Question: Why can't food be refrozen once it has been unfrozen?

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 Why can't food be refrozen once it has been unfrozen?

It can, but there are two reasons not to. First is contamination. Freezing slows the growth of bacteria and mold. When you unfreeze, that growth starts again. When you then freeze it again, all that contamination is still there. Second is by freezing and unfreezing and freezing again, you are destroying the cells of the food, and dehydrating it, so it will taste worse and worse the more times you do it.


Question: Why are the fiscal year and calendar year different, and what is the history behind this?

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 Why are the fiscal year and calendar year different, and what is the history behind this?

Firstly, in *many* cases they *are* the same. There's no need to set fiscal year to anything; it's discretionary for each business. Now, the question changes to "Well, why do fiscal years for some companies not coincide with calendar years?" And the answer is timing and economic reality. Let's say your company is very *seasonal.* That is, that there is a high amount of demand for your product during a particular time of the year. For simplicity, let's say your company makes **winter clothing.** Now, the demand for winter clothing will be highest during the winter. That means you'll sell a bunch between early December and late February. So your real "selling season" *actually spills over from one year into the next.* So on *top* of being very busy trying to meet demand, you'd have to **also** publish your financial statements *and* get an audit *and* you'd be completely ignoring the benefits of the rest of the selling season. That would be a LOT of work and it wouldn't represent how your business is really doing. So, you move your fiscal year end to June. Now, when winter comes, you can focus solely on operations. When June comes, you can focus on the audit and the publishing of financial statements, **and** those statements will also incorporate a *full* selling season and demonstrate how your company *really* behaves and performs.


Question: How are there more ways to shuffle a deck of cards than there are atoms in the universe?

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 How are there more ways to shuffle a deck of cards than there are atoms in the universe?

If you only had two cards you could only shuffle them in two different ways. A B B A If you’d had three cards you could shuffle them in six unique ways. A B C A C B B A C B C A C A B C B A By just adding one more card for a total of four cards you’re up to 24 unique ways, which is more than I feel up to spelling out, but I’ll do it because I love you. A B C D A B D C A C B D A C D B A D B C A D C B B A C D B A D C B C A D B C D A B D A C B D C A C A B D C A D B C B A D C B D A C D A B C D B A D A B C D A C B D B A C D B C A D C A B D C B A Five cards? 120 different combinations. (I’m not writing that out) But do you see the pattern? Every card added gives you a lot more combinations. By the time you get up to 52 you’re literally at the point where the card sequence of a well shuffled deck is likely to never have happened before.


Question: - Why is Venus' atmospheric pressure so dense?

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 - Why is Venus' atmospheric pressure so dense?

The higher pressure is due to the atmosphere and what it's made of. Earth's atmosphere is mainly oxygen and nitrogen both have a certain weight due to earth's gravity. Venus gravity is lower than earth's. 8,87m/s vs 9,81m/s. But Venus' atmosphere is 96% carbondioxide. This is much heavier than 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. Thus the pressure is higher. If we keep pumping carbondioxide into the atmosphere we are basically Terra forming, turning earth into Venus. But this would take millions of years but it possible.


Question: Why are some elements solid, liquid or gas in normal Earthlike conditions?

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 Why are some elements solid, liquid or gas in normal Earthlike conditions?

Well for starters, pure carbon isn't a gas, it's most common forms (allotropes) are graphite and diamond which are both crystalline like silicon. As for why similar atomic numbered elements behave differently, i.e. Lithium and Helium the increasing number of electrons (in line with atomic number) is the biggest determinant of physical structure and state. For example, the noble gases are grouped vertically because in that position of the periodic table they all share the same property, that their outer shell (valence) electrons are completely full. E.g. Helium has two electrons which fills the first shell, Neon has ten, two to fill the first shell and eight for the second. As such the periodic table is mostly referred to by groups which form the columns because this (for the most part) is based on how many outer shell electrons they have which determines their bonding behaviour both with other elements and with atoms of their own element. These bonds have varying strengths with weaker strengths tending to produce gases and liquids and solids ever increasing in strength. Tldr: Elements next to each other have different numbers of electrons in their outer shell whereas columns share this number and are therefore more similar in properties such as being solid, liquid or gas.


Question: Why does beard grows only on our chin and cheeks but not the entire face?

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 Why does beard grows only on our chin and cheeks but not the entire face?

It's a result of evolution. Humans today are covered in fine hairs called *vellus* from birth, which is basically peach fuzz. But early humans were a lot hairier than we are today. As the earth warmed up, we gradually lost our all-over hair in order to stay cool more efficiently. Humans now grow hair where it's beneficial to do so. Eyebrows and eyelashes help keep dirt and sweat out of your eyes. Hair on top of your head helps protect from sunburn. Hair that develops during puberty - underarms, legs, pubic region, men's facial hair, etc. - does so because the hair follicles in those regions are sensitive to a hormone called androgens. A rise in androgen during puberty causes hairs in these areas to turn from peach fuzz into darker, coarse hair. The reason that only these regions have androgen-sensitive follicles is also evolutionary. We have special sweat glands in these areas that put out pheromones. The hair holds onto the pheromones and helps to amplify their scent, which assists in attracting potential mates.


Question: what do magnification numbers mean?

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 what do magnification numbers mean?

The picture you will see through the lens will be 2.6 times as big as the original size of the object you are looking at. If you look at a letter in the newspaper for example and said letter is 1 inch big. The lens will make it appear 2.6 inches.


Question: Why do apples turn brown/red after cutting and leaving them in room temperature for a bit?

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 Why do apples turn brown/red after cutting and leaving them in room temperature for a bit?

When an apple is cut open, an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase is released from the cells of the apple and reacts with the oxygen in the air. This causes it to turn brown. It's similar to rust forming on metal. But, if you put lemon juice on the slices, it helps slow down the browning. Lime juice works too. Both are high in vitamin c (ascorbic acid) and have a relatively low pH (acidic). Oxygen will work on the ascorbic acid in the juice before it works on the polyphenol oxidase in the apple, slowing down the browning of your apple slices.


Question: If Brownian motion is driven by random walks, then why does it occur along a concentration gradient?

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 If Brownian motion is driven by random walks, then why does it occur along a concentration gradient?

It is a matter of probability. Imagine you have two compartments. Compartment A contains only 1 particle, whereas compartment B contains 100. If they all drift about randomly, it is simply more likely that particles will cross from B to A, since there are so many more in B than in A. This will continue until there are 50 particles in both A and B. At this point the rate at which they cross over is identical, as there are an equal amount of particles in both compartments. There are exceptions to this, as when charge is involved or the organism exerts energy to determine the direction of the flow. This is how I understand it, anyways.


Question: How do guitar pickups work?

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 How do guitar pickups work?

Guitar pickups are bar magnets. The magnets are wrapped with a coil of wire and this makes them an "inductor". Electric strings are usually made of nickel, which is a metal that interacts easily with magnets. So the metal strings vibrate and those vibrations are felt by the pickup because the pickup is a magnet. The energy is felt as a (very small) voltage. The voltage is then carried through the wire coil and through to the amplifier. The amplifier feels just the small voltage vibrations and uses that as information to replicate it as a large voltage vibration.


Question: How are artificial organs powered?

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 How are artificial organs powered?

This is of course dependent on the exact model of implant. However most medical implants that requires power the last thirty years have been battery powered and have used contactless charging. Contactless charging is not a new thing and people have been using it daily for things like powered tooth brushes and contactless access cards for decades and the technology itself is about a century old. So using it for medical implants is quite natural as it means there is no need for permanent wires through the skin. During the surgury the surgons place a charging pad somewhere close to the skin and run wires to the implant. You can then place a charger on the other side of the skin from this pad to transfer power from the outside to the inside. Depending on the model you might have an internal battery that can last at least for a day so you can charge at night or you might have an external battery that is always providing battery through the pad.


Question: Why are SCJs seemingly allowed to retain their political affiliations? Shouldn't the highest court be unbiased and non-partisan?

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 Why are SCJs seemingly allowed to retain their political affiliations? Shouldn't the highest court be unbiased and non-partisan?

Unfortunately your question is more a debate than one about answering something we can point to and say "these are the facts." Ostensibly an appointed justice is going to say they will serve without bias, based on the constitution of the United States. Something like 90% of SCOTUS decisions are unanimous, by the way. So one could argue that 9 out of 10 times, regardless of their political leanings, they are in lock-step. But 1 out of 10 times, you can see how a decision will herd some of them on one side, some on the other. Not always because there are times a former conservative will side with RBG, and vice versa. So you say "seemingly allowed" but it's more that a SCOTUS appointment is life-time, so once you appoint them, you get what you get, within reason. They can't go rogue, there would be massive out-cry. I think the best answer I can give you is you can put robes on someone, but it's not going to fundamentally change who they are at the core. The robes coerce them into trying to remain objective, but you can get into some decisions where one justice will interpret the constitution differently than another, and they write their opinions or their dissent opinions to explain their legal reasoning.


Question: So, what is actually net worth, and how is that different from actual money you have in your hands?

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 So, what is actually net worth, and how is that different from actual money you have in your hands?

Money you have in your hand would be cash, or maybe it's in your bank to be used via debit card. This is what's known as cash assets. Basically just money you have available to spend that moment. Net worth accounts for almost *everything*. Your house, your car, your cash, your investments, etc. But it also accounts for your debts. So if you have $100,000 in cash, a $500,000 house, but a $300,000 debt to somebody, your net worth is only $300,000, not $600,000.


Question: What Corona Virus exactly does to our body system?

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 What Corona Virus exactly does to our body system?

Viruses in general latch on to the cells in your body, inject their RNA and cause the cell to replicate the virus, killing the cell in the process (usually). Think of your DNA and RNA as the software in the cell. This software tells the cell how to divide and grow, how to make certain proteins, and many other things. The virus comes in and reprograms this software for no other reason than to make more copies. The coronavirus enters the body through the air or by food and water. If it's the air, it will attack the cells in your lungs. Your lungs become vulnerable if the infection spreads, leading to pneumonia. This can cause your lungs to be damaged, reducing the amount of oxygen your body gets and can fluid to build up in your lungs. This fluid can also hinder your ability to breathe and effectively drown you. If it enters by food or drink, the virus attacks the cells in your gut, leading to symptoms that one might call food poisoning. This leads to severe dehydration and malnutrition. Without the water and nutrients the body needs, your body starts to shut down to save the brain, leading to organ failure and potentially death.


Question: How is the wired transmission of data different than the wired transmission of electricity/power in terms of the physical properties of what is actually "sent" down the line?

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 How is the wired transmission of data different than the wired transmission of electricity/power in terms of the physical properties of what is actually "sent" down the line?

Transmitting electricity in order to power homes/devices can be done as either Alternating Current (AC) or Direct Current (DC). DC means the electricity only flows one way. AC means it quickly switches direction, usually 50 or 60 times per second depending on the country. AC is typically used for widescale power distribution because it's more efficient over long distances and when converting to higher or lower voltages. Many home appliances use AC where possible to match this, the less converting you do to electricity, the more efficiently you can use it. Whereas DC is used for modern electronic devices, because many electronic components need a constant direct supply of electricity and are difficult, expensive or impossible to design to support alternating current. Basically, DC is used when the effort of converting AC to DC is less than the effort of using components that support AC. So ignoring AC, let's say we want to compare a wire transmitting 5 Volts of DC power, vs a wire transmitting data at 5 Volts. **In terms of physical properties, there's no difference.** Both are sending electrons down the wire, a material that is good at conducting electricity. What's different is that where the power line is a constant stream of about 5V, the data line will switch between about 5V (high voltage) and about 0V (low voltage). The border where you cross between high and low voltage is determined by the design specifications of the circuit, for various reasons it may not be exactly 0V. Somewhere in the circuit there will be a clock that will tell the data receiving component when to measure the signal on the data line. If the signal is close to 5V, it's a "1". If it's close to 0V, it's a "0". Do this thousands of times a second and you can transmit lots of ones and zeroes, which is computer data. Now you can begin to see one reason why components use DC - if you took a measurement while your 5V AC was switching direction, you might read a low voltage instead.


Question: Why do clouds tend to clump together in the sky, rather than the water vapor just being spread out equally over the air?

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 Why do clouds tend to clump together in the sky, rather than the water vapor just being spread out equally over the air?

Clouds tend to form at the top of updrafts, as the upward-moving air expands and cools, prompting it to dump its water as a mist which forms the clouds. Obviously, the whole sky cannot be one big updraft, as air must also be moving downwards in order to take the place of the air moving upwards. This forms many different cloud shapes, including the traditional convection cell hex grid - if you look carefully you will sometimes be able to make out a hexagonal grid arrangement where clouds are at the center of each hexagon. This is because circular convection cells form and when they come together the circles form a hexagonal grid.


Question: So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

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</answer>
 So how do multiple monitors work on the same computer?

Ok... first off, the computer acts/thinks it’s one screen... even though it’s physically 2 or more screens it acts like it’s one and that’s why you can move your mouse continuously across all screens. In the settings of your computer/laptop you can even tell it how you’ve set up the screens... like next to each other or on top of each other etc and it will act like it’s one big screen in the configuration you set.


Question: How do sleep trackers actually lead to better sleep?

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 How do sleep trackers actually lead to better sleep?

Sleep tracking apps and features don’t help you sleep better because they can’t put you in bed and make you fall asleep, same as they can’t make you get out of bed in time. Those things are on you. But provided you can enact behavior changes like these, even if just slightly, then sleep tracking tech can give you information to help you make better decisions about what to change. For example, a year or so ago I moved to a different place and started sleeping on a different mattress. I slept more or less the same amount of time and at similar times, but with the help of sleep tracking app I could determine my quality of sleep had indeed worsened significantly. So I got a different mattress and saw improvements. When I started sleeping with a partner, I also noticed changes that the app helped solidify. In short: sleep tracking doesn’t solve anything but it helps you solve things.


Question: How did mankind go from bartering goods to the sophisticated system of money and economics that applies today?

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 How did mankind go from bartering goods to the sophisticated system of money and economics that applies today?

Step one: Bartering. I have a sheep, you have an axe. We swap. Problem is, I don't need an axe, I need grain, and the grain farmer doesn't need a sheep, he needs a plow, from the guy down the road who needs an axe, hence why I need your axe. It gets complex fast, very bad system. Step two: We all agree that one neutral object that is in limited supply, but is ideally long-lasting and very easily moveable is a universal trading item - a currency. So we now have gold, for example. I give you my sheep, you give me gold, I take my gold to the grain farmer, who gives me grain for my gold, which he buys his plow with. Much simpler. Step three: After a while, banks are created, people who make it their job to standardise coin sizes so everyone knows exactly what a coin is, and they also loan people money and act as a trustworthy neutral third party to large trades. They also protect my gold when I'm not needing to travel with it. Step four: Taking the gold in and out of the bank is tedious and time consuming, so the bank - an agreed trustworthy entity - writes a document for me that says "You have 500 gold coins in your account, we will give these to whoever holds this document." I trade the document in the next sale, much easier than moving my money around physically, bank just keeps track. Step five: Bank creates many notes each one backed by a small amount of their gold stores. One "dollar" is worth one standard amount of gold, and a note worth one dollar can be exchanged for gold at any time. Paper currency now exists, is very convenient and light and easy to carry and secure. Step six: As countries become solid things with inherent value of their people and great stability, national governments take over currency production. Eventually they stop having notes being worth a piece of gold, but instead worth something more vague... kind of like "a portion of the wealth of the whole country and the work done by all of its' citizens". This is called a fiat currency and allows the value of the unit to fluctuate based on how well the country is doing, rather than be tied down to how much gold is drawn from the ground. The country can now create money whenever it wants to provide currency for its' people - however it cannot make too much because part of its' value comes from being limited. If it's just paper printed forever, it loses its' value and people won't trust in it anymore, so modern economics is a complex balancing act of having enough money available to allow for easy trade, while not flooding too much and dropping the value.


Question: How do new, unpublished writers ensure that their original work is not copied/stolen by the publishing house they give their work to consider?

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 How do new, unpublished writers ensure that their original work is not copied/stolen by the publishing house they give their work to consider?

Copyright protection, unlike patent protection, exists automatically to protect a work. No registration or other action on the part of the author is required. So if a publisher were to steal an author's work, the author would sue the publisher and -- assuming they could prove that they indeed authored the work -- they would win.


Question: How exactly does sound travel through walls?

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 How exactly does sound travel through walls?

Sound is merely pressure waves of molecules bumping into other molecules, transferring energy. When the wave hits a solid object, some of the energy is transferred to the wall, allowing the sound to propagate through it. Then the molecules making up the wall push on the air molecules of the other side, allowing you to hear through the wall. Some energy is lost or reflected in the transitions, thus why the sound is muffled. And some frequencies transition better than others.


Question: Do all sunsets look the same across a country (or large area), or does the color depend on something in the atmosphere/air/etc?

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 Do all sunsets look the same across a country (or large area), or does the color depend on something in the atmosphere/air/etc?

The colour of the sunset is due to sunlight taking longer to travel through the atmosphere, giving more time for the different wavelengths of light to scatter. During midday, light has to travel through less of the atmosphere as it is more or less coming straight down, leaving time for only the shorter wavelengths to scatter, turning the sky its characteristic blue colour. During sunrise and sunset, the longer wavelengths start to be scattered more, and then the sky looks orange-red. I hope this answers your question.


Question: Why are so many sniper rifles still bolt action?

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 Why are so many sniper rifles still bolt action?

I'm surprised no one has pointed out the most important reason yet. When a bullet is loaded from a magazine, either through an automatic or a bolt system, it is pushed up a feeder ramp into the breech. This ramp, and being slammed into the breech, can leave imperfections in the round, or in the brass around it that, to a shooter, make the difference between a kill and a miss. Since critical rounds are hand-loaded and well-checked for imperfections, shooters prefer to place the round by hand into the breech, which is accomplished *much* more easily with an open manual bolt than an automatic bolt. Even bolt-action rifles with magazines are almost always ever loaded with one round at a time for critical shots. Source: Drive an M24 professionally and have never had more than 1 round loaded at a time.


Question: How does Disney's impending acquisition of Fox not violate antitrust laws?

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 How does Disney's impending acquisition of Fox not violate antitrust laws?

Even after the acquisition, they will not control enough of the market to be considered a monopoly. Being a big company is not illegal, nor is buying companies to get bigger. It only becomes problematic when you get _so_ big that you control so much of the market that you can stifle competition. That is particularly difficult to do in the entertainment industry, but even if it were not, Disney/Fox is no where big enough to be concerned about that.


Question: What is Autism, exactly? Do we even know? Or do we just have an approximated working psychiatric category, to treat people? What do we know of the causes, of it, and causes of the effects? Do we really even understand it at all?

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 What is Autism, exactly? Do we even know? Or do we just have an approximated working psychiatric category, to treat people? What do we know of the causes, of it, and causes of the effects? Do we really even understand it at all?

Autism is a difference in brain structure that causes the person to experience the world around them differently to the majority of the population. It's not a disease, you can't catch it from somewhere and it's not caused by vaccines or anything like that. Actually it's not clear what *does* cause it but it seems to run in families. Autism is described as a spectrum which is often confusing for people new to the term. Often people hear "spectrum" and think of colours, that straight line from red to blue but it actually means "a range". It's better to think of autistic traits as a cloud, each droplet floating around freely, sometimes getting close to other droplet A, sometimes droplet B, sometimes both and sometimes neither. There are as dozens of different traits that are often contradictory. There are as many ways to be autistic as there are autistic people. ex;- I'm autistic. I don't like main room lights, they actually hurt my eyes unless they're specifically low wattage. I have my curtains drawn all day and have string lights and other ways to diffuse lights in my apartment. I also leave my bedroom window open all year round because I can't stand being hot, it gets so uncomfortable I can't think and I start to shut down. Summers are really difficult for me. But I also know autistics that can stare at the sun and wrap themselves in multiple thick layers even in July. They're just as autistic and valid as any other autistic, just they express different traits. Autism is not a learning disability or difficulty, nor is it a intellectual impairment, but we do *think differently* which often makes it difficult for us to engage with lessons they way they are taught to non-autistic kids. That's why we have a hard time in school - we get frustrated and overwhelmed and children don't always have constructive ways to express that. Even as adults (yes, autistic kids turn into autistic adults, we don't just grow out of it. We learn to hide it better.) we get overwhelmed. This ability to come at an idea from a difference direction is one of our greatest strengths. A lot of famous creative thinkers in history are thought to be autistic including Mozart and (my favourite) Tesla. I hope this wall of text helps and feel free to hit me up if you have any more questions :)


Question: Why does the second derivative test tell us if a certain x-value is a max or a min?

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 Why does the second derivative test tell us if a certain x-value is a max or a min?

The first derivative indicates the change in the function - positive derivative means the function is rising, negative means it is falling. The second derivative indicates the change in the first derivative - positive 2nd derivative means that the 1st derivative is rising, etc. If we have a local extremum, we want to know whether the function changes from rising to falling (indicating this is a local max) or from falling to rising (indicating this is a local min). "Rising to falling" means that the 1st derivative has changed from positive to negative, which means that the 1st derivative is also falling, meaning that the 2nd derivative is negative. Therefore is the 2nd derivative is negative, the point is a local max. Similarly, if the 2nd derivative is positive, this means that the 1st derivative is rising, meaning that it has changed from negative to positive, so the function changes from falling to rising, ergo so the point is a local min.


Question: Why is fried chicken, watermelon and kool-Aid a black stereotype?

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 Why is fried chicken, watermelon and kool-Aid a black stereotype?

Watermelon: pragmatism meets racism. Watermelon started out life as a way to store water. We bred it to be sweet and artificially expanded the amount of placenta (the red) and bred out the bitterness. It was originally utilitarian good serving a utilitarian purpose. Many plantation owners would allow slaves to grow their own watermelons for their use and sale. It was a convent way to have refreshments without resources. Some slaves were allowed to generate income and resources for themselves on off hours. watermelons were popular due to low resource needs and sale price. Remember this is in the era before sugar was cheap so sweet things were quite a bit rarer. Why did the owners allow it? several reasons. The less you have to invest in your assets the more profit you make. Another granting small freedoms allows for a better means of control - false hope is a bitch there were others and it varied but those were the big 2. Now what about racism. Newspapers spread the popular image and it stuck. In 1869, *Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper* published a famous caricature of blacks reveling in eating watermelon, this is thought to be the first, and that became the popular perception. It mingled with other racist stereotypes over the years. Fried chicken and koolaid? not a clue.


Question: Why metal hydrogen is so special & hard to make?

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 Why metal hydrogen is so special & hard to make?

Under extremely high temperatures and pressures, hydrogen atoms are forced into a dense state that behaves like a metal. A large volume of metallic hydrogen is believed to exist inside Jupiter, and is responsible for that planet’s intensely powerful magnetic field. It’s hard to make because the inside of Jupiter is 10,000C and has the weight of a hundred Earths pressing down on it. These conditions are understandably difficult to replicate anywhere else - what sort of lab equipment can hold up to one of the most extreme environments in the universe?


Question: What causes turbulence and why isn´t it a big deal when clearly seems like the plane is about to crash?

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 What causes turbulence and why isn´t it a big deal when clearly seems like the plane is about to crash?

Turbulence is a fancy word for vertical wind streams. Airplanes are built to withstand such streams, the pilots can see them coming and they can simply reduce the speed of the aircraft in order to keep them from damaging its structure. The risks of a turbulence-caused crash are infinitesimal, but it can feel really scary exactly because of the vertical displacement in the air. That said, turbulences can be risky for people who are not attached to their seats. Wear seatbelts at all times folks!


Question: Why do humans bare teeth to show happiness when most mammals do it to show aggression?

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 Why do humans bare teeth to show happiness when most mammals do it to show aggression?

A smile doesn't just mean happiness. It's a social queue that can show many things including being nervous. Also, other apes use smiling in a similar way, such as chimps. So, like many human traits, they were adopted from previous ancestral behaviors (like "smiling" to show your teeth as a sign of aggression) to become much more social. Showing your teeth as a sign of aggression simply became *look, even though we're friendly right now, I'm still an apex predator, look! I even have these pearly whites that are for tearing up flesh hahaha we're so friendly right? Right? Now let's go work together and get some food. But remember... I can be aggressive if I want to so don't overstep my boundaries hahaha*


Question: How is the mass of an atom measured?

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 How is the mass of an atom measured?

One easy one: Give it a known charge, and yeet it in the presence of a magnetic field. Since charge is quantized, which is to say that you can never add or remove half of an electron, you know *exactly* what charge the atom has. Heavier things will curve less, and if you are very precise in your yeeting, the radius of curvature give you a near-perfect way of calculating the mass of the atom. To clarify: "yeet" is a pop slang term for launching something. It is *not* scientific jargon.


Question: Why is "suction" not considered real in science terms?

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 Why is "suction" not considered real in science terms?

The only (noticeable) forces that pull are magnetism and gravity. What people call "suction" is the pressure of something trying to rush into somewhere where there's less pressure. It's a pushing force. We don't notice it but the atmosphere around us (and our body) are at a set pushing pressure all the time (called "1 atmosphere" for most places). We're so used to it we don't notice it. So when there's somewhere that has less than 1 atmosphere of pushing (like the inside of a vacuum cleaner) the air nearby tries to push itself in and it looks to us like a "suck" but it's just the air pushing itself into the place of low pressure. To make it more confusing, if you stick your hand over the end, you'll feel your skin being "pulled" in to the vacuum cleaner. But again! nothing is actually pulling, it's the normal pressure _in your body_ trying to move into a place where there's less pressure, so part of your flesh and blood is forced by the pressure in your body to protrude a bit more into the vacuum tube until the tension of your skin won't let it go any further. Similar thing happening when you "suck" on a straw. There is no pulling involved. Your lungs push out which makes the air in your lungs and mouth push out at less than "1 atmosphere" of pushing, this makes the air in the straw push out less too. This means the atmosphere pushing down on the surface of the drink is now pushing more than the air in the straw and the result is that the drink is pushed into the straw! Super counter-intuitive!


Question: what are and what causes those colors and patterns you see when you close your eyes or when you are in complete darkness?

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</answer>
 what are and what causes those colors and patterns you see when you close your eyes or when you are in complete darkness?

Phosphenes is the term. It is caused by mechanical stimulations like rubbing or touching your eyes while closed. The patterns are pretty much the response of the brain when your eye sense something other than light. It seems that when you touch(pressure) your closed eyes, it activates the retinal cells in a similar way as light does. And that reaction will eventually reach your brain and it makes images based on that reaction. If you didn't touch your eyes and a pattern still develops, what you see is a CEV or hallucination, a type of phosphenes. It might also resemble fractals.


Question: what could a criminal ACTUALLY do if they had your social security number?

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 what could a criminal ACTUALLY do if they had your social security number?

It depends a lot on where you are. In the US, quite a lot. In the rest of the world, not much at all. In, for example. Sweden, it's just a (mostly) unique way of identifying an individual. It's not in itself an identification that YOU are that individual, though. Think of it as a unique name. It's used for stuff like membership numbers and other non-secure applications. It's no more risky than if people knows your name, even if you have a unique name. At most, someone could buy tools using my number, paying with their own money and I rack up bonus points for it... The reason I said "mostly" is that in Sweden, for historical reasons, before computer networks, there are some duplicates (15 000, iirc). No more duplicates are handed out, though, so, over time, the problem will be resolved. If you need to identify yourself, you need your driver's license, passport or ID card.


Question: How it snows on Mount Everest if it's above the clouds?

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 How it snows on Mount Everest if it's above the clouds?

Everest is above some of the clouds, but there are still other clouds above the peak of Everest that allow for snowfall. That being said, there actually isn’t much snow at the peak compared to other parts of the mountain (Google a picture!). This is because there is less snowfall overall, and because it’s so high up that intense winds blow if off.


Question: How do people actually survive falls from incredible distances? IE - say your 'chute doesn't open?

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 How do people actually survive falls from incredible distances? IE - say your 'chute doesn't open?

On the rare occasion that they do, it tends to be due to something relatively gentle (not that many things are, at terminal velocity) breaks their fall before the ground does. Examples might include extreme amounts of snow or dense tree branches. So your deceleration is spread out over a great many feet, instead of all at one sharp liquid-y splatter. That being said, I stress 'relatively' gentle. It's still going to beat the crap out of you unless you are astoundingly fortunate.


Question: How to stock brokers/people that manage investments know what to invest in/know what would be a good investment?

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 How to stock brokers/people that manage investments know what to invest in/know what would be a good investment?

Shory answer: They almost never do. Long answer: Good investors (stock brokers et al) have a history of choosing stocks that, on average, beat the market, but that's all. They use formulas for deciding what stocks to buy, usually consisting of the history of the stock and the current state of it (how much they estimate the company is worth vs. the current price of the stock). For this second part, they usually consider things like how competent they think the CEO is, any new products or technologies the company has or will come out with, and how well they think the company will sell in the next x number of months, based on global markets and the company's known competitors. Note that when the answers to questions of future success are known, that has almost always been built into the price of the stock. Also note that it's incredibly hard to "beat the market" (ie earn money with stocks at a faster rate than the average growth of all the stocks in the market) and anyone who says they definitely can is lying to you.


Question: Why do we feel itchy?

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 Why do we feel itchy?

Itching can let us know that some small creature, like an insect is on our skin. These could be parasites or cause disease, or even death. Our ancestors who were able to detect them and remove them from their skin stood at least a slightly better chance at survival than their non-itchy relatives.


Question: Why doesn’t blood rush to our feet?

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 Why doesn’t blood rush to our feet?

Because you evolved to stand upright. Your body has one way valves in the legs, and utilizes the muscular activity of your legs, to push blood back upwards and prevent it from flowing against the normal direction. We didn't evolve standing on our heads, so there's no need for a corresponding upside down system, as we're rarely oriented that way for long.


Question: Why do carbonated drinks get/feel frothier when you swish them around in your mouth?

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 Why do carbonated drinks get/feel frothier when you swish them around in your mouth?

Carbonated drinks have a gas called carbon dioxide dissolved in them. They are bottled at high pressure so that the carbon dioxide is forced into the drink. When you first open the bottle, the pressure is relieve so a lot of the carbon dioxide leaves right away. There is still some left in the beverage though. Then as you drink it, carbon dioxide continues to leave. You can feel the bubbles. But all the gas doesn't leave at once. There is still some in there. If you swallow it, it often causes you to burp it out. If you swish it around in your mouth, the movement causes more bubbles to come out than before, resulting in a more frothy texture.


Question: How does writing code for mRNA actually work? What is the actual tangible printed product of that code? And how does it get printed?

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 How does writing code for mRNA actually work? What is the actual tangible printed product of that code? And how does it get printed?

The "code" of mRNA are nitrogen-bases, which are molecules. mRNA is a a large molecule that's basically a line of nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil (thymine in DNA molecules). Also known as A, C, G, and U. If you were to synthetically make mRNA, the final product would be an arrangement of these molecules. Due to the way these molecules are shaped, A always pairs with U (or T), and C always pairs with G. Because of this, the nitrogen bases act as a "code" that contains the information for creating proteins. Proteins are made up long complicated chains of amino acids, of which there are 20 different kinds. Depending on the specific arrangement of amino acids, proteins do vastly different things. mRNA creates proteins by providing attachment points for the amino acids. The amino acids get lined up on the mRNA where they can bind together to make full proteins. A set of 3 nitrogen bases corresponds to a specific amino acid. In this way, the mRNA "encodes" the information for making specific proteins.


Question: Why is in English a thousand millions considered a billion, but in other languages a billion is a million millions?

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 Why is in English a thousand millions considered a billion, but in other languages a billion is a million millions?

There's a pretty good video by Numberphile [here]( URL_0 ). The short version is that there are two naming schemes, the *short system* and the *long system*. The short system uses powers of 1,000 for the naming conventions--1,000^0 is one, 1,000^2 is a million, 1,000^3 is a billion, 1,000^4 is a trillion, and so one. This is a bit funny, because even though the bi in billion indicates two, the actual value is represented by cubing the base. There really is no logic here, it's just semantics. The long system is based on a million. In this case, 1,000,000^0 is one, 1,000,000^2 is a billion (a *bi*-million), and 1,000,000^3 is a trillion. In this manner, a billion in the long system is actually equivalent to a trillion in our system. The astute observer will notice this means *all numbers after a million are controversial* as only a million is equivalent in both systems. In the long system, our *billion* (1,000,000,000) is actually called a milliard where milli = 1,000 (and so a thousand millions equals *1,000*,000,000). There's also a billiard, a trilliard, etc. AFAIK, the UK is adopting the short system but was previously on the long system.


Question: Why did switching back and forth between channels help make that one naughty channel come in clearer as a kid?

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 Why did switching back and forth between channels help make that one naughty channel come in clearer as a kid?

Because on old cable devices when you changed to a pornography channel It would take it a second to check and see if you were a paid subscriber. In that time while the machine was checking for verification the channel would come in clear but then scramble once they found out that you were not a paid subscriber. If you went back and forth you could get a couple minutes of clear picture out of every hour of channel changing. In a world before the internet, for some people, this was worth the time.


Question: Wouldn't companies like Costco (who I've been told make only about 3% profit) be better off if they put all their money in an S & P Index fund (which average around 10% returns)?

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 Wouldn't companies like Costco (who I've been told make only about 3% profit) be better off if they put all their money in an S & P Index fund (which average around 10% returns)?

Probably not. Low profit margin companies rely a lot on rapid turnover to make money. Lets say I start with $100, I buy some stuff and sell it for $103 dollars. Then I buy $103 worth of stuff and sell it for $106.10. Then I buy $106.10 worth of stuff and sell it for $109.30. And so on... If I do one of these transactions a month then at the end of the year my income statement will look something like this (slightly rounded): Total sales: $1462 Total expenses: $1420 Total profit: $42 Profit margin: 3% But despite having a profit margin of only 3% I made $42 with only $100 in starting money, which is way more money than that $100 would have returned in a 10% index fund.


Question: How do waterfalls seem to constantly flow almost indefinitely? Why would the source of that water not "drain out" even after a year, 10 years, a hundred years or more?

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 How do waterfalls seem to constantly flow almost indefinitely? Why would the source of that water not "drain out" even after a year, 10 years, a hundred years or more?

Rain. Basically, the sources of those waterfalls, generally lakes and rivers in higher altitudes, get lots of rain that refreshes the supply of water, and thus the waterfalls continue forever. If there was a drought, and it stopped raining up on the tops of the mountains where those rivers and lakes were, then the waterfalls would eventually dry out.


Question: What Is A Leveraged ETF And What Makes It More Risky?

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 What Is A Leveraged ETF And What Makes It More Risky?

Through various means, they’re not investing in stocks directly but rather option spreads and other instruments that “leverage” the investment to return 2x or 3x the market return. If the market goes up, that’s fantastic. If it goes down, you get obliterated. If it goes sideways, you get eaten up by the cost of leveraging - options aren’t free. Since there’s a risk of absolute devastation when the market tanks and a slow-burn in flat markets, they’re considered extremely risky investments.