. benefits from higher average sales price realizations in the united states , europe and brazil ( $ 284 million ) , improved manufacturing operations ( $ 73 million ) , reduced lack-of-order downtime ( $ 41 million ) , higher sales volumes in europe ( $ 23 million ) , and other items ( $ 65 million ) were partially offset by higher raw material and energy costs ( $ 109 million ) , higher freight costs ( $ 45 million ) and an impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of the fixed assets at the saillat