Question: How do radio stations broadcast album art?

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 How do radio stations broadcast album art?

Radio stations have extra radio bandwidth that they don't need for the audio alone. They can use this bandwidth to send additional data to your radio such as the station name, song title, artist, or I guess the album art. It's essentially sending data over a wireless internet connection, point-to-point from the station to your radio. This is not an efficient connection though due to the distance and interference, so its uses are limited. You usually need a radio capable of receiving this kind of data (and a station properly equipped) otherwise your radio doesn't know how to interpret this data and display it for you. It would just think it was noise and ignore that part of the signal. This system is also heavily regulated in how it can be used.


Question: How do TV channels know their viewing figures and how accurate can they be with the numbers?

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 How do TV channels know their viewing figures and how accurate can they be with the numbers?

Companies use Nielsen ratings to measure audience size and composition. You used to sign up to be a ‘Neilson family’ which just meant you agree to having our viewing habits tracked. Neilson, the company, uses this sample (people that opted-in to be be tracked) to infer about the larger US population. So if most of their users are tuned into a certain program, they can infer that most of the US population in also tuning in. Today, this is much easier data to collect and more accurate. Before our TVs we’re not connected to the internet, so you had to have a Neilson box to collect data. Today most of our devices are smart devices, smart TVs, Apple TV, Fire TV, etc, so now it is like we all have Neilson boxes. Neilson has acquired companies that collect this kind of information about smart devices, so they have access to all of that viewer information. As far as how accurate, I’m not sure but they are surely directionally accurate. Meaning that if they say 90mil people are tuning in they are correct that a lot of people are watching. Neilson also knows some demographics about the area you are viewing from (your zip code for example), so they can also make a general statement about the type of people that are viewing since people tend to form communities around people similar to themselves.


Question: Why can a drug test tell us if a drug is present, but can't determine the last time the drug was used? How could you prove for instance you weren't driving under the influence of marijuana, and it is in your system from the day before, weekend before etc.

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 Why can a drug test tell us if a drug is present, but can't determine the last time the drug was used? How could you prove for instance you weren't driving under the influence of marijuana, and it is in your system from the day before, weekend before etc.

Your body removes the drug at a fairly predictable rate, but it varies by person. However, if you take twice as much of the drug, your levels will be higher after the same amount of time as if you took less. So how can I tell that you didn't smoke two joints two days ago, versus one joint one day ago? I can't. I can only go by your blood levels - which are what determines whether you're impaired anyways, not how long ago you used.


Question: Do animals besides humans exhibit symptoms of severe mental illness (manic depression, schizophrenia, personality disorder)?

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 Do animals besides humans exhibit symptoms of severe mental illness (manic depression, schizophrenia, personality disorder)?

Yes yes yes! And also no. (This is a long reply, you have been warned) So it can be difficult to exactly judge if an animal is suffering from mental disorders because they can't communicate with us, *however* there are certain things that some animals will do that others of the same species won't. Many people like me (veterinary assistant, pre-vet student, falcon caretaker) believe very strongly that animals can and do suffer from some form of depression. However that's a really controversial statement right there. Because depression has been a human only thing for so long, a lot of people still don't want to say it applies to non-human animals. I'm going to use horses as an example because it's what I'm most accustomed to. In the wild horses live in very social herds, usually with an alpha male and lead mare. They travel around a lot and are very active animals. Many domestic horses exhibit many similar, if not fully identical, behaviors. But horses that are alone, or kept inside, often develop some interesting behaviors not commonly seen in wild horses. Cribbing, wind-sucking, and pacing are a couple of **vices** that some horses will do. These have been linked in many cases to boredom that many horses face in stalls. They can be quite damaging behaviors, but can in many cases, be reduced or even halted with the addition of some sort of stimuli. Many male horses, gelded or intact, will masturbate if kept inside for long periods of time, or when without contact. This too can be helped with some toys or contact with other horses, not even in a sexual manner. In my opinion bored horses display behaviors indicative of some sort of depression, and I feel that we should start to classify it as such. Many captive animals, especially those of higher intelligence such as dolphins and chimps show it as well. Finally, animals can have neurological damage, such as strokes, which may change their behaviors. Whether or not that is a mental illness is illdefined. TL;DR- People are split on the question, but a lot of evidence shows that yes, many animals do suffer from some kind of mental illnesses.


Question: How does devaluing the currency help the country?

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 How does devaluing the currency help the country?

When the value of their currency decreases, the external price of their goods also decreases. While the same electronic component still costs 20RMB, the price in USD has dropped from 5USD to 4USD. By devaluing the currency, China can make their exports much cheaper than other nations. This will boost their export quantity, and since the price of goods (in RMB) has not changed, their total export revenue goes up. This stimulates economic growth as more goods are being produced, more people are employed, and more profits are being made.


Question: Who is the mobile provider for the US Government? What mobile devices do they use? I would assume it's not a private carrier like Verizon.

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 Who is the mobile provider for the US Government? What mobile devices do they use? I would assume it's not a private carrier like Verizon.

The US government uses a variety of public carriers, Verizon is a major one they use for a lot, as Verizon does a lot of large corporate accounts. The US government does not own or operate a mobile phone network. Nothing special about it. They buy phones and plans. They just buy in bulk, and as such often get substantial discounts (many large corporations enjoy similar, if not identical benefits for buying in bulk)


Question: Why is it often advised to unplug an electronic device for a few minutes to resolve an issue? How does unplugging it (instead of restarting it) make a difference? E.g. Smart TVs

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 Why is it often advised to unplug an electronic device for a few minutes to resolve an issue? How does unplugging it (instead of restarting it) make a difference? E.g. Smart TVs

Every electronic device with a microprocessor, will have a memory cache. This cache is constantly sending and receiving data to and from the processor, and acts as a buffer for the data as it cannot be processed all at once. The data in these memory caches is subject to malformation and corruption, often resulting in operational errors of the device. The only way of clearing these caches, is to stop the flow of power / electricity to them.


Question: Why are some shapes named based on number of angles and others number of sides?

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 Why are some shapes named based on number of angles and others number of sides?

> Why are some shapes named based on number of angles and others number of sides? They aren't. They're all named based on the number of angles. The "gon" in "pentagon" comes from the Latin "gonia", which means "angle". Triangle and rectangle are from Old French rather than Latin, hence the use of "angulus" instead of "gonia". But all of them refer to the number of angles.


Question: How come in the course of an hour at the beach, waves can go from huge and consistent, to few and calm, when neither the wind, temperature, or seafloor has changed in that period of time?

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 How come in the course of an hour at the beach, waves can go from huge and consistent, to few and calm, when neither the wind, temperature, or seafloor has changed in that period of time?

> when neither the wind, temperature, or seafloor has changed in that period of time? You sure about that? The waves near the shore can be influenced by wind and temperatures mile out to sea. A slight change 20 miles away means the difference between you waves hitting or missing a reef. And while the sea floor doesn't change, the tide causes the effective depth of the ocean to change, which can have a big impact on how the water gets channeled.


Question: What causes chills down your spine?

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 What causes chills down your spine?

I'm gonna go with the assumption that you are talking of positive valence chills (frisson, a pleasurable feeling). This has been shown in connection with the dopaminergic, or pleasure/reward system. The theory, because that is what it is so far, is that some of these parts sends a signal to the sympathetic nervous system (largely contained in the spine) which activates a hormonerespons that triggers increased conductvity in the skin. This conductivity causes piloerection, goosebumps. It is thought that this is an evolutionary development of trying to look bigger by making your fur as big as possible! (you might recognise this in cats, for example) Edit: my first silver for this garbage that didn't even answer your question?! Thank you anyway!


Question: How does tennis racket theorem (dzhanibekov effect) work?

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 How does tennis racket theorem (dzhanibekov effect) work?

There are two important conservation laws which describe the movement of a rigid free-falling, spinning object. One is the conservation of angular momentum, and one is the conservation of kinetic energy. The key to all this is to understand that for every axis an object can spin around with (for instance) 1J of energy, there is a certain ratio of kinetic energy to angular momentum associated with that spin. In order for a spinning object to tilt, and both conservation laws to be obeyed, its new axis of spin will have to allow the same angular momentum *and* the same kinetic energy as it had before. When an object is spinning around its minor axis - like a spinning plate or a frisbee - then the object's kinetic energy is maximized, relative to its angular momentum. This is because quite a lot of the object's mass is located far away from its axis of rotation. As far, in fact, as it can be. This is why industrial flywheels are designed as they are, with a big heavy rim, because this means they can store a lot of kinetic energy for a given RPM. When an object is spinning around its major axis - like a twirling figure skater - then its kinetic energy is minimized relative to its angular momentum. This is the opposite of the flywheel situation. By making themselves tall and narrow, figure skaters maximize the RPM they can spin for a given amount of kinetic energy. In both these extreme cases, the spinning is stable because in order for the axis to tilt, the spinning object would either have to gain angular momentum from nowhere or lose kinetic energy to nowhere, or else vice versa. And if the object is under no external forces, then neither one can happen. These are the only two spins with that special property. Every other axis of spin, has some neighbouring axes which will also yield the same ratio. But the major and minor axes don't, because their ratios are the highest and lowest possible for that object.


Question: why is social isolation bad for your health?

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 why is social isolation bad for your health?

It is a “psychological need” We evolved as social bonding mammals. It’s how we know to feel safe and secure. If the tribe stopped liking you, ostracized you, you’d die. As such, our brains evolved to notice our social standing. Whether people like us and care about us. It was crucial for our survival. Your brain is wry good at being able to tell if people like you or not, how much social interaction you are getting, etc. So when other people aren’t around, when we don’t have anyone to connect or bond with, to form a secure attachment with, our body notices, and freaks out a little. It knows it’s dangerous to be isolated. This can begin with feeling lonely or anxious. In my mind these are signals that you need to reach out to someone. Essentially your are having a low grade fight or flight response. This causes a lot of physical reactions, quickened heart rate and inflammation for example. This is a really good response, if you are like, about to be attacked by a lion. But to constantly have that stresss response, is extremely unhealthy. It stops your body from taking care of itself as it is focused on the “threat” of social isolation. This stress, in not properly addressed, then accumulates. It can be harder to sleep., which makes it harder to deal with the stress. You can start to feel neurotic/ anxious and yes, even depressed. This is not the only cause of depression, but it is certainly a factor. Often times the best cure for this type of stress is to be around someone who loves you. Someone who you feel safe around. Someone you can make eye contact with. Someone you can open up to and talk to about your problems/ experiences. This allows you to actually process your emotions and not keep them bottled up. Furthermore Skin to skin contact releases oxytocin/ Vasopressin and generally makes us feel good. Oxytocin is in Many ways the opposite of cortisol. It is relaxation. It counteracts the negative effects that cortisol has on your body.


Question: How does government trade work? Like, for example, the US gives France $1 billion USD, are they actually given the money, or is it all similar to credit? How do they spend the money?

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 How does government trade work? Like, for example, the US gives France $1 billion USD, are they actually given the money, or is it all similar to credit? How do they spend the money?

If it’s just cash, like something like foreign military sales (say buying a plane), it’s quite simple. Let’s say the US is buying a plane from France. The US Treasury will have a bank account and simply wire transfer the money to whatever account France tells them too (generally a government account). Yes they have bank accounts. Yes it’s that standard. Which currency the transaction will occur in will be discussed, but since it’s with the US, the deal will be done in US dollars.


Question: Why do some programs & games open quicker when you recently closed them?

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 Why do some programs & games open quicker when you recently closed them?

Operation system caches some data. It makes an assumption that if program was recently used or is used regularly, then it makes it more probable that they will be run again in the nearest future. So it has some files relevant to this program easily available, which allows to omit some operations usually performed at the startup, which saves time.


Question: What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

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 What do we actually see/don't see and why can't we see all the colors? How can a modern camera be/see better than the eye and is that even true?

Light is a form of EM radiation. EM radiation is a continuous spectrum which is extremely broad. At the bottom end of the spectrum is things like radio and microwaves, then infrared, then there's the narrow section of the spectrum we can see, then UV, X-rays, and finally gamma radiation. These divisions aren't abrupt, but as you look at EM radiation higher and higher in the spectrum the general properties change. The characteristic of EM radiation that determines where in the spectrum it falls is its frequency (or wavelength, or momentum per photon, or energy per photon... it turns out once you know one of these you can quickly compute all of the others). Similarly, within the visible spectrum frequency is what determines the "color" of light. As far as physics is concerned there's just one scale here, which really ranges from radio to gamma but for our purposes here it ranges from red to blue, going along the rainbow. You may notice here that there are many colors not in the rainbow. What's brown? White? For these we turn to biology. In your eye you have to types of cell that sense light: rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive and turn off in bright light; they're what give you your night vision and don't contribute to color. Cones are less sensitive and are what give you color vision. Cones come in three flavors; traditionally these are named long, medium, and short, but here I'll call them red, green, and blue. Each flavor of cone is sensitive to a band of frequencies, being most sensitive to the frequencies at the center of that band and less so to frequencies a little further off. The three flavors are sensitive to slightly different bands, but the bands overlap (*especially* the green and blue ones). Your perception of color is based on how much each of those flavors of cone gets stimulated, but note that you can't tell *how* it got stimulated. To explain via example, imagine two light sources. One consists of pure yellow light--every single photon coming from that source is the same frequency, and that frequency is what we see as yellow. That is to say, it stimulates both the red and green cones. The other light source has two frequencies: one red, and one green. This *also* stimulates the red and green cones. To a human these light sources are indistinguishable, but if you got out the right kind of sensor it could analyze the two light sources and tell that they're different. Modern displays take advantage of humans' inability to tell the difference between those two light sources: since our perception boils down to "how much red cone stimulation, how much green cone stimulation, how much blue cone stimulation" there's no need to ever have a display produce yellow light. It's sufficient to have displays built with sources for red, green, and blue light. Whatever sensation they need to generate it's always possible with those three colors. Since the frequency bands for each flavor of cone overlap there are some sensations that are impossible: you can't have something that's so green it stimulates the green cone and no others, since pure green light also stimulates the blue cones. This is where the concept of impossible colors comes from: what if we found a way to stimulate just the green cones and none of the others? What would the sensation be? Is that a greener green than any green could ever be?


Question: Why is the general noise one makes when unsure of what to say some variation of "uhhh" or "ummmm"?

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 Why is the general noise one makes when unsure of what to say some variation of "uhhh" or "ummmm"?

This is because they don't want to leave a space,so they say a word. They have heard other people say uh, so that's what they say. There is no general noise, and other languages do say different things. For example, this wikipedia page has a list of language fillers: URL_0 We don't know the roots since we don't use it in writing and scribes wouldn't write filler words.


Question: Why do we see weird colors and patterns when we put pressure on our eyes?

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 Why do we see weird colors and patterns when we put pressure on our eyes?

This phenomenon is called [Phosphene]( URL_0 ). Essentially, part of your eye detects light by absorbing it, which stimulates the production of a chemical. This chemical then travels to another detector which, when there is enough chemical there will produce a signal to the brain indicating that there was a flash of light. More light = more stimulation, which tells the brain how bright the light is. (Simplified for ELi5) You can circumvent the requirement of light by applying pressure to the region, causing the chemical to be produced due to a mechanical action. This chemical then activates the receptors which tell the brain that there was some light produced when in fact no light was detected.


Question: Considering the amount of crap we cram into our bodies, why is urine commonly shades of yellow to brown and not purple or green?

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 Considering the amount of crap we cram into our bodies, why is urine commonly shades of yellow to brown and not purple or green?

There's a few reasons. 1) artificial dies and food colorings can't always survive the digestive tract intact, so they break down into their constituent parts, which aren't always as vibrantly colored. 2) The digestive tract may not pass the dyes into the bloodstream, so the kidneys may never have the opportunity to filter it into the urine stream. 3) Your poop can easily be multicolored. Just eat a heavily dyed cake, and see what happens 6-8bhours later.


Question: how come we can hold in our urine while sleeping for many hours (6+) every night and not get a bladder infection, but risk an infection if holding it in too long while awake?

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 how come we can hold in our urine while sleeping for many hours (6+) every night and not get a bladder infection, but risk an infection if holding it in too long while awake?

Holding urine does not actually cause UTIs. UTIs happen when bacteria start multiplying in the urinary tract. Urinating flushes everything including bacteria and so helps reduce the chance that bacteria entering through the urethra will reach the bladder and multiply. This is also why women are more prone to UTIs (shorter urethra). What can happen if you hold urine for long periods is you could damage the muscles that help urination and holding pee, etc. The body doesn’t produce as much urine when you sleep so your brain is not getting as many signals that you have to go to the washroom so you are not damaging your bladder muscles in your sleep.


Question: why do some people get more addicted than other people?

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 why do some people get more addicted than other people?

There are many reasons and no one is 100% sure. In terms of biology, the two main reasons are low D2 (dopamine) receptors so they have to do the thing more to get the same kick (ie, smoke more). The other is how quickly they can metabolise the drug. For example, the enzyme CYP2A6 metabolises nicotine so if the enzyme is fully functioning, they will want to smoke more regularly. But, biology isn't a full reason, people get addicted for socio-psychological reasons as well. For example, stress has been shown to be related (smoke more to cope), if your family do, youre more likely to (for both genes and the perceived acceptance) and your peers as well. Also, whilst there is no such thing as an addictive personality, certain traits such as impulsivity makes people more likely to start in the first place. However, all of this is based on correlational research so doesn't show causation. Equally, it is very complex so no one reason can ever explain it. It is also likely that many people have different factors so not all addicts will have the D2 gene etc.


Question: What exactly is stopping me from making 20 email accounts and referring all of them using paid survey sites/apps to get loads of points?

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 What exactly is stopping me from making 20 email accounts and referring all of them using paid survey sites/apps to get loads of points?

Nothing. Typically those sites/apps have some requirements meant to curb it and make inconvenient though. Such as minimums balance for payout, spend a certain amount, or wait an amount of time. Additionally, many of those sites pay terribly, you're better off just doing an actual job than trying to get points. So, in summary, you can, but it's not worth it.


Question: When you're looking in a mirror, why are left and right switched, but up and down aren't?

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 When you're looking in a mirror, why are left and right switched, but up and down aren't?

Your dad is trolling you. The mirror doesn't reverse you or flip you, it is the reflection of you. If you painted yourself blue and walked into a white wall, the paint impression you leave doesn'tsuddenly flip or reverse. The paint from your right arm is on the right side of the wall. The paint from your left arm is on the left side of your wall. It didn't switch them on you. It's the same for a mirror. Your right arm is reflected on the right. Your left arm on the left.


Question: why does youtube load videos faster than other streaming platforms?

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 why does youtube load videos faster than other streaming platforms?

UNLIMITED POWER!!! Or something like it. First we need to understand what their service is. You chose a video, send a request for watching that video. The server then send you the first X seconds of the videos. After Y seconds of watching (Y being shorter than X), you ask the server to send you the next X seconds of videos. Y need to be shorter so that you can receive the next X seconds BEFORE you finished the X second you received previously. If everything goes correctly, The video shouldn't stutter nor stop and you should only load the necessary number of seconds and not more. Now, why does all this matter? And why is Youtube faster? It's a matter of server load. Answering a request takes time. It takes time to receive it, to process it and finally to send it back. Which lead to a quite funny conundrum. The less seconds you send each time (so the smaller X is) the more often you'll need to send things (AE, the more often you'll need to receive and process a request). The more seconds you send each time, the less often you'll need to send things, but you'll need to send more which takes more time. The question become is it better to send a lot of small bundle or a little bit of large bundle? Well user retention teach us that lot of small bundle is probably better. Because everytime you leave a video, all those unwatched seconds left (be it the credit, or just you losing interest) are wasted server load. The bigger the bundle, the more you waste. But there is a catch: The more often you request something, the more the server has to receive and treat requests. Which mean you need server that can quickly answer. They need to be fast, powerful and close by. Youtube belong to google. Nobody can match them in that regard. They have servers all over the world. They can receive and treat request faster than anyone else. The issue isn't that much sending the videos(even if it matters, it's not as much of an issue for big companies) but rather that Youtube can optimize as much as possible whereas other do not have the capacity to do so. So most other send bigger bundles and waste a lot things. This mean their server are overloaded with wastes, but if they don't do that, there is a risk that the video won't be loaded on time for the user, leading to stutter and poor user experience. Basically, Youtube is big enough that it can optimize everything. That optimization mean that they get better performance for a lower cost. Others can't achieve that kind of optimization.


Question: why does notepad on windows save files with an asterisk?

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 why does notepad on windows save files with an asterisk?

The asterisk means: "Replace with your own text." Notepad is one of the simplest applications you can get, and is mainly included as the default application for things like viewing readme files, not much more than that. When you save a file in Windows, and you choose a format from the drop-down list, it gives you not just the name of the format, but the extension or extensions that format uses; for example: * Batch file (\*.bat; \*.cmd; \*.nt) * Java source file (\*.java) * All files (\*.\*) * ...etc. The asterisk is simply used as a placeholder for your own text. Notepad only has the one format in that menu. And, as simple-minded as it is, when you select it in the Save dialogue, it will simply copy the extension into the filename box, placeholder and all. However, it will also highlight that text. You can simply go ahead and type the file name. If you have \*.txt selected, it will automatically save it as a text file and add the file extension without you having to type it (although you can type it if you want).


Question: Why do some of us (such as yours truly) feel so absolutely murderous when we hear a crying baby? Shouldn't humans be biologically wired to care about our young?

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 Why do some of us (such as yours truly) feel so absolutely murderous when we hear a crying baby? Shouldn't humans be biologically wired to care about our young?

I think the reason why so many people get frustrated is because you see the crying baby as an encroachment into your own space. You see the baby as extremely annoying, especially if it interrupts your dinner or flight or trip to the mall. For a lot of parents, it's easier to tune out or tolerate your own kid's cry. It's the reason why a 3 year old will be screaming bloody murder in the Olive Garden while the parents are chatting and eating breadsticks. However most of the time, the parents are just as frustrated and want the kid to shut up just like everyone else does. Now that I'm a parent, I actually find it easier to sympathize and understand when I hear a crying child. Maybe this is the "biological hardwiring" that you're referring to. I think it's hard to understand what a parent with a crying child is going through when you haven't been a parent yourself. But then again, some parents will feel superior to others and just be plain assholes who think their kid does no wrong and yours is dumb as shit. Don't be that guy.


Question: How does "Big Pharma" drive up the cost of healthcare in the U.S. and what portion of our healthcare spending can be attributed to it?

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 How does "Big Pharma" drive up the cost of healthcare in the U.S. and what portion of our healthcare spending can be attributed to it?

The US drug buyer funds a healthy portion of global drug development, because most other nations set a single buyer that negotiates much lower prices (or foregoes purchasing) branded drugs. This is a pretty explicit policy decision (it also means that the US captures the majority of private drug development spending) and like the US navy enforcing free passage of the seas to everyone, it's given to the world by the nation. This excess accounted for about [12% of US healthcare spending]( URL_0 ) in 2008, the last time anyone broke out an accounting by subject costs.


Question: Why does being in hot water feel so much better, than being in hot air?

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 Why does being in hot water feel so much better, than being in hot air?

There are two parts to this. One is that when you're in hot/warm water you typically aren't fully submerged but rather sitting or otherwise relaxing in it. This means that part of you is in the warm water and part is in the cold air, which both allows your body to regulate temperature more easily and makes the water appear that much warmer by comparison. The other part is that the warm water allows muscles to relax and release tension, something "outdoor" warm air isn't typically warm enough to do. That being said warm air in isolation can also be very comfortable. Picture a sauna, or even using a hair dryer on a cold day.


Question: How come during the 1950's, they were called 'Atomic' bombs, but were then called 'Nuclear' at the start of the Cold War?

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 How come during the 1950's, they were called 'Atomic' bombs, but were then called 'Nuclear' at the start of the Cold War?

They're all colloquial. "Atomic bomb" has historically referred to gun-type and implosion-type fission weapons first developed by the allies in the mid 1940s. In 1952, the United States introduced a new weapon which added a fusion reaction to the fission reaction in order to greatly improve energy output. These new weapons were of a fission-fusion-fission design and are properly called thermonuclear weapons. Colloquially these are called hydrogen bombs or H-bombs. Virtually all weapons deployed by the five major nuclear powers are thermonuclear weapons. "Nuclear bomb" is an umbrella term used to refer to all weapons that rely on fission reactions, fusion reactions, or some combination thereof in order to release energy. It recognises to some extent the fact that the public was greatly aware of the existence of these weapons but their details were shrouded in secrecy. Whereas a great deal of information about nuclear weapons can be found on the internet today, this was not the case during the cold war. It's also a politically convenient term because it is understood by everyone and has serious connotations. Politicians used (and often continue to use) it with wild abandon to spread FUD; Joe blow doesn't care what the CEP of a Russian MIRV is nor does he care about the yield of a W88. However, Joe very much cares that one does not land on his head and to do that he needs to be a good patriotic American rather than a commie bastard!


Question: What would happen to a lawyer if they defended somebody that they knew was guilty of the crime?

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 What would happen to a lawyer if they defended somebody that they knew was guilty of the crime?

They'd have done their job. That is what they are *supposed* to do. They're not allowed to lie in court of course, but they can absolutely defend their client even though the client is actually guilty. They can present mitigating circumstances, they can argue for acquittal due to various technicalities (if the prosecution, or the police during their investigation, didn't follow the rules, then the case can potentially be dismissed). > Then the lawyer would technically be trying to keep a criminal out of jail and in regular society just so they can make money. No, the lawyer would be trying to ensure that the criminal's side of the case is heard. Think of the lawyer's job not as arguing "he didn't do it", but rather "he shouldn't be found guilty" (or "he should be found guilty of as little as possible", or "his sentence should be as lenient as possible"). There's an important difference. And criminals have rights too. They have the right to a fair trial.


Question: How does a nuclear power plant generate electricity? Where does the radiation come from when there are failures?

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 How does a nuclear power plant generate electricity? Where does the radiation come from when there are failures?

A nuclear reactor uses a chunk of stuff that wants to explode. They jam pencils through it to stop it from exploding. It still gets super hot (but not not enough to melt the pencil lead), and they use that heat to make steam. They use the steam to spin big motors that make electricity.


Question: How does a vinyl wrap (e.g. for a car) wrap around the curves of the car so seamlessly without folding over itself?

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 How does a vinyl wrap (e.g. for a car) wrap around the curves of the car so seamlessly without folding over itself?

When they make the wrap it gets cut and scored so that it doesn't kink when it gets applied. Its also fairly stretchy so as they apply it they can stretch it to prevent bubbles and kinks. As they apply it they keep the sticky side wet so that it only actually sticks after they squeeze all the water out from under it and it is completely flat against the car.


Question: How does using a Logarithmic scale work for representing something physical?

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 How does using a Logarithmic scale work for representing something physical?

Linear scales only work when the behavior is linear. Logarithmic scales are great for representing anything that follows any power law (square, cubic, etc) or if it is exponential growth or decay. Power laws show up as straight lines on a log-log plot. Exponential growth/decay shows up as a straight line on a log-linear plot. Exponential behavior is not uncommon in nature. All that means is that the rate that something changes is proportional to its size. That happens all the time! The number of births and deaths in a population is proportional to the size of the population. If a small town saw the same amount of births as a big city, that would be very strange. The amount of interest you pay or get paid is proportional to the balance on the account/loan.


Question: How can we be 100% sure that our physical laws are universal?

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 How can we be 100% sure that our physical laws are universal?

Scientists try not to say that our current models are 100% sure. There's always room to learn something surprising! But we can be extremely confident after lots of investigation. Physical laws appear to be universal if they apply in every case we can find, and if they make predictions that we can then test and that so far have always turned out to be true. For example, telescopes show us that gravity and light appear to work exactly the same billions of light-years away, as they do right here in the Solar System. Yes, there have been cases like you're asking about. Perhaps the most famous was when it was shown that objects of different mass, but the same air resistance, fall at exactly the same speed. This test totally overturned the previous belief (in the Middle Ages) that heavier objects of course fall faster.


Question: What is this text, and why does it exist, and how does it work?

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 What is this text, and why does it exist, and how does it work?

It's often known as "zalgo" text. It's just an abuse of [Unicode]( URL_1 ) - the way we represent language on computers. Back in the day, everything was super simple. We just had [ASCII]( URL_0 ) - there were 128 (or 256) different values that could be letters and that was it. It's basically a way of mapping numbers to characters - for example, the number 77 means the uppercase letter "M". This was great if you spoke English but if you spoke Arabic, Chinese or any other language in the world that didn't use our alphabet, you were kind of out of luck. Many people came up with their own ways of representing letters in computers but they were usually limited to a single language at a time & completely incompatible. ...then comes the explosion of the Internet. Suddenly, everyone, everywhere, is able to talk but we're all using different encoding that only represent our own languages (or just forced everyone to use English). Thus, the Unicode standard was born. The idea was to have a *single code* that could represent all human languages (as well as some emojis but that's a different story). A big change with Unicode was the idea that a single "character" wasn't always made up of just a single symbol. Many languages have ways of adding diacritical marks to existing characters and changing their meaning. For example, the letter "a", "â" and "ẫ" are all separate characters but they're just made up of "a", "\^" and "~". Unicode allows *some* symbols to be composed of lesser symbols & stack those (I'm not sure if *this* example is done that way but it's a convenient illustration). So what you end up with here is somebody (usually with a computer program) takes a simple piece of text and adds a bunch of nonsensical diacritic marks onto the letters to make it look creepy. This works because Unicode only deals with how to represent characters, not what they mean. If you put 15 different "hats" on a letter, they're still supposed to be drawn, even if it's nonsense.


Question: Why is 5G exceptionally faster than 4G/3G ?

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 Why is 5G exceptionally faster than 4G/3G ?

It isn't. If you go to 5G and have much better speeds, then that's only because you were getting slower 4G than you could have been. 4G networks can, in ideal situations, deliver speeds up to about half a gigabit. You probably don't get anywhere near that! I know I don't. The main reason that 5G looks so much faster than 4G is that if you're somewhere with 5G availability, you're getting the very best technology that's on offer right now. Also, there's less saturation of 5G-specific frequencies right now. Also also, 5G does a better job of keeping signal from spilling over to places it's not supposed to be. That in turn means that most users of 5G will get more bandwidth - and more bandwidth almost always means more throughput (though they're not the same! Lots of people use the terms interchangeably, but bandwidth is measured in Hz and throughput is measured in bits/sec. Moving data around is complicated, so there's more to your speed than just how wide your channel is or how quickly the data gets to you).


Question: why some people can stand colder or hotter temperature better than others?

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 why some people can stand colder or hotter temperature better than others?

There are two main reasons for this. One is physical, and one is mental. For both however, you need to understand a concept called *homeostasis*. Our body is a massively complex biological system, constantly changing, never *really* at 'rest'. Blood is pumping, nutrients are delivered and processed like amazon on black Friday, and don't even get me started on the gazillions of chemical processes that makes sure everything all the way down to the cellular runs as it should. Our bodies being biological and thus chemical in nature, also means it's really sensitive to temperature. Our bodies only work properly in a range of roughly a few degrees celsius. Lucky for us this goes fine and dandy without our intervention, partly because our biological make up is a result of millions of years of evolution, ensuring that whatever survives these generations of trial and error, should work relatively reliably. In terms of our physical body, we all have common ways of dealing with temperature. Our insulating exterior of skin and fat maintains a level of internal stability, and we can heat up or cool down by burning some fuel or sweating some moisture. On top of that, our blood vessels also can adapt how much they're exposed to the outer temperatures, but I'd put that in the insulation part :) Now clearly these are the common strategies, but we humans are particularly diverse, and could differ a lot in how well our bodies achieve these strategies. More importantly however, is the mental aspect to it. Sensing temperature is something done in the brain. Well to be precise the *sensors* are on our body, but the information comes together in the brain. This helps parts of the brain responsible for keeping things in 'homeostatic balance', to monitor what's going on. Us being blessed (or cursed) with the capacity to reflect and accumulate experience however, does mean that the sense of temperature isn't all physical. You could have the exact same bodily temperatures, and still feel colder or warmer, more or less in need of ice cream or a hot sweater, just because of a certain thought, habit, or past experiences. On the short term, we feel temperature often relative to the recent past; how warm you woke up or your office was affects how you'd experience the outside, but this sensitivity to the recent past can extend further. Heck, some people just hate the cold because it's a basic preference. Some people are just more sensitive to it becuase of some past experiences. Point is, our thoughts affect how we feel, and that is an important, even if vague, part of the puzzle ;) I know it might not be the most satisfying part of the question, but hope it helped!


Question: ?If jelly fish can't die of old age and reproduce why haven't just taken everything over

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 ?If jelly fish can't die of old age and reproduce why haven't just taken everything over

They may not die of old age, but they still die (being eaten by predators, for example). Their population growth is also limited by the resources in their environment—they still need to eat and they’ll starve to death if there isn’t enough food to go around. As long as the rate of jellyfish surviving to maturity is roughly equal to the rate of jellyfish deaths, their population will remain stable.


Question: Why do images of earth from space not contain satellites and other space junk?

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 Why do images of earth from space not contain satellites and other space junk?

I think you're really underestimating how big Earth and the space around it are, and how small those things are in comparison. Also for image satellites it might be more desirable to pick a lower orbit, where there's less of this stuff in the way. On the off chance that something *is* in the way, they might discard the photo and get another one on the next pass.


Question: Why does mixing alcohol get you drunker than drinking the same amount of one alcohol?

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 Why does mixing alcohol get you drunker than drinking the same amount of one alcohol?

It doesn't. It makes it harder to keep count though. Knowing i had seven beers sounds a bit higher than the cat that had three whiskey cokes, four beers, and a handful of shots. Kinda like counting calories. It's easy to lose track and consume way more than expected if you sneak a couple chips in here or a pop there.


Question: Why do humans laugh? Do other animals laugh? And why do we all have different laughs?

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 Why do humans laugh? Do other animals laugh? And why do we all have different laughs?

Humans laugh because we are very very social animals. And before language was developed, humans and our ancestors still needed ways to “communicate” socially. Besides your grunts, roars, shouts, fights, and social hierarchies, laughing was another way of non verbal communication. Laughter naturally builds bonds between two individuals laughing at the same time, so it helped up build deeper social bonds with one another. Laughter is also a way to acknowledge and diffuse awkward/embarrassings/Tense situations. Laughter is a way to basically go “hey man I know you might be angry or irritated but ah it’s fine just laugh about it” So laughter helps keep those social bonds form breaking down soon. And yes, other great Apes laugh too, tho many are silent laughter. But gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans all laugh in similar ways to us Source: Documentary “First Man” available on curiosity stream that follows humans historic evolutions


Question: what makes gallium a liquid but not aluminum or some element close to it?

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 what makes gallium a liquid but not aluminum or some element close to it?

Gallium isn't a liquid below 30 C or so, so that's something to keep in mind. It has a very low melting point due to the configuration of the lattice structures it forms when in a pure form, which is very difficult to obtain as it's rather unique properties mean that it tends to bond with and attack other metals very easily. The real and more detailed complex answer is a bit beyond ELI5 and you have to look into the post transition series to gain a better understanding. Hope this helps a little and points you in the right direction.


Question: how does homelessness cost cities money?

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 how does homelessness cost cities money?

They have a tendency to make public disturbances which have to be broken up by law enforcement. They defecate and urinate in the streets and alleys requiring them to be cleaned. They utilize publicly funded homeless shelters and soup kitchens. If the homeless are not there these things are not needed. They utilize emergency medical care with no ability to pay. The idea of getting actual housing is in tandem with getting them actual jobs. They have extremely cheap minimal housing that gives them a stable safe address and the ability to seek employment. Which which they pay rents and taxes.


Question: Why does the brain feed you random old things (a jingle from a commercial you saw in the 90s or a song from School House Rock) when you're not actively thinking or trying to fall asleep?

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 Why does the brain feed you random old things (a jingle from a commercial you saw in the 90s or a song from School House Rock) when you're not actively thinking or trying to fall asleep?

Not an expert: your brain likes to make connections between similar things for easier recollection, so that for example the thought process between pineapple - > Pina Colada - > Hawaiian Pizza isn't too difficult. When you're falling asleep your brain isn't completely inactive, especially if you're doing something mentally stimulating right before laying down such as gaming or doing a crossword puzzle. Subconsciously your brain will pick up minute bits and pieces such as the sound of your breathing. For me, I've recognized when I take a deep breath, while falling asleep, I'll exhale the breath in a descending pitch and then afterwards often follow up humming something along the lines of the calvary charge horn. My brain picks up the sound of my breath, connects a note or tone, then links a song or tune. The brain is a powerful computer that I wish I knew more about.