Question: If an astronaut was to open his suit in space and all the oxygen was sucked out where would it go? Would it somehow make it to Earth? If you were closer to another planet would it affect the outcome?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If an astronaut was to open his suit in space and all the oxygen was sucked out where would it go? Would it somehow make it to Earth? If you were closer to another planet would it affect the outcome?

Each molecule would move according to the velocity it gained while being expelled from the suit, determined by the pressure behind it and its initial speed. If there was a planet nearby, the planet's gravity would pull on it; whether it could pull it all the way in would depend on that initial velocity and the mass of the planet. If it had sufficient speed, it would go into an independent orbit around the sun, or even possibly escape the solar system entirely, becoming an indistinguishable part of the interstellar medium.


Question: Why does a kettle get quieter the closer it is to boiling?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a kettle get quieter the closer it is to boiling?

The lower temperature causes the vapor to recondense into liquid and the bubbles collapse, making a noise. When the water is uniformly hot and the bubbles make it to the top gradually louder, as bubble production increases, until the water is so uniformly hot that the bubbles make it to the top without popping.


Question: Can dish soap be separated from water after its be emulsified?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can dish soap be separated from water after its be emulsified?

With some things, it would be possible Lets say you put salt into water. You could then boil off the water and be left with salt I dont see why the same wouldnt be for soap, but by soap I mean the chemicals known as fatty acids in the detergent which to the grunt work of the cleaning. Commercial soaps also contain dyes, fragrances, and other additives which could have a low boiling point and evapourate with the water. I would also say that if you heat the water too much to evapourate it, the fatty acids could be altered. But at a low temp, it should be possible if youre careful, even with home equipment. Extra Tid bit: To clean with soap, there is no reaction with water, or at all. The fatty acids form what are called micelles [1], and they have a nice property of having a "dirt loving" inside and a "water loving" outside. So when it cleans, all the dirt goes to the centre, and then the whole contraption is surrounded by water (or effectively dissolved). This is what allows dirts and fats to be cleaned using soap and water. [1] URL_0


Question: What is lacking from modern CGI that allows humans to still distinguish it from real objects on film?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is lacking from modern CGI that allows humans to still distinguish it from real objects on film?

You only notice it on people because you have tens of millennia of refinement in your brain to spot the subtlest differences in people to find something that isn't quite right and could signify danger. Subtle things from not moving quite right for the body they have, to slight shine off the face, to hair not falling quite right can throw up a flag in your head that indicates something isn't quite right here. You don't see 99.99% of digital effects in movies. Cars, planes, buildings, and really anything artificial can be added in by a computer without you noticing. Cars in particular are easy because they're always shiny so a slightly too shiny CGI model just looks freshly waxed. Buildings are also reliable because they're not moving and the lighting never changes. Basically no one is blowing anything up these days, its too easy and cheap to just add it in post. You don't notice CGI these days, you think its practical effects which is the biggest compliment you can give it.


Question: What makes some water so clear that you can see the bottom?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What makes some water so clear that you can see the bottom?

It’s not something that actively makes the water clear rather than the abscence of little particles levitating in the water. Those particles are, depending on how many of those are in the water, pretending the light from permeating the water and reflecting the light back to the surface making it impossible to see through the water.


Question: How does a pinhole camera take pictures when its just a box with film inside of it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does a pinhole camera take pictures when its just a box with film inside of it?

Light comes in, it hits the film, reacts with the film, and leaves an image via chemical reaction. The pinhole means that each bit of the film only gets light from one angle. You don't need a lens, you don't need zoom, you don't need a shutter if you manually cover it, you don't need a viewfinder. That's all you need for the fundamentals of a camera.


Question: How can something hot burn one person and not another?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can something hot burn one person and not another?

The explanation is rather simple: We're all different. Some people can withstand more pain than others, some people can withstand low oxygen levels better than others, some people can withstand hot beverages better than others, some people can drink more alcohol than others before getting drunk, etc. It all boils down to two factors: 1. Our genetic makeup. We have genes that express in different ways and levels, making each individual different from another. 2. [Acclimatization]( URL_0 ). Through your life, you are exposed to different experiences that shape how you perceive the environment. You can even go from "I can withstand hot beverages" to "I don't withstand hot beverages". If you stopped drinking hot beverages for a prolonged time and then tried to drink something hot, you would burn your tongue just like it happened to your partner. Just like that, your partner can develop tolerance to hot beverages is she begins drinking them more frequently.


Question: How do "division tricks" work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do "division tricks" work?

For division by 9, it works because we count in base 10. Each digit has ten possible settings 0-9, and when the number wraps to zero, you add one to the next digit up. 9+1=10. Add the digits of 10 and you get 1, which is also what you get if you drop all the nines. Three works because 9 is evenly divisible by 3, so adding 1 to three 3s gives you 10, same as before. Ten is easily divisible by 2 and 5, meaning you can get rid of any number ending in the wrong digits, like 3 or 7. 6 combines the rules for 2 and 3. 4 and 8 work the same as 2, but you need more digits to check. And 7 is a pain in the ass, but it has some tricks that can be used. One trick that will work every time, but it might be more trouble than it's worth, is to convert the number to a base one digit higher than your check digit, and pulling the 3/9 trick. Take a number, 364, and convert it to base 8, and you get 554, add the digits and you get 16 (14 in decimal) and again to get 7. So, you would know that 364 is divisible by 7.


Question: How do stealth planes & drones actually work ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do stealth planes & drones actually work ?

Stealth aircraft use two main techniques for avoiding radar detection: Using radar-absorbing materials and having certain angles of outer surfaces to reflect radar waves away from the receiver. Radar works by sending out an electromagnetic signal out into the air. Those electromagnetic waves hit aircraft and are bounced back to a radar receiver. The size and location of that aircraft is calculated based on the waves that are reflected by the aircraft from the emitter to the receiver. If you build an aircraft out of material that absorbs rather than reflects radar waves, those waves can't return to the receiver and give information on its whereabouts. Also if the radar waves hit the surface of the aircraft and are deflected upward or anywhere other than the direction of the receiver, the radar station does not have any information on where it is. So using visible light as an example. Let's say you have a searchlight looking for aircraft at night. What you would do is build an aircraft that is black so a lot of visible light is absorbed and not reflected. Then you also design the surface of the aircraft to reflect what light isn't absorbed away from the eyes of the searchlight operator. No light returning to the eyes of the searchlight operator means he cannot see the aircraft. The same principle works with radar.


Question: Why do we need sleep and what happens if we go without?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we need sleep and what happens if we go without?

There are some evolutionary theories like how the odds of getting killed by a night predator goes down when we're not active at night. Some theorize that we sleep to conserve energy as our metabolism lowers when sleeping so we can use that food more effectively. One major component is the formation of adenosine in our brains. It's the biproduct of of our brain's activity. Similar to how your muscles need to rest after building up lactic acid when working out, your brain needs to remove that adenosine while you sleep. Going without sleep can build up these chemicals, which slow the activity of neurons, and you can see all types of sleep deprivation effects up to death.


Question: Why do horses need to wear horse shoes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do horses need to wear horse shoes?

Domesticated horses live in environments filled with more moisture than the original habitat they came from. This excess moisture softens and breaks down the ceratin in the hoof leading to splitting or other deformations. A shoe adds protection as well as working to, in a sense, hold the hoof together. Note that not all horses require shoes, and shoed horses can also go without. I am not an equestrian.


Question: Why does a guitar have harmonics only on certain parts of the fretboard/string?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does a guitar have harmonics only on certain parts of the fretboard/string?

First you need to understand the concept of overtones. Let's say you play the open E string. The main and strongest tone you're going to hear is the E note, because that's the main frequency the string is vibrating at. But because the string isn't vibrating at exactly the same speed across the whole string \(the middle of the string will travel further in the middle of the string than it will closer to the nut or bridge\) the string will also produce a variety of overtones \(different frequencies to the main note\). This is what gives instruments \(and even individual strings on instruments\) their characteristic sound. If you play the open top E string on a guitar, you can play the same note at the same pitch by playing the B string fretted at the fifth fret...but even though they're the same note at the same frequency, they sound subtly different...and the reason for that because you're 'shortening' the B string, and the B string has a different mass, so it's producing different overtones. A harmonic is an overtone that is a multiple of the base frequency of the string. For example, if a string vibrates at 100hz, its first harmonic will be 200hz, the next, 300hz and so on. Now, a guitar string has 'dead spots' where the string doesn't move \(the nut and the bridge saddle\), and the area it can move \(the rest of the string\). When the string is particular thickness and tension it 'wants' to vibrate at a specific frequency \(the note you've tuned it to\). If you lightly touch the string at the 12th fret, you're creating a new 'dead spot' on the string, the same as the dead spot at the nut and saddle. Now, because the main frequency, the note you'd get if you played the string open, doesn't have a dead spot at the 12th fret, the main note won't sound. Basically, physics won't allow the string to vibrate at the main frequency... but the harmonic *does* have a dead spot at the 12th fret. In essence, it's like we've moved the nut up to the 12th fret, so while we don't hear the main note, we do hear the harmonic. Basically, what we're doing is cancelling out the main frequency so we only hear the overtones, and at that spot on the string, the only overtone that can be produced is the harmonic. So, the reason we can only produce harmonics at certain parts of the string is because those are the areas where we can create a dead spot that will allow the string to produce an overtone that is a multiple of the base frequency of the string. It's why every string has a harmonic at the 12th fret, because the 12th fret is the halfway point of the string, so by creating a dead spot there, we're halving the length, which doubles the frequency..


Question: Why do we toss and turn/constantly reposition ourselves during our sleep? What makes one position suddenly stop being comfortable even when we are not fully conscious?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do we toss and turn/constantly reposition ourselves during our sleep? What makes one position suddenly stop being comfortable even when we are not fully conscious?

Usually this is due to ischemia- lack of blood. When you're sitting in a position too long your body tells you to move, whether or not you realize it, to get the blood flowing back. If blood is robbed from an area of your body for too long, the tissue dies. If you don't move, you get something called a pressure ulcer. Pressure ulcers have four stages and a last stage called unstageable. They are not pretty sights (do a google search). People get these because they cannot move when their body tells them to. Thus, the blood flow stops and the tissue in the area dies. In the hospital, we have turn schedules for our paralyzed patients to turn them every hour or two so their flesh doesn't die. When you're sleeping, your body is unconsciously moving to keep that blood flowing all while you rest peacefully.


Question: What does it mean that a situation is a prisoner’s dilema?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What does it mean that a situation is a prisoner’s dilema?

The classic prisoner's dilemma is that two suspected criminals are being questioned separately (so they can't communicate with one another). If they both stay silent, they'll serve 1 year in prison. If they both turn on each other, they'll both serve 5 years in prison. If one turns but the other stays silent, the one that turns will get off free, but the other will serve 8 years. In this example, the best thing to do for both criminals together would be cooperate, because it provides the fewest total years served (only 2). However, to an individual criminal, turning on the other is always better. If he stays silent, you get off completely, and if he was planning on turning on you, you only get 5 years instead of 8. This results in two perfectly rational criminals turning on one another and getting the maximum 10 years of total prison time. So a true prisoners dilemma requires two or more people to make a decision where, collectively they'd be best to choose A, but individually they'd be best to choose B every time or almost every time. A common example shows up in post-apocalyptic stories where groups would be best served working together, but each group tries to grab a little more of their share each time, leading to infighting and eventually killings and territoriality. Does that help? Feel free to ask any questions.


Question: What is a ETF and Index Fund and how are they different from each other?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is a ETF and Index Fund and how are they different from each other?

ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) and Mutual Funds are two different ways of selling/buying funds (packages of investments). ETFs are traded on a market like stocks, and usually have a lower minimum investment. Mutual funds are bought/sold directly with the company running them (or through a broker), and usually have a high minimum investment. Index funds and actively-managed funds are two different strategies for deciding what's in the package of investments. Index funds track an index of a specific sector or group of investments, so there is low overhead to managing it. Actively-managed funds include whatever the researchers, analysts, and managers think should be in it, so they have people researching and deciding and making changes to the mix, which is more expensive. You can have either strategy bought and sold either way - an ETF index fund, an ETF actively-managed fund, an index mutual fund, or an actively-managed mutual fund. URL_0


Question: How does the US have the ability to mass produce several brands of a single product?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does the US have the ability to mass produce several brands of a single product?

Both. And to be clear there’s far more factories than that, as lots of beverage stuff is made locally or regionally, as transporting it across long distances can be just too expensive for these low cost, heavy weight products. Also, most bottled water just uses filtered versions their local tap water, nothing “special” Other than they put it in a bottle.


Question: How exactly can a bilateral epididymectomy fail (thus causing an unplanned pregnancy to result) when the tunica vaginalis is both stitched shut and so incredibly thick?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How exactly can a bilateral epididymectomy fail (thus causing an unplanned pregnancy to result) when the tunica vaginalis is both stitched shut and so incredibly thick?

Two options. One, the person who just had surgery doesn't use backup birth control until their samples come back negative, meaning they are still ejaculating sperm and can therefore get someone pregnant. Or two, the body can heal, and occasionally a new pathway between the testicle and the rest of the epididymis is formed instead of an impenetrable mass of scar tissue, which is usually how this happens a few years after surgery. Of note, the later can also happen to people with fallopian tubes, though it is even rarer still as there is a lot of other organs interacting in the area.


Question: How do CPUs have such a high wattage and such a low voltage?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do CPUs have such a high wattage and such a low voltage?

yes, they do. They run at such a high speed that the transistors are always switching, and therefore they're pretty much always in their linear region and burning power. They tend to have upwards of 8 seperate power phases for high end CPUs. Look on the motherboard, near the CPU there's a bunch of massive inductors. each one is a power phase.


Question: Why do some cuts scar and others don't?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do some cuts scar and others don't?

Here is a fun experiment to do. Get a heavy rock or brick and some packing tape. Wrap the tape around the rock, and then tape it to the edge of a table so that the rock hangs down and pulls on the tape. Then get a knife. The tape is pulled tight along the length of the tape. Take the knife and make a short *vertical* slit in the tape. The rock pulls on the tape but does not change the shape of the cut, and the tape is not made weaker. It would be easy to fix that cut. Change out your tape, and this time make a short *horizontal* slit in the tape. This will be extremely hard to do without causing the brick to fall. That's because when you make a horizontal slit the tension from the brick pulls the cut wider apart. This cut would be hard to fix. Your skin works the same way. There are tension lines in your skin called [langer lines]( URL_0 ) , and they hold up your skin and fat and are always being pulled by gravity. These line are not straight, they wrap around the body and are different for everyone depending on how much fat or muscle you have. Since these lines are under tension, if you get a cut parallel to the line then it won't be pulled wide. However, if the cut is not parallel to the langer line then the tension will pull the wound apart and make it wider. This works like the horizontal cut in the tape. This means that more scar tissue is needed to close that cut and keep it closed. In addition, some parts of your skin move more than others. A cut on the wrist join moves and bends more than a cut on the thigh. That can also cause more scar tissue to develop.


Question: How is the new Ocean Cleanup Machine supposed to clean up trash without hurting wildlife?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is the new Ocean Cleanup Machine supposed to clean up trash without hurting wildlife?

Not clear. One of the big challenges with ocean plastic cleanup is that the plastic particles are about the same size, shape, and density as a bunch of living organisms. How is a filter supposed to tell the difference between a dinoflagellate and a microbead, or a plastic bag and a [salp]( URL_1 )? The Ocean Cleanup Machine has been criticized by a number of ocean scientists, who argue that it a) won't work as advertised, b) will become fouled by organisms so it can't do its job, c) may harm organisms in doing its job, and d) is poorly designed and may break apart to become more of the same plastic trash it's supposed to remove. URL_0 (And please do check out pictures of [salps]( URL_2 ), if like most people you've never heard of them. They're super common, and really make you rethink this problem. How do you clean up bits of floating plastic when the oceans are just *full* of delicate floating bags of transparent goo?)


Question: How come beautiful music/voices causes us to get goosebumps?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come beautiful music/voices causes us to get goosebumps?

Check out r/frisson ! It’s actually just a portion of the population that gets a reaction like goosebumps from music/other sensory things. It’s something that’s not clearly clearly studied yet, but ultimately it’s simply a form of a strong response of the brain to a strong stimuli of a thing like music.


Question: Predeterminism Philosophy and how it works?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Predeterminism Philosophy and how it works?

Imagine a pool table. A man with a cue applies force to the cue ball, and it heads off toward the 1-ball. The moment the cue ball has been struck, the fate of all the balls has been determined. Is that 13 going to fall into the corner pocket? We may not know yet, but the answer is encoded in the position and momentum and spin of the balls on the table. As we watch the shot unfold the already determined facts of the success or failure of the shooter are revealed to us. Predeterminism holds that all existence and all behavior at any moment in all the universe is directly determined by the previous moment. And that that one was determined by the moment prior. All the way back to the Big Bang. Once the universe came into being, this is the one and only path it could ever have been on. Billions of years of history led directly to where we are now, and what comes next, though unknowable to us now, is an unavoidable and direct continuing consequence of those initial conditions.


Question: What exactly makes the indicator lights on some electronic devices stay on for a while even though you unplugged them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What exactly makes the indicator lights on some electronic devices stay on for a while even though you unplugged them?

Capacitors. When you have a solid state device that needs DC power for its circuits and you want to power it from the AC outlet, you need a power supply. A power supply contains a transformer, to change the voltage, a rectifier to convert AC to bouncing DC, and a capacitor to smooth the DC. The capacitor works by storing electricity from the peaks to fill out the valleys. When you turn it off, the circuit stops using power, but the capacitor is still full-ish. The indicator slowly drains the capacitor, because it uses much, much less current than the whole device's circuits.


Question: What is the difference of a 32 bit and 64 bit system?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the difference of a 32 bit and 64 bit system?

Basically the difference is a 32-bit system uses 32 “bits” of binary (32 pairs of either “1” or “0”). The biggest binary number you can have is 11111111111111111111111111111111. In a 64-bit system, it uses 64 bits of binary (11111111111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111111111111). This distinction has far-reaching consequences simply because there’s so much MORE you can do. The most visible difference is that 32bit systems can only access around 4gb of ram (because they literally run out of numbers to use as an “address” for the memory), while 64bit systems can (EDIT: theoretically) use ~1 billion GB of ram.


Question: Why are the edges of stains the darkest?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are the edges of stains the darkest?

This is called the [coffee ring effect]( URL_0 ) and is the product of fluid flowing outwards as it evaporates. This is because the stuff near the edges evaporates faster and the stuff near the center flows out to balance the amounts of fluid. This brings all of the stuff floating around in the fluid towards the outside of the stain.


Question: If love, feelings of happiness, loneliness, etc., are just chemical reactions in your brain, why can't things like loneliness be cured just by supplementing them with the missing chemicals?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 If love, feelings of happiness, loneliness, etc., are just chemical reactions in your brain, why can't things like loneliness be cured just by supplementing them with the missing chemicals?

Maybe one day we might be able to. We still only have a basic understanding of the brain. It's like asking why the Wright Brothers didn't fly to the moon. There is so much we still don't understand about the brain and medicine. We get a step closer every day. Technically I guess you could cure loneliness by drugging someone to the point they are mentally numb to everything but I don't think that's what you meant.


Question: Why is a 3 x 3 Picture Rubiks cube more difficult than a standard 3 x 3 Rubiks cube?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is a 3 x 3 Picture Rubiks cube more difficult than a standard 3 x 3 Rubiks cube?

Two things: 1. The center square has to be oriented correctly in a picture cube and if you've only ever learned on a normal cube, figuring out how to change the orientation of the center square is an added challenge. 2. Depending on the pictures it may not be immediately clear in a mixed-up cube where each square belongs.


Question: Why does everyone hate big crop seed/pesticide companies like Sygenta and Monsanto?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does everyone hate big crop seed/pesticide companies like Sygenta and Monsanto?

I have worked in the biotech feild since high school and the people i meet who are against these companies typically give me the same two reasons: 1. They dont like/understand what a GMO is and think they are dangerous or unhealthy 2. Monstanto has been known to sue small farms just to protect their patents. (See Monsanto V. Vernon Hugh Bowman)


Question: Why is styrofoam so "magnetic"?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is styrofoam so "magnetic"?

It's not magnetism, but electrostatics. Same effect as rubbing a balloon on your hair and then having it stick to a wall. When you rub things together electrons can come off thing one and end up on thing two. Both things now have an equal and opposite charge. If you rapidly separate them (styrofoam flying off), they retain the charge. The tiny charged styrofoam particle now lands on your clothing, a dielectric material, that will polarize. If the styrofoam is negatively charged, electrons of your shirt will move away from the styrofoam, leaving behind the positively charged nuclei. Now your shirt has a surface positive charge that attracts the negative charge of the styrofoam and the styrofoam sticks.


Question: Why didn’t Disney just renew the copyright for Steamboat Willie in 1976 and 1998?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why didn’t Disney just renew the copyright for Steamboat Willie in 1976 and 1998?

As outlined in the article, works created by corporations are protected for 95 years from first publication or 120 years from creation. This is not up for renewal, so Mickey’s copyright will expire soon. Even under the renewal system, works were only up for one renewal period, there was not indefinite ability to renew Mickey or any other creative work. The most they could have gotten for Mickey including renewals was 56 years at his conception EDIT: for clarity


Question: why and/or how does internet data usage (by my home internet connection for example) cost internet service providers money?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why and/or how does internet data usage (by my home internet connection for example) cost internet service providers money?

While you might not see it day to day, they have to pay to maintain the infrastructure, lay the cables, produce the hardware, give you an IP address. There are lots of pieces of the package which we don’t have in our homes but is required to get you online, and it costs money - these charges are passed to you, plus a significant margin. ☺


Question: Why do you get better for a few days after receiving a fatal dose of radiation?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do you get better for a few days after receiving a fatal dose of radiation?

There's the immediate damage like (edit: FIRE) burn which physically damages your body. The body heals that just like a regular burn. But the bigger problem of radiation is that it scrambles the DNA of your cells. This isn't so big of a problem until your cells get old and try to divide and make their replacement, and it finds out that the code to do so is all messed up. Your red blood cells only live ~4 months. (Technical edit#2) and they don't care because they're mindless automatons with no DNA to scramble. But the bone marrow where they get made go from scientists to igors cranking out poorly made franken-blood. And that's real bad. So 2 months go by and half your blood is this new batch of not quite right cells. A percentage at least, it's not like you completely stop making viable new blood. Your brain cells are in it for the long-haul though, so that's more ok with radiation. Skin cells live only 2-3 weeks. If the replacement cells are messed up, and every other cell is this mindless idiot that doesn't know how to skin then the bodily janitors who have the job of killing off and hauling them away get overloaded. There's too many corpses and the piles of them start rotting. That's the black part. Come on skin. I need you. Please don't forget how to skin. You're my biggest organ and you're critical for hugs and keeping my insides in. (edit: sunburns are actually same sort of thing, just only on the surface layer of skin. That was about the worse example I could have picked)


Question: Written language and arithmetic are human developments and constructs, so how do learning disabilities like dyslexia and dyscalculia exist?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Written language and arithmetic are human developments and constructs, so how do learning disabilities like dyslexia and dyscalculia exist?

These things may be human constructs, but our ability to understand them is based in the hardware of the brain. It is just elaborating upon systems that were already in place that allowed us to analyze information. all animals can do this to one degree or another, and we just happen to take it to an extreme. Hey learning disability means that one of the underlying aspects of the brain that allows us to understand writing or arithmetic is messed up, different from normal in one way or another. Sometimes this can be overcome, and sometimes it cannot.


Question: How does Netflix afford to pay Dave Chappelle 20 million a special?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does Netflix afford to pay Dave Chappelle 20 million a special?

Netflix's business model is that they take money from users every month and use that money to pay for content. The more/better content they have, the more likely users will be willing to subscribe or keep subscribing. Netflix has 2 choices. They can buy content from other content owners or they can make their own. The reason that they would buy content is that it's well known, well branded and people already like it. The downside is that Netflix pays for that content but only has access for a limited time. If they want to get Sinfield they need to keep paying for that license over and over and over. Now that's cool, people like Sinfield and some subscribers would subscribe just for that. But content that Netflix makes themselves, that they get to keep forever. It's owned by them, not something where they are leasing the rights. So they keep it forever. Netflix also knows it's viewers habits. It knows a shit ton of information about what people are watching and watching. It knows that comedy specials are super popular and there are large groups of users who watch almost nothing else. Netflix does not reveal viewer information, but word on the street is that stand-up specials are some of the most popular content on the service. Netflix can get comedy specials from a limited number of other places. Mainly HBO and comedy central. HBO has its own streaming service and will not be selling any licenses to Netflix. So the only other source is comedy central, owned by Viacom. Viacom does not currently have a streaming service but that could change tomorrow, then Netflix would be high and dry. So rather than relying on other people paying for and producing specials, Netflix is just going to do it's own. I know that these payments seem staggering large but in the context of TV budgets they are actually very low. It costs almost nothing to film a special like this, as compared to a produced program. There are no sets to build, no actors, no extras, high priced directors and on location shoots. Plus it's a one off so you're not paying for 10 or 15 epsoids. The world that Netflix wants to live in is one where each user spends over 90% of their time on Netflix watching Netflix-branded content. That way Netflix can work those licencing deals from a position of power rather than weakness. They can tell the Signfield people to go fuck themselves if they want too much money. Something that they can't do right now because they NEED that content to keep subscribers happy.


Question: How come music live records sound worse the better technology gets?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How come music live records sound worse the better technology gets?

Because "live" albums are not always recorded live. Take the album "Stop Making Sense". Talking Heads assembled a touring band, rearranged their songs for that band, and performed in front of live audiences with that band. Then, they went into a studio and recorded the touring arrangements, adding just a little audio from the live performances. You get the feel of a live performance, but the quality of a studio recording. As a counter example, take the album "Joe Jackson Live 1980/86". This album was actually recorded at live shows, and frankly it shows - the sound quality is much worse than Joe Jackson's studio albums from the same period. It's not bad - he knew he was recording and made an effort - but not as good as his studio efforts.


Question: How do waterproof matches work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do waterproof matches work?

Waterproof matches don't burn underwater. They have a protective coating, usually a thin wax, that rubs off when you strike them. They're waterproof because of the wax, and unlike other matches can withstand beimg wet first. They do need to be a little dry, though, like a good shake or wipe. Fuses that burn underwater are usually some form of visco fuse, which use black gunpowder wrapped in a core to keep it waterproof. Once lit out of water, they will continue to burn underwater. This is well documented, easy to find in a web search, and have fun YoiTube videos explaining how they work.


Question: Why are piano keys in sections of C D F G A B and not A B C D F G?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why are piano keys in sections of C D F G A B and not A B C D F G?

The original key first written down in the middle ages was A minor, which is the white notes of the piano: ABCDEFGA, with the music written in this key "centred" on the A. However musicians found that they could achieve a different effect by choosing a different note to "centre" on... The most popular being C, which gives the major scale CDEFGABC. Major and minor are two of the seven possible "modes", each using a different "central" note.


Question: are there any practical applications of non-Euclidean geometry other than navigation via boat or plane?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 are there any practical applications of non-Euclidean geometry other than navigation via boat or plane?

Absolutely. One example which I can quickly make up: AC electric current tends to flow around the surface of an object, rather than through its volume. This is called the 'skin effect'. If you have an object with a curved surface, and you have an electrical current flowing over/through it, then finding the path of least resistance across that object becomes equivalent to finding a geodesic on a non-euclidean space. And that's just for measuring real-world objects, which is the most literal way of using geometry. If you consider more abstract problems too, there's *tons* of domains which feature non-euclidean geometries.


Question: how can a stock price change if the volume stays at 0?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how can a stock price change if the volume stays at 0?

Depending how the price index is calculated, it can vary as people try unsuccessfully to buy or sell. The London Stock Exchange quoted price differs depending on trading activity in that share. > Price > ..... This is the last automatic trade, the last uncrossing price **or the mid-price of the best bid and offer prices available** for the security. This is not necessarily the definitive price at which you can buy or sell securities...... So say I offer to sell XYZ shares at 2.00 and you offer to buy at 1.00, no trade is going to happen and the record price is going to be 1.50. Now maybe I need the money more desperately the next day so I drop my asking price to 1.50 but you don't bite, still no trade but the quote now shows 1.25. And so on, maybe my estimation of XYZ's future profits goes up but you don't think the same, the average of bid and offer prices doesn't converge to an actual trade for a long time.


Question: What is NAT? And why there are online games that are not using NAT Filter?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is NAT? And why there are online games that are not using NAT Filter?

So NAT stands for Network Address Translation, its a technique for dealing with the fact that ISPs don't have enough internet addresses to give one to every device on the internet. Instead they'll give a network address to your home router, then your home router will give a private (non-internet) address to all devices on your network. The problem with this is from the internet's perspective all your devices have the same name. When a message comes from the internet, the NAT (in your home router), needs to be able to figure out which device the message is for. For "normal" messages like when you request a web-page, this is fairly easy as it can just remember who most recently requested a web-page from that server, and forward the packet onto that device. However when you start doing "Peer to Peer" messaging this becomes harder. With P2P, you don't send messages to a server, but you send it to another user's device. Depending on how exactly the other device's home network router is setup this could be more difficult. The three "NAT Types" in Destiny are basically the three different ways a home network could be configured. 1. Open - This means there is either no NAT on your home network, Or it might mean that your home network router has a more advanced NAT wich can be asked by the device to automatically forward the required messages properly ("port forwarding" or "UPnP". 2. Strict - Your home network has a basic NAT which blocks all incoming messages that aren't replies to requests that it has seen. 3. Moderate - This is a bit more complicated. There's a way to work around NAT by instead of just sending a message to the other user's address, directly (which will be blocked, as the NAT doesn't know which private address to forward) you arrange with the help of a real server for both of you to try to connect to each other simultaneously. This way both NATs think that an outgoing request message has been sent, so knows how to forward the "reply" back to the correct device. This is known as "hole punching" or "nat traversal". This works on certain routers but not all. Know these behaviours explains why only certain types can connect to certain types. Any NAT type can connect to a "Open" device, because as far as the internet net is concerned the NAT doesn't get in the way and they can treat it like a real server. "Moderate" devices can use the hole punching technique to connect to other "Moderate" devices, and can also do the same with "Open" devices (although the hole punching only needs to be done for one side in this case). "Strict" devices can only connect outward, and aren't able to do the "hole punching", so they can only connect to "Open devices" and can't receive incoming connections. Finally, you ask why doesn't this apply to all games? The reason is that some games do P2P matchmaking, where one of the player's XBox/Playstation actually becomes the server and hosts the game. Other games have centralised servers that everyone connects to. The latter situations works better as "real" servers are all "Open" (they have no NAT) and anyone can connect to them. But this means the game company must pay to host the server. Whereas P2P is more flaky, but cheaper to run.


Question: What happens to the physical money when doing international transfers?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What happens to the physical money when doing international transfers?

In the most simplistic terms. Your bank in the US will have a contract in place with a transferring bank in the US. They will do an electronic transfer to the Transferring US Bank. The transferring bank in the US with agree a transfer with a Transferring Bank in Germany and the Transferring bank in Germany will do a transfer to the Destination Bank. So in-country bank to bank transfers don't involve trucks driving around with bank notes and change for every transfer. The transfer is electronic and the bank will keep a electronic record of the total balance of transfers between them for all their client's transactions (in both directions) and will balance this out from time to time in a variety of methods. In the old days this used to be physically transferring gold between them. Now-a-days it is more likely to be bonds being transferred, but can be stocks, gold, options, property or balances held at other banks and also actual cash obviously. International bank to bank is pretty much the same. The Transferring Banks will agree to buy/sell Euros for Dollars at a particular spot exchange rate. The books between those banks will get balanced from time to time but the immediate consequence for your individual transaction is that the German Transferring Bank will take an IOU from the US Transferring Bank.


Question: How does shaving gel go from a blue viscous liquid to a foamy thick liquid?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How does shaving gel go from a blue viscous liquid to a foamy thick liquid?

The blue liquid inside the can is very thick and full of little bubbles (like a chocolate mousse, but much tinier). The bubbly liquid is packed into the can really tightly, there isn't a lot of space, so the bubbles get squished down smaller to make room. When the liquid comes back out of the can, the bubbles have lots of space again, so they're free to stretch back out to their normal size. The bubbles are colourless, so as they grow, they make the colour of the liquid look fainter and fainter.


Question: capacitors. what do they do? what is it for?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 capacitors. what do they do? what is it for?

You can picture a capacitor like a tiny battery that has the ability to charge and discharge very, very quickly. They have all kinds of different uses, but they're often used as a kind of energy buffer. Digital chips for example don't draw power continuously, but instead they draw a large amount of power for a fraction of a second, then nothing for a bit, then a large amount and so on. A normal power supply wouldn't be able to keep up with the current spikes, so instead you put a capacitor across the power supply of the chip, which enables the chip to draw power directly from the capacitor and the power supply only needs to keep the cap 'filled'.


Question: What is ear wax, where does it come from?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is ear wax, where does it come from?

Imagine ear wax to be like a fusion between sweat, and mucus. It is produced in the ear in glands (much like sweat), it lubricates the ear, and protects sensitive tissue by trapping dirt and other particles much like mucus does. A fun fact, most people are divided into two types dry or wet ear wax. Dry being most common amongst Asians. Wet more common amongst Europeans. [6 other things earwax does ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the big bang seen as a singular event, and not a continuous event among most scientists?

It was originally though that yes the expansion would slow down and then reverse because of gravity. But it's not the case. When you look at far away star we see a redshift of the light, meaning that those star are going away from us. And even more importantly, the further a star is from us, the more redshift we see. Meaning that the further a star is the faster it's going away from us. So the expansion isn't slowing down, it's accelerating. This mean that there is a repulsive force (the inverse of gravity), accelerating the expansion of the universe. This force is called Dark Energy because we don't know much about it. But it basically expand the fabric of space, carrying stars and galaxy with it. This force is really small, but it's in every volume of space. So when stars and galaxies are close enough, gravity is stronger. But as distance increase between matter, gravity become weaker and weaker, while the Dark Energy become stronger (since there is more space that expand between these object). So galaxies close to each other merge over time, but those further expand further away from each other. So gravity won't create a big crunch like we used to think before.