Question: Why can't endangered mammal species like the giant panda be artificially inseminated like cattle and other livestock?

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 Why can't endangered mammal species like the giant panda be artificially inseminated like cattle and other livestock?

Artificial insemination is used all the time, but you get one chance per female panda per year and that's it. If the female panda does not become pregnant, you have to wait an entire year for her 24 hour fertility window to roll back around. Panda fetuses are so small and panda moms are such pregnancy ninjas that it is very hard to tell if a panda is pregnant. Sometimes you don't know until a baby panda appears, and then they die at a rate of about 30%. tldr; Pandas make poor candidates for Handmaid's-Tale-style breeding programs.


Question: How do flushless urinals work?

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 How do flushless urinals work?

They have a cartridge in them with a thick fluid that floats on water (and urine). When you pee into the toilet, your urine flows into the chamber and the thick fluid floats on top of it and forms a seal that mostly keeps the smell from getting too bad. As more ursine enters the chamber it displaces the urine/water that’s in there and it flows into the sewer line. In that way it’s just like the the P trap in a conventional toilet. There’s a plug of urine/water that keeps sewer gasses from coming up with a secondary plug of sealant fluid floating on top of that. As often as possible, such as every evening, someone maintaining the bathroom should pour clean water into the urinal to flush out the mostly-urine in the chamber and replace it with water (still covered by the thick fluid). Over time, the thick fluid gets depleted and you can swap the cartridge out for a new one. If you don’t, eventually the urinal will get smelly.


Question: Why is the U.S. sanctioning Venezuela?

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 Why is the U.S. sanctioning Venezuela?

Over the past 20 years Venezuela socialized their industry and began running the government very poorly. One instance is that they started setting rules on how much stores could charge for food so that everyone could afford it. The stores couldn't afford to sell anymore so they restricted how much the farmers could charge. Then the farmers could no longer make a living so Venezuela stopped producing much of their food. Fortunately for them, they had a lot of oil and it sold for a lot of money and the government could subsidize imports. Unfortunately, there is something called a resource curse in which governments get rich and corrupt at the expense of their people. When the price of oil dropped the country fell into turmoil but the government would not deal with the rampant corruption. Hugo Chavez, the president who made all these changes, died in 2013 and put vice president Maduro in charge. In the midst of these struggles he outlawed opponents and won the next election. Many of the people of Venezuela, many countries around the world, and most of the Western Hemisphere including the US believe the elections were fraudulent and are calling for Maduro to step down. Maduro has not taken this well and the country is getting worse. Aid trucks were sent in to help, but the convoy was blocked. During the ensuing riot the supplies were destroyed. It looks like one of the people protesting the government accidentally started it with a poorly thrown Molotov cocktail (the burning rag fell out of the bottle while being thrown), but that the situation could even exist shows there is a problem between the government and the people. The problem is that the industries are nationalized so whatever money goes in through exports like oil goes to him. His supporters will be supplied while the average people suffer. Edit: Additionally, Venezuela also appears to be working with Russia in making threats against the US. So, another part of Cold War II


Question: if red, green, or blue lights allow for better "night vision" why are car headlights not made in green or blue to preserve night sight?

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 if red, green, or blue lights allow for better "night vision" why are car headlights not made in green or blue to preserve night sight?

To give a simpler explanation that fits ELI5 better (the others are good so far mind you) Things look different under different lights. We see "white" light all day, every day. If our headlights were red, blue, green or any other color really it makes it much harder to see and understand what you are looking at because we are not used to it and our eyes are trained to see things best under white lights. If you grew up using red/blue/green lights every day for everything maybe you could do that and it would be easy for you, but that does not work for the masses.


Question: What is a transistor and how can 16 billion of them fit into a tiny microchip?

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 What is a transistor and how can 16 billion of them fit into a tiny microchip?

A transistor is basically an electronically controlled light switch. With convention home electricity, you can compete a circuit by physically bringing a piece of metal in contact with another. But then come semiconductors. Normally, silicon does not transmit an electrical signal. But, if you inject a little bit of another chemical into a spot on it... it still doesn't transmit an electrical signal. But then, if you also apply a small charge to the area, suddenly it does! This lets us create a light switch where the open/close action is not done via a piece of metal physically moving, but instead, another electrical circuit coming in to help align the "doped" section properly. This is a transistor. An electrically controlled electrical switch, with no moving parts. As for how we can fit so many in a small area... progressive improvements. As we build better and better machines, we can get them tighter and tighter to each other in manufacturing. There was no one sudden jump, just years of incremental improvement.


Question: Why do FAT32 Drives can only have upper case letters on its name?

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 Why do FAT32 Drives can only have upper case letters on its name?

The really short answer is backwards compatibility. The longer answer is that the file names are not case sensitive, but the file system is case-insensitive. This means that a file named “file” and one named “File” are the same as far as the file system is concerned. Trying to save both of those files in the same directory would result in the second over-writing the first. If you’re wondering why commands like “dir” show everything in uppercase, it’s that backwards compatibility. However “file” was saved, it will be displayed as “FILE” for ease and consistency. In savvier programs, you should see the last case of the file as saved.


Question: How are the close up shots in various National Geographic shows or in shows like Perfect Planet shot?

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 How are the close up shots in various National Geographic shows or in shows like Perfect Planet shot?

Option 1: Extreme telephoto lense. The camera is more like a telescope, and is much further away than you think. Option 2: Stealth and automated cameras. There's no human nearby; the camera was left behind and the animals naturally wandered close by to observe without scaring the animals. Option 3: Patience and exposure. The camera crew sat in an environment for days, weeks, or months until the animals were confident enough to wander closer. Option 4: Staged Shots. You're actually seeing an animal in captivity, such as a research & conservation center, and the animal has been positioned for the shot in a controlled environment.


Question: How come that I'm social and talk a lot online in a voice call with friends, but shy, reserved and don't talk so much in real life with them?

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 How come that I'm social and talk a lot online in a voice call with friends, but shy, reserved and don't talk so much in real life with them?

Maybe you are less confident about your body, or have trouble with eye contact etc., and the dematerialized aspect of your interactions might act as a shield that hides some of your weaknesses and thus boosts your confidence? It reminds of a story where some very shy men couldn't speak face to face with women, but once they were invited to an event where participants had to wear fancy masks hiding their faces, they would spontaneously feel super confident.


Question: Why do air currents not push people out of open door helicopters?

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 Why do air currents not push people out of open door helicopters?

Generally speaking, most people sitting out the door of a helicopter are mostly still inside the main body, and there isn’t really anything underneath that would create a lot of irregular turbulence. My somewhat educated assumption is that you’d need to stick yourself out reasonably far to get caught by air currents. I also have a theory in regards to external high pressure zones but I have no idea if it’s scientifically accurate or not. I’m assuming it’s something similar to opening a window in a car, where you end up with air getting sucked inside, as opposed to things getting sucked outside, but I have no idea if the same principle is applicable since the air is moving due to the rotors, and not the body of something moving through air.


Question: Can someone explain me how does a microphone convert an input of sound energy into electrical energy?

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 Can someone explain me how does a microphone convert an input of sound energy into electrical energy?

the basic explanation: the microphone has a membrane (diaphragm) that is attached to a magnet, that magnet is surrounded by a coil, sound is nothing but pressure waves and as they hit the "diaphragm" of the microphone it makes the magnet vibrate accordingly and it induces an electrical current in the coil that is very similar to the sound wave, typically this wave has a very low energy and needs to be amplified but that's besides the point. now the important bit that you probably want to know is how exactly does a magnet induce an electric current on a coil, and this is better explained visually, and i would suggest you watch this video by veritasium: [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why can you get addicted to 1st hand smoke but not 2nd hand smoke?

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 Why can you get addicted to 1st hand smoke but not 2nd hand smoke?

Addiction to cigarettes comes in two main ways. The first is the physical habit. Cigarette smoking is a repetitive, comforting practice - a less athletic version of Tai Chi. So merely smoking the cigarette is enjoyable even if you exclude the pharmacological effects. It should be obvious that this provides no benefit except to the person who is actually smoking the cigarette. The second is the nicotine in the cigarette. However, the nicotine is almost entirely absorbed by the body. You can't realistically get 'high' off of second-hand smoke - the smoke you see exhaled is particulates and other largely inert chemicals. So there's no chemical rush from secondhand smoke to get addicted to.


Question: How could the big bang have been the beginning of the universe if there was no time preceding it for potential energy to be stored?

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 How could the big bang have been the beginning of the universe if there was no time preceding it for potential energy to be stored?

This is one those questions where the answer is 'basically we don't know, but we do have some ideas'. One theory is that our universe is a bubble of three dimensional space in a larger multiverse and that time is a property of that multiverse, and so did not come into existence with the big bang. Another is that time did come into existence with the big bang and so the concept of 'before' makes no sense. That's a really, really hard concept for humans to properly grasp as we're so governed by the flow of time and our perception of it. It's very difficult to narrow down the possibilites either since we don't currently have any way of testing or observing conditions beyond our universe (assuming there even is a 'beyond'). Basically it's likely to be a very long time before we have a reasonably definitive answer


Question: How does someone high as a kite on PCP resist the physiological effects of a taser?

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 How does someone high as a kite on PCP resist the physiological effects of a taser?

Electricity causes muscles to tense up, and (obviously) causes pain. People on PCP don't seem to feel pain, so they suffer only the effects of muscle seizure. If the taser prongs hit my shoulder and my chest, muscles will spaz between those two points (and nearby), but my legs and my other arm should be considerably less affected. If I'm not in any pain, I could still fight back (in theory). Also, thick clothing and other problems can stop a taser, so it might be a coincidence that whatever video you find is simply a result of bad taser contact, not PCP somehow overriding the effects of electricity on muscle.


Question: why is it that sometimes you can’t think of things that you definitely know and why does it seem like it comes out of nowhere when you think of it?

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 why is it that sometimes you can’t think of things that you definitely know and why does it seem like it comes out of nowhere when you think of it?

If I remember correctly, our brain has some sections to keep memories (think of Inside Out as an example), and there are sections to store important memories (that you know you'll need everyday, or at specific actions) and sections to store "important" memories that are not so urgent, as well as sections to store non-important memories. Considering you don't have to use your friend's last name that often, your brain consider that info to be non-important, so when you have to use it, it has to dig up from all your memories together. When you really want to know something, even though your brain doesn't get the info so fast bc its not important, it will keep searching for that info, bc there would be a reason for you to want that info, so it kinda searches in "second plane" until it finds it. That's why even if you're not thinking of it it can pop up to your mind.


Question: what is base-ten? What is the next easiest base?

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 what is base-ten? What is the next easiest base?

They're all equally "easy" as nothing really changes. You just move to the the next order of magnitude at a different point (which is base # - 1). So binary, base 2, you count to 1. Then that's done. You're now moving into the 2 column. Count to 1 there. But the previous column is now a 0, so count to 1 there. You now have 2x1+1x1, 3. Same as decimal system. Same as dozenal system. All equal and none actually affecting the math being done.


Question: How do some companies hold so much cash?

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 How do some companies hold so much cash?

The term "cash" is used to refer to the liquid assets a company holds, almost none of which is literal *cash*, and often very little of which is just money in bank accounts. For companies such as Apple, their "cash" is primarily treasury notes and short-term corporate securities. These are low-risk assets earning below the inflation-rate interest that can be cashed out in the near future, or very easily sold to other investors at extremely short notice. They're used as safe places to park billions of dollars that are slightly less wasteful than just sitting in bank accounts.


Question: Why do mirrors facing eachother get greener?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do mirrors facing eachother get greener?

Mirrors reflect more green light than others, which is due to how the glass filters light that reaches the true reflective surface (the thin layer of silver or other metal on the back). When mirrors reflect to one another, their abilitt to reflect light in a straight line gets lower and lowrr the more it reflects. This allows more green to be reflected as other light is not, giving a green color overall.


Question: why do chip card transactions take so much longer to process than magnetic strip transactions?

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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do chip card transactions take so much longer to process than magnetic strip transactions?

It's an Infrastructure Issue. Chip Cards have added Security Features. These features are meant to make forging a Chip Card *incredibly* difficult, even if you manage to get a Skimmer working for them. However, more complex security features require more Computer Processing to verify and authorize. The Chip Cards are new, and they're running on the older hardware made for Swipe Cards. This hardware isn't fast enough to do Chip Cards as quickly. You've basically traded some Time for Security. Chip Card Transactions *will* become faster as the Infrastructure is improved. It's just a matter of waiting for companies to get that Infrastructure set up.


Question: why does sexual content have a larger influence than gore in age ratings for films and video games?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 why does sexual content have a larger influence than gore in age ratings for films and video games?

Religion and America Violence is viewed as less corrupting, many religions are generally more focused on preventing pleasure than stopping pain and sexuality is usually the absolute top thing religion attempts to regulate and control. Young people are usually the ones societies want to recruit to violent positions such as military service, so there's a value in desensitizing them. And while said flippantly a bit, it really is American influence. They're the ones who have decided standards in films, movies and TV, and while they don't 'enforce' them in other countries, that media does generally conform to American standards or else they'll lose that market. Also a lot of American censorship and rating was actually imposed on other countries or the result of other countries responding to US occupation in wars from WW2 and onward, and many of those systems exist in some evolved form to this day.


Question: How do humans feel temperature differences and how precisely can we feel it?

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 How do humans feel temperature differences and how precisely can we feel it?

Your body is like a combustion engine, constantly producing heat, and you need to dissipate that in order to keep it working properly. If you are losing too much heat you feel cold, lose too little and you feel hot. The amount of heat you dissipate through your skin depends on 2 factors, the thermal conductivity and the temperature of the material you are touching. That's why air feels comfortable at around 21°C but water or a piece of metal at the same temperature will feel cold, as they will "suck" more heat from your body due to their higher thermal conductivity. So what you are feeling is not exactly temperature, it's heat loss. And your body is very sensitive to it because your internal "machinery" needs to be at a very specific temperature to work.


Question: () what exactly is a transition metal?

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 () what exactly is a transition metal?

A transition metal is a metal that is basically in between the Alkali and Alkali earth metals on one side and metalloids / non-metals on the other side. The properties are 'transitioning' from metallic to non-metallic. They have incomplete shells because of the shape of orbitals. You do remember there are 4 'lettered' orbitals, right? - S, P, D and F. Each of the orbitals has a higher energy level than the previous one. But wait, each 'orbit' or 'shell' also has a higher energy level than the previous one. So whose energy level is higher? That's where the whole game of incomplete subshells come in. Now I am going to oversimplify this, but basically if the (N+1)th S or P have lower energy levels than the Nth D or F, the electron will jump an orbit and fill the bigger orbit's S and P orbitals rather than staying in the same orbit and fill it's D or F. The underlying reason is, electrons dont know maths and can't count. N, N+1 or N+2 doesn't matter to it. All that matter to them is stability and they'll look for the lowest energy place they can find and go jump in it.


Question: How do insurance companies survive disasters like the hurricanes in Florida?

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 How do insurance companies survive disasters like the hurricanes in Florida?

They do maintain fairly large liquid holdings vs. corporations of similar sizes in other sectors (although not by comparison to a lot of tech companies like Apple, interestingly enough) More importantly they also spread their risk through re-insurers (insurance for insurance companies) such that they are only on the hook for a small percentage of the total claims. Both insurers and reinsurers are also pretty careful about how much total exposure they allow themselves to any particular area (like Florida) and have done a lot of analysis of the risks (like hurricanes) so that they have a pretty accurate estimate of how much liquid cash they need to keep. Their risk models take into account much more in the way of global warming risks than do, say, the US government's. Plus they often manage immediate cash flow by delaying payment for lower-tier premiums etc. This doesn't always work, but after hundreds of years of insuring people they generally know what formulas will keep them afloat. As a last resort they can often go raise debt or equity from the public and private markets, although doing so when you're "under water" (pun intended) can result in shareholders taking a bath...


Question: In firearms, what’s the difference between flint lock, cap lock and percussion?

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 In firearms, what’s the difference between flint lock, cap lock and percussion?

All these weapons work in a similar way. You load gunpower into the muzzle with a ball/bullet on top. Then, you find a way to ignite that gunpower and propel the ball. There are different ways to ignite that power. A flintlock uses a piece of flint as an igniter. Pulling the trigger releases the spring loaded cock with a pieces of flint attached. The cocks scrapes the flint against a steel backing plate, called the frizzen, which creates a park. When the frizzen is hit, it folds backward and uncovers the pan, which also contains power. This sparks ignite the powder in the exposed frizzen pan. This ignited power then ignites the powder in the muzzle and fires the weapon. A cap lock/percussion cap are parts of the same system. Instead of scraping a flint against a frizzen, the weapons creates an ignition by exploding a cap. The cap contains chemical that explode when exposed to friction (those chemicals are called fulminates). When the cock of the weapons slams down on the cap, it causes the friction which explodes the chemical. The explosion then ignites the power in the muzzle and fires the weapons. An older type of firing mechanism is called the matchlock. This is one is fairly simple. It used a slow burning match (a piece of rope). When you fired the weapon, the cock dipped the match into the priming power, which would then ignite the muzzle power. Another older system is the wheellock. Similar to the flintlock, a wheellock creates sparks. However, instead of a flint hitting a steel frizzen, the sparks were created in the rotation of the wheel mechanism—the mechanism is similar to a modern cigarette lighter.


Question: What are bonds and credit default swaps?

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 What are bonds and credit default swaps?

Say a company needs to buy a big new fancy machine for its manufacturing plant. It might cost $10m. Over the years of it's life it will more than pay for itself but the company doesn't necessarily have that kind of cash available. So it can raise the money by issuing a kind of loan called a bond: investors give $10m to the company and in return the company promises: * to repay the whole $10m at a fixed date in the future (maybe 3, 5, 10 years or longer) * to pay a (usually) fixed rate of interest on the outstanding amount (say 5%). Interest is usually paid semi-annually Investors can buy parts of the bond and there is usually a secondary market - ie you can sell it to other people at any time before redemption On the face of it this is a good deal for investors: fixed interest over a relatively long term. However, what happens if the company that issued the bond goes bust before paying back the investors? You might have bought the whole $10m and you don't get a cent back. Most investors don't want that risk so they want insurance. A bank can offer credit default swaps as that insurance. The CDS says "if the company doesn't repay its bond the bank will instead". In return the bank earns a fee. The cost of a CDS varies depending on how trustworthy people think the bond issuer is: if it looks solid (and so is very likely to repay the bond on time) then CDSs are cheap. Conversely, the price rises if the company looks shaky. If you buy a CDS when the company is doing well you can sell it to someone else at a later date if the company starts to look dodgy and therefore you make money. In other words, trading CDSs is a way to short a company's creditworthiness


Question: What is a neuron in a neural network?

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 What is a neuron in a neural network?

It's more or less the same thing as a neuron in your brain. It takes input and have weight for each of those input. If the score reach a threshold, it fires (send a 1 to the next neuron). If not it sends a 0 to the next neuron. Now if you want to know how a neural network is able to learn, you should google it or go to wikipedia. It might not be ELI5 but a neural network is not easy to understand and explain in detail.


Question: What is SDK?What is API?

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 What is SDK?What is API?

When you walk into McDonalds, you can order a happy meal & get a nice pre-packaged meal (Burger, fries, toy, etc). But say you wanted to walk into the kitchen and make your own meal - you'd still have to use the ingredients the store has. You can't walk into McD & make a Taco Supreme as part of your meal - it doesn't make sense in their context, they don't know what to do with it. The SDK & API is like the menu at mcdonalds. The SDK is the collection of tools & resources you need to build a meal. The API is the list of things you can ask the SDK to do for you - if you ask the McDonalds API for 'slivered onions' it knows how to deliver - whereas the Taco Bell API would have no idea what the hell that means. If you don't like what the McDonalds SDK has to offer. You want waffle fries. You can go closer to basics & use the bare Grocery Store SDK. It's a lot more flexible & you can build more, but you're gonna have to do a lot of the basic development yourself that the SDK had pre-packaged for you, like cutting up the potatoes for fries, not to mention the tomatoes and onions etc. And if you wanted to go really crazy you could ditch the Grocery Store SDK & go all the way back to the Subsistence Farming - the Assembly Language of making meals. But now you're talking about growing your own vegetables & slaughtering your own cow - you got a LOT of work ahead of you before you get to that burger. It's an imperfect analogy, but hopefully gives you an idea


Question: Why do small baby grapes taste sour compared to regular sized grapes?

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 Why do small baby grapes taste sour compared to regular sized grapes?

The ripening process for most fruit produces sugars that either goes to fuel the growing seed when the fruit falls to the ground or to encourage animals to eat it and spread the seeds with their droppings. That process doesn't occur until the seeds are mature and about ready to go on to the next stage of their existence, so all unripe fruit tastes sour as the sugars haven't yet been produced.


Question: Can the average household spider recognize faces and even make eye contact?

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 Can the average household spider recognize faces and even make eye contact?

Fortunately, no. Spiders cannot recognize human faces in the normal sense of the word “recognize”. Recognizing a human face as a human face is a process that involves activity in many extremely specialized brain regions like the fusiform face area ( URL_0 ). Not even all humans can recognize human faces. There is a condition called prosopagnosia in which people cannot recognize faces but still have the ability to think and behave normally. They can consciously see faces but not recognize them as unique faces. Spiders can recognize some things visually (like prey insects), but not human faces. To recognize a human face, a spider would need to have something in its nervous system that functioned like a fusiform face area. Spiders do have complex brains and sophisticated visual systems, but they do not have anything that could be used or repurposed as a face recognition area for human faces. Source for the claim that spiders have advanced nervous systems and can recognize some things visually: URL_1


Question: How does reverse image searching work?

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 How does reverse image searching work?

A “perceptual image hash” of your sample image is calculated. Depending on the scheme, this is a number between 8 and a few hundred bytes in length. It contains information about the image in a condensed form. Two images that are similar would have similar, but probably not identical, hashes. In simplest terms, they compare the hash of your image against the hashes of every image in their database. Other images whose hashes differ only by a few bits are very likely to look similar. There are algorithms to find matches much faster than brute force. A super simple "perceptual image hash” is to convert the image to gray-scale, then scale the image WAY down to an 8x9 pixel image of 256 grayscale levels. Then scan each row. If the pixel to the right is brighter than the one before, write a ‘1’. If the next pixel is the same or darker, write a ‘0’, scan the entire row and then the other rows. This will result in an 8 byte ‘hash’ of the image. Other images that that look similar might have fairly similar patterns of brighter/dimmer pixels when scaled down so tiny. If you XOR your image hash against the other image hash, the only bits left will be the differences. If the number of difference bits are few, the images are probably similar. Two totally unrelated images would tend to differ by about 32 bits. But images that differed by 6 bits probably look similar,. There are FAR better perceptual hashes than the one I described.


Question: Why does chewing sound louder with headphones on?

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 Why does chewing sound louder with headphones on?

several reasons a few of the main reasons: sound travels faster through plastics/metals than through air, so distinct sound reaches your eardrums more quickly than you're used to hearing the headphones block external sounds which normally make up a part of the sound you usually hear. the sounds that normally travel through the air, bounces off of nearby objects, etc. are blocked. with headphones on you are also able to more distinctly hear the sounds being transmitted through your own flesh, bones, etc. - normally these are mixed in with echoes, ambient noise etc with cup type headphones, the chamber between your ears and the headphones has its own echoic properties and changes how you'll perceive the sound


Question: How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

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 How do plants with red and purple leaves preform photosynthesis?

The red/purple leaves still contain chlorophyll, and they capture the energy of sunlight the same way as regular green plants. High amounts of dye chemicals just make them look not-green. As far as I know, the purpose of these chemicals is debated, but a likely possibility is that their antioxidant properties protects the plant tissues from damage.


Question: why when something is very clean, it can be “squeaky” clean? Why is it squeaky?

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 why when something is very clean, it can be “squeaky” clean? Why is it squeaky?

The phrase dates back to the 1930s when hair shampoo that was much more harsh and less moisturizing than shampoos are today. That shampoo effectively stripped all the natural oils out of the hair, and when it was completely rinsed the hair would actually make squeaking sounds when rubbed between the fingers. This was erroneously thought to be an indication that the hair was appropriately clean, and in advertisements and high school health and hygiene classes, people were encouraged to wash and rinse until they achieved the “squeaky clean” result. Shampoos today are better balanced, and it’s understood that the natural oils are important and shouldn’t ever be stripped, but the phenomenon can still be experienced by people with normal or dry hair if they erroneously use a shampoo for oily hair.


Question: why do muscles and joints ache or get stiff with age?

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 why do muscles and joints ache or get stiff with age?

As for joints: Bones are really hard so if two bones in a joint would touch each other while moving, they would 'scratch' and cause damage. To prevent this, our body puts a softer, protecting layer between two 'touching' bones. This layer is called cartilage. Cartilage is really great but it does accumulate damage over the years and unfortunately it's unable to repair itself. (Because there are no blood vessels going through it). So older people usually have damaged cartilage in joints that have been used a lot over the years, causing pain.


Question: Why does refinancing a home loan involve closing fees?

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 Why does refinancing a home loan involve closing fees?

The lender still has to put in the work to process that loan. In fact, it's the same work for them as the first time you got the loan. In truth, though, you're right to be annoyed insofar as the price of the fee is in no way tied to the actual cost of processing the transaction anytime a loan is done, it's just an arbitrary fundraiser slapped on by the lender because they can.


Question: How’s that sometimes when you forget what where you going to do next, doing what you just did earlier “makes you remember”?

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 How’s that sometimes when you forget what where you going to do next, doing what you just did earlier “makes you remember”?

Because the thing you wanted to do next came to your mind BECAUSE you were doing the other thing. Say you were unloading the dishwasher, you saw that one glass with Anna from Frozen on it, which reminded you of the fact that you promised your daughter that you would fix her Olaf figure before she comes home from kindergarden, so you go into the garage to get the glue gun, but get distracted on the way by the neighbour whom you wanted to ask something, now you can't remember why you are in your garage. By going back to the dishwasher, you might see the glass again, or your brain might remember the whole thought process in a split second without you even realizing it, but the outcome is the same. At least that's often true for me.


Question: What’s the main difference between eating 6000 calories and then not eating for the next 2 days, and eating 2000 calories for 3 days?

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 What’s the main difference between eating 6000 calories and then not eating for the next 2 days, and eating 2000 calories for 3 days?

Your body stores those extra calories in fat cells. When you use the fat over the next 2 days the fat cells get smaller because they are empty, but don’t go away. They just wait to be filled up again. Which makes it easier to gain weight. That’s the reason a lot of people put weight back on. You have all of those empty containers that your body wants to refill. It also teaches your body that there will be times of famine, and to hold onto every last calorie you can since you don’t have a steady supply. Well damn what did I do wrong? I’m downvoted!


Question: How does thermal regulation function in space?

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 How does thermal regulation function in space?

There's two ways to lose heat: convection/conduction and radiation. What you described is convection, and it's essentially heat flowing from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperatures. The other is radiation. Every body with a non zero temperature (in K not °C) emmits infrared radiation. The problem in space is however that this IR radiation is a lot less efficient at dispersing heat than convection currents. In general you need massive radiators with a huge surface area so a liquid with high thermal capacity can radiate off the heat. This is how the ISS cools itself using Amonia as a cooling fluid


Question: What's after 4k resolution, and when will we get there?

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 What's after 4k resolution, and when will we get there?

8k resolution has been a thing for a long time. Its just not very popular.... why, well frankly, we're really not even at 4k yet in the general market. Very little video content is available in 4K. There's a lot of screens that do 4K, but minimal content. Instead of resolution, HDR is more likely to be the "next big thing" for video. 4K HDR is gonna be around a long time. Its really good and has a lot of benefits instead of bumping up to 8K.


Question: Why are libraries allowed to basically rent out books for free, and are generally well-supported by the industry, while other forms of entertainment are not (movies, music, etc.)?

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 Why are libraries allowed to basically rent out books for free, and are generally well-supported by the industry, while other forms of entertainment are not (movies, music, etc.)?

Some public libraries do loan out DVDs and CDs as well as many other types of copyrighted materials like magazines and comic books in addition to just books, some even offer ebooks and audiobooks online. And don't for a minute think that public libraries are well supported by publishers, they are almost entirely taxpayer funded and they are at best tolerated and grudgingly accepted by publishers who would rather not have public libraries exist at all.


Question: What does 'Congruence Bias' actually mean?

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 What does 'Congruence Bias' actually mean?

Congruence Bias is when you rely too much on what you think is the answer and ignore other testing. For instance, lets say you've always driven to your office the same way because that's how someone once showed you. In your mind that is the correct way to go. You believe this strongly enough that you neglect to test other routes. Since your route is congruent with what you believe to be the "best route" you no longer test the other options.


Question: How would the world be different if it rotated the other way?

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 How would the world be different if it rotated the other way?

The only difference would be the global wind patterns. The jet stream would go the other way. And the trade winds would reverse too. Wind near the equator, instead of curving West would curve East. This means that Africa would get a lot more rainfall, and the Amazon basin would be in a rain shadow, likely a huge dessert. In the United States the east coast would be far dryer, and the West coast far wetter in southern California. Lots of local climate would be very different by doing that.


Question: If trillions of neutrinos are flying through us each second, why does the Super Kamiokande only detect 30 a day?

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 If trillions of neutrinos are flying through us each second, why does the Super Kamiokande only detect 30 a day?

Because neutrinos are not charged and therefore will only interact with atoms if it hits them squarely in their nucleus. Normally things interact based on electromagnetic charge and this means they have an area of effect where opposite charges attract and the same charge repels. The nucleus of atoms is tiny compared to the area of their charge. Instead of a solid mass of Earth the neutrinos see a very sparse cloud of miniscule dense nuclei, so they only very rarely interact in a way we can detect.


Question: How did salt and saturated fat become linked to high blood pressure and heart disease if they don't cause it?

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 How did salt and saturated fat become linked to high blood pressure and heart disease if they don't cause it?

Dietary science is very difficult to do right. Experiments which can provide strong evidence for causality are expensive and suffer from bias because people are rarely willing or able to change their diet in any significant way over time. Instead, the field has usually relied upon correlations, animal testing, and short-term tests for factors which are believed to be related to disease (e.g. cholesterol), to draw some conclusions about the health effects of food diet. Armed with weaker data, scientists would publish results and then the media and policymakers would turn it into communications and incentive plans. It turns out that a lot of the data was bad and misleading. Discussions about controversies were overwhelmed by money funding people who supported conclusions that benefitted their industry. The media was more interested in the flashy headline than informing people of the weakness of the findings. Policymakers cherry-picked results which benefitted their interests. Salt and saturated fat consumption can be linked to high blood pressure, the more you consume, the more likely your BP will be high, but a causal link has been elusive. In a field where causal evidence is rare for practical reasons, this was good enough and there were a lot of people who were happy to support that finding. Salt *does* seem to have a causal effect (although more evidence is needed to confirm) in increasing the risk of a cardiac event for people at high risk of cardiac events, but this is in both high and low doses. Those at low risk of a cardiac event seem only at increased risk for eating too little salt.


Question: Can animals get PTSD ?

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 Can animals get PTSD ?

Yes. Abused animals can react in a specific way to the stimuli of the abuse. They can also mistake stimuli that is not related to the abuse as a sign of the abuse. I.E a car backfiring might be mistaken for a crack of a whip. I used to ride horses and the one did not want you standing behind it. Irrespective of who you were because it was sexually abused. It would kick and buck at anyone that got too close. We had to be really careful with it when taking it out to train because of it.


Question: Why does our body produce snot/congestion when we have a cold?

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 Why does our body produce snot/congestion when we have a cold?

**Long Answer:** When you have a cold, the viruses trigger a form of your body's defenses called histamines. These histamines are meant to make it easier for white blood cells to pass through blood vessels and capillaries to combat germs/pathogens (they're pretty much clearing a path for the body's "army" to combat the invaders). This has the side effect of inflaming your nasal passages and producing more, thinner mucus. **Simplified ELI5 Answer:** Basically, your body tries to defend itself from invaders, but in the process causes collateral damage, leading to your once dry nose and countless tissues being filled with mucus.


Question: Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax?

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 Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax?

Taxes vary from state to state. If shops should display incl. taxes, then things would look like they cost more in one store in a chain than another. Shops argue that it's inordinately cumbersome to display them with taxes. Most parts of EU have the same tax across the whole country, making it easier to display prices incl. tax. Hope this helps.


Question: How did snakes develop venom as a way of killing when no other reptiles did (and so few animals have)? How did the variations in kinds of venoms come about? Did constricting snakes lose their venom?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How did snakes develop venom as a way of killing when no other reptiles did (and so few animals have)? How did the variations in kinds of venoms come about? Did constricting snakes lose their venom?

Venom is an extremely advantageous trait. It takes a lot of muscular power and body adaptations to mechanically capture and subdue prey, which expends a lot of energy. So being able to do it chemically would allow an animal to kill prey with less risk to itself. The prevailing theory is that venom first evolved in early reptiles as simple modified salivary glands that produced digestive proteins. Reptiles with this trait presumably fared better than those without, and continued to develop a fanged injection system and more powerful venom as time went on. Correspondingly, many more reptiles lost their venom or fangs, but still carry the genes in their DNA. Variations in venom are often prompted by prey gradually evolving resistance to it, as some venom mechanisms can be defeated by biological adaptations.