Question: What does it mean to purge voters. As a Canadian I don’t really understand the American election process but it seems odd to me to let politicians deny people the right to vote, are these people eligible to vote elsewhere or do they just not count anymore?

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 What does it mean to purge voters. As a Canadian I don’t really understand the American election process but it seems odd to me to let politicians deny people the right to vote, are these people eligible to vote elsewhere or do they just not count anymore?

I work in my Texas County's Elections dept. Purging of the voter roll is intended to clear out registration accounts for people who have passed/moved away or otherwise become ineligible to vote while still legally residing in the County (felony conviction, usually). This process is routine by every elections department in the country, and the world if logic prevails. The problem arises in verifying those various statuses and the mistakes that can arise - or the deliberate manipulation of the process to sway election results, of course. For deaths, the county coroner's office sends us a list of decedents every month. When we have a voter match, a letter is sent to the voter's address asking for verification of death by a relative. If that comes back signed by a close-family member that dead voter is purged from the voter roll. If the letter comes back to us unopened or otherwise unverified, the letter is sent again and then a third time. If all 3 letters come back or disappear into the postal aether the voter is purged from the roll as deceased. Similarly, the Jury Department sends a monthly email of jury service deniers who say they can't serve as they've moved. The Courts do the same for vote-disqualifying convictions. All these people are sent an Address Confirmation request where we ask if they've indeed moved. If voters have moved elsewhere in the County we update their address to keep their ballot relevant to where they're paying their taxes, or purge them from the voter roll if they've indeed moved away or convicted. If there's no answer to these requests and their successors the voter's account is 'Suspended'. The voter is still on the roll but we want him/her to verify their residence address at first opportunity, which usually happens the next time the voter votes. Additionally, the Texas Legislature meets every 2 years, and we send out updated Voter Registration cards to everyone to show any precinct boundary changes that may have occured and to 'ping' the voter they're still on the roll. If those cards are returned Undeliverable, the voter is Suspended. Once in Suspense, if there's no further interaction with the voter in any capacity the account is purged from the roll under the assumption the voter's moved away from the County. This happens 2 Federal-level elections after the Suspension date. Voters recently purged due to Suspension had to have been put into that state prior to the Congressional election of 2014 *and* to have had zero interaction whatsoever with their Elections Dept in the meantime. This is my understanding of how it is done in my County and what TX State law requires of us to comply with Federal law. I believe this is more-or-less true nationally. I've been working in my Dept right about 2years now (my first day was 4 days prior to Trump's election) and I do basic data entry of new/updated registrations and front desk CSR, so I may be wrong on some of the details of what coworkers do and I offer up my apologies for any errors.


Question: What determines if a metal produces an oxide layer?

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 What determines if a metal produces an oxide layer?

Firstly how reactive it is to oxygen. A metal like gold is practically inert and so won’t readily oxidise in air. Where as something like sodium or aluminium will oxidise very quickly. Secondly the physical properties of the oxide. Aluminium oxide isn’t water soluble and is fairly hard so sticks to the metal very well, on the other hand rust on iron is very weak and will be quickly eroded, revealing more iron to oxidise and losing much of the material.


Question: Can all substances be in all 3 states of matter? If you heat up metal, it will melt, but is there a point where you heat it enough that it will become a gas? Same goes for every substance on earth

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 Can all substances be in all 3 states of matter? If you heat up metal, it will melt, but is there a point where you heat it enough that it will become a gas? Same goes for every substance on earth

The answer is almost entirely "yes". Strictly speaking, heating and cooling alone won't do it - you may also have to change the pressure of the substance. Carbon dioxide, for example, goes straight from solid to gas at normal Earth pressures but does have a liquid state at higher pressures. (Water would show the same behavior at lower pressures, going right from ice to vapor without a liquid state. It does this on Mars, for example, which is why Mars has no liquid water on its surface despite (a) having tons of ice and (b) sometimes going well above freezing temp.) There are also chemicals that, under normal circumstances, will break down or react long before they reach a different state of matter (for example, wood will burn before it melts). But in principle, every substance has a [triple point]( URL_0 ) where the solid, gas, and liquid phases all meet and you can go through any of the three phases by changing temperature or pressure just a tiny bit. Very strictly speaking, I believe helium-4 is speculated, but not known, to have a solid form at high pressures. But that's a rare exception in a material that interacts in extremely unusual ways, at temperatures low enough for quantum-mechanical effects to be important (at which point "liquid" stops really being a good descriptor either, as it doesn't behave like a typical liquid).


Question: How can the lone star tick make us allergic to meat when there is such a vast variety of animal foods?

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 How can the lone star tick make us allergic to meat when there is such a vast variety of animal foods?

It's called an alpha-gal allergy (Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose allergy). It's a carbohydrate that's found in almost 100% of all mammals. The carbohydrate is used in the creation of cell membranes. All mammal meat contains cells, all of these cells have cell membranes, so you can't avoid it. It's so fundamental it's a level below where differences in mammals are.


Question: Why would a well-stablished service/company still need rounds of huge fundings?

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 Why would a well-stablished service/company still need rounds of huge fundings?

Just because you’re well established, and going forward doesn’t mean you’re actually making money, even if you are, you may not be making enough to continue to grow, expand, and adapt. In fact most established companies need more funding, however this is generally achieved through loans rather than selling equity (ownership) in the company, which is more common for new businesses as they can’t afford loans, so have no choice but to sell ownership. Pretty much every big and small company out there, in almost any industry, takes out loans to grow if they can. If they can’t, then they sell equity.


Question: What is the difference between Congress, the Senate, the house of Representatives and parliment?

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 What is the difference between Congress, the Senate, the house of Representatives and parliment?

Congress is the full legislative body in a country that separates the legislative and executive functions of government as the US does. The US Congress is bicameral meaning it has two parts, the upper body is the Senate and it has 2 members for every State, current number 100. The House of Representatives is the lower body and it has population based representation with 435 seats divided among the States. The House has a term of 2 years with everyone coming up for election on the same year. The Senate has a term of 6 years and are staggered such that 1/3 of the Senate is up for election every 2 years. Parliament is a different kind of legislative body that exists in countries that do not separate the Executive Duties of government from the Legislative process. Thus their head of government is also their head of legislature. Some Parliaments are unicameral, and some are bicameral like the US congress.


Question: Why and how exactly does lightning produce thunder?

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 Why and how exactly does lightning produce thunder?

Lightning is a very large electric current. When electricity runs through something, energy is absorbed in proportion to the resistance of the thing the electricity is running through. Air has pretty high resistance, and absorbs a lot of energy. When you add energy to air it gets hot and expands. At some point it's expanded enough that the pressure is back to normal, but the air has a lot of velocity at that time. By the time the air stops, a vacuum has formed. The air has cooled during the process, and as it flows into the vacuum it hits the air coming from the opposite direction and creates the sound you hear.


Question: How important is the moon to life as we know it?

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 How important is the moon to life as we know it?

If the moon ceased to exist, it would have two major impacts (along with many more, I'm sure). * Tides would follow the sun instead of the moon, leading to significant differences in size/timing/etc. Many species have evolved to be dependent on tides and would either have to adapt or die out. Our efforts at harnessing tides for energy would also need to change. * The earth's rotation would become less stable on its normal axis. Right now the moon helps earth stay stable on its rotational axis (giving us consistent seasons), and that would not hold true without the moon. A new timeline for seasons would be an example of an impact that a less stable axis of rotation would have. This again will result in the death or adaptation of many species on earth who have grown accustomed to regular seasons over the period of a year.


Question: How are grass seeds made?

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 How are grass seeds made?

Grass produces seed heads, you've probably seen those before. The seeds from those seed heads are harvested, dried and sold. If you put them into soil and water them, they sprout and grow into new grass. People who don't want those on their lawn make sure the conditions for the grass stays constant, it receives enough water and is mowed regularly (so seed heads can't develop).


Question: Why does McDonald's food i.e. a Cheesburger and fries, not grow mold?

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 Why does McDonald's food i.e. a Cheesburger and fries, not grow mold?

The no-mold experiments also take away all of the toppings. The toppings add too much moisture which would encourage microbial growth. The thin toasted bun and thin cooked meat are dry, high surface area, and salty. Together this makes it dry out before anything obvious can grow, and once dry no mold can survive on it since mold needs moisture to live. There are probably some preservatives at work too, especially in the bun, which are probably no different than the ones added to your sliced bread you have at home. The same experiment with a **fully dressed** Big Mac is going to get very moldy, because of the sauce and veggies adding a lot of moisture and sugar.


Question: how are deafblind people taught to communicate?

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 how are deafblind people taught to communicate?

I'm a nurse that works with DeafBlind individuals, hopefully I can explain this well! For most things, it's all about teaching the concept behind the idea. And using all other available senses. Also, repetition. For an apple, you can sign with AITSL (adapted interactive tactile sign language - hand over hand) the sign for apple. Have them eat an apple, sign it again. Smell apples, sign it again. Feel the apple, sign it again. Etc. For more abstract concepts - for example, laundry - seems simple enough. It's easy to teach someone the *skill* of doing laundry, but *why* do we do it. Because things are dirty, of course. But if you cant see the dirt, or get the concept of the clothes being 'dirty', it seems silly as to why we put out clothes in this machine. So we have to start with teaching 'dirty', go I. The garden, get messy, feel/smell the dirt on your clothes. Then teach the concept of clean. Then putting it all together, explaining that the machine takes the clothes from dirty to clean. This is a painstakingly long process, and also relies alot on the DeafBlind individuals cognitive abilities. Also, keep in mind, most DeafBlind folks have some residual hearing and vision. One client I support just requires that we sign for her about 2-4 inches right in front of her left eye, as that's where her visual field is. I hope that helps! Edit: Gold?!?! Thank you, a hundred times over, kind strangers!! Also I've had a lot of requests for an AMA, I'm totally going to do it, stay tuned! And thank you all for the overwhelming interest in what I have to say!! And especially to OP for asking the question that started all of this awesome dialogue :)


Question: Why despite the fact that Native American casino's generate billions most tribes and native people still live in poverty?

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 Why despite the fact that Native American casino's generate billions most tribes and native people still live in poverty?

Why do Americans live in poverty when people like bezos are worth 109 billion. Because some people are greedy. There’s also not a big, successful casino for every nation. Most land forced on the nations was worthless. Shit for agriculture, shit for living. Some nations do give members money based on the casino, but as I said. Greedy people in charge don’t usually just give it all away. Also, the nations don’t split casino profits. The casino in Seattle isn’t connected to say, a nation in Florida.


Question: What is the P vs NP problem and why is it such an important problem in Computer science?

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 What is the P vs NP problem and why is it such an important problem in Computer science?

If I asked you to guess my 4 digit PIN, it could take you up to 10000 tries (10⁴) to get it right. If I told you my PIN and asked you to check if it is correct, it would take you just one try. Go to an ATM and use my PIN and if it is correct, you have all my money. Either way, you know if my PIN is right or wrong after just one step. For computers the difference between 1 and 10000 tries isn't too big, but the important thing to note is that if I made my pin 1 digit longer, it takes 10 times more steps to find the correct PIN, but still the same number of steps to check it. P vs NP refers to problems that are "easy" to solve for a computer and problems that are "easy" to check for a computer. There are two possible conclusions to P vs NP: If P = NP, then any problem that can be checked easily can be solved almost as easily. If this is true, that means someone would be able to program a computer that could crack my PIN almost as fast as it could check whether my PIN is correct. This does not bode well for information security, encryption, etc. If P ≠ NP, then the above would be definitively proven to be impossible, and you can rest easy knowing that unless your password is hunter2, the Russians won't be able to get to it that easily. Although intuitively it seems as if P ≠ NP (and this is also the hypothesis of most experts), it has yet to be rigorously proven. Also, the problem is one of the millennium problems. So, if you can find one example where P ≠ NP, or show that all elements of P are in NP, you'll be getting a cool $1 million from the Clay Institute. However, if P = NP, don't expect that money to be safe for long.


Question: Why does water taste different at different temperatures?

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 Why does water taste different at different temperatures?

Assuming that it's the same water and not from different sources which may contain different salts.. there are 2-3 major factors 1. The temperature itself. When water touches our taste buds, the temperature sets off slightly different responses to the brain. 2. The material. Chilled water may be stored in any container- plastic/glass/metal. Warm/Hot water is almost always used with metal and sometimes glass. So this is also a small factor. 3. Gases. The most important factor is gases. If a liquid surface is kept in contact with a gas, the gas WILL dissolve in the liquid slowly. The colder the temperature, the faster the gas will dissolve in liquid and vice versa. Boiled water is thus absolutely devoid of gases ( bud-bud-bud-bud bubbles, remember? ). That's why bottled water tastes sweet while boiled water tastes bitter. Oxygen.


Question: Why does the tempo of a certain song seem so different depending on activity level when listening?

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 Why does the tempo of a certain song seem so different depending on activity level when listening?

I make no claims to be an expert on this but I have seen articles where they tested the theory about "time flies when you're having fun"... Basically they say that the concept of time, especially inside our squishy brains is fluid and ever changing based on activity level, dopamine, etc. So I would go out on a limb and say when you are working out, you're entire body is basically in overdrive. Muscles are firing faster, internal processes are accelerated and music is just another stimulus that your brain is trying to process. Someone riding past you on a bike looks very different when you are standing still vs. passing them in a car at highway speeds.


Question: What prevents fruits and vegetables from rotting before we cultivate them?

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</answer>
 What prevents fruits and vegetables from rotting before we cultivate them?

Because they’re a part of a healthy living plant. When a fruit or a vegetable is still attached to the plant, it’s still growing, getting nutrients, getting damage repaired, it’s still a living growing healthy thing. As soon as it falls off/is plucked, it stop getting replenished and cannot fight the rot as well. It’s the same reason why your finger stays nice and healthy when starched to your body, but if you cut your finger off it won’t last very long before it starts to rot.


Question: Why is the English language so frickin confusing?

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 Why is the English language so frickin confusing?

It takes lots of bits and pieces from a lot of other languages that don’t necessarily in turn, share a root language. If you’ve seen the meme of English actually bring three languages standing on their shoulders in a trench coat, it sort of gets the idea across. As such, a lot of the grammatical rules that make things work or not work in one language or another aren’t all necessarily carried over.


Question: Why do climate scientists predict a change of just 1.5 or 2° Celsius means disaster for the world? How can such a small temperature shift make such a big impact?

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 Why do climate scientists predict a change of just 1.5 or 2° Celsius means disaster for the world? How can such a small temperature shift make such a big impact?

It's not just about the temperature getting a few degrees warmer. An effect of rising CO2 levels is that the global average temperature will get a few degrees warmer. That average temperature increase is a benchmark only, not the problem in and of itself. It's the other effects of the same root cause of increasing CO2 levels that are a problem. The earth is a giant thermodynamic engine that takes in energy in higher amounts near the equator where solar gain is greater than heat radiated back into space, and funnels it to the poles, where solar gain is less than heat radiated to space. CO2 acts like a blanket over the system, keeping more heat in, but the equatorial zones don't heat much, they just shuttle that extra heat to the poles through ocean and wind currents. The same air currents also shuttle CO2 up to the poles, as can be seen in [this NASA model]( URL_0 ), which further reduces heat radiated back into space at the poles. This means that the poles are heating up a lot more than 2 degrees C. More like 10. The bulk of earth's frozen water is at the poles, so this rise of several degrees Celsius in the polar regions will melt a significant amount of land based ice, raising sea levels. This is going to cost trillions of dollars to either preemptively try to deal with or as flood damage. In addition, CO2 in the atmosphere is also absorbed into the oceans. As the CO2 levels in the ocean rise, the oceans acidify, due to the creation of carbonic acid, the same acid in your carbonated soda. You may have seen of heard of people dissolving baby teeth in a can of coke, and the same thing happens to carbonaceous minerals in acidified ocean water. So organisms with calcium carbonate shells like shellfish and coral grow slower and will likely soon reach the point where their structures are dissolving faster than they grow. This kicks the legs out of the base of the ocean's food web, and will largely collapse ocean life in near shore areas with the exception of algae and jellyfish. Finally, since the earth is currently being shifted out of equilibrium, the weather patterns are behaving like a top that is starting to topple, with extreme systems swinging across the globe. We are getting high pressure systems that park themselves over an area for weeks at a time, blasting the area with heat. In the ocean, this can kill corals, and much of the earth's coral reefs are already dying off as a result of these extended heat waves. Over land they reduce crop yields and can kill people. We have a circumpolar band of wind called the polar vortex that will start to meander, bringing snow to Florida and dropping temperatures across the Eastern US by 10-15 degrees C below normal in the middle of winter for weeks at a time, killing native plants and animals that aren't adapted to being able to survive that kind of cold for that long. These shifting weather patterns also change climate in areas, such that some areas will see extended drought such that there will no longer be enough water for the people that currently live there. In other areas, heavier rainfall increase flooding and landslide events, which cause millions to billions of dollars of damage to communities and kill people. Any time the world goes through a climactic shift, it becomes less habitable to the species that were adapted to the old patterns. Because of the interconnectedness of ecosystems, these effects ripple in a positive feedback loop that drives up extinction rates in a runaway process that can radically alter the biome. This is not good for humans in the short run or the long run.


Question: We know the body “burns” fat when losing weight, but how does it get rid of all the extra nerves, blood vessels, and skin cells it creates when gaining weight?

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 We know the body “burns” fat when losing weight, but how does it get rid of all the extra nerves, blood vessels, and skin cells it creates when gaining weight?

The cells that become "extra" will apoptose(die) and otherwise be breakdown. This process especially on the protein level (necessary in skin because of lots of collagen). Is not fast and due to severe epigenetic effects from the obesity may not return to normal easily. Cosmetic surgery is generally used to help this along for large differences. They don't get "burned" per se but your body slowly realizes you don't need them and will devascularize the blood vessels and degrade the collagen/keratin in skin. This process is limited by both time and degree of change which is why you get stretch marks(skin collagen synthesis not keeping up) when quickly get fat/ muscular and get "flaps or a lack of".


Question: How do they get recordings of all the words for electronic reading voices?

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 How do they get recordings of all the words for electronic reading voices?

Yes, somebody literally reads a dictionary of words. But the dictionary is cut down to include only the ___ most common words and is tailored to the usage they expect you to need. For words that aren't in the main dictionary the voice actor records syllable sounds (phonetic dictionary) so that uncommon words can be read (sometimes poorly). The TTS program may include a secondary text-only dictionary of less common words, in a notation like [IPA]( URL_2 ). Very rare words might fall outside of all dictionaries and the TTS program will try to make a best guess at how the word sounds. This almost always sounds terrible, but it's better than nothing. I've used the default Google voice built into Android, the Samsung one that comes with Galaxy S_, and Ivona (Amazon) Amy (UK). When using Google maps, the Android voice has the most complete and natural sound to most uncommon street names, getting things like "Sepulveda Blvd" correct, but Ivona Amy doesn't even come close. So you can tell that Google included many street names and non-English words into their voice dictionary and Ivona didn't. But [when reading an eBook]( URL_1 ), Ivona Amy sounds almost natural, while the Google voice sounds terribly flat and lifeless. Ivona Amy still stumbles pronouncing "No." as "number," but you can tell instantly that it's much better suited for natural language than the Android, Samsung, and even Kindle options. But even if every single word were recorded there'd still be a problem with word stress and phrase pronunciation. "To" and "two" might normally be pronounced the same, but when saying the phrase "nine to five" many people would pronounce it more like "nine tuh five," which can't be easily reproduced by a voice reader. --- edit: What /u/PirateBaeDotSE describes is only a basic level of TTS (phonetic dictionary). Doing it that way either ignores intonation or does not properly capture natural sounding speech. Compare [Ivona Amy]( URL_0 ) to the acapela link and you can hear the huge difference.


Question: What does the integral of position with the respect of time mean?

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 What does the integral of position with the respect of time mean?

Imagine you arrange a race where the contestants all chase someone. There is a decent chance that none of them catch the escapee, but you still want a way of determining a winner. You could choose whoever is closest at the finish but that favours an endurance runner. You could choose whoever got closest at any point in the race, but that favours a sprinter who could get close at the start. So you choose the winner as the person who spent the most time the closest to the escapee. Specifically, whoever has the highest time integral of distance to the escapee. Think of it as the area under a distance-time graph. Maybe this example is a bit contrived, but it is not too much of a stretch to imagine more commercially or scientifically relevant opportunities to use this value.


Question: How does the worlds wealth increase?

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 How does the worlds wealth increase?

Wealth comes from making new stuff and providing new services. If I take an unused plot of land and grow food on, I am adding something of value to the world that did not exist before, something that I can trade for other things of value. Currency is not wealth. Currency is a place holder that makes it easier to trade things of value. You could not have a single cent in the bank, but if you were good at bartering, wind up owning a lot of stuff and being very wealthy.


Question: How do models predict the path(s) of hurricanes?

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 How do models predict the path(s) of hurricanes?

The modelers take a massive amount of data gleaned from weather stations, satellites, weather balloons, planes, ships, etc. These data points are plugged in to a large set of mathematical equations known as a forecast model. There are many different weather models, and different variations of each one. Different models work better for different weather events and in different geographic locations. The quality of the forecast is affected by how many of these sensor readings they get. Some can be very difficult because of the distance between sensors. And any sensors with even minor errors can make some big variations in the prediction. All of this processing is done on massive supercomputers, as it is an enormous calculation that has to be done quickly and updated with new incoming data.


Question: Why does a negative multiplied by a negative become a positive?

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 Why does a negative multiplied by a negative become a positive?

For positive a and positive b a + (-a) = 0 (I think you don’t need an explanation why this is true) a(-b) + (-a)(-b) = 0 (-b) (multiply both sides by a negative number -b) -ab + (-a)(-b) = 0 (assume that positive times negative is negative) For this to be true (-a)(-b) must equal ab so if a negative times a positive is negative then a negative times a negative is positive You can multiply everything by b instead of -b to show that if a positive times a positive is positive then a negative times a positive is negative


Question: Why does the light from the sun start looking orange while it’s setting?

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 Why does the light from the sun start looking orange while it’s setting?

For the same reason that the sky is blue! It's a phenomenon called [Rayleigh scattering]( URL_1 ). Shorter wavelengths of light (i.e. blue light) get scattered more by the atmosphere than longer wavelengths. During the day, that causes some of the blue light from the sun to kind of bounce around the atmosphere, eventually appearing to come from all directions at once. Thus making the sky look blue. But during sunrise and sunset, the light from the sun has to pass through a lot more atmosphere than during the day (see [this image]( URL_0 )). That causes the blue light to scatter so much that most of it doesn't even reach you, causing the sun to look orange (white minus blue).


Question: How does the underground ecosystem of a cemetery compare to that of a normal, untouched field of grass?

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 How does the underground ecosystem of a cemetery compare to that of a normal, untouched field of grass?

Most modern graves place the coffin in a sealed vault, so there would be little impact to the environment, beyond having a bunch of concrete in the ground now. Even with vaults, bodies buried in a cemetery represent a tiny fraction of the ecosystem there and remain biologically active for a very short time. Having a regularly watered lawn likely has a much greater impact than the bodies do.


Question: How is it that putting on too strong prescription glasses messes up your eyes, yet binoculars are completely fine?

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 How is it that putting on too strong prescription glasses messes up your eyes, yet binoculars are completely fine?

They don't. Its a common myth that wearing glasses 'weaken' the eyes by making them lazy, and many optometrists used to under prescribe patients because of it. What does damage the eyes is not enough sun and focussing on one point too much. You should take regular breaks from working at a desk for example and look at somethibg far away for a minute or so, like a tree outside the window. That changes your focus and stops your eyes getting 'lazy', not from the glasses but from looking at one focal point all day.


Question: What can someone do with your IP address? How does it work?

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 What can someone do with your IP address? How does it work?

The most common and easiest thing they can get is information about your physical location (city, state, ZIP code), which they can use in some cases to get even more information about you, especially if you're not careful about protecting yourself on social media websites. Besides that, they theoretically could access your computer remotely, but there are a lot of roadblocks there, such as your ISP's internet security configuration and firewalls, your own modem and router's security configuration and your computer itself (usually has some sort of basic firewall online by default). A dedicated and capable enough hacker might be able to find a way in but it's not going to be a super simple or easy task.


Question: How does destructive interference work?

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 How does destructive interference work?

Imagine there is a big heavy box that you have to drag across the floor, so you call a buddy to help you out. If your friend is pushing from the same side as you, the mix of efforts results in a bigger push, but if he's on the other side pushing againts you, then the efforts cancel each other out. That's basically destructive interference.


Question: Why are so many of the best paying jobs non wealth creating? Bankers, consultants, accountants, they just seem to shift wealth from place to place.

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 Why are so many of the best paying jobs non wealth creating? Bankers, consultants, accountants, they just seem to shift wealth from place to place.

I think there are really two questions here. First, is what these people do valuable? I once saw something saying that the only thing worse than having to use a lawyer is needing a lawyer and not having one. Having to go to court is bad enough. Having to go to court without the help of a lawyer? :s So many of these professions may seem pointless until you need them. Until you're running a complex company and need to work out your accounts, make sure you're paying the right amount of tax, check if you're actually making money or not. Until you want to expand your business and need to borrow some money, or have made some money and want to invest it somewhere it'll earn some interest but be safe. To pick the example of investment (investment banks, pension funds, venture capital, etc.). The role of these business is (or at least should be) to make sure money gets to where it can best be used for the economy. This means, for example, making judgements about which businesses will succeed and which will fail, who will pay back their loan, and who will default. This is a really important thing to do. Again, the only thing worse than having to deal with a banker is needing a loan and not being able to get one... Second, why do they get paid *so much*? This is more controversial. Part of it is because this stuff can be complex and difficult. Accountancy rules, tax codes, laws, regulations are many and complicated, so it takes a lot of education and experience to be really good at dealing with them. It's easier to become a carpenter than an accountant. Then there's investment - to be a good investor you have to be able to predict the future. That's not an easy thing to do. That said - and other people will probably disagree with me here - there's also a degree to which our economies, society and political systems have become dominated by these industries. Money and power are concentrated in a small number of hands, or a small part of the system. Governments are intertwined with big banks, big accountancy firms, they think the same way, share the same people. The financial sector literally crashed the world economy ten years ago, yet bankers haven't exactly taken a pay cut. How all this works is more complex to explain and I'm not sure I can give a good explanation of it, at least without spending more time thinking about it.


Question: What happens when one of 2 conjoined twins dies? Assuming they have lived a long life, not an early death.

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 What happens when one of 2 conjoined twins dies? Assuming they have lived a long life, not an early death.

Each case is rare and unique so there's no real protocol for this. Doctors will have attempted to separate them as soon as possible after birth if that was plausible, so there aren't many cases of adult conjoined twins who don't share vital organs. Twins that *do* share vital organs may have no choice except to die together since they're separate brains but not really separate bodies. I'm not sure if there's ever been a case of severely conjoined twins where one *head* died without major problems in the body.


Question: How does laughing really hard and feeling extremely sad trigger tears when they’re two different emotions?

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 How does laughing really hard and feeling extremely sad trigger tears when they’re two different emotions?

There are actually different types of tears! Basically, your body always tries to stay balanced (homeostasis). When we have too much of an emotion to an extreme, we begin to cry. Those tears are different from each other in their chemical makeup. All the signals within our bodies are electrical or chemical (hormones). When you're too excited/happy and begin to cry, that's the body's way of flushing the excess chemcials out of the body. This way it doesn't build up more and more and helps return the body to its "natural balance."


Question: why do a lot of people hate communists?

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 why do a lot of people hate communists?

Since this is an ELI5, let’s see if this does the trick: Once upon a time there were two rich boys, one of them liked to look after others, the other one liked to look after himself. Soon enough the boy that looked after all the others got pretty popular, although every time it became harder and harder to look after everyone, and he started to think about how it would be easier if everyone just did as he said. The other boy, well he got richer, and his life looked so good that others around him benefitted from his wealth, making them also think that his was the way to go. At some point they couldn’t stop talking about how their way was better, and about how much the other was doing things wrong. Everyone started talking about it too. Tragically, the boy that liked to help others left, and nobody really picked up the work. It didn’t help that the other boy helped himself to whatever he wanted, whether he was “allowed” to have it or not. Eventually their friends developed their own version of what they knew, still thinking that the other was wrong. Some of the more enlightened of their friends decided not all was bad from the other side and merged some ideas. To this day, everyone is still talking about why the boy’s idea of helping everyone failed, but can’t really talk louder than the other boy who is still screaming about how his way is better, and more proactively sabotaging any attempt to diminish how much wealth he can take. Long story short: it’s because the propaganda machine that started trying to discredit communism and socialism is still very much running strong. Just in case anyone gets the idea that capitalists aren’t entitled to hoard all the wealth.


Question: How can a country continue to run and function while in debt? How are countries able to progress and continue having an increasing GDP?

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 How can a country continue to run and function while in debt? How are countries able to progress and continue having an increasing GDP?

How do people continue to function when they have student loans, car payments, and a house mortgage? In the government’s case, it’s in the form of bonds issues, called Treasury notes or treasury bills, with various maturity dates. As long as the debt payments are a manageable part of the budget, then there is no problem operating with debt. Right now about 6% of the US government budget is paying debt payments, with the rest going to fu d military, social programs, education, foreign aid, etc.


Question: How exactly does soap clean our skin?

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 How exactly does soap clean our skin?

Water is good at cleaning some things because those things interact with the water more favorably than they do your skin. When water washes over your skin that stuff binds to the water and leaves with it. However, there are other things that interact with your skin more favorably than water. these won't, for the most part, leave just because some water comes by. Soap consists of molecules that have two very different ends. One end interacts well with water while the other end interacts well with stuff that doesn't interact well with water. This means it can basically act like a chain connecting the water rushing by to this stuff that water normally doesn't interact with too much.


Question: What determines if the pus in a pimple/cyst is liquid or more solid?

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 What determines if the pus in a pimple/cyst is liquid or more solid?

The other answer makes no sense. The real answer is that a cyst and pimple are different things. A pimple is a tiny collection of bacteria and pus due to a blocked gland that becomes infected because all the bacteria are trapped inside. The pus is a mixture of fluid from inflammation and dead white blood cells. This can go from thicker goop to thinner goop but is always somewhat liquid. Most commonly cysts are trapped bits of cells that aren’t necessarily infected. The contents of these cysts are more solid because it’s mostly dead skin cells that instead of being shed off into the world are being shed into the cyst. There is obviously a lot more to it and a lot of caveats but this is ELI5


Question: How come turning wifi/data on and off again makes it work better?

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 How come turning wifi/data on and off again makes it work better?

Like pretty much anything computer related, resetting fixes an abundance of issues. By starting something over it is forced to run all it's code from the beginning, refreshing anything that might have gotten out of whack. I don't have a specific technical answer because it could be a whole number of things making your wifi or data not work well in the first place, but in short, it's like when you're in a conversation with someone and you get confused and say "woah woah hold on let's start over."


Question: If the Voyager 1, the furthest man made object from earth, is roughly 18.8b km away, how do we know about cosmic webs, 100 billion lightyears away, and other extremely far structures of the universe?

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 If the Voyager 1, the furthest man made object from earth, is roughly 18.8b km away, how do we know about cosmic webs, 100 billion lightyears away, and other extremely far structures of the universe?

We... look. With telescopes. And mathematical calculations using the redshift of distant objects and the parallax of less distant objects as Earth orbits the Sun allow us to convert the 2D images produced by telescopes into 3D maps of the structure of the universe, lots of complexity to dive into there, but mostly we just use the fact that light has had nearly 14 billion years to get here from distant parts of the universe and... look at it. Edit: I should mention that we're quite uniquely lucky to be able to do this. A hundred billion years from now, only the faintest stars will still remain and the light from them will have been redshifted into near undetectability as the expansion of the universe accelerates, and ten billion years ago not enough light had reached a single point to get a good idea about the shape of the universe. Edit2: we don't know about *anything* more than 45 billion lightyears away. That's the furthest any information can have travelled relative to the object it came from since the Big Bang, even with expansion helping it. For all we know, pi is 4 50 billion lightyears from here.


Question: How do inch fractions work?

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 How do inch fractions work?

Imperial rulers actually are not divided into 20 fractions. If you look at [this diagram]( URL_0 ) you can see that it's divided into 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 intervals. But (as an american) the only time I actually hear anything other than 1/2 or 1/4 inch being referred to, it's an engineer or a machinst who has high precision measuring equipment.


Question: what happens when our old nuclear weapons begin to get old?

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 what happens when our old nuclear weapons begin to get old?

just to clarify: - nukes won't explode if they get old or something. Getting a nuclear bomb to blow up is a complicated and very precise process. Material deterioration won't cause this. - the issue you will face is that they slowly irradiate everything around them. So if the shielding were to slowly wither away over several centuries or so, then getting close to the weapons could become a health hazard and the sites were they're stored could get contaminated. The biggest issues - to my knowledge - we face with aging nuclear weapons are the electronics which both deteriorate and just become so outdated we struggle more and more to use them.


Question: Why does it take longer to bake cookies in a space station?

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 Why does it take longer to bake cookies in a space station?

In space, there is no gravity†. Gravity powers convection in your oven on Earth. The heating element makes the air near it hot. The air expands, becoming lighter. Gravity presses down on all the air in your oven, shifting the hot molecules away from the element to be replaced with colder molecules. The hot air molecules bump into the cookie dough, and transfer some of their heat. In the ISS Cookie Maker, they didn't want to use a fan because NASA has a problem with fans. They have to use heat diffusion to get the heat from the super-safe heating element to the cookie. That's a much slower process, more like the way a sous vide system makes a perfect steak in 2 hours when a bar-b-que grill can do that in 10 minutes. † Actually, there is plenty of gravity, but the ISS is moving at a speed sufficient to compensate for the Earth's gravity.


Question: Why are there fake profiles on social media?

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 Why are there fake profiles on social media?

They could be building the background of what appears to be a legitimate account by creating a history of activity. The account can later be used to promote a product/agenda/idea/etc. It could also be a company who offers users comments, likes, retweets, activity in exchange for money. They create a large number of these fake profiles and when a customer wants more followers or activity this large network starts posting random stuff because the time it would take to make actual relevant comments is too large for the general market demand.


Question: What does it mean that New Jersey & Maine government has 'shut down'?

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 What does it mean that New Jersey & Maine government has 'shut down'?

When a government "shuts down," they basically stop operating anything considered to be a non-essential service--things like parks, tourist bureaus, etc. In addition, a lot of paperwork-related things are curtailed if not shut down--so if you're waiting for a car registration or a licensure or some other thing, you may not get it at all or it will be heavily delayed while the shutdown is in place. The state employees are not paid while this happens (at least by the state--some state unions have funds specifically for this to keep paychecks coming in.) although benefits will continue. Sometimes they are reimbursed after the shutdown, sometimes not.


Question: How are beakers and graduated cylinders not affected by chemical reactions?

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 How are beakers and graduated cylinders not affected by chemical reactions?

They are, if the reaction does stuff with the material it's made of. For example, hydroflouric acid will eat apart anything it's in if it's made of glass Meanwhile, flouroantimonic acid will straight up eat through more or less anything that isn't teflon, since teflon is held together with the strongest bonds in organic chemistry (Carbon-Flourine bonds) Edit: [Here's]( URL_0 ) an example of hydroflouric acid reacting with a regular glass container. Do not attempt this, the guy is doing this shit very, very unsafely. Edit: Flour to Fluor, flour acid isn't very dangerous