Question: How do additive alphabetic numeral systems express decimals or numbers several orders of magnitude larger than their largest numeral? Or are they necessarily limited compared to positional numeral systems?

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 How do additive alphabetic numeral systems express decimals or numbers several orders of magnitude larger than their largest numeral? Or are they necessarily limited compared to positional numeral systems?

I believe I've seen some examples of using multiplication to describe large numbers, like "their army numbered one thousand thousands" and such. Decimals by definition require a numbering system like ours, but if in general you mean tiny fractions, I have seen expressions like "the hundredth part" or "like one drop in the ocean".


Question: How were mathematicians able to calculate pi without accurate measurements?

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 How were mathematicians able to calculate pi without accurate measurements?

Before calculus, you computed the perimeter of a polygon inside a circle, then the perimeter of one outside a circle, [like this]( URL_0 ), and took their average. The more sides the polygon has, the better the approximation. After calculus, they discovered infinite series that added up to pi, like: 4 - 4/3 + 4/5 - 4/7 + 4/9... Computing more accurate versions of pi was just a matter of how many terms you wanted to use.


Question: when doing cardio-like exercises, why is a lower heart rate suggested in order to be in the fat-burning ‘zone’ and a higher heart rate ‘cardio’?

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 when doing cardio-like exercises, why is a lower heart rate suggested in order to be in the fat-burning ‘zone’ and a higher heart rate ‘cardio’?

Exercise Physiologist here: I'll try to make exercise metabolism as simple as I can. What is burned by the body and the active muscles, primarily fat and carbohydrates, is dependent on intensity of activity. As for heart rate, it is measure of intensity (lower heart rate, lower intensity; higher heart rate, higher intensity). It is also important to mention that as we discuss this, we are talking about the muscles involved in activity, muscles that are not involved can be using energy differently. What is burned by the muscle depends on the intensity of activity (again, heart rate is a measure of it). Why is intensity important to what is burned (more fat vs more carbohydrate), the amount of oxygen that can be supplied to the exercising muscles. Fat requires a fair amount of oxygen to be turned into energy for exercise, carbohydrate can be broken down with and without a lot of oxygen. When we are exercising at lower heart rates (lower intensity), we are able to supply plenty of oxygen to turn fat into energy. As heart rate goes up (increased intensity), we are able to provide less oxygen to convert fat to energy, and we shift over to more carbohydrates. As intensity continues to climb, we are less and less able to supply oxygen to convert fat into energy, and the muscles become more and more dependent on carbohydrates. So, at lower heart rates/intensity we are able to supply enough oxygen to burn fat. At higher heart rates/intensity, we are less able to provide oxygen to burn fat and shift to a higher and higher percent of carbohydrates because they don't require as much oxygen.


Question: Why do the drawstrings on sweaters and hoodies always try to come out of the hoods when they are run through a washer and dryer?

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 Why do the drawstrings on sweaters and hoodies always try to come out of the hoods when they are run through a washer and dryer?

My guess is that one of the drawstring ends can easily get snagged by other garments or other parts of the hoodie, then as the washer or dryer turns the clothes are tossled and the string is pulled. Imagine the drawstring end getting sandwiched in some jeans then as the washer spins the jeans move away from the hoodie and the string pulls away with it. Side note: As an infrequent redditor, why does my view (using "reddit is fun" app) say 2 comments but show no comments?


Question: What happens when we generate more electricity than the grid is using?

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 What happens when we generate more electricity than the grid is using?

When too much electricity is being produced one of the first things done is reducing the amount of electricity used by scaling back "quick reacting" plants. Imagine angling the blades of a windmill so they aren't catching the wind anymore and supply is reduced. There aren't traditional batteries big enough to hold the amount of electricity produced by power plants. However, "non-traditional" batteries can be used. Some power plants have experimented with using excess power produced to pump water uphill or into a dam, where electricity would be "stored" as potential energy. When the energy is needed again the water is allowed to run back down the hill or out of a dam to power a turbine.


Question: How do babies make decisions? Are they "consciously" aware?

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 How do babies make decisions? Are they "consciously" aware?

Between 15 and 24 months a baby experiences self awareness. They make decisions all the time, based on their sensory inputs, but self awareness isn't needed for that. When they are self aware, they can tell that the baby they see in a mirror is not just any old baby, but it is actually themselves.


Question: Why do people say "Jinx!" after two people say something the same?

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 Why do people say "Jinx!" after two people say something the same?

It’s a game. If you say the same thing and the other person calls out “jinx” before you do, you aren’t supposed to talk until someone says your name. There’s usually a penalty for talking - when I was a kid you had to buy a Coke for the other person.


Question: Why do we need the Moon?

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 Why do we need the Moon?

The moon stabilizes Earth's axis so that it doesn't wobble too much. It essentially acts as a weight, pulling on the Earth and keeping it on a fairly uniform rotation. This means that we have regular and consistent seasons and temperatures, which allow for agriculture, modern civilization, and all that fun stuff. Possibly even life itself because it's kind of hard to grow in a region when you can't predict what environment you'll be in within a year.


Question: What caused hyperinflation in Venezuela? What motivates its leader to create new currency?

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 What caused hyperinflation in Venezuela? What motivates its leader to create new currency?

To begin with, the overwhelming majority of Venezuela's population has historically been employed either directly by the government, or by PDVSA - which is the government owned oil company. In 2007 the country began to experience shortages for the first time. To "offset" these shortages, the government began a series of massive wage hikes for its workers, as well as all minimum wage workers in the country. To pay for the wage increases for government and PDVSA employees the government simply printed more money. Money printing causes an increase in inflation, and the massive amount of money that the government needed to print to fund its wage increase led to a massive amount of inflation. This inflation defeated the purpose of the wage hikes - which was to make people feel "richer" in the face of shortages. As the shortages worsened, the government increased the size of its wage hikes - all funded by money printing - which led to even higher inflation. Eventually inflation became so severe that people no longer waited for a wage hike to increase prices. They simply assumed that the government would be printing another huge batch of money in the near future, and began raising prices in anticipation of that. Once people begin preemptively increasing prices like that you enter into what is called hyperinflation. Once a country enters into hyperinflation, inflation stops following money printing. Rather, inflation happens *regardless of whether the government continues to print money.* If the government stops printing money then prices will continue to rise, leading to a situation in which no one can afford food - despite the fact that there is enough food to go around - and mass starvation would set in. This is the situation that Venezuela now finds itself in. The government has to print an ever increasing amount of money to prevent the country's economy from shutting down. ________________________ The new currency thing is a completely different topic. The reason that Venezuela is currently experiencing shortages is because the only thing that it produces domestically is oil, and it doesn't produce enough to buy enough consumer goods for everyone in the country. It might be hard to imagine but oil is quite literally the only thing that Venezuela produces. It doesn't produce any food, minerals, or anything else that it can export. The only thing the country produces is oil and *everything else that the country needs has to be imported using the money the country gets from selling its oil - which it simply does not produce very much of relative to what it needs to sustain itself.* Venezuela's new currency, the "Petro" isn't really a currency. Although Venezuela is trying to bill the Petro as being a currency, it functions in the exact same manner as a foreign loan. All Petros started out owned by the Venezuelan government. The government tried to sell these to foreigners in exchange for foreign currency, such as dollars. Those foreigners could then sell it back to the Venezuelan government for foreign currency in the future. The price that the government would pay to buy back Petro is theoretically matched to the price of oil. So if the price of oil goes up, then investors would be able to sell Petro back to the Venezeulan government for a profit. Or this is the idea behind the Petro anyways. What's really going on with the Petro is that the Venezuelan government needs foreign currency to be able to afford food and consumer goods imports to help alleviate shortages in the country. But a combination of US sanctions and the Venezuelan government's poor financial situation mean that it can't obtain the currency that it needs from foreign loans anymore. So the Petro was their solution to that - the government appears to have hoped that some rich foreigner would be dumb enough to actually buy Petros, but as of right now no one has.


Question: Why can't we describe colors like anything else?

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 Why can't we describe colors like anything else?

You've run into one of the main features of [qualia]( URL_0 ). Qualia are our direct experiences. They're not "the thing being experienced", but are instead "the experience itself". There's a pretty good quote from that Wikipedia article: > [Qualia are the] 'what it is like' character of mental states. The way it feels to have mental states such as pain, seeing red, smelling a rose, etc. One of the main feature of qualia is that they're "ineffable" (i.e. cannot be fully described in words).


Question: How does music have a big impact on how someone feels while they listen to it?

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 How does music have a big impact on how someone feels while they listen to it?

This is a deceptively large question as there are tons of neurological, cultural, and personal aspects that contribute to it and it's still not a completely answered question. Neurologically, lots of things happen when we listen to music. Some frequencies fall within the range of human speech and our brains tend to pay closer attention to those. Discordant tones (like tritones) resemble animal distress sounds, so those can make one feel anxious. Also, tempo can even alter our internal.perceptions of time! The same music can be interpreted in vastly different ways by different cultures as well as there being some "universal" interpretations. For example, here's one study of the Mafa people of northern Camaroon being exposed to western music. Despite there being large differences in structure, some motifs seem to evoke the same or similar iconic meanings. URL_0 Lastly, there's the personal. Music tends to be a great mnemonic device so listening to a certain song can definitely evoke memories of times, places, and emotional states. So, yeah...music is awesome and affects us in a ton of ways. For kicks, check out these scenes from Jurrasic Park without music - just a completely different effect and shows how much even background music can affect our perception of things. URL_1


Question: How did they measure the speed of light?

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 How did they measure the speed of light?

People have wondered about the speed of light for a long, long time. As you can imagine however, the for the longest time there wasn't any real way to get a good measure of it just because it is too damn high compared to speeds we are used to here on earth. And so for the longest time it was thought to be infinite (when it was ever thought about at all). We could easily tell that sound and light traveled at different speeds, but it seemed like no matter how we checked, light was reaching human eyes instantly regardless of distance. One of the most famous (apocryphal) experiments done to test for it was done by good old Galileo Galilei. He said he set up lanterns on hills a mile away from each other and tried to see if he could detect a delay between when they were lit and when you could see them. Light is far too fast for human reaction times at that distance though, and so he wasn't able to prove anything either way. The first person to actually measure it was good old Ole Römer, a Danish astronomer in the 17th century. He was studying Jupiter's moons and noticed that his calculations on when and where to spot Io being eclipsed by the planet were routinely and periodically off by a few minutes. He was able to do the math to predict these delays, and was able to (correctly) deduce that the reason for the delays was that the sunlight that was reflecting off of Io wasn't instantaneous. It took time to leave the sun, reach the moon, and bounce back to Earth for observation. Using some geometry and best guesses at the time about the orbital distances of Earth and Jupiter, he ended up calculating that the speed of light was ~125,000 MPS. This figure is off by a bit (It's really ~186K miles per second, Römer's calculation on how long it took light to cross the diameter of the earth was off) but was actually remarkably close all things considered. In fact, when you correct for his single major error it's almost perfect! And this was in 1676! The next major change to our knowledge of the speed of light came from an English astronomer named James Bradley in 1728. The "apple falling on Newton" mythos around this one is that Bradley was sailing on the Thames one day when he observed how the pennant on the boat shifted positions as the boat moved about even though the wind was steadily coming from a single direction. How you move in relation to the wind changes what you see, and this can also be applied to light, not just wind. The earth orbits the sun in a circle, but light from stars is always coming from the same spot. As a result, the apparent position of the stars in the sky will move around as we orbit, with that movement correlating with the speed of the earth's orbiting compared to the speed of light. This amount is TINY of course, but it's absolutely measurable (and is about 20 arc seconds). This is known as the aberration of light. Bradley was able to calculate the speed of light with his measurements to around ~1% of the actual currently accepted value of C. There have actually been quite a few additional refinements since then, and perhaps a startling number of ways that people have designed experiments to test for the value of C. It's fascinating how resourceful people can be when it comes to discovering ways to measure something like that. Interestingly enough, in 1983 we ended up defining the SI unit "Meter" in relationship to C, specifically "the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299792458 of a second." What makes this kind of neat is that it means C is now ALWAYS 299,792,458 meters per second, even if the accuracy of our measurements of it become more accurate over time. What changes is actually our understanding of the meter, meaning as we get more accurate instruments or experiments for measuring C, we actually change the subjective length of the universe instead of the speed of light!


Question: What is the difference between fiberglass and glass fiber? Are they still dangerous to the lungs?

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 What is the difference between fiberglass and glass fiber? Are they still dangerous to the lungs?

Fiberglass generally refers to glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, while glass fiber refers to the fibers themselves (but also occasionally things made out of these fibers, including fiberglass). Both have the potential to harm the lungs if turned into a dust, but they are less damaging than asbestos (which is what I think you're comparing them to), and more importantly they are *much harder to turn into a dust* than asbestos.


Question: Why when you learn a new word you suddenly see it used all the time?

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 Why when you learn a new word you suddenly see it used all the time?

It's called the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon. It happens with band-names, artists and types of food too. Our attention is quite selective and we tend to subconsciously ignore things we don't understand. After we learn it we have confirmation bias where it seems that something we've just learned about is all of a sudden quite common. Sometimes it is but more often it's just that we previously weren't paying attention. There's more about it [here]( URL_0 )


Question: What is the difference between a compound and a mixed substance?

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 What is the difference between a compound and a mixed substance?

Imagine you have a bucket of lego bricks. Half of them are red and half are white. If you just gently stir the bucket, you have a mixture of separate pieces. If you go through and stick a red piece on every white piece, so they're all in pairs, you have a compound.


Question: Why do paintings get so much more colour and contrast in them after varnishing?

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</answer>
 Why do paintings get so much more colour and contrast in them after varnishing?

I don't think the answer about varnish absorbing blue light is correct. It might be, but I doubt the absorbance of varnish is high enough to have a material impact on what you see. It is more to do with scattering. If you have a rough surface the light that hits it will be scattered, meaning that less light hits your eye and it isn't as bight. Think a frosted glass pane vs a normal one. When you varnish it, the varnish flows into the roughness and levels it out. Less light is scattered and so it looks brighter. The same thing happens if frosted glass gets wet - it becomes clear. Source: part of my PhD is working with rough surfaces and colour.


Question: Why do small fish swim under or by the fins of sharks and whales? Are they trying to hide?

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 Why do small fish swim under or by the fins of sharks and whales? Are they trying to hide?

They are being scavengers. They are following alongside the shark and stealing shreds of food from a shark's meal. The shark will occasionally snack on one of the fish, but enough survive leeching off it's leftovers to successfully live and breed. There are a few species of cleaner fish that go over a fishes' body and pick parasites and other irritants on them. The larger fish get cleaned and massaged, the cleaner fish get fed.


Question: If sand is just different kinds of heavily broken down rocks, then why does sand turn into glass when melted and cooled instead of volcanic rock?

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 If sand is just different kinds of heavily broken down rocks, then why does sand turn into glass when melted and cooled instead of volcanic rock?

There are different kinds of rocks. Glass just happens to be a very pure form of one kind of rock. In order to turn sand into glass, you melt the sand, and then you have to first separate it from stuff you don't actually want in your glass. One of many reasons why re-using old glass is much less expensive than melting sand


Question: What exactly were people afraid was going to happen during Y2K?

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 What exactly were people afraid was going to happen during Y2K?

It used to be common practice for developers to only assign 2-digits to represent a year, so 1988 would be stored 88. This was done to save memory, because memory used to be very expensive and saving a couple of digits here and there would make a big difference. The problem is the 19' part of the date was assumed, so when the year 2000 rolled up computers might think that the date was Jan 1, 1900. For example this could cause things like banking software to malfunction and process payrolls, interest, and loans incorrectly and could throw much of the financial industry into chaos. Ultimately the media blew the issue out way of proportion. Sensationalizing what could go wrong and effectively preaching doomsday prophesies. While it was in fact a big problem, developers had been aware of this problem for well over a decade and in a lot of cases had already fixed it. Where the problem lay was in older systems that companies had refused to update or replace. While some companies did have to spend a lot of money and resources to solve the problem, In some ways Y2K became little more than a marketing ploy to force companies to replace obsolete equipment. When the day came, there were a few issues here and there but generally speaking Jan 1, 2000 nothing bad happened. My old boss was working for an insurance company at the time and she got to spend New Years Eve on 2000 sitting in the server room with her staff with a bunch of take-out Chinese Food just in case something broke... it didn't. The IT staff and developers had complete confidence in the changes, but management fueled by the media didn't. My favorite story of Y2K was at midnight of Jan 1, 2000 I was watching TV and the Space Channel in Canada started a fake news broadcast claiming the world was ending, power was shutting down, the stock market was crashing, etc. They even had a guy walking in the background on fire. Obviously it was a joke, and it was pretty damn funny. The ended it with the text "In the spirit of HJ Wells War of the Worlds" a nod to when a broadcast of a reading of the novel on the radio caused a panic when people thought an alien invasion was happening for real...


Question: What happens when you don't safely eject your USB?

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 What happens when you don't safely eject your USB?

Data that was being accessed could be corrupted or deleted, making it unreadable for future use. When you "safely eject" the device, you're basically letting the computer stop all processes and make sure nothing is being accessed before you disconnect the device. If you just pull it, you have no idea if the data was being used or not.


Question: How long can a glass of clean tap water stand and remain clean/safe?

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 How long can a glass of clean tap water stand and remain clean/safe?

The chlorine in tap water should keep bacterial growth at bay for about 2 days. After that, you run the risk of bacterial growth. There will also be marked pH differences that will make the water taste funny, thanks to absorption of carbon dioxide by the standing water. In short, dump put that water and wash the cup. It's no good. And if you want to store water for later consumption, buy bottles.


Question: Can a material only be scratched by a harder material?

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 Can a material only be scratched by a harder material?

Your Father is correct. Things can only be scratched by things of equal or higher 'hardness'. The axe you use does get dull for several reasons. Firstly the thin edge does get bend and mushed out of shape by the impact of the axe's weight. Then for moments there is a really high friction that heats things up. And then even in wood there are minerals that can act abbrasive to metal. Just cause you cannot scratch a diamond with a metal hammer doesn't mean you cannot smash it to dust with the weight of a metal hammer.


Question: How come there isn't an imaginary system for dividing a number by 0, while there is one for taking the square root of a negative number?

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 How come there isn't an imaginary system for dividing a number by 0, while there is one for taking the square root of a negative number?

So, it boils down to one thing: Allowing division by zero completely and utterly breaks mathematics. Literally 2=4 now and 21334124234 = 9.45412231. Every number is equal to every other number and you just can't get anything useful done. But imaginary numbers (which by the way is a terrible name it's not more "imaginary" than any other number) don't do that at all. They are formalized and it doesn't break math at all.


Question: what makes a Hydrogen more acidic in a compound than other H atoms?

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 what makes a Hydrogen more acidic in a compound than other H atoms?

It's because of how acidity is measured, by pH. pH is -log(concentration of H+ ions). Namely, the more H+ ions (essentially free protons) you have, the more acidic the solution. If you have hydrogen gas (H2) dissolved in solution, if it breaks up into atomic hydrogen H the H will have no charge. On the other hand, if the hydrogen is in a compound and attached to something enecronegative, like an oxygen or a nitrogen, when it detaches, the electron will remain around the electronegative atom and you will get a free H+. If the hydrogen is attached to something less electronegative, eg. carbon, than the covalent bond will typically be stronger and fewer hydrogens will detach. So in the end, its determined by the strength of the bond keeping the hydrogen attached.


Question: Why does traffic come to a standstill on the highway?

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 Why does traffic come to a standstill on the highway?

When one person brakes, it causes a cascade of people behind that person to brake as well. When one car moves, the car behind it doesn't immediately start moving simultaneously, there is always a lag time. So when there are tons of cars on the road, and one person makes a shitty lane change, or a bunch of cars are trying to get on to the freeway at a busy onramp, it causes a few people to start braking and everyone behind them is forced to brake. Then, it takes a while for traffic to start moving again because you have to wait for the guy in front of you to start moving before you can start moving. Traffic is exacerbated because people brake a lot when they don't really need to.


Question: How does the sun or light bleach the color out of colorful objects?

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 How does the sun or light bleach the color out of colorful objects?

If you throw a blueberry at a window, it will bounce off. If you throw a rock at the window, the rock won't bounce and also the window will break. All of the pieces of the window are still there in a pile on the floor, but it's definitely not "a window" anymore. The same happens to colorful objects, but the blueberry is regular light and the rock is UV. The UV breaks the molecules that gave the object its color. Now those molecules are in a pile on the floor.


Question: What is the "moving sofa Problem" and how is it not solved yet ?

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 What is the "moving sofa Problem" and how is it not solved yet ?

It's basically "What shape of sofa is the biggest while still fitting around a corner?". The answer is ["kind of like a telephone handset"]( URL_0 ). Several different methods have converged on that solution, so that's most likely the biggest shape that will fit around a corner; but they haven't found a way to *prove* that no bigger shape exists. So it's solved, but not proven.


Question: How does country debt work? Like how would the US pay the money back?

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 How does country debt work? Like how would the US pay the money back?

Modern monetary theory is basically predicated on the fact debt on national levels will never be repaid. In fact, debt must be continuously created just to sustain the current economic system in its entirety. To make this work, central bankers balance interest rates (the cost to borrow money) against inflation (the loss in purchasing power) to basically "eat away" the debt over time; making it "less valuable" as time decays. The unfortunate side-effect is that our buying power is also diminished as a result, which increases wealth inequality, because poor people have fewer capital assets.


Question: How do phone calls work?

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 How do phone calls work?

To break it down at a general level: 1. Your voice makes the air vibrate. 2. The air makes a microphone vibrate. 3. The microphone turns the vibrations into electrical “vibrations”. 4. The phone interprets the electrical signal digitally. At this point, it’s sort of like an MP3 file. 5. The digital audio gets sent to the other phone. 6. The other phone plays it back just like a music file (and it’s almost exactly the inverse of steps 1-4!)


Question: What is a step, 1/2 step 1/4 step 1/6 step etc, in music, relating to rhythm/time signatures?

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 What is a step, 1/2 step 1/4 step 1/6 step etc, in music, relating to rhythm/time signatures?

I think step is the wrong word for your question. Steps usually refer to changing pitches. For rhythm, we're looking at notes and rests. & #x200B; looking at 4/4 time which is by far the most common. 4/4 means there are 4 beats per measure, and the quarter note = 1 beat. So 4 quarter notes = 1 full measure. I like [this image as a demonstration.]( URL_0 ) Each line of this pyramid is equal to 4 beats total, which is equal to 1 measure in 4/4 time. & #x200B; Twinkle twinkle is a good song to test this out on. the first line is two measures long. each syllable gets 1 beat (or one quarter note) {measure} **word** (note length) & #x200B; { **Twink** (1/4) **Kle** (1/4) **Twink**(1/4) **Kle**(1/4)} ***1/4 +1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1 full measure*** {**Lit**(1/4) **Tle** (1/4) **Star**(1/2)} ***1/4 + 1/4 + 1/2 = 1 full measure*** & #x200B; So the type of note - regardless of pitch - tells you how long to hold it, or put another way, how much of the measure the note equals.


Question: if force = mass times acceleration, does that mean when something is moving at constant speed, there is no force?

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 if force = mass times acceleration, does that mean when something is moving at constant speed, there is no force?

It means there's no *net* force, yes. In our everyday experience, that usually means that whatever force would act to slow it down is balanced by whatever force is keeping it going - such as a car, being pushed by the engine but slowed by friction among the moving parts as well as air resistance. When there's acceleration, though, which happens any time there's an impact, that means forces are *un*balanced. When something hits you, you feel it because it is applying a force to you (and you're applying an equal and opposite force to it, which is why it slows down, though if it's very massive it won't slow by enough that you really notice), and as a result at least *part* of you accelerates. Transfers of momentum and kinetic energy are also involved, but what you *feel* is fourfold: acceleration, jerk, force, and pressure - and since jerk is acceleration over time, acceleration is force divided by mass, and pressure is force divided by area, you can treat those as all coming back to force for the purpose of this question.


Question: what causes the earth to rotate?

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 what causes the earth to rotate?

Not the big bang, at least certainly not directly. It is something known as the conservation of angular momentum. Basically when particles clump together they don't join perfectly instead they hit each other off-centre which causes them to rotate this initial rotation is enhanced by each new particle joining. However in the case of the Earth the formation is from a proto planetary disk ejected from the Sun when it was forming - URL_0


Question: How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

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</answer>
 How does developers input "traps" in their software for pirated copies? How do they distinguish between real and pirate, and why can't someone just upload new copies without it?

This is called "digital rights management", or DRM. DRM comes in a variety of forms. When software came with printed manuals, sometimes there'd be information on the manual the program would force you to enter. Later, when software came on CD's, often extra DRM data on the CD was written in non-standard locations that can be read by most CD drives through low-level operating system calls, but cannot be written by most home CD burners. For game consoles, games use proprietary cartridges or discs that are different from normal forms of those media. The console manufacturer basically tightly controls the production of physical copies of games. So for the most part, you can't e.g. simply use a normal DVD burner to make copies of Wii games. These days, where most software is bought and sold on the internet, DRM has to take a different approach because there's no physical stuff you can put extra required information on. It often involves the software contacting a server being run by the publisher (or the contractor providing the DRM technology), and ensuring the usage of the software is authorized. For example it may check that the serial number is legitimate, or it may require the user to login to an account. It will also generally deny access to serial numbers or user accounts that are seen in multiple locations. > why can't someone just upload new copies without it? This is called "cracking", "warez" or "software piracy." It takes some technical sophistication to figure out how to crack software, and it's illegal in the US. That doesn't stop people from doing it though. A lot of times the people who crack software also insert malware -- cracked versions of the Windows operating system are especially notorious for being crawling with malware. Many users regard DRM as evil. Some reasons for this: - If the company running the DRM server goes out of business or decides to shut down the server one day, software you've bought may stop working. - If the DRM requires an internet connection, you can't use it if you don't have an internet connection available. - It makes it difficult to create backup copies of software, in case the physical copy wears out or is accidentally destroyed (for example in a fire or flood). - If DRM locks the software to a particular machine, you have to purchase a new copy of the software if you buy a new machine or perform extensive hardware upgrades. - DRM fails of its objective of preventing piracy. Despite using the best available DRM technology, cracked versions of popular software tend to quickly appear after release. - DRM assumes users are criminals. This is very insulting.


Question: Why hasn't Tesla's technology for free worldwide wireless electricity been recreated?

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 Why hasn't Tesla's technology for free worldwide wireless electricity been recreated?

It wasn't free. It would have required huge power stations dumping vast amounts of energy into the planet and then retrieving a tiny bit of it elsewhere, with the rest being wasted as heat. Still would have charged customers for that energy. Sounds like an awful system, especially considering the environment. However, ultimately, it relied on the Earth being able to transmit radio waves within - something it cannot do. Ergo, not only was it a bad idea, but it was downright impossible.


Question: What would happen if 2 supercomputers played chess at against each other? Would the game end in seconds?

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 What would happen if 2 supercomputers played chess at against each other? Would the game end in seconds?

Well, that'll depend on how "supercomputer" they are. Are they so super that these hypothetical computers can solve the game? Then yes, it could be over in seconds. With conventional computers and the best chess engines right now, we are far from solving the game and it would take as much time as the engine believes necessary to think. The vast majority of games will be draws. What aren't draws will be White wins. There will be very few, if any, black wins.


Question: If only a small percent of the Earth's water is drinkable, will we ever run out of drinking water?

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 If only a small percent of the Earth's water is drinkable, will we ever run out of drinking water?

Run out completely? No. At least, not if we avoid polluting literally ever drinkable river and stream and pond. Outstrip the supply? That’s already happening in many places. A huge drought that made a shortage of drinking water is one of the main causes of the Syrian civil war. It’s even more noticeable in desert countries like UAE that have no real natural sources of water, so they have to desalinate sea water (an _incredibly_ expensive endeavor). On a smaller scale, there are huge aquifers in the Midwest that farms are emptying faster than they can fill, so many are investing in drought-tolerant crops that need less water to grow in the first place. So... no, but also we need to plan how we’re going to get that clean water to people that need it.


Question: How do people teach themselves to read?

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 How do people teach themselves to read?

Initially, they don't. They are taught, by parents or teachers at school. Once a person knows the basics of reading, they can develop from there by learning context clues - a word that hasn't been encountered will generally indicate its meaning through its context in a sentence. Alternatively, they can simply look it up. Reading isn't something that's learned intuitively, without outside influence, because the characters don't mean anything on their own.


Question: How does the divisible by 3/9 "add up the digits" rule work?

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 How does the divisible by 3/9 "add up the digits" rule work?

These divisibility rules are due to the way our numbering system, known as "base 10," works. If you want to write out a number 12345 in base 10, then what you're really doing is writing: 12345 = 5(10^0) + 4(10^1) + 3(10^2) + 2(10^4) + 1(10^5) When you want to see whether a number is divisible by 3, the question you are really asking is whether the remainder left over when dividing by 3 is exactly 0. Computing these remainders is known as "modular arithmetic", and it's typically written in math or computing syntax as either of the following: remainder of 15 divided by 3 = 15%3 = 15 (mod 3) = 0 remainder of 16 divided by 3 = 16%3 = 16 (mod 3) = 1 Note that instead of computing the remainder of the division of my original number 12345 by 3 (or 9), I can just as easily sum up all the remainders when dividing each of the digit terms by 3 (or 9). Now here's the trick: 9, 99, 999, 9999, etc are all exactly divisible by 3 (and also 9). **Sidenote**: the above sentence can indeed be proved - see if you can do it! So 10^j will always leave a remainder of 1, and so any digit*10^j will always leave a remainder of that digit. Now, we can finally answer your question. We already showed that the remainder of any digit times a power of 10 is always going to be the digit itself. So, by adding up each of the digit terms, we get: 12345 (mod 3) = 5+4+3+2+1 (mod 3) = 15 (mod 3) = 0 So the original number's remainder when dividing by 3 (or 9) is exactly the same as the sum of the digits' remainders when dividing by 3 (or 9). Therefore, we have our divisibility rule: If the sum of the digits of a number are divisible by 3 (or 9), then the original number is divisible by 3 (or 9)!


Question: if the exact rotation of earth takes 23 hrs 56 mins 4.09secs why hasn’t it messed up our digital & analog clocks yet?

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 if the exact rotation of earth takes 23 hrs 56 mins 4.09secs why hasn’t it messed up our digital & analog clocks yet?

Because Earth also revolves around the Sun. 23 hours and 56 minutes is the time is takes the Earth to make a exact 360 degree rotation around its axis. If the Earth was standing in place, then this would be enough for the Earth to make a single rotation relative to the Sun. However, during that time, Earth has also revolved a little less than 1 degree around the Sun. In order to catch up, Earth needs to rotate that extra degree so that it would face the Sun in the same direction again. This extra degree takes about 4 minutes, which makes the day 24 hours long.


Question: How do updated currency notes reduce counterfeit money if legacy notes remain valid?

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 How do updated currency notes reduce counterfeit money if legacy notes remain valid?

There is a point where presenting a brand new legacy bill isn’t going to be plausible. Then there is a point further after that where people you’re trying to pass the bill onto will automatically think it’s a fake because they either don’t remember or never knew what the legacy bill looked like.


Question: What determines the speed and rotational rate of objects orbiting each other in space, and how are smaller objects such as our moon affected by much larger objects such as our sun?

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 What determines the speed and rotational rate of objects orbiting each other in space, and how are smaller objects such as our moon affected by much larger objects such as our sun?

A couple things to unpack here. Think of planets and moons orbiting as a pendulum. With a pendulum, the only thing that effects its frequency is the length of the string, or in this case, the distance of orbiting bodies. An objects distance from whatever its orbiting is what determines its orbital velocity. The moon and the earth technically orbit each other around the center of gravity of the objects combined. This point is somewhere near but under the surface of the earth, so the earth wobbles a little bit too relative to its otherwise near-perfect elliptical orbit of the sun. The earth-moon center of gravity point also orbits the sun-[earth-moon] center of gravity. All objects in the solar system orbit around the center of gravity of the entire solar system. This point is not always actually in the sun - sometimes it's right outside of it in its large atmosphere. The distance from the earth to the moon is much smaller than the distance from the earth to the sun. Moons and planets orbit each other in a system, and the center of gravity of this system orbits the sun. Edit: got a distance wrong


Question: How does our stomach tell us when it’s full? How do different foods affect how full our stomach is?

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 How does our stomach tell us when it’s full? How do different foods affect how full our stomach is?

This is a big topic, and it is not fully understood, although we do know a fair amount. Basically, there are two broad ways we know our stomach is full--physical sensation and chemical signals. The wall of the stomach (and all of your intestines) have stretch receptor nerves inside them. When the stomach is full and stretched like a balloon, those nerves send signals to your brain that it is full. Nerves can also tell what kind of stuff is in the stomach, such as proteins, fats, or sugars. Depending on what stuff is present and where (stomach or small intestine), different hormones are released that help tell your brain "I'm hungry", "I'm full", "I want more fatty fries" etc. Your brain also responds to nerve or hormone signals from elsewhere in your body. For example part of the fight or flight response to adrenaline is to not feel hungry, as it would likely be a bad idea to stop and eat a cheeseburger when you're being chased by a tiger.


Question: how we know Jellyfish have been around for 500 million years?

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 how we know Jellyfish have been around for 500 million years?

We know that Jellyfish has existed for 500 million years because we have found fossils of them that are that old [ URL_0 ]( URL_2 ) Ther are fossils of cyanobacteria that are 1.9 billion years old. Here is a paper that looks at early evidence URL_1 It is believed that the existed 2.4 billion years ago during the greater oxidation even and might be a lot older but there is no unambiguous fossil evidence of it, or more exactly there was none when the paper was written in 2019.


Question: Why does the USA spend so much money on its military?

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 Why does the USA spend so much money on its military?

The US has over 820 military bases in over 70 countries worldwide. The maintenance of those bases takes up a large portion of the military budget alone. The US also has numerous submarines, radar facilities, battleships, aircraft carriers, etc. The budget for the military is huge now to 1. maintain current needs for the military, and 2. expand it as well.


Question: At what point does a game become “solvable”?

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 At what point does a game become “solvable”?

> Is it the case that all games are solvable, but computational limits don’t allow us to solve a game as complex as chess from the starting position? This is the important detail. Games like chess and go have enough possible decisions that the ability for a computer to count through them all becomes impossible. There are more possible 40-move chess games than there are atoms in the known universe; the scale of that sort of number is difficult to imagine. Once you pare down the parameters by reducing the number of possible pieces moving or possible turns taken, things start to become "solvable." As a side note, the number of possible Go games is many orders of magnitude higher than chess games, because the very simple ruleset opens up even more possible moves. As a note, that's also how chess computers work. They only check the most likely moves and only check a few turns into the future for consequences of each choice. The stronger the chess computer, the greater the "depth" to which it will predict the consequences of a move. But in theory, if you had infinite time with an infinitely powerful computer, even games like that *could* be solved, even if that solution was "under perfect play, the game is a tie." Tic-tac-toe and checkers, for example, are always a tie given perfect play by both sides.


Question: Why is shampoo not good enough to also be used as body wash?

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 Why is shampoo not good enough to also be used as body wash?

Body wash or even hand soap is good enough to wash your hair and even your clothes. Soap is soap and there is not that many variants of it. However you may want to mix some products in the soap you use for your hair to get different effects. Most of these will be harmless to use on the rest of your body. However anti-dandruff shampoo might make your skin dry out and flake off. And using shampoo to wash the rest of your body is a bit of a waste of money. However if you are packing light and have to pick one soap then there is no problems.