Question: If I put vodka into my coffee machine instead of water, what would change in the brewing process and what would come out on the other side?

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 If I put vodka into my coffee machine instead of water, what would change in the brewing process and what would come out on the other side?

It would be pretty bad. Vodka has a significantly lower boiling point than water. Coffee machines heat water to about 200F degrees (lower than boiling). So the coffee machine would boil the vodka, and much of the alcohol would evaporate. What is left will drip through the filter as normal, but since ethanol is a more powerful solvent than water, it will dissolve a lot more of the parts of coffee than desired. This will result in an extremely bitter flavor.


Question: What does it mean that a situation is a prisoner’s dilema?

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 What does it mean that a situation is a prisoner’s dilema?

The classic prisoner's dilemma is that two suspected criminals are being questioned separately (so they can't communicate with one another). If they both stay silent, they'll serve 1 year in prison. If they both turn on each other, they'll both serve 5 years in prison. If one turns but the other stays silent, the one that turns will get off free, but the other will serve 8 years. In this example, the best thing to do for both criminals together would be cooperate, because it provides the fewest total years served (only 2). However, to an individual criminal, turning on the other is always better. If he stays silent, you get off completely, and if he was planning on turning on you, you only get 5 years instead of 8. This results in two perfectly rational criminals turning on one another and getting the maximum 10 years of total prison time. So a true prisoners dilemma requires two or more people to make a decision where, collectively they'd be best to choose A, but individually they'd be best to choose B every time or almost every time. A common example shows up in post-apocalyptic stories where groups would be best served working together, but each group tries to grab a little more of their share each time, leading to infighting and eventually killings and territoriality. Does that help? Feel free to ask any questions.


Question: How Is Wall Street Trading Nonzero-Sum?

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 How Is Wall Street Trading Nonzero-Sum?

Day trading *is* a zero sum game (or even a negative sum game, as you have to pay broker fees for each trade you make), that is buying a bunch of stocks when you think they are low and selling them when they spike. However, over the long term, the economy grows, the stock market increases, investments make money, etc. For long term investors, it's largely a positive sum game.


Question: Why does rest/inactivity often make us more tired, while activity can make us more energetic?

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 Why does rest/inactivity often make us more tired, while activity can make us more energetic?

Think about it like percentages. If you have 100 energy and spend 90 of that on daily things you have 10% left. Increasing strength makes tasks easier so you might only use up 80 per day. Increasing cardio makes starting energy higher, say 120. Now you have 33% left at the end of the day. You mention mood so I'll add that exercise is a positive feedback loop. It makes you feel better and more energetic so it's easier to get more exercise so you feel better and more energetic... works the same way in reverse for laziness. In a sentence, exhaustion is relative to how much energy you have.


Question: Why do when rockets re-enters the atmosphere from space get burn up, but rockets that is going to space don't?

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 Why do when rockets re-enters the atmosphere from space get burn up, but rockets that is going to space don't?

Rockets leaving the Earth aren't actually travelling all that fast while they are still within the dense part of the atmosphere. In order to achieve orbit, a rocket is shot straight up initially in order to get through the densest air that is the source of a lot of drag, but then they are pitched over so that they are eventually travelling sideways, parallel to the Earth's surface. They continue to accelerate for a long part of that manouver, because objects in orbit are basically falling just like anything else would - it's just that they are travelling so far horizontally during their fall that the Earth's surface curves away from the object at the same rate that the object is falling toward the Earth, resulting in net zero altitude difference. An object in orbit is simply just travelling sideways really, really fast. In order to slow down a spacecraft from orbital velocity, theoretically you could turn to face the opposite direction and thrust for the same amount of time to get back to zero horizontal velocity, but this would be extremely expensive in terms of fuel consumption and the upstream effects on rocket design to carry all that fuel and get it up to orbit in the first place. Instead, rockets make use of the atmosphere to slow them down. A short initial burn in the direction opposite of travel is used initially to cause the spacecraft to fall out of orbit, but then aerodynamic braking in the atmospheric air is actually used to take off most of the speed. The thing is, a deorbiting spacecraft is travelling so fast that air simply can't move out of the way fast enough, so instead it compresses in front of the advancing spacecraft, forming a shockwave some distance in front of the physical hull surface. This adiabatic compression generates an immense amount of heat that the spacecraft must be protected from, which is what heat shielding tiles are for. The attitude of the reentering spacecraft is controlled, and the shielding oriented properly during the reentry to protect the vehicle until it slows down sufficiently to land or deploy a parachute. If the vehicle is not controlled or sufficiently protected from the reentry heat, it burns up.


Question: Why are shorter EM radiation wavelengths (UV, Gamma) harder to produce compared to longer ones (IR light, radio waves)?

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 Why are shorter EM radiation wavelengths (UV, Gamma) harder to produce compared to longer ones (IR light, radio waves)?

Wavelengths are inversely proportional to energy per particle. So short wavelength radiation requires each individual photon to have a lot of energy. Creating high energy particles is more difficult than for lower energy. It is similar to fire. It is easy to make a relatively low temperature (normal) fire. If you want fire hot enough to melt iron then it is far more difficult to concentrate the heat and generate the temperature. As temperature rises, more heat is lost to the surrounding area and this means even more energy is needed to compensate.


Question: Why cover songs on YouTube don't get copyright claims but a video with a couple of seconds worth of a song gets a claim?

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 Why cover songs on YouTube don't get copyright claims but a video with a couple of seconds worth of a song gets a claim?

As part of their initiative to avoid the legal processes involved in the DMCA (even though the DMCA was designed to provide "safe harbor" to content hosts and limit their liability), YouTube developed the "[Content ID]( URL_0 )" system. Copyright holders upload the existing work to YouTube's Content ID service, and YouTube automatically scans new YT videos and compares snippets of their video/audio to snippets of protected content. Matching videos are flagged with "claims" automatically. This differs significantly from the DMCA process, which requires an actual human to verify under penalty of perjury that they represent the legal rights holder of the work. It's not a legal claim, it's a claim of violation of YouTube's TOS, which does not carry the same rights as actual copyright law (the TOS is more restrictive and, unlike law, up to YouTube's discretion). As such, a small sample can trip Content ID, but a cover can't, because it's not a literal copy of the original work. It could still face a copyright claim potentially, but that's a more involved process that requires actual people, so it happens less.


Question: Is there any visual difference when my PC runs a game beyond 60 FPS? As a follow up question, when does the FPS become too high to actually make a noticeable difference?

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 Is there any visual difference when my PC runs a game beyond 60 FPS? As a follow up question, when does the FPS become too high to actually make a noticeable difference?

A higher frame rate will reduce frame latency no matter the refresh rate. Frame latency is how old the frames are on refresh. If you have a refresh rate of 60Hz while rendering 60FPS, you will have a frame latency of 16.66ms, while at 120FPS it will instead be 8.33ms and so on. At 120FPS 60Hz, you will see an 8.33ms old frame every 16.66ms. The difference isn't simply in what you see but also how responsive the mouse feels that makes a tangible difference. You're effectively lowering your input delay by lowering your frame latency, allowing the player an increase in precision and consistency. This scenario assumes a perfect environment in which you get exactly 60 or 120FPS, while in the real world there are always fluctuations. At 60FPS 60Hz a single dropped frame will miss an entire refresh cycle, increasing the delay from 16.66ms to 33.33ms. See [3kliksphilip]( URL_1 ) and [Battle(non)sense]( URL_0 ) for further information.


Question: why is pain not always in the exact location of an injury?

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 why is pain not always in the exact location of an injury?

2 scenarios I can think of: If you get an injury, the place where you get visibly hurt is often not the only place your body suffered damage. For instance, last night I slipped and fell on some ice, and I bumped my elbow. Today, my shoulder and upper arm hurt, even though I didn’t hit them. But the force of the impact probably traveled up my arm from my elbow, causing small amounts of damage elsewhere. The other is that pain travels through nerves and is interpreted by the brain. Nerves mostly come from your spinal cord, and the nerves from your spinal cord split apart and come together a lot. If the nerves sensing pain for 2 places in your body come from the same level of your spinal cord, sometimes your body interprets the signal strangely. This is why you get arm pain from a heart attack - the autonomic nerves controlling your heart come from about the same level as the pain-sensing nerves in your arm, so when your brain gets a signal from your heart saying “bad stuff happening!” it decides to interpret that as arm pain because it doesn’t know how to make your heart hurt. edit: fixed a word :)


Question: Why do some planes leave a trail of clouds and others do not?

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 Why do some planes leave a trail of clouds and others do not?

When you burn fuel you get water vapor, carbon dioxide, and some soot. If the air is cold and moist enough then the water vapor will condense out of the air, and the soot gives it something to condense on. Some planes are flying through air that's cold and moist enough, while some aren't. (This is a simplification; rapid changes in pressure can cause condensation trails as well, but the typical con trail is from moisture in the exhaust condensing on soot).


Question: How do batteries (AA, AAA, B, C, D, etc.) get their names? What do they mean?

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 How do batteries (AA, AAA, B, C, D, etc.) get their names? What do they mean?

Every time you step up a letter, the batteries get bigger. Because we don’t have a letter smaller than A, we repeat the letter. AAAA < AAA < AA < A < B < C < D Edit: Yes, there’s an A battery. Yes, there’s a B battery. No, they didn’t name them after bra sizes. No, that joke you stole from another post about “the louder they scream” isn’t hilarious.


Question: if granite is an intrusive igneous rock that forms below ground, why do things like the Sierra Nevada range exist?

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 if granite is an intrusive igneous rock that forms below ground, why do things like the Sierra Nevada range exist?

Here's a timeline Granite forms in hot spot - > granite moves with continental plate - > continental plate hits oceanic plate/other continental plate - > all the rocks get thrust upward into into a mountain range - > all the rock above the granite gets worn down by erosion - > granite on the surface. Granite is a very strong rock, and so it doesn't wear down quite as easily as others, leaving large portions of it on the surface or poking out.


Question: Why can't a DSLR camera record in 4k if they can take pictures with a resolution higher than 4k?

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 Why can't a DSLR camera record in 4k if they can take pictures with a resolution higher than 4k?

To recorded video you need to capture a picture at the frame rate you film at. So for 30 fps video you need a sensor that can read out a 4k image from the sensor 30 times per second but to take a still image you do not need that. A optical senors capture light in small "buckets" that convert it to electrical charge that you need to count ie convert to a digitale values. This take time to converts. To do that faster require more complex electronics to be able to do that at the speed needed to capture a video. So to read out the image from the senor take time and for still images it might longer then time needed for video. There is also another limitation and that is the CPU and storage system of the camera. The need to be fast enough to handle the data from the senor. You need more performance t to capture video then still images at a lower rate so that can be the limiting factor.


Question: If alcohol has been proven to cause cancer and other diseases, why aren't bottles covered in warning labels like cigarettes?

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 If alcohol has been proven to cause cancer and other diseases, why aren't bottles covered in warning labels like cigarettes?

Ahoy, matey! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained: 1. [ELI5: Why are there health warning labels on cigarettes and not McDonalds, soft-drinks, processed meat, or on the side of Supercars and Bikes? ]( URL_0 ) 1. [Why is Alcohol not illegal because of how much harm it brings people and society? Why is it not treated like other drugs? ]( URL_1 ) 1. [ELI5: Why are tobacco products required to have health warnings on them when other unhealthy products such as Alcoholic drinks and Soda drinks don't? ]( URL_2 )


Question: Why is it that our world map seems to be so inaccurate?

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 Why is it that our world map seems to be so inaccurate?

The world is round. You can't create a flat map from a round surface and have it be 100% accurate. There are numerous ways to create maps of the globe and they all have one defect or another. These map projections are all compromises. You can pick which projection you want based on what matters the most. Some maps are based on the idea that directions are important and that straight lines on earth should make straight lines on the map. Others care for distance being correct or a long list of other things. Some of the more commonly used projections end up distorting the size of areas. Greenland looks gigantic on them and Africa much smaller by comparison. There are projections that try to make the size of an equally big area the same no matter where on the globe it is, but with the downside that at higher latitudes the shape gets extremely distorted with place seemingly being much longer east to west than they really are. Mostly it is a matter of using the right tool for the right job. Hammers make bad screwdrivers and screwdrivers are awkward to use when nailing things down. No tool is better than any other tool it just depends on what you are trying to do. The problem is that maps used for navigation are rather common and they can have the problem of distorting the size of areas. People who don't actually use a map as anything more than decoration and as political tool get angry that some areas are depicted as smaller than others on maps that were never meant to depict areas equally. Since the distortion is based on latitude there have even been accusations of racism mixed into the discussion. The attempt to replace commonly used maps with ones that retain the size of areas but are useless for many practical purposes have been met with some resistance by people who also don't actually use maps much, but like things to stay the way they are used to. Thus what should be a matter of personal preference and which tool fits best for which task has become a political hot topic, which people arguing religiously about which map is more correct. The truth is no map is 100% correct. If you want accuracy buy a globe not a map. People politicizing the debate and claiming there is a correct way to draw a map are almost as bad as flat earthers in their misunderstanding of the true nature of geography.


Question: Why can't people disarming a C4 brick of explosives just cut most of it away from the blasting cap?

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</answer>
 Why can't people disarming a C4 brick of explosives just cut most of it away from the blasting cap?

the simple answer is : you CAN. as long as you get a blasting cap more than a foot or so away from the explosives it's connected to, there's no way for the pressure wave it produces to start the reaction needed to blow stuff up. that's why movie bombs always make me laugh. there's 10 sticks of "c4" 10 detonators, and 10 wires, and all of the detonators are sticking half out of the bombs. in that situation you could happily pull the c4 off the detonators, and throw it away. sure, there's still gonna be a bang, but it's gonna be 10 firecrackers, . as for real life, there's usually a good case for not doing this.. mainly because in real life, someone whos gone to the trouble of building a bomb is usually going to make sure to set it so that it goes off if tampered with. and also because real life bombs don't have a big friendly glowing electronic count down on the front telling you you have over an hour to defuse the bomb. you don't know if it's going to go off in 60 seconds, or 60 hours. you err on the side of caution and treat it like it's gonna go off any second. or that someone's watching it with a radio detonator. this is also why irl they use a bomb disposal robot that's loaded with a shotgun full of water. one or two high pressure blasts of water to a bomb will usually separate the electronics from the explosives, and unplug enough things fast enough that it wont go off. then again, there's a reason most bomb squads choose the "controlled detonation" option,, and blow it up in a place that's not going to do any damage to anything important.


Question: How do number systems that aren’t base 10 work?

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 How do number systems that aren’t base 10 work?

Think about base 10. You have 0-9 as your first group, and then once you get to 10, you start your second group. Your second group is 10-19, and 20 starts the next group. If you had a base 6 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ... 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105 If you had a base 2 system, you would have 0, 1 10, 11 100, 101 110, 111 1000, 1001 1010, 1011 1100, 1101 1110, 1111 10000, 10001 In a base 16 system, you would have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F ... F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E, 10F I don't know if I actually explained it well. But hopefully smaller examples helped you understand. My favorite system is base 12, so I just looked up a bunch of youtube videos explaining that to me when it wasn't fully making sense


Question: Is space infinite? Is there something else "outside of outer space"?

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 Is space infinite? Is there something else "outside of outer space"?

> Is space infinite? We think so. And it’s also getting bigger, which sounds silly because infinite acts silly. > Is there anything outside of space? Some people think so. String theory thinks that our universe is like a hole in cheese. And every hole in the cheese is a different separate universe. Other people think this is the only universe.


Question: $GME? What has happened? What did Melvin Capital do for this to happen?

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 $GME? What has happened? What did Melvin Capital do for this to happen?

Melvin basically gave IOU(I owe you) papers to people with the stocks then sold them expecting the stocks to be lower when those IOUs are cashed out. Some people noticed and bought stocks to raise the price. Everyone with an IOU asked for the stocks back since the price was higher, and Melvin was forced to buy them at a higher price, which caused the price to keep raising.


Question: Why on old cartoons, did a scenery object look brighter if the characters were going to interact with it? Why would the quality differ regardless?

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 Why on old cartoons, did a scenery object look brighter if the characters were going to interact with it? Why would the quality differ regardless?

They were being drawn in different layers. Old cartoons were literally drawn on clear plastic sheets like you'd get on an overhead projector. Character's movements therefore had to be drawn and redrawn for each frame. The background didn't. It would stay the same for multiple shots. These different layers would be stacked on top of each other and a picture.would be taken. Then, the character pictures would be swapped out for the next frame. Maybe the background would be moved a bit too. If an object was going to move, it would have to be on a separate layer from the background.


Question: Why are lawmakers allowed to "walk out"/not show up for the jobs they were elected to do?

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 Why are lawmakers allowed to "walk out"/not show up for the jobs they were elected to do?

This depends on the laws of wherever they are, which vary, but holding elected office is not like a regular job. You don't have a boss. The voters are you boss. There's no one to fire you for not showing up. The only people that can "fire you" are the voters whenever there is an election by voting for someone else, although obviously there are exceptions where the elected body can expel you.


Question: Why are cones and pyramids exactly 1/3 of a cylinder or prism's volume?

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 Why are cones and pyramids exactly 1/3 of a cylinder or prism's volume?

Let's look a simple case first, the cube. A cube is incidentally the base of a pyramid and also a square prism of the same base face as the pyramid. I also happens to have identical side faces, which will help us later on. Imagine a pyramid with the base face of our cube. You can move the tip of the pyramid around without changing the height \(moving within a horizontal plane\) and you won't change the volume of the pyramid, right? So imagine moving the tip of the pyramid into the upper right hand, back corner of the cube. Now imagine a second pyramid, hanging upside down into the cube from the top surface, with its tip on the base face of the cube. This pyramid has the same volume as the first, right? Again, we can move the tip around in the plane of the base face without changing the volume. Now imagine moving the tip of this second pyramid into the the bottom left hand back corner of the cube. Some of the edges of the second pyramid will coincide with those of the first pyramid, but the two volumes will not overlap anywhere, correct? Now look at the remaining volume in the cube. The front face is completely free, and you have edges from the first two pyramids leading from each corner of the front face into that same lower back left hand corner, correct? Now because this is a cube, the front face has the same area as the base or top face, and the depth is the same as the height. So this means that the remaining space is a third pyramid, with the same volume as the first two. Three pyramids together have the same volume as the cube \(the square prism, remember?\), so a single pyramid has one third the volume of the prism. Now, imagine streching the cube's height, and try and see what happens with the pyramids. You'll be changing the overall volume, but the three pyramids will still all have equal volumes, right \(two will have their height changed, the third will have its base area changed by the same factor\)? Still one third of the prism, even if it's no longer a cube. The final step is a bit harder to imagine, but you can do the same thing we did with a cube in a pyramid with a tetrahedron in a triangular prism, or a five sided pyramid in a pentagram prism. You can alway fit three pyramids inside the prism \(it does get hard to imagine for higher numbers of sides\). In fact, you can do it for any number of sides. And once you have a hundred or ten thousand sides to your prism, the step to a cyclinder isn't hard to imagine.


Question: Why is sugar able to dissolve into water so easily?

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 Why is sugar able to dissolve into water so easily?

An oxygen hydrogen bond has a slight dipole meaning that the oxygen pulls more electrons than the hydrogen and leaves it partially charged. The slightly positive H is then attracted to slightly negative O and water arranges itself like that. Sugar has large amounts of OH bonds hanging off the sides of it and actively participates in this 'H-bonding'. This is not a bond in the proper sense, more of a temporarily comfortable position of opposite charges attracting each other and makes it easier for the sugar to separate into the water, increasing solubility. Compared to oils that largely lack these OH bonds and will aggregate to minimize contact with water and form a separate layer. So because the water can sort of 'play' with these slight charges bc the have the same quality (being H-O-H and having its own partial positive and negative regions) it doesn't want to aggregate to minimize water contact. Does this help? Source: Biochemistry BS


Question: How come you can feel a faint sore throat or other symptom but then the next day after good rest it worsened?

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 How come you can feel a faint sore throat or other symptom but then the next day after good rest it worsened?

By the time you are able to feel it, your immune system has lost the battle enough that you will get sick. With cold/flu -like illnesses, some symptoms are directly caused by the virus, but others are collateral damage from your body destroying the virus. The sore throat is actually caused by the viruses replicating inside your cells and then causing your cells to explode so they can escape and infect other cells. [See this diagram]( URL_0 ). So by the time there are enough of them for you to feel the surface layer of throat cells being a bit sore, it's too late!


Question: What's going on in the body when people get so angry they start to cry?

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 What's going on in the body when people get so angry they start to cry?

Actually, it’s all roughly the same thing. During moments of intense emotion, your brain releases a TON of hormones into itself. Thanks to the chemical buildup, your brain backfires, and all of those hormones are suddenly released into the body at once, causing you to feel “pain” in the throat, nose, and eyes, as well as clench up, shake, and increase breathing rapidly. This, in turn, leads to tears forming and mucus being excreted in your mouth and nose, which we call crying. Once the hormones have been “bled out” through your tears and boogers, and the rest of the body has metabolized (aka digested) the rest of the hormones in your body, your body relaxes again and you’re able to revert back to normal. All of the stress hormones have basically been squeezed out of you, all at ounce, like a sponge full of soapy water. This is also why you feel much better after a good cry, as you’re able to relax again without the chemicals coasting through your veins.


Question: What happens when a country goes bankrupt?

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 What happens when a country goes bankrupt?

Context very much matters. In this case, let's say a country is claiming bankruptcy and zeroing debts that it's supposed to pay back. Outside of the eurozone there's no international governing body with any actual enforcement ability, so it's all really just a gentlemen's agreement. If they can print your own money like the US, they'll usually do that before bouncing a check. Assuming this is kept in reason, a little inflation today is still better than the "no debt ever again" shitstorm that comes from screwing over your lenders. Taxes and other economic plays can deflate things back to normal assuming the country fixes it's core problems. But that virtually never happens. Instead they usually pull a stunt like the UAE did and simply announce to their lenders that they're never going to make those payments and that they're super sorry about that. Everyone that invested with them loses their money and has virtually no legal claim to a refund because the government isn't going to sue itself on behalf of a foreigner. At that point, the only real restitution they'll ever get is through both countries state departments sending very angry emails to each other until someone declares war, which in this day and age probably means the start of WWIII. Since there's no happy ending there, odds are the Investor's state department will tell the investor that they're super sorry that he got fucked. If the country is within the Eurozone, they can't just print money, and are also beholden to the Eurozone treaty so they can't "just" walk away from their debts. When someone like Greece goes bankrupt, the value of a Euro goes down, hurting the German economy. In some cases, it's better to just prop up the Greek economy and tell them to get their shit together, and enforce some stipulations to that bailout check through EU courts. Others think it would be better to cut them out altogether, but nobody even knows what that looks like (see; Brexit).


Question: Why do actors look bigger on screen -- the camera adds 10 pounds?

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 Why do actors look bigger on screen -- the camera adds 10 pounds?

There's a lot of ways to manipulate aspects of filming something to make it appear one way or another. Lenses can be used to make someone appear fatter, skinnier, older, more attractive, etc. Hell, Tom Cruise is 5' 7" but the way they film him hides that fact. The 10 pounds part usually comes from someone appearing on broadcast TV with a regular host they know how to film well from them being on constantly. Likewise with makeup and wardrobe. Meanwhile their guest is just a one off and the crew can't make everyone look good on a whim


Question: why does it seem like the unsubscribe button for emails does nothing?

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 why does it seem like the unsubscribe button for emails does nothing?

One sneaky thing legit companies are doing all the time now is making the "unsubscribe" button unsubscribe you to those specific types of emails. Oh, you don't want to subscribe to our daily deals? That's ok, we'll still send you the weekly deals and the special deals. Some sites have like 10 different lists that you have to unsub from individually


Question: Scientists have recently changed "the value" of Kilogram and other units in a meeting in France. What's been changed? How are these values decided? What's the difference between previous and new value?

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 Scientists have recently changed "the value" of Kilogram and other units in a meeting in France. What's been changed? How are these values decided? What's the difference between previous and new value?

Previously the kilograms was based on the mass of an arbitrary piece of metal in France, and companion pieces of metal were made of the same mass and given to other countries as well. It has been discovered that all of these pieces are not as precisely the same as you would like, as well as the fact that radioactive decay is making them slightly less massive all the time. Also with only I think 5 of these in the world, it's very hard to get access to them for tests if needed. To combat these things and make sure that the mass of a kilogram stays the same forever, they are changing the definition to be a multiplier of a universal constant. The constant they selected was pretty well known but scientists were off by about 4 digits on its value, so they spent recent years running different experiments to get their value perfect. Now that it is we can change the kilogram value, and other base units that are derived from the kilogram. And since this universal constant is well.... universal, you no longer need access to a specific piece of metal to run tests. So anyone anywhere will now be able to get the exact value of a kilogram. But the mass of a kilogram isn't actually changing, just the definition that derives that mass. So instead of "a kilogram is how ever much this thing weighs." It will be "a kilogram is this universal constant times 12538.34" Some base units that are based on the kilogram, like the mole will actually change VERY slightly because of this new definition but not enough to impact most applications. And even with the change we know that it's value will never change again. Edit : Fixed a typo and change weight to mass because apparently 5 year olds understand that better then weight.......


Question: Radiocarbon dating is based on the half-life of C14 but how are scientists so sure that the half life of any particular radio isotope doesn't change over long periods of time (hundreds of thousands to millions of years)?

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 Radiocarbon dating is based on the half-life of C14 but how are scientists so sure that the half life of any particular radio isotope doesn't change over long periods of time (hundreds of thousands to millions of years)?

It's also worth noting that there are multiple dating methods that overlap. As an example pulled from thin air, one method has a range of 10-400 years, one that's most accurate at 100-5000 years, one for 300-10000 years. A sample dated 350 years ago by all 3 methods means the date is fairly well supported. It also means that the methods are fairly reliable as well. Now multiply this by hundreds of thousands or maybe even millions of samples, each corroborating together to increase the confidence by some amount. Over the years, this builds a really high confidence in the methods.


Question: How does a ‘random’ number generator actually make sure it’s random?

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 How does a ‘random’ number generator actually make sure it’s random?

Firstly, they usually aren't random, just sorta kinda random, which for most applications is fine. Rng for a video game doesn't need to be extremely random. Non critical rng would just use some simple "seed" number, like the computers clock time, as the random element in the equation One famous random number system uses a physical reaction to generate randomness, a wall of lava lamps. The image of the position of the blobs in the lamps provided a basis for a random number, a thousand lava lamps is never going to be the same configuration


Question: Why does putting meats into Brine hydrate it, whereas covering it in salt dehydrates it?

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 Why does putting meats into Brine hydrate it, whereas covering it in salt dehydrates it?

you're not actually 'hydrating' the meat, scientifically speaking. You're jhust dewatering the meat to different extents. Its related to whats called 'osmotic pressure'. This is the 'force' with which water travels from an area which is more 'watery' to an area that is less 'watery'. When you salt meat, *all* (or nearly all) of the water inside the meat is pressured out of the meat cells, because the solid salt particles are so less 'watery'. This results in meat that is less moist but often, with more flavour (since the flavour is now far less diluted). When you brine it, and consider there is water outside the meat now, only enough water leaves the meat cells that the amount of water (and therefore, the salt concentration) in the meat is the same as the brine around it. So, if you want meat with a particular strength of flavour, this is the way to do it, and also why the strength of the brine is important. So, salt = fully dewatering the meat. Brining = dewatering the meat only so far as the brine itself. & #x200B; & #x200B;


Question: When having trouble sleeping, is there any benefit to laying in bed with your eyes closed or you might as well get up?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 When having trouble sleeping, is there any benefit to laying in bed with your eyes closed or you might as well get up?

If your mind is fighting you: get up and do something relaxing. Have some tea, read something, or listen to relaxing music. What you should NOT do is watch TV, play with your phone, or get on your computer. The light tells your brain to wake up. (There's more to that, but, I'll keep it brief). Don't shower either. It sounds like a good idea, but, whenever I (personally) do it it signals my mind that it's time to be active. The bed is for 2 things. Sex and sleep. Don't use the phone, watch TV, or do puzzles. When you lay down your body needs to know, and be trained to know, that it's time to shut down. *Posted at 4:37am PST, whilst I am laying in bed skimming through my Reddit app.


Question: Is it possible to have a heavy element to have the same amount of neutrons as protons and would it be stable?

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 Is it possible to have a heavy element to have the same amount of neutrons as protons and would it be stable?

> I've noticed the further up in the periodic table the more neutrons an element has. Yes. [This plot]( URL_0 ) shows the stability regions for stable isotopes. As the elements get heavier, there are more neutrons required. Hunting and pecking I found an isotope of Xenon which had the same number of protons and neutrons (54 each). It had a half-life of a few microseconds. I couldn't find anything heavier than that.


Question: Why do so many American boys get circumsized?

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 Why do so many American boys get circumsized?

Back in the days, some Christian integrists, like Graham (of the Graham cookies) and Kellogg (of the corn flakes) were trying to suppress the "bad" urges in the youth. Hence why they created bland nourishing foods, so you would be sustained but not with anything exciting. They came to the conclusion that if you're circumcised, it will be less pleasurable and more inconvenient to masturbate. Because of that they pushed that agenda that circumcision would lead to a cleaner life. The general public followed the pressure groups they enlisted in their crusade against masturbation and "corruption of the youth" and that's how the US is the only country to mass circumcise for non religious reasons.


Question: Why is blue light from screens harmful and strenuous on our eyes, while blue objects in the environment, are not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is blue light from screens harmful and strenuous on our eyes, while blue objects in the environment, are not?

The issue is that screens shine blue-rich light straight into our eyes, When we are outside, the light is mainly sunshine, which is green-rich. The other problem is this blue light acts like sunshine to our brains, telling them that it is still daytime, and that we should remain alert and awake. If you are using your device late at night, this is going to mess up your sleep. Blue light in the daytime is fine, because it's good to be awake in the daytime. And blue items in your room are only lit by what lights you have - generally more yellow-rich warm white lighting fixtures - and are a whole lot dimmer.


Question: What started and ended the great depression?

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 What started and ended the great depression?

Simply put, irresponsible banking and lending. The roaring twenties where a time of wild credit and over-reliance on fractional reserve banking (keeping a small percentage of what is in the bank and lending a large portion of the money out) allowed the wild growth associated with what is called the second industrial revolution, and the creation of many consumer goods. However, these accounts were uninsured and kept a far smaller percentage of what we keep today. This, along with the dust bowl, a massive dust storm caused by irresponsible agriculture in the great plains, speculative stock trading, buying stocks of companies on credit, in expectation of the stock price rising, isolationist policies of an America afraid of involvement in another war, all contributed to the great depression. Once the Stock Market Bubble Popped, those invested in the stock market ran to pull their money out of the Banks. Many people were invested in this massively profitable market. Once they pulled their money out, the market dropped further, and this triggered massive bank runs. The banks only held a portion of what people really had in the banks, and the people couldn't get their money out. No money, on confidence in the economy, no consumer spending, no jobs, no jobs, no consumer spending. What ended the Depression is more hotly contested, but it likely would have ended on it's own eventually. However, many economists credit Pres. FDR's use of Keynesian Economic Theory, that government spending to create jobs can kickstart economic growth, with both the New Deal and WWII militarization. However, his bank reform and insurance of accounts definitely helped, and contributed to the quick recovery from the 2008 banking crisis, which was a very similar scenario.


Question: Why do new computers become cheaper over time (in nominal value) but cars do not?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why do new computers become cheaper over time (in nominal value) but cars do not?

There are a number of reason: cars aren't really advancing technology in leaps and bounds... there is no Moore's Law equivalent to engine horsepower or anything. The time of tremendous advancement and rapid price decline with autos was the era of the Model T. Since then, it's been adding conforts, from padded seats, to radios, to climate control, to navigation, to all sorts of safety advancements from airbags and crumple zones to ABS, lane detection, etc. Also, the cost of raw materials vs. finished good are different. A pile of silica, plastic, some trace amounts of metal, etc. don't cost much... hundreds of pounds of steel and aluminum, glass, leather, etc. cost a lot as raw materials. R & D, testing, etc. for cars to be deemed aerodynamic, crash safety, various government certifications, etc. all take time and money. Cars are way more costly to transport. Automakers have all sorts of legacy costs like employee and retiree pensions/healthcare to pay for.


Question: Why is some blood in veins, and some blood is outside of veins, if there is blood all over the inside of our body?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Why is some blood in veins, and some blood is outside of veins, if there is blood all over the inside of our body?

Blood is within vessels. There are veins and arteries. Then there is a complex network of capillaries which is where the 2 sort of connect. Veins and arteries branch and branch and branch to smaller and smaller vessels. These vessels turn into capillaries. They’re all throughout our skin especially which is what gives white people a rosy color, makes your gums and your tongue pink, etc. the capillaries flow from arterial to venous. The capillaries are what break open and leave a blue spot when you get a bruise. So in a sense there sorta is blood all over the place because there are capillaries all over the place. But blood is intended to stay within the vasculature (arteries, veins, capillaries).


Question: How do computers use binary code?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 How do computers use binary code?

The basic structure of a computer is the transistor. It's basically a switch that when it's turned on, it allows current to flow from the input to the output. The real power of transistors comes when you start wiring them together. Now, the output of one transistor can go to the control of another. That means that when you turn on transistor 1, it turns on transistor 2. By combining multiple transistors in specific ways, you can build simple logic circuits. For example, an AND circuit has two or more inputs and will only turn on if all of the inputs are turned on. An OR circuit will turn on if any of the inputs are turned on. From basic logic gates you can build calculation circuits. These will take numbers (in the form of binary) and add, subtract, multiply or divide them. These are the basic building blocks of performing useful operations on a computer. From there it's just building more and more complex circuits that perform more specialized functions. But, since the inputs and outputs are either on or off, 1 or 0, everything works in binary.


Question: What are the pros and cons to Globalism, from an (as much as possible) unbiased perspective?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 What are the pros and cons to Globalism, from an (as much as possible) unbiased perspective?

Globalization is when various facets of society operate at a truly global level rather than locally or regionally. The following is two examples dealing with trade and culture. For trade and commerce that can mean businesses can operate globally and traditional barriers to commerce thrown up by nation-states don't apply. That means you can put your factories where its most cost effective to place and you can hire talent from the world over. A drawback might be that since corporations aren't constrained by borders then its hard for any one nation-state to enforce its laws over that corporation without that corporation having an easy way to skirt the law by just doing the same thing in some other nation-state where the activity is permitted. Or if people in country A work in a factory they can't exactly move to country B if the corporation decides to move its factory. Globalization also means that cultural barriers change and erode. That's great if you're a movie producer who normally only sees distribution in the USA but can now show the movie in Europe and China as well. But if you live in a country in Africa and see that all the kids in town don't care about older traditions and instead want to listen to American Music and watch French Cinema then you may not like that. Then again, it's easier than ever to share your cultural tradition in Africa with the world at large.


Question: Given that polar bears have existed 600,000 years, they must have gone through periods warmer than today (prior to and after the ice age) and somehow survived. But today they are on the endangered species list due to expected climate changes. Are they really in danger?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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 Given that polar bears have existed 600,000 years, they must have gone through periods warmer than today (prior to and after the ice age) and somehow survived. But today they are on the endangered species list due to expected climate changes. Are they really in danger?

The issue is not actually the temperatures we are going to be changing to. It is the speed of the change. We have taken a warming process that would have taken up to 100,000 years or more and sped it up. Even if we have only made it 10 times faster some animals that could have adapted in 100,000 will not be able to adapt in 10,000. And odds are that the speed we have increased the change is far far faster so the chances of animals adapting is far lower. But with polar bears there does seem to be one kind of adaptation occurring. They are mating with Grizzly and Brown bear and having hybrids that are fertile.


Question: why do spiders tend to build webs in the same places when they get destroyed every day?

The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant provides the user with the answer that strictly follows the following guidelines. The answer should be enclosed within <answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <answer> ANSWER HERE </answer>.
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[Your final detailed answer goes here]
</answer>
 why do spiders tend to build webs in the same places when they get destroyed every day?

During the time right before dawn to right after dawn, nocturnal insects head in to sleep, while diurnal insects wake up and head out to do... insect things. Spiders often set their webs to catch this transitioning prey. After the sun has risen, the spider has gotten all the food he expects to catch from this web, has had a good meal, and has stashed any extra in a safe place. Now you come along and destroy his webs. No big thing, mealtime is over, he's well fed and happy. Next night, he spins his web to catch another breakfast. tl;dr: Spider has gotten use out of it, it's a good spot, so doesn't care if it got destroyed during the day.