--- base_model: answerdotai/ModernBERT-large datasets: - sentence-transformers/stsb language: - en library_name: sentence-transformers metrics: - pearson_cosine - spearman_cosine pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity tags: - sentence-transformers - sentence-similarity - feature-extraction - generated_from_trainer - dataset_size:5749 - loss:MatryoshkaLoss - loss:CoSENTLoss widget: - source_sentence: The man talked to a girl over the internet camera. sentences: - A group of elderly people pose around a dining table. - A teenager talks to a girl over a webcam. - There is no 'still' that is not relative to some other object. - source_sentence: A woman is writing something. sentences: - Two eagles are perched on a branch. - It refers to the maximum f-stop (which is defined as the ratio of focal length to effective aperture diameter). - A woman is chopping green onions. - source_sentence: The player shoots the winning points. sentences: - Minimum wage laws hurt the least skilled, least productive the most. - The basketball player is about to score points for his team. - Sheep are grazing in the field in front of a line of trees. - source_sentence: Stars form in star-formation regions, which itself develop from molecular clouds. sentences: - Although I believe Searle is mistaken, I don't think you have found the problem. - It may be possible for a solar system like ours to exist outside of a galaxy. - A blond-haired child performing on the trumpet in front of a house while his younger brother watches. - source_sentence: While Queen may refer to both Queen regent (sovereign) or Queen consort, the King has always been the sovereign. sentences: - At first, I thought this is a bit of a tricky question. - A man sitting on the floor in a room is strumming a guitar. - There is a very good reason not to refer to the Queen's spouse as "King" - because they aren't the King. model-index: - name: SentenceTransformer based on answerdotai/ModernBERT-large results: - task: type: semantic-similarity name: Semantic Similarity dataset: name: sts dev type: sts-dev metrics: - type: pearson_cosine value: 0.8806182367761234 name: Pearson Cosine - type: spearman_cosine value: 0.8877448358326038 name: Spearman Cosine - task: type: semantic-similarity name: Semantic Similarity dataset: name: sts test type: sts-test metrics: - type: pearson_cosine value: 0.8505275385588008 name: Pearson Cosine - type: spearman_cosine value: 0.8678439086871484 name: Spearman Cosine --- # SentenceTransformer based on answerdotai/ModernBERT-large This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [answerdotai/ModernBERT-large](https://huggingface.co/answerdotai/ModernBERT-large) on the [stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more. ## Model Details ### Model Description - **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer - **Base model:** [answerdotai/ModernBERT-large](https://huggingface.co/answerdotai/ModernBERT-large) - **Maximum Sequence Length:** 8192 tokens - **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 dimensions - **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity - **Training Dataset:** - [stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) - **Language:** en ### Model Sources - **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net) - **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers) - **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers) ### Full Model Architecture ``` SentenceTransformer( (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8192, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: ModernBertModel (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True}) ) ``` ## Usage ### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers) First install the Sentence Transformers library: ```bash pip install -U sentence-transformers ``` Then you can load this model and run inference. ```python from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer # Download from the 🤗 Hub model = SentenceTransformer("nickprock/ModernBERT-large-sts") # Run inference sentences = [ 'While Queen may refer to both Queen regent (sovereign) or Queen consort, the King has always been the sovereign.', 'There is a very good reason not to refer to the Queen\'s spouse as "King" - because they aren\'t the King.', 'A man sitting on the floor in a room is strumming a guitar.', ] embeddings = model.encode(sentences) print(embeddings.shape) # [3, 1024] # Get the similarity scores for the embeddings similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings) print(similarities.shape) # [3, 3] ``` ## Evaluation ### Metrics #### Semantic Similarity * Datasets: `sts-dev` and `sts-test` * Evaluated with [EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator) | Metric | sts-dev | sts-test | |:--------------------|:-----------|:-----------| | pearson_cosine | 0.8806 | 0.8505 | | **spearman_cosine** | **0.8877** | **0.8678** | ## Training Details ### Training Dataset #### stsb * Dataset: [stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [ab7a5ac](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/ab7a5ac0e35aa22088bdcf23e7fd99b220e53308) * Size: 5,749 training samples * Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and score * Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | sentence1 | sentence2 | score | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | float | | details | | | | * Samples: | sentence1 | sentence2 | score | |:-----------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------| | A plane is taking off. | An air plane is taking off. | 1.0 | | A man is playing a large flute. | A man is playing a flute. | 0.76 | | A man is spreading shreded cheese on a pizza. | A man is spreading shredded cheese on an uncooked pizza. | 0.76 | * Loss: [MatryoshkaLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters: ```json { "loss": "CoSENTLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 768, 512, 256, 128, 64 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 } ``` ### Evaluation Dataset #### stsb * Dataset: [stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [ab7a5ac](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/ab7a5ac0e35aa22088bdcf23e7fd99b220e53308) * Size: 1,500 evaluation samples * Columns: sentence1, sentence2, and score * Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples: | | sentence1 | sentence2 | score | |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------| | type | string | string | float | | details | | | | * Samples: | sentence1 | sentence2 | score | |:--------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|:------------------| | A man with a hard hat is dancing. | A man wearing a hard hat is dancing. | 1.0 | | A young child is riding a horse. | A child is riding a horse. | 0.95 | | A man is feeding a mouse to a snake. | The man is feeding a mouse to the snake. | 1.0 | * Loss: [MatryoshkaLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#matryoshkaloss) with these parameters: ```json { "loss": "CoSENTLoss", "matryoshka_dims": [ 768, 512, 256, 128, 64 ], "matryoshka_weights": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "n_dims_per_step": -1 } ``` ### Training Hyperparameters #### Non-Default Hyperparameters - `eval_strategy`: steps - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16 - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16 - `num_train_epochs`: 10 - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1 - `fp16`: True - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates #### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand - `overwrite_output_dir`: False - `do_predict`: False - `eval_strategy`: steps - `prediction_loss_only`: True - `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16 - `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16 - `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None - `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None - `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1 - `eval_accumulation_steps`: None - `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None - `learning_rate`: 5e-05 - `weight_decay`: 0.0 - `adam_beta1`: 0.9 - `adam_beta2`: 0.999 - `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08 - `max_grad_norm`: 1.0 - `num_train_epochs`: 10 - `max_steps`: -1 - `lr_scheduler_type`: linear - `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {} - `warmup_ratio`: 0.1 - `warmup_steps`: 0 - `log_level`: passive - `log_level_replica`: warning - `log_on_each_node`: True - `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True - `save_safetensors`: True - `save_on_each_node`: False - `save_only_model`: False - `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False - `no_cuda`: False - `use_cpu`: False - `use_mps_device`: False - `seed`: 42 - `data_seed`: None - `jit_mode_eval`: False - `use_ipex`: False - `bf16`: False - `fp16`: True - `fp16_opt_level`: O1 - `half_precision_backend`: auto - `bf16_full_eval`: False - `fp16_full_eval`: False - `tf32`: None - `local_rank`: 0 - `ddp_backend`: None - `tpu_num_cores`: None - `tpu_metrics_debug`: False - `debug`: [] - `dataloader_drop_last`: False - `dataloader_num_workers`: 0 - `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None - `past_index`: -1 - `disable_tqdm`: False - `remove_unused_columns`: True - `label_names`: None - `load_best_model_at_end`: False - `ignore_data_skip`: False - `fsdp`: [] - `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0 - `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False} - `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None - `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None} - `deepspeed`: None - `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0 - `optim`: adamw_torch - `optim_args`: None - `adafactor`: False - `group_by_length`: False - `length_column_name`: length - `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None - `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None - `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False - `dataloader_pin_memory`: True - `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False - `skip_memory_metrics`: True - `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False - `push_to_hub`: False - `resume_from_checkpoint`: None - `hub_model_id`: None - `hub_strategy`: every_save - `hub_private_repo`: None - `hub_always_push`: False - `gradient_checkpointing`: False - `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None - `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False - `include_for_metrics`: [] - `eval_do_concat_batches`: True - `fp16_backend`: auto - `push_to_hub_model_id`: None - `push_to_hub_organization`: None - `mp_parameters`: - `auto_find_batch_size`: False - `full_determinism`: False - `torchdynamo`: None - `ray_scope`: last - `ddp_timeout`: 1800 - `torch_compile`: False - `torch_compile_backend`: None - `torch_compile_mode`: None - `dispatch_batches`: None - `split_batches`: None - `include_tokens_per_second`: False - `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False - `neftune_noise_alpha`: None - `optim_target_modules`: None - `batch_eval_metrics`: False - `eval_on_start`: False - `use_liger_kernel`: False - `eval_use_gather_object`: False - `average_tokens_across_devices`: False - `prompts`: None - `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates - `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
### Training Logs | Epoch | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss | sts-dev_spearman_cosine | sts-test_spearman_cosine | |:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|:-----------------------:|:------------------------:| | 0.2778 | 100 | 25.6058 | 22.1112 | 0.7926 | - | | 0.5556 | 200 | 21.8238 | 21.6575 | 0.8499 | - | | 0.8333 | 300 | 21.633 | 21.2353 | 0.8684 | - | | 1.1111 | 400 | 22.3829 | 21.8035 | 0.8373 | - | | 1.3889 | 500 | 22.0584 | 23.0027 | 0.8228 | - | | 1.6667 | 600 | 21.6662 | 22.3269 | 0.8545 | - | | 1.9444 | 700 | 21.2545 | 21.3335 | 0.8592 | - | | 2.2222 | 800 | 20.5104 | 21.8647 | 0.8580 | - | | 2.5 | 900 | 20.8763 | 21.8435 | 0.8631 | - | | 2.7778 | 1000 | 20.3502 | 21.9781 | 0.8682 | - | | 3.0556 | 1100 | 20.1262 | 22.3008 | 0.8662 | - | | 3.3333 | 1200 | 20.0832 | 21.4932 | 0.8733 | - | | 3.6111 | 1300 | 19.8407 | 22.9816 | 0.8661 | - | | 3.8889 | 1400 | 20.027 | 22.3290 | 0.8729 | - | | 4.1667 | 1500 | 19.2652 | 23.7340 | 0.8718 | - | | 4.4444 | 1600 | 19.5304 | 23.4634 | 0.8766 | - | | 4.7222 | 1700 | 19.6657 | 23.3991 | 0.8764 | - | | 5.0 | 1800 | 18.8885 | 24.1863 | 0.8825 | - | | 5.2778 | 1900 | 19.1028 | 23.9508 | 0.8781 | - | | 5.5556 | 2000 | 19.0076 | 23.6006 | 0.8814 | - | | 5.8333 | 2100 | 18.472 | 24.0162 | 0.8786 | - | | 6.1111 | 2200 | 18.3949 | 24.2914 | 0.8839 | - | | 6.3889 | 2300 | 17.6192 | 26.2586 | 0.8785 | - | | 6.6667 | 2400 | 18.0109 | 25.8655 | 0.8820 | - | | 6.9444 | 2500 | 17.8948 | 24.8124 | 0.8830 | - | | 7.2222 | 2600 | 17.6087 | 26.6571 | 0.8837 | - | | 7.5 | 2700 | 17.1578 | 26.9229 | 0.8838 | - | | 7.7778 | 2800 | 17.0154 | 27.1973 | 0.8850 | - | | 8.0556 | 2900 | 16.5323 | 28.2881 | 0.8836 | - | | 8.3333 | 3000 | 16.0817 | 28.4812 | 0.8874 | - | | 8.6111 | 3100 | 16.1146 | 29.0393 | 0.8869 | - | | 8.8889 | 3200 | 16.0888 | 29.6142 | 0.8872 | - | | 9.1667 | 3300 | 15.7132 | 30.1223 | 0.8873 | - | | 9.4444 | 3400 | 15.2933 | 30.4500 | 0.8870 | - | | 9.7222 | 3500 | 14.7292 | 30.8898 | 0.8876 | - | | 10.0 | 3600 | 15.1894 | 30.9508 | 0.8877 | - | | -1 | -1 | - | - | - | 0.8678 | ### Framework Versions - Python: 3.10.12 - Sentence Transformers: 3.4.0.dev0 - Transformers: 4.49.0.dev0 - PyTorch: 2.4.1+cu121 - Accelerate: 0.34.2 - Datasets: 3.2.0 - Tokenizers: 0.21.0 ## Citation ### BibTeX #### Sentence Transformers ```bibtex @inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert, title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks", author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing", month = "11", year = "2019", publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084", } ``` #### MatryoshkaLoss ```bibtex @misc{kusupati2024matryoshka, title={Matryoshka Representation Learning}, author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi}, year={2024}, eprint={2205.13147}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.LG} } ``` #### CoSENTLoss ```bibtex @online{kexuefm-8847, title={CoSENT: A more efficient sentence vector scheme than Sentence-BERT}, author={Su Jianlin}, year={2022}, month={Jan}, url={https://kexue.fm/archives/8847}, } ```