Question: How is glass an isolator but fibreglass is used for e.g. fast internet?

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 How is glass an isolator but fibreglass is used for e.g. fast internet?

Fiber-optic internet doesn't use electricity, it uses light. A thin glass fiber will keep a beam of light within itself over long distances, and the signal travels at the speed of light. So electric data is turned into flashes of light at one end, transmitted, and re-translated into an electronic signal at the other end.


Question: What is the difference between bacteria and bacterial spores? And in relation to cooking: Why aren’t spores killed by the heat that kills bacteria, and are they more/less/as dangerous as bacteria?

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 What is the difference between bacteria and bacterial spores? And in relation to cooking: Why aren’t spores killed by the heat that kills bacteria, and are they more/less/as dangerous as bacteria?

Fermentation enthusiast here. My understanding is that spores are essentially the bacteria’s version of a seed or egg, which they use to reproduce. Like a seed, these spores are less developed and so may survive conditions that kill the organism that created them. The spores themselves are generally only dangerous because they produce more bacteria.


Question: Why do people lose their voice?

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 Why do people lose their voice?

Voice is the result of moving air past muscles and tissues that restrict and interact with the air. Losing your voice is because these muscles and tissues are not entirely working. They may be fatigued, stretched, inflamed, stiff, or otherwise impaired. If you can whistle, you can reproduce this by trying to whistle with your lips too loose or tight or dry or impaired with fingers or tape or something...


Question: How come math teachers don't teach how to calculate square roots by hand and this operation is not considered useful after learning how to square a number?

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 How come math teachers don't teach how to calculate square roots by hand and this operation is not considered useful after learning how to square a number?

Various reasons: * You need to add/subtract/multiply a lot more commonly. So it makes sense to teach you how to do that by hand. * Add/subtract/multiply have relatively fast methods to get the answer * MAJOR REASON: Square roots are almost always irrational (have unending, unrepeating decimals). It's pointless to try to write that decimal out. √2 is more exact than 1.414. It's the same reason we use the symbol for pi, instead of writing it 3.14. * People haven't memorized square roots of random numbers (it would be next to impossible). So writing y = √2x is more useful than writing out y = 2.24x. Writing √5 might give others more information about the relation and possible hint at why that relation exists. Similarly, you hardly ever write out fractions as decimal. If aprobability as 34/37, might give other people more information than 0.92. For example if there are 37 objects, and you 34 are desirable. * Ultimately math isn't about doing mindless calculations. The algorithm to calculate square roots takes a long time and doesn't help you understand math better, so why bother.


Question: How does an electrical wave between neurons become conscious thought?

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 How does an electrical wave between neurons become conscious thought?

You're asking for an ELI5 that no one has an answer to because nobody really knows how consciousness arises. Some are convinced consciousness is just like a computer and AI will be attainable, but the problems are considerable, and it's not clear it's even solvable. See [Philosophy of Mind]( URL_0 ).


Question: When you cry why is it your nose becomes either incredibly runny or stuffy?

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 When you cry why is it your nose becomes either incredibly runny or stuffy?

It's because your eyes and nose are connected by a small tube called the naso-lacrymal duct. It allows tears to pass from the centre of the eyes into the nose. The extra fluid in the nose then combines with the mucus making your nose run, or at the very least a bit stuffy. To expand a little: there is a similar tube, called the Eustacean tube that connects the middle ear to the nose allowing for you to equalise pressure on with side of your eardrum. When your nose is blocked this can also become occluded leading to an uncomfortable popping feeling in your ears. This is usually not an issue in adults but can lead to a rupture of the eardrum in children.


Question: What force is creating new spacetime (and at an accelerating pace)?

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 What force is creating new spacetime (and at an accelerating pace)?

Dark energy is what causes the expansion. We aren't completely sure what dark energy is. It could be a result of how gravity works or it could be its own new force. Either way from what we can tell is empty space contains dark energy at a constant energy density. This means as new space is created so is new dark energy. This new space and dark energy also contribute to the expansion giving a run away effect that we see today.


Question: How do celebrities protect their private information (address, phone number) from public records data-harvesting sites like Radaris?

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 How do celebrities protect their private information (address, phone number) from public records data-harvesting sites like Radaris?

They have lawyers & security companies they pay top dollar to help keep their information wiped from those databases. Also, they aren't giving out their information as frequently as we are. Our info gets out there when we sign up for accounts, online profiles, etc. Celebrities typically use the address of their law firm, PO box, agent, etc. rather than their personal info


Question: When you take off a hat, why does it sometimes feel like the hat is still there?

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 When you take off a hat, why does it sometimes feel like the hat is still there?

Much of the feeling of wearing a hat comes from the mass of the hat pushing down on the hair, which is connected to the scalp and rooted in a follicle. There are sensory receptors on the skin all the way down to where the hair connects. The mass of a hat pushes the top part of the hair. This is felt by the sensory receptors in the skin. When you remove your hat, your hair is deformed temporarily into a specific position due to the pressure/mass of the hat. The sensation caused by this ‘bend’ in your hair causes the same kind of sensory response as if the bend were being caused by the mass of your hat. So, you feel as if the hat is still on because according to the sensory receptors on your skin, your hair is being pushed in a direction that mimics the mass of that hat you had been wearing. If you were to brush or wash your hair, thereby getting rid of any bends caused by the hat, you would see the feeling going away.


Question: Why does ice crack when we put it in water?

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 Why does ice crack when we put it in water?

Water freezes into ice at 0 degrees, and melts to liquid between that and around 100, and then it enters gas phase above 100. Some people get confused by this, because the mechanism used to explain why ice cracks in water is differential expansion. You expand the ice crystal on the outside faster than the inside and so, as it's a solid crystal, it loses integrity and cracks. But the issue is that water has higher density than ice, and when ice melts it shrinks. So how can there be a differential **expansion**? The warmth should just make the outside parts melt and go away, and even if the ice has holes to its inside, even if the core starts melting, it would still shrink and enter liquid phase, so why crack? Well the answer is simple. Ice from your freezer isn't at 0 degrees, the freezer is at around -20, so the ice fresh out of the freezer is also at that temperature. And until it gets to 0, the ice behaves like a normal solid, expands with heat, then it reaches zero and begins the phase transition and increase in density. That's why the mechanism holds up.


Question: How can blackholes warp time? What is time?

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 How can blackholes warp time? What is time?

*Age* is a measurement of how old something is. Time is a measurement of the rate of change. An object's "time" is also described relative to another thing's "time". Time and space are (as far as we know) bound together and inseparable. If an object is massive enough to distort space it will also distort time. A black hole is a really massive object compared to the earth, so space (and this time) become stretched, and elongated. Time around it moves slower *relative* to the time on earth.


Question: what happens to a candles wax when it burns and “disappears” I realize that smell molecules disperse into the air, and we smell them but what of the wax? What does it turn into and does it also disperse and leave a invisible residue?

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 what happens to a candles wax when it burns and “disappears” I realize that smell molecules disperse into the air, and we smell them but what of the wax? What does it turn into and does it also disperse and leave a invisible residue?

The wax turned to liquid "near" the flame, then turns to "vapor" once the temperature gets high enough. A chemical reaction takes place while the wax is in the vapor state. The result of the chemical reaction is heat (the flame), light (again, the flame), and the rest of the reaction turns to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxides of nitrogen, and water (with a few other minor chemicals). These are all gases that enter the space near the candle and disperse into the air. There is virtually no residue, except when you blow the candle out and some unburned hydrocarbons (black smoke) enter the air.


Question: Why do payroll direct deposits happen at odd times in the middle of the night, when banks are closed across the country?

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 Why do payroll direct deposits happen at odd times in the middle of the night, when banks are closed across the country?

There are two reasons. First, historically computers were expensive and fairly slow. So updating say 10,000 accounts (or many multiple times that) would take a while to do, so doing it overnight was a good idea, especially since nobody else was running a job on said computer at the time. Secondly it's much easier to keep track of large, automated tasks when humans aren't going around doing small (or large) manual transactions all over the place.


Question: Why do some surfaces retain fingertips better than others?

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 Why do some surfaces retain fingertips better than others?

Our skin contains sebaceous glands that produces oil naturally. And the surfaces which are smooth enough for the oils in the ridges of our fingers i.e., fingerprint to transfer onto, then the surface would retain fingerprints better. For instance, a phone with a glass back retains more fingerprints than that with an aluminium back.


Question: Why do our voices change and get higher when we talk to a baby or a cute animal (like a puppy)?

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 Why do our voices change and get higher when we talk to a baby or a cute animal (like a puppy)?

We're not 100% sure on that one, but it is apparently a cultural thing. Not all cultures do this, some don't change tone of voice around children while others completely ignore babies and don't talk to them. So it appears to be a learned behavior. One theory states that we change our pitch around children because women naturally have a higher pitched voice then men, so we do it as a kind of innate attempt to make us sound more motherly or less threatening around children. You'll also note that we do the opposite, using a deeper or more male tone when applying discipline. The reason we do it around animals is that we tend to treat Dogs and Cats like our children.


Question: When i'm wearing headphones and I remove the cord from the device, I hear a static. What exactly is happening there?

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 When i'm wearing headphones and I remove the cord from the device, I hear a static. What exactly is happening there?

There are small voltages involved in sending an audio signal to your headphones. So when you pull the plug out you are disconnecting an electrical circuit. In the split second the resistance is spiking as the voltage tries to connect to push across the air gap. It's not enough voltage to "arc" electrically but it's essentially a tiny attempt. This tiny electrical spike is picked up by the speakers in your headset and reproduced.


Question: what is Ngnix ? when and why should you use it for your app? And how would you integrate it with the cloud-hosting services such as heroku?

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 what is Ngnix ? when and why should you use it for your app? And how would you integrate it with the cloud-hosting services such as heroku?

It is a solution to the C10K problem. With a typical web server, each HTTP request is a thread, and most computers start have serious performance problems once they reach a certain number of threads (sometimes, but not always about 10,000 threads). At that point, you need more web servers, no matter how big and strong your hardware is. Ngnix is a Linux based solution that uses an event-driven web server that doesn't assign a thread to each connection, making it more scalable. They also have an email server that takes the same approach. > And how would you integrate it with the cloud-hosting services such as heroku? There is really nothing special with Ngnix when it comes to the cloud. If Ngnix is one of the OS images they can spin up for you, you use it on the cloud like any other application stack.


Question: Why can't we take the same techniques used to cancel sound waves, and apply it to light waves?

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 Why can't we take the same techniques used to cancel sound waves, and apply it to light waves?

Light waves do cancel just like sound waves, that's what makes the pattern in the double slit experiment, but you have to be spot on with the alignment to cancel Sound moves far slower than electronics process so a microphone on the outside can record a sound, flip it around, and be ready to feed it to the speaker before the sound is all the way through the housing. The headphones also only have to cancel sounds that arrive at the opening of your ear Light moves too fast to detect light hitting a surface, process it, and emit the opposite phase before it bounces away There are some ways to do it like a thin film where some light reflects off the top of the film and some goes in and reflects off the bottom and comes up out of phase and cancels. This only works for a narrow range of frequencies and only straight on, as soon as you're off to the side the paths are different lengths and it doesn't quite work right There are also highly refractive materials that can bend light around an object but they're also angle dependent There's no easy cheat for an invisibility cloak, armies around the world have spent plenty of time and money on research to confirm


Question: What determines a material’s propensity to scratch or get pierced?

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 What determines a material’s propensity to scratch or get pierced?

Hardness, which is the inherent property of something that determines whether or not it will deform to stress. For example, diamond is something that is considered very hard because it is difficult to get it to deform when stress is applied. Our skin, while not hard does have other properties like elasticity that allow it to change shape when stress is applied rather than permanently deform.


Question: Why is that only humans, dolphins, elephants, chimpanzees, and magpies can recognize themselves in the mirror and not any of the other 99.999999% of species?

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 Why is that only humans, dolphins, elephants, chimpanzees, and magpies can recognize themselves in the mirror and not any of the other 99.999999% of species?

It requires two fairly big cognitive jumps. The first is having a 'theory of mind', meaning you can look at other creatures not just as 'stuff happening around you' but actual thinking organisms and understand 'oh, that other dolphin is doing x because it wants y'. Then on top of that you have to be somewhat self aware so that when you see your reflection you recognize 'Hey, that other dolphin is doing exactly what I'm doing, and seems to only exist in that piece of glass, so it must be me!' Theory of mind is prey rare and complicated, and given that mirrored surfaces are also pretty rare in nature the other jump isn't something that useful or common either. Edit: I'd also add, I'm not sure we can say for certain which other species do recognize themselves but just... Don't care? All the species that do are pretty social animals and so might be more inclined to be curious about how they appear to others. Obviously animals that constantly attack their reflection don't get it, but a lot of animals seem to just ignore mirrors completely. Which could mean they can't process it as meaningful information, or that they just don't have any interest in it. We can only guess based on their reaction.


Question: How does rolling something between your hands produce an almost perfect sphere?

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 How does rolling something between your hands produce an almost perfect sphere?

Imagine starting with a cube-shaped chunk of play-doh and rolling it in your hands. The corners get smushed, because they stick out. There are still some edges that stick out though. If you roll carefully, you'll eventually smush down all the corners and edges without making new ones. A shape that doesn't have ANY corners or edges is a sphere!


Question: how do you use a derivative?

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 how do you use a derivative?

Derivative is the rate of change. So if you go 5 m/s one second, 7 m/s the next second, 9 m/s the second after that, the derivative of your speed is 2 (or, rather, acceleration is the derivative of speed). The rate of change of a constant function (such as C) is 0, because constant function doesn't change. The rate of change of a linearly rising/dropping function is a positive/negative constant. There's a table of formulas for the derivatives of more complex functions and a bunch of rules for converting them.


Question: What improves/changes between versions of Ethernet wires? (i.e. cat6, cat5e)

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 What improves/changes between versions of Ethernet wires? (i.e. cat6, cat5e)

These standards are based on various characteristics. Such as impedance tolerances, resistance and cross talk between pairs. The higher the category the stricter the specification. So a damaged category 6 cable might only test as a category 5e cable. The way you get these better cables is both stricter manufacturing tolerances so the cables are uniform and also by adding insulation and shielding in the cables to minimize cross talk. So if you open a category 6 or 7 cable you will find a lot more shielding wires and foil between the pairs of wires then in category 5e cables and in category 3 cables there is almost none.


Question: If the moon decided it had enough and kamikazed straight into the sun, what effects might we expect?

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 If the moon decided it had enough and kamikazed straight into the sun, what effects might we expect?

Funny question. The sun wouldn't feel anything, but Earth would have an issue with the change in local gravitation. There would be earthquakes, tsunamis and so forth and earth's rotational energy might take a hit too. Once it's out of the vicinity, we'd see rises in temperature due to the lack of "stirring", the movement of water from the tides and movement of air, that the moon is responsible for. Many nocturnal animals, some plants and insects would have their circadian rhythms affected by the lack of the moon and, hell, it could possibly affect diurnal circadian rhythms as well. I doubt the sun would be affected at all though.


Question: If hot water rises, why does ice form on the top of water than the bottom?

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 If hot water rises, why does ice form on the top of water than the bottom?

Water is different from most substances because when it freezes, it does so in a crystal structure. That is, the water molecules form a specific shape with a lot of empty space in between, meaning ice is actually lighter than water. The reason that hot water rises is simply because its less dense or lighter than cold water, but because of that crystal shape, ice is actually even less dense or lighter than much warmer water. This means that when you have a larger body of water, like a lake or pond or even a swimming pool, the ice crystals will rise to the surface as they form instead of sinking to the bottom. The ice on top also acts as an insulator, preventing the water underneath from freezing as easily. This is important, as without this unusual quality of water, all bodies of water would freeze solid during the winter killing off all aquatic life immediately, and leave no liquid water for terrestrial life. The Earth would end up covered in glaciers too as there would be so much ice that even summer would be enough to melt it. Maybe the tropical regions would still have liquid water. I'm not even certain of that, as all that ice would also lower the global temperature. So be thankful for the odd way that ice freezes!


Question: What was the big controversy over Margret Thatcher and her time in "power", and why she is so devisive?

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 What was the big controversy over Margret Thatcher and her time in "power", and why she is so devisive?

Thatcher belonged to the Conservative party, the UK's equivalent to the Republican party. She cut taxes, but she also cut public assistance programs. She also did a lot to break the power of unions. It often seemed like she was more interested in the abstract health of the economy than protecting the most vulnerable of her citizens. She also took an aggressive approach to conflicts with Ireland and Argentina (over the Falkland Islands), accepting some bloodshed to protect what she saw as the UK's larger interests. Some people think Thatcher was a great Prime Minister. She was certainly effective at achieving her goals and managed to hold the office for over a decade. However, many people resent her because they disagreed with those goals. It mostly comes down to the standard political divisions that her era helped to cement.


Question: why isn't it that people start their own one person insurance companies with their savings as payout money, and only insure themselves to avoid paying premiums?

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 why isn't it that people start their own one person insurance companies with their savings as payout money, and only insure themselves to avoid paying premiums?

If you have $3,000 in savings, it's not going to do much when you need life-saving heart surgery that costs $700,000, or when your toaster burns down an apartment building causing $350,000 in damages. "Paying yourself" the monthly premiums isn't going to do anything either. If you do have a lot of money on hand, you don't necessarily need insurance, but very few have that much liquid capital.


Question: Jalapenos make my mouth burn, but wasabi makes my nose burn. Why?

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 Jalapenos make my mouth burn, but wasabi makes my nose burn. Why?

Jalapeños burn with a compound called capsaicin. This activates heat receptors on contact, which is why it doesn’t just burn your mouth Wasabi and horseradish, on the other hand, get their burn from isothiocyanates, compounds which are very aromatic, meaning they easily evaporate. These compounds are only released by grating the plant, if you took a bite of whole horseradish it wouldn’t do anything. Put simply, the isothiocyanates are so pungent and enter the air so easily, your more sensitive nose senses them. Capsaicin stays in your mouth


Question: Where does the energy come from that keeps the earth's core molten?

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 Where does the energy come from that keeps the earth's core molten?

It's largely residual energy from the creation of the planet. There is some radioactive decay in addition. Given enough time, the heat will leak out and it'll solidify. Mars has solidified already because it's half the size of Earth. As a result it has no magnetic field, which means the solar wind is slowly stripping the atmosphere from it. EDIT : It seems radioactive heating may be a muhh larger factor than I was aware of! Please see the replies to this comment for details!


Question: How come we wake up when we turn "that" corner right before home?

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 How come we wake up when we turn "that" corner right before home?

The only thing I've ever been able to put it down to is that you will have been driving a long distance in order to fall asleep so mainly on fast roads. As you approach home you will change to smaller roads with more stopping/starting causing you to move around more and the engine noise will change.


Question: Why does salt kill snails?

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 Why does salt kill snails?

the salt extracts moisture from the snail. snails "skin" is a thin membrane which is very permeable to liquid. this one of the reasons why they are slimy. when you put salt on your skin it also sucks out water, but much slower. for a snail this happens very quickly, resulting in their death.


Question: How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

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 How did people thousands of years ago deal with food poisoning?

They often didn't. Foodborne illness was and is a major cause of death in areas without modern sanitation. But it wasn't as bad as you'd think for a few reasons. You weren't eating the beef of a cow slaughtered halfway around the world after being raised in a dirty industrial farm, you were eating the beef of a cow slaughtered that day, in your town, after living in an open field. Moreover, you were eating food that hadn't been in contact with much other food, reducing the risk of cross-contamination. And, of course, you cooked your food thoroughly. Also keep in mind that those regulations are trying to push the risk down to near zero. But while the difference between 0.001% of the population getting food poisoning and 1% getting it is very large in relative terms (a factor of 1000x!), 1% is still a small number in absolute terms. So ancient peoples just sort of accepted it as a thing that happens sometimes in a way we don't in the modern world, in the same way that they accepted that plagues just happened sometimes and we don't (the death rate from COVID, for example, is roughly equal to the *normal* death rate from infectious disease only a few generations ago, and much *lower* than the rate a generation before that).


Question: How is purple a mixture of red and blue if red doesn’t get anywhere near blue on the color spectrum?

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 How is purple a mixture of red and blue if red doesn’t get anywhere near blue on the color spectrum?

Purple doesn't exist in the light spectrum at all. The reason you see it has to do with how your eyes see color. Your eyes have three different types of cells that respond to color (cones): one that responds best to red but will also respond to things around red on the light spectrum, one that responds best to blue, and one that responds best to green. "Purple" is the color you sense when the red and blue cones are activated but the green cone is not. Since green is in between red and blue, there's no single frequency of light that can activate both the red and blue cones without activating the green cone. It's not really the same thing as "violet", but your eyes perceive the two colors as similar.


Question: How is gerrymandering even possible?

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 How is gerrymandering even possible?

Counties have varying populations. Take Texas - it has counties with several million people and counties with barely more than 100 people. For things like US House of Representatives seats there’s a few hundred thousand residents per seat, so counties like Harris County (pop. 4million) would need to be split while counties like Loving County (pop. 134... really) would be merged with many other counties. Some options to reduce gerrymandering do follow what you’re saying though - essentially rules that when drawing districts each county can only be split between a maximum of two districts, unless the population is too large for two districts in which case it may be split by the minimum number to achieve districts of the right size. This sort of rule would probably help blunt most efforts at gerrymandering. The problem, and it’s a big one, is that where gerrymandering is a problem the people who are in charge are in charge because of gerrymandering and absolutely do not want to fix it.


Question: i dont understand porch piracy?

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 i dont understand porch piracy?

It costs extra for "signature on delivery" or "registered" services. If nobody is home typically it will be taken back to the depot. Often when you order items online it doesn't include the option for signature on delivery. The default is usually to leave it but with some services you can leave alternative instructions via a website or SMS response. I don't allow anything to be left on my doorstep.


Question: Why do computers beep? What causes the noise, and what made beeps the universal sound of computer?

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 Why do computers beep? What causes the noise, and what made beeps the universal sound of computer?

They are made by a tiny speaker, either on the motherboard of the device itself, or in the case itself (wired to the motherboard). Originally, beeps were used because they are very easy to create. Run voltage through a speaker wire at a specific wavelength and, bam, a beep. Much, much easier to do than complicated sounds like speech or music. As to _why_ they beep, the beeps tell you that the computer is doing something without needing a display attached - beeping when the computer boots up tells you the computer booted up _before_ the display drivers initiate, so you can at least know the motherboard is booting.


Question: How do hackers find holes?

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</answer>
 How do hackers find holes?

"Professional programmers" make mistakes all the time, because there is far more need for people who can code even fairly badly than there are people who are good at it. Companies will sometimes spend tens of thousands of dollars in sourcing costs to find one mediocre software engineer. There are certainly common approaches. For example, it's a very bad idea to store users' passwords in a database, but tons of shoddily-written websites do. Many websites also have much more information exposed than you probably think, and hackers will poke at that information to try to find places where it exposes something it shouldn't. For programs on one's own computer, one can use a program that lets them just look at the computer's actual memory and watch when certain values change. If you pick up a health potion and the value at memory address 0x4a89b92d changes, well, that's probably where the game is storing your number of health potions. So you change the value at 0x4a89b92d to 99999999 and see if you get a bunch of potions. This is just a very basic summary. Finding weaknesses like this is a whole subfield of programming and engineering that tends to attract extremely smart and extremely technical people. There's a ton of security talks on YouTube that are relatively accessible and pretty interesting, if you want to know more!


Question: Why does the second shampoo lather up so much more than the first?

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 Why does the second shampoo lather up so much more than the first?

Typically oil and water will not mix. Hair can be filled with oil from your body, especially after a few days of not washing it. The purpose of soap is to help oil and water mix together so the water can wash it away. The first application of soap will have a lot of oil to work with. This will "use up" the soap and make it more difficult for it to form suds. Once you wash away the soap/oil mixture with water, the second application doesn't have much oil to mix with and easily forms suds. Try this out with something like lard and dish soap on your hands in a kitchen sink. Rinsing your hands off without soap (especially with cold water) will still leave them slimy with oil. Rinse once with soap and the oil will go away but the soap won't bubble that well, second time and you'll get more suds.


Question: How are humans able to form a bond/friendship with nearly any animal on earth?

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 How are humans able to form a bond/friendship with nearly any animal on earth?

We’re not. We’re able to form bonds with a tiny percent of animals on earth considering there are over 9 million species of animals. The ones we do form bonds with are social mammals, like ourselves. These animals are used to living among a group and cooperating with each other. So when we offer them food and shelter, they might like that. Other than that the vast majority of animals on earth would probably like nothing to do with us. If you raise an animal from birth in captivity as its guardian you may be able to form a bond with other animals that would definitely probably maul your head off in the wild, but usually only until they reach adulthood.


Question: How does a measurement device use significant figures to measure something?

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 How does a measurement device use significant figures to measure something?

The point of significant figures is for error purposes. If you’re using a ruler that is only marked along the inches and not half inches or lower for example, what do you do if the actual length of the object is 7.5436 inches? The best you can do using the instrument is say that it’s 8 inches long, but that’s not quite right as you can clearly visualize that it’s somewhere between 7-8 inches long. Margin Of Error is the term we assign to how far off you can be, and this usually amounts to about halfway between the two values. In the above example, your margin of error is a half inch, because if the actual length of the object is in fact 7.5 inches, you have no choice but to say it’s 8 inches long with a margin of error of .5 inches. Meaning, your actual value can be anywhere between 7.5 to 8.5 inches long.


Question: What is the difference between sell by dates, best if used by dates, and expiration dates on food products? Why do different foods use a different date type?

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 What is the difference between sell by dates, best if used by dates, and expiration dates on food products? Why do different foods use a different date type?

Sell by date- this is when the store should remove the product. This is often erring on the side of caution. Best by date- when a product's freshness begins to drop. Your food should still be good for a period of time afterwards. Expiration date- your product is inedible once this date has been reached.


Question: Why does orange juice taste awful after brushing your teeth ?

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 Why does orange juice taste awful after brushing your teeth ?

Brushing teeth causes your taste buds in the tongue to be hightened (to be more sensitive). This increases the intensity of flavors and usually creates a bad taste for almost every food. Orange juice has both sweet and bitter(because of the pulp) flavor but the sweetness is usually dominant and clouds bitter taste. After you brush, you feel more of this bitter taste which feels relatively awful.


Question: Why are radio commercials arranged into large blocks instead of being spaced out?

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 Why are radio commercials arranged into large blocks instead of being spaced out?

Because large radios have more commercials than the smaller/local radios, in my country law is that in one hour you can have 12 minutes of comercials. So, it is stupid split to play one song/one commercial,perhaps is better to play 3 songs and then 3 commercials, or maybe more, in that 12 minutes you can have like 36 commercials who are 20 seconds long. And there you have it, it is all business. I know its bad for listener to listen large block of commercials, but that is radio politics. One radio for example here is playing 12 minutes of commercials in a row and the outro of them is "now you will have only 48 minutes of music. Great tactic


Question: Why can’t/don’t ATMs give you money in denominations smaller than $20 these days?

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 Why can’t/don’t ATMs give you money in denominations smaller than $20 these days?

It's how they are setup . Every ATM has canisters in them filled with cash and only so much can fit in them so the people who own the ATMs decide to put only 20s in there so they can fit more money in there. The ATM at my old job had one that only gave 20s and 1s for the vending machines. It's also easier for independent ATM owner just to fill it with only 1 denomination.


Question: What prevents us from using vector audio files?

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 What prevents us from using vector audio files?

Its been a while since I took this in school, so what Ill say is very much "I remember I should know this but I've been writing software since so what do I know"... What you describe is possible, in fact it kindof is pretty much what is going on in digital music sampling. Modern A2D (and the reverse is true with D2A) chips essentially are doing this using Fourier transforms (to over simplify things). As any analog wave in the time domain can be approximated with a summation of appropriately weighted sine and cosine waves of various frequencies, you can quantize an analog wave by approximating it as the magnitudes of each sign/cos at these various frequencies. Its the magnitudes of each frequency at any one time that is being recorded as bytes. Higher bitrate digital audio is simply more samples in each time slice and thus higher frequency fidelity. Better quality digital audio is using more bytes per time slice to catch higher and lower frequencies that might otherwise not be represented. The reason telephone calls are still so crappy sounding is because the range of frequency bands used to digitize it for transmission is deliberately low for bandwidth conservation.** When you go the other way, the magnitudes of frequencies are used to generate analog waves at those frequencies with the corresponding amplitude, then they get integrated together. The more frequencies you can use to replicate the resultant wave, the more "true" it is to the original waveform. I get what you're saying. You want at time d to say the wave is a vector travelling in that direction, then at d+1 its changed to a slightly different vector. I suppose you can do that, except the quality of digitization would depend on how many timeslices you take, one sample per d... if you want a smooth reconstituted wave you'd need a lot more samples. Without doing the math I can't imagine that you'd save that many more bytes than just doing it the frequency transformation way. It turns out a superpositioning of higher frequency waves on top of one another is a really good approximation of representing ANY wave and we have tons of chips that and logic silicon already tried and true to do this very efficiently. ** I mean, it used to be when the POTs was digitized in the 70s and 80s, now it's just because that hearing a phone conversation in crystal clear 4k audio is unsettling to some and would require a lot of infrastructure upgrade to ensure universal coverage which frankly no one wants to pay for.


Question: - How do you interpret R values?

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 - How do you interpret R values?

It means that X and Y move in the same direction 55% of the time. It DOES NOT mean that if X move up by 1, Y moves up by 0.55. It is a common source of confusion As an example, if you have the X that moves always up 1 And the Y always moves up by 0.55, the correlation would be 1.


Question: How do airlines calculate ticket prices?

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 How do airlines calculate ticket prices?

Airline ticket pricing is determined by a complex algorithm that takes account of a lot of factors, but is mostly driven by history. airlines have sold a lot of tickets, and I mean a lot of tickets, over the years. They have every bit of data associated with the selling of those tickets. The date they were sold, the day of the week, the time of day, whether they were bought online, through a travel agency, who paid for them, whether the flight was taken, or cancelled, or rescheduled, how close to the time of departure, what kind of seat the ticket paid for, etc. Computer programs can detect patterns in all of that data, and construct pricing models designed to maximize revenue accordingly. however because they're in a dynamic environment, with competition and other factors that can impact day to day and minute-to-minute pricing, the algorithms rely not just on the historical data, but on constant feedback about current ticket sales, what the competition is doing, etc. Very clever and sophisticated programmers have managed to create a tool that allows the airline to change ticket prices hour-by-hour, route by route, and even purchasing method by purchasing method, so that it maximizes the amount of revenue the airline receives. Typically, pricing is highest the closer you are to the time of departure, because most people who are buying a ticket on the same day of the flight have very little choice about whether to take that flight. But there are far more subtle details in the patterns and computers are far better able to tease that out than humans are.


Question: How do big Youtube channels make enough money to pay all their employees?

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 How do big Youtube channels make enough money to pay all their employees?

TL;DR they make a lot of money outside of YouTube Ad’s/Google AdSense. This additional revenue comes from outside advertisers, and donations. They make quite a bit of money from outside sponsorship/advertisers. Surely you’ve seen a video about URL_0 or Harry’s Razors or Dollar Shave Club or Blue Apron.... those companies are paying for a 30s plug in the video. And it’s not exactly chump change. If the channel uploads on at least a weekly basis, one of those plugs is enough to keep the lights on and Google AdSense is enough to pay a $450/wk salary for people working on the production. And given how many hours they’re putting in, $450/wk is phenomenal. But let’s look at a YT channel that puts out an episode every business day, like the PhillipDeFranco show. I just checked and their past week yielded between 1.2-1.5 *million* views for each upload. That’s in concert with their routine advertiser plugs. That’s quite a bit of money to pay their staff which I think sits around 13? 15? That’s a multimillion dollar channel. The people working there are probably pulling $40-50k annually on a job that gives them a lot of free time so long as they stay current with popular culture. Basically just browse Reddit in your free-time, and investigate a story that hits the front page. That’s your job (plus formatting it, confirming it. And writing a footnote script for it). And that’s not to say it’s an easy job, not disparaging the people working there. But it is something that a lot of people do for free (which is something the workers there can and probably do take advantage of). Another avenue of income is merch. I brought up DeFranco already. He has merch. I don’t think much of it is original, but that doesn’t matter. Do people buy it? Yes. And yet another avenue is direct support, from things like Patreon. “Give us your money so we can keep producing this content.” And to preface this I **do not** think this is bad practice, especially on channels that employ a dozen or more people. I don’t even think it’s bad practice on self-run channels. If people want to give you their money, that’s generally a fair transaction. My only criticism would be for channels that are effectively self-run with a massive fan base and they’re pulling multiple millions per year, but act like the channel might die if they don’t get Patreon dollars. To that I say screw you, but it still is a fair transaction. I just feel bad for the people giving them money. Like if you give Patreon support to PewDiePie, oh man, bad investment. But if you donated to H3H3 during their copyright infringement battle, then I’d consider that a decent investment to keep their channel and your favored content floating. The channels you listed, they make their money outside of YouTube ad revenue. They have websites with their own ad-revenue streams. They get extra ad-revenue on their videos. They’re making money to pay everyone. Advertising companies pay a shitload of money to promote a brand.