Question: How do green screens work?

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 How do green screens work?

You could do the effect with just about any color screen, blue screens used to be the standard, but people found the bright green worked better. The purpose of the color is to give a specific color to scan for and then eliminate from the scene to allow another scene to be placed in. The bright green is a somewhat unique color, what you want does not get eliminated. Blue is more common, so issues, as would lots of colors that might match skin, hair, eye, and other colors found on people.


Question: What happens to fruits when they ripe?

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 What happens to fruits when they ripe?

It is generally the production of specific set of chemicals that cause the change in taste and appearance of the fruit upon ripening. Plant cells contain a carbohydrate called pectin in their cell walls, upon ripening, the pectin is converted from an insoluble hard form to a soft water soluble form.. which explains why unripe fruits are generally harder than ripe ones.


Question: Why and how does earwax form?

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 Why and how does earwax form?

Earwax is made from glands of the external auditory canal (which are basically modified sweat glands if I recall it well enough), and also dead epidermal cells. It is thought to be a protective mechanism for the auditorium canal against infections and other trauma and is also a way to remove dead cells from it. Bonus tip: you don't really have to clean your ears , and it is actually dangerous to do so, since wax is reabsorbed.


Question: How do pharmaceutical companies come up with the Brand name for their drugs?

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 How do pharmaceutical companies come up with the Brand name for their drugs?

Avast ye! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: How pharmaceuticals get the crazy names for their drugs? ]( URL_4 ) ^(_63 comments_) 1. [ELI5: How do pharma companies come up with the names of new drugs? ]( URL_1 ) ^(_7 comments_) 1. [ELI5: Why do prescription drugs have so many different brand names? ]( URL_2 ) ^(_2 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do pharmaceutical drugs get their names? ]( URL_3 ) ^(_9 comments_) 1. [ELI5: how do prescription drugs get there names? ]( URL_0 ) ^(_4 comments_)


Question: Why is mixing alcohol bad?

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 Why is mixing alcohol bad?

We hear this idea all the time, and I know plenty of people who attest to it on their own experience. But I've also seen several articles in magazines and news that state that mixing different types of drinks (beer/wine/liquor/liqueur) doesn't actually do anything different in terms of making you more drunk or having a worse hangover. Ultimately what matters most is the amount of alcohol you consume. The common argument as to why people *think* mixing beer, wine, and liquor is bad is that people start getting drunk on beer or wine, and then carry over the quantity consumed per drink to liquor (because they're already buzzed) and end up drinking far more alcohol than they think they did. For me, I just make sure portions are appropriate (one 12oz beer = one 5oz wine = one 1.5oz shot of whiskey/vodka/rum) and I'm usually ok up to four drinks in an evening, or more if I start really early.


Question: Why does dramamine makes you feel sleepy/causes tiredness?

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 Why does dramamine makes you feel sleepy/causes tiredness?

One of the active ingredients of Dramamine, Diphenhydramine, blocks a receptor called Histamine H1. This is because the receptor gives a positive response when it binds to Histamine. Firstly, a receptor is a sort of detector that is on the outside of your cells. It detects specific chemicals that are in the space between the cells. When it detects that, it causes a change in the cell it's situated on. There are thousands of different receptor types, for example Dopamine, Serotonin and Adrenaline ones to name some commonly known. However, these receptors don't only detect the chemical they're designed to detect. If you make a drug that is somewhat similar but not too similar to what they're designed to detect, you can make it attach to the receptor without activating it (drugs that are very similar fool the receptor into activating). This is what is called a *receptor blocker* or in more technical terms an *antagonist*. Basically, Diphenhydramine attaches to the H1 receptor without activating it, meaning that Histamine *can't attach to and activate it*. This makes the net activity of all H1s decrease. Now all of this is just basic information you need to understand what Diphenhydramine does. The Histamine H1 receptor is present in high numbers in a brain region called the *Tuberomammillary Nucleus*. This region controls the sleep-wake rhythm. Stimulant drugs like Caffeine and Amphetamine causes Histamine to be released in this brain region, activating the H1 receptors and causing wakefulness. Can you see where I'm going here? By blocking the H1 receptors in this brain region, Diphenhydramine *prevents* natural Histamine from keeping you awake, making you feel drowsy and out of it. Many other common Histamine H1 blockers like Propiomazine and Hydroxyzine also cause strong drowsiness. Additionally, many medications with drowsiness as a side effect like Mirtazapine and Quetiapine block the H1 receptor. There are other receptors Diphenhydramine can block/activate to also cause drowsiness, such as the Muscarinic AChR receptors (Which is why it causes schizophrenic psychosis in high doses) but these are much less important compared to H1 blocking. EDIT: Outside of the brain, in your body, the Histamine receptors cause allergic reactions. This is why Histamine blockers such as Diphenhydramine/Dramamine are commonly sold as allergy pills. They are however also used as mild sleep aids because they all have the same side effect of drowsiness.


Question: Why do we feel hot at temperatures that are below our body’s temperature ?

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 Why do we feel hot at temperatures that are below our body’s temperature ?

Our bodies are constantly producing heat and so as not to overheat we need to constantly shed that heat in to our surrounding environment. The hotter our surroundings get the less efficiently we can do that, so we start to feel hotter and hotter. What we consider to be "room temperature" is the temperature that is ideal for us to be able to shed heat at the same rate that we create it internally.


Question: If sugar is fully dissolved in boiling water and the water is then cooled down, will it cause some of the sugar to undisolve?

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 If sugar is fully dissolved in boiling water and the water is then cooled down, will it cause some of the sugar to undisolve?

If you saturate water with a solute (dissolve as much of the solute as the water can hold), then very carefully cool the solution to a temperature that normally can't hold that much of the solute, you have what's called a supersaturated solution. This status isn't stable, though. Just a little physical agitation or putting in a little more solute will probably cause all that extra solute to come out of solution and fall to the bottom in solid form.


Question: if black is the absence of color and white is all the color how do they make black and white paint?

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 if black is the absence of color and white is all the color how do they make black and white paint?

We are actually talking about two concepts here. Light and Pigmentation. So with Light White light is made of every color on the visual spectrum and darkness is the absence of all light. With Pigment paints and waxes are dyed with color powders to give them the desired color. White is either made with a white material or it just happens to be what color the mixture ends up being with nothing added. The reason why we get black is the same although it can also be achieved by adding multiple colors due to them darkening eachother to that point. Basically White Light is all the colors but White Paint is usually none of them. The reason is because you have to dye paint to get colors of paint where as you need to separate light to change its color.


Question: How do employment statistics account for a person who loses a high paying job, goes on unemployment, then off unemployment for a much lower paying job?

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 How do employment statistics account for a person who loses a high paying job, goes on unemployment, then off unemployment for a much lower paying job?

A bunch of people going from good high-paying jobs to a bunch of awful low-paying jobs don't show up in the unemployment statistics at all. Usually they count U3 unemployment, which counts only people with no job but who are looking for a job as unemployed. U6 is a more honest statistic, because it covers people who gave up looking and people who have a job but are still looking for another one.


Question: Regarding cookies on website: What is legitimate interest and how do companies get the status?

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 Regarding cookies on website: What is legitimate interest and how do companies get the status?

Most companies don't actually do this correctly. There are two different data privacy laws in the EU which potentially govern cookies, and companies get these confused. The main data privacy law in the European Union is GDPR. Under GDPR, in order for data processing to be lawful, it needs a "Legal Basis." Basically, a justification that is legally recognized as a valid reason to process someone's data. There are six (6) possible choices for the Legal Basis for a processing activity. Some of these are straightforward, like "Performance of Contract." If I purchase something from Amazon, they need my shipping address to actually send it to me. Makes sense. Or "Legal Obligation." There's a law saying they have to keep a record of credit card transactions for seven years. Also makes sense. The most open-ended Legal Basis is "Legitimate Interest." This legal basis basically says "we have a reason for processing your data, and we promise it's a good one and doesn't invade people's privacy too much." The vagueness is basically necessary for many businesses to operate, but also the most open to abuse. Fraud Detection is a common example of something that falls under Legitimate Interest and has a reason to exist. Legitimate Interest implies some extra obligations unique to that Legal Basis. For example, the company *is required to tell you the specific Legitimate Interest*. They can't just say "Legitimate Interset." They have to say "our Legitimate Interest of fraud detection" or whatever it is. Processing under Legitimate Interest is also subject to the Right to Erasure (more commonly known as the Right to be Forgotten), which is not the case for e.g. Performance of Contract. A company should perform a Data Impact Assessment before invoking Legitimate Interest, and this is reviewable by regulators. If they did a bad job balancing their interests against the privacy of the data subjects, they can be subject to fines. However... Website cookies are *also* governed by the ePrivacy Directive. This law has no concept of Legitimate Interests. Either a cookie is strictly necessary for the website to function, or it requires consent. If a company invokes Legitimate Interest to justify their cookies, then they are violating the ePrivacy Directive. (Due to how EU law works, the ePrivacy Directive has different names in different countries. E.g. in the UK it is called PECR (and is still in effect post-Brexit)).


Question: Why do the cups of water I set out at night end up with bubbles and a "stale" taste in the morning?

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 Why do the cups of water I set out at night end up with bubbles and a "stale" taste in the morning?

The bubbles have something to do with the oxygen being gassed out especially if the water is cold, since cold water holds more oxygen. And the taste is CO2 being dissolved in the water over the period of time which creates a chemical compound H₂CO₃ - carbonic acid. So the increase of the acid changed the taste of the water.


Question: How are there naturally-flavored fruit drinks that contain no juice?

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 How are there naturally-flavored fruit drinks that contain no juice?

1: you do not need to have the flavor come from the source in order for it to be natural. One example of this is (if I recall) vanilla. Vanilla flavor can be naturally replicated with excretions from glands near a beavers ass for example. It's still 100% natural but not from the actual plant. 2: extracts and the like are commonly used to flavor things naturally, and is usually made from soaking the plant in alcohol for a long period. This means it's not juice but concentrated flavor.


Question: Why do fuzzy radio signals become a lot clearer when stand in front of or grab the end of the antenna in you hand?

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 Why do fuzzy radio signals become a lot clearer when stand in front of or grab the end of the antenna in you hand?

While standing near the radio you are messing with something called multipath fading. Radio signals bounce, they bounce around inside your room, off walls etc. These Various reflections combine at the receiver, and depending on their phase the result can be amplification or dampening. (See answer by captain-carrot for a good explanation of this) It's also worth mentioning that with an FM radio source around 100MHz you as a human are about half a wavelength tall. This means that the human body is very effective at changing the 'multipath'. (The why is probably too complex for Eli5) The result of all this is that a bounce off you will almost always have a notable effect on reception Physically touching the antenna is a different phenomenon, you become an aerial extension Owners of older models of TV with set-top antenna will be familiar with both of these in action


Question: Why do kids about 4-8 y.o. pant, chug and sometimes even „moan” when drinking from a cup? Is there something bad with their airways or are they just getting excited?

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 Why do kids about 4-8 y.o. pant, chug and sometimes even „moan” when drinking from a cup? Is there something bad with their airways or are they just getting excited?

Adults know to take a breath before drinking and have better motor control. They've also learned that making noises when drinking is usually frowned on, so they actively suppress those noises using that better motor control. A kid doesn't take a breath first, so they end up trying to breathe mid-drink, and they don't care what noises they're making. There's nothing physically wrong with them, but they're not applying the same level of control to the muscles of their mouth and throat.


Question: Why is it that when you fold and unfold a piece of paper, the crease remains pretty much permanently, but this isn’t the case for some other materials like fabric?

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 Why is it that when you fold and unfold a piece of paper, the crease remains pretty much permanently, but this isn’t the case for some other materials like fabric?

the material itself. & #x200B; Paper is made of WOOD fibers. The same wood that your computer desk is made of. & #x200B; You cannot fold a piece of wood in half and then straighten it back out (not without a LOT of luck and determination and a ton of failures first) & #x200B; Fabric, on the other hand, is generally made up of much more pliable plant fibers (like cotton). These fibers can easily bend. & #x200B; & #x200B; fabric being made [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) & #x200B; paper being made [ URL_0 ]( URL_0 )


Question: Why do flies always fly around in little circles in the center of a room?

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 Why do flies always fly around in little circles in the center of a room?

Actually, if you watch closely, it’s not circles. It’s a semi-random pattern called “drunkard’s walk”. Basically, it covers the most territory for the least effort, with the highest chance of reward ( food). Note, it doesn’t actually have to include food in the area, it’s just gotta *Lead* to food . ( there was an article in Scientific American some 40-50 years ago. )


Question: Why is it that when we get hit or injured pretty bad we faint? What is it that makes our brain kinda shut down in that moment?

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Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
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<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it that when we get hit or injured pretty bad we faint? What is it that makes our brain kinda shut down in that moment?

One reason is that basically the brain is floating in water inside our skulls and if the the blow is strong enough to push the brain with enough momentum to bounce on part of the skull to another and the brain gets short circuited. Another reason is that a certain amount of pain and/stress is too much to handle and our hearts are beating too fast because its in fight/flight mode and our brain shuts off to prevent us from dying via heart attack.


Question: Are the McDonalds in all countries around the world connected to one main 'headquarter' ?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Are the McDonalds in all countries around the world connected to one main 'headquarter' ?

Most McDonald's restaurants are not owned by the McDonald's corporation. They're franchises. That means that some businessman wants to open a restaurant - he pays a franchise fee to McDonald's that gives him the right to open X number of restaurants in a certain physical region. He agrees to buy all of his supplies from McDonald's corp, build his building to their specifications, follow their guidelines for running the business, use their marketing materials, etc. He pays them a yearly fee on top of everything else. They may also help him get a loan to purchase the property and build the building. But day to day operation is up to him.


Question: Why are celebrities net worths low when their annual income is so high?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 Why are celebrities net worths low when their annual income is so high?

Michael Jordan does not earn $3B from Nike, that's what the Jordan Brand sub-brand of Nike makes in revenue. He gets some small cut of that, with the rest going to pay for manufacturing the products, marketing it, paying the designers and other corporate infrastructure of Nike, shareholder dividends... Not sure about the Taylor Swift numbers, but that could be something like ticket sales from a concert tour, but there are also all sorts of expenses like stadium rentals, travel, equipment, other performers (musicans, dancers), crew, insurance, and such. And for many celebrities, their net worth are complete conjecture. They're not publicizing it, and if they don't have large stakes in public companies that are reported to the SEC (which is the case with probably 99.9% of celebs) then there is no way of knowing. Often, the websites that publish celebrities' "net worth" add up their reported earnings from movies, TV shows, concert tours, and such, but have no way of knowing how much they've spent and how much investments have grown and such. Did they blow $10 mil on private plane charters and baller nights out in Vegas or did they invest it with a hedge fund that had 20% annual investment returns? Rarely, does the public know...


Question: :Why does "percussive maintenance" sometimes work on delicate electronics?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 :Why does "percussive maintenance" sometimes work on delicate electronics?

It is not as common on modern devices, but on older electronics the heat generated would often cause small warps in the circut boards or other materials. These warps would unseat components over time and break their connections. Hitting the device would often cause those components to reseat themselves, restoring the connection and restoring functionality. This doesn't really happen anymore as most components are soldered in place and don't come loose. TLDR - On old electronics, hitting it would knock things back in place.


Question: If acids cause corrosion, why do we put metals in acids to remove the rust?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
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 If acids cause corrosion, why do we put metals in acids to remove the rust?

Corrosion is nothing more than the base metal bonded to oxygen. Acids have a enormous affinity with oxygen, they love each other so much they would do anything to be together. When you mix an acidic solution with rust, lets pick Fe2O3 as an example, the dissolved acid will steal the oxygen from the rust and stick it very hard. Edit: Iron can only be +2 or +3, and i wrote FeO2, an inexistent compound. My bad.


Question: Why do digital displays have input lag?

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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do digital displays have input lag?

By sheer virtue of being digital. Analog/CRT displays process image data in real time. It gets the signal, it uses it at the same time it gets it, 1:1. The instant it receives the input, it is using it to make the image. A digital display has to process data to figure out how to display the image. It has to get a frame worth of data, work out how to display it, display it, repeat. It’s lightning fast to us, but in comparison to a crt it’s very noticeable.


Question: To what extent does speed of intake effect the duration/efficacy of caffeine in the body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 To what extent does speed of intake effect the duration/efficacy of caffeine in the body?

You're essentially balancing three things, your intake, your bodies ability to absorb the caffeine and your bodies ability to metabolize it out of your system. Everyone is slightly different on those speeds due to what they've recently eaten, and their metabolic rate. It takes roughly an hour to fully absorb all the caffeine you intake, because caffeine is so easily absorbed into the body. The variation between how long the caffeine lasts in someones body after it has been absorbed varies heavily between age groups and other factors like metabolic rates, smoking, pregnancy, and a few other things. Another factor is caffeine tolerance, the more caffeine you consume over time (days/weeks) can affect the efficacy of caffeine. So over time you need to drink more caffeine in the same time frame to get the same results. Ultimately the speed in which you drink the caffeine if say over 1 hour vs 5 minutes, will impact when you reach peak concentration of caffeine in your body, if drunk in 5 minutes the caffeine content will spike rapidly and fade away over a few hours, if you intake over 1 hour you will reach a peak a bit slower, but the time it takes to leave your system will still be about the same.


Question: Can someone please explain Nuclear spin as it relates to an MRI machine?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Can someone please explain Nuclear spin as it relates to an MRI machine?

Everything that has electrical properties also has magnetic properties. Electricity and magnetism are just two sides of the exact same force, electromagnetism. This even extends to things that overall seem neutral, like water. The individual atoms have protons and electrons which are both charged. Overall they cancel out so water seems uncharged, but really deep down at the atomic level it has charges. Now we know that when you spin a magnet in a conductor, you can make electricity. This is the basis of generators and such. We happens if you spin electricity? you can make a magnetic field. this is the basis of electromagnets. The electrons are moving around in circles in a coil (spinning). Now what happens if you spin an individual charged particle, like a single electron? Believe it or not, electrons also have magnetic properties. They behave like little magnets. This also goes for protons as well. Now whether they ACTUALLY spin physically is a far more complicated question and you get weird answers if you work out the math but for now, we just use a simple model of saying they "spin" to make a magnetic field. Anyway, it turns out electrons and protons are *always* spinning. This intrinsic property of "spin" is how we construct our atomic model to also include the observation of magnetism in a charged particle. The spin axis is also the magnetic axis of a charged particle, so when we talk about the spin of a particle or the direction of spin, we're also talking about the axis or direction of magnetism. In an MRI machine we can exploit this. Normally, everything spins in a random direction. If you take a bunch of magnets and drop them they're all random. In water, atoms are too far apart to align to each other and quantum effects don't create ferromagnetism that we observe in regular magnets like iron, so it's random. But if you apply a strong magnetic field to the magnets then they'll align to the field. This also happens in an MRI machine. A very powerful magnetic field aligns the water in your body to the magnetic field. It also aligns the other atoms too but the water is the one we're focusing on right now. Now there are two "stable" positions for a magnet in a magnetic field: Exactly aligned, and and exactly opposite. If you twist a magnet sideways or off axis, it will quickly torque back to be exactly aligned. But if you torque it be exactly opposite, it'll be somewhat stable. It'll still flip back eventually, but it'll be more immediately stable than just twisting it sideways and letting go. These two states of being exactly aligned or exactly opposite give us the basis for MRI. For a big magnet you can hold in your hand, you can physically move it to get it to flip. So how do you flip the water molecules in a magnetic field? You hit them with a magnetic pulse precisely tuned to deliver the exact amount of energy needed to flip them to exactly the opposite direction, no more no less. It turns out that the amount of energy needed is different depending on how strong the magnetic field is that you apply. The stronger the field, the more energy you need. So we tune our magnetic field to be something manageable and easy to produce: the energy of radio waves. We pulse the chamber with radio waves tuned to the precise frequency of hydrogen in the water molecules in our magnetic field. This causes the nucleus of the hydrogen atoms to flip, we call this a *spin* flip because as said before, the magnetic axis and the spin axis are the same. We like to use the word spin for atoms rather than "magnetic field" because it's less confusing and easier to say. You won't mix them up for actual large magnets like the ones you hold in your hand. Now as said before, if you flip the magnets, or spins, to be exactly opposite, they'll eventually flip back to be aligned again. When an atom does this it releases its own radio wave. The frequency of this radio wave matches the radio wave that was use to flip it in the first place. Now in physics when you have a oscillating system that transfers that oscillation to another system we call that resonance. And hence the "resonance" term in MRI or "magnetic resonance imaging". Anyway. we can detect this radio wave coming back out of the flipping spins of the hydrogen atoms. If there is lots of hydrogen, and thus lots of water or fat, then the signal is stronger, if the is very little hydrogen, the signal is weaker. Because the issues in the body have variable amounts of hydrogen, we can use this to image the inside of someone without cutting them open. We stick them into a magnetic field, align their atoms to the field, flip their spins with radio waves, stop the waves and then listen for the same waves coming back out as the spins flip down. The signals are then used to build up the image. (exactly how the image is built up is amazing in itself, we use a gradient magnetic field so the frequencies in one slice are different from the frequencies in another slice, but this is deeper topic for another time)


Question: how can disney own a tradmark for things they don’t own or make?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 how can disney own a tradmark for things they don’t own or make?

In many cases, people are playing with fire and are not *quite* far enough away from Disney's Loki for their merch. If you're too close, Disney's Lawyers can send you a Cease & Desist, and then begin the legal proceedings. They may be wrong, but you'll have to meet them in court to find out, and odds are your total profits for that product will cover maybe the first hearing. Better to close up shop and sell the stuff on the DL via Facebook. If Disney doesn't defend their copyrights every time they're aware of an infringement, it can set a precedent that makes it easier for anyone else to infringe on Disney's territory. After all, if Mom didn't punish your brother for copying your homework, why is she punishing YOU for it?


Question: How do games "generate" what you see in-game, and tell graphics APIs (like OpenGL) where/how to draw it?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do games "generate" what you see in-game, and tell graphics APIs (like OpenGL) where/how to draw it?

This is a pretty complex problem, but I can give an overview for a basic 3D engine. Every object in the game is made from a mesh of triangles. When the shapes in the game were originally designed, the vertices of every triangle were ordered. Based on the order (clockwise) the computer can calculate the normal vector to every triangle. This list of vectors and vertices is just stored as a monster array in memory - nothing fancy going on here! For efficiency it's stored as one list/array of vertex x, y, z coordinates with a numeric label and another list of vertex labels in groups of three to define the triangles . This is reasonably efficient since you don't have to repeat the definition of the xyz coordinate for all the vertices shared between triangles. Next you translate everything to screen coordinates. This is a geometric transform which maps every vertex on diverging perspective lines from the centre of the camera in cartesian coordinates, to a new system where these perspective lines are parallel and orthogonal to the screen. X and Y now align to the screen, and Z is the depth into the screen. Doing this simplifies a whole load of the following calculations since you no longer need to do any computation for perspective. The particular transform you apply controls the FOV. For the game to zoom in and out, for example if you look down the sights of a gun, it adjusts the transform. Now you step through every triangle in the giant array one by one. As you step through, you first check if the triangle is behind the camera, in screen coordinates this is trivial, if the z coordinates are negative its behind you and can be ignored. Once you've done this, remember those normals I talked about earlier, you check if they are pointing towards or away from you. You take the dot product of the normal vectors and a vector along the Z axis (another convenience of screen coordinates). All the triangles which aren't facing you, they can be ignored too. For the remaining triangles, you compute the angle between any light sources, and the triangle and the pixel being rendered. There is a simple relationship between angles and brightness of the triangle. Now you render the triangle in screen coordinates based on it's calculated brightness, color, texture and place it into the z buffer. The z buffer is a piece of memory set aside which is large enough to store the RGB value of every pixel on your screen, plus the z coordinate of the pixel. As you render every triangle, you check every rendered pixel against the z buffer. If the z coordinate is less than the data already in the z buffer, then it overwrites the data in the buffer, otherwise the information is thrown away. This ensures you don't render objects blocked by other objects. Once complete, you display the z buffer contents on the screen. For the next frame, you repeat this whole process again. There's a phenomenal amount of computation going on! In reality there's a whole load more going on to make everything look smooth and textured rather than blocky - but that's the gist of it!


Question: how are adblockers not undetectable?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 how are adblockers not undetectable?

Yes, all of that is possible. Some of it is tricky, though, some not very wanted by end users. For instance, one of the "selling points" of ad blockers is that they improve performance by decreasing bandwidth and memory usage. This won't happen if it still downloads images, and runs scripts. Downloading images and running scripts means compromising the user's privacy -- you're sending valuable data to the advertiser even if you don't actually see the ad. Another thing is that by removing ads the page becomes cleaner. To really maintain the illusion the adblocker would either need to keep the layout the same (otherwise blocking is detectable by checking element positions), or maintain a parallel simulation (which takes work and resources). Transparent ad blocking would also mean real war with ad companies. It would break their statistics and make it impossible to tell if anybody is seeing anything or not, which would pose an existential crisis to them. This would possibly mean legal trouble as ad companies would do all they can to survive.


Question: How do some pirates get their hands on legit Netflix/Spotify/iTunes accounts and sell them for a cheaper price illegally? How does it benefit them?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do some pirates get their hands on legit Netflix/Spotify/iTunes accounts and sell them for a cheaper price illegally? How does it benefit them?

One of two ways. Some of these accounts are stolen and then passed on. They invest $0 into the account, so whatever someone pays is profit. The other way that it can work is that pricing for online services are sometimes set regionally; so they'll make an account in a country where the subscription fee is the equivalent of $1/month and then sell it to someone in the US for $5/month when it's usually $10/month in the US.


Question: Astronomers say there are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all the beaches on earth. How do they know how many grains of sand there are in the whole world?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Astronomers say there are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on all the beaches on earth. How do they know how many grains of sand there are in the whole world?

We can estimate both the volume and mass of the Earth. Take a bucket of sand, weigh it, measure its volume, then count the number of grains of sand in it. You now have an estimate of the number of grains per kg or per litre of sand. You can use that to estimate the maximum number of grains. We could assume the whole world were nothing but sand, take the mass of the Earth and multiple it by the number of grains of sand in a kilogram, and you’d have the maximum possible number of grains. Obviously the whole Earth isn’t made of sand, so we could be a little more careful. We could assume the top km of the Earths crust was made of sand, and multiple that volume by the number of grains of sand in a litre. This would be closer. Keep repeating this process and you’d get a ballpark figure of the number of grains of sand on Earth. Not an exact number, but a reasonable maximum.


Question: Why does sending a picture via Messenger lower its quality so drastically?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does sending a picture via Messenger lower its quality so drastically?

Here is my 2 cents: Because it gets compressed to save space and bandwidth. Same thing happens to YouTube videos. As a general rule, any file you upload or send online gets compressed depending on the server, some are better than others at this. In the YouTube video example, the difference in quality is not that noticeable because the compression algorithm used is good unlike Messenger which I would assume favors file size & bandwidth a little bit more than it should, and as a result you get crappy quality. & nbsp; EDIT: to clarify, this is done by the server and not locally on your device. When you upload the file, the server analyzes, compresses and then forwards it to your friend, so in short **the image you send is NOT the same image that you see in Messenger and it's NOT the same image that your friend receives.** Some websites and apps offer you the option of downloading the original image file, but it's not that common.


Question: Why do sound waves require a medium for travel but light does not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do sound waves require a medium for travel but light does not?

Couple ways to look at it: 1. The [photon]( URL_0 ) is its own wave, whereas sound is a wave of the atoms or molecules of whatever medium (air, water, etc.). If you think of a wave as just a way for energy to travel, the photon carries energy (in its own frequency), whereas sound is atoms or molecules passing energy along via collisions. 2. What stops sound? A restriction to the vibration of the molecules - either a barrier that blocks the molecules from affecting molecules on the other side, or a vacuum gap (lack of collisions to transmit the sound). What stops light? Either a barrier that blocks the photons from traveling through, or a gap (such as a black hole event horizon) that again stops the photons from "getting across". So, TLDR answer, vacuum does not block photons, that's why.


Question: Why do bath towels seem to get more absorbent the more they get washed over time?

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 Why do bath towels seem to get more absorbent the more they get washed over time?

Brand new towels (of all kinds) have probably been washed in their factory with some sort of fabric softener, which actually coats the fibers of fabrics and does make them softer, but it also makes them less absorbent. When you wash the new towels at home and don’t use fabric softener, eventually that residue goes away and the towels are at full absorbent capacity. This is also why some towels seem to just push the water around for a while before absorbing it—they’ve probably been washed with fabric softener that keeps them from being super absorbent as a side effect.


Question: Why do some wounds heal faster when exposed to air while others require a moist, bandaged environment?

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 Why do some wounds heal faster when exposed to air while others require a moist, bandaged environment?

Current research in wound care actually supports the idea that all wounds heal faster with less scarring and pain in a moist or wet environment. Wounds make a secretion known as "exudate" that is full of various factors needed to heal and close the wound. When the wound is allowed to dry, the exudate dries out which prolongs the healing process as your body now has to make more of it for the same result. A moist or wet dressing not only facilitates the movement of exudate across the wound, it gives the wound the one thing the human body cannot function without: moisture. That said, do not make a wet dressing at home. True wet dressings are rarely used outside of surgical wounds and require an isotonic sterile fluid that typically isn't available without a prescription. Most bandaids, if you use them, have a membrane on them that faces the wound which allows for some exudate to stay in / on the wound without drying it out entirely.


Question: How come when you put earphones in your nose and pop your ears you hear the music in your head?

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 How come when you put earphones in your nose and pop your ears you hear the music in your head?

Our hearing apparatus consists of the external ear (which is our floppy ear pinna and ear canal) and the ‘internally hidden’ middle ear, and internal ear. Normally, the sounds from outside is transmitted from the external ear then towards the eardrum into the middle ear, and lastly, towards external ear, where the sound energy is converted into electrical impulse which is then brought towards the brain, where it interprets the sound. However, in your case, the soundwaves from the earphones causes vibrations inside the your nose, which then can be transmitted through the skull, directly towards internal ear, where conversion process occurs. Sooo, basically it skips your ‘ear’. (This is also the basis for clinical examination for hearing problem) I hope this answers it!


Question: why does a broken leg essentially mean a death sentence for a horse?

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 why does a broken leg essentially mean a death sentence for a horse?

Horses legs are under high tension with tight tendons from the knee down. This means that when they break they often shatter. That same tendon situation also means there fairly little blood flow down the leg which makes healing slow. That means that the horse would have to spend a long time on only 3 legs, something it is too heavy for without damaging those 3 legs, or spend that time lying down or in a rig to hold their weight both of which have a high likelihood of them developing colic which is a potentially lethal twisting of the intestines.


Question: Why are concept/pre-production cars always shown with camo/swirly liveries?

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 Why are concept/pre-production cars always shown with camo/swirly liveries?

That car camo does a great job of masking the finer shapes and curves of the car so it isn't spoiled before the big reveal. Car manufacturers often want to get some track time on a new model to make sure everything is good but once it is outside that means people are going to get pictures of it. They don't want the new shape and design being revealed until they officially announce it(otherwise the newness wears off too early). The weird patterns are similar to [Dazzle Camo]( URL_0 ) where the sharp edges and strange patterns are designed to mask the true edges and patterns of the object it is applied to.


Question: Why can we get injections for preventative medicine anywhere in the shoulder, thigh and buttocks, but illegal drug users have to find a vein?

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 Why can we get injections for preventative medicine anywhere in the shoulder, thigh and buttocks, but illegal drug users have to find a vein?

The reasons IV drug users seek a vein is because their ‘high’ is directly proportional to the speed, and volume/dose of drug that reaches the brain in a particular time. Their highway is the venous system and they push their entire dose in quickly to speed it to the intended destination. The reasons for intramuscular injections/vaccines (which is what I think you’re talking about) is because the brain isn’t the target of vaccines but rather the immune system.


Question: What causes people to get goosebumps, and is it possible for someone to not have them at all?

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 What causes people to get goosebumps, and is it possible for someone to not have them at all?

The pilomotor reflex is the base of hairs (or where hairs would be) trying to make the hair stand up. This can be to make the person appear bigger, capture air to keep warm or due to sexual arousal. Stress, fear or other strong emotions tend to trigger it (the reaction is tied to mental state and adrenaline), and some people have a more pronounced reaction than others.


Question: if TikTok is Chinese spyware, what exactly are they spying for? What benefit does the Chinese government from their users data?

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 if TikTok is Chinese spyware, what exactly are they spying for? What benefit does the Chinese government from their users data?

To work, TikTok needs access to your camera, microphone, photos, video library, and social media profiles. With all of that, it also gets your GPS location, and activity throughout the day, regardless of whether you use the app or not. That’s an enormous amount of useful data to have on anyone. But think of all the celebrities on TikTok... there’s a lot of crappy things you could do with all that data.


Question: Why is the death zone above 8000m still dangerous with supplemental oxygen?

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 Why is the death zone above 8000m still dangerous with supplemental oxygen?

The main difference between being at sea level and being at high altitude, besides it being cold as fuck, is that the air is much lower pressure. This effectively means theres less oxygen available for breathing which is why tanks are required, but it also reduces the oxygen pressure in the blood, referred to as partial pressure. Yknow how divers who come up too fast get bad things happening? That's cos nitrogen suddenly decompresses in the blood and forms bubbles. It's not as bad with oxygen on Everest cos the difference in pressure is much smaller, but it's still bad. Instead of forming bubbles, the effective maximum amount of oxygen in the blood reduces. This means even with an oxygen tank you have less oxygen than you do without a tank at sea level, and it's sufficiently low that if you stay for too long your brain explodes.


Question: Why do some things when they are really hot cause a flame (like wood or gasoline), but other things like molten steel glow but don’t produce a flame?

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 Why do some things when they are really hot cause a flame (like wood or gasoline), but other things like molten steel glow but don’t produce a flame?

Heat can cause a change in the state of matter. Like when ice melts and then evaporates. It is chemically still water. Other times the heat causes a chemical reaction causing an irreversible shift. Like when you mix ingredients and bake a cake. Molten steel is still steel. Wood or gasoline burning won’t revert back when they cool. They are forever different.


Question: Why is the KKK's handbook called the Kloran? Why have a play on words with the Koran and not the Bible?

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 Why is the KKK's handbook called the Kloran? Why have a play on words with the Koran and not the Bible?

As a fraternal Protestant-Christian organization having a book called the "Klible" probably would have struck many as blasphemous. "Kloran" also just flows better. You really shouldn't think too hard about anything the revived Klan does. They are a bunch of morons who invented an organization so they could dress like geeks and harass Black people.


Question: Why do ants seem unaffected by vibrations or sounds of me stomping my foot near them?

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 Why do ants seem unaffected by vibrations or sounds of me stomping my foot near them?

because its unimportant and common and they don't see very well. personal doom means less to an individual ant than failing to do its work (which would spell doom for the colony.) things go boom around them constantly. we do the same thing when there are earthquakes; unless there's immediate action to be taken we just hold fast for a moment and then carry on.


Question: How do shows like drugs inc stay on the air even though they are witness to illegal crimes? Wouldn’t the police want arrest them for keeping the identities of dealers and gang members a secret?

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 How do shows like drugs inc stay on the air even though they are witness to illegal crimes? Wouldn’t the police want arrest them for keeping the identities of dealers and gang members a secret?

> Wouldn’t the police want arrest them for keeping the identities of dealers and gang members a secret? They might *want* to but they can't because not reporting a crime is not itself a crime. Despite how it may appear the police don't actually get to just make up laws and do whatever they want.