Question: How does Southwest Airlines maintain its competitive advantage?

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 How does Southwest Airlines maintain its competitive advantage?

They pick the absolute cheapest of every option they can. Like you said, same airplanes, cheap not mayor airports... basically they use the bulk system. They buy the same thing for every flight and airplane. This allows them to get bulk prices that other airlines would have to invest heavily to acquire. Think about is, every screw is the same in the chair, every seat is the same in the plane, every plane is the same in the fleet... They also saturate the market. I'm in Houston, there is at least 10 flight from Houston to Austin a day via SW and only 3 via United, so what ever time you need to leave, there is a flight. But most important, they work on a market that is so tight that it wouldn't be profitable for 2 companies to split, so no one will try to compete. They made a early smart investment into a very notch market and are profiting from it.


Question: What causes the physical, visceral revulsion of seeing creatures like centipedes?

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 What causes the physical, visceral revulsion of seeing creatures like centipedes?

It’s kind of hard wired into us that, generally, Bugs of any kind equals gross, bad, stay away, do not touch. Because. Bugs are commonly found with things that we also find gross/dangerous. Like rotting food, feces. All things we should stay away from to be healthy. And if bugs are commonly found by those things, then we got conditioned to want to stay away from them too.


Question: why do some people "black out" from drinking and others don't?

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 why do some people "black out" from drinking and others don't?

I experimented with this after suffering blackouts on a regular basis over about a few months. I read that it was down to the blood alcohol level and at a certain point it interfered with long term memory. So I set out by restricting my calorie intake each Friday before going to the pub and drank 6 pints of budvar over approx 3 hours. I restricted calories by skipping meals. Breakfast, lunch or dinner 3 meals in sequence = drunk no blackout Breakfast and lunch = pretty hammered, no blackout Breakfast = brown outs with a lingering memory of arguing at the Indian takeaway for a smoked sausage Breakfast and dinner & lunch and dinner = brown outs with little to report. No meals = ruined. I apparently peed in the cupboard and argued with my own reflection in a mirror before taking the mirror off the wall and placing it in the bath. Shortening the drinking time from 3 to 2 hours had a huge impact, pretty much without 3 meals i was blacking out. I also repeated this in different establishments and dark indoor pubs seemed to have a impact, although not enough that I could make any conclusions.


Question: How do teabags (made of cellulose/paper) not break down in the hot water?

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 How do teabags (made of cellulose/paper) not break down in the hot water?

So it depends on the definition (and connotation) of plastic, which is a contentious topic currently. “Plastic” generally brings forth images of your typical crude-derived PVC, polystyrene, PET, etc but it’s traditionally defined as a type of polymer. These days, you have your non renewable/traditional plastics as well as “renewable” bio-derived polymers/bioplastics. Bioplastics are made from renewable resources like starches, cellulose, etc but this does not mean they are compostable or even readily break down. Every plastic is degradable, even your petroleum-based ones, it’s just a function of time scale. In terms of cellulose: it’s incredibly durable. It’s not as simple as “paper”. Cellulose comes from plant cell walls and fiber. It’s insoluble and indigestible by humans. It’s what allows plants to grow rigidly. While overly simplified, boiling water is not about to fell a tree. The stuff that makes up teabags is the same stuff makes up the 2x4s that likely frame your house and the cotton tee shirt in your drawer. This website can explain the bioplastics better: URL_0


Question: is there a difference in probability between being the one chosen out of 100 people, and being the last picked out of 100 people?

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 is there a difference in probability between being the one chosen out of 100 people, and being the last picked out of 100 people?

It's the same probability. You can only be picked last if every other person was picked before you, that's true, but that's a pretty inefficient way to calculate the probability. The best way to look at it is like this: If you lined up yourself and 99 other people, in how many arrangements are you last in the line-up out of how many total arrangements there are? Since we don't care about the order of the other people, we can ignore that (since for every position you could be in, there are the exact same number of orderings for the other people). Well, there's obviously just one way you could be last, just like there's just one way you could be first, out of 100 possible arrangements (one for each position you could be in). If you *wanted* to calculate it the other way, you could. You have a (99/100) chance of not being picked first. You then have a (98/99) chance of not being picked second. Since you first have to not be picked first, you have to multiply these chances together. So your chance of "not being picked first or second" is (99/100) \* (98/99), and you'll notice that the 99's cancel out, leaving you with 98/100. This makes sense, because in 98 out of 100 arrangements, you're not in the first two positions. Keep going if you like. Not being in the first three would be (99/100) \* (98/99) \* (97/98). You'll notice that the 98's cancel out this time, leaving you with 97/100. Keep going all the way, and you end up with (99/100) \* (98/99) \* (97/98) \* (96/97) \* ... \* (2/3) \* (1/2) with the last (1/2) representing your chance of not being chosen second-to-last (when there are two people remaining, the other person is picked instead of you). Each denominator cancels out with the numerator just before it, except for the numerator at the very end (since it doesn't have a denominator to pair with it) and the denominator at the very beginning (since it doesn't have a numerator "before" it). So you're left with 1/100.


Question: How are there "unsolvable" maths equations? And how are some then solved?

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 How are there "unsolvable" maths equations? And how are some then solved?

Let's distinguish between "unsolved" and "unsolvable" problems. "Unsolved" problems are those for which we simply don't have a solution yet (if there is one). [There are hundreds of those]( URL_0 ). "Unsolvable" problems are those for which there is no solution. For example, the question "what value of x satisfies the equation x=x+1" doesn't have a solution, which makes in "unsolvable". Of course, you could argue that "there is no solution" is a solution in itself, but that's more of a philosophical question.


Question: What's the difference between classifying internet as Title II or Title I?

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 What's the difference between classifying internet as Title II or Title I?

Title II is the "Common Carrier" standard like the phone company. Anyone operating a telephone service has treat all calls equally and cannot give priority access. Otherwise, they could charge you twice as much per call for mom and your girlfriend than calling anyone else. Companies laying new phone lines and infrastructure are mandated to share, but are allowed to charge strictly regulated usage fees to any other companies looking to piggyback off of their lines. Title I is for "information Services" companies, like cable and TV companies. Their communications are one-way, so there doesn't need to be as many regulations. The Internet blurs the line between the two. It can be used for two-way like I'm talking to you right now, but it also can be used for streaming video from your cable provider. ISP's would prefer it to be less regulated, and users would benefit from it being open. If Internet Service Providers can be classified as a Title II provider, the FCC will be forced to mandate that all internet traffic be handled like phone calls, selling data access at the same price for everyone. A good counter argument is Netflix and Youtube. The 4 major Video streaming services account for over 50% of the total data used during the US Primetime. Without Title II protection, ISP's could charge Netflix more for being such an extreme user. After all, if Amazon's delivery trucks accounted for 60% of our highway traffic, it would make sense to levy an extra tax on them for the use and abuse of our roadways. This sounds reasonable at first, but then consider that ISP's like Charter are often attached to their own streaming platforms. They have a profit incentive to set Netflix's bandwith to dialup speeds on their own network, while charging double for their streaming service that also happens to be the only one that works on their networks...which is also the only network in town.


Question: Why doesn’t superglue stick to the inside of the tube?

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 Why doesn’t superglue stick to the inside of the tube?

Super glue reacts with moisture to set. But it needs the right amount of moisture to glue to set. That's why it does set in the tube because there's not enough moisture. But when you apply a thin amount to a surface, it sets quickly. That said, once the tube is opened the glue will slowly start to set. And if you need super glue to set quickly you can wet it, but it doesn't give a strong bond


Question: Why can't we replace fuel with any other liquid, what makes it so special?

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 Why can't we replace fuel with any other liquid, what makes it so special?

Hydrocarbon fuels have immense amounts of chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of their structure- energy we can readily release as heat by burning it and turn into useful work. The energy density is also very high, meaning you can get a lot of joules of heat from not a lot of fuel. There aren't a lot of substances on earth that compare to hydrocarbons in terms of energy density. In most cases you'll have to compromise. Such is the case with a hydrogen- a clean burning abundant fuel that's low in energy. Sure, you can get useful work out of it. But you need a ton of hydrogen to get the same amount of energy you'd get from a hydrocarbon fuel.


Question: Why is it concerning that Jet Blue is using facial recognition data from the US government to facilitate boarding? Is this that different from just having pictures of your face on file to compare with?

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 Why is it concerning that Jet Blue is using facial recognition data from the US government to facilitate boarding? Is this that different from just having pictures of your face on file to compare with?

Actually, if OP had researched this, the headline is misleading. What JetBlue is doing, on International Flights (where you are required to present your passport to board!) is capturing an image of the traveler at a voluntary kiosk, transmitting that to Customs who then does a biometric match and clears the passenger for boarding. JetBlue isn't tracking people, and isn't amassing a giant database of travelers. Remove the tin foil and back away from the Koolaid. This is a positive thing for international travelers.


Question: How can you wash germs and dirt off your hands but not some smells?

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 How can you wash germs and dirt off your hands but not some smells?

Germs are thousands of times bigger than smells. For a real ELI5: If you spill marbles on the floor, you can "wipe" them into a pile. If you spill flour, there's almost always a trace left behind unless you work very hard. Because the flour particles are so much smaller than what you're wiping with.


Question: How does Math describe Nature so well ?

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 How does Math describe Nature so well ?

I disagree with most of the other posters. Math was NOT made to understand or represent nature. It is entirely separate. Mathematics is pure logic. There is nothing in nature we could find to contradict any mathematics, nor is there any possible universe where math could be different. Mathematics is the study of implications. If we know X then Y MUST also be true. There is nothing new we learn in terms of the world. Mathematics is usually understood as starting from a set of unprovable assumptions and then deriving what you can from it. Now the history of mathematics is filled with examples of us studying the type of problems we may see in our lives. How much material do I need to construct a fence around my field. How much stone do I need to build a pyramid. So a lot of the things we study are basically the abstractions of these type of problems, but there is nothing that necessarily makes that so. Now Mathematics is used in science mostly since it is good at showing the implications of structure and our universe has structure. The link to the world is usually grounded in the things which are seen as explaining that structure. Mass and distance are what is important about how an object moves due to gravity. We then know since the world has structure that if we know mass and distance, then we must know the gravity force. It is the same type of things as before. We find the things in nature such that we know some things, then we also MUST know these other things. Math is good at that. In some sense, the world must be predictable and uniform to some extent to even allow things like humans to exist, so predictable and uniform basically means there is structure we can codify in math.


Question: Why do photorealistic paintings don't give us (most of the time) an uncanny feeling compared to 3D renders?

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 Why do photorealistic paintings don't give us (most of the time) an uncanny feeling compared to 3D renders?

1. Because they aren't moving so we aren't trying to interpret them as alive 2. Because it's an imitation a *photograph*, not the actual person or animal in a film or in front of you 3. Because of exceptional quality, and what a lower quality version looks like Look at the graph from the wikipedia article: [ URL_1 ]( URL_2 ) The effect is much less pronounced for still objects, and that's still referring to actual objects, not static images. CGI movies and robots are the main two examples of uncanny valley, which are about observing or interacting with human-like or animal-like creations actually performing actions. [ URL_5 ]( URL_5 ) When you have something photorealistic, it's imitating, well, a photo. A robot or a CGI movie are imitating a live person. One theory is that if it looks very real but not alive inside, we get freaked out and think "dead body but it's moving!" The quality is also a factor. When you're doing a 3D *movie,* you can't generate the kind of quality needed for every frame. When you have a robot, either they are unnaturally still (uncanny), or you have to simulation natural motion, which is very very challenging (so again, we get uncanny) Look at this image: [ URL_3 ]( URL_0 ) Source: [ URL_4 ]( URL_4 ) For high quality, static images that were computer-generated, it usually *doesn't* freak people out. It either actually fools someone "yup that looks like a photo of a person" or our brain treats it similar to photorealistic paintings: wow this artist *almost* made a portrait look like a photo! When painting are off the mark, they look like, well, less-good attempts at a photo-realistic painting. We're able to identity it as "art that is attempting to look like a photo", not "I thought that was a person but they started speaking and now something's off and I'm freaked out".


Question: How is it that our brains can know a certain word we want to say, but for some reason can't think of it until someone says it outloud?

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 How is it that our brains can know a certain word we want to say, but for some reason can't think of it until someone says it outloud?

Even though we register that we are having an internal monologue for our whole lives, we often actually think in concepts instead of real time sentences (besides forcing yourself to consciously think in sentences). This is also how our hours long dream sequences can in reality be only 4 minutes long. When we want to say something but can't remember the word, we are feeling the concept of what the word is without remembering it's title.


Question: why certain decimals equal a whole?

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 why certain decimals equal a whole?

Let's take another look at 0.9999...=1. Let's start by saying that 0.999...=a. So w3 have that: a=0.999... Next, we'll multiply both sides with 10: 10\*a=9.999... I hope that you see that there are still an infinite amount of 9s after that period. Now, we'll subtract our original value again: 10\*a-a=9.999...-a 9\*a=9.99...-0.99... It should be clear that the right hand side now equals 9. After all, for every 9 after the decimal in 9.999..., there is one in 0.999...: infinitely many. And so: 9\*a=9 a=1 0.999...=a=1


Question: What happens to the dead bodies of bacteria after killing them in boiling water?

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</answer>
 What happens to the dead bodies of bacteria after killing them in boiling water?

They stay in the water some cells will remain in one piece and some will be pulled apart by the boiling. When you drink it you can use use if like any animal or plant cell you eat there is not fundamental difference. Products like Spirulina is dried cyanobacteria so we can use dead bacteria as food as long as they did not produce anything that is toxic to use when they was alive.


Question: How does alcohol dry things out?

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 How does alcohol dry things out?

Alcohol and water are miscible (they can mix). If you place electronics in alcohol, it will reach all the tiny corners where water is hiding and mix with it, “diluting” the water. Then the alcohol evaporates, so the remaining water is now spread out over such a large volume that it evaporates quickly as well. The detection strips rely on a hydration reaction with water. They probably won’t work with alcohol.


Question: How does the needle of a record player ‘read’ the music on a vinyl?

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 How does the needle of a record player ‘read’ the music on a vinyl?

It vibrates. The needle is held at the base, while the tip is allowed to ride in the groove of the record. That groove causes the needle to vibrate (up and down, not side to side), and that vibration is picked up by whatever amplification method is used by that particular record player. In mechanical players, that amplifier was a big horn that acoustically amplified the sounds, while today the stylus (what we call a needle) is held by a cartridge that either has a piezoelectric element or actually has a small coil and magnet setup to turn the vibrations into electrical energy, which can then be amplified.


Question: Why is it that the orange juice I buy that contains "Over 22 Whole Oranges" costs $1.89, yet I'd pay nearly 5x that to buy 22 whole oranges?

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 Why is it that the orange juice I buy that contains "Over 22 Whole Oranges" costs $1.89, yet I'd pay nearly 5x that to buy 22 whole oranges?

Used to work in an orange packing shed. The juicing oranges were usually the lumpy, weird shaped ones that can't be sold loose, and don't fit nicely into the packing boxes. They all get lumped together in a bin, so would be much cheaper to transport. There's also more of them than the nice "Grade A" ones that get sold loose. There were also "Grade B" oranges which were perfectly fine to eat but couldn't be sold in America because they were "ugly". I.e. Have slight marks or be differently coloured. These usually went to less economically developed countries. Remember the produce you buy in shops is the most aesthetically pleasing pick of the crop :)


Question: Why do the vast majority of online forms consider apostrophes and hyphens invalid characters?

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 Why do the vast majority of online forms consider apostrophes and hyphens invalid characters?

For a long time, the people who built forms online spent a lot of time trying to create rules that would keep out bad data. Anecdotally, this was often driven by the presumption that human users were likely to fill out forms incorrectly, more than it was about preventing naughty people from exploiting weaknesses in the application for malicious purposes. That's not to say that those vulnerabilities didn't exist, it's that (for better or worse) people weren't concerned about them. Speaking from experience, a lot of people didn't even know about them -- including among "hackers." Today, everybody in the business knows what a SQL injection attack is; that was not true in 1993. & #x200B; For example, you're building a form so that people can register to attend a seminar. Someone probably says "make sure the FirstName field doesn't allow spaces, otherwise some idiot will just type their whole name into that box." That rule bakes in all kinds of assumptions about names, assumptions which are false even in the Western culture in which this rule is common. But, if you didn't know that, you'd go ahead and write that rule. Now everybody who uses the form has to live by stupid rules designed by ignorant people. Also, one way to implement that rule is to say "a name can only be letters." Boom: suddenly, in addition to preventing spaces (which was the goal), you've also just forbidden dashes, apostrophes, periods, and probably accented characters. Also, programmers make mistakes, so sometimes the effective rule ends up being different (and more restrictive) than was even intended. & #x200B; Some other common validation rules that are foolishly inflexible and unimaginative: \- ZIP codes must be exactly 5 digits \- phone numbers must be exactly 10 digits, formatted like "(xxx) xxx-xxxx" \- state must be a two-letter abbreviation & #x200B; These things mattered, because the consumption of data was typically crude and unforgiving of errors. Very often in the '90s, data collected by web forms was stored in a database so that it could be used to do things like printing addresses on envelopes for mailers or produce telephone directories. Sometimes, badly-entered data might just produce an awkward result, such as when " < LastName > , < FirstName > " yields ", Bob Ross". But often, the consuming system would choke on the bad data, because it was not built to be forgiving, and the linkage between the two systems was not fault-tolerant. & #x200B; Consider a web form that students use to register for classes, which is used to (1) send registration information to the state's central database as well as (2) printing out a class list for instructors. And imagine that one student from Canada has a six-character ZIP code that includes letters. That might not be a problem for the printed class list, but if the state database chokes on that 6-character ZIP code, the entire process would stop immediately: records after this one aren't sent to the state, and *no class lists get printed at all*. When this happens, you've got everybody from the college president on down, yelling at you for creating an administrative catastrophe on *day 0* of the semester. & #x200B; Finally, storage space and processing speed was a much bigger concern back then, and one result is that databases were designed to fit the data like a skin-tight wetsuit. These days, when I can buy an SD card the size of a thumbnail that holds 32 gigabytes, it seems absurd -- we often make every text field unlimited length: a first name can be 2000 letters long and we don't care because it's free and easy. But back then, you'd have serious debates with someone about whether you could literally afford to set aside 20 or 30 letters for first names. I've been doing this for 20 years, and I cannot count the number of times somebody said this in a meeting: "okay, but what is the *longest* first name you've ever seen?" Yes, we had the technology for unlimited-length database fields, but using them often came with a performance cost. A lot of web applications back in the day were just web pages that showed the content of a database as a giant HTML table. It took a long time for the computer to scan the entire database, then loop through every row and produce the HTML, and then to send that whole thing to someone's computer over a 14.4 modem. Imagine a webpage that takes 35 seconds to load. I am not kidding you, this was the reality back then. A lot of these applications were running on a single physical computer that one guy built from parts he got at the local store, and now it's sitting under a desk in the office. & #x200B; TL;DR: crude technology and brittle software patterns created really strong incentives to design very rigid rules for data entry. Those rules were designed by flawed humans who often failed to recognize their own ethnocentrism, especially in a culture that was less diverse and inclusive than today. & #x200B; EDIT: Thanks for the gold, kind stranger!


Question: Why can computers play multiple audio sources at once while phones (usually) have to turn one source off to play another?

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 Why can computers play multiple audio sources at once while phones (usually) have to turn one source off to play another?

In a word, software. Computers will let you do this natively whereas Android and iOS don't (usually.) However there are apps for both that will let you play multiple files at the same time. To show that the phone can definitely play multiple files together just play a game, multiple audio files will play together all through the game.


Question: why do wax melts and candles always loose their scents so fast?

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 why do wax melts and candles always loose their scents so fast?

According to fragrance chemistry, you can expect the top notes of fragrance to start to dissipate within about 30 minutes into burning a scented candle. BUT While the top notes are making their statement, the middle and base notes are also blending in with them so that you get a whiff of all three simultaneously. Only the top notes are the most prevalent. So this is why a candle’s scent would still be pretty strong even after that 30 minutes. Then the middle notes take over as the top starts to fade. So you may, now, wonder, “If I can smell the candle for about 4 or 5 hours, and you’re saying I get all three notes at the same time, how is the scent fading?” Gotcha. Here’s another thing about top notes. Top notes are the cheapest fragrances used in a candle because they’re composed of compounds that are made of small molecules that quickly evaporate. If your scent is fading halfway through your candle, a couple of things could be happening: Your candle is composed of more top notes and middle notes and is missing the necessary bottom notes to help it stick (known as linear scents), Your candle was poorly made with fragrances that did not properly bind to the wax


Question: How does a Turbofan differ from a Turbojet?

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 How does a Turbofan differ from a Turbojet?

Let's clear up some confusion: F/A-18s, F-35s, F-22s, F-15s, etc all use turbofan engines. Turbojet engines haven't been used in fighters for quite some time because they're less efficient. Turbofans are essentially turbojets that are placed into yet another tube, with the turbojet part being the "core" and the space around the core being the bypass / bypass flow. In front of the the core, attached to generally the same shaft that powers the stage 1 (front) compressor disks, is a fan. Air from this fan flows both into the core, and the bypass. For the core, this just provides a minor boost in air flow, but a lot of the fan's work goes into accelerating the air into the bypass flow. --- Now here's where the efficiency aspect comes in: Thrust is generated by a change in momentum. Momentum = mass * velocity. However, increasing the velocity of something requires exponentially (or quadratically; sue me semantics freaks) more energy to achieve. So what this means, is that the most energy efficient way to generate thrust is to move a **lot** of air, but to only move it slightly faster than it was already moving. This is how commercial airliner engines are efficient; they have giant intakes / fans that are designed to move a massive amount of air, but to only move it at subsonic speeds (slower than the speed of sound). The more air that passes through the bypass, rather than the core, the higher the engine's "bypass ratio" is. A bypass ratio of 1.0 means an equal amount of air flows through the core as the bypass. Commercial airliners have BPRs of up to around 9.0 (9x as much air flows through the bypass as core), although some engines can go even higher. Most fighter jet turbofans have BPRs of around 0.2 to 0.6. --- But here's the thing; if you're trying to go faster than the speed of sound (supersonic), trying to propel yourself with subsonic air won't work. If you're ejecting air that's slower than the surrounding air, you're generating negative thrust; you're generating drag. To create supersonic thrust, a convergent-divergent is typically used, as while this doesn't generate thrust, it can convert high-mass (high density), low-velocity thrust into low-mass (low density), high-velocity thrust, including making exhaust gases go supersonic. As a side note, this process also results in the exhaust gases themselves getting cooler. It is possible to make a supersonic jet that has a high bypass ratio, or to even have a supersonic jet powered by an electric compressor / fan (using a convergent-divergent nozzle), but the issue is that compressing and slowing that incoming supersonic air (into high pressure subsonic air, which you can then accelerate with a fan), comes at a cost. Compressing air releases heat, which is real, usable energy being lost, and if you try to decelerate / compress too much air, you can run into the very real issue of your fan and compressor getting so hot that it violently breaks. What supersonic aircraft do instead is they burn fuel. Burning fuel generates heat, but it generates it downstream of the compressor and fan. The turbine stages (which capture kinetic energy to spin the compressor and fan stages) do need to withstand immense heat, but there's generally fewer turbine blisks (disks with blades on the edges) than compressor blisks, plus they can be made to be a little less aerodynamic, etc. Burning fuel also causes liquids to turn into gases, which causes a massive increase in pressure. By creating all this heat and pressure, you provide that convergent-divergent nozzle with a lot more to work with when it comes to expand and cool that gas in exchange for increased flow velocity. You can also inject extra fuel to the exhaust coming from the turbine (in a turbofan or a turbojet) and burn even more of the oxygen (some of which will get through the combustion chamber and turbine without reacting with fuel). This is called using afterburner or 'reheat'. Older engines also even used to inject water (plus things like methanol) into their engines, both to cool critical engine components and to also generate that liquid-to-gas expansion / boost in pressure. This is where the term "wet thrust" came from (which today refers to the thrust generated with afterburner engaged). --- Lastly - why do supersonic jets use turbofans and not turbojets then? Because jets spend most of their time at subsonic speeds; flying at supersonic speeds requires much more thrust; usually afterburner. Afterburners usually consumer about 2-3x as much fuel per unit of thrust, but they also generate more thrust (meaning even more fuel consumption), plus most jets can cruise at decent subsonic speeds at much less than their maximum dry (non-afterburning) thrust level. Something like an F-35 might only burn 5,000lb / 2,270kg of fuel per hour when cruising at Mach 0.75, but at max afterburner it'll be burning 86,000lb / 39,000kg of fuel per hour. Most fighter jets only carry enough internal fuel to fly a max of about 10 minutes in afterburner. A handful of jets like the F-22 can generate so much dry thrust (and have so little drag) that they can fly at supersonic speeds without using afterburner, but again they're generally using their max dry thrust (and maybe some afterburning to accelerate to a decent speed first), so they can be burning 2-3x as much fuel as if they just stayed at Mach 0.8, etc. Bypass flow in turbofans is also useful because it provides cooling to the engine core, plus you can fit radiators / heat exchangers in the bypass flow, allowing you to cool things like radars using liquid coolant loops. Turbojet engines are still used in some things like cruise missiles, but even then it's not because they're superior, but because a turbojet has fewer parts. Some small (cruise missile, etc) turbojet engines don't even use axial flow (where the engine is essentially tube); instead they work like water pumps, with a compressor disk that uses centrifugal forces to push air to the edge of a disk, where it then pass around to the back, gets mixed with fuel burned, etc; all just because machining some ridges onto a disk is easier than precision-milling a bunch of blades, etc.


Question: why we sell gas by the volume but not mass, unlike in avionics and auto racing?

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 why we sell gas by the volume but not mass, unlike in avionics and auto racing?

Planes and race cars care about how much weight they're moving around as it has a significant impact on performance. A plane needs more power to get more weight off the ground so extra mass is a problem for it if you happen to fuel it on a cold day Passenger cars don't care as much about added mass, and people know they have a 10 or 12 or 15 gallon fuel tank, not a 64, 96, or 128 pound fuel tank. We generally measure liquids by volume not mass, you can see this with baking instructions too We also don't meticulously temperature control gasoline. Put it in a big underground tank and it'll stay around the same temperature all year long. Even if it does go through temperature swings, it doesn't change in density that much. At 0C gasoline is 1.8% denser than at 15C, and at 30C it is 2% less dense than at 15C, that's not a huge swing


Question: How does video-game save data work? Particularly in modern, expansive and intricate games

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 How does video-game save data work? Particularly in modern, expansive and intricate games

Typically, games are saved my finding the minimum possible data needed to save all of the information needed. This data is saved in binary as bits on a hard drive, and it can take billions of these bits to store a particularly large file such as PUBG's or ArmA's maps. Things like maps are often stored as heightmaps, which you can think of as top-down pictures where the color corresponds to height. Each pixel in the picture represents a part of the map, and the height of the ground at that point is saved as the "color" of the pixel. Now, things like rocks, trees, buildings, and players are saved as X,Y,Z coordinates in a separate file, and when the map is loaded this data is all compiled to form a map. Player, chest, and other character inventories and data are often also stored in the file where their coordinates are located, usually as lists. To compress this data as much as possible, items are assigned numbers. You can think of item Ids in Minecraft as an example. Instead of saving items by writing their whole name, it simply says "1" and then it knows that "1" is "stone".


Question: how does the brain burn calories?

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 how does the brain burn calories?

Every cell in your body burns calories just by undergoing the basic chemical reactions needed to support cellular respiration. The total combined calories burned by all of your cells is what's referred to as your "basal metabolic rate", and it accounts for most of the calories you burn every day. Your brain uses more calories than most of the rest of your body just because your brain cells are always active, and need more energy to maintain their metabolism than things like skin cells or cells in your stomach.


Question: Why do we need to use soap to clean the oil off dishes? Shouldn't oil that is lighter than water automatically float to the top?

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 Why do we need to use soap to clean the oil off dishes? Shouldn't oil that is lighter than water automatically float to the top?

Water can’t wash the oil off the dishes because oil is “clinging” to the dish, and water has no way of pulling it off, because oil and water are mutually insoluble and don’t easily mix. Soap molecules have parts which are soluble in water and parts which are soluble in oil. This allows soap to dissolve in water to make soapy water which is then able to dissolve the oil off the dishes thanks to those parts of soap molecules which are soluble in oil.


Question: Is athleticism genetic? If so how?

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 Is athleticism genetic? If so how?

It is to a degree; when it comes to how well your body heals itself, how efficiently your blood carries oxygen, the maintenance of bone tissue, your body type, things like that. Your body can change some stuff like muscle mass, and it's all in the brain when it comes to how you maneuver your body. So it's a combination of nature and nurture.


Question: Why is the population predicted to plateau at 10 billion?

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</answer>
 Why is the population predicted to plateau at 10 billion?

This Kurzgesagt video explains it very well: URL_0 The modern idea of population "growth" centers on the idea of four stages of "demographic transition" (population changes). Some will argue that we're living in the fifth stage of this but that's not as well defined. The first stage is where a community (like a country) has really high death rates because of pollution, lack of access to medicine, etc. To overcome that, they produce a lot of children, so the birth rate is high. The population doesn't grow *too* fast. People tend to live in rural areas (like farms), and having more children means having more hands to help out (plus a lot of those kids are gonna die before too long anyway > _ > ). The second stage is where medicine, clean water, more food, etc. become more readily available. Here the death rate goes down, but the birth rate is still high because people are still living like they've been used to. The third stage is where peoples' lifestyles start to shift, to compensate for the fact that fewer people are dying and improvements allow them or sometimes even require them to move to the city to have any sort of professional career to make money. The death rate is low, and the birth rate starts to go down, too. The fourth stage is where death rate is low *and* the birth rate drops, usually so that it's stable population growth (a little more than 2 children per couple on average) but in some places it's a negative population growth (where new children aren't being born fast enough to replace the population that is dying). Different countries are at different points of this. For instance, Japan, Western Europe and the US are in that fourth (or even fifth) stage, but less developed countries are still in that first or second stage.


Question: What makes the molecules of certain objects passive to other molecules of other objects?

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 What makes the molecules of certain objects passive to other molecules of other objects?

Collision theory. In order for molecules to react: 1. They must be collide. Basically they must bang into each other 2. They must collide with the correct geometry. Think of it like if you had to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and basically they can't join if they don't have the correct direction or orientation. 3. They must have energy greater or equal to the activation energy. Basically there's an energy barrier and if they collide, and with the correct geometry, nothing will happen if they don't have enough energy to 'react' Also in your case, many molecules don't react with each other because they are already stable. Basically they don't need to react because they are happy how they are. One of the fundamental ideas behind reactions between molecules is they try to react and do all kinds of crazy shit to be more stable than they were before. Another reason is the phase of your molecules. A good example is an acid and a metal. If you have acid in the form of a solution and place a piece of metal in it, most likely it will start corroding the metal. However, if the acid was dry, and there was a vaccuum such that no water vapour was present, there will be no reaction. It's one of the cool things about acid/base reactions is that water is needed.


Question: Why is refrigerated food and food heated up safe to eat, but if you leave something just sitting out in room temperature it will go bad?

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 Why is refrigerated food and food heated up safe to eat, but if you leave something just sitting out in room temperature it will go bad?

You know how we humans hate it when it's too hot or too cold and have to take maintain a decent comfortable range to live in? Well bacteria hate it too, but they don't have furnaces or air conditioners. When food is in the fridge, it is too cold for bacteria to reproduce. When you heat it up, the bacteria becomes too dead to reproduce. When you leave food on the counter, the bacteria can reproduce like crazy.


Question: what is the “Docker” software and what does it do?

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 what is the “Docker” software and what does it do?

Docker is a program to put other programs in timeout, but pretend timeout and share toys with each other. If you have a computer and you want to run a program on it, you install it and run it that way. With larger systems, you might have to install the same program, but have different versions of it. These different versions might conflict with each other and the programs requiring the different versions might break otherwise so need the specific versions. To resolve this, there are two options. You either have a computer for each version which is VERY expensive, or you do it virtually by pretending to have multiple computers all in software. This virtualization is the basis for "the cloud" that all of the tech companies talk about. Traditionally, you would have a virtual machine witch was a complete virtualization of an entire computer and requires a lot of memory and processor power. What docker does is examine what is shared between docker containers and uses it only once. If you have 15 docker containers running and they all use the same program, then it'll use only one instance of that program instead of having 15 different virtual machines running, but the containers can't talk to each other unless you let them so they don't know about each other for security reasons. This reduces resources required to run the programs. In addition to this, docker also looks at the computer running the containers to see if it can share resources there too. It took years for them to optimize everything, but it's very efficient nowadays to run many docker containers instead of many separate virtual machines.


Question: How do stock photographers get their photos to look so generic?

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 How do stock photographers get their photos to look so generic?

Think of it the other way round: what is a "generic" look? It's the look of stock photography: scenes with little or no specific information e.g. no recognisable product labels or clothes. No sense of "place" (could be anywhere), models with no back story. Stock photography is deliberately made so it can be applied to as many uses as possible. For example, my company used a stock photo on an internal message about holidays. It was a guy, smiling, wearing light clothes and a backpack. He could have been anyone, anywhere - which is why it "worked" as a stock photo.


Question: How do we know how much the earth weighs?

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 How do we know how much the earth weighs?

Newton's law of gravitation. F = G x m1 x m2 / r squared = m2 x a F is the gravitational force G is the gravitational constant. How they figure that out is a whole new subject. m1 is the mass of the earth m2 is the mass of an object you let go in free fall. r is the radius of the earth. You can measure it with trigonometry. a is the acceleration of that object. You can measure it with an experiement, it's 9.81m/s always. so you have : G x m1 x m2 / r squared = m2 x a (m2 simplify each other on both side of the equation giving you. G x m1 / r squared = a You know G, r and a, so you only have m1 or the mass of the earth that remain unknown. How precise this number is depend on how good your trigonometry is for the radius of the earth and how good you can measure the acceleration (Variable like air resistance can affect this number). We are very precise with those number right now, so the mass is pretty spot on.


Question: How do B shares of equity work? What is the “waterfall”?

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 How do B shares of equity work? What is the “waterfall”?

A concept of a corporation is sort of like a book, in that it's a type of object with many similarities (a cover, pages, text, etc) there's also lots of freedom to style your book in a massive variety of ways. For corporations, one level of freedom is multiple classes of shares. Most companies have a single class of common equity, which means all the shares are exactly the same (they represent an equal portion of ownership, have the same voting rights, etc) but companies can also create multiple classes of shares, that might vary in their voting power (one class might have 50 votes, while the other has 1), their share of ownership (one might be 30 times more than another, allowing lower priced shares for a company that doesn't split), or their position in a liquidation (so one class may get their value before another). The order of rights to claim value in a liquidation is often called a waterfall, think of the type of waterfall where it splits into multiple pools above and below each other, one pool fills, then water spills into the next, etc). There can basically be as many reasons for different share classes as owners who want their equity to do something different then the standard, all shares represent an equal interest in the ownership of the corporation.


Question: Why do some soldiers guard Grand Central Station and The Oculus for example, and others are deployed overseas? How is this decided?

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 Why do some soldiers guard Grand Central Station and The Oculus for example, and others are deployed overseas? How is this decided?

So these guys are a mixture of New York Air and Army National Guardsmen who make up [Joint Task Force Empire Shield.]( URL_0 ) They help guard major landmarks and transit areas around the city. They can’t arrest you, but they can respond to certain things - say a shooting or other mass casualty incident - and they can hold you until an NYPD officer arrives. The idea is that they can help provide a visible deterrent while freeing up NYPD officers for patrols. Edit: One thing I wanted to add - if you're new to the city, don't be afraid to chat with them. They're mostly super friendly and are used to helping out the occasional lost tourist or posing with folks for photos.


Question: - Why has website design moved from clear tidy spaced pages to massive buttons that require excessive scrolling on almost all devices? (Most notably online banking and govt websites)

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 - Why has website design moved from clear tidy spaced pages to massive buttons that require excessive scrolling on almost all devices? (Most notably online banking and govt websites)

Can't say I've noticed this with my bank. I'd guess it's around accessibility. You need to provide a service that works for the elderly, people with issues with sight such as colour blindness etc. So to provide a service that works for something like a bank it has to work for everyone. It would be pointless to provide a swish looking site that was unaccessible and could potentially lead to fines etc if you were seen to be excluding people with disabilities or a specific group of people.


Question: Chemistry equipment... what does the spirally tube thing actually do? Also, what about everything else?

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 Chemistry equipment... what does the spirally tube thing actually do? Also, what about everything else?

I guess you mean a condenser like this URL_0 It's for cooling down a vapour so it condenses into a liquid. The heat is transferred into the water running through the outer chamber. It has two uses, in distilling it allows the condensed liquid to be collected. In refluxing a heated mixture, the vapour condenses and runs back into the flask so you can keep it at boiling point but not lose any solvent to the outside. (Not going to explain every bit of chemical glassware!)


Question: How are chemical structures of molecules discovered?

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 How are chemical structures of molecules discovered?

There are a lot of techniques that chemists use to determine chemical structures. Determining the composition of molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can be determined by things like burning the molecule and collecting the amounts of carbon dioxide and water produced, but I've never really heard of that being used outside of problem sets for general chemistry. More commonly for determining the compositions of molecules, chemists use things like mass spectroscopy--it gives you the mass of the total compound, and the mass of various fragments that result. Because these fragments are simply broken pieces of the larger molecule, and you don't split atoms, you can figure out the composition: for example, since we know that oxygen has a mass of 16, and there's a fragment that weighs 16 mass units more than the other, we can infer that there's an oxygen in there. There's a lot of other stuff that comes into play, like frequencies of other isotopes, and the overall charge on the molecule, but that's the basic idea behind mass spec. For determining structures, there are lots of options. IR (infrared) spectroscopy, for example, can tell you what functional groups are present in your compound based on where peaks it gives you are. The basic idea for that is that bonds will vibrate if you energize them, and the frequency at which they vibrate and how strongly tells you what kind of bond it is (is it a C-H bond, is it a C-O bond, is there a double bond, etc). That definitely helps in determining structure--you can see if there's an aromatic ring for example, or if by mass spec you know that there's an oxygen, then you can tell if there's an alcohol (-OH group) or a carboxyl (C=O) group. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy is quite complicated and involves a good bit of quantum mechanics, but it also gives you information on the structure. You can take hydrogen NMRs, which allow you to see where the protons are bonded (aromatic hydrogens give you peaks in a certain region, hydrogens from aldehydes give you peaks in a certain region, etc) as well as what protons they're close to--if there are three peaks close together (a triplet) it tells you that there are two neighboring hydrogens, if there are four peaks close together (a quartet), it tells you that there are three neighboring hydrogens. (It's a general rule that's taught that's a simplification, but for the most part it holds true). It also can tell you how many hydrogens are in a certain position by integrating the peak--if there's two hydrogens on the same carbon, it will integrate to 2. NMR is probably the most commonly used technique by organic chemists, and it's one of the most powerful tools. You also can do NMRs that focus on different elements, that tell you information about the behavior of atoms of that element (like carbon, fluorine, or phosphorus) that give you information on how they behave. Another common technique that's used is X-ray crystallography. This is a bit limited because you need a crystal of whatever you're trying to determine the structure of, which isn't always possible, but once you have that, it can basically give you the structure. I'm the least familiar with this technique, but from what I understand it basically shoots X-rays at the crystal and based on how they diffract, you can find out what's there. If you do this from lots of different angles, you can basically get an image of how it looks in 3D space, and we have computers that then compile that into an image of the structure. Chemists also often use combinations of these--it's easy if someone's already taken spectra of the thing you're looking at, because then you can often just match it to the known values and go "hey, that's the same thing!" but if no one has before, you can use a combination of techniques to get a really good idea of what exactly you're looking at. If any of my brief explanations were unclear, please ask questions and I'll do my best to clarify!


Question: Does the thickness of your blood actually change based on your environment? If so, how and why?

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 Does the thickness of your blood actually change based on your environment? If so, how and why?

Yes, constantly, but not much. When you sweat, you loose water from your blood, so as you get dehydrated your blood thickens somewhat. When speaking of people in hot climates developing 'thin blood', that's more a matter of their bodies being habituated to higher or lower required levels of energy for temperature maintenance. If you live in the temperate zone, you probably 'feel' a chilly morning much more in early fall than in late spring. Your body slowly adapts to 'usual' conditions.