Question: Grapes grow all over so why is wine only made in very specific regions?

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 Grapes grow all over so why is wine only made in very specific regions?

One of the main things is sunlight. Sunlight powers photosynthesis to generate the sugars in the grapes that will eventually turn to alcohol. For example, in Napa Valley, the large amount of sunlight during the fruiting period results in an excess of sugar compared to other wine regions. This is why Napa Valley wines often have a greater alcohol content than other regions. Too little sunlight and the vines cannot grow. Furthermore, if the winters are too cold, the vines will not survive to the next year due to freezing or rotting from excess moisture. Too much sunlight and there is the opposite problem as the plants dry out. While you can pipe in water from elsewhere in the US, most parts of Europe do not allow irrigation. Thus, the wine grapes only grow well in Europe in areas that have a balance between enough rain and sunlight. There's other factors as well including soil quality to ensure that the grape vine roots can properly absorb the water. Grapes are quite hardy by themselves but to make sure you can make good wine from the grapes requires control over all parts of their growth. The wine made from grape juice from the supermarket will taste much worse than wine make from a vineyard.


Question: What makes a cloud ready to start raining?

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 What makes a cloud ready to start raining?

basically, a cloud is floating rain, but the drops are tiny enough to float. as more and more are added, the drops bump into one another to form a larger droplet = heavier droplet. this keeps happening until it reaches a breaking point where it can no longer float and it falls to start over again.


Question: Why are we able to see more with a telescope if we're not shortening the distance between us and the "target"?

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 Why are we able to see more with a telescope if we're not shortening the distance between us and the "target"?

For the same reason you can see things larger with a magnifying glass. Think of a telescope as a series of small magnifying glasses arranged in such a way that the small speck of light in the night sky appears larger and more detailed. Its all due to the type of lenses used.


Question: What gives Bell Peppers such a strong scent and why does it transfer so effectively to other stored foods?

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 What gives Bell Peppers such a strong scent and why does it transfer so effectively to other stored foods?

The principle chemical constituent in green bell peppers is a heterocyclic aromatic compound called pyrazine. While the etymology of aromatic compounds has nothing to do with their actual aroma, they tend to have strong odors. Aromatic compounds are also very stable given their chemical structure and this don't degrade easily. When bell peppers (especially cooked) are placed near other foods they shed these molecules onto your foods. Pyrazines are also part of what lends the strong odors to everything from bell peppers, to asparagus, to even wine. Tl;dr: smelly stable compound lands on food and makes big smell


Question: How Does the Chinese Economy/Government Work?

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 How Does the Chinese Economy/Government Work?

Largely the same as most other countries. Two things to note. Firstly, the Chinese economy is much weaker than many here in the West think. It's financial sector is awful, corruption is rampant, and China has an impending demographics problem that will, in my opinion, prevent it from ever becoming a true rival to the United States. Secondly, the role the state has in the Chinese economy is much, much, *much* larger than in any Western nation. State-owned companies in China are as large as the very biggest US corporations, but their role isn't just economic; it's also political. They're tools to help the Chinese Communist Party maintain control over China.


Question: When a person does 'cos(theta)' or 'sin(theta)', how exactly does he/she figure it out from just a number?

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 When a person does 'cos(theta)' or 'sin(theta)', how exactly does he/she figure it out from just a number?

sin(x) = x - x^3 /3! + x^5 /5! - x^7 /7! + x^9 /9! - .... with an infinite number of terms following that pattern. The more terms you sum, the closer you get to the true value. Once you sum enough terms, it gets to the point where the value you get is basically the true value with negligible error. Cosine has a similar series.


Question: How do scientists know we're not simply still in the expansion phase of a "big crunch scenario?"

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 How do scientists know we're not simply still in the expansion phase of a "big crunch scenario?"

It's because of the very fact that the expansion seems to be speeding up (accelerating). If you think of Big Bang as an explosion, the highest velocity is always at the initial time and point. In the Big Crunch hypothesis, with gravity exerting its force, the universe will continue to expand but it would be expanding at an ever slower rate, eventually reaching a maximum and then reverse into a contraction. However, we now have evidence that not only is the rate of expansion not slowing down, but some force (we aren't sure what), is actually speeding it up.


Question: Why are teachers paid so little?

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 Why are teachers paid so little?

For the most part, teachers are 'public servants'. They work for the local governmental department of education....rather than working for a business. A business usually gets money by selling a product or a service. If they sell a lot (or sell for a lot) then they might have lots of money to pay their employees a higher amount. But a government department gets it's money from the government's budget....and most governments are always looking for ways to cut costs and/or divert money here or there. Unfortunately, many of them don't put a very high priority on education, and thus the school boards don't have a lot of money to pay their teachers with. That being said, from what I can tell, in most places teachers are paid an average or above average salary. Especially once they have a few years experience. The problem, in most cases, is that teaching can be a very demanding and difficult job that might demand a higher salary, if it were in the private sector.


Question: What is a non-newtonian fluid?

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 What is a non-newtonian fluid?

The non Newtonian part refers to the liquid not following Newtons law of viscosity for liquids. This has to do with stress and strain and shear when applied to the liquid. What this means is what when a force is applied to a non Newtonian liquid it will react differently than a 'normal' liquid. So if set on a speaker the liquid will bounce and form weird shapes, not completely a liquid or acting as a whole body. If you apply a force quickly such as hit a non Newtonian fluid it may resist this. Other fun things can also happen. Here is a more comprehensive article about them. [Sciencelearn link] ( URL_0 )


Question: why does food packaging say "serves X persons" instead of "serves X people"?

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 why does food packaging say "serves X persons" instead of "serves X people"?

Huh, who'd have thought? From the Merriam Webster web dictionary: People should always be used when referring to a collective noun such as the entirety of a group or nation (i.e. "the French People). When referring to groups of a specific or general number, either people of persons may be used, but more modern style guide defer to "people" where earlier guides prefer "persons," especially when the group is countable.


Question: How does self tanner react with your skin to change the color?

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 How does self tanner react with your skin to change the color?

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is the active ingredient. DHA is a colorless sugar that interacts with the dead cells located in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. As the sugar interacts with the dead skin cells, a color change occurs. This change usually lasts about five to seven days from the initial application. [read more]( URL_0 )


Question: How did the sword become so popular?

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 How did the sword become so popular?

The sword is a side arm which meant that it could be carried in normal daily life, and it would often mark the wearer as landed gentry who might kill you for dishonoring him. Dueling with swords was popular long after the sword itself became obsolete. It was a status symbol for thousands of years and when things are symbols for that long it's hard to get over them. As side arms go the sword is more or less perfect. Because the center of gravity is close to the hand the sword allows much freer and faster motion than other weapons such as the axe. One could argue that axe plus shield is about as good as sword plus shield but a lone sword would almost certainly defeat a lone axe. Sword of course are not terribly useful against armor and that is why the main weapon in the middle ages would be pole arms. But you can't walk around town carrying a halberd. Swords could still be useful enough against most armor if you could use it as a lever or get into weak spots.


Question: Why does burning food make it stick to a pan?

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 Why does burning food make it stick to a pan?

Food sticks due to a mechanical bond with the hot surface of the pan. When heated, the pores in the metal open up and the molecules of the burnt food get smaller, allowing them to get trapped in the pores of the metal. Some foods will stick to certain metals through a chemical bond where the food and the metal swap some molecules and fuse together like glue. As remediality mentions, water is the most abundant solvent on earth and a very good solvent for SOME things. For example, oil is not soluble in water. Water molecules are very wet, hehe, and can work their way into and break the mechanical and sometime the chemical bonds. However, detergents make water "wetter" and thus a better solvent. The other part of removing burnt bits is that by agitating or scrubbing with the water expedites its penetration into stated mechanical and sometimes chemical bonds. So, you might ask why foods don't stick to teflon and one reason is that there are essentially no pores in the teflon to open up and grab the food, and it is chemically inert, such that it prevents chemical bonding. So, you might then ask if teflon is the slipperiest thing known to man, how the heck do they get it to stick to the pan? And that would be a good question for you to google and see for yourself! *I literally typed the question into Google, I mean I don't wanna offend people but come on Google does exist*


Question: What is Copay and how is it different from deductible?

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 What is Copay and how is it different from deductible?

A copay is what insurance companies make you pay so that you aren't just frivolously going to the doctor (God forbid!) Basically, you have to pay a small amount, say, $50 per visit, and your insurance company pays for the rest. The difference with a deductible is the deductible is what you pay first, before your insurance company starts to pay. Say your auto insurance has a $500 deductible, and you need a repair costing $400 - your insurance won't pay for it, because it's less than your deductible. But if you need a repair costing $2000 - your insurance will pay $1500 after you pay the $500 deductible.


Question: Why when lifting a load with a chain, the angle of the chain effects the max load the chain can handle in that situation?

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 Why when lifting a load with a chain, the angle of the chain effects the max load the chain can handle in that situation?

Because let’s say you have to lift 500 pounds. This means that the vertical component of the chain’s load has to equal 500 pounds. Now if that chain is straight up and down that’s perfect. 100% of the chains load is vertical so that means the total load is 500 pounds. Now let’s say that chain is pulling at a 45% angle. The chain isn’t pull straight up, so to get to 500 pounds upward you need an even greater load along the chain. Think of it as a triangle. The bigger the side load the greater the hypotenuse. This has a really good explanation on page 2 URL_0


Question: Does the earth 'leak' into space?

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 Does the earth 'leak' into space?

it does, solar winds strip little bits of our atmosphere away, we lose a few tons every day. some is replaced by micro comets/asteroids. net net its relatively small, and does not pose a threat to us on geological time scales (IE wont cause appreciable harm before the sun eats us in 10 billion years)


Question: What does chilling cookie dough before baking it do to the dough? Does it make cookies better/is it actually necessary?

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 What does chilling cookie dough before baking it do to the dough? Does it make cookies better/is it actually necessary?

As far as I know it just chills the butter/fats in the dough so that when you bake it they spread less. It stops you from having one giant cookie instead of 12 small ones....not that there is anything wrong with making one giant cookie as far as I'm concerned 🍪


Question: Why do rats get cancer very often?

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 Why do rats get cancer very often?

If you are referring to lab rats used in cancer studies, then they are specifically genetically created to get cancer. If they don't we give them cancer. Its not a pretty process, but we need to test cures on living creatures, and its a lot of paperwork killing people with failed cures. As far as I know normal rats aren't more prone to cancer than any other rodent/mammal.


Question: How does White Collar crime, which is more encompassing and damaging in $ amounts, end up being relatively less-punished than Street Crime?

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 How does White Collar crime, which is more encompassing and damaging in $ amounts, end up being relatively less-punished than Street Crime?

Two factors, I assume, are at play here. One, non-violent crimes are sentenced less harshly than violent crimes. Two, more often than not, those involved in high dollar white collar crimes typically have a high income job, aside from the ill-gotten funds, with which to mount a much better defense than, say, a back alley purse snatcher.


Question: Why do some surfaces feel colder than others? (ie tiled floor vs carpet)

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 Why do some surfaces feel colder than others? (ie tiled floor vs carpet)

Because humans can't feel temperature. Instead, we feel thermal flow - i.e. how quickly is heat moving in or out of our body? A metal or a flowing liquid is a good thermal conductor. It can absorb a lot of energy, carry it away, and absorb more. Or, if it's hot, it can heat you up and bring more energy in to keep heating you. Conversely, insulators (like cloth/carpet/etc.) are very bad at this. Once you heat up/cool down a very thin area around your skin, it becomes very difficult to add or remove more energy. The very thin layer on part you're touching quickly heats/cools to skin temperature, and then stops feeling nearly as hot/cold. Some heat can continue to flow, which is why an object might feel somewhat cool or somewhat warm, but since the flow is so slow, it's not a very extreme sensation.


Question: Why do cold feet sweat?

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 Why do cold feet sweat?

What you are asking about sounds like a case of Hyperhidrosis, which is excessive sweating, usually in the hands and feet. Whether you are hot or cold, Hyperhidrosis will cause you to sweat. It can also make you sweat excessively in other areas of the body including those places that you normally sweat from. The feet will sweat no matter what, cold or hot if you have hyperhidrosis. You may be noticing it more when they are cold because the sweat will make them colder. If you experience anxiety; this can cause the feet to sweat if they are cold. If the feet are hot, they will sweat which could make your feet cold. That is what sweat is supposed to do. Here is an article on Hyperhidrosis, which is where your body sweats more than normal, including the hands and feet. I have this and it’s annoying. I believe the problem you are experiencing is from hyperhidrosis. URL_0 Drysol and anti anxiety medicine do help. I’ve used both at different times. If you have insurance, talk to your primary doctor, if they don’t feel comfortable prescribing then next best thing is to go to a dermatologist. They will be able to come up with a treatment plan that can work for you.


Question: During anal sex do the intestines move or does the penis “bend”?

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 During anal sex do the intestines move or does the penis “bend”?

Your rectum is actually about the same size as your average penis and goes straight up into your abdomen. If someone is getting rammed by a particularly large cock the rectum can stretch a bit to accommodate that. There are limitations as to how far it can stretch, but having anal sex regularly will naturally stretch it out. Alternatively, if you know that you're going to be taking a particularly large cock then you can increase that by stretching it with progressively larger dildos or penises over a few months. Assuming that the dude in your video had a 9 inch cock or something, then either the girl's anus is just naturally stretched out from a long anal sex porn career or she spent the weeks before the porn shoot deliberately stretching her rectum. While I don't know about the particular video you're talking about, typically when people are taking really large cocks up their ass you can see an impression of the cock in the person's stomach, which is the result of the rectum stretching and causing the intestines to move around it.


Question: Why do gas station charges take a day or two to show up on my card but just about everything shows pending almost immediately?

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 Why do gas station charges take a day or two to show up on my card but just about everything shows pending almost immediately?

When you use a card at the gas station pump, it has to verify that the card is active and valid before it begins distributing gas (it's not like a gallon of milk they can just put back on the shelf if your card gets declined at the cash register). It does this by sending a $1 "preauthorization charge" to your card company - if that gets approved, then it goes ahead and pumps the gas. Only after the gas is pumped and the sale finalized can the gas company actually submit the final total to the credit company (replacing the $1 charge). This can take some time to go through.


Question: Why does darker clothing turn orangish/yellowish when you get bleach on it and not white?

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 Why does darker clothing turn orangish/yellowish when you get bleach on it and not white?

Due to a process called "seperation of inks". You see, dark colours aren't composed of a single colour but are a composition of different dyes dissolved in specific proportions to achieve a desired colour. You can observe this phenomenon by drawing with a black marker/Sharpie and then pouring some spirit (alcohol,perfume etc.) on the drawing. Provided the paper is absobant enough, the ink will decompose into its composing dyes.


Question: - why is airplane internet so unstable?

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 - why is airplane internet so unstable?

Oh wow. This is my job! So imagine every piece of information goes through hoops to get to the server and back to you. On an airplane when you fly above the clouds the information must go through a satellite, and the more hoops there is to jump the more possibilities for something to go wrong.


Question: - why are hydrogen cars not more prominent?

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 - why are hydrogen cars not more prominent?

They're not particularly efficient or long-ranged, and they're a lot more prone to explosion than any other kind of car. So, there's not much interest in them. Electrics have them beat for efficiency and gas has them beat for convenience. Without interest, little to no infrastructure develops to support them, and so any small amount of interest that does form is squandered.


Question: How does thermal regulation function in space?

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 How does thermal regulation function in space?

There's two ways to lose heat: convection/conduction and radiation. What you described is convection, and it's essentially heat flowing from areas of high temperature to areas of low temperatures. The other is radiation. Every body with a non zero temperature (in K not °C) emmits infrared radiation. The problem in space is however that this IR radiation is a lot less efficient at dispersing heat than convection currents. In general you need massive radiators with a huge surface area so a liquid with high thermal capacity can radiate off the heat. This is how the ISS cools itself using Amonia as a cooling fluid


Question: Why do court proceedings begin after someone offers a settlement? Doesn't that prove guilt/wrongdoing?

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 Why do court proceedings begin after someone offers a settlement? Doesn't that prove guilt/wrongdoing?

[Federal Rule of Evidence 408]( URL_0 ) — adopted in most US states — forbids settlement negotiations from being used as evidence in trials. The theory is that we want to encourage people to solve disputes on their own, both for civility’s sake and to preserve judicial economy. If settlement negotiations could be used as “proof of guilt” then nobody would negotiate and every single case would go to trial. The judicial system simply doesn’t have the resources to accommodate that.


Question: How does a speaker know what sound to produce from a series of 1 and 0s?

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 How does a speaker know what sound to produce from a series of 1 and 0s?

Great question! They don't. Speakers are analog devices, meaning we cannot supply them with the digital 1 or 0. What we use is a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) to change our Computer's digital signal into an analogue signal that can be played. This brings up a bunch of other issues like quantization levels and digital filtering though which is a little outside the scope of ELI5


Question: What does it mean by real numbers' set from 0 to 1 is much bigger than all natural number set?

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 What does it mean by real numbers' set from 0 to 1 is much bigger than all natural number set?

Two sets are the same size if you can form a one-to-one mapping between the elements of the set. E.g. the set {1, 2, 3} is the same size as the set {A, B, C}, because you can form the one-to-one mapping A1, B2, C3. There are other possible one-to-one mappings, but as long as you can show at least one exists, then it means they're the same size. You cannot show a one-to-one mapping between the real numbers between 0 and 1, and the natural numbers. Hence, they are different sizes. More over, for any mapping you try to come up with, you'll always be missing some real number between 0 and 1. That means the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 is bigger than the set of natural numbers.


Question: How did vacuum tubes work? What were the differences between them and some of the earliest transistors from Bell Labs?

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 How did vacuum tubes work? What were the differences between them and some of the earliest transistors from Bell Labs?

In a nutshell the 'filament', sometimes known as the cathode, the part that heats up and glows, generates a potential stream of free electrons. The Anode, of the main output of the tube, collects these electrons. In between are typically one of more 'control grids'. Their purpose is to control the flow the passage of the electrons from the cathode to the anode. By varying the amount of voltage on these control grids you vary the amount of electron flow. In the simplest semiconductor there will be three layers of semiconductor material. Electrons will flow from one end to the other, with that flow regulated by the middle one. A voltage applied to that middle one will vary the output, just like in a tube. The basic function is the same, but tubes were invented in a time when semiconductors didn't exist. This is exceptionally simplified, but I hope it gives you the idea.


Question: Why did Tsar Nicholas get executed with his whole family? Was it necessary? Why didn’t other countries help? Wasn’t he related to the German and British royal families? Who was Rasputin and how was he involved in all of this? Why are there so many Anastasia theories?

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 Why did Tsar Nicholas get executed with his whole family? Was it necessary? Why didn’t other countries help? Wasn’t he related to the German and British royal families? Who was Rasputin and how was he involved in all of this? Why are there so many Anastasia theories?

> Why did Tsar Nicholas get executed with his whole family? So none of them could try to reclaim the throne. > Was it necessary? Necessary might be too strong word, but history is filled of examples supported rallying around the heirs of a murdered monarch, resulting in prolonged civil wars. Sometimes even young children. > Why didn’t other countries help? Wasn’t he related to the German and British royal families? Germany and the UK were busy fighting World War I at the time. Also, pretty much all the royal families of Europe are related to each other, that doesn't mean they come running when they was trouble, they fought each other as much as they helped. Finally, the Russian monarchy was an old style monarchy with a lot of centralized power, the sort of dynastic monarchy that was falling out of favor in Europe. The British and German royal families did not exercise hat kind of power, nor were the civil authorities particularly interested in propping up a foreign monarchy simply for the sake of monarchy. > Who was Rasputin and how was he involved in all of this? He was a colorful monk/mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who gained Tsar Nicholas's trust as a spiritual advisor and claimed to be able to heal his hemophiliac son. Many members of the royal court thought him a charlatan and wound up assassinating him. He was dead for over a year when the royal family was murdered, so he had no direct involvement. But his presence may have helped to discredit Nicholas and weaken the court, both of which could have contributed to his downfall. It is hard to know, as there is very little direct evidence of his life and his influence on Nicholas survived. > Why are there so many Anastasia theories? It makes for a good story, the idea there was a Tsarina out there waiting to reclaim the throne. She was young enough to have lived through the 20th Century and for her appearance to change enough that pretenders should more easily claim to be her. Also, amidst the backdrop of the Russian Revolution, there was enough chaos and uncertainty that we could not rule out the possibility she somehow survived.


Question: How do auditory hallucinations work/what is their implication regarding health?

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 How do auditory hallucinations work/what is their implication regarding health?

Hypnopompic hallucinations (as you wake up) as well as hypnagogic hallucinations (as you fall asleep) are just a fun little easter egg in human sleep. Sleep isn't an all-or-nothing deal. You fade in and out and go through stages. In the lightest stage, you are sort of sleeping and also sort of awake. It's theorized that thing like alien encounters can be attributes to these hallucinations! As to why, no one is certain. Brains are weird, man. One theory is that the brain gets kind of bored and makes up stimuli, another theory is that dream imagery 'leaks.' But all of this is theoretical. Some sleep disorders cause these hallucinations, so it's a good idea to talk to a doctor if these hallucinations come up a lot or bother you. And obviously talk to a doctor if you have hallucinations when you are awake.


Question: Why does velvet fabric look so different from other fabrics when exposed to light?

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 Why does velvet fabric look so different from other fabrics when exposed to light?

Velvet fabric is woven to have many fibres poking straight out, unlike most fabrics where the fibres all lie along the fabric. So you are looking at the endds of many fibres of velvet, but the flat sides of the fibres in others. The sides of the fibres are shiny, so light reflects off them. The ends are not; and much light falls between the ends of the fibres, where it bounces between them and is absorbed. In this way, much more of the light is absorbed by velvet, and much less reflected, leading to a surface that is much less shiny.


Question: How can a woman create a fully functional baby in nine months but can barely heal a broken ankle that’ll never work again properly?

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 How can a woman create a fully functional baby in nine months but can barely heal a broken ankle that’ll never work again properly?

Because embryogenesis is a series of unimaginably complex and carefully sequenced construction tasks involving cellular machinery that is permanently switched off after the work is done. There's little room for error and everything has to happen right the first time- mistakes manifest as birth defects or failed pregnancy. After that, our body's own healing mechanisms are responsible for injury recovery, which are not meant to build human body parts but to repair them. It's like trying to repair a building after it's already built- you'd need to disassemble existing structures to replace what's broken. The body can't do that. We're complex creatures, and lack the ability to regenerate our bodies in part because a broken bone isn't the death sentence for us that it is for many other animals. We can still survive even if our body doesn't always heal perfectly.


Question: How do electric guitar sounds differ? As the pick-ups are electronic, they can be manually programmed to produce any sound desired?

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</answer>
 How do electric guitar sounds differ? As the pick-ups are electronic, they can be manually programmed to produce any sound desired?

There's no "programming" to speak of when it comes to an electric guitar and its pickups. The entire process is analog so there is nothing digital that is programmed to influence the sound. The pickup is nothing more than a coil of wire around a magnet. The vibrating string produces small changes in the magnetic field of the pickup which is turned into a changing current in the wire. That signal is then sent to the amp to be made louder and then on to the speaker. There are powered guitar pickups (called active pickups) but they are nothing more than a built in pre-amp. That being said the electric guitar is just like any instrument where the construction of every piece affects the final sound and the pickups are no different. Different manufacturers will coil the wire differently in slightly different shapes, all of which will change the overall sound quality. There are two main types of passive pickups, single and double coil (called humbuckers) which produce a much deeper sound quality. Now even though the guitar is analog your guitar pedals or amp may be digital, and the programming of those components absolutely play a part in how your guitar sounds. Higher end amps are generally tube powered to keep that part analog, but many effects pedals are digital processors that simulate analog effects (think distortion or reverb) and they work very differently from how an amplified instrument works.


Question: China has been growing @ 7-10% for the last 40 years (give it or take). Why is it that China needs to slow down to keep a healthy economy?

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 China has been growing @ 7-10% for the last 40 years (give it or take). Why is it that China needs to slow down to keep a healthy economy?

Part of the problem is that a growing economy means that the workers demand a higher salary, which makes production more expensive. Many companies produce in China because labour is so cheap there. But if it becomes more expensive, companies will start moving to countries that are still as cheap as China used to be. This is the reason why the very cheapest clothing in stores now most of the time says "made in Bangladesh" on the label instead of "made in China".


Question: How come there are some automated body functions that we can "override" and others that we can't?

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 How come there are some automated body functions that we can "override" and others that we can't?

For stuff like breath and blinking, those are controlled by muscles that receive signals from our brain to contract and relax. This is why we can override those actions. For heart rate, it is controlled by pacemaker cells that are independent of the brain. Another example is when the doctor taps on your knee and your leg kicks, you can’t stop it. The signal never actually reaches your brain, just to your spinal chord and back. Edit: clarification Edit: you can indirectly control your heart rate by influencing it with other factors (movement and breathing). But you cannot only change your bpm through sheer willpower.


Question: How do animators match a character's mouth animation to a voice actor's speech?

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 How do animators match a character's mouth animation to a voice actor's speech?

They mostly don't, it's been basically figured out that there is some pretty simple tricks to animating mouths. Like they match a small list of sounds so those match then people basically will ignore anything else. So you just make a round mouth on like "ooh" sounds then a few others then the rest is basically random lip flapping and no one really cares or notices.


Question: How does the United States Treasury Department know how much money to produce, printing notes and stamping coins, each year?

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 How does the United States Treasury Department know how much money to produce, printing notes and stamping coins, each year?

The Treasury does not know how much cash they need to create. They are told by someone else called the Federal Reserve Bank how much to create. People and businesses don't like to have too much cash laying around because it could be lost or stolen and you have to physically hand it to someone to use it. So they give their cash to a bank to hold for them. Banks don't like to have a lot more cash than their customers ask for in their vault because they can't do anything useful with it. They send extra cash they don't need to the Federal Reserve Bank. If they're running low, banks ask the Federal Reserve Bank to send them cash. The Federal Reserve Bank looks at the cash they are sent and if it is too old or worn they destroy it but remember how much the bank sent them. Banks have to tell the Federal Reserve how much cash they have and how much they think they'll need in the future based off of customer demand. If the Federal Reserve Bank has more cash on hand in good condition than they think other banks will ask for in the future they do nothing. If banks are telling the Federal Reserve that they expect their customers to need more cash in the future and the Reserve doesn't have enough cash stored up to meet that demand they ask the Treasury to make more.


Question: Why is fusion energy not yet a commonly used energy source?

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 Why is fusion energy not yet a commonly used energy source?

Because doing nuclear fusion in a manner that is both controlled and gets out more energy than you have to put in to keep it going is, it turns out, really hard. We simply haven't figured out how to do it yet. We can do controlled fusion relatively easily - if you have some electrical engineering skills, you can do it in your own garage - and we can do fusion that gives a net energy plus - it is called a thermonuclear bomb. But we cannot, yet, do both at once.


Question: How do we know how old the earth and rocks are?

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 How do we know how old the earth and rocks are?

The most common isotope of uranium has a halflife about as long as the age of the Earth (give or take half a billion years), so comparing how much of that is in a rock - or a planet - relative to the amount of whatever isotopes it becomes after decaying gives a good estimate. For younger rocks, different radioactive isotopes are used. For example carbon-14 is great for dating relatively recent fossils (and non-fossilized dead stuff) as it's found in all living things and has a halflife of just over five thousand years.


Question: How is it possible that I had a credit score before having my first Credit Card?

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 How is it possible that I had a credit score before having my first Credit Card?

Some mobile phone contracts show you are in a credit agreement and are demonstrating you are able to maintain a monthly commitment. At least, that is the case in the UK. Also, if you have bought something like a car, PC, TV, etc, on finance this too affects your credit file.


Question: How can the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) be a virtual telescope the size of the earth?

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 How can the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) be a virtual telescope the size of the earth?

It's not an April Fool's thing, it's a real thing. First, the [resolution of a telescope]( URL_2 ) is a function of the wavelength you're looking at and the diameter of the objective. However, you can increase the effective diameter of your objective through a technique called [aperture synthesis,]( URL_1 ) the development of which led to the [1974 Nobel Prize in Physics.]( URL_0 ) I wasn't aware of a project that created an aperture roughly equal to the diameter of the Earth, but I'm not terribly surprised someone managed that by now. It was probably an amazing technical feat, but the theory behind it is pretty conventional by now.


Question: Why is cheese always depicted as having holes in it? Sometimes they put holes in real cheese, what is the purpose of this?

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 Why is cheese always depicted as having holes in it? Sometimes they put holes in real cheese, what is the purpose of this?

When you are drawing cheese for a cartoon, it is much easier to draw swiss cheese, which has the holes in it from gas released in the process of making it, than other types of cheeses, because the holes make it very clear to people what you drew, as opposed to just an orange square or yellow circle.


Question: If church attendence is declining so fast why are there still churches everywhere?

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 If church attendence is declining so fast why are there still churches everywhere?

Most churches own their buildings outright. Most retail stores pay rent. When you own a building that was paid for by previous congregations, cost to operate it are largely independent of attendance. When you rent retail space, the rent doesn't go down because you have fewer customers, so you fold and a new store takes over.


Question: What is mean, mode and median from a practical perspective?

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 What is mean, mode and median from a practical perspective?

Mean is the most basic "average" where you add all the values up and divide by the number of values included. 3+5+28 / 3 = mean of 12 Median is the number in the middle from low to high, so half the values are higher and half are lower. This gives a better idea of the middle ground without an outlier skewing numbers. If you're looking at prices of homes in a town, you don't want that one super expensive enclave giving a false impression that the area is more expensive than it is, or you don't want a CEO's multimillion dollar salary throwing off average pay numbers and giving people a false idea of what employees earn. Mode is the most common number. Say you're looking at family size, and 2 kids may be the mode since that's the most common, while the average is something like 2.3 (but nobody actually has .3 of a kid).


Question: how do people put oxygen in a oxygen tank?

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 how do people put oxygen in a oxygen tank?

> how do people put oxygen in a oxygen tank? The first step is to isolate the oxygen. In an industrial scale this is usually done by compressing air, allowing it to cool, then letting it expand in order to cool even more. Different gasses precipitate out at different temperatures which means they can be distilled into nearly pure forms. At that point liquid oxygen can be shipped around and oxygen tanks filled from pressurized containers.


Question: Why do clouds move in the sky while maintaining their shape?

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 Why do clouds move in the sky while maintaining their shape?

They only look relatively stable looking at them at the speeds we do. If you see them sped up, they do roll and split and have the more chaotic aspect you're imagining. But also, often the whole body of air they're in moves fairly evenly. In that case, the whole cloud will move fairly evenly. For a good practical example of this in a more recognisable scale, look at [this]( URL_0 ) clip. Because the whole body of air around the cloud is moving, the cloud moves with it and stays relatively intact.


Question: why is the moon in the same phase on different continents at the same time?

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 why is the moon in the same phase on different continents at the same time?

The moon phase depends on the positions of the moon, earth, and sun relative to each other. From when it's night in America to when it's night in Europe, for example, really the only thing that has changed is the way the Earth is facing, but not *where* it is. Yes, the Earth/Moon/Sun do move a bit in a day but not nearly as much as they move over the course of a month. So for America vs Europe seeing the same moon, the biggest difference is that the Earth has rotated on its own axis. It hasn't moved that far through the sky relative to the Moon and Sun, so the angles are all still (roughly) the same so the moon phase is roughly the same