Question: How does your stomach determine when to throw your food back up? (Like for food poisoning or something) and how come it'll digest the food but then you have diarrhea instead? If it was bad, shouldn't you have thrown it up before it got to the intestines?

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 How does your stomach determine when to throw your food back up? (Like for food poisoning or something) and how come it'll digest the food but then you have diarrhea instead? If it was bad, shouldn't you have thrown it up before it got to the intestines?

Your body vomits when it senses various different threats. These threats can take the form of toxic chemicals or stress hormones in the blood, swaying motions, or an upset stomach. Chemicals and hormones are detected by the brain’s chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), swaying motions are detected by the inner ear, while an upset stomach is identified by the vagus nerve. Once the signal for a need to vomit arrives at the CTZ, it sets off a chain reaction. In the Brainstem - The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) receives a stimulus that might warrant vomiting. The vomiting centre begins a choreographed sequence of actions. The Salivary glands - Your mouth suddenly begins producing extra saliva. This is slightly alkaline and forms a buffer to protect your mouth and teeth from incoming stomach acid. The Diaphragm - You take a deep breath to avoid getting vomit in your lungs, then the diaphragm contracts in a few short pulses, squeezing the stomach to create pressure. The Glottis - The glottis closes, sealing the airway. Nothing enters or leaves the lungs. Diaphragm contractions without vomiting cause dry heaves. Abdominal muscles - The abdominal muscles contract to further increase pressure. The pyloric sphincter at the bottom of the stomach is held closed. The only way out is upwards. The Skin - The sympathetic nervous system raises your heart rate and makes you sweat across your whole body, to shed the heat from this sudden exertion. & #x200B; source : [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: I always hear about how MLM are scams and you won't make money. Yet I see multiple people that are in MLM full-time who have big houses and drive nice cars (BMW, Lamborghini, etc.). If they are such scams, how is this possible?

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 I always hear about how MLM are scams and you won't make money. Yet I see multiple people that are in MLM full-time who have big houses and drive nice cars (BMW, Lamborghini, etc.). If they are such scams, how is this possible?

I had a friend I hadn't talked to in a while randomly hit me up to join him on some sort of dinner cruise thing "hey I won a dinner cruise and I got an extra ticket, wanna go?" I had nothing better to do so I meet him at the designated place, this beach house in Malibu. He was waiting for me in his Porsche in front of his house. We drive up to Ventura and get on "my company's yacht" with like 30 other people, several also arrived in super nice cars but nothing super exotic. As soon as we leave the dock, I realized my mistake as I was the subjected to about two hours of sales pitches about 'being your own boss' and 'you made the right decision'. etc. The whole time, different people kept trying to 'network' with me, get my name, phone number, email address, facebook, my wife's name, phone number, email address, facebook... It was really pretty creepy. Then, for food, they brought out a stack of Little Caesar's pizza and 2-liter bottles of soda. Paper plates. Red solo cups. Pulled back into the port, former friend gave me a ride back to his beach house. Oddly enough, he seems to be waiting for me to leave. Anyway, turns out, the Porsche is rented. The beach house isn't. It's just some random house he parked in front of. The yacht isn't owned by the company. The sales people split a 2-hour yacht charter and ran out of money for catering. Moral of the story: For the best nutritional supplements on the market today, trust Cutco brand cooking knives.


Question: Are internet and cable ads confusing on purpose? Or are cable and internet companies just bad at their jobs.

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 Are internet and cable ads confusing on purpose? Or are cable and internet companies just bad at their jobs.

They are well thought and confusing on purpose: 1) they don't want you to be able to compare their product to the competition. 2) they try to give a sense of urgency "buy now" even the product is on the shelves for a long time. They frequently create fake sales, fooling people into believing they get a great deal. 3) they see that one fixed price has limitations. For example, a hotel that sold 50% of their occupancy. What will they do with the empty rooms? They gradually start reducing price in a way customers think they got a bargain. Same with cellphone carriers. They speak about deals, but in reality, they are all very much alike. Nobody is significantly cheaper than others.


Question: Why does a smaller f stop number in camera gives a shallower Dept of field?

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 Why does a smaller f stop number in camera gives a shallower Dept of field?

It can be hard to explain without a diagram, but I'll try. The camera's lens focuses light from something into a point. The distance from the lens where this point is formed is based on the arrangement of the lens elements and how far the item being focused is from the camera. When you adjust focus, it's moving some lens elements to change where this focal point is so you can focus on things at a particular distance from the camera. The light being focused into this point is effectively a cone, with the tip being the focal point. If the focus is off, then the cone gets cut off and instead of a point you have a blurry circle, which is what makes things out of focus. Now, the pixel sensors are tiny but they still have a size. So, there is a small range around this focal point where the circle that is created (called the circle of confusion in photography) is still smaller than the pixel so it still seems to be in focus. The range of distance away from the focal point is called the depth of focus (related to but distinct from depth of field). The wider open the aperture of a camera lens is, the steeper the cone of light being focused, and the quicker this circle of confusion grows as you get further from the focal point. Thus, with a wide open aperture, this depth of focus is smaller than it would be when the aperture is closed down more. Depth of focus correlates directly with depth of field, however depth of field is also determined by how far away the thing being focused is from the camera. Close focus has a smaller depth of field (irrespective of aperture) than does far focus. I hope that helps.


Question: What is "Economics of Scale" ?

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 What is "Economics of Scale" ?

Say that you want to make a chair from scratch. You would need to buy tools such as a saw and enough wood and glue etc to build that one chair. Now imagine instead that you wanted to build 100 chairs. You only need one saw and chances are that the lumber yard will give you a break on the price of the wood because you are placing a big order. Same for the glue and other materials you might need. Divide the cost of building 100 chairs by 100 and the answer is less than the price of the first example where only one chair was built. The idea that it is cheaper to build or make a whole bunch of things is called "Economy of scale" because Economy means "cost" or "money" and scale means "how big" or "how many".


Question: How are we able to download files for a game but be unable to view code?

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 How are we able to download files for a game but be unable to view code?

Code written in programming languages is for humans, and it gets turned into machine code before it can be executed by computers. Machine code is what the computer actually runs. When you download a file, you are not downloading the source code. What you download is the compiled version of the code which is in machine code. Generally it is pretty hard to go from machine code to source code (decompile). You lose information as you go from source code to machine code, and it isn't possible to regain all the lost information going in reverse. For one thing you lose all the comments in the original source code. That's what it means for a software to be 'open source'. The company publishes the source code publicly. There are no secrets.


Question: How do clouds keep together?

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 How do clouds keep together?

Don't think of a cloud as an object, think of it as a region of air where certain conditions (temperature, humidity) are met. If for example temperature decreases as you get higher up, then at some point in that smooth continuum it will get cold enough for water to condense, and then you cross into the cloud region. It doesn't spread downwards unless something is cooling the air downwards.


Question: Why do all the planets apart from Venus orbit in the same direction as earth and are all planets orbiting on the same plane and why/why not?

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 Why do all the planets apart from Venus orbit in the same direction as earth and are all planets orbiting on the same plane and why/why not?

Most systems tend to have very specific areas and rotations where orbits can be stable for long periods of time (billions of years). While rotation direction doesn't generally have to be in the same direction that the parent body spins, it often is for various reasons. As to things orbiting in the same plane, most of the planets line up along \*mostly\* the same plane for the simple reason that during the formation of the solar system any bodies orbiting outside of the ecliptic had way more of a chance of encountering other large bodies and being destroyed, since the gas giants and the rest aren't there to catch stuff for them. The reason most planets develop along the same plane is that after star formation, the leftover material often spins out into an accretion disk that follows both the direction of spin and is relatively centered on the equator of the star.


Question: Alcohol destroys brain cells but what does that actually mean? Does our IQ drop? Do we lose personal memory? Is our thinking process slowed down?

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 Alcohol destroys brain cells but what does that actually mean? Does our IQ drop? Do we lose personal memory? Is our thinking process slowed down?

The basis for saying alcohol destroys brain cells was from a man applying alcohol directly to brain cells in a Pitre dish. Drinking doesn't actually kill brain cells when people drink, because it's not coming into direct contact in such a high concentration. If it actually acted like that, people would be severely mentally impaired (and permanently so) after just a few visits to the bar, especially the way some do on their 21st birthday. Also, when people get so drunk that they don't remember what they did, it's not that they can't remember their actions, but rather at that point of drunkenness their brain simply stops recording memories.


Question: how does a mouse sensor work?

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 how does a mouse sensor work?

Modern mouse sensors are actually pretty basic. An optical mouse is basically a red LED, which bounces light off a surface and into a CMOS sensor (not to be confused with a CMOS inside a computer) This CMOS is basically a camera. It takes the image and compares it to the next one. Using this data, it can work out how far, and in what direction, the mouse is moving. This can happen hundreds or thousands of times a second. Most gaming mice have the ability to change the amount this happens, allowing for faster, or slower but more accurate movement.


Question: If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

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 If a 3.5mm audio jack is also referred to as a 1/8" jack, why is a 1/4" audio jack also referred to as a 6.3mm jack?

> [The outside diameter of the "sleeve" conductor is 1⁄4 inch (6.35 millimetres). The "mini" connector has a diameter of 3.5 mm (0.14 in)]( URL_0 ) The 1/4" jack was defined as being a quarter inch because it's an old American invention dating back to the 19th century. Calling it a 6.3mm plug is an accurate conversion. The 3.5mm jack was invented much later and is defined as being 3.5mm. Calling it an "1/8th inch" connector is not terribly accurate but it conveys the idea that it's "half" of a quarter inch connector. Americans aren't really all that picky and, since nobody has to actually create phone plugs/jacks, it's not important for the common name to be accurate. It also rolls off the tongue better than a "9/64ths connector"


Question: Why do your muscles ache when you’re sick? What about a sinus infection or the cold targets the muscles and skeletal system?

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 Why do your muscles ache when you’re sick? What about a sinus infection or the cold targets the muscles and skeletal system?

The muscle inflammation and pain is a result of white blood cells that normally repair the muscle damage being diverted to fight the infection elsewhere in your body. Source: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 ) Now like you’re five: your blood contains helpers that repair cells and fights off intruders (like ninjas). When they are off fighting the ninjas (like an infection), they can’t do their day job of repairing your other cells. This can can cause your muscles to ache. Don’t worry, they’ll get back to work when the battle is done. E: words


Question: What determines the boiling/freezing point of elements and why are some so extreme?

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 What determines the boiling/freezing point of elements and why are some so extreme?

There are different types of “intermolecular forces” which are the forces that hold similar molecules together. Some include: covalent network, hydrogen, dipole-dipole, and so on. Different molecules are held together by different forces. Some forces, like hydrogen bonding, are wayyyy stronger than other forces. This results in the molecules being held together super tight, making their boiling point super high because it requires lots of energy to separate them. Boiling point also varries based on atomic mass of the elements and size of elements which causes more variance in boiling point of molecules.


Question: How do seconds, minutes and hours work on a map, and is it different from latitude and longitude?

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 How do seconds, minutes and hours work on a map, and is it different from latitude and longitude?

Latitude and longitude are measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. A degree is 1/360th of a full circle ie 1/360th of the way around the world at the equator. A minute is a sixtieth (1/60) of a degree (1/21600 of a circle), and a second is a sixtieth of a minute (1/1296000 of a circle). Your longitude is how many degrees, minutes, and seconds you are from the Greenwich Meridian, normally given in conjunction with a compass direction (East or West) or a +/- sign (+ being East and - West by convention). Your latitude is how far away you are from the equator (North/+ or South/-).


Question: What is gonna change because of the democrats taking over the house?

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 What is gonna change because of the democrats taking over the house?

It basically means that zero laws will be passed by either side for the next few years. Republicans can't push any bills because the Dems have the house and Dems won't get anything passed because the Republicans actually picked up seats in the Senate. Unless there's a true bi-partisan issue that arises then it's going to be a very stagnant government. Look forward to executive orders from Trump. It's exactly what Obama did when he was in the same situation.


Question: Whenever a bottle of poison goes out of date (expires), does it become more or less poisonous?

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 Whenever a bottle of poison goes out of date (expires), does it become more or less poisonous?

First, we must understand that a poison can be anything. Whether it acts as a poison or not depends on the dose. Having said that poisons which depend on the shape of the molecule like Ricin have been shown to degrade and become less effective. On the other hand Potassium thiocyanate which is 'mildly' poisonous decomposes to give Cyanides which are more poisonous.


Question: what is Benford’s Law or Benford’s Analysis?

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</answer>
 what is Benford’s Law or Benford’s Analysis?

In real world data like (from the wiki) electricity bills, street addresses, stock prices, house prices, population numbers, death rates, lengths of rivers, physical and mathematical constants... The numbers seen aren't uniformly distributed. That is, you're NOT just as likely to see a 1 in the first significant digit (not counting leading zeroes basically), as you are to see a 9. 1 occurs much more commonly. So if there's a huge mass of accounting data that you suspect might be faked in a fraud case, you can, as a smoke test, check the frequency of occurence of the leading digits and see whether they follow Benford's Law. If they differ significantly, then it might be fake data.


Question: How does humidity work relative to temperature? How much water would be in the air at 50% humidity at 90°f as opposed to the same humidity at 30°f or even -40°?

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 How does humidity work relative to temperature? How much water would be in the air at 50% humidity at 90°f as opposed to the same humidity at 30°f or even -40°?

I can help you with this! The first concept to understand is that the wormer air becomes the more water it can hold. It's like a balloon expanding. 90F air can hold more water than 50F air, and 50F air can hold more water than 20F air. The next concept is that humidity (Relative Humidity if we are being technical) is the amount of moisture currently in the air *as compared to the maximum amount of water the air could hold at that temperature*. So 50% humidity means the air is half "full" of water. The final concept is we need to look at how much *actual water* is in the air. There are two names for this measurement: Specific Humidity and Grains Per Pound (GPP). These terms are used to measures how much water you would get if you wrung all of it from the air. We take all three of these concepts and put them into an easy to read page, called the Psychrometric chart. By easy to read... I mean actually kind of [complicated]( URL_0 ). However, if we know how to use this chart, we can answer your questions. At 90F and 50% humidity there would 106 GPP of water in the air. if you reduced the temperature to 30F you would have a problem because 30F can only hold a maximum of 24 GPP. There remaining water in the air (82 GPP worth of water) would fall the ground as condensation and the humidity would be 100%.


Question: When on an airplane why does it feel like we’re not traveling very fast (although we are), compared to when we’re on a car going only 80 miles an hour and it feels really fast ?

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 When on an airplane why does it feel like we’re not traveling very fast (although we are), compared to when we’re on a car going only 80 miles an hour and it feels really fast ?

The simple answer is that we don’t feel speed. We only feel changes in speed or direction (aka acceleration), like hitting the gas, taking off, potholes, turbulence, braking, and landing. An airliner cruising through the upper atmosphere encounters very little turbulence, giving the passengers few cues to its speed. We also don’t have the same visual cues in a plane; in a car going 80 mph you can see the pavement whizzing past mere feet away. In a plane, the ground is several miles away and appears to move slow.


Question: Why do certain scents give us headaches?

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 Why do certain scents give us headaches?

from what Ive found, the question has to many variables to nail down exactly, as each case is typically different. some research says its the swelling and shrinking of blood vessels, while others attribute it to memory association. In short, its a well documented phenoma with a variety of reasons and speculations as to what could be behind it.


Question: Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

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 Why do cars no longer need the giant antenna on the front to pick up signals?

Trucks still have them. In passenger cars with plastic bodies the antenna can be hidden. So too in window glass. Additionally receivers are "better" now days because discrete electronics are more sensitive than in the fifties and sixties, so it takes less input signal strength for a digital tuner to operate, meaning some of the antennas can be physically smaller (like 1/4 wave instead of 1/2 wave in length). Plus we don't care abut AM reception much in the U.S. any more and so FM reception is the bigger drive. So the technology has just made the process less intrusive at every level. Even your cell phone has (or can have) an FM radio in it, though it's usually disabled in the U.S. for business reasons (selling you data plans). So really the FM radio antenna has gotten quite small over the years.


Question: How do metal detectors only sense metal?

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 How do metal detectors only sense metal?

They're looking for materials that interact with a magnetic field. Out in nature, this is almost always a conductive metal. There are other materials that react to or interfere with the magnetic field and could produce a false reading, but they're pretty rare. You're unlikely to stumble across a deposit of magnetic ore or some kind of human-made conductive ceramic while checking the beach for jewelry.


Question: Why does the same TV commercial sometimes run back to back? Isnt that an inefficient use of ad dollars?

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 Why does the same TV commercial sometimes run back to back? Isnt that an inefficient use of ad dollars?

Friend of mine works for ITV (UK channel) and I asked her this question (among others) a while back. Apparently it is just human error in queuing up the ads. She had never seen an order come in for back-to-back of the same ad although she often had side-by-side ads for the same company with similar-but-different products. Her example was a cleaning product, the first ad was for a kitchen cleaning product and the next ad was for a bathroom cleaning product. The ads "complemented" each other apparently. If not side-by-side they often went for a next-but-one approach so you have a different ad in between the two related ads. I realised advertising is a strange world. Not to mention an expensive one! Apparently a 20-30 second ad during prime time shows such as Coronation Street (big soap opera in the UK) you are talking like £10k to £30k!!


Question: Why is polar ice melting so much if tempurature has risen around 2 degrees and the average temp at the poles staying relatively the same?

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 Why is polar ice melting so much if tempurature has risen around 2 degrees and the average temp at the poles staying relatively the same?

The average temperatures at the poles is a bit misleading. Snow and ice does not melt faster at -36 then at -34 degrees. But temperatures are higher at the edge of the ice cap where the snow and ice is actually melting at a much higher rate then before. The reason why the temperature increase is not universally distributed is a bit complex as the weather patterns change. This is why people refer to it as climate change rather then global warming because people get the impression that everywhere gets universally warmer. And in the case of the ice caps they are not as affected by the warmer temperatures as the ice edge. In fact we have observed increased snow fall on the ice caps due to increased humidity from the higher ocean temperatures. However this is not enough to offset the increased melting at the ice edge. And once the ice edge gets closer to the center of the ice caps they will get warmer as well.


Question: What is a 5% level of significance?

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 What is a 5% level of significance?

The level of significance is kinda likes the chance that even though your evidence seems to show something special, nothing special is actually happening and it was just luck that gave you the special result. For example: let's say you have a coin, and you want to test whether it is a normal coin, or a rigged coin that always shows heads when you flip it. If you flip it twice, and you get heads both times, maybe that means it's a rigged coin, but maybe you just got lucky with a normal coin and got heads twice. After all, there is a 25% chance of that happening. So, if you wanted to set up the experiment to have a 5% level of significance, you'll want to to flip the coin five times, because there is less than a 5% chance that you would get five heads in a row. If you flip five times and get five heads, you can safely say "This is not a normal coin" and there will be less than a 5% chance that you are wrong.


Question: What exactly happens during the process of making glass so it gets transparent?

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 What exactly happens during the process of making glass so it gets transparent?

When light is absorbed by a material, the electrons are struck by a photon and jump up one or more energy levels. However, it has to be struck by a very specific frequency of light in order to be absorbed. Most opaque materials can absorb a huge range of frequencies within the visible spectrum. Glass, however, cannot absorb any of the visible frequencies of light. It's like picking up a ball (electron) and putting it on a shelf (energy level). You (the photon) can only reach up so high; if you can't reach, there's nowhere to place the ball (electron) except the floor (ground state). Since you didn't put the ball on the shelf, you didn't exert yourself (get absorbed), and could move on to find a different ball and shelf pair (atom). If all of the shelves are too high, you'll walk through the warehouse full of shelves (the material) without ever lifting a ball up, and someone will see you exit the other side.


Question: Why can people administer self injections for some things (like hormones for egg donation) but not other things (like cortisone shots for acne) ?

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 Why can people administer self injections for some things (like hormones for egg donation) but not other things (like cortisone shots for acne) ?

Most self-injections are subcutaneous (SQ). SQ injections are pretty simple to administer with little instruction and it’s relatively hard to bungle it up. Some people are prescribed intramuscular (IM) injections, but it does take more instruction and there are greater risks involved (hitting vessels/nerves, wrong site, not in the muscle tissue, etc). So these are not something you see very often as “take home” meds. They’re generally more painful to get as well, and so many patients simply will not give them to themselves, or will make a mistake due to the pain/anxiety. But if it’s an SQ med that needs to be administered regularly and often, it’s far simpler and cost effective to teach a patient to do these themselves. It’s not that there aren’t risks with SQ, but as long as you follow some simple instructions and are paying attention you generally will have success.


Question: Why do caterpillars poke holes in leaves then leave?

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 Why do caterpillars poke holes in leaves then leave?

Plants are generally not as passive as we think they are. Many species have self-defense mechanisms in place, such as toxins or other chemicals that are foul to the insect. When damaged, the plant will condense these chemicals in the damaged area to prevent further damage and increase sugar flow to repair the damage. I suspect the caterpillar's behavior is because of this, they move to a new leaf because it starts to taste awful. 😋


Question: How do mathematicians find those extremely long prime numbers?

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 How do mathematicians find those extremely long prime numbers?

Mersenne primes are a special class of primes that are relatively easy to prove. Now, by relatively easy, I mean compared to another large number near the same value that also happens to be prime. Mersenne primes are in the form of 2^p -1. In other words take 2 to the factor of a known prime and subtract one. That number may be prime as well. And due to the fact that it can be represented as all 1s in binary, special algorithms can factor these number quickly. Again, quickly is relative. It still takes months or years of computational power. Read more here URL_0 Edit: to get the correct notation


Question: When a website loads incorrectly what are the common reasons?

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 When a website loads incorrectly what are the common reasons?

Information from a website is downloaded and requests for data when and where is uploaded. There is always some loss in information back and forth, but most the times it isn’t noticeable. If when talking to what ever server is hosting the web page the connection has enough data loss, usually to an interruption in connection it gathers the information it does have and presents it as the website. Sometimes it’s the code that has the dimensions of what goes where, sometimes it’s important visual files that act as the skin of the site. Reloading will fix those issues, if connection is good, and you reload it might be the format of the website is not compatible with your internet browser


Question: Why do cookies that start out as cubes become round when they are baked?

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 Why do cookies that start out as cubes become round when they are baked?

As it bakes, the cookie flattens and expands in all other directions more-or-less equally. Because it's basically melting rather than growing, it expands from the center of mass and not from the edges. & #x200B; Note, this only works with cookies that start out relatively thick and have a good amount of fat. If you cut prepackaged cookies in half, or made cubes out of a leaner dough, they'd end up more square.


Question: How does the radio app on a smart phone use wired headphones as an antenna to tune into radio stations?

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 How does the radio app on a smart phone use wired headphones as an antenna to tune into radio stations?

The optimal size of the antenna for receiving radio signals relates to the wavelength of the signal. For cellular traffic the cell phones use frequencies over 700MHz which have a wavelength of about 10cm which allows it to be received perfectly by an antenna of about 5cm length that can easily fit inside the phone. However for FM radio at 100MHz the wavelength is 3m. The phone can use your body as a counterpoise to act as half the antenna (this is why you often get better radio reception if you hold your phone) but still needs a 75cm long antenna, or about the standard length of a headphone cable. The issue with this is that there is already a signal on the cable, the audio signal. The good news is that this signal is all bellow 20kHz while the FM radio signal is all over 80MHz. This gives you three and a half orders of magnitude frequency difference. So you can use a frequency splitter which splits the audio signal from the audio amplifier and the radio signal to the built inn radio. As there is so big difference in frequency you can use a very crude frequency splitter of just a couple of components. Even if you do not have an FM radio in the phone you still want this frequency splitter to prevent radio signals to get to the audio amplifier and interfere with the audio signal.


Question: What exactly happens to the skin when the sun hits it and tans it?

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 What exactly happens to the skin when the sun hits it and tans it?

UVA rays penetrate your skin and activate cells in your lower epidermis called melanocytes. Those cells then produce the melanin pigment that leads to your skin tanning and turning darker/brown. This melanin naturally absorbs UV rays to protect your body from the harm that is caused by them. Essentially your body builds up a UV tolerance the more exposure you get.


Question: Why did dinosaurs that were herbivores become so huge?

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 Why did dinosaurs that were herbivores become so huge?

Herbivores had a lot more food, eating the leaves of trees is much easier than actively hunting. Their ease of gaining energy meant that less resources would be wasted on developing brain power and senses and more on growing larger. Also the air had more oxygen back then, so both plants and the animals that ate them had the potential to be much larger.


Question: How does therapy work/repair years of low self esteem and feeling worthless?

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 How does therapy work/repair years of low self esteem and feeling worthless?

You’re thinking of something called “cognitive behavioural therapy”. Basically, when you’ve thought you’re a worthless sack of shit for years...your brain has formed certain habits. Your brain is **meant** to form habits (that’s how you learn anything at all) but in this case, the habits you’ve built up over time are negative ones. The way you talk to yourself. The way you respond when something goes wrong. You’ve been doing things in particular ways for so long that this is the only path your brain knows how to take. Every time it happens, you’re so used to following the same pattern that you start doing it again without even noticing. CBT with a therapist is a process of breaking down your old habits, and training your brain into adopting new, healthier ones. It’s gradual. It takes a while, and at first you **do** find yourself consciously stopping when you notice old habits and going *no, I don’t want to react this way; I’m going to reset and choose THIS instead* Talking to someone in general can help in some of the same ways that therapy does. But it’s a lot easier to learn and reinforce new habits (they have to be reinforced before they can become automatic) when you’re supported by a therapist who knows exactly what you’re trying to do.


Question: How does counting cards work?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How does counting cards work?

A deck that has more tens and aces is beneficial to the player. * The dealer busts more often, because the dealer is playing by a fixed set of rules: dealer has to hit on 16, no matter how certain he is that he'll end up with 26 if he does hit. * There's also more blackjacks being dealt if there are more tens and aces. While it's true that the player and dealer are both going to get blackjacks more frequently, this is still an advantage to the player because he gets paid 1.5x his wager on a blackjack winner. At the beginning of the game, you know that a deck of cards contains four of each. Four deuces, four tens, four Jacks, four Aces, etc. At this stage of the game, the casino has the advantage so the player elects to bet small amounts. The player keeps a mental count of the cards being used up. For example, if a bunch of low cards have been used up, that means the remaining cards in the deck are heavily packed with more high cards than usual. When this situation arises, the player gains a small advantage and therefore bets bigger. It's not like how the movie Rain Man depicts card counting. It's not like you know exactly what the next card is going to be. Rather, real card counting just means that you have a general understanding that there are more high cards remaining than low cards.


Question: why can computer games run at 60+ fps (even in vr) with this IMMENSE amount of textures, polygons, physics and lighting, while rendering a single comparable frame in a 3d program takes many minutes (at best)?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 why can computer games run at 60+ fps (even in vr) with this IMMENSE amount of textures, polygons, physics and lighting, while rendering a single comparable frame in a 3d program takes many minutes (at best)?

They can't. They bake their models to remove as many polygons as possible without making a visible difference, downscale the textures whenever possible, completely ignore the laws of physics in favour of a greatly simplified system, and use one (or more) of a hundred different tricks to speed up the lighting (including making shadows a static part of textures *by default*). The 3D program assumes you'd like to get that last 1% quality no matter how much it hurts performance, and so doesn't apply any of these tricks unless you specifically ask it to. The good ones also do things like subsurface scattering of light by default. Note: depending on your computer, doing all this can take *hours* for a simple water scene in Unreal Engine if you want it to have waves. We're talking 2 polys and a bunch of mathematics, here.


Question: Why does the tounge muscle not grow even if it's constantly moving?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does the tounge muscle not grow even if it's constantly moving?

Muscles get as big as they need to be, I.e. if you don’t work out your bicep and just use it for your normal day to day going about your business, it will settle at a certain size, that size will be different person to person. The cardiac muscles don’t keep growing just because they are beating all the time, they get as big as they need to be to carry out their work then stop growing. I suppose it is possible, you could set up some sort of resistance training rig for your tongue and strengthen it, it may even grow bigger.


Question: Why is the "no true Scotsman" considered a fallacy?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is the "no true Scotsman" considered a fallacy?

Words are labels for things. If we disagree on the labels, that’s just a disagreement. The fallacy is the act of redefining the label *after* the argument begins. Using your example, if you say “movie lovers are people who really love movies,” and then somebody says “oh, that’s me! I love movies.” And you respond by saying, “oh, but you don’t ever watch foreign movies. *real* movie lovers watch foreign movies.” That’s the fallacy. You’ve changed the requirement for being part of that group *after* you gave your premise. If you started out saying “movie lovers are people who love movies and watch foreign movies.” but someone replies, “I’m a movie lover, but I don’t watch foreign movies,” then that’s not a fallacy, just a disagreement.


Question: How can some countries like Australia and USA sustain long decades of current account deficit?

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 How can some countries like Australia and USA sustain long decades of current account deficit?

Running a deficit and running a loss is two very different things. Say you want to start a pizza restaurant. You have $1M your self and borrow $1M from the bank. Business is great the first year and you end up with a big profit of $100k when everything is paid, even the loan interest. But you figure you could have made more profit with an additional pizza oven, a delivery driver and more tables. So you get an additional $1M loan from the bank. This turns out great and the next year your profits have soared to $250k. So you ask your bank for an additional $2M so you can repeat the success across town. Profits goes up to $650k as you are now well established. However on three years you have run a total of $6M in deficit which is far above your $1M profits and you have had to take up larger and larger bank loans to cover the deficit. It would take you years to pay back the loans but you probably would not as you would instead take up bigger and bigger loans to get more and more pizza restaurants for more profit. But even if it would take you years to pay back the loans you are still able to do so. There have to be a big downturn in pizza sales before you would be unable to make your loan payments. And the banks knows this so they are willing to loan you more money. It is very similar with a countries economy. The government issues bonds to loan money from banks, funds and private individuals so they can make improvements that leads to more tax income. For example funding schools to make the citizens more educated which means they make more money in ten to fifty years and pay more taxes. In theory the government could stop at any time and have enough tax income now to pay back the loans but that would mean to stop a lot of improvements that have long term consequences. And as long as people think the government could be able to pay back the loans people continue to buy government bonds.


Question: Why is it that switching the slots batteries are located in sometimes seems to rejuvenate their power?

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 Why is it that switching the slots batteries are located in sometimes seems to rejuvenate their power?

What is actually happening is corrosion is building up on the metal connections. This corrosion is almost always present in some way or another, and this corrosion actually impedes the flow of electricity, but batteries that are still fully charged are able to “punch through” that layer of corrosion and let electricity flow. But as batteries get older, which leads to both a build up of more corrosion as well as losing some of their power, they start to lose their ability to “punch through”. But taking the batteries out, changing slots, and putting them back in again actually scraps enough of that surface corrosion off that the layer is thin again and the battery is able to punch through again.


Question: How exactly does my pickle jar still smell vaguely of pickles after several trips through the washer?

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 How exactly does my pickle jar still smell vaguely of pickles after several trips through the washer?

Basically the way soap works is that it forms molecular bonds with a lot of sticky and food type molecules. These bonds are generally stronger than the bonds between food and skin, or food and glass. Then when you introduce hot water to the situation you're adding energy, which is used by the molecules to jump from the weaker bond to the stronger one. So why doesn't the vinegar brine of pickles leave the glass? Because the bond with soap isn't strong enough. Dried vinegar forms a very strong bond with glass, so it has to be physically unbonded (pushed off with enough pressure) not molecularly unbonded (chemically sticking to the soap).


Question: How is it possible to calculate the distance between planets and width of galaxies in terms of Light years? If light travels the fastest, how does one calculate the gap in such terms?

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 How is it possible to calculate the distance between planets and width of galaxies in terms of Light years? If light travels the fastest, how does one calculate the gap in such terms?

I'm not entirely sure what you want to know, so I'm going to try and cover from the basics up. First, a "light year" is just the distance that light travels in a year. Its equivalent to around 9.461*10^12km. Now, how do we calculate distances with such large values? A couple of different ways. First, we can essentially bounce a light at something and wait for it to come back, and time how long it took to get the reflection. This, for example, is a great way to calculate our distance from the moon, or the sun, or similar: we just fire a burst of electromagnetic radiation (probably x-rays or similar) at the object, time how long it takes to get back to us, and since we know the speed it was travelling we can calculate how far it travelled. Now, this is less useful for *really* big distances, because when things are hundreds of light years away, we don't just sit around and *wait* for a hundred years. Instead, we use a method called "parallax". Ever noticed how, when you are driving in a car, things really far away seem to move slower than things close to you? That's parallax, and we can use that to determine large distances. For example, we can look at the night sky, and see exactly where a particular star is. Then, in half a year, when the earth is on the other side of the sun, we can look at that same star and see how far it appeared to move when we moved around the sun. Then, you can use some simple geometry to calculate how far away it is to have that amount of parallax. Now, for things *even farther* away, we can't use parallax, because they don't appear to move at all. Instead, we use yet *another* method, called "standard candle." First, we know a thing about light: as it travels, its brightness drops, and it drops in a very predictable way. Thus, we can look at a star in the sky, see how bright it is to us, and if we know how bright it is *really close* we can measure the difference between those brightnesses and get a distance. In astronomy, there are a couple of things that have very specific "luminosities" (essentially the "brightness really close"), so if we see one of those things we can calculate the distance relatively easily. (If you are interested, the two standard candles that I know we use are white-dwarf-supernovae and funny stars called Cephids). Hope that helped!


Question: How does the concept of a color wheel make sense when colors are actually just frequencies on a non-periodic scale?

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</answer>
 How does the concept of a color wheel make sense when colors are actually just frequencies on a non-periodic scale?

You only sense 3 very specific parts of that scale. Red, blue and green. All colors in the middle work simply because they tingle two receptors at once, so your brain guesses the frequency causing that tingle must be somewhere between the frequencies it actually senses. Have all 3 colors come together and you get white. Have only two of them and your brain tries to make sense of it. Which basically means, magenta, combination of red and blue doesn't actually exist on electromagnetic spectrum, it's simply the color sensation you get from both red and blue rods activating. Which means, you can put red, green and blue on some wheel and then have colors between them gradually move from all blue to all red to all green and back to blue, and thus capture pretty much all colors you can sense. There exists a condition where some people, mostly women, have four, instead of usual three, different colors they react to. Weird stuff, I don't know how they react to color wheels and displays that we have, all which are based on three-color eyes


Question: How exactly did humans across different cultures figure out the recipe for making bread?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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</answer>
 How exactly did humans across different cultures figure out the recipe for making bread?

It's a fairly easy accidental discovery. If you leave flour in a bowl and it gets wet, and you ignore it for a week, it turns into bread dough. (You don't even need to add yeast; with enough time yeast from the air or from the original grain surface will grow.) Now you just need to cook it and you get bread.