Question: Describe the process of how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases its reports to the public. Respond in 22 sentences.

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 Describe the process of how the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases its reports to the public. Respond in 22 sentences.

That sounds impressive until one remembers that academic publishing is in the grips of a reproducibility crisis. A disturbing percentage of the research published in medicine, economics, computer science, psychology, and other fields simply doesn’t stand up. Whenever independent third parties attempt to reproduce/replicate this work – carrying out the same research in order to achieve the same findings – the success rate is dismal.
So here’s the bottom line: We know that studies about promising drugs typically fail when strangers attempt to reproduce those studies. We know that flashy physics research published in Science and Nature has been wholly fraudulent. We know that half of economics papers can’t be replicated, even with assistance from their own authors. We know political bias distorts the peer-review process in psychology. (All of this is discussed in a report I wrote in 2016).
We therefore have no earthly reason to imagine that climate science is exempt from these kinds of problems.
If half of the scientific literature is untrue, it therefore follows that half of climate research is also untrue.
This means that 3,000 of the IPCC’s 6,000 references aren’t worth the paper they’re written on.
BACKGROUND: The IPCC is a UN bureaucracy. Governments select scientists to write climate reports – one of which has just been completed.
These scientists are further asked to summarize their work. But the scientist-crafted summary is only a draft. At the meeting that just ended in South Korea, the draft was re-written by politicians, diplomats, and bureaucrats representing the political establishments of various countries.
At that point, the summary forfeited any conceivable claim to be a scientific document and became, instead, a politically-negotiated statement.
Today’s press release announces that the politicized summary was “approved by governments” and has therefore been made public (download it here).
This is the IPCC’s standard MO. It controls the message by feeding the media a politically-negotiated Summary of its latest work. Then it stands back and lets gullible reporters mislead the public about what the science says.
This entry was posted on October 8, 2018 by Donna Laframboise in IPCC, peer-review and tagged Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC.


Question: What is the latest news on the Obama administration's birth control mandate?

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 What is the latest news on the Obama administration's birth control mandate?

A Michigan-based for-profit business that produces organic foods has no right to an exemption from the Obama administration’s birth control mandate, a federal appeals court ruled yesterday.
In a unanimous opinion, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals found that Eden Foods, Inc. is not entitled to an exemption from the federal Affordable Care Act’s birth control mandate, which requires most businesses to provide their employees with health insurance that includes no-cost birth control. The court said a secular, for-profit company is not a person that can exercise religion under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
Americans United Executive Director the Rev. Barry W. Lynn said the court made the right call.
The ruling was based on the 6th Circuit Court’s recent decision in Autocam Corporation v. Sebelius, in which a secular, for-profit corporation was not granted an exemption from the birth control mandate.
The court added that the mandate was not designed to hinder religious freedom, and that Eden Foods’ Roman Catholic owner Michael Potter does not have standing to bring claims on the company’s behalf.
Americans United had filed a friend-of-the-court brief in July encouraging the 6th Circuit Court to uphold the birth control mandate.
Eden Foods, Inc., et al. v. Sebelius is one of numerous legal challenges brought by secular, for-profit corporations seeking exemptions from the birth control mandate. The issue is expected to eventually come before the U.S. Supreme Court.


Question: Do you know anything about Nazi flying saucers?

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 Do you know anything about Nazi flying saucers?

Maria Orschitsch, a member of the Vril-Gesellschaft would obtained telepathically messages from extraterrestrials in a code language of the Knights Templar, a language that was unknown to her.
The messages allegedly contain technical information about the construction of a UFO. Hitler gave at the end of World War II mission to build flying saucers, claimed a report in the German science magazine PM.
After the war, many Nazi scientists were employed by NASA, where they made a great contribution to the development of the American space.
For real pictures of Nazi flying saucers and more information on the subject, please follow this link.


Question: Describe the 2005–06 VCU Rams men's basketball team. Respond briefly.

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 Describe the 2005–06 VCU Rams men's basketball team. Respond briefly.

The 2005–06 VCU Rams men's basketball team represented Virginia Commonwealth University during the 2005–06 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Rams played in the Colonial Athletic Association.


Question: Respond in 3 sentences. Provide a brief description of Silly, Burkina Faso.

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 Respond in 3 sentences. Provide a brief description of Silly, Burkina Faso.

Silly is a department or commune of Sissili Province in southern Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Silly. As of January 2015, its Mayor is Dr. Ilya Varfolomeev.


Question: What kind of eel is Yirrkala calyptra? Respond in 5 sentences.

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 What kind of eel is Yirrkala calyptra? Respond in 5 sentences.

Yirrkala calyptra is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by John E. McCosker in 2011. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from Queensland Australia, in the western Pacific Ocean. Males can reach a maximum total length of , while females can reach a maximum TL of .
The species epithet "calyptra", treated as a noun in apposition, means "veil" in Greek, and refers to the eel's facial colouring.


Question: Explain the consequences of Greece engaging in austerity and the implications of a potential exit from the eurozone.

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 Explain the consequences of Greece engaging in austerity and the implications of a potential exit from the eurozone.

With the drag from austerity, the debt-deflation spiral, and a weak international economy, where does the projected Greek rebound come from?
Eichel’s theorem says that the latest Greek government, even if stable, will not overcome the illogic of the creditors’ program. Growth will be slower and deflation stronger than anticipated. The debt burden will continue to increase.
Eichel’s theorem has proven stunningly durable through the Great Recession: persistent austerity is counterproductive, the more so the weaker the economy is. Everywhere, austerity has dragged down growth. Greece, which has undertaken the most severe austerity, has experienced the deepest economic contraction. Even the glimmer of Greek economic growth in 2014 came during a pause in austerity.
By most estimates, Greece is running a small primary fiscal deficit: government expenditures (not counting interest payments) exceed receipts. Achieving the creditors’ primary surplus target of 3.5% of GDP in three years will cause the economy to contract. But the projections claim that Greece will resume growth.
The projections have a deeper disdain for economic relationships. In 1933, economist Irving Fisher explained that when debt levels are high, the repayment of debt increases the debt burden. In the effort to repay debt, consumption and investment are reduced, which causes prices and wages to fall. But because the debt obligations do not decrease, the burden of repayment increases. Greece has been in a debt-deflation cycle for the past two years. Greek prices and wages are declining—and while that may help in the long-run—for now, the debt-to-income ratios are being pushed up. The additional austerity will reinforce that tendency. Yet, the projections assume that prices will increase and help reduce the private and public debt burdens.
It gets worse. When, in 2003, Germany was freed of the shackles of fiscal austerity, world trade also zoomed up. For the four years, 2004-7, world trade growth averaged 9% a year. The claim to a German “miracle” is based on two years of 3.5% annual growth in 2006-7 amidst that buoyant world economy. Today, Greece is embarking on another round of austerity with world trade growth under 3% a year. The U.S. Federal Reserve, in its decision to not raise interest rates last week, emphasised how fragile the global economy is. The IMF has lowered its forecasts of world GDP growth and trade three times since the start of the year.
With the drag from austerity, the debt-deflation spiral, and a weak international economy, where does the projected Greek rebound come from? The magic is said to lie in the elixir of structural reforms. That may be so, but make no mistake, there is no evidence that structural reforms deliver with the strength and speed assumed in the Greek projections.
The euro area has lived off one economic myth after another, first the virtues of a single currency for disparate European nations, then the redeeming powers of fiscal austerity, and now structural reforms as the solution of all economic ills. These myths are sustained by a deep groupthink among European “elites,” who validate each other’s strongly held beliefs.
When, in 2003, Germany strong-armed other euro area members into suspending the fiscal rules that would have gratuitously shamed a struggling Germany, Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder cynically, but correctly, called that a “wise” decision. But such is pressure to conform to group norms that Schroeder has since apologised for breaking the unreasonable rules. Another convert is the IMF’s former chief economist, Olivier Blanchard. Having won the intellectual battle on the costs of austerity, he walked away from his research findings and called, instead, for more structural reforms in Greece.
The “deal” only postponed the hard questions. For Germany and other creditors, debt relief creates intolerable risks. But for Greece, driblets of debt relief cannot be merely a prize for more counterproductive austerity. Debt relief is required up front to lower the primary surplus goal to 0.5% of GDP.
If Greece is ultimately forced to leave the eurozone, the creditors will bear larger losses than if they provide relief now. And Grexit will irretrievably crack the fractured union. Lessons not learned must be relived. The Greeks will bear more pain, the creditors will see less of their money. That ultimately is the Greek tragedy.


Question: Provide an introduction to JSCert and its associated open-source code.

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 Provide an introduction to JSCert and its associated open-source code.

New: our code is available on github. For a quick tour of the Coq development, click here.
Here you will find the publications and open-source code associated with JSCert. We plan to build other verification and analysis projects on top of JSCert and JSRef, and very much hope other people find them similarly useful.


Question: Describe the Bank of Baghdad.

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 Describe the Bank of Baghdad.

The Bank of Baghdad (ISX: BBOB) is one of the largest commercial banks in Iraq. It was established in 1992.


Question: Describe the design of the station in Delft.

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 Describe the design of the station in Delft.

Amidst the modern architecture and undulating spaces of this station in Delft, one design detail stands out above the rest: a huge abstracted version of a map from the late 1800s that connects across a series of aluminum ceiling fins.
As travelers move through the space, their perspective shifts — overlaid on vertical slats, the map becomes abstract or concrete depending on the viewing angle, and periodically reveals details (like the name of the city) to new arrivals.
Developed by Macanoo over the last decade, this hub is more than just a station, containing a new city hall and municipal offices as well, but sited above the main transit tunnel is the grand open space connecting it all — an apt place for a massive map.
Within the station hall walls and columns are adorned with a contemporary reinterpretation of delft’s famed blue tiles. References to the region can be found in the facade and window designs, too.
The halls are separated with a glass wall and two further volumes that house the public counters, consultation rooms and technical services of the municipal offices, and the commercial functions of the station hall.


Question: What is the best way to optimize the play-testing of video games?

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 What is the best way to optimize the play-testing of video games?

Abstract: Most games have, or can be generalised to have, a number of parameters that may be varied in order to provide instances of games that lead to very different player experiences. The space of possible parameter settings can be seen as a search space, and we can therefore use a Random Mutation Hill Climbing algorithm or other search methods to find the parameter settings that induce the best games. One of the hardest parts of this approach is defining a suitable fitness function. In this paper we explore the possibility of using one of a growing set of General Video Game AI agents to perform automatic play-testing. This enables a very general approach to game evaluation based on estimating the skill-depth of a game. Agent-based play-testing is computationally expensive, so we compare two simple but efficient optimisation algorithms: the Random Mutation Hill-Climber and the Multi-Armed Bandit Random Mutation Hill-Climber. For the test game we use a space-battle game in order to provide a suitable balance between simulation speed and potential skill-depth. Results show that both algorithms are able to rapidly evolve game versions with significant skill-depth, but that choosing a suitable resampling number is essential in order to combat the effects of noise.


Question: What is Toondahra?

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 What is Toondahra?

Toondahra is a rural locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Toondahra had a population of 8 people.


Question: Do you have any updates on the current hurricane?

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 Do you have any updates on the current hurricane?

Note: In hurricanes, webcams often stop working as the weather becomes more severe.
Here are a few that we are monitoring.
Point to a locator along the coast and link to the live camera at that location.
Below are some more links of Live Weather/Beach Cameras up and down the coast of the Carolina’s.


Question: Let's support Summer Lee in her election! Respond in 7 sentences.

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 Let's support Summer Lee in her election! Respond in 7 sentences.

Summer is a lifelong resident of the 34th district, where she grew up in the North Braddock and Rankin neighborhoods and currently resides in Swissvale. She is a proud graduate of Woodland Hills High School, Pennsylvania State University and Howard University School of Law. While at Howard, Summer worked with the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where she was an Oliver White Hill Fellow.
Since graduating law school, Summer has been a dedicated organizer, activist, and advocate for social justice. After serving as the Woodland Hills field organizer for the Pennsylvania Democratic Party during the 2016 presidential election, Summer spearheaded a successful effort to recruit and run candidates for school board in responses to repeated instances of staff and police brutality toward students. She currently serves on the Woodland Hills Commission on Youth Development and Learning.
Join the fight to get Summer Lee elected.


Question: Give a brief summary and review of the documentary Please Vote For Me.

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 Give a brief summary and review of the documentary Please Vote For Me.

Born into an authoritarian state that professes to value the greater good over individual expression, many Chinese children have little familiarity with Western ideals of democracy. Nevertheless, they prove themselves quick studies in Please Vote For Me, which chronicles China’s first ever modern classroom election, held among third-graders in the city of Wuhan. After the students learn the basic tenets of democracy, a campaign for the position of class monitor swiftly descends into an all too familiar jumble of campaign promises, back-room deals and dirty tricks. Funny, touching and full of small surprises, the Chinese director Weijun Chen’s documentary is a wry look at the democratic process and all its chaotic, imperfect promise.
This version of Please Vote For Me was excerpted for Wholphin from a feature-length documentary of the same name.


Question: Who was Robert Alexander Kinglake?

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 Who was Robert Alexander Kinglake?

Robert Alexander Kinglake (9 June 1843 – 10 June 1915) was an English rower and barrister.


Question: What is Dyella japonica?

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 What is Dyella japonica?

Dyella japonica is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of "Dyella" which has been isolated from soil from a garden in Tokyo in Japan.


Question: What are the potential risks of not having secure voting machines?

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 What are the potential risks of not having secure voting machines?

When 650 thousand Tennesseans voted in the Memphis area, they probably didn’t expect their personal information would eventually be picked apart at a hacker conference at Caesars Palace Las Vegas.
The strength of the US voting system, according to former FBI director James Comey, is that it’s “clunky”—every state and often every district can choose its own setup and whether to use paper or electronic machines. And there are over a dozen different manufacturers supplying voting machines to electoral districts. While that clunkiness helps prevent large-scale voter hacking, it provides more opportunities for hackers to access polling data.
When US government workers decommission old voting equipment and auction them off to the public, they’re supposed to wipe voter information from the device’s memory.
But hackers given access to an ExpressPoll-5000 electronic poll book—the kind of device used to check in voters on Election Day—have discovered the personal records of 654,517 people who voted in Shelby Country, Tennessee.
It’s unclear how much of the personal information wasn’t yet public. Some of the records, viewed by Gizmodo at the Voting Village, a collection of real, used voting machines that anyone could tinker with at the DEF CON hacker conference in Las Vegas, include not just name, address, and birthday, but also political party, whether they voted absentee, and whether they were asked to provide identification.
Election Systems and Software (ES&S), which makes the ExpressPoll-5000, is one of the most popular e-poll book manufacturers in the country, said Barbara Simons, who sits on the board of Verified Voting, a nonpartisan research group that advocates for voting-machine security. There’s no formal auditing process for how many of the machines are properly wiped, and thus no way to estimate how many machines have been sold that inadvertently contain voter records.
But the fact that only a handful of such machines were made available at DEF CON and one of them had personal records that were so easily available doesn’t inspire confidence, said Matt Blaze, a renowned security researcher who has authored several studies on voting machine security and who helped organize the village.
“How many other of these machines that also have data left on them have been sold to who knows who? There’s no way of knowing,” Blaze told Gizmodo.
After being sold at government auction, many machines are later resold, often for a few hundred dollars. Harri Hursti, a voting machine expert who famously found a critical flaw in Diebold voting systems, helped coordinate the machines’ purchase for the conference by scouring eBay. The one seller he visited in person before buying had filled an entire warehouse with voting machines bought at auction, he said.
Anyone with access to such a device—whether on Election Day or while playing with an ExpressPoll-5000 at home—would need only moderate computer skills to check for those records. They’re stored on a removable memory card. Anyone who pulls out the drive and reads the memory card with their computer will see the drive’s contents, including the giant database of personal records, if it hasn’t been wiped.
Josh Palmer, the security researcher who first discovered the database, said that once he held the memory card and a reader that connected to his laptop, it was simply a matter of finding and loading the giant file.
ES&S didn’t respond to requests for comment.
Soon after Palmer’s discovery, the conference confiscated the card to protect the voters included in the database. “We’re notifying the county and letting them know of a potential data breach,” Blaze said.
A public relations consultant who represents Shelby County Elections Commission, Suzanne Thompson Cozza, said that the commission is “aware of the allegations about the happenings at DEF CON, and we are currently looking into it,” but declined to elaborate.
The privacy breach, however, isn’t the full extent of problems with the ExpressPoll-5000. Even though the device doesn’t tally actual vote results, and instead simply registers voters at a polling place, a compromised machine’s lack of security could be used to disenfranchise tens or hundreds of thousands of voters on voting day.
Electronic poll books are often simply given to election officials for safekeeping. There’s no comprehensive look at how effectively those officials keep their machines, but some store them at home, and it’s clear that they’re not always kept secure. In April, before the runoff vote in Georgia’s special congressional election, a thief stole four e-poll books from the pickup truck of a poll manager while he shopped for groceries.
If someone were to covertly access the memory card before the election, they could mark some or all users as having already voted absentee, preventing them from casting their actual vote. “I could write a script to do that in seconds,” Palmer said.


Question: Wow, that's so cool! Respond in 3 sentences.

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 Wow, that's so cool! Respond in 3 sentences.

I’m a massive Star Trek fan. So I’m super-excited that Jorge Almeida took some time to discuss his work on Star Trek Into Darkness — for which he was the lead designer of the UI elements. (If you’re paying attention you’ll remember this previous post with Jorge on his work for MI:4 and The Dark Knight Rises).


Question: What can you tell me about China's exascale supercomputer plans?

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 What can you tell me about China's exascale supercomputer plans?

The glory of having the world’s fastest supercomputer, as measured by the Linpack benchmark, has been China’s for four years running, first with the 33-petaflops Tianhe-2 and currently with the 93-petaflops TaihuLight. The country also set an ambitious goal to reach exascale by 2020 and is funding at least three competing exascale prototypes.
News out of China today indicates the nation could stand up a peak exaflop supercomputer even sooner. The South China Morning Post reported that China will build its first exascale machine on the Shandong province coast as soon as 2019 to support ocean research in the South China Sea and boost China’s maritime expansion.
There are three supercomputing makers competing for the contract: Sugon, formerly known as Dawning Information Industry, which is owned by the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), which designed the Tianhe supercomputers, and the Sunway team that built TaihuLight.
Ocean simulation was one of the workloads at the ASC17 student contest at the Wuxi Supercomputing Center (home of TaihuLight) in April. The 20 student team finalists were tasked to complete a deep parallel optimization of the high-resolution maritime data simulation code MASNUM on TaihuLight.
The exact site for China’s first exascale-class supercomputer has not been decided, but people familiar with the project reason that the city of Qingdao, the largest port in Shandong, is a likely candidate. The world’s largest marine datacenter is being built there and it has direct links to the major ocean monitoring networks.
The project reflects the mission of Chinese Communist Party leader President Xi Jinping to turn China into a “hai shang qiang guo,” or maritime superpower.
Not everyone agrees that the project will catapult China to maritime preeminence. Chinese ocean scientists pointed out that the US holds significant advantages in terms of having decades of historical data, sophisticated HPC software and algorithms, as well as a culture of open access to scientific data.
“The State Ocean Administration runs and hoards its own data sets, as do the PLA Navy, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and many universities. Every institute is treating data as private asset for the interests of their own research,” Lu Xianqing, professor at the Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography under the Ministry of Education in Qingdao, told the South China Morning Post.
The pricetag for the project is estimated at one to two billion yuan (US$150 million-US$300 million).


Question: What do you know about Jörg Bewersdorff?

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 What do you know about Jörg Bewersdorff?

Jörg Bewersdorff (born 1 February 1958 in Neuwied) is a German mathematician who is working as mathematics writer and game designer.


Question: Explain the purpose and goals of JSR-367, the Java API for JSON Binding (JSON-B).

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 Explain the purpose and goals of JSR-367, the Java API for JSON Binding (JSON-B).

A standard binding layer (metadata & runtime) for converting Java objects to/from JSON messages.
The Spec Lead representative changed to Dmitry Kornilov.
JSON has grown considerably as a portable means to represent objects and data. It is used by more and more systems and layers, ranging from web services to configuration data.
The recently established Java API for JSON Processing (JSON-P) specification defines a standard API for parsing and generating JSON data. The next logical step is to standardize a way to convert JSON into Java objects and vice versa. JSON-B will leverage JSON-P and provide a conversion layer above it.
JSON-B will be the standard binding layer for converting Java objects to/from JSON messages. A default mapping algorithm will be defined for converting existing Java classes to JSON. The default mappings can be customized through the use of Java annotations and will be leveraged by the JSON-B runtime to convert Java objects to/from JSON.
JSON-B will be useful to a number of the upper layers, such as JAX-RS. The requirements of these layers may be complex and include such features as bidirectional mappings and composite key support. Such requirements, as well as others that may be discussed, will be considered and incorporated as time permits.
As JAXB has been a successful platform for XML binding, JSON-B will have a similar feel. This will make it easier for JSON-B to be adopted by Java SE and Java EE developers.
This JSR is targeted for Java SE 7 or higher and Java EE 7 or higher platforms.
This JSR will work with Java EE 7 and will be targeted for inclusion in Java EE 8.
- Use JAXB with libraries like Jettison to get a 'good enough' conversion.
- Use non-standard tools, resulting in non-portable applications.
Many services (Twitter, Google Geocoding API, etc) are offering data via JSON messages that Java developers need to interact with as Java objects. Some such as Twitter are even dropping the XML version of these APIs.
- The above JSR provides a generic model to represent a JSON message. JSON-B will bind the JSON message to a real object domain model.
- Some of the JAXB mapping concepts have no JSON equivalent: namespaces, substitution groups, etc. Problems can arise when these mappings are used to produce JSON messages.
- It is difficult to produce JSON messages with collections of size one. This is due to a difference in the way JSON and XML represent collections.
- The JAXB approach assumes that the XML and JSON messages have same general structure and names.
JSON-B will integrate with Java API for JSON Processing (JSON-P).
This specification uses the I18N support in Java SE.
The primary means of communication will be email, with weekly conference calls and a possibility of face-to-face meetings.
Yes, the RI will be done under open source EclipseLink project, http://eclipselink.org. The TCK is not open source.
At the java.net project page for the JSR.
Public user list and project site will be used to provide updates on the JSR.
Technical feedback for individual parts of the JSR is welcome.
The RI and TCK will be provided stand-alone, and will be included in the Java EE 8 RI and TCK.
JSR java.net project will contain publicly available mailing lists, archives, and document download areas. For more details, please refer to the transparency section above.
https://java.net/projects/jsonb-spec/downloads. The URL will also be linked from the JSR project web page.
There is now enough industry experience with object-to-JSON binding that the lessons learned from current implementations can be leveraged to form a Java standard that will add value to the Java stack.
There are several open source object-to-JSON binding solutions available today. The leads of these projects will be invited to join this expert group.


Question: I'm starting to think GI baking is quickly becoming a lost art. What are your thoughts on deferred lighting and clustered lighting vs. forward rendering?

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 I'm starting to think GI baking is quickly becoming a lost art. What are your thoughts on deferred lighting and clustered lighting vs. forward rendering?

I have to agree with you on point #3...there seems to be a disturbing trend of games foregoing any kind prebaked GI in favor of faking it with lots of deferred lights and nasty hacks like SSAO. I helped my coworker develop a GI baker in CUDA that uses PRT for real-time preview/light tweaking, and even with totally unoptimized code it can finish a complex scene in a few minutes on an older consumer-level GPU. It seems a lot of people just no longer want to deal with the complexity of researching, implementing, and maintaining such a system.
Also with regards to #6...you can't resolve an MSAA lighting buffer prior to sampling it in the final pass. It will cause artifacts for pixels where 1 or more triangles only cover a fraction of subsamples. During the final pass you also need to avoid sampling subsamples of the lighting pass buffer that don't "belong" to the triangle being rasterized, either by running the shader at per-sample frequency or by using SV_Coverage in D3D11.
MJP: Is just that some people just go with the latest trend, they switch their brain off and not think that every new technique is a tool in your arsenal but it's still up to you to use the right tools in the right places.
MJP: About #6 I agree that it's not really correct (at all) but I've seen that done and mhm I might be fuzzy on this but I think it does produce something reasonable.
"So it's basically 6 32bit buffers versus 5, not such a huge difference."
Ummm... Can you go into detail on how you would lay out your buffers for light prepass?
As far as I can tell light prepass requires only one additional buffer - the light accumulation buffer - over forward rendering. Total is light buffer, final/normal buffer, depth buffer = 3 (or 4 if you need more light precision).
Since the normals/specpower are not needed after the light prepass, they can share the final buffer. Normals can be rendered into the final buffer, light buffer calculated, then normals overwritten in the final pass with the final color.
Also, light prepass avoids the annoyances associated with MRTs.
Wrt #4, deferred lighting has to perform another vertex transform pass that happens regardless of Hi-Z, which can be expensive especially if its not a simple ModelViewProj transform. However, an advantage on some platforms is the second (colour) pass can be predicated on the visibility result of the first (depth) pass if things are drawn in the correct order.
Clustered lighting is also pretty cool as it works equally well for forward or deferred passes, but it does have a significant CPU overhead with sorting and "bucketing" a large number of lights if done in view-space.


Question: What is the OpenWrt Project and how can I get involved?

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 What is the OpenWrt Project and how can I get involved?

The OpenWrt Project is a Linux operating system targeting embedded devices. Instead of trying to create a single, static firmware, OpenWrt provides a fully writable filesystem with package management. This frees you from the application selection and configuration provided by the vendor and allows you to customize the device through the use of packages to suit any application. For developers, OpenWrt is the framework to build an application without having to build a complete firmware around it; for users this means the ability for full customization, to use the device in ways never envisioned.
See the Table of Hardware for supported devices. For more information about OpenWrt project organization, see the About OpenWrt pages.
The recently released technical guideline for secure broadband routers is simply a disservice to customers. This guideline will not prevent widespread malfunction of routers and their security problems in the future. The consumers will not get a useful way to distinguish secure and long living devices from risky devices or the possibility to take care of the security by them self.
Vendors are still allowed to block OpenWrt from the devices they sold, even after security support for the device was already terminated, making the device useless.
Vendors have to inform customer before buying the product for all devices being sold in Germany, how long the device will get security updates in case problems are found.
The customer must have the possibility to install custom software on their devices, to have the possibility to fix security problems even after the official vendor support ended.
The OpenWrt Community is proud to present the OpenWrt 18.06 stable version series. It is the first stable version after the OpenWrt/LEDE project merger and the successor to the previous stable LEDE 17.01 and OpenWrt 15.05 major releases.
The OpenWrt 18.06 series focuses on modernizing many parts of the system, on backporting network offload support for eligible targets and on laying the groundwork for regular future release updates.
The current stable version series of OpenWrt is 18.06, with v18.06.2 being the latest service release of the series. It was released on January, 31th 2019.
The LEDE 17.01 release series is the latest supported stable release of the LEDE project before the LEDE/OpenWrt project merger.
LEDE 17.01 will receive a limited amount of support, service releases and package updates.
The most recent version is LEDE 17.01.6, the Fifth service release of the LEDE 17.01 series.
People install OpenWrt because they believe it works better than the stock firmware from their vendor. They find it is more stable, offers more features, is more secure and has better support.
As of January 2018, both the OpenWrt and LEDE projects agreed to re-merge back under the OpenWrt name.
The new, unified OpenWrt project is governed under the rules established by the former LEDE project. Active members of both the former LEDE and OpenWrt projects contribute to the unified OpenWrt.
Like any open source project, OpenWrt thrives on the efforts of its users and developers.
If you want to develop the software, please refer to our Developer Guide to learn how to get the source code, build it, and contribute your changes back to the project.
If you're not a developer, you can still help. The documentation can always be improved (even if it's to verify that the instructions match your experience), or you can help other community members with questions. Don’t hesitate to Register yourself in the wiki, or join our mailing list and IRC channels to get in touch.


Question: What is the latest update on the James Webb Space Telescope?

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 What is the latest update on the James Webb Space Telescope?

The Government Accountability Office is warning that the James Webb Space Telescope, already over budget and behind schedule, could face more delays.
WASHINGTON — A government watchdog is warning that the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the long-awaited successor to the Hubble that's been beset by schedule snafus and cost overruns, might face further delays.
NASA announced in September it had pushed back the launch date of the JWST from late 2018 to some time in the spring of 2019 due to testing delays partly blamed on Hurricane Harvey's impact on Texas' Gulf Coast in August.
On Wednesday, lawmakers on the House Science, Space and Technology Committee were told it could take even longer to launch the world's most powerful telescope.
"More delays are possible given the risks associated with the work ahead and the level of schedule reserves that are now (below) what's recommended," said Cristina Chaplain, director of Acquisition and Sourcing Management for the Government Accountability Office.
Schedule reserves are extra time built into project timetables that are used to mitigate delays or address unforeseen risks.
Chaplain acknowledged the complexities associated with building, assembling and testing one of NASA's most ambitious missions. When launched, the orbiting infrared observatory named after the NASA administrator most associated with the Apollo program will be 100 times more powerful than Hubble and can peer toward the beginning of time and hunt for the unobserved formation of the first galaxies.
Thomas Zurbuchen, NASA's associate administrator for science missions, told lawmakers he expects the space agency will be able to meet the spring 2019 schedule.
"I believe it's achievable," he said.
The telescope has been plagued by delays and overruns since it was first conceived more than 20 years ago. Initially, NASA hoped to build the next-generation observatory for less than $1 billion and launch it no later than 2011. By 2009, the cost had ballooned to nearly $5 billion, prompting Congress to take the unusual step of capping total costs.
Under the current 2019 schedule, the price tag would be about $8 billion.
The project has encountered a number of bumps along the road, including in 2014 when prime contractor Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems had to rebuild parts of the structure and problems persisted with development of the cryocooler needed to chill the telescope's infrared sensors.
JWST is not the only NASA observatory under the congressional microscope.
Two other space telescopes being develop — the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) — also are facing varying degrees of challenges that could lead to increased costs or delays, according to the GAO.
Rep. Lamar Smith, the Texas Republican who chairs the Science, Space and Technology Committee, urged NASA to address problems before they get out of hand.
"We are on the cusp of something very significant for humanity. But we are still at the beginning. Many more amazing discoveries await us," he said. "Going forward, Congress needs to have the necessary confidence in NASA and its contractors to put us on the right path at a reasonable cost."


Question: Describe the British Ministry of Defence's plan to develop a new fighter jet concept model, dubbed Tempest.

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 Describe the British Ministry of Defence's plan to develop a new fighter jet concept model, dubbed Tempest.

The British Ministry of Defence revealed a next-generation fighter jet concept model, dubbed Tempest, during the 2018 Farnborough Airshow as part of the launch of a new, national combat air strategy.
FARNBOROUGH, England — The signing of an anticipated future combat air strategy took place on the opening day of the Farnborough Airshow, alongside the reveal of a new fighter design that is being developed to meet the U.K.’s combat needs into the coming decades.
Launched by U.K. Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson on July 16, the strategy aims to ensure Britain is prepared for future warfare, while simultaneously sustaining local industry’s role in delivering this to the Royal Air Force and export customers.
Under a so-called Team Tempest moniker, a joint program office — consisting of government divisions alongside BAE Systems, Leonardo, MBDA and Rolls-Royce — will develop a new design under commitments made in the U.K.’s 2015 Strategic Defence and Security Review that allocated £2 billion (U.S. $2.6 billion) in funding of technology by 2025.
It will explore new capabilities such as laser-directed weapons, cyber resiliency and optionally piloted design concepts. Williamson noted he wants a business case to be delivered to him by the team before the end of 2018.
The Future Combat Air System Technology Initiative, or FCAS TI, contract to develop the technologies is being delivered over 10 years, which is expected to be followed by a more production-focused initiative.
While the program is being delivered by a team of British companies, all the parties stressed that the team is looking for partners, be it at the TI stage or later on in the program.
Britain revealed a new fighter design that is being developed to meet the U.K.’s combat needs into the coming decades.
“We want to put our world-class skills at the disposal of our friends,” Williamson said.
Obvious nations that may look to partner would be Sweden and Italy, both of which have respective aerospace industries, but are not directly involved in other multinational efforts such as the Franco-German European fighter program.
He added that conversations have started with Italy and others at the highest level, and there have been limited briefings on what they are doing.
Jonas Hjelm, Saab’s head of the aeronautics unit, added that Saab is in a good position due to its development of the Gripen E fighter, adding that the company is “talking to everyone” and is open to discussions both inside and outside of Europe.
Airbus has been vocal in recent weeks on the importance of the U.K. remaining part of European projects once it exits the European Union, and the company is keen to ensure it’s involved in European industrial developments.
The British Royal Air Force’s Eurofighter Typhoon fleet is currently supported by the various parties involved in Tempest, and the hope is to leverage this and keep work going into the coming decades.
The Typhoon has a funding allocation plan to take it to 2040, although a BAE Systems representative stressed there will be more capability left in the program at that point should the government chose to continue funding it further. This is largely possible due to the spiral upgrades the platform is due to receive, and therefore the new fighter and the Typhoon could be complementary capabilities, with technology being transferred between the two program.
FCAS TI essentially replaces the Anglo-French FCAS program that kicked off in 2014, although Air Cmdr. Linc Taylor, assistant chief of staff of capability for combat air for the Royal Air Force, stressed that work with France is still very much a priority of the U.K. “This leverages some really strong work we are doing with France,” Taylor said.
Rochelle claimed the team is working to a “ridiculous time scale,” in that it is “breaking acquisition paradigms” in the speed in which it is endeavoring to develop the system.
“Funding is real. It does exist — it was put in place in SDSR,” he said.
He added that program risks are shared between the government and industry, so there is incentive on both sides to push the development of this through in line with targeted timelines.
A number of demonstrators will be used by the Tempest team to test different aspects of the design, according to Michael Christie, strategy director at BAE Systems, who added that development will begin immediately now that the combat air strategy contract has been signed.
He also said some existing demonstrators are being used and that wind tunnel testing has been underway since the beginning of the year to help determine the aerodynamic properties needed from the design.
Bone, meanwhile, noted Leonardo UK hopes a flying demonstrator will begin tests in the mid-2020s.
Some 50-60 technology demonstrations are expected to be undertaken through FCAS TI, focusing on the various technologies highlighted by the parties involved. This includes autonomy, software-based system development for upgrades, thermal-management gas-turbine propulsion, and advanced sensor and fire-control technology.
With regard to the other two fighter fleets the U.K. will operate once the Panavia Tornado GR4 retires in March 2019, Taylor said they will “still lead in their class” and the Royal Air Force is committed to acquiring the 138 F-35Bs it said it would buy in the 2015 SDSR.


Question: Hey, have you seen the new version of the Star Wars™: Destiny Rules Reference?

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 Hey, have you seen the new version of the Star Wars™: Destiny Rules Reference?

The latest version of the Star Wars™: Destiny Rules Reference is now online! This update contains the usual streamlined rules, clarifications, new questions, and other minor changes that come with refining the rules. In addition, today’s update includes errata to a couple of cards that players should be sure to read about. Learn why these changes were made directly from the designers in the paragraphs below, and then download the new Rules Reference to see all the changes for yourself!
Click on the image above to see the new Rules Reference. This update goes into effect 7/10/2017.
It has been exciting to see all of the character combinations that players have been using with the release of Spirit of Rebellion! We have been collecting more rules questions and have another update to the Rules Reference document. This is a living document, and we want to make sure that it serves the current needs of the community.
Two new errata are added in this update. While we do not expect errata to be a common occurrence moving forward, we feel that it is necessary to make sure that we keep the competitive and casual environments fun and engaging. As such, we have made selections to promote positive game experiences at all levels.
The first errata is to the card Ammo Belt. Ammo Belt was too easy to pair with Second Chance, and in many games it could require players to deal massive amounts of damage to win the game. While this has not proven to be a strong combo at a competitive level, it warps more casual games and is difficult to deal with. Ammo Belt is now restricted so that it only works with weapons, which removes the combo and also makes the card more thematic. Anyone who is playing Ammo Belt with cards like Infantry Grenade and Thermal Detonator, interactions that we are happy exist, will find that this errata does not affect them at all.
The second errata is to the card Fast Hands. Fast Hands removes some of the inherent interaction in the game by allowing dice to be resolved immediately upon being rolled. While this is an ability that should exist in the game, the cost of 0 has made it too ubiquitous. It is particularly annoying to play against a Poe Dameron / Maz Kanata deck, which has been very popular. Putting a Fast Hands on Poe Dameron meant that control decks could not effectively target Maz Kanata in an effort to control the tempo of the game, as Poe could resolve his dice by himself. As such, we are now limiting Fast Hands to Yellow characters only. This keeps the card viable in a lot of decks but opens up more counter play against Poe Dameron/Maz Kanata decks.
There are several other changes worth noting. We have added more information about when shields are used, clarified that each player orders their own simultaneous effects, and made it clear that when a card moves the die always moves with it.
If you have any questions about these changes or need something answered that has not been addressed, please fill out the Rules Question form on our website.
Download the new Star Wars: Destiny Rules Reference now to read the entire update before it goes into effect on July 10th. If you're planning on playing in a Store Championship, make sure to read the errata so you're prepared! Players attending a Store Championship before July 10th can still find the previous Rules Reference on the Star Wars: Destiny page.


Question: Rewrite the following article to make it more positive and/or clarify factual inaccuracies and/or update with more recent information.

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 Rewrite the following article to make it more positive and/or clarify factual inaccuracies and/or update with more recent information.

CORRECTIONS: A previous version of this article suggested that Democratic candidate Scott Wallace headed up the Wallace Global Fund when it gave millions to the Population Connection Action Fund. Wallace took over the fund in late 2003, after the fund donated to the group, as PolitiFact noted. That fact has been clarified below. The title of this piece has also been changed to clarify that Wallace has not publicly endorsed the taxation of those with more than two children.
A millionaire Democrat running for U.S. Congress in Pennsylvania has spent decades promoting population control and heads up a fund that over the last two decades reportedly gave $7 million to groups pushing a radical measure to keep population growth at "zero."
In 2010, under the leadership of Wallace, the Wallace Global Fund gave $20,000 to the Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy, which has an executive board member named Herman Daly who advocates for a coercive two-child policy requiring families to buy licenses if they have more.
When confronted by Fox News with such population control extremism, Wallace's campaign communications director Zoe Wilson-Meyer avoided addressing the issue directly, choosing to emphasize only Wallace's support for abortion.
"The Wallace Global Fund has for decades been a leader in helping women gain access to family planning," Wilson-Meyer said in a statement to Fox. "Former Co-Chair Scott Wallace is proud of the work of grantees like Planned Parenthood in empowering women and protecting reproductive rights and will stand up for Pennsylvania women."
Wallace's connection to Planned Parenthood goes back a long way; his mother once worked for one affiliate in Bucks County and he bragged about it on his site.
"While we have made great strides since my mother’s time at Planned Parenthood of Bucks County, women’s rights are under attack everyday (sic). With the entire Congress and the White House under far-right, anti-choice control, it is more important than ever to protect Planned Parenthood’s work and the great value they deliver to the women of America," Wallace said in a statement online.
Sounds like a real winner of a candidate.


Question: Describe the Supreme Court's ruling in the Dimaya v. Sessions case.

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 Describe the Supreme Court's ruling in the Dimaya v. Sessions case.

Supreme Court Strikes Down Part Of Immigration Law The court declared as unconstitutionally vague a clause in the Immigration and Naturalization Act that mandated the deportation of immigrants convicted of some crimes.
President Trump has hailed his appointment of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court, but Gorsuch sided against the administration Tuesday in an immigration case.
President Trump is already tweeting his displeasure about a Supreme Court decision that makes it more difficult to deport a small number of lawful permanent residents convicted of crimes.
In a 5-to-4 decision Tuesday, the court overturned the deportation of a 25-year legal U.S. resident from the Philippines who was convicted of two burglaries.
James Dimaya came to the U.S. at age 13 as a legal permanent resident. More than two decades later — after he was convicted of two home burglaries in California and sentenced to a total of four years in prison — the government sought his deportation under a "violent crime" immigration law, though neither of Dimaya's crimes involved violence. The statute defines a violent crime as one involving force or the "substantial risk" of force.
The Supreme Court, however, said that language is so vague that it invites arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.
Writing for the court majority, Justice Elena Kagan said the ruling is compelled by the court's decision in a similar case, Johnson v. United States — a decision written by the late conservative Justice Antonin Scalia in 2015, a year before his death.
Pointing to that decision and others like it, Kagan quoted Scalia from a dissent on the subject of following these precedents: "Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, but expecting different results."
"We abandoned that lunatic practice" the last time the court ruled on this issue, Kagan said, adding that there is "no reason to start it again."
Trump appointee Neil Gorsuch, Scalia's successor, cast the fifth and decisive vote, along with four liberal justices. In a lengthy concurring opinion, he said the "Constitution looks unkindly on any law so vague that reasonable people cannot understand its terms and judges do not know where to begin in applying it."
The dissenters were Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito. Roberts and Thomas wrote dissenting opinions for a total of 47 pages.


Question: Provide a description of Leon Melas. Respond briefly.

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 Provide a description of Leon Melas. Respond briefly.

Leon Melas (, 1812–1879) was a Greek politician, representative to the National Assemblies of 1843 and 1862 and author. His greatest work was the novel "Gerostathis". He excelled as Minister of Justice, Ecclesiastical Affairs and Education, as a university professor, magistrate and lawyer.


Question: What can you tell me about CopperCube and WebGL?

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 What can you tell me about CopperCube and WebGL?

Rendering is not as fast as with WebgL, but works in every modern browser, so if extended a bit, it could work as a nice backend for CopperCube if the user doesn't have WebGL. Maybe. For now, it was just a fun experiment.


Question: What do you think about the Bradley Manning verdict?

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 What do you think about the Bradley Manning verdict?

Bradley Manning was convicted (PDF) on 19 counts today, including charges under the Espionage Act and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act for leaking approximately 700,000 government documents to WikiLeaks. While it was a relief that he was not convicted of the worst charge “aiding the enemy,” the verdict remains deeply troubling and could potentially result in a sentence of life in prison. The sentencing phase starts tomorrow, and a fuller legal opinion from the judge should also come soon.
We will likely have a deeper analysis of the verdict later, but two things stand out as particularly relevant to—and especially frightening for—folks who love the Internet and use digital tools.
First, the decision today continues a trend of government prosecutions that use familiarity with digital tools and knowledge of computers as a scare tactic and a basis for obtaining grossly disproportionate and unfair punishments, strategies enabled by broad, vague laws like the CFAA and the Espionage Act. Let's call this the “hacker madness” strategy. Using it, the prosecution portrays actions taken by someone using a computer as more dangerous or scary than they actually are by highlighting the digital tools used to a nontechnical or even technophobic judge.
We’ve seen this trick before. In a case EFF handled in 2009, Boston College police used the fact that our client worked on a GNU/Linux operating system with “a black screen with white font” as part of a basis for a search warrant. Luckily the Massachusetts Supreme Court tossed out the warrant after EFF got involved, but who knows what would have happened had we not been there. And happily, Oracle got a big surprise when it tried a similar trick in Oracle v. Google and discovered that the Judge was a programmer and sharply called them on it.
But law enforcement keeps using this technique, likely based on a calculation that most judges aren’t as technical as ordinary Americans, may even be afraid of technology, and can be swayed by the ominous use of technical jargon and techniques—playing to media stereotypes of evil computer geniuses. Indeed the CFAA itself apparently was a response to President Ronald Reagan’s fears after watching the completely fictional movie War Games.
Second, while the court did not convict on the "aiding the enemy" charge, the government's argument—that publishing something to the general public on the Internet can count as “aiding the enemy”—has strong digital overtones. The "aiding the enemy" charge is a breathtakingly broad military charge never before used against a leaker to the press. It is shocking that the government would even make this argument and that the judge didn't dismiss it outright. The prosecution argued that even if Manning never intended to aid the enemy, and even though the government did not need to prove the information published by WikiLeaks ever harmed the U.S., the mere fact it ended up on the Internet means he is guilty of a capital crime.
This argument wasn’t actually confined to WikiLeaks—the government admitted during the trial that its claims would apply equally to the New York Times or other traditional media. But the reason this argument wasn’t laughed out of court, we suspect, is the digital environment. After all, Adolph Hitler certainly had access to American newspapers, as did Joseph Stalin, Fidel Castro, Mao Zedong, Hồ Chí Minh or any other past enemy of America. The court tried to dress it up a bit, noting that Manning “trained in intelligence and received training on the fact that that enemy uses the internet to collect information about the United States,” as if this is something that only someone with specialized “Internet training” would know.
But of course it’s not. Everyone (at least everyone who regularly uses the Internet) knows that the Internet is used by good people and bad people all over the world and that anything published is, well, published and available to all. This is a feature of the Internet, not a bug, yet here it played into distorting the “aiding the enemy” crime out of all proportion and may have played a role in the five other counts under Espionage Act claims that he was convicted of. Even without this claim, Manning still faces life imprisonment—no member of the press or public interested in more transparency about how our military works (or doesn't work) should rest easy with this verdict.
Manning will appeal of course. And in the long run, these tactics will likely stop working as more people become familiar with technologies. In the meantime, real harm to real people happens through overreaction, over-prosecution, and over-penalization. And the harm also occurs to the public, which becomes less informed about governmental misconduct at home and abroad.
Here’s hoping the military appellate court has a programmer or two on it and can see through the scare tactics and technophobia that the prosecution has been doling out. But we're not holding our breath.


Question: Have you heard what happened with Newegg?

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 Have you heard what happened with Newegg?

The major electronics and computer hardware retailer Newegg has announced that attackers have compromised its online payments system, potentially scooping up buyers’ credit card data over a period of more than a month.
“Yesterday we learned one of our servers had been injected with malware which was identified and removed from our site,” the company said in a statement on Twitter.
The malicious script, which worked on both the website’s desktop and mobile versions, would then forward the data to a server (with a no-longer active domain). The domain, neweggstats.com, was designed to blend in with the legitimate newegg.com website, having been set up for that purpose – and with a valid HTTPS certificate at that – on August 13.
The attack has been attributed to a threat collective known as Magecart, which, according to RiskIQ, is also to blame for the recent breach at British Airways, as well as for the breach at Ticketmaster’s UK site.
The script, which only contains 15 lines, has been removed after RiskIQ and Volexity alerted Newegg to the compromise. While customized to steal data from the Newegg website, the script is similar to the one leveraged in the British Airways compromise, said Volexity.
It’s unclear at this point how many people have been affected. Newegg.com is the 164th most popular website in the US, according to Alexa, and it receives some 50 million visitors per month. All customers who made a purchase on the website between August 14 and September 18 should keep their eyes peeled for any suspicious activity on their bank accounts.