ability to devalue currency, but large debt burdens mean more money goes to investors instead of programs. Some of that money goes overseas and is lost from the US economy.


Question: When you get an eyelash or debris in your eye and it goes away.. where does it go?

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 When you get an eyelash or debris in your eye and it goes away.. where does it go?

Some of it falls out (like eyelashes you can find on your cheek or finger after rubbing). Smaller debris gets flushed out by the tears, and usually ends up in the inner corner of your eye. That junk you find there when you wake up is whatever your eyes washed out, and was too big to pass through the lacrimal canal where the tears normally drain into the nose. It’s like a shower drain with a little net for hair.


Question: When animals have bone or nails or teeth that grow through their body, how does their body deal with it?

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 When animals have bone or nails or teeth that grow through their body, how does their body deal with it?

The growth of horns and antlers can be similar, but they aren’t really the same. For both yes the growth is painless (at least as far as we know, idk what it feels like to grow a horn, but since we can’t ask a rhino we assume it’s painless). But rhino horns grow out of a rhino, like a fingernail, they’re actually made out of the same stuff, keratin, pushing the older material out and depositing new material behind it. Antlers with there velvet instead grow by building on top of the existing antler, making it bigger and bigger and having those branching structures. But those two things are completely different than your rodents teeth/ingrown nail examples. Those are both two cases where it is growing wrong, and can lead to damage and pain and infection. Lots of rodents have teeth that constantly grow to replace what gets worn away, but if they grow too long. The teeth will start stabbing into the rodent itself. This is the same thing as when you bite your tongue and it hurts, it’s the tooth digging into flesh it shouldn’t be. Same thing with ingrown something has caused the nail to grown wrong or misshapen, and that will lead to problems.


Question: How did something come from nothing?

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 How did something come from nothing?

To put it bluntly, **we don't know.** We don't have any theories (that I know of) that explain how something came from absolute nothing. We don't know why things exist. One interesting theory you might enjoy is the simulation theory. Put simply, in the future we can assume we will create simulations of our past and other worlds. We will run these simulations extremely quickly and efficiently. We will do so billions upon billions of times. With so many worlds being created that, for the intents and purposes of those living in it and those being simulated are real, how are we to know we aren't in a simulation ourselves? Indeed, it is exceedingly likely that this IS a simulation. Are we the 1 in 1000000000000? Probably not.


Question: How do scientists know electrons exist when they can't see them?

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 How do scientists know electrons exist when they can't see them?

Because "seeing" is just one way of observing something. Imagine I tell you to close your eyes and put a cup in front of you. You are allowed to touch the cup. Just because you can't see it clearly doesn't mean you don't know it's there. I could then pour some coffee into it and let you taste - again, without "seeing" it, you know the coffee exists. If anything, you know it with greater certainty than if you just looked at the brown liquid and assumed it to be coffee. So we can clearly use all our senses to observe something, but why exactly should an observation be limited to the human senses? That's the idea behind a lot of science - find *some* way to observe a given phenomenon, then somehow turn that information into something we can understand with our senses, for example a graph we can look at. Electrons are subatomic particles. When we want to observe something we think is there, but can't easily use our own senses to observe, we try to find a different approach. With particles we often know some things about them that are unique, kind of like a fingerprint. This could be their mass, momentum or other properties. Commonly, we will measure the energy of a particle, as it tells us a lot about it. Think of the cup example I made, what if I put an apple next to the cup. You could clearly tell by touching them that you had two different items in each hand. Now, you might be tempted to say "okay, so you measure some energy, how do you know that is an electron and not some other particle?". Well, as I mentioned they are unique, so we really just need to theoretically say "a particle with these properties is called an electron" and then whenever we find one such particle that match our definition, well that is an electron. Edit: Thank you for gold, glad my comment could help!


Question: Why was Bitcоin designed with a block time of 10 minutes? Wouldn't lowering it to, for example, 10 seconds, significantly speed up transaction confirmations and make it more usable in the real world? What would be the downsides of a lower time?

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 Why was Bitcоin designed with a block time of 10 minutes? Wouldn't lowering it to, for example, 10 seconds, significantly speed up transaction confirmations and make it more usable in the real world? What would be the downsides of a lower time?

Personally I think that the creator probably chose the 10m block time so Bitcoin can run on more computers and use less bandwidth. This bandwidth is incredibly important as the currency grows, more bandwidth is needed for each update. It would also be a lot easier to mine the Bitcoin, lowering the value as more is available to the market. The amount of energy used per Bitcoin would also decrease drastically, meaning less security because there would be less risk to scammers that try to cheat the system and have to invest less money(electricity) Here are is a more indepth look at the pro and cons: URL_0


Question: How does buying something help the economy?

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 How does buying something help the economy?

"The economy" is the flow of money. When you buy a thingy, that money goes to the store you bought it from. Some of it goes to pay whoever made the thingy, some of it goes to pay the store employee, some of it goes to the store's landlord as rent. It flows onward from there: the guy who made the thingy can now go buy something himself; the store employee can take his wife out to dinner; the landlord can pay for building repairs. And it flows onward from there: whomever they pay their share of the money to, that person can go buy something themselves. It's a constant flow. The more people spend, the more money that flows, the better "the economy" does. The less people spend, the less stuff changes hands, the worse "the economy" does. "The economy" can be subdivided, though. Every town has its own economy, every nation has its own economy, and so on. Money can flow into or out of these mini-economies from other mini-economies. So, say you live in a small town, and you spend a bunch of your money over in another town. Now there's less money flowing around your town, but more flowing around in the other town. You've helped out that other town's economy, but you've hurt your town's. "Buy American products" is the same principle. When you buy stuff made in America, you're paying money that eventually ends up as the salaries of American factory workers. They'll spend that money in American restauarants and American movie theaters and such. But if you buy stuff made in another country, that money leaves America and pays the salaries of factory workers somewhere else. You've taken your money out of the US economy and sent it to flow around in a different economy.


Question: what exactly is this committee announcement trying to say?

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 what exactly is this committee announcement trying to say?

So I'm going to answer in two parts. Part 1 is why they called this "heavy handed." Part 2 is speculation on what they mean by committing to net neutrality's permanent existence. Heavy handed refers to the fact that the FCC instituted net neutrality through rule-making procedures. The FCC is an executive agency, which means that it can't create new laws, only Congress can do that. But, the FCC has authority to interpret existing laws through reasonable rules. That's how we got net neutrality. the FCC interpreted a 100 year old law in a new way. Conservatives tend not to like this process because, even though it's legal, it seems odd to say that a law which never even imagined the internet is being used to regulate it. So, this statement is saying it was heavy-handed to try to create regulations that way. Regulations should only be created through Congress passing new laws. Now, onto the second part. This can be interpreted one of two ways. The simplest way is that the committee would support net neutrality if it was passed through legislation. The other way (and this is the speculation part) relies on a past history of Republican legislators giving a different meaning to "net neutrality." In the past, Republicans have referred to "a free and open internet" as one being free from government regulation. In that way, the internet is kept neutral from government interference. But, this is the exact opposite of net neutrality as we commonly use it. We common use it to mean government regulation to force companies to remain neutral. So, the second part of this statement could either mean (1) we'll support regulation if congress does it; or (2) we'll support laws to prevent the government from interfering and call it REAL net neutrality


Question: Why do battery operated objects not work when the cell is in the wrong way?

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 Why do battery operated objects not work when the cell is in the wrong way?

Think of a battery like a water pump and wires like pipes (that are filled to begin with). The pipes aren't directional, so if you allowed water to flow in any way you want, you could get some unintended consequences, such as motors rolling backward, etc. Diodes are one-way pipes, so any water flowing through in the wrong way just gets stopped. As for the battery losing charge when put in the wrong direction, it shouldn't because it's not outputting any electrical energy and it shouldn't be outputting heat (though it might), so it's not losing any energy.


Question: Why VR games need way more power than other games?

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 Why VR games need way more power than other games?

> the googles moves could be a simple mouse move, right? That isn't at all where the difficulty lies in computer games. Controlling the camera is dirt simple, the problem is figuring out the image to display for the camera position. Running the simulation of the game world, calculating how all the objects look from a given angle and lighting, is what takes up the bulk of the computational power. VR games are more demanding than other games because in order to provide the 3D effect the game world must be "rendered" (the term used for the processing steps required to produce the image) from two slightly different perspectives for each eye. The field of view for each eye is also significantly greater than that of a monitor so there are more things to process, and the frame rate is usually necessarily higher to avoid causing nausea which again increases the computation load.


Question: How does quartz assist in the function of a watch?

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 How does quartz assist in the function of a watch?

It’s a form of time keeping. To keep time clocks need to measure from a constant frequency. In the past this has been done by measuring the constant electrical frequency of a mains circuit. Quartz has a constant frequency when electricity is passed through it so the watch can read this frequency and then calculate the time. It vibrated 32,000 times a second so the clock knows for every 32,000 vibrations it needs to count up 1 second.


Question: When you boil a pot of water until it all boils off, what is the whitish, dusty residue that remains on the bottom of the pan?

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 When you boil a pot of water until it all boils off, what is the whitish, dusty residue that remains on the bottom of the pan?

The technical term for this is "Total Dissolved solids" (this assumes the water went through a filter at some point to strain out any sediment or fish or whatever, but in tap water it you _should_ be just getting dissolved stuff). Exactly what makes up TDS in your water varies from region to region, but it's usually calcium and magnesium and carbonates. Calcium/magnesium carbonate is the most common source of "white stuff". It also makes for "hard water". There may be more sodium and chloride if you are close to the ocean and getting a teeny bit of seawater inflow. Sulfides are common in well water in some areas...you will usually smell them if they are present. All in all, this stuff isn't harmful unless there's a huge amount of it...honestly it's probably a net benefit to get a bit of calcium and magnesium from your water. Straight up totally pure water also tends not to taste great.


Question: How do ants locate a small food source inside of an enclosed house?

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 How do ants locate a small food source inside of an enclosed house?

Answer,: Ants follow smells, and explore by random. They actually walk certain amount of steps, while leaving pheromone trail. Then next ant walks the path, explores, and reinforces the trail. If an ant finds something interesting, they will return and tell other ants about it by using pheromones. If they don't find anything, the trail ends up fading over time, because lack of interest in the form of traffic. So how do they end up finding something. They explore randomly, and once they find something, they keep exploring from there on. Ants won't keep exploring an area if they don't find anything interesting.


Question: Why do flipped images of others look normal while our own ones look weird or often lopsided?

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 Why do flipped images of others look normal while our own ones look weird or often lopsided?

Other people see you loopsided, so not how you see yourself in the mirror, but they are used to it just as you are used to seeing yourself in the mirror so it doesn't look wierd. Almost everyone feel they look wierd in a flipped mirror because they are used to seeing themself in a normal mirror. As for others seeing normal even flipped is just because you don't notice the differences in others as easy as on yourself. We aren't perfectly symetrical.


Question: What makes certain dead organisms become fossils and others just perish?

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 What makes certain dead organisms become fossils and others just perish?

Fossilization is a rare occurrence where the bones are essentially replaced over time with minerals and create the fossil. There’s often hot beds where this happens like Alberta Drumheller where you get loads of fossils. I suggest going to the royal tyrel museum when covid isn’t such a concern. A organism simply dying doesn’t cause fossilization.


Question: Why is it that when a person focuses on the spelling of a word for too long that word seems foreign or looks wrong?

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 Why is it that when a person focuses on the spelling of a word for too long that word seems foreign or looks wrong?

This seems to be a case of [Jamais Vu]( URL_0 ). From the Wikipedia page: *Jamais vu is most commonly experienced when a person momentarily does not recognise a word or, less commonly, a person or place, that he or she knows.This can be achieved by anyone by repeatedly writing or saying specific word out loud. After a few seconds one will often, despite knowing that it is a real word, feel as if "there's no way it is an actual word".*


Question: How did we figure out that the Earth, a sphere, which is suspended in outer space, a place where there is no "Up" or "Down," rotates on a 23.5° axial tilt?

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 How did we figure out that the Earth, a sphere, which is suspended in outer space, a place where there is no "Up" or "Down," rotates on a 23.5° axial tilt?

Let's say you observe the sun at noon (sun at highest point in sky), standing on the same spot, every day for one year. You measure the sun's angle from the horizon using an astrolabe, Jacob's staff, quadrant, octant, sextant, etc. Throughout the year, you will notice that sun is sometimes further from the horizon, and sometimes it is closer. Over the course of the year, you will notice that the angular difference between the highest spot and lowest spot is almost 47 degrees, or in other words, 23.5 degrees higher than, and 23.5 degrees lower than the centre position. Since we rotate around the sun, the only explanation for this is that the earth is inclined by 23.5 degrees.


Question: How are expiry dates for food and drinks calculated?

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 How are expiry dates for food and drinks calculated?

Companies conduct tests on their products where they simulate the average expected time the product will be in transport, on a store shelf, and then sitting at a customers house. They will test the product throughout this process for signs of harmful microorganisms appearing in the food. Once these microorganisms get above the accepted FDA levels, the food is no longer edible and that establishes the expiration date. The important thing to understand is that these tests are not done for each individual package. These tests are done for a type of product (like say Double Stuff Oreo cookies in a resealable container) and the test will determine that those type of Oreo cookies in that type of container is good for 3 months. Then every Double Stuff Oreo Cookie in a resealable container that is made in the factory has an expiration date printed on it that is 3 months after the date it was made. That is the ELI5 answer, things actually get more complicated with expiration dates vs sell by dates, using estimations for longer term products, ect. But yeah that is the simple answer.


Question: Why does honey last forever?

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 Why does honey last forever?

It's so hyper saturated with sugar that microbial cells would be immediately shriveled by the osmotic pressure. All the water would SCHLUP out of the cell and into the honey solution. Bacterial spores and toxins can survive, which is why honey can be a source of botulism, but bacterial cells, or fungi or anything else, can't grow in honey.


Question: Why do browsers such as Chrome and Edge use such a seemingly large amount of memory?

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 Why do browsers such as Chrome and Edge use such a seemingly large amount of memory?

Unused RAM is wasted RAM If Chrome uses 500 MB of RAM and pages take a half second to load it's alright But if you've got 8 GB of RAM and it gobbles up 2GB precaching pages so they now only take a quarter second to load then you're happier. The increased RAM usage doesn't really matter. If a real program comes along and asks for memory to run in then it'll get dibs and chrome will back down, but a gig of RAM sitting there empty is doing nothing but consuming power, might as well use it!


Question: Why didn’t the first US presidential debate include muting of the candidate that wasn’t asked a question?

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 Why didn’t the first US presidential debate include muting of the candidate that wasn’t asked a question?

Because, in my opinion, this Presidential debate is not actually about political discourse. I would make the assertion that this is more akin to a sporting event: what happens and how the participants behave is less important than how many people are watching. If the candidates couldn't cut one another off, it would make for a less dramatic experience for the audience. High drama, particularly this year, is important -- on the whole it raises awareness and gets people who might not ordinarily care roped into a narrative, which, in turn, might get them out to the polls. Drama is particularly in the interest of Trump, his supporters speak no other language. So. While I agree that mic muting would likely be nice, in some form, my belief is that it cannot happen because this presidential debate is not actually about its content. It is about the drama and the narrative and the presentation. It's a performance, not a debate.


Question: Why the "no wooden items in the dishwasher" warnings?

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 Why the "no wooden items in the dishwasher" warnings?

Where are you seeing these warnings? Many wooden items will absorb water, and may mold, stain, and possibly warp before they dry out. Also, some wood items, like cutting boards, are made up of strips of wood, glued together. The water and heat from a dishwasher could soften the glue and cause the board to come apart. I don't think it's about damage to the dishwasher... more about the wood products being ruined. (Not an expert, just experience...anyone else have additional thoughts?)


Question: How do people's brains find different things attractive (people, animals, music, art, colors) than other people?

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 How do people's brains find different things attractive (people, animals, music, art, colors) than other people?

Honestly this is a multifacuted question with a great many answers. Biologically we have come to identify certain traits as being attractive because the represent someone who is going to be able to give birth to healthy babies (big breasts, wide 'birthing' hips, etc for women while for men traits like muscle mass and other 'manly' features can show that he is a good hunter/provider for when the woman is taking care of the child as historically women would have to remain home to care for children) Psychologically we've come to find obesity to be unattractive because it is recognized as being tied to things like low impulse control, lack of discipline, and other things that are unhealthy for a relationship. Similar things can be said for other aspects such as alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. Philosophically, and you can take this one with a grain of salt because this is my personal view due to my life experiences, we shape what we find attractive based on our life experiences. The music that fills us with happiness is less likely to be a random thing you like and more likely to be tied to memories that are really happy. Certain traits that most people would find obscure that you find attractive are going to be tied to things you admired in someone who left an impression. Through mass produced media, such as movies, television, and the like we have been able to expose a lot of people to similar experiences, but even then interpretations vary and those can lead to different conclusions. All of this leading to unique quirks that people like while others could find them annoying. TL;DR our monkey brains are still trying to find good breeding partners, but the thinky think part is also gaining some control in this horse race.


Question: why do different areas of the face develop different types of pimples?

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 why do different areas of the face develop different types of pimples?

Skin thickness plays an important role, and related to that is the depth at which the sebum gland sits. Iirc blackheads are black because they contain melanin, which is produced for the same reason we get tanned in the sun; light exposure. A deep pore may not be exposed to light as much and will therefore be paler. The forehead has thin skin and very little subcutaneous fat, so the glands will be closer to the surface there. Edit: Yeah the color is from oxidation from air exposure, not light exposure, but mostly same answer regardless.


Question: What's the purpose of nutritional labels showing that there's 0% of a certain vitamin or mineral?

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 What's the purpose of nutritional labels showing that there's 0% of a certain vitamin or mineral?

It's the law (in the USA anyway). The US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) decides what has to be specified on a food product label. So, even if you don't have whatever the nutrient is, you have to say that you don't. The info about what is and isn't required is here: URL_0


Question: At what point do the constellations not keep the form we see from Earth?

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 At what point do the constellations not keep the form we see from Earth?

Moving within our solar system isn't enough. Travel to a nearby star though and things begin to change. From alpha centauri (4.3 ly) for instance the night sky is still more or less the same. The constellations are slightly distorted in some places, and a new bright star has appeared in the sky (the sun), but essentially things will look the same. From 20 light years away things will have started to get sufficiently jumbled (changes in position and brightness) that many constellations will be unrecognizable, but there will still be a few familiar patterns. At 50 light years you'll still be able to see many of the same stars, but the patterns will be well and truely different.


Question: How is a country's Gross Domestic Product calculated?

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 How is a country's Gross Domestic Product calculated?

C + I + G + E - IM C: Consumer spending. How much stuff did people buy. I: Investment. How much stuff did business buy that they’ll use to make money (machinery, office buildings, etc.) G: Government spending. E: Exports. How much stuff was sold to other countries. IM: Imports. How much stuff was bought from other countries.


Question: How do Internet Routers transmit data from a PC through their device and then to the internet?

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</answer>
 How do Internet Routers transmit data from a PC through their device and then to the internet?

First, the program using the data takes data and chops it up into reasonable chunks called packets. Each packet has an IP address and port number where it is destined to, in addition to the data. It's kind of like the address on an envelope. It gives this packet to the operating system. The OS keeps a list of all the IP addresses it knows about on the local network, and associates those with Mac addresses. The OS also knows about a special IP address called the gateway address. When the IP is outside of what the OS thinks is local (this is defined by the Subnet Mask), it sends traffic to the gateway. In order to send traffic on the local network, to an Ethernet device connected to another computer, that IP packet gets wrapped in an Ethernet frame, like another envelope. When the device it is destined to sees that number, it starts listening, and unwraps that envelope. This is where the gateway comes in. When the gateway unwraps an Ethernet frame, it looks at the destination IP. If it is outside the local network, it sends a packet out to the WAN, which is really another router. That router then looks at the list of gateways IT knows, to see if any are wider areas, until your packet is either on a network whose subnet matches the destination, or it is certain that the destination doesn't exist on that network.


Question: Why do clouds get extremely dark before a tornado?

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 Why do clouds get extremely dark before a tornado?

Because they are incredibly dense in contrast to the rest of the sky. Cumulonimbus clouds spawn tornadoes because they are extremely tall and interact with jet stream, and contain millions of tons of water vapor, hailstones and ice. All of this is dense enough to absorb the day light thus making the sky dark.


Question: Why are toxic and flammable gases used in air dusters rather than something like CO2?

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 Why are toxic and flammable gases used in air dusters rather than something like CO2?

Ah yes, something I can talk about. It's to so with a property of gas called the "atomic consistency value", this is ELIF after all so I won't go into too much detail, but essentially the gasses they use in air dusters have a very low consistency value which makes them ideal for being compressed safely into a liquid and so at reasonable temperatures. Consistency value pretty much refers to the potential the individual gas molecules/atoms have to be compressed without a high rise electrostatic repulsion causing a small 'voltage' to build up and lowering the activation potential for a reaction and therefore ignition. (you can think of it like a fire if you want) If you try to compress CO2 at ordinary temperatures like that then you are very close to the allowed limits of explosive potential and so most companies find it to be more worthwhile using other gasses.


Question: Why can't temperature be below absolute zero?

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 Why can't temperature be below absolute zero?

There are a lot of wrong answers here, claiming that all molecular motion stops at 0K. *That is not true at all!* Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us, that it is impossible for atoms and molecules to have zero kinetic energy. Every bound system has [zero point energy]( URL_0 ). So, what does absolute zero really mean? --- Quantum mechanics tells us that bound particles cannot have an arbitrary amount of energy. Instead, they can only hop between energy levels. And the lowest of these energy levels is still not 0J. *The lowest energy level still has kinetic energy - the so called zero point energy.* Thus, a bound particle must always have motion energy. What absolute zero really means, is that all particles are in this lowest energy state, which is called ground state. Since there is no way a system can have less energy than all its particles being in the ground state, there can be no colder temperature than absolute zero. In fact, due to the uncertainty principle, even reaching 0K is fundamentally impossible.


Question: Why you get less and less sore the more frequent you work out?

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 Why you get less and less sore the more frequent you work out?

The body adapts to stress after repeated exposure, and in the case of decreased soreness in exercising much of that has to do with increased efficiency in using energy, such that muscles produce less lactic acid and other fatigue signs. However, that applies most to certain ranges of motion, so for the greatest range of motion it's best to do as many different exercises as you can.


Question: How do scientists predict when Northern Lights will appear days or weeks in advance?

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 How do scientists predict when Northern Lights will appear days or weeks in advance?

The Northern lights are produced when ionized particles from the sun get trapped in the Earth's magnetic field and sucked down into the atmosphere. The sun is constantly emitting a low level of these particles, but it also lashes them out in violent bursts from solar flares and mass ejections. When astronomers see the surface of the sun start generating warped magnetic fields that precede these events, we know a solar tantrum and the resulting auroral lights are imminent.


Question: How do long exposure cameras work? More specifically, how do they layer the important parts of many images to make something look amazing?

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 How do long exposure cameras work? More specifically, how do they layer the important parts of many images to make something look amazing?

Long exposure is a technique for photography in dark places. The shutter remains open for longer, allowing the camera to pick up on more light waves from smaller light sources. I am less sure of how this has changed with digital photography, but with traditional, it gives the film more time to register light sources/reflections and burn their impression onto the film. Cameras perceive presence and absence of light, not importance of subject. Even digital cameras do long exposure by holding the shutter open and putting what happens on the other side into one image; layering isn’t going to do shit if it doesn’t have enough time to detect subtle light sources. This also means the camera has to be absolutely still — the longer the shutter is open, the more movement it also captures. You need some kind of camera stand and something to control the shutter from a distance because trying to do it with your hands, even just pushing a button, is going to make the camera wobble and the light sources will blur. A five minute exposure of the night sky will give you a really beautiful shot of the Milky Way. It will also show you the trail of any lit airplane that crossed the sky in those five minutes. If a car flashes its lights at the camera lens, the entire image will be ruined because no amount of restored darkness is going to un-flash the exposure.


Question: How do mobile games get away with advertising blatantly fake gameplay?

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 How do mobile games get away with advertising blatantly fake gameplay?

It's not exclusive to mobile apps. You see it quite a bit in regular videogame commercials, I can remember them from the 90s showing little to no actual gameplay, or stuff that doesn't happen in the game sometimes, or bits and pieces of FMV sequences, etc. If it loosely correlates then it's probably given a pass.


Question: why is blood pressure an important health metric? And how does sodium affect it?

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 why is blood pressure an important health metric? And how does sodium affect it?

High blood pressure can often indicate blockages in blood vessels, or hardened vessels, and this makes the heart work harder than it needs to. More work means the heart wears out faster. Sodium affects blood pressure because it pulls water from the body into the blood. More water means more blood volume, and that's higher blood pressure.


Question: Why do people who steal credit cards often make charges to iTunes?

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 Why do people who steal credit cards often make charges to iTunes?

Gift card / gift code. They're hoping the purchase will be ignored as "normal" since you might already be doing business on itunes and thus not stick out. 1. Steal the credit card 2. Buy an iTunes gift card online so you immediately get the code 3. Trade or sell the code on one of those giftcard exchange websites 4. Now you have cash or a gift card to something you actually want


Question: Why do electric cars not have solar panels on their roofs to recharge the battery when parked?

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 Why do electric cars not have solar panels on their roofs to recharge the battery when parked?

It's a size vs efficiency issue. The roof is not large enough to do an adequate amount of charging in many situations. However, the Prius added an option a few years ago that you can get a solar panel on the roof that will allow the A/C to run on low when the interior temperature gets above a certain threshold. It doesn't make it 'cold' in the car, but it makes it 'tolerable' when you get in, and you don't have the initial blast of warm air when you get in and start it up.


Question: What are MLM brands and why are they bad?

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 What are MLM brands and why are they bad?

MLM stands for Multi-Level Marketing, which is a fancy way of saying 'Pyramid Scheme'. Essentially, as someone working for an MLM brand you have two means of income: Sell products yourself, or recruit people and get a cut of what they sell. The problem with MLMs is that in the first option, generally you are a "re-seller", that is you buy a bunch of products at wholesale cost, then sell them for a higher price. That can be difficult, especially if you are not at the top of the pyramid and you have to pay a percentage of your commission in the form of higher wholesale costs. Another downfall is that every person you recruit is now also selling the product, and now you are going to have a tougher time selling because they are direct competition. On top of that, *you* are making the financial investment, so if you can't sell your product, well you just bought a lifetime of charcoal face cream. Lastly, MLMs depend on exponential growth. Let's say you recruit 5 of your friends, and each of them recruits 5 of their friends, and so on. Because of the nature of exponential growth, after the 14th iteration you would have more than 6 billion people trying to sell this product - and that's only if you can get effectively everyone in the world on board. At only 9 iterations, you'd have ~200,000 people selling this product which is more employees than multi-billion dollar companies (Apple, Google, Microsoft etc.) employ. It is very unlikely that a special kind of herb is going to be more sustainable than some of the world's largest companies (marijuana excluded for obvious reasons). This means the selling market gets saturated very quickly, so if you're not at the top you're likely not going to find people to recruit yourself that haven't already been propositioned. Another pitfall of being too far down on the pyramid is that those above you can sell for cheaper because they don't have the mark-up you do, so as someone that has been recruited you are already at a disadvantage. Not *everyone* will want the product, so it will quickly reach all of the potential buyers and quickly fizzle out. To boot, everyone trying to sell the product does not want to buy the product, and generally people who love the product want to show the world how great it is, and so the high-volume buyers will likely not be buying from you, but from themselves. The MLM business model is beneficial for those at the top, and incredibly poor for those on the bottom, and even bad for those in the middle. They sell you on the idea that "if you can hustle, you can make lots of money", but the caveat there is that it only applies if only a *few* people are hustling. Instead, it preys on people not understanding this concept and investing their life into a model that is doomed from the get-go. They should be illegal, I'm not exactly sure why they are not.


Question: What does a high stock price do for a company? Like, does it give it more funds to expand or to reinvest in the business?

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 What does a high stock price do for a company? Like, does it give it more funds to expand or to reinvest in the business?

A high stock price does not make a company money on its own. Essentially, the price shows how much "the market" is willing to pay for a share. This is, in a way, a measurement of confidence in the company. If the company itself holds stocks of their own, they could capitalise on high stock prices, but this is unlikely.