Question: What is so difficult about making nuclear weapons?

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 What is so difficult about making nuclear weapons?

I'll go into more depth about some of the things mentioned: **Centrifuges** The uranium required for a nuclear bomb has to be a particular isotope, and you can't separate that isotope from the others *chemically* since all isotopes of an atom react chemically exactly the same. To separate them, you react the uranium with another element so you get a gas, and the molecules with the U235 that you want is very slightly lighter than the ones with U238 - the U238 is lighter by the weight of exactly three neutrons. That is not a significant difference in weight. The gas is then spun in a centrifuge so the heavier U238 is pulled to the outside and removed, but you only get a fraction of a percent of the U238 out of your sample, and U235 is only a few percent of naturally occurring uranium, so it takes a *lot* of passes through a very specially designed centrifuge that has to spin at exactly the right speed to separate your isotopes without losing any U235 or keeping too much U238. More centrifuges means it gets done faster (it can take months to make enough for a single nuclear device). It is an engineering nightmare that has a lot of moving parts to go wrong. **Getting the materials** Uranium is somewhat rare, and mining it isn't exactly easy since, you know, it's radioactive and will slowly kill you as you try. Its density and danger make it expensive to ship, plus you have to purify it - not just from U238 to U235, but from ore with all the extra stuff you don't want into a pure ingot of uranium. At least according to [this map]( URL_0 ), the middle East doesn't have access to a lot of it (not to mention the fact that much of the Middle East is desert and not exactly friendly to large mining operations). Most of the places that have it are the US, allies of the US, part of Africa (good luck with that), and Russia. We control access to a lot of the uranium on Earth, and Russia controls most of the rest of it, so it's not easy for someone to get it without going through us or Russia (although unfortunately, Russia has historically been pretty willing to sell it to whatever country wants it). **Building your nuke** To make your nuke go off you need to have a chunk of U235 big enough that it reaches critical mass. That is, small chunks will randomly split, spitting out high-energy neutrons that *might* collide with another atom and cause it to split, but mostly pass through the lump and do nothing other than give you cancer if you're standing too close. At critical mass, there are enough atoms splitting randomly and enough neutrons flying around and enough atoms for them to collide with that you get a chain reaction as the neutrons collide, splitting atoms that then spit out more neutrons that collide, and so on. You can cause a nuclear explosion just by putting two large chunks of U235 together. But that's not exactly "safe". Instead, you want to keep two smaller non-critical pieces separate and shove them together when you *want* the bomb to explode. You also want to make the two pieces as small as possible to still get critical mass because it's expensive as balls (see above) and you don't want to waste any. What's worse, only a very small percentage of the atoms are actually going to split to create the explosion, most are just there to reach critical mass and will get vaporized in the explosion before they get a chance to split. That requires some very fine tuning of your pieces, how they're shaped, and how you're going to bring them together. A nuclear bomb uses a conventional high explosive device to shove the two pieces together. If your conventional bomb is too big, the pieces of uranium shatter into small pieces and regular explode instead of nuclear exploding. If your conventional bomb is too small, the pieces don't fuse into one large piece and reach critical mass. You also want to time this carefully because you get more damage if your nuke explodes a ways above the ground instead of when it hits the ground. Even if you don't care and let it hit the ground, if it hits too hard your bomb regular explodes from the impact instead of nuclear exploding. So you need to design a safe (doesn't explode when you *don't* want it to) trigger to detonate a conventional high explosive that has to be precisely tuned to cause your nuclear fuel to reach critical mass, which also must be precisely tuned. A fusion bomb requires a small *fission* bomb to provide the energy required for the hydrogen fuel to fuse and explode. So you must do all of the steps above, and also tune your uranium fission bomb even more carefully to cause hydrogen fuel to fuse. Even with scientists willing or coerced into helping you do it, you have to have a long list of materials - not just uranium, but the tools to purify it, the machinery to construct a very complicated bomb, computer parts to build your trigger, transportation for all of your materials, the construction equipment and tools to physically build the thing, etc. **The alternative** Instead of all that, the more serious danger is "dirty bombs". Instead of creating a bomb that will cause a nuclear explosion, terrorists could get a hold of any radioactive material and strap it to a conventional bomb. When the conventional bomb explodes, it will blow the radioactive material into bits and blast them all over the immediate surroundings. It's not as big as a true nuclear bomb, it won't do as much damage, and it won't immediately kill as many people. But now you've got radioactive fallout all over a city, making everyone there sick and making the city unlivable until it can be cleaned up. In the long-term, you're killing people with cancer and heavy metal poisoning, and causing almost as much fear. Dirty bombs are not complicated, or at least no more complicated than making any high explosive device (which is actually a little complicated). You don't need enriched U235, you don't even need pure uranium. You don't need to fine tune your nuclear device, you don't need a nuclear engineer, and you don't need any more tools or equipment than you would need to make a very large normal bomb. Luckily, even those things are mostly beyond the reach of ISIS.


Question: Why is 0 an even number?

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 Why is 0 an even number?

There is a light switch that is in the "off" position. If you flip it once, it's in the "on" position. If you flip it a second time, it's back to the "off" position. Flip it a third time, it's back to "on." Notice this: if you flip the switch an *even* number of times, it ends up in the "off" position. If you flip the switch an *odd* number of times, it ends up in the "on" position. What happens if it started at "off," and you flip it 0 times?


Question: why do people with Down Syndrome tend to have similar face structures?

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 why do people with Down Syndrome tend to have similar face structures?

The facial features seen in Down syndrome are due to the extra chromosome (trisomy 21). They are due to the extra "dose" of the affected gene (trisomy 21). The effects are that epicanthal folds are produced on the eyes, which are almond shaped. Alongside this, the face trends to be flattened and ears are set low. As well as these facial features, individuals with trisomy 21 also have short stature and small hands too. It's the combination of the features together, especially the epicanthal folds of the eyes that are distinguishing.


Question: Why does a baseball traveling towards you fly farther when hit than a stationary one?

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 Why does a baseball traveling towards you fly farther when hit than a stationary one?

When the baseball is thrown towards you it has a certain amount of kinetic energy. When that ball hits the bat it transfers the kinetic energy into the bat. But, the bat doesn't simply absorb all of that energy. Most of it is reflected back into the ball. So, that reflected energy is added to the amount from the swing itself. Imagine if you threw a baseball at a brick wall. The ball wouldn't simply stop dead, it would bounce back towards you. The same thing is happening with the bat but the difference is that bats are specially designed to reflect as much energy as possible. That's why metal bats hit farther than wooden ones.


Question: What is Kik? and Why do people use it over texting?

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 What is Kik? and Why do people use it over texting?

Kik is a messenger app, can be used with just wifi and doesn't require you to share your phone number. I prefer to use Kik over texting because 1. I don't have to share my personal phone number 2. It tells you when the message has been delivered, read, and when the person is replying 3. Standard messaging rates don't apply


Question: How do solid state drives (SSD) store and retrieve data?

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 How do solid state drives (SSD) store and retrieve data?

On a very basic level, an SSD is like a large plastic sheet covered with a grid of those bumps that you see on soda-cup lids. To write a file to the disk, you pop and unpop the bumps to represent the file in terms of 1s and 0s. To read from the disk, you run your finger across them and feel the pattern of popped and unpopped bumps. These bumps are called flash memory cells, and there can be billions or trillions of them packed in several tens of layers on a silicon chip. They consist of microscopic transistors and capacitors, and they're 'popped' and 'unpopped' by applying a positive or negative voltage across them, which either stores a tiny amount of electric charge or releases it. To check the state of one of these cells, you can measure the voltage across it to see whether there is charge stored in that cell. A controller chip on the SSD receives read and write commands from the host computer and applies the necessary voltages to the right rows and columns of cells to write and read blocks of several thousand cells, called 'pages'. The exact format of the data on the disk is entirely up to the controller and may not be consistent across different models of SSD's -- so long as the controller implements a common protocol (SATA or NVMe, for example), the computer doesn't care. These cells aren't perfect, and repeatedly writing and erasing a cell causes it to wear out and lose its ability to store charge. When this happens, the controller can no longer read from those cells, causing data loss. To combat flash memory wear, an SSD controller is smart enough to spread out the reads and writes across the many billions of cells at its disposal. This process is known as 'wear-leveling'. Even with this algorithm in action, a disk has a limited amount of read-write cycles before the probability of a data loss incident becomes more than negligible. This quantity is usually expressed in write cycles, where one write cycle consists of using every cell on the disk once. Because of this, larger-capacity SSD's take longer to fail on average.


Question: what actual medical reasons would prohibit people from wearing medical face masks?

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 what actual medical reasons would prohibit people from wearing medical face masks?

The other answers have not actually addressed your question. Primarily, the medical reasons that would make mask use challenging are those that you address in your post and people with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Breathing through a mask inhibits the free flow of clean air into the lungs, which is not typically a problem for most but could exacerbate symptoms for those who already struggle to breathe. This is especially true for people who use oxygen tanks to get by in daily life, as they cannot use the oxygen while maintaining a good seal on a mask.


Question: What is the difference between program and a script?

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 What is the difference between program and a script?

In practicality nobody really cares too much about the semantics of program vs script. Sounds like your friend might have a bit of an ego problem. Devaluing someone else's enjoyment of CS is not a cool move on his part. Basically, a script is something written to control a piece of software. It's read by a command interpreter built in to the software. VBA, Python, and PHP are all examples of scripting languages. The lines get very blurry in the case of Python and PHP especially. A program is something that gets compiled to machine code and run that way - it doesn't give instructions to a software interpreter, it gives instructions to the hardware. Once again in reality nobody really cares and whether or not someone calls it a program or a script is often based on the application, control flow, and usage of whatever has been written. For example if I'm gonna write a utility to do one small, linear thing, like moving some folders around in Windows with C#, I might call it a script. If I'm building a whole video game in Python I'm not gonna call it a script. Don't get caught up in the semantics too much!


Question: How does the ohms resistance in coaxial cable effect the data flow?

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 How does the ohms resistance in coaxial cable effect the data flow?

> RG59 coaxial cable provides 75 ohms of resistance The 75 Ohm figure for RG59 is the **characteristic impedance** of the cable, not its resistance. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is not the same thing as its resistance. There's some good info [here]( URL_0 ). The resistance of the transmission line determines the attenuation of the signal being sent through it.


Question: - how does one prepare for a tornado?

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 - how does one prepare for a tornado?

1) you'll need an area below ground. If you don't have a basement, you can have a storm shelter installed in your garage or yard for a few thousand bucks. It isnt cheap, but it can save your life. Be sure to register with your local government (most of them have a registry) so they know to come look for you if your house collapses on your shelter. 2) stay weather aware. Watch what's happening on TV, listen on the radio, or tune in the the NWS reports. 3) FFS if there is a tornado coming at you, DO NOT BE THE PERSON WHO STANDS THERE LOOKING OUT THE WINDOW. Get safe. Stay safe.


Question: By default our voice is meant to be clear, but how do some voice actors make their voice become raspy or coarse on the fly?

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 By default our voice is meant to be clear, but how do some voice actors make their voice become raspy or coarse on the fly?

Not an expert, but as a 5th year linguistics student (focus on phonetics and phonology) I can tell you that manipulating your voice in many ways can be done with training and you can turn it on or off. Basically, your voice is a combination of your actual vocal chords vibrating and then your physical mouth and tongue shaping the sound as it comes out. Each consonant and vowel has a mouth shape (throat muscle tension is also a factor) so changing these positions slightly is how we get can achieve voice affects and accents! If you train your mouth, lips, jaw, and tongue to have muscle memory in different shapes, then you will be able to produce any variation of your voice on command. Hope this helps!


Question: Why do cringing memories from the distant past remain so persistent? Do we know what triggers them instead of other memories?

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 Why do cringing memories from the distant past remain so persistent? Do we know what triggers them instead of other memories?

Your sense of self, and who you perceive yourself to be are extremely important psychologically. You're probably familiar with cognitive dissonance - when you hold two conflicting ideas in your head. This is somewhat unpleasant. I'd suspect that it's your mind still trying to reconcile why you aren't a cringer, despite the fact that you have done a cringe-worthy thing.


Question: What regulates air traffic over long distances? What's to keep two planes flying over the Atlantic from crashing midflight?

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 What regulates air traffic over long distances? What's to keep two planes flying over the Atlantic from crashing midflight?

There are some general principles of air navigation to prevent aircrafts from crashing into each other. First of all there are air corridors where most aircrafts are flying within. This is the shortest path between common points and also contain radio beacons to make them easier to follow. In addition your altitude have to match your heading. So if you go south east you have to fly at a odd thousandth feet plus 500 feet and so on. This means that airplanes crossing each other will have a minimum 500 feet altitude separation and airplanes on head on courses will have a minimum of 1000 feet of separation. Two airplanes flying the same direction will be flying at the same altitude but will likely have a lot of time to see each other and avoid each other. In addition to following these rules you have to file a flight path and to keep in contact with the air traffic controllers. There are controllers covering most of the planet. The exact boarders between the different controllers are marked on maps. Airports usually only cover the areas around them, mostly traffic in and out of the airport. For most of the flight you will be in contact with a section controller at a regional center. Most countries have a single control center. The boarders between the centers are loosely based on country boarders but they are much more practical then when they drew the boarders. For the oceans there are air traffic service as well. This operates on high frequency radio which work over very long distances. Things are a bit different for private aircrafts flying at lower altitudes but I have the feeling this is not what you were asking about. Smaller airfields do not have air traffic controllers but the pilots can talk to each other on a common frequency for the airport to warn each other about dangers. There are sometimes smaller aircrafts crossing the Atlantic as most aircrafts can do the trip if they have extended fuel tanks and stop to refuel on Greenland and Iceland. However most of these do not have high frequency radios but will be able to use their normal radios to talk to pilots at higher altitudes with better equipment to relay messages.


Question: odd time signatures: what are they, how they work?

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 odd time signatures: what are they, how they work?

Time signatures are not fractions. They don’t add up. The top number is simply how many beats go in a measure and the bottom number is the length of the note. So things like 3/4 just mean 3 quarter notes in each measure. There’s no extra 1/4 note because the measure is simply divided in 3, not 4.


Question: How did people begin to disprove the geocentric model?

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</answer>
 How did people begin to disprove the geocentric model?

Early evidence: the visible planets follow bizzare paths across the sky that are difficult to explain with the Earth at the center. Mercury and Venus never leave the Sun's proximity, the others lazily wander through the sky on multi-year cycles that confounded early astronomers. Eventually (1500s) telescopes got good enough to resolve details about the planets, and astronomers noted that Jupiter had objects that seemed to orbit it instead of Earth and that Venus went through distinct moon-like phases. This suggested that Venus was orbiting the sun and not simply moving in some bizzare path ahead or behind it, and that it was possible for objects to orbit other things. Taking that observation and making a model with the Sun in the center produced a much cleaner series of nice circular orbits instead of labyrinthine explanations of retrograde motions, and it soon became the established teaching (despite some infamous early resistance from religious figures)


Question: What exactly is hyperinflation and what are the causes of hyperinflation?

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 What exactly is hyperinflation and what are the causes of hyperinflation?

Economists don't believe inflation should be avoided at all costs. In fact, most economists believe that some mild degree of inflation is *good*, as it encourages spending and investment. However, like many good things, too much of it can be unhealthy. Inflation, as you probably know, is when money gets less valuable over time, usually manifested as a steady rise in prices. At steady, moderate levels, this is fine. People can account for the fact that $10 today won't be worth as much as $10 in 5 years, and act accordingly. Hyperinflation is when inflation shoots up out of control. Ordinarily, you might have a few percent of inflation. (i.e. $1 today, is worth $0.95 next year, etc.) In hyper inflation, you might have a $1 today that's only worth $0.50 *tomorrow*. Prices rise so fast that you can sit down, order a coke for a dollar, stand up to find that--in that time--the price of a coke has gone from $1 to $2. To put it in perspective, right now for the US is at about 2.5%. In the Zimbabwe hyperinflation, inflation rates reach 79,600,000,000%. At the start of the German hyperinflation in the 20s, the German mark traded at 90 marks per dollar, by the end (only a few years later!) the exchange rate was 4,210,500,000,000 marks per dollar. There's no real line at how fast inflation to be to qualify as hyperinflation, only that it is a very rapid inflation that often gets faster. As for why it's caused, there are many potential causes, but they all feed into one root cause: lack of faith in the currency. Almost all modern currencies are fiat currencies, i.e. they only have value because the government says they have value and people act like they have value. A dollar bill isn't actually *worth* anything. The only reason it has value is cause you can go into a store, give it to them, and they'll give you a dollar's worth of goods or services in exchange. But what if people stop acting like the currency has value? You could have people demanding more and more of the currency, hoping that enough of it will give them some security. On capital markets, you could have people willing to pay any price to offload their hyperinflating currency, to buy *something* that will retain its value, be it gold, foreign currencies, real property, etc. All of this makes the perceived 'value' of the currency fall further and further, and in turn push inflations rates higher and higher.


Question: How far up into space must one go before a compass stops working, and what do they use at that point for navigation?

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 How far up into space must one go before a compass stops working, and what do they use at that point for navigation?

In the sense of it being a tool for navigation it would stop working pretty quickly, like before you leave the atmosphere. it might point north but that doesn't help you in a space ship. Once it leaves earths magnetic field it wouldn't do anything at all (no idea how big earths magnetic field is but farther than the moon)


Question: why after a thunderstorm does the air not feel as stuffy and has ‘cleared the air’ so to speak?

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 why after a thunderstorm does the air not feel as stuffy and has ‘cleared the air’ so to speak?

At least one explanation is that air generally has tons of dust particles floating through the air that you are constantly breathing in, but when it rains those dust particles are hit by the water, dragged to the ground, and prevented from floating around until its dry again. So it’s like the storm acts as a giant air filter.


Question: Why is it bad to maintain a 3 hr/night sleep schedule like Gordon Ramsay?

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 Why is it bad to maintain a 3 hr/night sleep schedule like Gordon Ramsay?

You will get less done being so sleep deprived than if you would get at least 6 hours. I have seen blood work of 25 year Olds look like 80 year olds with insulin resistance, extremely elevated cortisol, and wacked out endocrine system including thyroid from chronic sleep deprivation. Great way to die earlier, be more miserable, and destroy your overall performance.


Question: In music videos, how does the video play in slowmotion, but the artists still move their instruments and mouth in time to the music?

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 In music videos, how does the video play in slowmotion, but the artists still move their instruments and mouth in time to the music?

You'd need to be more specific, since this can be done a number of ways. The most simple way would probably be to play their instruments/lip the lyrics sped up, so when it's slowed down, the tempo matches (e.g., a video at 1/2 speed would be recorded twice as fast). That, or editing.


Question: How can the sun shrink objects left in the car?

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 How can the sun shrink objects left in the car?

Depends on the object. Stuff like bottles are usually made by a process called injection blow molding, which is basically inflating a heated small bottle into a big bottle then cooling it to freeze it in shape. The process leaves a bit of residual stress, like having a stretched rubber band frozen in the stretched position. Under heat the plastic bottle melts/softens a bit and the bottle shrinks a little like deflating a balloon. Some other things like foam first expand as heat causes the air trapped inside to expand. With higher pressure some air leaks out of the foam and when temperature returns to normal there's less air inside and the object shrinks a little.


Question: Why does liquid sometimes run down the side of containers that are being poured?

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 Why does liquid sometimes run down the side of containers that are being poured?

Surface tension. Different shapes can break surface tension better. Some designs are really bad and water can almost flow totally down the side without breaking. If you break the surface tension and keep the flow going, it’s unlikely to reform until you slow the flow down and it gets a chance to reform. So to answer your question, pour faster, and you should be able to break whatever surface tension you encounter.


Question: How do hundreds of users access files on one server simultaneously without the server crashing?

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 How do hundreds of users access files on one server simultaneously without the server crashing?

There’s several things at play: 1: computers are really fast these days, if used efficiently. As an end user it might often seem like things are sluggish and slow but that’s often due to inefficient apps. Server side software is often much more optimized for performance. Reading a small file to disk and sending it out over a network interface doesn’t use a lot of resources and can be done really fast. 2: SSDs and RAID. Flash storage reduces access time drastically and RAID allows you to spread load over several of them. 3: caches: after a file has been loaded once, it’s in the operating system’s file system cache in RAM which is even much faster than SSDs. The file sharing software might also have its own caching mechanism in addition to that. So if many users read the same file, especially when it doesn’t change, the physical storage drives often aren’t eve used when the file is in cache. 4. Load balancing: a file might be hosted in several places and a load balancer directs each user’s request to a different server to spread the load.


Question: When pouring a liquid, what determines if it pours out nicely or dribbles down the side of the original container?

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 When pouring a liquid, what determines if it pours out nicely or dribbles down the side of the original container?

Water is a polar molecule (which means it likes sticking together and with other polar molecules) [ URL_0 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_3 ]( URL_2 ) In this case, depending on the material the container is made of, it'll have a certain tendency to want to stick to that as well, hence dribbling on the side. The attraction it has is fairly weak, so if you increase the angle, or the amount of water you are pouring, that can overcome it.


Question: What exactly is Freemasonry? What do Freemasons do?

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 What exactly is Freemasonry? What do Freemasons do?

It's pretty much a community club for r people. They've got weird initiations and all, but for the most part; they pretty much sit in a room together and have cake. If you're part of them though, it can be a great place to find employment as most of the people there are business owners and will throw you a job, that and they can help you with finances. It's a great place to find information, not any kind of insider info on government or world order types of shit, but more like which people are good to make business deals with, who will fuck you over, who to hire and who to avoid hiring if you're someone with a business, shit like that. That's pretty much it. Source: Family has been involved for centuries.


Question: Why is there no "Metric vs Imperial" equivalent with how the world measures time?

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 Why is there no "Metric vs Imperial" equivalent with how the world measures time?

The use of a 24 hour clock relates back to the Ancient Egyptians (and relates to why there are 60 minutes in an hour). Thanks to documented evidence of the Egyptians' use of sundials, most historians credit them with being the first civilization to divide the day into smaller parts. The first sundials were simply stakes placed in the ground that indicated time by the length and direction of the resulting shadow. As early as 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had developed a more advanced sundial. A T-shaped bar placed in the ground, this instrument was calibrated to divide the interval between sunrise and sunset into 12 parts. This division reflected Egypt's use of the duodecimal system--the importance of the number 12 is typically attributed either to the fact that it equals the number of lunar cycles in a year or the number of finger joints on each hand (three in each of the four fingers, excluding the thumb), making it possible to count to 12 with the thumb. The next-generation sundial likely formed the first representation of what we now call the hour. Although the hours within a given day were approximately equal, their lengths varied during the year, with summer hours being much longer than winter hours. Officially, it was at the International Meridian Conference (October 1884, Washington DC) that Lewis M. Rutherfurd proposed: "That this universal day is to be a mean solar day; is to begin for all the world at the moment of mean midnight of the initial meridian, coinciding with the beginning of the civil day and date of that meridian; and is to be counted from zero up to twenty-four hours." The conference adopted the resolution and that's why we have a 24 hour clock. But the issue of why we have 60 minutes in an hour has a foggier answer. Although it is unknown why 60 was chosen, it is notably convenient for expressing fractions, since 60 is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers as well as by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30. So that is why our system of time consists of 24 hours, each of which are made up of 60 minutes. (EDIT: Citations) Scientific American Wiki Article


Question: Non-Euclidean Geometry. What exactly does it mean?

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 Non-Euclidean Geometry. What exactly does it mean?

Non-Euclidean simply means that the geometry in question doesn't obey the rules that a man named Euclid set out ages ago. The rule we're interested in is his fifth one, which deals with parallel lines. Its original formulation is really complicated and it won't help you, so here's a translation that more accurately defines what we mean: > Given a line segment that intersects two straight lines, if the inside angles sum to 180, the lines are parallel. Here, "parallel" means "will stay a constant distance from each other forever." If you throw that out the window, you enter non-Euclidean geometry, and you have two options: 1. The lines will cross at some point. This is *spherical* or *elliptic* geometry. Three ninety-degree angles can form a triangle here. 2. The lines will *diverge,* or separate. This is *hyperbolic* geometry, which deals with surfaces that are shaped like saddles. Triangles on a hyperbolic surface will always be less than 180 degrees.


Question: Why does it cost less to order food from a food delivery app / company then directly from the restaurant?

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 Why does it cost less to order food from a food delivery app / company then directly from the restaurant?

This may cost them money up front but it helps them get more business in the future, by keeping repeat customers— and stopping those customers from supporting other apps which might compete with them. Another good example is Lyft keeps sending me codes for a massively discounted ride, which I’m sure is less than they pay the driver for that distance. Why lose money? Well, by getting me familiar with Lyft, they’re not only getting my business in the future (maybe), they’re stopping me from using Uber... which makes it less appealing for drivers to work for Uber instead of Lyft. Which gives Lyft an advantage in the future... theoretically. Does this always work out? No. But “loss leaders” are a common idea in retail, etc— lose some money on one thing, so that people will buy other things that do make the company money. In these specific cases it’s also possible that they’re guaranteeing some amount of sales for the restaurant, and making the restaurant’s job easier by finding customers and delivering food— so they get a big discount compared to what customers would pay for the same order.


Question: How do hard drives get bigger in capacity, but physically smaller in size?

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 How do hard drives get bigger in capacity, but physically smaller in size?

Technology. The smaller you can make the parts that store information, the more you can fit in one spot. For example, imagine using apples as a way to keep track of things when you're counting. Everytime you count up, you move one apple from a bucket on your left to a bucket on your right. Apples are really big, right? So maybe you switch to rice. you can fit a lot more rice in nice neat pile. Which means you can count much higher. Or if you're writing, maybe you switch from a #BIG FONT to a normal one. Because why waste so much space? Over the years, we've been getting better and better at storing stuff. It's hard to list all the changes, there's been so many. Using different materials, maybe you can make smaller bits, the thing we use to store the data. These days, they're down to 10s of nanometers. So you need to make these little pieces, consistently, and they need to work repeatedly for years. That's hard! No only that, you need to be able to read them. Technology has gotten better and better- including using things like lasers to read/change the bits. > And why is there a time delay between the development of hard drives as well? Because it takes time to develop new techniques. Over time, you have people working on finding new designs, trying new things, gaining experience on what works, and what doesn't. If i tell you to build a house, you probably wouldn't do a great job, right? Maybe you could rig a tent. But if you get training to be a carpenter (or just spend time trying new things), you'd be able to build a cabin. But you probably don't know how to build a good cabin off the top of your head. And with better harddrives, you can't just go to school- no one else has made them yet either! > why did 500gb hard drives cost so much back then, compared to how much they cost now? 2 main things: How easy they are to make, and how many are sold When a technology is brand new, it usually isn't the most efficient design. Over time, companies learn how to use materials that do the job better, or are way cheaper. The other thing is, the more you sell, the cheaper most things are. Say you need a special piece of equipment to make the drive, like a press. If you only sell 100 copies, you need to make enough money back to cover the cost of the press+labor+profit. If you sell 100000 copies, you still want labor/profit, but maybe that one press gets reused a bunch of times. A lot of the techniques/machinery are extremely specialized, and one of a kind at first. It's not uncommon for a single machine to cost millions of dollars.


Question: Why is hexagon known as the most energy efficient shape?

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 Why is hexagon known as the most energy efficient shape?

It's just the best shape for maximizing the number of cells you get out of the same amount of beeswax. The bees could make cells out of any shape, but only three - squares, equilateral triangles, and hexagons - fit together perfectly with no gaps if they're all the same shape and size. Hexagons, it turns out, are just mathematically better than the other two options, using the least material. There's a [story]( URL_0 ) here about a mathematical proof in 1999 that finally solved a 2,000 year old conjecture that this was the case originally made by a Roman philosopher that is pretty neat


Question: Why are tax havens mostly islands or small countries?

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 Why are tax havens mostly islands or small countries?

The whole point of a tax haven is that taxes are much lower than anywhere else. If you tried to run a large country like that, you wouldn’t be able to pay for a military, social services, or other essential stuff. That’s why tax havens are usually in very safe places (no need for a military) and have small populations with a lot of rich people (no need for social spending).


Question: What is a dissertation? What is the purpose? What kind of degrees have them? Why? Why are they so stressful?

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 What is a dissertation? What is the purpose? What kind of degrees have them? Why? Why are they so stressful?

ELI5: You are asked to imagine or create in your imagination something that doesn’t exist but is connected to what we do know exists, you then take that something from your imagination, think about that one thing for 4-7 years, and then you have to prove that that thing that only existed in your imagination is in fact real. A dissertation is the proof of you did (and can do) that process. The end result is that you’ve done something to add to all of human knowledge.


Question: What maps do pilots use?

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 What maps do pilots use?

A flat map can display correct distances. The scale is just not the same for all part of the maps. You have to compensate for it but it is quite possible. For Mercator projection the scaling [looks like this]( URL_0 ). The Mercator projection was created for sailing because it preserves angles. If two lines cross at 32 degrees on a Mercator map that still do that if you draw them on a globe. It preserve angels and shape locally, this is called a conformal projection. A course with a constant bearing is a straight line on a Mercator map. The Mercator projection was created in 1569 for use in navigate because of it's properties. The compensation you need to do for distance is relative simple to do. Angle conversion would be a lot more troublesome. Today there is lots of computer that you can use for planning that do all use spherical coordinates internally. Just test [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) and click on stuf and the PLAN and you will se the the great circle path between the points with correct distance.


Question: why are calf births pulled out instead of letting nature take its course?

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 why are calf births pulled out instead of letting nature take its course?

Normally ranchers will only pull them when the cows are having trouble doing it naturally. And it looks rough cuz the cows usually aren’t really docile, they are panicked by the ppl being close and the situation Also, cattle are bigger than they used to be because of breeding and hormones, so they have more trouble than they did before domestication. Edit: spelling was terrible


Question: How do humming bird wing feathers stay attached to their wings with the high G forces they would be subject to from the rapid wing beats?

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 How do humming bird wing feathers stay attached to their wings with the high G forces they would be subject to from the rapid wing beats?

Proportional mass to size differences make the strain on the wings infinitely less impactful than if someone your size would try to beat their wings that fast. Hummingbirds are incredibly light, yet fragile. Their bodies are designed and have evolved to the absolute pinnacle of vertically based flight, better than bees flies and other vertically hovering capable creatures. This insanely light and fragile design is both critically strong in critical areas, yet surprisingly durable for the forces exerted. Though this is to its advantage. There arn't many G-forces acting on a Humming Bird at all. It's overall mass and relative force is almost negligble due to it's lack of mass. Because it's wings are infinitely tiny compared to most, I think only 2-3g in mass, it can move them extremely quickly with little force and the displacement achieved is only somewhere around 50cm^3. That being said, this tiny amount of movement done very rapidly, exerts alot less force than what you'd expect from something or someone human sized, and allows this to occur without significant injury. However, if that wing even touches something and breaks, then the hummingbird is essentially dead. Their wings are so fragile that the slightest accidental hit can fracture the wings in an instant prohibiting flight almost instantaneously.


Question: How do game developers make different levels of difficulty in their games?

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 How do game developers make different levels of difficulty in their games?

There are a lot of different ways this can be done, and I could go into great detail about many algorithms (such as [A*]( URL_0 )), but in order to keep this simple, let's compare it to two human players in a game of chess. Player A barely knows how to move the pieces while Player B is well-practiced and can see 10 moves ahead. Obviously, Player B will win the match; he can look at numerous different situations the game can end up in. He does this by playing "what if" scenarios in his mind, then chooses the path with the best outcome that *he has seen so far*. To reduce the difficulty for Player A, Player B might limit himself to only looking 5 moves ahead. Another method of reducing difficulty is to add a timer. Player B only gets 20 seconds to think about his move. Or maybe it's only 10 seconds. Either way, the player is forced to make a move, and may not have time to consider every option available to him. If given *enough time* and *enough processing power / memory*, a computer could theoretically **never lose** a board game like checkers or chess.


Question: how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

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 how was asbestos created, why is it dangerous?

Asbestos is a natural material, it is mined from the earth. It is dangerous because when it breaks, it realeases extreamly fine fibres that get stuck in your lungs and your body can't remove them. When too much builds up in your lungs, it causes all kinds of trouble, most commun being mesothelioma, which is a type of cancer.


Question: How did people of the past discover the SI unit meters?

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 How did people of the past discover the SI unit meters?

They didn't "discover" it--a metre is an entirely arbitrary unit of distance that was made up many years ago. As said by deep\_sea2 it was originally defined as a fraction of the Earth's circumference--nowadays it's defined in terms of the speed of light in a vacuum, because that's a natural quantity which is fixed and invariable.


Question: how where drugs such as cocaine invented?

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 how where drugs such as cocaine invented?

Most drugs today are highly refined and concentrated versions of natural things. Things like poppy, coca leaves, etc. Can be consumed for mild results compared to the drugs you're thinking of. People got addicted to those and started experimenting to see how strong they could make it to get a better high.


Question: Why are birds (i.e. Parrots, Crows, Hawks, etc) so intelligent if they have such small brains?

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 Why are birds (i.e. Parrots, Crows, Hawks, etc) so intelligent if they have such small brains?

First off, gross brain mass is irrelevant. Among mammals, brain to body mass ratio appears to be a good indicator of relative intelligence. Not perfect, unless you want to admit that dolphins are smarter than humans. Among other species, avian say, the same URL_2 hold true: with corvids (crows and ravens and such) and parrots having higher brain to body mass ratio than those stupid Robins. However, they still have a lower brain to body mass ratio than comparably intelligent (and that's a tricky distinction in itself) mammals. That said, bird brain cells tend to be a bit smaller, so possibly more neurons per pound of grey matter. References: all wikipedia : URL_0 URL_1


Question: How does weather forecasting work?

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 How does weather forecasting work?

Take a map. Split it up into a grid of squares. Get climate data for that square going back as far as you can. Take the date, the current conditions, and the climate data for that square and run it through a huge super computer. The super computer uses a ton of complicated math and statistics algorithms to compute a forecast. The percent chance of rain is the chances of there being precipitation somewhere in that square. The low temperature is based on the lowest forecasted dew point.


Question: How do GPS apps such as Maps or Waze know the new formation of roads after construction?

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 How do GPS apps such as Maps or Waze know the new formation of roads after construction?

It first important to understand how Google Maps gets all if it's data. Some of it's data is pre-programmed into their systems. This is usually used as initial data, especially for testing. Google provides many more features, however. They also show traffic and other information for your daily traveler. A few years back, Google acquired Waze and they use data from the Waze app to enhance Google maps. Waze is backed by a community of users who report cops, traffic, accidents, etc. But Google also injects tracking into their software. Google can access the speed of your car by checking it's locations at two different points and dividing it by the time between those two points. If the speed limit on a road is 50 mph, but every car on the road using Google maps is moving only 10 mph, then there is obviously traffic. Using the same technique Google will track a cars movement. If a car is going off course, then Google will ignore the data, but still store it for later use. If 50 cars go off course, Google's map algorithm will detect this as an unknown road. Google will run several Artificial intelligence tasks to determine what is going on and will adjust their data accordingly.


Question: what do we use linear algebra for?

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 what do we use linear algebra for?

Linear algebra is having a real explosion of usefulness in computer science right now. It’s the basis of much of machine learning. For example, Linear algebra is how Netflix recommends your next binge. You can set up a system of equations that represent different properties of movies and then find eigenvectors to understand which properties are independent of what other properties in people’s preferences. Then you can compare two movies by using the Pythagorean theorem to find the shortest distance between any two given movies on the map.


Question: How do people recolour photos? How do they know what colours things were?

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 How do people recolour photos? How do they know what colours things were?

Recoloring old photos is usually done in a series of masks in photoshop. Basically mask the area of the photo off, then brush in the color. Brushes in photoshop can be used in a normal mode (like painting on top), or color mode (adding color hues to existing lines. As for the colors used, most of it is guess work, or the artist taking some liberties. Sometimes things like military uniforms are well known what hue they should have been, and some internet research can help that. Here's a thread from imgur that is a good example of a basic colorizing process. URL_0