Question: How does your brain know to wake up earlier than usually when you have something to do for the early morning?

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 How does your brain know to wake up earlier than usually when you have something to do for the early morning?

Not everyone has this, but the fact that you do, suggests that you're quite healthy! Your brain has a part that keeps a daily rhythm in check for all of your organs. Think of it like an orchestra: this part of your brain (superchiasmatic nucleus) is the composer; and your organs are the musicians. The composer keeps all the musicians in time so that everything runs smoothly. Your sleep runs in time with this pacemaker. Just before you wake up, your body will secrete a load of cortisol into your blood (the hormone that causes stress), and that will initiate the wake up.


Question: What's the difference between measuring a person's temperature and an object's temperature?

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 What's the difference between measuring a person's temperature and an object's temperature?

Some surfaces radiate heat better than others, just like some surfaces reflect light better than others. When the thermometer only registers a small amount of heat being radiated by whatever you're pointing it at, that may indicate that the object is cold. But the object could also be hot and not good at radiating heat (such as shiny metal objects). In order to calculate the temperature accurately, the thermometer needs to know what kind of surface it's dealing with. When you set the thermometer to body temp mode, it applies a certain correction factor for human skin, whereas it's going to use a different value for objects, even though that value can only be a guesstimate. The property that we're talking about here is called emissivity.


Question: What's the psychology behind the appeal of effeminate K-pop male stars to girls, even in places without the Korean "male beauty" standards?

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 What's the psychology behind the appeal of effeminate K-pop male stars to girls, even in places without the Korean "male beauty" standards?

As a female far outside of the age when K-Pop boys might be attractive, I would hazard that it's because they don't come off as threatening. I don't consider them particularly 'effeminate' myself, but they do seem to be shorter and slighter than a lot of Western men, and their music doesn't seem to have the aggressive sense of owning women that I've heard in a fair bit of modern music. They're nice to look at, they sound good, they dance very well, and they don't seem like they'd commit date rape. What's not to love?


Question: When walking with a glass of water, why is it more likely to spill when you watch the glass opposed to looking straight ahead?

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 When walking with a glass of water, why is it more likely to spill when you watch the glass opposed to looking straight ahead?

Scientists have done studies on this, surprisingly. And as it turns out the opposite is often true, but with some particulars on the details. The study done was involving coffee, and scientists found that the average human gait oscillates the coffee in an average mug at exactly the right (or wrong, depending on how you look at it) cadence to cause a spill in approximately 3 steps. The thing that they found most people do wrong is try to get from point 'A' to point 'B' quickly which causes excess oscillation and speeds up the point at which the coffee will spill. Additionally, You should focus on your cup and not your feet. Doing so slows your pace, dampens the oscillation frequency and will help prevent spillage. Edit: I'm adding in this portion because I forgot that this was ELI5 and not AskReddit. Liquid splashes back and forth with each step, when you walk quickly it splashes more and causes it to build momentum back and forth like a skateboarder on a half pipe. Focusing on the glass has been shown to cause you to slow down so that the momentum doesn't build up to much, and your coffee doesnt spill.


Question: Why does Denmark export so much sperm?

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 Why does Denmark export so much sperm?

There's not a lot else to do in Denmark. I kid, I kid. The reason why, according to various experts cited in a report in the [*Guardian*]( URL_0 ), is because Denmark has the most supply. That's not to say that Danish men have a particular predilection for whackin' off into cups, but the fact that Denmark -- unlike most other EU countries -- has laws that allow for the anonymity of sperm donors means that donation there isn't perceived as being likely to bite you in the ass with regards to child support later on. As such, the country has managed to turn it into a booming industry that supplies its product to most of the EU. (The US has similar laws, as far as I can tell, which makes the two countries frontrunners in the industry.) On top of that, Denmark is one of relatively few countries that allows you to be financially compensated for your swimmers; in many other locations, you can only be compensated for your expenses. There's also the issue of maximum donations. In most countries, you're eligible to donate to a maximum number of families, regardless of where those families are based; in Denmark, you can donate to a maximum of twelve families domestically (again higher than the average), but that limit is twelve *per country*. Denmark can thus export more of that high-quality Danish mangoop from fewer donors. In short: the legal system in Denmark is almost uniquely structured for sperm donation, which makes it an industry that can thrive.


Question: Why do so many painters, musicians and artists go 'crazy'?. Ex: Van Gogh cutting his ear off. Or some artist locking themselves in rooms days on end.

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 Why do so many painters, musicians and artists go 'crazy'?. Ex: Van Gogh cutting his ear off. Or some artist locking themselves in rooms days on end.

Well, to be clear, a lot of people have mental or emotional issues, its not limited to famous or less famous artists, its a pretty wide-spread thing. You just happen to know about Van Gogh because he is famous, you don't know Jenny from down the way who went nuts, or the lady who poops in plastic jugs, or Riley Martin being abducted by aliens in Arkansas working on farm.


Question: During radiation therapy for cancer treatment, why/how would the "target" shift?

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 During radiation therapy for cancer treatment, why/how would the "target" shift?

Like, you are aiming a beam at a thing that is like a millimeter across that you need to hit exactly. And you tend to do it during a time someone's body is changing massively. You just gotta keep checking where stuff is. to match where you are aiming on the outside to where it is on the inside. If someone lost or gain weight, if the tumor shrunk or grew, if scar tissue pulled things, if the lung was swollen and now isn't or the opposite, etc.


Question: In racing, are cars at the back of the starting line at a disadvantage? If not, how do the rules go to make it all equal?

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 In racing, are cars at the back of the starting line at a disadvantage? If not, how do the rules go to make it all equal?

it depends on the rules: in Formula 1 for example they have a "qualifiying round" before the actual race that determines the placement. There the ones starting from the back are at a significant disadvantage, yes, as the timer starts running for all cars at the same time. In other races (mostly bike races from what I know), there are "starting groups" and your time starts counting from the moment you cross the starting line. so even if there's 500 people that start before you and 300 of those cross the finish line before you, you can (theoretically) still be the fastest and get that 1st place.


Question: Why do they push 5G so much instead of improving 4G coverage? I'm getting 200mbit/s on 4g and I could happily use my phone with a tenth of that. Where exactly are the benefits?

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 Why do they push 5G so much instead of improving 4G coverage? I'm getting 200mbit/s on 4g and I could happily use my phone with a tenth of that. Where exactly are the benefits?

5G really has a lot more to do with the business and commercial side of things, for consumer mobile phones, they only thing you'll see is increased speed. 5G for businesses though is going to be game changing--not might be, it will be. For consumers mobile phones though, do you really need more increased speed? The answer is, well, not really right now, maybe in the future, but not really, but they've got to sell it to you somehow, even though the network is really more being built for businesses. The issue with "improving 4G" is that there really isn't any reason to keep investing in this technology when its almost entirely built out. Instead you're better off maintaining 4G LTE which will live alongside 5G, and build out your 5G networks (and to be clear 5G is a collection of things, that collectively is called 5G not just like one thing) Now one of the problems with 5G is rural areas. 5G signals and technologies really don't work well over distance, they work best in densely populated areas, like major cities. There's also more there... thats where these companies can make the most money. Building rural mobile networks just isn't anywhere near as good a business decision as building out a network in Dallas or London or Tokyo. Urban/rural divide with regards to 5G technologies is going to be quite significant.


Question: Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

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 Why do documents say "any and all"? What is covered there that isn't covered by just saying "all"?

In the old days legal stuff was written in latin. When writing it in english was new they would put the english word but then always say the latin word too. At some point that mutated into skipping the latin and just writing everything with two different english words. So there is dozens of examples of legal terms that are just the same word twice. "any and all" , "cease and desist" , "terms and conditions", "law and order", "null and void", "will and testament" Sometimes the words mean slightly different things, and there is a point to it, but a lot of the time it's just "this is how legal words are supposed to sound so it's 'breaking and entering' instead of just 'breaking into'"


Question: How does Space have density and how does it vary on location?

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 How does Space have density and how does it vary on location?

> I thought space was the lack of anything there. Further down. > Space is generally thought of as a vacuum, but it isn't, not completely. The density of matter is extremely low, but it still exists. In the Solar System, the solar wind has an average proton and electron density of 3 to 10 particles per cubic centimetre, but it grows lower the farther out you go from the Sun. > The mean electron density of the interstellar medium in the Milky Way, out among the stars, has been calculated to be around 0.037 particles per cubic centimetre. And the plasma density in the outer heliosphere is around 0.002 electrons per cubic centimetre.


Question: When homeless shelters are set up in countries following natural disasters, what happens to those who were already homeless when the disaster occurred?

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 When homeless shelters are set up in countries following natural disasters, what happens to those who were already homeless when the disaster occurred?

Since you didn't specify one country there is no right answer to this. I can answer for mine, which is Germany. Here the first priority after a natural disaster is the safety of the people. The government would book hotel rooms or if there are none available build emergency shelters, for example repurposed gyms. The homeowners will be insured and use the insurance payout to either repair their home or get a new one. There is no organized relocation effort. For the homeless there will be the regular welfare that is always accessible to them. The problem here is that homelessness in Germany is seldomly the lack of funds, but comes from other reasons like distrust of the government or serious mental illness. They will most likely stay homeless.


Question: How do updates that require a restart differ from those that don't?

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 How do updates that require a restart differ from those that don't?

Basically the restart is because the files that need to be updated are in use, so cannot be updated. For example, as you have Windows up and running, there are literally 1000's of files that Windows has in an open state because it's using them. If the update you install requires a new version of these files, it can't be done while windows is running. So it requires you to reboot the system so the files can be updated. It would be like trying to change the oil in your car while the engine is running. It can't be done without destroying your engine. You have to turn off the car, change the oil, then turn the car back on.


Question: How do river levels rise in feet so quickly when we only get a couple inches of rain?

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 How do river levels rise in feet so quickly when we only get a couple inches of rain?

When rain falls, it heads downhill and continues moving downhill until there's no downhill left (i.e., it hits the lowest part of its journey) or it gets absorbed into the ground (or evaporates). When the ground is saturated (like after a heavy rain or just a lot of rain over a short period of time), rainwater isn't absorbed into the soil and will just continue to flow downhill. Streams and creeks are typically found in small pockets of downhill flow. These fill quickly and they flow downhill as well, joining other creeks and streams, forming small rivers and then larger rivers. After a hard rain, all that water rushing into all those creeks, streams, small rivers, etc. keeps flowing downward to the larger rivers. In any sizable river system there are thousands of these smaller feeder creeks, streams and rivers, all swollen with rainwater, all flowing to the larger river. All that water causes the terminal river to rise rapidly. Another way to think about it is to think of the size of a river's drainage basin (the area that feeds into the river). Some are huge, thousands of times larger than the river's actual area. All the rain that falls in a river's watershed eventually joins the river unless it is absorbed into the ground or evaporates. If one inch of rain falls over an area of one acre, that's about 27,000 gallons that now has to flow somewhere. Take the Susquehana River as an example - 464 miles long with a drainage basin of 17,600,000 acres. An inch of rainfall throughout the drainage basin adds nearly 480 billion gallons of water, much of which will make its way to the Susquehana sooner or later. When the ground is saturated, it gets there much sooner, causing the river to rise quickly.


Question: Can anyone dumb the Beal Conjecture down to me? Is it false?

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 Can anyone dumb the Beal Conjecture down to me? Is it false?

The conjecture is very simple: For any six positive integer numbers A, B, C, x, y, z, **if** x, y and z are greater than 2 **and** A^x + B^y = C^z **then** there is a prime number that divides A, B and C. And so far, nobody knows whether it is true or false, but it seems more likely to be true. That's basically what "conjecture" means.


Question: What causes wind? What determines how strong or weak wind is?

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 What causes wind? What determines how strong or weak wind is?

A difference in the earth warning So the earth, when hit by the sun, doesn’t warm at the same speed. So say you’re on the coast on a sunny day, once the sun comes up the land and the water start warming up, and in turn warming up the air above it. The land heats up faster, and warms up the air above land faster. This causes this air to rise up, because hot gases rise, this rising air has to be replaced, so air that isn’t as hot from over the water flows in to replace the rising air, because it hasn’t heated up as much over the water. This air flow is wind. This is obviously a general example. But that is the gist of how all winds work, a difference in air temperature and pressure that causes some air to rise and other air to flow in and replace it.


Question: Why is airplane mode necessary on airplanes?

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</answer>
 Why is airplane mode necessary on airplanes?

Airplanes have lots of radios in the cockpit. They use them both to communicate, and to navigate (guide the plane through the sky, and down to the ground at the airport). When another radio on board (such as a cell phone) transmits at full strength, it can interfere with the radio reception for the aircraft's radios. Most commonly you will hear this as a slightly annoying chirping in the headset of the pilot. Sometimes it will cause the GPS to lose lock on the satellites. (I had this happen when I was sitting copilot in a small jet once while approaching an airport.) In good weather, this is just a minor annoyance. In poor weather, this can cause an extra distraction to the flight crew when they need it least. So they ask that passengers turn their radio transmitters off (put phones in airplane mode) to avoid this issue. Newer radios in commercial airliners have good enough noise rejection to avoid being impacted by this (as cell phones and navigation radios work on different frequencies), but many planes have older equipment which is not as good at avoiding issues, and most pilots adopt the conservative "once bitten twice shy" philosophy (and rightly so). Airlines which allow the use of cell phones in flight have done enough flights with their particular aircraft and radio set up to know that they tend not to have any problems of this type.


Question: How come spiders can get entangled in other spiders' webs?

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 How come spiders can get entangled in other spiders' webs?

A few things - spiders can get stuck in their own webs, it's not just likely. Not all of a spider web is sticky, spiders will weave in special 'walking' strands into the web that they use to move around. Spiders don't just trample about on their webs, they are actually tip-toeing very carefully to make sure they only stepping in the right places and if they do get stuck, it's only a little piece and they can pull themselves free. Other spiders might be too big, or too small, or just not recognize foreign 'walking' strands. Or they might be panicking and get too stuck in the web to free themselves.


Question: What is it about glass's molecular structure that makes it to where a timy scratch allows it to cleanly break in 2?

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 What is it about glass's molecular structure that makes it to where a timy scratch allows it to cleanly break in 2?

Basically glass breaks fast because it has zero plasticity. It has zero plasticity because it's a giant blob of disordered interconnected atoms that cannot move relative to eachother. If you break an atomic bond with enough force, the load just gets transferred onto the next atomic bond which breaks and so on and so forth. This doesn't happen with plastics and metals. Plastics are a tangle of carbon chains which can slide past each other, metals are a soup of atoms sharing electrons. When you heavily load the material, some of the most highly loaded molecules move about instead of bonds breaking and the material bends permanently (plastic deformation). When you crack something (a scratch is a type of shallow crack), the geometry of the crack concentrates load at it's tip. In ductile materials, you get a small amont of plastic deformation at the tip of the crack and this shares the load out over a large amount of material and the crack stops. In brittle materials, when you load the material, the stress at the crack tip can be high enough to break the material adjacent to the crack tip. A longer crack concentrates the stress more, so the crack breaks more material and this cycle continues with a crack that shoots through the material incredibly fast. The crack will take the shortest path through the material's thickness since all the load acts on the smallest area in that plane. This gives a straight break through the glass.


Question: how do they make keyboards for languages like traditional chinese, which has over 3000 individual characters? ive seen mandarin typewriters, and theyre pretty cool, but how do laptop keyboards work?

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 how do they make keyboards for languages like traditional chinese, which has over 3000 individual characters? ive seen mandarin typewriters, and theyre pretty cool, but how do laptop keyboards work?

Other than pinyin, which romanized the pronunciation of the character. There is also the wubi system which codifies the sequence of strokes of the writing of the character. To put it into English sense, the letters a-z are typically treated as atomic elements. You describe 'a' as just 'a'. Nothing less. The wubi system would break apart the writing of the 'a' into: ccw circle, then right-down sweep. 'b' would be: vertical stroke, cw circle. 'c' would be: ccw semicircle. 'd': ccw circle, vertical stroke. 'e': horiz, ccw semicircle Etc etc. Now you can see there's alot of common elements. ccw semicircle, verticals, horizontals. There going to be also left diagonals, right diagonals, hook left, hook right. Each of these can be a key on a keyboard and you can type out the sequence of how to write a letter. once you have each letter's strokes codified, you can then bucketize them by how many strokes it takes to write that letter. 1 stroke letters, 2 stroke letters, 3 stroke letters, 4 stoke letters. now you have a system


Question: why is childhood trauma so hard to overcome?

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 why is childhood trauma so hard to overcome?

When you are young, you are still developing your perception of the world. If your first experiences are bad, you have no good to balance it out, so it seems like everything is bad. But if you have had lots of good experiences, the your brains knows there is good in the world.


Question: What causes the distinct colour of Gold compared to other transition metals?

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 What causes the distinct colour of Gold compared to other transition metals?

The bigger the nucleus, the more protons it has which means it is more attractive to electrons. So to 'orbit' the electrons have to be travelling faster to avoid falling in. The core electrons in gold are travelling so fast, (over half the speed of light) that they start to experience relativistic effects. The mass of the electrons increase and as a result, the electron shell contracts to conserve angular momentum. Due to quantum mechanics, this causes the 2 outer electron shells in transition metals to shift closer to one another. The colour of a transition metal is due to the adsorption of light by electrons jumping between the outer two orbitals. The silvery colour is because those energy levels correspond to ultraviolet wavelengths, and all visible light is reflected. In gold, the energy levels correspond to the blue wavelengths of visible light because they're closer together (ie smaller difference in energy - ultraviolet photons have more energy than blue photons). Objects that adsorb blue light and reflect everything else appear yellow.


Question: Why do planes and boats use the same unit for distance. Maybe the question would be why do they both use knots?

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 Why do planes and boats use the same unit for distance. Maybe the question would be why do they both use knots?

Knot is not a unit of distance but a unit of speed (Distance divided by time). A knot is a short way of saying one nautical mile per hour. A nautical mile is how ships (and aircraft) measure the distance they travel. One nautical mile is exactly 1852 meter. Nautical miles are conceptually related to meters and kilometers as one nautical mile is the distance of one minute of latitude. A minute of latitude is a 60th of a degree (the same as a minute of time is one 60th of an hour) and there are 360 degree in a circle. Thus a nautical mile was originally defined as being one (60 x 90) part of the distance between the equator and a pole, while a kilometer was originally defined as 1/10000 of the distance between the equator and the pole. The name knot originally comes from ships measuring their speed through the water by having a rope with literal knots on it unspool into the water to see how fast they are going. Today it is used to mostly describe the speed of a vessel though a medium like water or air, but in theory since it is just a measure of speed you can also use it to describe how fast your car is going (but nobody does that). It use today is mostly down to tradition rather than any practical use. The navigation equipment and other modern devices used to measure speed of ships and planes etc today could just as easily display the result in any other value, but knots and nautical miles is what we have gotten used to.


Question: How plausible(or implausible) is time-travel?

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 How plausible(or implausible) is time-travel?

Travelling to the past is completely implausible. Travelling to the future is completely plausible, but completely impractical. It would require you to get into a spaceship and accelerate to close to the speed of light, fly away for many light years, and then fly back. Time dilation would mean that you would have experienced a slower passage of time than everyone back on Earth, so it'll feel like a few days/months to you, buy years would have passed on Earth. Of course, we don't have spaceships that can reach those speeds, and there's no indication that we'll create that kind of technology in the foreseeable future, since there's no way to store enough fuel on a ship to get it up to those kinds of speeds.


Question: How come it snows metal on Venus?

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 How come it snows metal on Venus?

Hey man! I made a quick [video]( URL_0 ) to answer your question! If you don't want to watch it, here's a summary of what the video covers: - It's very hot on venus, the plains can reach a very hot 480°C which makes all the metal in the atmosphere vaporize! - The vaporized metals then rise up in the air, and cool off around the peaks of mountains. - These metals then cool down and leave a nice snow cap on the top of a mountain! The metals are usually; galena and bismuthinite. Hope you enjoyed the joke at the end of the video. Have a great day!


Question: Most cooks know that opening the oven releases heat which slows cooking. But on cooking competition shows, many skilled chefs check their oven often, resulting in undercooked food. Do these chefs know something we don’t know, or are they actually making this rookie mistake?

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 Most cooks know that opening the oven releases heat which slows cooking. But on cooking competition shows, many skilled chefs check their oven often, resulting in undercooked food. Do these chefs know something we don’t know, or are they actually making this rookie mistake?

Professional working chef here. You can open an oven when something is cooking often depending on what oven you have. Most ovens in professional kitchens have multiple fans or an advance heating method as opposed to what most people have at home with just a raw heating element. It heats up really fast so opening it and checking to see what your food looks like won’t really drop the temp that much. Overcrowding the oven will mess with the heat source more than opening it a lot.


Question: why does that finger trick for nine times tables work?

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 why does that finger trick for nine times tables work?

Nine is one less than ten. Each time you count up another nine, another way to think about it is that you are counting up ten and subtracting one. Thus, you add one number to your left hand for the ten, and then remove one number from your right hand for the minus one. Edit: I think I'm thinking of a different hand trick, but basically all tricks related to the 9 times table work like this so hopefully this still helps.


Question: What is "The Axiom of Choice"?

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 What is "The Axiom of Choice"?

It states that, for any number of non-empty sets (sets are just groups of things, usually numbers, and non-empty just means there's at least 1 thing in that group), there's a way to choose 1 thing from every set with a single statement. For example, if you had 10 sets of numbers, no matter how many numbers are in each set or what those numbers are, you can say "I want the highest number from each set" and you'll get something from each set. Or if you infinite pairs of shoes, you could say "I want every left shoe" and you'd get a shoe from every pair. Or if you had 80 bags of random assorted objects, you could say "I want the object made of the least amount of atoms" and you'd get an object from each bag. The axiom of choice says that for any sets with at least one thing in them, there's some question like this you can ask. Now, when you get into complex mathematics, there can be some debate over whether or not this is actually true, mostly related to sets that contain infinite numbers, but most mathematicians agree that it is true.


Question: How do people with different alphabets program?

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 How do people with different alphabets program?

They learn and program in English. While there are a few non-English programming languages, most of the tech world works in English. You don't actually have to know a lot of English to program, since the basics of the programming language is just a few dozen keywords. However if you're planning on using any standard libraries or third party components, then you will need to know English in order to figure out their documentation and how to use them.


Question: What makes humans so more special and distinct than other animals?

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 What makes humans so more special and distinct than other animals?

> What makes us distinct than other animals? The answer involves a list of things we've not observed any other animal do. Animals communicate, so technically they have "language", but writing, for example, don't think we've observed any animal do that. Although, ants for example can leave pheromone signatures behind, and that could be interpreted as a form of "information transmitted" (writing). > What makes us, humans specifically more special than them? The answer is that we "care about" us more than we "care about" other animals, and that's probably true of every species, so basically you're asking humans what species is most "special" to them. Ask the orcas and you'll get a different answer. > What makes us the most intelligent animal? There are many tests of intelligence and capability, they typically involve "problem solving" / various scenarios, etc., and there are animals that are very smart. There have been comparisons between the problem solving capabilities of various species of animals, and the problem solving capabilities of infants and young children, and in general, the kids (by certain ages) surpass the animals in performance. But, [here's an article]( URL_0 ) that says animals may surpass human performance at certain (intelligence) tasks / tests. You'll have to search for more scientific articles yourself, unfortunately, that one's kinda news-science-y.


Question: How can vinegar plus baking soda clean? Wouldn't they neutralize each other?

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 How can vinegar plus baking soda clean? Wouldn't they neutralize each other?

Their pH will sorta cancel, but there's more to chemistry than pH. The following is taken from [here]( URL_0 ): *Baking soda and vinegar react chemically because one is a base and the other is an acid. Baking soda is a basic compound called sodium bicarbonate. Vinegar is a diluted solution that contains acetic acid. The baking soda and vinegar reaction is actually two separate reactions. The first reaction is the acid-base reaction. When vinegar and baking soda are first mixed together, hydrogen ions in the vinegar react with the sodium and bicarbonate ions in the baking soda. The result of this initial reaction is two new chemicals: carbonic acid and sodium acetate. The second reaction is a decomposition reaction. The carbonic acid formed as a result of the first reaction immediately begins to decompose into water and carbon dioxide gas.*


Question: Why does the video playback in video editing software require so much more computing power than watching the same video in VLC or Windows Media Player?

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 Why does the video playback in video editing software require so much more computing power than watching the same video in VLC or Windows Media Player?

When you playback on editing software, it checks for user added content like text, animation or transition on the video and then plays back the frames. This processing is done for every frame of the video. So the video plays choppy and your frame rate drops. As you add more layers on the video in your editing software, the playback slows down. That's why video video editing software requires high powered processor also with more amount of ram. On the other hand the video players only has to show 1 single layer of video, so it plays smooth.


Question: Why do film projectors need lenses?

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 Why do film projectors need lenses?

Imagine arrows coming out of the phone light, through the film onto the wall. If you have a point light source, then everything is fine, each arrow can only go through a single possible point on that film and that film sets the amount of light that goes through at that point. Now imagine the same thing but two points close to each other, now each of those points projects these rays of light, the key is each point maps the entire film then the entire wall, so two points means there are two different rays going to the same point on the wall, each going through a different part of the film. Now add in another two points of light, 4 points, each point on the wall gets 4 different rays to it, each from different parts of the film. Keep adding points. Your phone camera is not a point source of light, it is likely a round shape a centimeter across. Were it a point source of light there would be no problem. But it isn't. So we use a lens to correct the trajectory of the rays.


Question: How is randomness created in video games and simulations?

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Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is randomness created in video games and simulations?

It's rare for the randomness to be random in the strictest sense of the word. Usually, pseudorandom (close enough to random) numbers are used, and there are various ways of getting them. Some early computers literally just had a list of numbers stored; when asked for a random number, they would just pick the next one on the list. Now, it's more common to do things like look at the number of milliseconds on the system clock, or using a seed value and an algorithm that generates pseudorandom numbers. Some computers do have dedicated hardware to make true random numbers, but these are rare.


Question: how do we move? How do our muscles even contract?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do we move? How do our muscles even contract?

The cells that make up your muscles are long and stretchy, like little rubber bands. These cells form long strands, which exist in bundles, and those bundles are in groups which form a muscle. Like rubber bands, they stretch. They can relax to get longer or contract to get shorter. Chemical reactions in the cells cause them to either relax or contract, by themselves they're weak and could tear easily, but because they're bound together in large bundles, they're stronger and tougher, like a group of people in tug-of-war vs a single person. The muscles connect to tendons, that connect to bone, anchoring them together so that when the muscle moves, the bone moves with it. So when your arm muscles move? They pull or relax the bone in your arm, causing it to move.


Question: Why do large-scale companies completely disband when they reach strong financial struggles (like bankruptcy) instead of downsizing to just one or two locations, similar to how they initially started?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why do large-scale companies completely disband when they reach strong financial struggles (like bankruptcy) instead of downsizing to just one or two locations, similar to how they initially started?

Most companies don't "completely disband." Bankruptcy includes a structured settlement of their debts; although often a part of their assets are sold, many businesses survive bankruptcy and continue to operate. Of course another company that thinks the bankrupt firm still has a lot of profit potential might be willing to buy all of it for cheap, but that doesn't always happen. A large business has often scaled in a way that downsizing to just one location no longer makes sense. It's an extreme example, but think of Walmart: what is the company without its global network of shipping contracts, a complex logistical operation, and a highly developed management across very many stores? You can't cut that down to one or two stores without getting rid of everything that keeps the prices low, and without low prices, the business model doesn't work. The assets have a lot more value of they are sold in large chunks which are independently sustainable.


Question: how do these scammers that pretend to be Microsoft or tech workers in general, actually find your phone number to call you in the first place?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 how do these scammers that pretend to be Microsoft or tech workers in general, actually find your phone number to call you in the first place?

The phone companies sell lists of numbers to third parties for marketing purposes. Some shady as fuck people take advantage of this shady as fuck practice. It's less of a problem in Europe where there are data protection regulations and in general laws that protect regular citizens not just moneyed lobbying interests.


Question: Why does your Wifi/Internet stop working if you change your date and time too far?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why does your Wifi/Internet stop working if you change your date and time too far?

Most of the traffic on the internet these days is encrypted and encrypted traffic has certificates that expire. Youtube's current certificate for example doesn't expire until 1/26/21 but if your phone's clock is set to way after that and Youtube hands that certificate to your phone, your phone is going to think the certificate is expired and refuse to connect to the website.


Question: How can web browsers securely store passwords, if other browsers can import them easily?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How can web browsers securely store passwords, if other browsers can import them easily?

They are not stored securely. But, they are stored conveniently. If your security risk is from someone with physical access to your computer, **you are screwed**. If your security problem is some script kiddie in Belarus, then the key is to have long, random, unique passwords. This is the problem for 99.4% of the people on the Internet, so that's the problem the browser folks set out to solve.


Question: How do we know that interstellar asteroids, rogue planets, cool brown dwarfs, and pockets of gas don't account for the remainder of the mass in the universe?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How do we know that interstellar asteroids, rogue planets, cool brown dwarfs, and pockets of gas don't account for the remainder of the mass in the universe?

So basically the process we have gone through is the following. We tried estimating the mass of our solar system whose objects masses we can estimate quite accurately so for example we know for a fact that the sun is roughly 99.86% of the mass of our solar system, so even Jupiter which is the second largest and heaviest object in the solar system is more or less negligible when it comes to mass of stars. So, imagine if all star systems in the universe are holding this same ratio (or even a higher one cause we know a huge number of stars that are much much bigger and heavier than our own sun). This way we can have a rough estimate for the mass of an entire galaxy if we estimate the number of stars per galaxy accurately enough. When scientists tried to apply this method of estimate on far away galaxies, they found out that the effect of gravitational pull of these galaxies (galactic clusters to be more accurate) we found out that the number we had using estimates was around 5% only of the actual mass we are witnessing. You might think well, our estimate was wrong but in fact, it can not be that way off. Also, we did not have an explanation for this huge difference and if it was causing the universe to expand, thus we called these "Dark Matter" and "Dark Energy" cause we really know so so little about them at the moment. As for asteroids and meteors specifically, they are actually too spaced our to matter in the mass calculation and they were actually accounted for in the 98.6 % calculation I mentioned earlier. To put this into perspective, the mass of our sun is roughly 2x10^30 Kg while the mass of all the asteroids in the asteroid belt combined is roughly 3x10^21 Kg. meaning the sun is a billion times heavier than all asteroids combined. Hope this helps


Question: Why is it difficult to get industry in Appalachia?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why is it difficult to get industry in Appalachia?

Appalachia relied on selling things that they found or could grow that people elsewhere wanted. Namely coal, lumber and tobacco. All three of these things are no longer wanted in very large quantities. The people that lived there have not got the skill-set to do alternative work, therefore industry thinks if they set up there they would end up with a substandard workforce, therefore produce inferior goods, and the business would not be a success. Other logistical factors such as transport links and infrastructure are also geared very heavily towards the movement of goods that people don't really want any more. As there is little business/employment, the public purse has little money in it (lack of taxes) to put into re-training the population or improving education for the next generation. So the cycle continues indefinitely - something some people call 'the poverty trap'. The area also suffers from something called 'brain drain'. Everyone that has something to offer the world (enthusiasm, drive, capability, intelligence, workhard etc) gets' the hell out of there to somewhere that can give them opportunity - so you're left with 'the rest', which further exacerbates the problem.


Question: How is it possible for 2 quarks to cause the universe to collapse?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 How is it possible for 2 quarks to cause the universe to collapse?

There are two types of matter particles, hadrons and leptons. Leptons (like the electron) are themselves fundamental...they can't be subdivided. Hadrons (like protons and neutrons) are not fundamental. They are made up of three quarks, bound together by the strong nuclear force. Quarks are fundamental. I have no idea how 2 quarks could cause the universe to collapse, though.


Question: What is the calculator trying to do when you divide something by zero?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What is the calculator trying to do when you divide something by zero?

It's not trying to do anything, it simply recognizes that dividing by zero is an undefined operation and gives you an error. Any sane programmer or engineer is going to trap an error condition like this *before* starting to solve the problem and running into issues later. You're looking at: def divide(x, y): if y == 0: RAISE EXCEPTION("can't do that bro") else: do_stuff()


Question: Why isn't auto theft much more common?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 Why isn't auto theft much more common?

Car theft is a major problem, but smart people are hesitant to get involved for a couple of reasons. First off it’s a felony. Anyone who steals enough cars to earn a living will almost certainly eventually get caught, and the stigma that comes from having a felony conviction is a serious deterrent. Secondly car theft isn’t as profitable as you might think. Many parts of the car are traceable which makes selling a stolen car for anything more than pennies on the dollar a challenge. Some steal cars to strip for parts but again it’s a felony. If you’ve got the skills to strip a car you’re probably better off working on cars legitimately than dealing with stolen ones.


Question: YouTubers usually use videogames' music as background for their videos. Does it mean that those songs aren't copyrighted? Why can those songs be used and videos be monetized, compared to other songs from famous artists?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 YouTubers usually use videogames' music as background for their videos. Does it mean that those songs aren't copyrighted? Why can those songs be used and videos be monetized, compared to other songs from famous artists?

In simple words, I think video game companies don't use YouTube-Takedown mechanisms because they would also take down videos of creators from which they get free advertising (let's plays, etc.). It may be not possible to separate those from the uploads of creators who are just using the video game music for other kinds of uploads. However, those songs are still copyrighted


Question: What causes trypophobics to fear or be made uneasy by the small holes?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
Your answer should follow these rubric criterias:
Factual Accuracy: The answer must be factually correct and does not contradict the reference answer.
Relevance and Completeness: The answer should directly address the specific question, covering all essential aspects.
Clarity and Organization: The answer should be well-structured, coherent, and easy to follow.
Depth and Insight: The answer should provide thoughtful analysis or context, going beyond superficial details.
Conciseness: The answer should avoid unnecessary repetition and be as clear and succinct as possible.

Response Format rules:
- Always start your response with <answer> tag and end with </answer>.
- Do not include any text or commentary before the opening <answer> tag and after the closing </answer> tag.
For example, your response follow this format:
<answer>
[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 What causes trypophobics to fear or be made uneasy by the small holes?

For me it has something to do with imagining things crawling out of those holes. A lot of times I see the pattern/small hole and my brain imprints that pattern onto some body part and then I can’t help but think of bugs or something crawling in and out of those holes *under and through your skin* and it gets me bad