Question: How do batteries work and how do they run out of juice?

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 How do batteries work and how do they run out of juice?

In a battery, a chemical reaction takes place that puts electrons on one electrode and sucks them out of the other one. When too many electrons pile up on one side or are missing from the other, the repulsion of electrons to electrons and protons to protons stops the reaction. This is the state of a charged battery that is not currently doing anything useful. When you allow the electrons to flow from one terminal to the other by connecting your electronics to them, the chemical reaction can start again. As the reaction progresses, the chemicals inside of the battery slowly run out. Eventually, there aren't enough chemicals left to react at a meaningful speed and the battery is considered dead. In rechargeable batteries, the reaction is easily reversed simply by forcing electricity through the battery in the opposite direction.


Question: What is a ground in terms of electricity?

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 What is a ground in terms of electricity?

Everything in nature, including electricity takes the easiest path to get from point A to point B. Normally electricity is contained within hot and neutral wires. However when something goes wrong, the electricity can escape this natural path, and has to go somewhere. The ground wire makes it more likely that the electricity goes safely away from you and into the ground, rather than into your body. This is how lightning rods work, they provide a quicker path for lightning to get where or wants to go, rather than hitting randomly and causing problems.


Question: Why does the United States import fruits and vegetables from other countries?

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 Why does the United States import fruits and vegetables from other countries?

Because our consumers expect a wide variety of fruits and vegetables year round, and the only way to have fresh produce of all varieties year round is to buy them from the countries where they can grow year round. Also some countries are cheaper to buy from than others, labor, land, and supplies cost way more in the USA than they do in, say, Mexico. So the USA buys produce very cheap from mexico’s warmer climate and makes more money than if they tried to grow/buy the products in the USA. Also, the majority of US farmland is owned by very large corporations who are more interested in grow cash crops (corn, soy) so make more money in a larger market than to specialize in veritable fruits/veggies.


Question: Why does the Earth rotate about its own axis?

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 Why does the Earth rotate about its own axis?

Ultimately, the Earth got its rotational momentum from the movement of the giant gas cloud as it collapsed to form the solar nebula. Debris which formed in the nebula may well have imparted momentum to the Earth, but such rocks and planetesimals all had their respective momentums from the collapse of the gas cloud too. Usually collapse from a ginormous, diffusive gas cloud is centred around two points (binary systems are more common, probably some complicated maths reason why), in our case it seems to have been just one point which eventually became our Sun. As things collapse and start to rotate around the clump(s) of mass, rotation inevitably occurs due to conservation of angular momentum. Any tiny bit of relative movement is amplified exponentially when matter is being concentrated from a diffuse cloud that’s light years across into a solar system — like the way an ice skater’s spin speeds up as they pull their limbs closer into them.


Question: What would happen to a lawyer if they defended somebody that they knew was guilty of the crime?

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 What would happen to a lawyer if they defended somebody that they knew was guilty of the crime?

They'd have done their job. That is what they are *supposed* to do. They're not allowed to lie in court of course, but they can absolutely defend their client even though the client is actually guilty. They can present mitigating circumstances, they can argue for acquittal due to various technicalities (if the prosecution, or the police during their investigation, didn't follow the rules, then the case can potentially be dismissed). > Then the lawyer would technically be trying to keep a criminal out of jail and in regular society just so they can make money. No, the lawyer would be trying to ensure that the criminal's side of the case is heard. Think of the lawyer's job not as arguing "he didn't do it", but rather "he shouldn't be found guilty" (or "he should be found guilty of as little as possible", or "his sentence should be as lenient as possible"). There's an important difference. And criminals have rights too. They have the right to a fair trial.


Question: Why are diamonds see through?

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 Why are diamonds see through?

> I learned that glass is only see through because its somewhat liquid. This is not correct. First, [glass isn't actually a liquid]( URL_0 ), and second, plenty of solids are transparent. Lots of plastics and minerals are transparent despite being solids. Heck, you can even manufacture [transparent aluminum]( URL_1 )! The difference between something being transparent and opaque comes down to its molecular structure. Diamond and graphite are both carbon, but the carbon atoms are arranged differently. In diamond, the atoms are aligned into a grid pattern which allows light to pass through. In graphite, the same atoms are arranged in a layered hexagonal pattern which blocks light.


Question: how does keeping the AC on continuously during the summer save money?

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 how does keeping the AC on continuously during the summer save money?

It doesn't. Here's a [debtroundup]( URL_1 ) article that I'll quote from, their answers come from an HVAC tech: > The myth: Leaving your air conditioner on all day will help save money in the long run by not having to kick start it each and every time you turn it back on. > The truth: Absolutely false. > By keeping your air conditioner on at all times during the day, you’re not using an air conditioner efficiently, because leaving the air on all day (even when you’re not home) results in a higher use of energy. It would seem to be common sense that something that works harder is spending more energy, but this assumption is not an accurate reflection of how air conditioners work. Fluctuating to accommodate for a constant temperature is far more taxing on an air conditioner than when it’s working at full capacity. Air conditioners work best when they are operating in full gear. [Time]( URL_0 ) also has an article on common mistakes with AC, where they specifically mention not cooling empty rooms, which means don't use an AC if you aren't home.


Question: why is acid rain not on the environmental radar anymore?

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 why is acid rain not on the environmental radar anymore?

Acid rain comes from Sulfur Dioxide emitted into the air, it mixes with the water and turns into sulfuric acid in the rain. Reducing the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted will reduce the acidity of the rain Sulfur dioxide mainly comes from dirty fuels like coal, bunker fuel on ships, and general oil power plants while natural gas doesn't bring much sulfur to the table. The shift away from coal helped bring down a great many pollutants. The US started implementing restrictions on Sulfur Dioxide emissions of power plants in the 80s and 90s, Canada and Europe enacted similar restrictions to great effect. In 1970, the US emitted around 30 million tons of sulfur dioxide, by 2010 it was down to just 7 million and is now somewhere around 2 million. That reduction in production has made acid rain pretty much a non-issue in highly developed countries, but regions of China where coal power still dominants are subject to acid rain but that will subside as they start retiring coal plants and enacting pollution regulations.


Question: . How are surgeons able to perform such long surgeries without getting sloppy as they get tired?

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 . How are surgeons able to perform such long surgeries without getting sloppy as they get tired?

Extreme conditioning and practice. There’s also the value of the work itself, in that if you’re operating on a heart your attention will be hyper focused as you know one mistake can mean death. There’s a reason doctors and surgeons go through years and years of schooling after their bachelors to become doctors.


Question: How do painkillers work? How can they target the pain/area?

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 How do painkillers work? How can they target the pain/area?

Depends on the drug. It can be hard to say exactly, because we're still figuring out a lot of the details of pain. In general it's a signal being passed along by neurons, so the key is to decrease/interrupt that signal. NSAIDs like aspirin or ibuprofen inhibit an enzyme that makes pro-inflammatory signals, reducing inflammation and sensitization of neurons to pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is less clear; it may be similar but probably acts more in the brain than the rest of the body. Opioids activate mu-opioid receptors, and that just sort of reduces pain. SNRIs and tricyclic antidepressants inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, making both neurotransmitters more available and once again just sort of reducing pain transmission. Gabapentin... eh, gabapentin's weird, something about calcium channels maybe? Local anesthetics are easy enough. Most block sodium channels, which simply makes nerve action potentials impossible; no information gets through.


Question: Why did Queen Elizabeth agree to suspend parliament?

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 Why did Queen Elizabeth agree to suspend parliament?

It's 2. The Queen's involvement with Parliament is almost entirely symbolic, and she is expected to approve whatever decisions they make. Should the Queen actually do otherwise, it'd be a major political upheaval. While "If things get bad, the Queen can override you" is a possibility, it's effectively the nuclear option, as it more or less destroys the power of Parliament.


Question: How does our imagination work ?

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 How does our imagination work ?

The part of your brain that thinks that is is *you,* is more like a CEO of a company. A lot of the things that *you* decide to do feel like a single choice but are in fact a series of incredibly complex actions. Take throwing a ball. If you are practiced in throwing a baseball then the conscious decision to pick a target and throw the ball to that target is very simple. What that action represents is a complex and rapid compilation of incredible amounts of data. Your eyes and brain calculate the distance to your target, how much energy to send to the muscles of your arm and in what order those muscles contract and expand. On the fly adjustments are dealt with mid action, what if a small child walks in front of your target? What if your foot slips on some mud? This does not mean that your arms and eyes are capable of doing rapid and complicated math that many educated people would be incapable of, it means that your mind is a massive repository of experiences and is a master of comparing and combining those experiences. Your imagination is what happens when the part of your brain that is *you*, starts messing with those tools more directly. Because your mind is already familiar with the concepts of stripes, purple and alligator then if I asked you to think of a low interest copy magnetism then you can be confused and irritated with me. Because I took advantage of the fact that your imagination is really good at predicting what will happen when presented with a pattern of events that it recognizes. Your brain is a big ass bucket of disparate concepts and a lot of it's job from moment to moment is slamming them together until useful data falls out. That process is your imagination, and like your breathing, it is active all the time and can be handled directly by your conscious mind as well. Edit: added the last sentence. Don't know why I originally posted without it.


Question: Can someone explain me the concept of gravity assist?

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 Can someone explain me the concept of gravity assist?

A comet doesn't really use gravity assist, it orbits the Sun. A space probe can use gravity assist by approaching a planet at high speed from behind (remember the planets are moving) and allowing the planet's gravity to pull it forward. Now by the time it passes near the planet it's going super fast — way too fast to get pulled into the planet's orbit — so it zooms off into space. Think of it like a skateboarder briefly grabbing onto a truck. She'll let go soon, and be going even faster (in the truck's general direction) than before.


Question: Why does a door of a room close easier and faster, when a window of that room is opened?

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 Why does a door of a room close easier and faster, when a window of that room is opened?

Air pressure. When you close a door, you are forcing air into the room (think of the door as a giant fan, or sail) with the windows closed, that air has less of a place to go, so it's harder to close the door, since that air is "pushing back". With the window open, the air just does out the window.


Question: Why can’t recycling facilities wash out the recyclable containers?

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 Why can’t recycling facilities wash out the recyclable containers?

Recycling facilities need to deal with incoming waste that isn't properly sorted. Ask the general public to give you glass bottles and you will get banana peels and used diapers in there as well because a significant portion of people are just terrible. So they need to be sorted, and there isn't one magic machine or computer to do this. A few poor workers suit up in PPE to pick stuff out of a conveyor belt of waste. It isn't processed immediately so it may be sitting around for a while festering, and it can't just be hosed down because they are containers and so shield their contents. Of course once it is sorted properly it can be chipped into small pieces and washed easily, so being a little dirty isn't going to stop them recycling. But at that point those poor sorting workers have already had to deal with the putrid remains in the containers. Washing the containers makes their lives better, it isn't a requirement for recycling to work.


Question: I just got my first job, how the frick do taxes work?

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 I just got my first job, how the frick do taxes work?

Well let’s say you make 14 cookies an hour. They all go into a cookie jar that only lets you eat some of them. If you’re in California the cookie jar will take 25% of your cookies between state and federal. Now you have 11.5 cookies instead of 14 that you make an hour. At FedEx you will be on a W2. When you fill out your W4 you will have the option to claim tax allowances. Zero or One (what you should probably claim to be safe) means they will withhold that 25% automatically (One they will withhold a little less). If you claim more allowances the cookie jar will automatically take less cookies. At the end of the year if the jar doesn’t have enough cookies you will have to replace them (you owe) if it has too many the state / government will owe you. The problem is you don’t really want the government to owe you your cookies. They get stale as the government holds them (you can’t earn interest on your money). This is overall very simplified. Taxes are one part of the equation you will also have insurance and 401k potentially. This means that the 11.5 cookies an hour you get after taxes is just some of what will go into the cookie jar that can’t come out. Hope this helps and congrats on the job.


Question: How was experimental CGI rendered before the mid-eighties?

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 How was experimental CGI rendered before the mid-eighties?

Those images were animated one frame at a time in a supercomputer at LLNL. Computers in 1980's were capable of working in 3D, just not in real time (I was at SIGGraph in 1980). Essentially you figured out each voxel (3D pixel) and color coded it. Then you rendered the 3D space to 2D with a camera algorithm. You printed the 2D image on a piece of paper and photographed it, or if you had one, directly to film. Then you developed the film and projected it. What's most "breakthrough" about Carla was that the water has a surface normal. This means that the moonlight can reflect off it based on the relative height of the water in two voxels. That's why the second half of the film is so dark, to show off the awesomeness of that algorithm.


Question: Why do trailers come before the feature?

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 Why do trailers come before the feature?

A long time ago, you would just buy a ticket to enter the theater and watch whatever was playing. There weren’t set showtimes so you could just walk in, possibly halfway through a film. After the film, they would feature newsreels, cartoons, and previews for other films (trailers!) before the feature would start over (and you could watch the part you missed) or until the next film started. Later on, tickets started being sold for specific movies beginning at specific times. More like a play. Since that created a captive audience waiting for the show to begin, it made more sense for theaters to show the ‘trailers’ before the feature, while everyone was stuck waiting to see the thing they paid to see. Hopefully giving them a reason to come back and see something new later on. The term ‘trailers’ had already stuck at this point, they just played before instead of after the film.


Question: Why do power outlets/plugs/strips make a high pitched whining sound?

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 Why do power outlets/plugs/strips make a high pitched whining sound?

The charger uses much higher frequencies than 60 Hz. Typically several kHz which is the high frequency whine you hear. It will vary with load on the charger and manufacturer of the charger. The sound may be created by the coil/inductor vibrating by magnetic effects or by piezoelectric/microphonic effects in ceramic capacitors. As you said if it where ac 60 Hz related it would be a low hum at 120 Hz.


Question: Wikipedia states the Neowise comet has a 4400 year "inbound" period and a 6700 year "outbound" period. How can a body have two orbital periods?

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 Wikipedia states the Neowise comet has a 4400 year "inbound" period and a 6700 year "outbound" period. How can a body have two orbital periods?

When the period change it's because of an interaction with a planet, usually Jupiter, while passing through the solar system. Since the comet is in a highly elliptic orbit it doesn't take much to change the period. A small kick close to the sun makes a huge difference. The closer the comet is to the sun the higher the speed, and since the kinetic energy is velocity squared, a small change in speed can cause a big change in energy. The higher the energy the farther away the comet gets from the sun until it falls back again.


Question: Since we will eventually hit a wall of reducing the size of transistors on a computer processor, what else can we do to improve its performance?

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 Since we will eventually hit a wall of reducing the size of transistors on a computer processor, what else can we do to improve its performance?

There are a bunch of technologies that will continue to push performance forward for a while: * [Asynchronous logic]( URL_5 ). You know how CPUs are clocked, e.g., 3 GHz (3 billion cycles/second)? Using a clock makes it much easier to synchronize and schedule the work the processor is doing. Unfortunately, the clock itself takes power and needs to get routed around the chip, and all of the work the CPU does has to get chopped up into chunks that can get done within one clock cycle. [In 1997, Intel developed an asynchronous, Pentium-compatible test chip that ran three times as fast, on half the power, as its synchronous equivalent,]( URL_1 ) but didn't commercialize it because designing asynchronous logic is much harder. * [Photonic interconnects]( URL_3 ) would eliminate the propagation delay of signals across the chip. * Exotic semiconductors like [Gallium arsenide]( URL_4 ), [Carbon nanotubes]( URL_0 ), and even [diamond]( URL_2 ) can be clocked higher than silicon. Silicon has the advantage of being cheap, easy to manufacture, easy to purify, easy to manipulate with "dopants" to change its electrical properties, easy to insulate (SiO2), and being very well understood. * Widespread use of programmable hardware (FPGAs). The CPUs we use today are general-purpose. They are optimized to handle a wide variety of tasks, but truly excel at none of them. Nowadays a computer has lots of fixed, specialized hardware that you use only some of the time to decode video, render 3d graphics, decrypt data, and so on. If instead most of a computer's hardware was reconfigurable, it's as if entirely different chips, optimized to do different functions, can be swapped in and out on the fly.


Question: How do animal claws start fat at the base and grow pointy?

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 How do animal claws start fat at the base and grow pointy?

They are getring used up, meaning theyll get pointy. in the case of a dog, they usually get pointy by the dog just walking, In the case of cats (and I assume many other animals too) the claws grow frome inside out, at the same time as as from back to front. Thats why a cat needs something to claw at, to remove the outmost layer of their claws to expose a new, pointy claw layer underneath


Question: Telecommunications What options are available for extending the internet coverage to far-flung areas?

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 Telecommunications What options are available for extending the internet coverage to far-flung areas?

you could dig a trench and put in a bundle of fibre optic cables into the ground, that would be the best optiin. but since you said it is not an option you would need to use an wireless backhaul. checkout ubiquity. they have a productline called airfibre, which is able to span several km of distance. from then you can use another system to provide wireless coverage to the area. the systems are very easy to use and not too expensive. edit: backhaul: URL_0 edge: URL_1 I have not worked with these products from ubiquiti but i have used the unifi stuff multiple times and it is imho the best wireless solution for an affordable price. edit2: also you should use directional antennas to provide the wireless extension from a cabled place to the destination area. "normal" wireless extenders will not do a very good job.


Question: If the stomach takes 6 hours to digest food, how does it deal with you eating, wait for 5 hours then eat again?

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 If the stomach takes 6 hours to digest food, how does it deal with you eating, wait for 5 hours then eat again?

It's not six hours in the stomach. It's six hours through the whole digestive tract. So by the time you're swallowing food to your stomach again, your first meal is likely through the small intestine and into the colon. There's also tons of variation in how different food types absorb, and the system can speed up or slow down as it needs to.


Question: What is the difference between all those different types of toothpaste?

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 What is the difference between all those different types of toothpaste?

There's not a lot of difference. Some manufacturers will add materials that have certain properties, but in real-life use, those properties will be minimal. Examples: Whitening toothpaste contains a higher level of ~~surfactants~~ abrasives, essentially "scrubbing" the surface of the tooth clean. This can damage enamel over time. They may also contain bleaching agents. "Enamel repair" toothpaste contains calcium-based substances that are reputed to replace the surface layer of enamel. They are essentially a stopgap, and the material that's deposited will be removed pretty swiftly. We cannot replace enamel manually, and the body doesn't produce any more over time. Cavity protection will be through addition of sodium fluoride, which is proven to help with strengthening of the enamel. So that actually does work, but the vast majority of toothpastes have sodium fluoride in them anyway, so claiming "cavity protection" is redundant. Put simply, just buy a cheap, fluoride-containing toothpaste, and use it. The physical action of brushing is far, far more important than the type of paste you use. . *edit* **Holy crap**, inbox asplode. Thank you for gold, kind mystery redditor. All of the above still applies, but I thought it might be useful to add in some information that others have stated below, or that I left out. So, first off, things that *do* affect dental hygiene and effectiveness. First and foremost, since it's the single most important thing - brushing technique. The vast majority of people don't have great brushing technique with manual toothbrushes, so it's commonly recommended that everyone uses electric toothbrushes, which do the "hard bit" for you and provide the most comprehensive brushing possible. This technology is gradually evolving over time, but the rule of thumb is to go for one that has three key movements - rotation, in-out vibration, and oscillation. These three things have been proven to effectively clean the tooth surface, and stimulate the gum line, resulting in improved overall oral health. /u/tcmaresh and /u/unsanitary_napkin made an excellent point - toothpastes that say "9 out of 10 dentists recommend" only say that because dentists recommend that people use toothpaste. That's it. They're not recommending a brand, they're recommending toothpaste in general. Additionally, in order to be approved by the dental association, they have to work, and not do any harm. Those are the only two requirements. Next - flossing, and interdental brushes. The general consensus is that brushing *and* flossing is better than either one or the other, but there is a growing body of research that suggests flossing is not as effective as interdental brushes (again, when used in combination with normal brushing). Do some reading up on ID brushes, and give them a try if you want to. But if you're flossing regularly (or not) and your dentist has told you your teeth are in good shape, just stick with what you know. Now, on to other toothpaste ingredients. As some have stated, brushing *without* toothpaste actually removes just as much bacteria, food particles and tartar from the surface of the tooth as brushing *with* toothpaste. However there are some ingredients that prolong the effectiveness of brushing, give fresher breath, assist with gum health, etc etc. So, some examples below. "Sensitive" toothpastes. This includes Sensodyne. There are some ingredients, particularly Novamin, which do appear to significantly help with tooth sensitivity. These do not aid with overall oral health, but they *do* help with your teeth not feeling like they're being ripped in twain on a daily basis. Worth using if you suffer from this affliction. Fluorides. Whilst sodium fluoride is the "standard" substance for fluoride delivery to the enamel, as various people have stated, there are others. These include stannous fluoride, one that's still used in certain brands. All of them have the same mode of action, which is to deliver fluoride to the surface of the tooth. Some make it more "available" than others, but the difference appears to be fairly minimal. Stannous fluoride can give some people problems, including tissue sloughing (bits of skin coming off the inside of your mouth), gum whitening, and tooth staining. Ultimately though it doesn't really matter what type you use, as long as you use it. Note that all OTC main brand toothpastes will typically contain the same amount of fluoride. Prescription toothpastes are different, and contain more. Antiseptic agents - this includes Chlorhexidine and Triclosan. These remove bacteria from the mouth, and can assist with gum health and cavity prevention; they also hang around in the area, preventing bacteria from returning. Antiseptic agents can be beneficial, but some studies have suggested that we need to maintain the "good" bacteria in our mouths, which assist with prevention of halitosis and tartar buildup. So approach with caution, but they are generally good to use (this includes mouthwash). Enamel repair. This has come up a lot. There are some substances which appear to promote remineralisation of enamel. However, having done some reading up of my own, this effect is minimal, and occurs over a long, long period of time. It may still be beneficial for some, but consuming acidic foods or drink will quickly reverse the process, so diet control is needed alongside use of these substances. As per my original response, just brush your teeth. If you want to include enamel repair toothpaste (at a significant price), feel free. But it's not essential. Xylitol. This is a sugar substitute that is included in a lot of chewing gum, and some toothpastes. Its key benefit is that it cannot be digested by bacteria, so it offers an excellent sweetening alternative. Some studies have shown that xylitol can remineralise enamel; but these studies have been done using 20% xylitol solutions at 37^o C, over two weeks (with constant application), which isn't really relative to the real world. But yes, it has its benefits. It's in a decent number of toothpastes already, so feel free to use if you want. Foaming agents. The most common foaming agent in toothpaste is Sodium Laureth/Lauryl Sulphate, the same stuff that is used to make liquid soap foam up. It's an irritant, and can cause problems in people with sensitivity to it, including ulcers (canker sores), lesions and general irritation. If you are susceptible, find a toothpaste that doesn't contain it. The amount of foam a toothpaste produces does not relate to its cleaning ability. Baking soda! This stuff is present in Arm and Hammer and some off-brand products - it's basically an abrasive, and aids with whitening of teeth. The same caution applies as with all other whitening agents - it damages enamel. So approach with caution. Baking soda also neutralises acid in the mouth, but that effect will be negated as soon as you consume anything acidic. So very much a temporary solution. /u/FranDankly very kindly [provided a link]( URL_0 ) which covers the abrasiveness of various well known brands - it may prove useful for some. Note that abrasion is still beneficial in most cases, but excessive abrasion ain't good. Worth noting that most whitening toothpastes are on the higher end of the scale! I think that's about it for now... but regardless of all the added info above, the action of brushing is *still* far more important than anything else (whether or not you combine with flossing). Brush dem teefs!


Question: how does some dinosaurs get transformed into fossil fuel while others are perfectly preserved?

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 how does some dinosaurs get transformed into fossil fuel while others are perfectly preserved?

They didn’t. Oil is principally formed from microorganisms like algae and plankton falling to the bottom of the ocean over hundreds of millions of years. Coal is formed from vast forests of tree like plants that grew in swampy areas for millions of years before there were microorganisms that could break down their woody structure and cause decay. Over time layer on layer built up. In both cases these layers would be buried by sediment and heat and pressure took over the process.


Question: - how do flu strains vs flu shots battle it out?

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 - how do flu strains vs flu shots battle it out?

The flu shot, like other vaccines, work by triggering your immune system, causing it to produce antibodies that target the pathogen. This process ordinarily takes time, which is why it takes a while for your body to fight off a infection or virus since this is essentially a tailored response. However once it's done so some of those antibodies essentially stick around for quite some time, and provide a "memory" after a fashion; if something trigger the main immune response, your immune system can respond much much quicker, dealing with the pathogen before it can get very far (ie immunity). The flu shot doesn't give perfect protection. Instead they try to aim for strains they expect will be more common. Sometimes this is spot on, some times less so. However, even in cases like this there where the prediction is off, yes it can lessen symptoms. A lot of times the antibodies are kind of right and provide an easier starting point for your immune system, allowing it to more effectively fight off the pathogen. It's less effective, not ineffective.


Question: How many sides can a shape have before it becomes a circle and does the concept of geometry exist on the very small scale?

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 How many sides can a shape have before it becomes a circle and does the concept of geometry exist on the very small scale?

In geometry, regular polygons become closer to circles the more sides they have. In that sense, you might say a circle is a regular polygon with an infinite number of sides. Real world objects can be neither perfect circles or perfect regular polygons. Eventually imperfections will crop up, at the molecular level, if not before.


Question: when oil prices are down and there is a surplus of fuel; based on supply and demand why are prices at the pumps highest. Should the price of gasoline not be relative to crude?

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 when oil prices are down and there is a surplus of fuel; based on supply and demand why are prices at the pumps highest. Should the price of gasoline not be relative to crude?

While they are tied, there is a lag between the time the crude is purchased, transported, refined, stored, distributed and eventually hits your local gas pump. Of course stations seem to raise prices immediately upon increase of crude prices while only lowering prices once lower cost crude has worked its way through the system.


Question: Can someone break down the health benefits of intermittent fasting and why it's gaining in popularity? How can NOT eating regular meals be healthy?

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 Can someone break down the health benefits of intermittent fasting and why it's gaining in popularity? How can NOT eating regular meals be healthy?

The three main meals model is not scientifically proven to be good or bad. It’s a product of culture, not medicine. Basically the government started saying, “Eat breakfast grow big and healthy” around the 1920’s. If you look at US agricultural trends, this coincided with the boom of grain production and industrial farming in the US, so what’s an easy way to get people to eat more grains, eggs, and meats? Make another meal seem like it’s important for your health. Lunch is a product of the industrial revolution and more specifically a result of Ford’s 40 hour work week, where working men needed hearty meals halfway through the workday. Dinner is dinner, and a late night meal makes generally the most sense out of any of those three meals (if you spent the day hunting prey or gathering food, you would eat the food when you’re exhausted at the end of the day).


Question: When huge companies don’t pay tax, is it illegal? If not, what are they doing wrong?

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 When huge companies don’t pay tax, is it illegal? If not, what are they doing wrong?

The tax code is utterly, incomprehensively, massive. And as with anything that complex, there's a huge variety of what you may think of as loopholes to pay less in taxes. Many of these are intentional, but it's not uncommon to find a way that fits the letter of the law, but not in the way it was intended. For a made-up example, let's say there's a law that says any money you spend on uniforms for employees is not taxed, and a uniform is defined as something for business use by employees that brands them as part of the company. Mega Corp Inc sees this law and decides that company vehicles, which have the Mega Corp logo on them, fit the definition, and then writes off their $20 million fleet as tax exempt. It fits the letter of the law, so they get away with it (at least until a new law is passed to fix the loophole). Now most loopholes are not nearly this large, but for a company that's big enough, it still becomes cost-effective to pay someone to look through the thousands of pages of tax codes, exceptions, exemptions, etc to find similar ways to exploit it in dozens of small ways that add up quickly. Another way to avoid taxes is to lobby legislators to pass laws specifically in your favor. If your product is medical software, maybe you lobby Congress to pass a law that gives a tax break to medical software producers. Both of the above are types of tax avoidance - legal methods of paying fewer taxes. And almost everybody does this - if you claim student loan or mortgage interest, that's a a legitimate method of tax avoidance. But people get upset about large companies doing it because they begin to stretch what the laws are intended for, and do it in ways that only they benefit from. There's also a belief that corporations are morally obliged to pay more in taxes than individuals because corporations see a higher net return on how those taxes are used. It's also important to distinguish between tax avoidance (legal) and tax evasion (illegal). It becomes tax evasion when you actually break the law rather than simply finding loopholes within the confines of the law. So tax avoidance is when you put money into an IRA to avoid paying taxes on it for now. Tax evasion is when you don't report that income altogether to avoid ever paying taxes on it.


Question: How does the “I was in your area, and wanted to know if you’d be willing to sell your property” telemarketing scheme make money?

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 How does the “I was in your area, and wanted to know if you’d be willing to sell your property” telemarketing scheme make money?

Their value proposition is to give you a "fair/market" price for your house straight up, without having to use brokers, lawyers, deal with house inpectors and open houses and all that. In fact, a lot of them will buy it even without a building inspection, sight-unseen. For one, not having to deal with all that usual "selling your house" bullshit (like leaving for 3 hrs every day for showings. ugh) does have a value, for sure. A lot of their ~~customers~~/victems are elderly - the house has been paid off for decades and they don't know what its truly worth, nor do they care, they just want to sell and move to Florida. BUT - the offer they're gonna make is going to be low, a lot lower than your local market will get you if you suffer through the usual home selling ordeal. What they're _hoping_ is that a) the enticement of cash on the barrel and no hassle will convince you or b) you have no idea (or the inclincation or capability to _look it up_) what your house is actually worth. Meanwhile, they pay a lowball price, and either a) immediately flip it for actual market prices or b) dump it sight unseen to a property investor. Either way, the end recipient has the people who can rapidly fix it up, stage it, and do whatever it takes to flip it for a tidy profit. Its not a scam per se, its legit. But their profitability relies on people wanting to just be rid of their house and who are willing (or guillable) enough to go for it.


Question: Why do plastic milk jugs always have gross little dried flakes of milk crust around the edge of the cap? No other containers of liquid (including milk-based ones) seem to have this problem.

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 Why do plastic milk jugs always have gross little dried flakes of milk crust around the edge of the cap? No other containers of liquid (including milk-based ones) seem to have this problem.

I work at a dairy. I've ran the machines that make the bottles and fill the bottles. Basically after the milk goes in the cap is for a lack of a better term dropped onto the top of the bottle, pressed down and then screwed tight in basically one quick motion that takes about a second. When the cap is pressed down excess milk will squeeze out of the top before it screwed on tightly. After the cap has been attached the filled bottles go through a quick sanitize rinse before they are put into milk crates. The rinse gets the vast majority of the milk off but the little bit that's left will eventually dry on. When we fill we fill to the top with no air bubbles left, which you have to do because milk foams when it's being forced quickly into a bottle like that. When you look at other drinks that come in bottles you'll notice there's a little bit of air at the top, but not so much in a milk jug. For the five year olds in the room 😁 milk has a lot of air bubbles in it when you first put it in the bottle so you have to over fill it to top it off.. we give the bottles a bath but sometimes a little gets left behind.


Question: Why can you “hear” the difference between hot and cold water being poured?

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 Why can you “hear” the difference between hot and cold water being poured?

Liquids have a property called *viscosity*^(1). Olive oil is more viscous than water. Honey even more so. This should give you some idea what viscosity is. You can roughly understand it as the liquid's 'thickness'. More formally, viscosity measures how resistant a substance is to deformations. In other words, how much it keeps its shape when some force pushes on it. For instance, if you pour honey on a surface (say, a saucer), you'll notice that it doesn't immediately form a puddle, like water does. It keeps a somewhat taller, blobby shape for longer, resisting the pull of gravity that wants to pull it down and level it out. Liquid viscosity depends on temperature. Warmer liquids are less viscous. This is true for water as well. Water is not very viscous even at cold or room temperatures, but the difference is still noticeable. This is what causes the difference in sound: cold and hot water behave differently as you pour them. Hot water more easily separates into small droplets. Cold water makes larger droplets and generally tends to 'stick' to itself more and move as a (slightly) thicker liquid. This leads to different noises as the water splashes into a vessel and sloshes around. ^(1)(Not only liquids have this property, but that's not important for this answer.)


Question: Why do so many species have two eyes?

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 Why do so many species have two eyes?

All of the answers so far have been focusing (heh) on binocular vision. While certainly useful for predators it is common for prey animals to have very wide fields of view without effective visual overlap or effective binocular depth perception. Yet they too have two eyes. What it really comes down to is a feature called bilateral symmetry. You will note that many animals appear to be mirrored down their center. We have two arms, two legs, two ears, two nostrils, two lungs, two kidneys, two testicles/ovaries, etc. This is a feature which developed *extremely* early in our evolutionary history and the reasons behind it aren't fully understood. Likely it came down to it being useful to have a redundant organ or feature so if one became damaged it didn't automatically kill the organism, but having more than one spare provided significantly less benefit and consumed much more resources.


Question: How do restaurants benefit from giving out free bread to everyone?

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 How do restaurants benefit from giving out free bread to everyone?

The free bread costs them very little to hand out, but helps fill you up. When deciding where to eat, on some level you compare the cost against how full you are. A moderately expensive restaurant that charges quite a bit of money for a relatively small bit of food seems like a rip off if you leave hungry, but if you're full thanks to all of that low-cost bread, then you'll see more value in the restaurant and not think it's over priced.


Question: what is the difference between REST & SOAP web services?

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 what is the difference between REST & SOAP web services?

A SOAP web service has a very structured request and response. Data types, required fields, etc., are all defined in a WSDL that you can consume with your application to automatically build the entire request structure. All of it goes over HTTP POST methods. The entire web service has a single endpoint that covers many methods. A RESTful web service is a more open concept that uses the raw HTTP data fields in the request to pass parameters. It also uses the HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to handle things differently. The URL is also part of your parameters, as that handles part of the function routing. (i.e., URL_0 would be expected to do stuff about inventory 12345, but URL_1 would be doing stuff about Customer 12345). The URL can also contain mandatory variables, such as those key ID fields.


Question: Why are the Earths "Magnetic field/polar poles" flipping? And how will this affect nature and us?

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 Why are the Earths "Magnetic field/polar poles" flipping? And how will this affect nature and us?

They aren't. The magnetic poles do flip occasionally but that is on a geological timescale. It happened a handful of times over the last few millions of years. There is no strong indication that such a thing is currently happening or about to happen. some conspiracy and new-age believers however appear to be fascinated by the idea and appear convinced that not only is such an event about to happen but also that it will have cataclysmic consequences. There is the persistent idea that such a flip would somehow lead to a mass extinction. The thinking is that the flip will weaken the strength of Earth's magnetic field and allow all sorts of radiation in and allow the solar wind to strip away parts of the upper atmosphere and a number of such things. Practically no great correlation with past flips and past mass extinctions has been found. You can probably relax about that.


Question: How would losing a limb (or multiple limbs) affect blood flow and oxygenation of the body?

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 How would losing a limb (or multiple limbs) affect blood flow and oxygenation of the body?

The body has baroreceptors inside the arterial walls which regulate the pressure of the circulating blood. These receptors keep the blood pressure in a specific range via multpile mechanisms like renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, systemic vasodilation/comstriction via nitric oxide etc. If you loose a limb, the blood pressure may rise at first but the body will adapt in no time using these mechanisms. So it wont necessarily effect excercise capacity.


Question: Why can you feel awake and ready to go after only 3 hours of sleep but feel overtired and exhausted after sleeping for 10 hours?

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 Why can you feel awake and ready to go after only 3 hours of sleep but feel overtired and exhausted after sleeping for 10 hours?

Most people have a sleep cycle that’s around 90 minutes long, so sleeping for a multiple of this means that you wake up during the lightest part of the sleep cycle. Waking up from deep sleep is hard, and can leave you feeling sleepy for the rest of the day. Waking from light sleep is much easier, because your body is more awake. If I had the choice between eight hours sleep or seven & a half hours, I’d go for seven & a half.


Question: If heat is particles moving fast and cold is particles moving slow, why does wind cool you down even though its moving fast?

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 If heat is particles moving fast and cold is particles moving slow, why does wind cool you down even though its moving fast?

It's not them 'moving its them 'vibrating. Think about a red hot block of steel that's not moving. It's hot because energy has been added to it which causes the steel molecules to vibrate faster than they would at room temperature. They'll slow down their vibrations as the heat gets transferred into the ambient air. Tldr, energy causes molecules to vibrate, which eventually release the energy as heat


Question: How do certain joints crack repeatedly?

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 How do certain joints crack repeatedly?

You know of one type of cracking. Other one is the tendons making noise over bony areas. Tendons snap on these bony areas,getting taut and suddenly released. Examples are ankles and wrists. Its not that much in humans, but some deers have this in their knees where it consistently makes noise when they kove,so they stay together in a herd.


Question: Why are people not visible in Google Maps satellite images (and others)?

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 Why are people not visible in Google Maps satellite images (and others)?

Any large scale map will be made up of many individual pictures stitched together. This allows you to zoom in and get detail in each image but still have a large final product. This sometimes causes vehicles to fade out of view from end to end, because they moved between pictures. I would imagine they turned this into a tool that allowed them to select portions from each picture that doesn't have a person, to cover others that do. That way you don't have all those people blocking the ground and any details you want from that.