Question: How physically different is the world from what we perceive through our eyes?

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 How physically different is the world from what we perceive through our eyes?

It is very, *very* different. "Eyes" are an organ that can perceive electromagnetic radition of a certain range of energies. The lowest possible energy we can perceive we call "red", the highest one a very "deep violet". Everything in between is other colours, and we basically perceive a mix of those. Assume you could see the other types of radiation that makes up this world, you can start by the fringes of what we can see, that is "infrared" (i.e. you can see heat; "infra"red means nothing but "below red") or "UV" (meaning nothing but "beyond violet"). But it does not stop there, the world is filled with other kinds of radiation, coming from space, from heat sources (or lack of heat), microwaves, radiowaves from space, gamma rays ("light with so much energy that it shatters your cells"), the whole UV range probably creates a very interesting world (note that some birds and insects can see in UV), the atmosphere is full of more "stuff" that solar winds do "up there". On top of that is the non naturual rediation that we create, imagine you could see mobile towers, stuff coming from satellites, radio... Let me show you with an imagine how little we actually "see" from the electormagnetic spectrum (do not mind it is german, just watch how little our visible colours contribute): URL_0 Edit: What makes this even more interesting is the fact that you would not only see "new colours" because you can perceive new wavelengths, but the actual "colours" you would see were actually a *combination* of all the wavelengths you might now perceive. Forget those infrared-images you know. If there was a certain type of infrared it would look different combined with normal red, normal blue or that-UV-color. Add in different combinations of radio waves (with green, infrared, blue and microwave) and... the mind starts to boggle. And here comes another real kicker: The colour, for example, we know as "magenta" does *not actually exist in the electromagnetic spectrum*, we only "see" it if a certain red and blue show up together. With more wavelengths one could perceive with more receptor cells, the more "virtual" colours would show up all around. --- Edit2: Opening up a whole new world: [Sorry, this is getting a bit longer, but, well, the question posed is pretty fundamental, probably way more than OP could have assumed] As was just pointed out to me I even misunderstood the question. I thought the scope was pure visual, but in the truth the world is even more complex than we imagine, even if we open ourselves beyond the electromagnetic spectrum. There are creatures with a whole lot of different senses than us, e.g. creatures that can sense the magnetic field of earth (or magnetic fields in general) and use that for orientation (birds). How awesome is that? And try to extend that to the other fields I have spoken about. But that is not all. For example, many creatures (snakes, elephants) can sense the ground vibrating, in parts for many kilometers (this creates a lot of stress in wild elephants when poachers are around - if a herd flees in panic, everyone for kilometers around knows something bad is happening). But there is more: the whole audio-spectrum, imagine soundwaves be hearable from infrasound to very high frequencies, bats use it for orientation to basically get sonar imagines of the sorroundings. But there is more: Imagine the whole olfactory spectrum. This sounds an easy one, well, you can smell more, right? Yes, true, but it also gives our perception of "time" a whole new meaning. Our senses are made to only perceive things that are a few seconds old (sound) and with light much less. Smells are not only in the present, but stretch far in the past. For us that is only true for pretty strong smells, but assume you can smell subtle ones as well. First, you get a whole new idea about the present. Is that person there afraid? Are they washed? Have they eaten mint/pepper/.. lately? Are they ill? Do they have cancer? Are they horney (ok, non ELI5, sorry ;))? Who were they in touch with lately? Now you also get a peek into the past: Where have people been? Through what soil were they walking? What have they eaten when they had that coat on the last time? It gets more interesting if you go to places and objects, as you can smell what had happened there, who touched them, what they were in contact with... no wonder dogs are so excited about sniffing around all the time. But there is more: imagine you could perceive scales much smaller than we can: you'd suddenly find structures where you now think there is nothing, you see that the desk is made up of splinters, you might be able to "perceive" down to the atomic levels. Imagine you have the perspective of your cat in your house, an ant and go through your garden, imagine that of a virus going through the organs of your cat. But there is more: Let us assume you perceive as you do right now, but at a much faster resolution. Go to youtube and check out "The slow mo guys" to see what a fascinating world you can discover that is hidden from us because it is too fast. Incredible, even with our current senses. But there is more: Assume you can perceive much slower, you'd basically see how the world goes by in a larger timescale. You'd see weather patterns forming (cloud appear static, but they are not), you'd see rivers change the path and mountains rise and get eroded, oceans rise and flood things and free places (google "doggerland" if you want to read something cool). But there is more: Imagine you can perceive much *bigger* than we can: You'd see planets circle suns, suns circle the milky way, galaxies collide, you see perceive bigger structures about space we might not even imagine, maybe you can perceive the whole of creation in its incredible vastness? But there is more: assume all of the above is combined. But there is even more: The question asks about the "Physical" world but our physical world is just a result of the quantum mechanical world of atoms and sub-atomic particles. Of magnetic and electrical fields, of nuclear fields, of gravity. In the quantum mechanical world, the real world, there is no "matter" just energy that interacts in ways that form what we perceive as matter, as photons, as smells and as life, as ourselves. Imagine we could somehow perceive the world where E = mc² is true in a very fundamental aspect, meaning matter and energy are the same, when we could perceive the fields that turn out to be protons and neutrons (and the stuff they are made of) and electrons that form atoms and us and the "physical world" that was asked for. That world we perceive is very, very different from what is actually there.


Question: why did dial up modems need to make noise? Why couldn’t they silently send their signals through phone lines?

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 why did dial up modems need to make noise? Why couldn’t they silently send their signals through phone lines?

After the connection is established, they would go silent. And they could be configured to be completely silent. But the nice thing about having the noise at the beginning was that you could tell when the connection had been established. There was an easily distinguished change in the noise that said "everything is working now." You listened to make sure the connection succeeded, and wasn't interrupted by something, like someone on another extension picking up the phone and yelling "oh, sorry, I didn't realize you were using the phone for the computer."


Question: why are humans and other animals' feet angled instead of parallel when naturally walking or standing?

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 why are humans and other animals' feet angled instead of parallel when naturally walking or standing?

For humans, it's a result of bipedalism. Locked ankles and loose wrists also were a result. The slight angle you mention is more that the muscles that support walking, are weaker in some places. If you, or anyone else, force their feet a bit more parallel, you will feel sore in places you didn't think existed and it will probably effect the muscles all the way up to your back. This weakness in certain muscles pull on your knees and hips, which can eventually lead to knee and hip pain and even surgery. I don't however, have an answer for animals. It could be a similar issue, but I found that when most really start running they straighten out. Anyway, that's the best summery I got from when I looked up the answer.


Question: Why can potatoes and onions continue to grow sprouts while in dry storage?

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 Why can potatoes and onions continue to grow sprouts while in dry storage?

You mean like why can they do that while most plants require soil, water, and light to sprout? It’s because the energy needed to launch a sprout was already captured and is stored in the potato/onion. Potatoes are a root vegetable and they are created as energy stores. Thus the energy needed to launch a sprout is already there.


Question: How does alcohol dry things out?

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 How does alcohol dry things out?

Alcohol and water are miscible (they can mix). If you place electronics in alcohol, it will reach all the tiny corners where water is hiding and mix with it, “diluting” the water. Then the alcohol evaporates, so the remaining water is now spread out over such a large volume that it evaporates quickly as well. The detection strips rely on a hydration reaction with water. They probably won’t work with alcohol.


Question: Could a second Big Bang have happened outside of Known Space and our universes just haven't reached each other yet?

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 Could a second Big Bang have happened outside of Known Space and our universes just haven't reached each other yet?

There is this thing called the "observable universe", and its outer limit increases at the speed of light; at the same time, its outer limit expands away from *us* faster than the speed of light, since the space between us is expanding. People read this and misinterpret it to mean that outside of this increasing limit is something to expand into, something with nothing there. That's just not the case. What we call the observable universe is a product of us existing where we are: if there are aliens on the edge of the observable universe, they would have another observable universe overlapping with ours (and proceeding in other directions too), and we have no reason to believe the uncountably many galaxies of theirs would be very much different than ours, in a law-of-averages sort of way. So, what could be propagating towards us at the speed of light, waiting to collide? Well, some scientists wonder if the universe exists in a [false vacuum]( URL_0 ): an appearance of a least-energy state that isn't actually the least-energy state. If this false vacuum did exist, and if it did somewhere pop like a bubble into the lower energy state, then this lower energy state would propagate from that somewhere, at the speed of light in every direction, with no warning until it hit us, and then we would be destroyed. It could hit us today. You never know.


Question: What goes into a whiteboard paint that makes it finish like a dry erase board and not a normal paint?

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 What goes into a whiteboard paint that makes it finish like a dry erase board and not a normal paint?

Dry/wet erase markers are basically just an ink that dries into something that doesn't stick well to a surface - dry erase forms a film, wet erase is water soluble. This works on any surface, in theory - you could use dry erase on rough wood, except that it would seep into pores and cracks and other rough spots before it dries, making it really hard to remove. On the other hand, if you use it on something smooth and "non-porous" (which means it has no holes, even tiny tiny ones), it's very easy to wipe off the surface. Similarly, you can use high gloss tile as a white board, but if you use tile that isn't high gloss, you will have a very hard time wiping it off. Whiteboard paint is mostly just a paint that doesn't have those tiny holes. It's very very smooth, which makes it more shiny. It also has chemicals that make it have high surface tension (like a water drop) so that it dries nice and smooth, unlike normal paint that's designed to not hold together as well, making it flow into cracks better.


Question: How do pathologists start searching for elements which could possibly be a cure for whenever a new viral or bacterial epidemic breaches? Do they like start from A till Z of the list of elements to find out which reacts to the pathogen or something?

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 How do pathologists start searching for elements which could possibly be a cure for whenever a new viral or bacterial epidemic breaches? Do they like start from A till Z of the list of elements to find out which reacts to the pathogen or something?

Just to clarify, are you really asking specifically about bacteria and viruses or about diseases and conditions in general? Because for the former, we have antibiotics and antivirals and can start there (note: antivirals have a ton of side effects and don’t always work because it is very hard to target a simple protein coat full of genetic material without also targeting your body).


Question: What is the biological significance of monogamy in humans?

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 What is the biological significance of monogamy in humans?

Humans are fairly unique in monogomy. The evolutionary advantage of it was women would have one child at a time and both parents would be able to raise the child. This allows the child to develop better social interactions and learn lessons from tow adults as opposed to one. Almost every successful culture developed with these base family units in monogomy relationships. Cultures that didn't have this two parent model struggled in other ways.


Question: how does odor transfer through plastic? And does it mean the object giving off the odor is technically penetrating the plastic?

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 how does odor transfer through plastic? And does it mean the object giving off the odor is technically penetrating the plastic?

Yes, any time you smell something *actual pieces of that substance are going into your nose*. Smell is physical contact between molecules and sensory cells in your nose. If you smell something through a wrapper or bag, yes, the odoriferous molecules are penetrating through the plastic. The molecules we smell tend to be pretty small and light (hence they are able to come off the substance and float in the air) and plastics are quite permeable compared to say, glass.


Question: Why does the elephant necessarily have to be killed to get the ivory (tusks)?

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 Why does the elephant necessarily have to be killed to get the ivory (tusks)?

Poachers aren't professionals, except maybe professional criminals. And not even usually that. They're guys with no job, whom somebody came to and said, *hey, you want to make some money this weekend?* They don't have the tools or expertise to safely (either for the elephant or themselves) anesthetize the elephants they're harvesting. They stick to a simple plan of *shoot the elephant, wait a few minutes to make sure the cops didn't hear you, then saw off as much ivory as you can and make your getaway.* If they *did* have the tools and expertise, and somehow didn't care about the added expense, tranquilizing the elephants and removing their tusks without killing them would work. In fact, some land-management authorities go around preemptively de-tusking elephants so that poachers won't have a reason to shoot them.


Question: Why are chicken wings so cheap?

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 Why are chicken wings so cheap?

There are actually four wings per chicken. Not actual wings, of course, but what you would eat as wings. It's the equivalent of your forearm and your bicep/tricep. Also, the majority of chicken that's sold in the US is the breasts and thighs. The backbone and scraps go to make chicken broth/stock. What's left is the wings. And wings are somewhat difficult to cook (that is, compared to a boneless, skinless breast) because you generally deep fry them. This, on top of the fact that you don't get a whole lot of meat per pound, causes the price to be lower than other cuts of chicken.


Question: Why does creating bonds release energy?

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 Why does creating bonds release energy?

It doesn't always. Creating chemical bonds can either release energy or require it depending on the chemical properties of the compound(s). An example of creating a bond that releases energy is joining hydrogen and oxygen together into water, which is how hydrogen fuel cells work. An example of destroying bonds to release energy is the burning of gasoline/petrol fuel. The long chain hydrocarbons are broken, resulting in energy and smaller combustion byproducts like carbon dioxide. It required energy to fuse together those hydrocarbons, and that was done by plants millions of years ago.


Question: If a giraffe runs, it looks like it's running in slow motion. How?

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 If a giraffe runs, it looks like it's running in slow motion. How?

its legs are really long. So, one stride from a galloping horse takes longer and covers much more ground than a horse. A horse, in turn, moves its legs slower than a dachshund, which moves its legs slower than a mouse, which moves its legs slower than a bug. Its all about scale.


Question: What actually causes vibrato when singing?

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 What actually causes vibrato when singing?

I teach voice. There is “natural” vibrato and “forced” vibrato. Natural vibrato is a slight 1/4-1/2 step fluctuation in pitch above the sung note, cycling about 6 times per second give or take, and occurs when you hit a sweet spot of vocal cord tension vs airflow, which is heard in well-trained voices. Forced vibrato is when someone produces a similar sound consciously. There are several ways people do this, either by “pulsing” the air to approximate true vibrato (like Stevie Nicks does, which can sound like the bleating of a goat), moving their jaw up and down (although Whitney Houston was a fantastic singer, she relied on this technique), consciously altering the pitch (and if the singer does this to a lower quarter or half-step it sounds “wobbly”), or a combination of these. These methods don’t sound as good as true vibrato, they can be too fast or slow, and sound uneven. They’re also bad for the voice, creating unnecessary tension, tiring out the muscles, and leading to bad vocal production habits which can be very harmful to the health of the vocal cords. Hope this helps. Edit: spelling errors.


Question: Why does “North” = “Up” and when did mapmakers all decide on this?

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 Why does “North” = “Up” and when did mapmakers all decide on this?

Some early Egyptian maps put south on top, while in medieval Europe, Christian cartographers tended to give that distinction to east, since you had to turn that way to face Jerusalem. Others placed east on top because of the rising Sun (that’s why we *orient* ourselves). And early American settlers sometimes used maps with west on top, because that was the direction they were often heading. In the 2nd century, Claudius Ptolemy wrote the influential *Geographia*, which featured a “global” map with north on top. No one’s positive why he positioned it that way, but it may be that the Library of Alexandria—where he did his research—simply didn’t have much information on the Southern Hemisphere. it was *then*, now it follows the *Magnetic North* which was not located until 1831. On an expedition to Arctic, British explorer James Clark Ross discovered the pole—the spot where a compass needle on a horizontal axis points straight down—on the west coast of Canada's Boothia peninsula. it's just by convention (mutual agreement) that North is the top of the map The word north is related to the Old High German nord, both descending from the Proto-Indo-European unit *ner-, meaning "left; below" as north is to left when facing the rising sun. Similarly, the other cardinal directions are also related to the sun's position. ___ shamelessly stolen from [1]( URL_1 ), [2]( URL_0 )


Question: if the Galaxy is constantly moving, how come we have stars at fixed location?

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 if the Galaxy is constantly moving, how come we have stars at fixed location?

Yes, everything is moving *ridiculously* fast but it's also **super ridiculously** far apart. It takes over 8 minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth. It takes 5 hours for that light to reach Pluto. It takes 433 *years* for light to reach the North Star. Since stars themselves move at far slower speeds than light, we don't really notice things changing much over this sort of distance. All of recorded human history has only happened over the last 5000 years or so.


Question: Why, when looking in a mirror, is the image flipped horizontally but not vertically?

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 Why, when looking in a mirror, is the image flipped horizontally but not vertically?

Because it's not flipped horizontally, it's flipped *back to front.* Your front is facing the mirror and the "front" of your reflection is now facing you. Because people tend to define their left and their right with respect to how they are facing ("your right or my right") this has the consequence of also flipping our perception of left/right in the mirror. If you place an object in the mirror that doesn't have a distinguishable "front" (something symmetrical or round) then this left/right phenomenon disappears.


Question: why do humans have periods instead of absorbing like many animals?

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 why do humans have periods instead of absorbing like many animals?

The short answer is we're not entirely sure. I can't quite remember, but menstruation is actually a relatively recent evolutionary phenomenon, it's found in distinct phylogenetic branches (the animals that menstruate are not related to each other), and it's quite rare too. A plausible and commonly floated hypothesis is that shedding the endometrium ensures that an unfertilised egg does not remain in the uterus.


Question: The differences between inner monolog and schizophrenia?

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 The differences between inner monolog and schizophrenia?

You can tell what’s real and what isn’t. Basically. Schizophrenic people are really really unfortunate, when they have an episode, they believe their delusions. Imagine for a second, you are in a strange place, surrounded by people who want to do you harm, and it’s REAL. (But really you’re in a supermarket). Schizophrenia is terrifying, and people who suffer from it almost never hurt anyone else, and are the greatest threat to themselves - and are actually very vulnerable. My inner monologue isn’t..... healthy. I’ve got some mental health problems, and I’m pretty screwy. But I know what’s real and what isn’t. I don’t have to act on my irrational impulses.


Question: How do midterm elections affect the outcome of the Presidential elections?

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 How do midterm elections affect the outcome of the Presidential elections?

Midterm elections do not directly effect presidential races, however, if the midterm election results in the opposing party gaining a majority of one or both houses, the president's party could find it difficult to pass any partisan legislation, as a combination of one or both houses and/or the president could face gridlock if everyone votes along party lines. The above situation can reflect badly on a sitting president two years later, when that president is up for reelection.


Question: How does sun screen work?

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 How does sun screen work?

Sunscreens only block ultraviolet lights, since that’s the part of sunlight that causes sunburns. Since sunscreen doesn't absorb visible light, it appears clear when put on your skin. But with the help of a [modified camera that sees UV light,]( URL_0 ) you see that the sunscreen looks like black grease paint. It appears black in the UV camera because it's absorbing all the UV light that hits it, just like black paint looks black because it absorbs all the visible light.


Question: how weather can ‘feel like’ -10°C but not actually be -10°C?

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 how weather can ‘feel like’ -10°C but not actually be -10°C?

The temperature you do feel with your skin is affected by endothermic chemical processes which happen on your skin and by your own body heat. One example is evaporation of water. So when it is very warm and also dry, you will feel an actual cooler temperature than what is shown on a thermometer because as your sweat evaporates, it will take away a little heat. When it is damp and hot, you will feel hotter than what is shown on thermometer, because as you sweat, the sweat is not evaporated and instead will inhibit your ability to radiate heat from your body, accumulating a little energy from your metabolism. During a windy dry winter day, although the actual temperature of the wind might be -10, you might feel colder than that because as the wind blows, your body will evaporate more water than it would on a windless day, and you will lose heat, making you feel colder than the objective temperature of the environment.


Question: When watching a plane propeller or a car's wheel speed up to the point it looks like it is still again why do the propellers or wheels appear to be in the same position to all observers?

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 When watching a plane propeller or a car's wheel speed up to the point it looks like it is still again why do the propellers or wheels appear to be in the same position to all observers?

Here's an answer I gave in an earlier thread that I think helps make it more intuitive. As you'll see, the answer here doesn't depend on where the observer is standing, it depends instead on how far the blades are moving in a given rotation. Others have explained it pretty well, but I wanted to take a shot at this in a visual form. Now, I can't do a clockface, but I can do a line. So imagine we have a line with one part jutting out, so it looks like this: ....I.. imagine also that it wraps around. So if the "I" moves **ONE spot per move**, it would go like this: .....I. ......I I...... .I..... ..I.... ...I... and so on. As you can see, it looks like the I is moving forward on this seven point line. But now imagine that instead of moving one spot at a time, it was **moving SIX spots** at a time. Then it would look like this I...... ......I .....I. ....I.. ...I... ..I.... As you can see, even though the "I" is still moving forward, because of how far it's moving per "frame" it starts to look like it's moving backwards, instead of forwards. And, if it moved 7 spots per move, it would look like this, appearing completely still even though it's moving with every cycle: I...... I...... I...... I...... I...... I...... And, alternatively, if it started off moving six spots, and the sped up to seven after two iterations, you'd get this: I...... ......I ......I ......I ......I ......I ......I and so would look to all observers like it was in that seventh spot and still.


Question: Why does vehicles that operate on diesel vibrate so much?

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 Why does vehicles that operate on diesel vibrate so much?

Diesel require higher pressures to explode then petrol so the engines have to be built with heavier pistons that can handle the pressure. But this means it takes higher forces to make the pistons change direction and it is these forces that cause the vibrations. Additionally this means diesel engines are usually slower then petrol engines so the vibrations are lower in frequency and lower frequency vibrations is harder to dampen. The overall result is that diesel engines creates more powerfull vibrations that is harder to dampen.


Question: What does "pennies on the dollar mean"?

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 What does "pennies on the dollar mean"?

The dollar is the price that you would expect, while pennies are the price that you're getting. So if I had a $2000 TV for sale for only like $100, you could say "I'm buying this TV for pennies on the dollar!" Because it's worth $2000 and you're only paying $100, you're basically only paying 5 cents for every dollar it originally cost - and 5 cents is just a few pennies. It's most often used in terms of big numbers like debt or comparisons of prices between companies. "Because we have a special deal with a manufacturer, we can provide this awesome product for only pennies on the dollar!" Meaning that whatever price is normal or expected, they're offering a price that's much lower.


Question: Why can't you see stars during footage of spacewalks? Why does space appear totally black?

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 Why can't you see stars during footage of spacewalks? Why does space appear totally black?

That's just to do with the camera settings. If you set the exposure to long enough that you'll see the stars, then everything in the foreground (astronauts, space shuttles, etc) will be really bright and washed out. In these photos, they don't want you to see the stars, they want you to see the astronauts. You're probably comparing these photos to what stars you'd see at night time. But these photos aren't taken at night, they're in direct sunlight. The stars are visible but they're much dimmer than you might expect because of the sunlight, and that's why you'd need pretty long exposure times to have them show up on camera. You can also try this yourself. Next time you're out at night, take a photo with your phone and see if the stars that you can see are visible on the photo. They probably won't be, except for maybe the brightest stars. Obviously, the cameras used for space photography are more powerful than your phone camera, but it's the same principle.


Question: The government turning bills into coins. What does it do or mean for the country?

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 The government turning bills into coins. What does it do or mean for the country?

To quote the wiki article of the bill > The 20 peso note will be changed into a coin that will be released in last quarter of 2019 or first quarter of 2020 to solve the overuse of this banknote that only takes a year to replace it with a new banknote based on a research by the University of the Philippines. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas states that the new 20 peso coin lasts for 10 to 15 years, longer than a 20 peso banknote So the reason is that it cost money to print money. If the bills is used a lot and need to be replaced often there will be a significant cost for the central bank. So a coin cost more to produce but will last a log longer so the total cost will be lower.


Question: Why does water make some things slippery while also making other things more grippy?

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 Why does water make some things slippery while also making other things more grippy?

It depends on both the materials of the objects in contact and the amount of force being applied. With the paper and grocery bag examples, there is little force and lots of adhesion. Paper and plastic bags are very porous on a micro level, giving the water lots of surface to 'stick' with. Adhesion with water, though, is not strong enough to hold a climber. The force of holding up a human body is too great. The water molecules instead slide around each other and the surfaces, reducing friction. This is not what you want when clinging to a cliff.


Question: How does saving for retirement work?

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 How does saving for retirement work?

A lot of people rely on 401(k) (employer provided retirement plan) or Individual Retirement Account (IRA) to save for retirement. Anyone can open an IRA at any time, it's worth looking into. Even if you only put a little bit away each month it'll grow faster than it would if it were in a savings or checking account. Better to start looking into things now rather than later. Every year that passes, your money loses some of that buying power and it takes *more* of an investment to make up for what someone else already made saving *less* money (for instance, a person who put away just $500 at age 18 might have grown that to $5,000 by the time they are 40. Not a lot, but if you're 34 and put away $500 it might only grow to $1,000. This is a really basic example that's not rooted on hard factual numbers, just trying to illustrate the point). edit: The advantage to either of those retirement plans is that they are tax deferred. With one type your money is dropped in after it's taxed and then it can grow and grow and you don't pay taxes on whatever you withdraw. With the other type the money is *not* taxed until you actually start withdrawing it.


Question: How dangerous is lightning to ocean life and boats?

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 How dangerous is lightning to ocean life and boats?

Luckily for most fish/ocean life the resistance of their body is higher than the sea water around them. This means unless they are very near the surface any electricity in the water will stay in the water because it is easier for the electricity to not go into the fish. In regard to boats lighting rods designed to channel the lightning (the same way tall buildings do, into the surrounding area) or fiberglass/insulated hulls which, like the fish, are really bad at conducting electricity protect the people on board.


Question: What technology advancement made LEDs become more useful than basic on/off indicators?

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 What technology advancement made LEDs become more useful than basic on/off indicators?

Probably the most important advancement was the blue LED. LEDs have always been much more efficient than incandescent lights, but were only available in red and green, so they weren't much good for general-purpose lighting or color displays. The invention of the blue LED in the '90s allowed full-color displays, and by combining blue LEDs with phosphorescent materials, white LEDs as well. URL_0


Question: Why can’t we just surgically remove/lipo all the unwanted or excess fat at once?

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 Why can’t we just surgically remove/lipo all the unwanted or excess fat at once?

The easiest way to explain this is this: there's actually multiple types of fat, and they differ in how they're stored, as well as what it would take to remove them. Subcutaneous fat is, more or less, what people think of when they think of fat. It can be worked off through exercise, or it can be surgically removed relatively safely through medical procedures. What is NOT easily removed is fat that builds up surrounded the organs (visceral fat), which can not simply be suctioned off easily. A crucial thing to note, though, is that fluids are stored in fat. If you where to just suction off literally 400 pounds of fat, that would cause MASSIVE issues in the individual and their fluid levels, which would critically effect many major organs, namely the kidneys and heart. That's not to say that doctors can't suction off large amounts of fat; but there certainly is a percentage that they can. I personally do not know what that is (that gets medically complicated and needs numerous variables to be taken into consideration), but there is a limit. Hope that helped.


Question: why does saying "tock, tick, tock, tick" seems really weird, but saying "tick, tock, tick, tock" sounds more correct?

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 why does saying "tock, tick, tock, tick" seems really weird, but saying "tick, tock, tick, tock" sounds more correct?

This is an example of what's called "ablaut reduplication". An "ablaut" is a specific type of change in a vowel sound; "reduplication" is repeating something exactly or almost exactly. In English, the vowels in an ablaut reduplication nearly always follow the same pattern: "i" comes before "a", which comes before "o". This is one of those unconscious rules of English pronunciation that we have: we have somehow learned that this is the correct order, and putting the vowels in any other order sounds "wrong". So we have "tick, tock", "tip-top", "chit-chat", "tittle-tattle", "bish, bash, bosh" and so on. If you're not British, you may not have ever heard of "bish, bash, bosh", and yet it still sounds right, while "bosh, bash, bish" sounds more awkward (or should do). In the phrase "big bad wolf", this ablaut reduplication actually overrides a grammar rule: normally, adjectives describing your opinion of something should come before adjectives describing that thing's size, so it should be "bad big wolf", in the same way that we say "boring little man" and not "little boring man". But the urge to preserve the order of ablaut reduplication is much greater, so we say "big bad wolf". EDIT: Thanks for the gold. EDIT 2: My attention has been drawn to the fact that there are other cases where "big" breaks the usual order of adjectives without ablaut reduplication being a factor. There's probably something else going on there, and one day I might read up on it.


Question: What's the math behind proving a vaccine works? on the news they said double blind study, do they just say it works if less people get infected?

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 What's the math behind proving a vaccine works? on the news they said double blind study, do they just say it works if less people get infected?

If you have a group of 20 000 people and you select people by random so 10 000 get the vaccine and 10 000 only get a placebo likely a saline injection. You then instruct them to behave as normal. Wait some time lest say 3 months and then compare the number that got the infection in each group. & #x200B; If zero that got the vaccine got infected and 500 in the placebo group get the infection then you can be quite sure taht the vaccine works. If 50 that got the vaccine to get infected and 500 in the placebo group you can still be quite sure it is very effective as the infection rate is 1/10 If you 500 that got the vaccine to get infected and 500 in the placebo group you can be quite sure that the vaccine has no effect. Even if 250 that go the vaccine got infected the vaccine still has an effect. But at some point even if the number is nor equal the effet start to approach zero. It is all based on the idea if you select people by random it is likely that with no vaccine both groups would be infected at the same rate. It would not be 500 and 500 but perhaps 463 and 532 so you need to do a real statistical evaluation of the results. The large test also has another fundamental function and that is to detect any side effects of the vaccine. That is a hard part because people that got the vaccine will be diagnosed with a new medical condition and so will the placebo group because we are humans and humans get sick. So you need to determine that it do not happen to a higher degree than normal. All medical intervention has some risk so the result is an evaluation of side effects vs how effective the vaccine is and risk from the infection if no vaccine is used. So it is a risk vs benefit analysis. If the vaccine would make everyone that got it immune to the infection but 1% died that got inkjet it is as dangerous as the infection and would never be used. If there is almost no serious side effect but only 30% get immune it might be a good idea to use if there is not a better vaccine.


Question: If every part of the universe has aged differently owing to time running differently for each part, why do we say the universe is 13.8 billion years old?

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 If every part of the universe has aged differently owing to time running differently for each part, why do we say the universe is 13.8 billion years old?

We're simply judging by earth years not relativistic years. Sure technically, certain parts have advanced further in "time" due to the effect of gravity. But according to us here on earth, looking out. There has been approximately 13.8 billion years since the big bang. (A year being the time it takes for the earth to complete 1 full cycle around the sun)


Question: How exactly do skateboarders manage to keep their balance when going up the side of a halfpipe?

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 How exactly do skateboarders manage to keep their balance when going up the side of a halfpipe?

The black thing on top of our boards is called griptape which helps us keep our shoes on the board when we go up. It's also a little bit like a swing, when we go down or up the transitions we bend our knees and lean either forward or back to keep our center of gravity on the board.


Question: What is double moral hazard?

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 What is double moral hazard?

Let's say I own a business and hire you for a salary to work for me. You have an incentive to shirk, in ways I can't easily monitor or detect, because you get the same wage while the reduction in profits from your shirking only fall on me, the owner. Let's see say we then agree to implement a profit-sharing plan, rather than paying you purely on salary. Now you have a reduced (but not eliminated) incentive to shirk, because some of the lost profits come from your own pocket. However, now I have an incentive to shirk in my own duties, since now I get all the benefits of my own shirking (the pleasure of increased Reddit usage when I should be negotiating for better prices with our suppliers, or networking to reach more customers), while I no longer bear all of the cost of lost profits, some of that cost is shifted to you. Now both of us have an incentive to misbehave in a way that is partially paid for by the other. That is double moral hazard.


Question: Why does sugar from fruits not count towards your total daily sugar intake?

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 Why does sugar from fruits not count towards your total daily sugar intake?

The primary "difference" is not in the sugar itself, but what comes with it. Eat an apple, and you get an apple's worth of sugar, but also an apple's worth of fiber and nutrients. Eat a Hershey bar, and you get somewhere around the same amount of sugar, and pretty much nothing else.


Question: How does the body symmetrically burn body fat?

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 How does the body symmetrically burn body fat?

Fat is not connected to muscle. When your body needs fuel from stored fat it releases hormones in to your blood to tell all of your fat cells to release energy back in to your blood stream. It has nothing to do with which part of your body is currently using the energy because your blood stream mixes everything together.


Question: Why does sperm turn into a kinda solid/dry glue when water hits it?

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 Why does sperm turn into a kinda solid/dry glue when water hits it?

Semen contains a ton of proteins that denature--read: cook--at just above body temperature, plus both a coagulation factor and a decoagulation factor that are active at different times. Semen gels up quickly after ejaculation, and then liquifies shortly after. Cold water will not gel the semen as much, but hot water essentially cooks it in a very similar way to a cooking egg (and, in fact, semen even contains albumin, which is the protein that helps eggs cook the way they do).


Question: Why are people allowed to create covers of famous songs and sell them/put them on Spotify?

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 Why are people allowed to create covers of famous songs and sell them/put them on Spotify?

In addition to what others are saying, if you get permission first you may be able to negotiate a lower royalty payment. A songwriter in the US does have the right to dictate who will be the *first* artist to use his/her song. After someone does it once, though, anyone else can do the song as long as they pay a royalty. Weird Al almost always comes up in discussions about this. He doesn't *have* to get an artist's permission to do a parody of their song, but he waits until he has it as a matter of courtesy. Two famous miscommunications in this: he parodied Coolio's "Gangsta Paradise" not knowing Coolio's reps have given their blessing without actually checking with Coolio. And he couldn't believe how stubborn Lady Gaga was being about him doing "Born This Way" until the issue started getting press coverage, thanks in no small part to his tweeting about it. Turns out that like Coolio, her people weren't actually asking her. When she found out she was honored and gave the green light.


Question: How does a speaker produce multiple sounds at the same time? Do they just play the average tones of all information given at a time?

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 How does a speaker produce multiple sounds at the same time? Do they just play the average tones of all information given at a time?

Take a look at [this picture]( URL_0 ). When playing a 100 Hz tone, the membrane of the speaker would move as indicated by the upper waveform, and when playing a 500 Hz tone, it would move as indicated by the waveform in the middle. Now if you want to play both tones at the same time, you would add both waveforms and the speaker membrane would move as indicated by the waveform at the bottom. It moves back and forth slowly to play the lower tone, and on top of that it moves back and forth quickly to play the higher tone.


Question: Why is there such a push for natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy when hydro, solar, and wind are perpetual and cause little harm the environment?

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 Why is there such a push for natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy when hydro, solar, and wind are perpetual and cause little harm the environment?

In addition to large, lucrative industries lobbying the government to not lose said industries, hydro, solar, and wind are not *currently* very efficient, and do not handle peak loads. If demand for power were to surge, even if only for a relatively short period of time, it's not like you can make the wind blow harder, the sun shine brighter, or water flow faster. You can, however, burn as much or as little fossil fuel as necessary to achieve the energy output you need. Furthermore, hydro, solar, and wind do have their environmental impacts, just not the same—or, arguably, as significant—as fossil fuels. As with all things, meeting energy demands requires trade-offs. If there was a form of energy generation that was extremely efficient, cheap, and clean, I'm confident that the world would be utilizing it. Since such a thing does not exist, or at least has not been discovered yet, we have to try to optimize for efficiency, environmental impact, cost, and more.


Question: How do they manage to find precise recordings to make those composite/mash-up videos, of hundreds of clips of a person speaking certain words, to make them sing a song, etc?

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 How do they manage to find precise recordings to make those composite/mash-up videos, of hundreds of clips of a person speaking certain words, to make them sing a song, etc?

I've actually also wondered the same thing and I think I have an answer. I don't know this for certain but I imagine that what the people do is find several speeches by the figure they are using and then find the transcripts of the speeches. This is not normally very difficult particularly for public figures such as the president. They then just need to ctrl-f the speech to find the words they want and then go to that location of the video. They can then cut that part of the video out and rinse and repeat. It's still time-consuming but it's much faster than just blindly watching hundreds of videos.